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(b) Full references at the end of the paper, arranged alphabetically by names, chronologically within each name, with suffixes a, b, etc., to the year for more than one paper by the same author in that year, e.g. Smith (1969a, 19696) and not Smith (1969, 1969a). For books give title in italics, edition, volume number, place of publication, publisher. For journal article give title of article, title of journal in italics (according to the World list of scientific periodicals. 4th ed. London: Butterworths, 1963), series in parentheses, volume number, part number in parentheses, pagination (first and last pages of article). Examples (note capitalization and punctuation) Bu ttoucnH, W. S. 1960. Practical invertebrate anatomy. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan. FiscHer, P. H. 1948. Données sur la résistance et de la vitalité des mollusques. Journal de conchyliologie 88 (3): 100-140. FiscHER, P. H., Duvat, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale 74 (33): 627-634. Koun, A. J. 1960a. Ecological notes on Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Trincomalee region of Ceylon. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (13) 2 (17): 309-320. Koun, A. J. 19606. Spawning behaviour, egg masses and larval development in Conus from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Yale University 17 (4): 1-S1. TuIELE, J. 1910. Mollusca. B. Polyplacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. In: SCHULTZE, L. Zoologische und anthro- pologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sud-Afrika ausgefiithrt in den Jahren 1903-1905 4 (15). Denkschriften der medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 16: 269-270. : (continued inside back cover) ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM Volume 103 °+#Band December 1993 Desember Part 5 Deel 9.8.3.9) ~~ &> a C LOI NEW TAXA AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA (CNIDARIA, ANTHOZOA) FROM THE TROPICAL SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN, WITH COMMENTS ON THEIR ZOOQGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY By S. D. CAIRNS & N. B. KELLER Cape Town Kaapstad The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material becomes available Obtainable from the South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000 Die ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM word uitgegee in dele op ongereelde tye na gelang van die beskikbaarheid van stof Verkrygbaar van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, Posbus 61, Kaapstad 8000 OUT OF PRINT/UIT DRUK 1 2(123).5=8)) 3(1=204— 5.88 taps) 95135579)! 6(iet pits) 71-4) 8) 9-2-7), 10123), li =25 Se pass 14(1-3), 15(4—5), 24(2, 5), 27, 31(1-3), 32(5), 33, 36(2), 43(1), 45(1), 67(5), 84(2) Copyright enquiries to the South African Museum Kopieregnavrae aan die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum ISBN 0 86813 147 4 Printed in South Africa by In Suid-Afrika gedruk deur The Rustica Press, Pty., Ltd., Die Rustica-pers, Edms., Bpk., Old Mill Road, Ndabeni, Cape Old Mill-weg, Ndabeni, Kaap D2246 NEW TAXA AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA (CNIDARIA, ANTHOZOA) FROM THE TROPICAL SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN, WITH COMMENTS ON THEIR ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY By S. D. Cairns National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 & N. B. KELLER Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, 117218, Russia (With 13 figures and 2 tables) [MS accepted 26 October 1992] ABSTRACT Seventy-seven species of azooxanthellate Scleractinia are reported from collections made by R.V. Anton Bruun, Meiring Naude, and Vityaz from deep-water (to 1 720 m) in the tropical south-west Indian Ocean. Thirty-six new distributional records are noted for this region, increasing the total number of azooxanthellates from 64 to 100—one of the most diverse regions in the world oceans for azooxanthellate Scleractinia. Among the 77 records, seven species (Caryophyllia elongata, Rhizosmilia robusta, Sphenotrochus (S.) evexicostatus, S$. (S.) imbricaticostatus, Truncatoflabellum gardineri, T. zuluense and T. multispinosum) and one subspecies (Flabellum (Ulocyathus) japonicum bythios) are described as new, and four new combinations are proposed. The distribution and bathymetric ranges of all 100 species are given and zoogeographic affinities discussed. Twelve per cent of the 100 tropical south-west Indian Ocean species are cosmopolitan or widespread in distribution and six per cent were uncategorized. Of the remaining 82 species, the largest distributional pattern is that of Indo-West Pacific (43 %), followed by those species known only from the Indian Ocean (36,5 %); however, it is believed that, because of the relatively homogeneous nature of the deep-water fauna, there will be a tendency to find an increase of the Indo-West Pacific component at the expense of the Indian Ocean ‘endemics’ as the deep-water corals become better known. Ten species (12%) co-occur in tropical and southern temperate regions and seven species (8,5%) have a shared distribution with the Atlantic Ocean, five of which are found in the western Atlantic. Three significant bathymetric zones are defined, based on south-west Indian Ocean azooxan- thellates: 0-300 m, 300-1 300 m, and 1 300-2 000 m. The potential for using skeletal morphology as an indicator of environmental conditions (i.e. nutrient level) is discussed. CONTENTS PAGE AN troductOn Peper: Crees es ee te ace 214 ZOOLCOLTAPDY He seek ei Leek ney ie 2A) Bathymethicaistributionys eye renee eee acai 222 COLOR Vier ee sea k caterer rire epg apse eer Seagtcat nape NMe aha 223 Matenaliandimethodsicycrerrcrr tate tae Nope iene 226 SySLematiclaccoun tae Pere eee eta 228 NCKNOWLEd SEMENISH ae cee seein rere terete learners at 284 FRELELETICES ior eye tayo ne eee et ee ATE ET EN cere a neal, 285 PRY PVCTA I occ SWE ash arses occa store, Meaney alesse austere yotecensrisiake, sete needs 290 213 Ann. S. Afr Mus. 103 (5), 1993: 213-292, 13 figs, 2 tables, app. 214 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM INTRODUCTION Our knowledge of the azooxanthellate scleractinian fauna of the tropical south- west Indian Ocean is based on approximately 31 papers (Table 1), most of which include only one or several incidentally collected species or constitute reports on expeditions that briefly entered this region (e.g. Valdivia, John Murray Expedi- tion, Percy Sladen Trust Expedition). The newly reported specimens presented herein are also based on expeditionary collecting, namely by R.V. Anton Bruun, Vityaz and the Meiring Naude; however, this paper also includes a re-analysis of previously reported specimens and a compilation of all previous records for the region (Table 2). This paper should not be considered as a faunistic revision, but rather as an annotated checklist of those species for which additional specimens were collected. Sixty-four azooxanthellate Scleractinia have been reported previously from the tropical south-west Indian Ocean (Tables 1, 2). An additional 36 new records (Table 2) for the region are reported herein, resulting in a total of 100 azooxanthellate species for this region. Of the 36 new south-west Indian Ocean records, 11 species are also new records for the Indian Ocean, seven are described as new species, one as a new subspecies, and four new combinations are proposed. Additional records of 77 of the 100 species (77% of the fauna) are presented in the ‘Systematic Account’. Examination of an unpublished collection (Zibrowius in prep.) from the same region TABLE 1 Annotated, chronological list of publications on azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the tropical south-west Indian Ocean (* denotes significant papers). Year Author Remarks 18485 Milne Edwards & Haime Two species of Tubastraea from off Seychelles. 1876 Duncan Culicia natalensis from off Natal, South Africa. 1902 Gardiner Two species of Flabellum from South Africa. *1904 Gardiner Fifteen azooxanthellate species from off South Africa. 1904 Von Marenzeller Six deep-water species from Valdivia stations 243-247 off Kenya and Tanzania and other records to north in the Indian Ocean. 1926 Van der Horst Eight shallow-water, mostly dendrophylliid species collected on Percy Sladen Trust Expedition of 1905 off Zanzibar, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Saya de Malha. *1927 Van der Horst Eight shallow-water species, primarily dendrophylliids from off South Africa. 1931 Van der Horst Seven azooxanthellate species from off Seychelles, Mauritius, and Saya de Malha. *1938 Gardiner & Waugh Seventeen deep-water flabellids and caryophylliids collected on the John Murray Expedition (1933-1934) stations 102-133 off Kenya, Tanzania, and Seychelles. TABLE | (cont.) Year *1939 1958 1964 1974a 1974b 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1979 1980 1980 1981 *1981 1982 1984 1985 1985 1985 1989a 1989b Author Gardiner & Waugh Macnae & Kalk Pichon Zibrowius Zibrowius Pichon Zibrowius, Southward & Day Keller Pichon Rosen Cairns Best, Faure & Pichon Zibrowius Keller Boshoff Zibrowius Schuhmacher Zibrowius & Grygier Zibrowius Grygier Cairns Cairns AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 215 Remarks Eleven deep-water dendrophylliids and oculinids collected from the John Murray Expedition (1933-1934) stations 102-133 off Kenya, Tanzania, and Seychelles. Uncritical listing of eleven shallow-water azooxanthellates from Inhaca, Mozambique. List of four shallow-water azooxanthellates from Tuléar, Madagascar. Record of Deltocyathus north-west of Madagascar. Javania insignis from off north-west Madagascar. Sphenotrochus sp. from reefs off Madagascar. Polychaete symbionts from three species of Flabellum collected off Natal and Mozambique. Fungiacyathus pseudostephanus from off Seychelles and mid- Indian Ridge. Uncritical list of eleven shallow-water azooxanthellates from Tuléar, Madagascar. List of four shallow-water azooxanthellates from off Aldabra. Labyrinthocyathus delicatus from off Natal. List of six shallow-water azooxanthellates off Seychelles. Lophelia pertusa from north-west of Madagascar. Caryophyllia scobinosa from off Tanzania. Forty-two azooxanthellates reported from off South Africa. Two azooxanthellates from off Natal and Madagascar, both hosting crab galls. Discussion of two species of Tubastraea, including records from off Comores and Madagascar. Nine species of azooxanthellates, all hosting ascothoracid para- sites, off Natal, Mozambique, Kenya, Comores, and Seychelles. Additional records of Balanophyllia stimpsonii from off Mozambique and Natal, South Africa. Two shallow-water azooxanthellates hosting ascothoracid parasites, from off Kenya, Reunion, and Comores Islands. Several records of Flabellum pavoninum off Kenya and Durban, South Africa. Eight species of azooxanthellates discussed incidental to review of Philippine fauna, from off Natal, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, and Reunion. 216 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM seen at the Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille (specimens from Marion Dufresne, Meiring Naude, Galathea, Cruise BENTHEDI on Le Suroit, Plante collection) revealed approximately 25 additional azooxanthellate species from this region, which would result in a fauna of about 125 species—one of the most diverse azooxanthellate scleractinian faunas in the world oceans. Historical resumé. Milne Edwards & Haime (1848b) would appear to have reported the first azooxanthellate scleractinians from the tropical south-west Indian Ocean, Coenopsammia ehrenbergiana (= Tubastraea coccinea) and Coenopsammia viridis (= Tubastraea micrantha), from the ‘Seychelles’, two common, shallow-water species. Another shallow-water species, but less commonly collected, is Culicia natal- ensis, reported by Duncan (1876) from off Natal, South Africa. All of the remaining records of azooxanthellate corals from this region were made in the twentieth century and are summarized in Table 1; only the five most significant contributions are dis- cussed in greater detail. Most of the other references listed in Table 1 are uncritical checklists or concentrate on other geographic areas or topics that only incidentally mention Scleractinia from the south-west Indian Ocean. The first significant paper on south-west Indian Ocean azooxanthellates was that of Gardiner (1904), who examined over 2 000 specimens collected off South Africa and reported 15 species from this region, including five new species. Although some of his identifications subsequently have been changed, this paper remains the founda- tion for serious work on azooxanthellate corals from this region. As a counterpart to Gardiner’s (1904) contribution, which dealt only with the caryophyllids and flabellids, Van der Horst (1927) reported eight species of dendrophylliids from the same region, based on the same collection sources. In another pair of papers, Gardiner & Waugh published the results of the Sclerac- tinia collected off Kenya, Tanzania and the Seychelles from the John Murray Expedition. Their first paper (Gardiner & Waugh 1938), like Gardiner’s (1904), was restricted to the caryophylliids and flabellids; their second (Gardiner & Waugh 1939), like Van der Horst’s (1927), reported the dendrophyllids and other minor families. Whereas Gardiner and Van der Horst reported primarily shallow-water azooxan- thellates, the Gardiner & Waugh papers reported deeper-water species, their two contributions discussing 28 species collected from H.E.M.S. Mabihiss — stations 102—133 within the south-west Indian Ocean (Sewell 1935). Boshoff’s (1981) annotated checklist of South African Scleractinia included 42 azooxanthellate species from the south-west Indian Ocean. Unfortunately, none of his specimens were illustrated, his localities are confused and obscure, and many of his identifications are incorrect (Zibrowius & Gili 1990). We are forced to agree with Zibrowius & Gili that Boshoff’s contribution is misleading, and we look forward to Zibrowius’ revision of the deep-water corals from this region, which will include a re-analysis of all the Boshoff specimens. Other papers that include useful information on south-west Indian Ocean azoo- xanthellates, but do not report specimens from this region, include: Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891a, 18916); Alcock (1893, 1898, 1902c); Bourne (1905); Von Marenzeller (1907a, 1907b); Van der Horst (1922); Gardiner (1929); Wells (1935); Scheer & Pillai (1974, 1983); Pillai & Scheer (1976); Zibrowius (1980); Fricke & Schuhmacher (1983); Zibrowius & Gili (1990); and Sheppard & Sheppard (1991). AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN Dale) ZOOGEOGRAPHY Of the 100 species of azooxanthellate Scleractinia known from the tropical south- west Indian Ocean, 12 are cosmopolitan or widely distributed (Fig. 1; Table 2: distri- bution pattern 6) and six are not categorized because they are not identified to the species level or have a disjunct distribution (Table 2: pattern 7), e.g. Fungiacyathus pseudostephanus. Neither of these categories contributes to an understanding of zoo- geographic affinities. Of the remaining 82 species, the largest component is the Indo-West Pacific pattern (Table 2: pattern 3), shared by 35 species (43 %). Thirty species (36,5 %) are known only from the Indian Ocean: 20 species (24,5 %, Table 2: pattern 1) thus far Tropical South-West Indian Ocean (20) Indian Ocean (10) Indo-West Pacific (35) Fig. 1. Pie-diagram illustrating the seven zoogeographic patterns of the 100 species of south-west Indian Ocean azooxanthellate Scleractinia. Numbers in inner circle label the seven zoogeographic patterns discussed in the text and tabulated in Table 2. Numbers in parentheses are the numbers of species having that pattern. 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S2 slightly less exsert and equally sinuous, extending about two-thirds distance to columella. S3 least exsert and smallest septa, extending only about half distance to columella. Ss twice as exsert and slightly wider than Ss, both cycles having sinuous inner edges. Septal granules promi- nent, usually rectangular in profile, sometimes extending as short ridges paralleling inner septal edge. Twelve P3 form a deeply recessed palar crown, each palus about 1,2 mm wide, highly sinuous, and separated from its respective Ss; by a deep and AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN DSi] narrow notch. Each couple of P3; within a system are slightly closer to each other than to those of adjacent systems, giving the impression of paired pali. Fossa quite deep, containing the palar crown and even deeper columella, consisting of two narrow fas- cicular elements. Remarks Among the 56 Recent species of Caryophyllia listed by Cairns (1991), 18 have attached coralla with septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, and in only five of these species are the S; larger than the Ss, the set of characters found in Caryophyllia elongata sp. nov.: C. polygona Pourtalés, 1878; C. calveri Duncan, 1873; C. alberti Zibrowius, 1980; C. atlantica (Duncan, 1873); and C. panda Alcock, 1902a. Caryo- phyllia elongata is distinguished from these species by having Si: larger than S2 (S: and S2 are equal in size in most species), a very deep fossa, and deeply recessed, ‘paired’ pali. Etymology The species name elongata (from the Latin elongatus, prolonged) is an allusion to the elongate corallum of this species. Distribution Known only from the type locality of 33°17’S 44°55’E (Madagascar Plateau, off Walters Shoal), 630-680 m. Subgenus Caryophyllia (Premocyathus) Caryophyllia (Premocyathus) zanzibarensis Zou, 1984 [comb. nov.]. Caryophyllia compressa Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 180, pl. 2 (fig. 4) [junior secondary homonym of Caryophyllia (Premocyathus) compressus Yabe & Eguchi, 1942]. ?Trochocyathus pileus: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 187. Caryophyllia zanzibarensis Zou, 1984: 52, 53 [replacement name for C. compressa Gardiner & Waugh, 1938]. New record Manthine 381-3, 4, USNM 91542. Remarks This species is transferred to the subgenus Premocyathus based on its highly com- pressed corallum and carinate thecal edges. Other Recent species in this subgenus include: C. (P.) compressus Yabe & Eguchi, 1942; C. (P.) spinacarens (Moseley, 1881), comb. nov.; C. (P.) burchae Cairns, 1984; and ?C. (P.) dentiformis (Alcock, 1902b). Caryophyllia (Premocyathus) zanzibarensis is most similar to C. (P.) spina- carens, differing primarily in having fewer septa and in being more compressed. Distribution Off north-eastern Tanzania, Maziwi Island (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 238-302 m. 238 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 3. A-B. Madracis sp. A, V-2697, IOM, branch and calicular views. AX 10, B X 20. C, F. Caryophyllia sp. cf. C. cornuformis, V-2626, IOM, lateral and calicular views. C x 5,8, F x 6,7. D. Letepsammia formosissima, V-2608, USNM 91506, calice. 1,3. E. Anthemiphyllia dentata, V-2804, IOM, calice. x 1,4. G. Culicia sp. cf. C. natalensis, AB—421A, USNM 91515, colony. x 0,9. H. Caryophyllia ambrosia ambrosia, V-2668, IOM, calice. x 1,3. I. Caryophyllia rugosa, AB-371E, USNM 77212, calice. x 9,4. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 239 Fig. 4. A-B. Caryophyllia elongata sp. nov., V-2716 (holotype), lateral and stereo calicular views. Ax1,6, Bx3,9. C-D. Trochocyathus sp. A, V-2662, IOM, lateral and calicular views. C x 1,7, D x 4,5. E, H. Trochocyathus sp. cf. T. rawsonii, V-2733, USNM 91568, lateral and calicular views. E x 3,6, Hx 3,3. F-G. Conotrochus brunneus, AB-365D, USNM 91556, lateral and calicular views. EG3 55 Geas29: 240 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Genus Trochocyathus Trochocyathus rhombocolumna Alcock, 1902c Trochocyathus rhombocolumna Alcock, 1902c: 16, pl. 2 (fig. 12). Paracyathus gardineri: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 183-184 (part. —JM-157, pl. 3 (fig. 5)). New records AB-371E, 5, USNM 91563; AB-371F, 2, USNM 91564. Reference material: Gardiner & Waugh’s (1938) P. gardineri: JM-157, 4, BM 1950.1.9.724-826; JM-106, 1, BM 1950.1.9.718. Remarks Specimens herein reported from off Mozambique were compared to those iden- tified by Gardiner & Waugh (1938) as Paracyathus gardineri from the Maldive Islands (JM-157) and found to be conspecific; however, the John Murray specimen from off Tanzania (JM-—106) was too damaged to identify. Several specimens from the Maldive Islands are extremely similar to the figured holotype of T. rhombocolumna. A pecu- liarity of this species is that not only are the Ss slightly wider that the S3, but those S, adjacent to S: are wider than those adjacent to S2 (about equal in width as an Sz). As noted by Cairns (1984), the Indian Ocean specimens reported by Gardiner & Waugh (1938) as P. gardineri Vaughan, 1907, are not conspecific with that Hawaiian species, the former differing in having a basal attachment, more crowded septa, and transverse costae. Distribution Off south-western Mozambique; Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 110-229 m. Elsewhere: Sulu Archipelago (Alcock 1902c); 522 m. Trochocyathus sp. A Fig. 4C-—D Records V-2662, 1, IOM; V-2803, 1, USNM 91567; AB-371F, 2, USNM 91565; MN-ZDD3, 1, USNM 91566. Diagnosis Corallum ceratoid and firmly attached either basally or laterally by epithecal bands. Coralla up to 10,3 x 9,1 mm in calicular diameter and 15 mm in height. Costae granular and well developed; transverse sculpturing not present. Corallum light brown, especially near calice. Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles according to the formula: Si and S2>S;3 and Ss. All septa have straight, vertical inner edges, except the S3, which are sinuous. Pali occur before the highest three cycles, the P2 and P3 about the same size, the P; about twice that width. All pali extend to columella. Columella papillose, consisting of 5-12 elements in an elliptical field. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 241 Remarks Trochocyathus sp. A is similar to T. rhombocolumna in having robust palar and columellar elements and having 48 septa, but differs in having: P3 recessed from the columella, forming chevrons with the P2; longitudinal (not transverse) costae; less crowded septa; brown theca; and equally wide Si: and S:. Distribution Off Zululand, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; south-west of Mada- gascar; Saya de Malha Bank; 74-315 m. Trochocyathus rawsonii sensu Gardiner, 1904 Non Trochocyathus rawsonii Pourtalés, 1874: 35. Trochocyathus rawsonii: Gardiner, 1904: 100-103, pl. 1 (fig. 2a—b), pl. 2 (figs A—-K). New record MN-SM7232, 3, USNM 77220. Reference specimen: 7. rawsonii of Gardiner (1904; pl. 1 (fig. 2)), 1, BM 1950.1.10.112. Remarks As noted by Cairns (1979) and Zibrowius & Gili (1990), the South African speci- mens reported by Gardiner (1904) as T. rawsonii are incorrectly identified and probably represent an undescribed species. The South African specimens differ in having elongate, often curved coralla attached by a slender pedicel; better developed costae; and a paucity of Ss. But, as stated above, until this genus is better known, we prefer not to introduce a new name for this species at this time, but await Zibrowius’ anticipated faunistic revision, which will include many more specimens of this taxon. Distribution Off South Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Buffalo River (Gardiner 1904); 560-620 m (depths of Gardiner’s specimens unknown). Trochocyathus sp. cf. T. rawsonii Pourtales, 1874 Fig. 4E, H ?Trochocyathus rawsonii Pourtalés, 1874: 35, pl. 6 (figs 7-10). Cairns, 1979: 77-79, pl. 13 (figs 5-7), pl. 14 (figs 1-6) [synonymy]. Non Trochocyathus rawsonii Pourtalés. Gardiner, 1904: 100-103. New records V-2608, 4, IOM; V—2731, 1, IOM; V—2733, 1, USNM 91568. Remarks Although Gardiner’s (1904) records of T. rawsonii are thought to be misiden- tified, three specimens collected off Madagascar and the Madagascar Plateau are indistinguishable from small specimens of the attached, trochoid form of T. rawsonii described and figured by Cairns (1979: 77, pl. 13 (fig. 6)). The largest of the three 242 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM specimens (V—2608) is 11,6 mm in calicular diameter and 13,4 mm in height, having 48 septa arranged in four complete cycles. Distribution Indian Ocean: off north-western Madagascar and off Walters Shoal, Madagascar Plateau; 750-780 m. Distribution of T. rawsonii: Georgia to Brazil; 82-622 m (Cairns 1979). Genus Stephanocyathus Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) nobilis (Moseley, 1873) Fig. SD-E Ceratotrochus nobilis Moseley, 1873: 402, text-fig. 3. Stephanotrochus nobilis: Moseley, 1881: 155, pl. 3 (fig. 3a—b). Stephanotrochus nitens Alcock in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 189la: 7-8. Alcock, 1898: 18-19, pl. 2 (fig. 6, 6a); 1902d, text-fig. 92. Stephanotrochus oldhami Alcock, 1894: 187-188; 1898: 19-20. Stephanocyathus nobilis: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 189-192, pl. 6 (figs 13, 15). Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 16. Zibrowius, 1980: 101-103, pl. 51 (figs A-K) [synonymy]. Non Stephanocyathus nobilis: Boshoff, 1981: 39-40 (= S. explanans). Zou, 1988: 74-75 (= S. weberianus). Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) nobilis: Cairns, 1979: 110-111, pl. 20 (figs 7, 10). New records V-2629, 6, IOM, 1, USNM 91543; V-2653, 3, IOM; V-2814, 2, IOM; AB-399B, 1, USNM 91544; AB-399C, 28, USNM 91545, 2, SAM-—H4576. Remarks Although Zibrowius (1980) expressed reservation about the authenticity of Indian Ocean records of S. nobilis (type locality, Azores), comparison of Indian Ocean speci- mens with those from the eastern Atlantic, including the holotype, convince us that they are the same species, a conclusion also reached by Zou (1988); however, we do not include western Pacific specimens as S. nobilis. Although not examined (types presumably deposited in the Indian Museum, Calcutta), we concur with Gardiner & Waugh (1938) that S. nitens Alcock, 1891a (in Wood-Mason & Alcock), and S. old- hami Alcock, 1894, are undoubtedly junior synonyms of S. nobilis, but agree with Zibrowius (1980) that S$. weberianus Alcock, 1902a, and S. campaniformis von Maren- zeller, 1904, are distinct species. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-eastern Mozambique; off Zanzibar, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off Mombasa, Kenya (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off south-western Madagascar; off Saya de Malha Bank; Gulf of Aden (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Arabian Sea off India (Wood-Mason & Alcock 1891a; Alcock 1894); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938; Pillai & Scheer 1976); 609-2 000 m. Elsewhere: off England; Azores; and Gulf of Guinea (Zibrowius 1980); off Brazil (Cairns 1979); 763-2 200 m. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 243 Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) campaniformis (von Marenzeller, 1904) Fig. 5A—B Stephanotrochus campaniformis von Marenzeller, 1904: 302-304, pl. 18 (fig. 20, 20a). Stephanocyathus campaniformis: Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 32-35, pl. 4 (figs A-K), pl. 5 (figs E—-J) [synonymy]. New record V—2674, 1, IOM. Remarks Stephanocyathus campaniformis is very similar to S. nobilis, the major differences being its smaller adult size (distance from centre of base to edge break = 7,5-11,5 mm vs 10-15 mm for adult S. nobilis), and its characteristic bell shape, usually with a much higher H: W ratio than S. nobilis (i.e. 0,65-1,3 mm _ vs 0,42-0,61 mm for S. nobilis). The south-west Indian Ocean specimen, 29,5 mm in calicular diameter and 19,2 mm in height (H : W = 0,65), was compared to topotypic specimens of S$. campaniformis reported by Zibrowius & Gili (1990) from the Walvis Ridge (USNM 86873-86876), the Indian Ocean specimen being very similar to a specimen figured by Zibrowius & Gili (1990, pl. 4 (figs F—G)). Distribution Indian Ocean: south-west Indian Ridge south of Madagascar Plateau; 1 600-1 610 m. Elsewhere: Walvis Ridge, off Namibia; 882-1 230 m (Zibrowius & Gili 1990). Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) spiniger (von Marenzeller, 1888) Stephanotrochus spiniger von Marenzeller, 1888: 20-21. Odontocyathus spiniger: Eguchi, 1968: C39—C40, pl. C20 (figs 12-14), pl. C23 (figs 1-2) [synonymy]. Stephanocyathus spiniger: Boshoff, 1981: 39. Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) spiniger: Wells, 1984: 209, figs 2.10-13 [synonymy]. Cairns & Parker, 1992: 26-27, pl. 7 (figs g-i) [synonymy]. New records V-2635, 4, IOM; AB-365D, 14, USNM 77215, 1, SAM-—H4595. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Durban, South Africa (Boshoff 1981); off south-eastern Mozambique; off south-western and northern Madagascar; 210-695 m. Elsewhere: Japan; Philippines; Indonesia; Great Australian Bight; 120-560 m (Cairns & Parker 1992). Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) explanans (von Marenzeller, 1904) Stephanotrochus explanans von Marenzeller, 1904: 304-307, pl. 18 (fig. 19a—b). Stephanocyathus explanans: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 192. Stephanocyathus nobilis: Boshoff, 1981: 39. New records 19 km north of Durban, South Africa, 183-220 m, 4, USNM 62500. 244 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Remarks Although having the same size range, S. explanans differs from S. spiniger in having shorter, thinner costal spines; having much less exsert septa (Si = S2, whereas Si of S. spiniger are much larger than S2); and in lacking corallum pigmentation. Distribution Off Durban, South Africa (Boshoff 1981); off Pemba and Zanzibar, Tanzania (Von Marenzeller 1904); west of Sumatra (Von Marenzeller 1904); 183-614 m. Genus Labyrinthocyathus Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (von Marenzeller, 1904) Ceratotrochus delicatus von Marenzeller, 1904: 302, pl. 18 (fig. 18). Cyathoceras cornu: Gardiner, 1904: 121-122. Labyrinthocyathus sp. Cairns, 1979: 70, pl. 11 (figs 10-11). Labyrinthocyathus delicatus: Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 44. New records V-2637, 2, IOM; AB-357E, 1, USNM 77219; MN-SM162, 1, USNM 91546. Distribution Known only from the Indian Ocean off South Africa, from Cape Town to Durban (Von Marenzeller 1904; Gardiner 1904; Cairns 1979), and off south-eastern Mozam- bique; 155-1 000 m. Genus Deltocyathus Deltocyathus andamanicus Alcock, 1898 Fig. 5F Deltocyathus andamanicus Alcock, 1898: 16-17, pl. 1 (fig. 5, Sa). Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 196. Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 16. Non Deltocyathus sp. cf. D. andamanicus: Cairns, 1984: 15, pl. 3 (figs A-B). New record Manihine 381-63, 1, USNM 91548. Remarks At least eight species of Deltocyathus have been reported from the Indian Ocean: D. andamanicus Alcock, 1898; D. rotulus (Alcock, 1898); D. murrayi Gardiner & Waugh, 1938; D. varians Gardiner & Waugh, 1938; D. sarsi (Gardiner & Waugh, 1938); D. nascornatus (Gardiner & Waugh, 1938); Deltocyathus sp. sensu von Maren- zeller, 1904; and D. italicus sensu Zibrowius, 1974a. The species D. minutus Gardiner & Waugh, 1938, and D. lens Alcock, 1902, pertain to the genus Feponocyathus (see Cairns 19896: 30). The specimen reported herein, 15,5 mm in calicular diameter, cor- responds to the original description and illustrations of Alcock’s D. andamanicus. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 245 Distribution Off Zanzibar, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Gulf of Aden (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938; Pillai & Scheer 1976); Andaman Sea (Alcock 1898); 240-1 463 m. Deltocyathus rotulus (Alcock, 1898) Fig. 51 Trochocyathus rotulus Alcock, 1898: 16, pl. 2 (fig. 1, 1a). Deltocyathus fragilis Alcock, 1902a: 99-100; 1902c: 21, pl. 2 (fig. 15, 15a). Deltocyathus rotulus: van der Horst, 1931: 6. Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 196. New records AB-365C, 9, USNM 91549; AB-389C, 1, USNM 91550. Reference material: Gardiner & Waugh’s (1938) D. rotulus from JM-119, 2, BM 1950.1.9.1159-1162. Remarks We concur with Gardiner & Waugh’s (1938) evaluation that D. fragilis is a junior synonym of D. rotulus, even though the type specimens of each species have a differ- ent number of septa: 96 and 72, respectively. Of the approximately 15 valid Recent species in the genus, only one other, D. magnificus Moseley, 1876, has five cycles of septa. Deltocyathus rotulus is distinguished from D. magnificus by having a scalloped calicular edge and in lacking the V-shaped deltoid septal fusions characteristic of the genus. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Durban, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; off Zan- zibar, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Gulf of Aden (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Maldive Islands (Alcock 1898; Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off Sri Lanka (Van der Horst 1931); 510-1 986 m. Elsewhere: Flores Sea; 794 m (Alcock 1902a, 1902c). Deltocyathus sp. A Fig. 5SG—H ?Deltocyathus italicus: Zibrowius, 1974a: 757. Deltocyathus lens: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 198. Records V-2662, 9, IOM; MN-ZV5, 1, USNM 91551. Remarks This species is similar to the Miocene D. italicus (Michelotti, 1838) and Recent Atlantic specimens described by Cairns (1979) as Deltocyathus sp. cf. D. italicus [cited by Zibrowius (1980) and Zibrowius & Gili (1990) as D. conicus Zibrowius, 1980]. Deltocyathus italicus and the south-west Indian Ocean specimens are similar in size and shape, having a highly conical corallum with a pointed base; however, Delto- cyathus sp. A differs in having granular, rounded costae (not dentate, ridged costae as in D. italicus); relatively small P3 not fused to their corresponding S3 (in D. italicus, P3 246 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM are quite large and solidly fuse to their S3); and a fossa moderate in depth (the central calice of D. italicus is usually elevated, having no fossa). Although not described or illustrated, it is likely that Zibrowius’ (1974a) ‘conical species’ from north-west of Madagascar is the same. No other Indian Ocean species of Deltocyathus is known to have a conical corallum. Distribution Known only from the Indian Ocean off Durban, South Africa; off Zanzibar (Gar- diner & Waugh 1938); ?off south-western and north-western Madagascar (Zibrowius 1974a); 207-315 m. Genus Desmophyllum Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848a Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848a: 253, pl. 7 (fig. 10, 10a). Zibrowius, 1974a: 758-761, pl. 3 (figs 1-10); 1980: 117-121, pl. 61 (figs A-O). Cairns, 1979: 117-119, pl. 21 (figs 7-8), pl. 22 (fig. 8) [synonymy]. Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 35-36. Desmophyllum capense Gardiner, 1904: 96-97. ?Desmophyllum sp. Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 176. Non Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne Edwards & Haime. Boshoff, 1981: 37. New records V-2699, 1 IOM; V—2716, 6, IOM; V—2722, 1, IOM. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Cape of Good Hope (Gardiner 1904); off Pemba, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off Walters Shoal, Madagascar Plateau; Gulf of Aden (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 81-2 000 m. Elsewhere: cosmopolitan; 60-2 460 m (Cairns 1979). Genus Conotrochus Conotrochus brunneus (Moseley, 1881) Fig. 4F-G Pleurocyathus brunneus Moseley, 1881: 159-160, pl. 2 (fig. la—c). Phloeocyathus hospes: Alcock, 19026: 116-117. Ceratotrochus (Phloeocyathus) hospes: Alcock, 1902c: 12, pl. 2 (fig. 8, 8a). Conotrochus brunneus: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 175-176, pl. 5 (figs 11-12). Zibrowius, 1980: 79. New record AB-365D, 2, USNM 91556. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-west Madagascar; Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 475-695 m. Elsewhere: Indonesia (Moseley 1881; Alcock 1902b, 1902c); 110-1 089 m. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 247 Genus Aulocyathus Aulocyathus recidivus (Dennant, 1906) Fig. 5C Ceratotrochus recidivus Dennant, 1906: 159-160, pl. 6 (figs la—b, 2a—c). Zibrowius, 1980: 107. Aulocyathus recidivus: Cairns, 1982: 25-26, pl. 7 (figs 7-9), pl. 8 (fig. 1). Cairns & Parker, 1992: 22-24, pl. 6 (figs d, h) [synonymy]. New record Unspecified R.V. Anton Bruun station ‘off Madagascar’, depth unknown, 1, USNM 91555. Remarks Aulocyathus recidivus is distinguished from A. juvenescens by its much larger and stouter corallum and by having a greater number of septa. Three additional species are known in this genus from the eastern Atlantic and western Pacific (see Zibrowius 1980). Distribution Indian Ocean: ‘off Madagascar’; depth unknown. Elsewhere: off South Australia and Tasmania (Dennant 1906; Cairns & Parker 1992); Macquarie Ridge (Cairns 1982); 128-1 000 m. Aulocyathus juvenescens von Marenzeller, 1904 Aulocyathus juvenescens von Marenzeller, 1904: 301-302, pl. 18 (fig. 17). Zibrowius, 1980: 107. New record Manihine 381-3, 2, USNM 91554. Reference material: syntypes of A. juvenescens from Valdivia—243 and 245 (ZMB 5064, 7032). Remarks The Manihine specimens, collected only several kilometres from the type locality (Valdivia station 245), are the only specimens to have been reported subsequent to its description in 1904. Distribution Known only from the Indian Ocean off Pemba and Zanzibar, Tanzania (Von Marenzeller 1904); 302-463 m. Genus Dasmosmilia Dasmosmilia variegata (Pourtalés, 1871) Fig. 6C Parasmilia variegata Pourtalés, 1871: 21, pl. 1 (fig. 13). Non Dasmosmilia variegata: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 172-173. Dasmosmilia variegata: Cairns, 1979: 134-135, pl. 25 (figs 4-7, 10), pl. 26 (fig. 1) [synonymy]. Zibro- wius, 1980: 71-72, pl. 30 (figs A-K) [synonymy]. 248 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 5. A-B. Stephanocyathus campaniformis, V—2673, IOM, calicular and basal views. Both X 1,7. C. Aulocyathus recidivus, Anton Bruun station ‘off Madagascar’, USNM 91555, lateral view. x 2,9. D-E. Stephanocyathus nobilis, AB-399C, USNM 91545, calicular and lateral views. Both x 1,5. F. Deltocyathus andamanicus, Manihine 381-63, USNM 91548, calice. x 2,2. G—H. Deltocyathus sp. A, MN-ZV5, USNM 91551, calicular and lateral views. Both 3,8. I. Deltocyathus rotulus, AB-389C, USNM 91550, calice. x 1,5. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 249 New record V—2644, 1, IOM. Remarks The figured specimen, measuring 10,1 x 8,3 mm in calicular diameter and 14,8 mm in height, was compared to specimens from both the western and eastern Atlantic and found to be indistinguishable in most characters, except that the Indian Ocean specimen is firmly attached to a substrate (a cylindrical bryozoan), not asex- ually regenerated from a parent corallum fragment, as is typical for most other known specimens. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-western Madagascar; 330-335 m. Elsewhere: off Florida, Venezuela, Brazil, Cape Verde Islands, and the Azores; 110-600 m (Cairns 1979; Zibrowius 1980). Genus Asterosmilia Asterosmilia marchadi (Chevalier, 1966) Fig. 6A—B Ceratotrochus johnsoni: Gardiner, 1904: 118-119, pl. 1 (fig. Sa—c), pl. 2 (fig. M). Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 188. Dasmosmilia marchadi Chevalier, 1966: 944—949, pl. 5 (figs 3-4). Asterosmilia marchadi: Cairns, 1979: 140-142, pl. 26 (figs 7, 9-10). Zibrowius, 1980: 141-142, pl. 74 (figs A-K) [synonymy]. New records V-—2634, 1, IOM; AB-372J, 2, USNM 91557; AB-372L, 26, USNM 91559, 1, SAM-—H4594; AB-373B, 1, USNM 91560; MN-—ZD8, 1, USNM 91561; MN-ZH27, 1, USNM 91562. Reference specimens: C. johnsoni of Gardiner & Waugh (1938): JM-106, 2, BM 1950.1.9.1065-1069; JM107, 1, BM 1950.1.9.1284; C. johnsoni of Gardiner (1904) from Cape Natal, 1, BM 1950.1.10.118. Remarks Zibrowius (1980: 141, 142) noted the extreme resemblance of the Indian Ocean specimens reported by Gardiner (1904) and Gardiner & Waugh (1938) to Atlantic A. marchadi, but did not commit to that identification. Comparisons of the south-west Indian Ocean specimens reported herein and Gardiner (1904) and Gardiner & Waugh’s (1938) specimens, with typical eastern and western Atlantic specimens of A. marchadi, show no significant differences. Therefore, A. marchadi is considered to have a disjunct distribution in both the Atlantic and western Indian oceans. Distribution Indian Ocean: South Africa off Bisho, Cape Natal (Gardiner 1904), and Zulu- land; off south-eastern Mozambique; off Pemba, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off the Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 57-229 m. Elsewhere: eastern 250 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Atlantic from Spanish Sahara to Gabon (Zibrowius 1980); western Atlantic from off Florida and the northern coast of South America (Cairns 1979); 79-229 m. Genus Solenosmilia Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873 Fig. 6D Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873: 328, pl. 42 (figs 11-18). Von Marenzeller, 1904: 310-311, pl. 15 (fig. 4, 4a). Zibrowius, 1974a: 768-769; 1980: 143-145, pl. 75 (figs A—N) [synonymy]. Cairns, 1979: 136-138, pl. 26 (figs 2-4) [synonymy]. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 160. Cairns & Parker, 1992: 29-30, pl. 8 (figs d-e). Solenosmilia Jeffreyi Alcock, 1898: 27-28, pl. 3 (fig. 3, 3a—b). Non Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan. Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 229-230. New records MN-SM129, 1 branch, USNM 77211; MN-SM162, 2 colonies, USNM 91690; MN-SM226, branch fragments, USNM 91691. Distribution Indian Ocean: off South Africa from Agulhas Bank (Von Marenzeller 1904) to off Durban; off Somalia (Von Marenzeller 1904); Laccadive Sea (Alcock 1898); 366-1 079 m. Elsewhere: amphi-Atlantic; South Australia; circum-Subantarctic; 220-2 165 m (Cairns & Parker 1992). Genus Goniocorella Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock, 1902c) Fig. 6E Pourtalosmilia dumosa Alcock, 1902c: 36-37, pl. 5 (fig. 33, 33a). Goniocorella dumosa: Cairns, 1982: 31-34, pl. 9 (figs 7-9), pl. 10 (figs 1-2) [synonymy]. New record MN-SM174, 4 branches, USNM 77221. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Bisho, South Africa; 760 m. Elsewhere: off Japan, Banda Sea, and New Zealand region; 100-638 m (Cairns 1982). Genus Rhizosmilia Rhizosmilia robusta sp. nov. Fig. 6F—I Records Holotype: AB—373B, 1, USNM 91681. Paratypes: AB-371F, 1, USNM 91682; AB-408D, 2 corallites, USNM 91683; MN-ZB23, 1, SAM—H4572; MN-ZC10, 1, AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN Dok USNM 91684; MN-ZD5, 1, USNM 91685; MN-ZDD3, 3, USNM 91689; MN-ZD7, 2, USNM 91686, 1, SAM-—H4573; MN-ZK20, 1, USNM 91687; MN-ZK21, 1, USNM 91688. Description Corallites trochoid in shape, firmly attached through a massive pedicel and thin expansive base. Largest corallite of holotypic colony 31,0 x 26,2 mm in calicular diameter, 25,0 mm in height, and 16,8 mm in pedicel diameter. Lower pedicel and base reinforced with concentric rings of hollow chambers formed by adding exothecal dissepiments over raised costae (Fig. 6G), as is characteristic of the genus (Cairns 1978). Calice elliptical in outline, even in small specimens. Costae equal (0,4-0,5 mm wide) and quite low, separated by very narrow (0,10—-0,12 mm), shallow intercostal striae. Costae covered with low, rounded granules. Corallum white. Septa arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S:i>S2>S3>Si>Ss, the fourth cycle complete at a GCD of 8—9 mm and the fifth cycle complete at a GCD of 19-21 mm; Se not observed even in largest calice of 31 mm diameter. Si moderately exsert (up to 2,7 mm above calicular edge), their inner edges vertical and straight, extending to the columella. Septa of higher cycles progressively less exsert and smaller, except for those Ss adjacent to Si, which are more exsert than their adjacent S:. Inner edges of S2 also straight; inner edges of Ss and Su slightly sinuous; Ss rudimentary, with irregularly shaped inner edges. Septal faces relatively smooth, bearing very low and sparsely placed granules. Septa well spaced, each separated from one another by approximately twice the septal thickness. Small paliform lobes present deep in fossa before septa of penultimate cycle (Pa, if Ss present; P3, if only S4 present in a half-system) and in such a manner of insertion as described by Cairns (1978) for R. gerdae. Paliform lobes sometimes dissected into three or four thin, elongate ribbons, similar in shape to columellar elements, but occurring higher in fossa. Fossa deep, containing a trabecular columella. Vescicular endothecal dissepi- ments present, giving corallum a low density. Remarks Although the holotype is a phaceloid colony of four corallites, all paratypes are represented as individual corallites, either broken from a larger colony or not yet having formed a colony. Only two other species of Rhizosmilia are known: R. maculata (Pourtalés, 1874) and R. gerdae Cairns, 1978, both species known only from relatively shallow water (3-287 m) in the western Atlantic. Rhizosmilia robusta sp. nov. is most similar to R. maculata, especially in corallum size and shape and septal, palar, and costal mor- phology, but differs in having an entirely white corallum (that of R. maculata is speckled brown), and in having fewer septa at a corresponding calicular diameter. Rhizosmilia robusta attains its fifth cycle at a GCD of 19-21 mm, whereas R. macu- lata attains its at a GCD of only 11 mm (Cairns 1977) and often has additional Se in larger corallites. A probable fourth species of Rhizosmilia was reported as Caryophyllia gigas by Van der Horst (1931) from off Mauritius— Rhizosmilia gigas comb. nov. Because only Dy, ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 6. A-B. Asterosmilia marchadi, V-—2634, IOM, lateral and calicular views. A X 1,5, B x 2,1. C. Dasmosmilia variegata, V—2644, IOM, calice. x 4,7. D. Solenosmilia variabilis, MN-—SM162, USNM 91690, partial colony. x 0,7. E. Goniocorella dumosa, MN-SM174, USNM 77221. x 1,6. F-I. Rhizosmilia robusta sp. nov. F, I. AB—373B (holotype), lateral and calicular views. F x 0,9, Ix1,5. G. MN-ZD7, USNM 91686, paratype illustrating exothecal roots. x 2,5. H.MN-ZDS5, USNM 91685, calice of a paratype. X 2,2. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 253 the holotype is known, which has a broken base, the colonial nature of the species is unknown, but the arrangement of paliform lobes (P4), endothecal dissepiments, and epithecal rootlets at the broken pedicel, suggest a placement in Rhizosmilia. The holo- type is deposited at the BM (1939.7.20.851). Etymology The species name robusta (from the Latin robustus, hard, strong, like oak) is an allusion to the thick pedicels of this species, which contribute to a robust colony. Distribution Off Zululand, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; Mozambique Channel off Madagascar; 66-150 m. Type locality: 26°00'S 33°05’E (off south-eastern Mozambique), 135 m. Family Turbinoliidae Genus Tropidocyathus Tropidocyathus lessoni (Michelin, 1842) Fig. 7C Flabellum lessoni Michelin, 1842: 119. Tropidocyathus lessoni: Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 194. Cairns, 1989b: 33-34, pl. 16 (figs d—l) [synonymy]. New records MN-ZAS1, 1, USNM 91692; MN-ZB24, 1, USNM 91693; MN-ZD4, 1, USNM 91694; MN-—ZD6, 2, USNM 91695; MN-ZD7, 4, USNM 91696; MN-ZD8, 6, USNM 91697, 1, SAM-—H4583; MN-ZDD3, 4 USNM 91706; MN-ZDD4, 7, USNM 91707, 2, SAM-—H4588; MN-ZDD7, 1, USNM 91708; MN-ZH18, 1, USNM 91698; MN-ZH19, 1, USNM 91699; MN-ZH23, 4, USNM 91700; MN-ZH26, 3, USNM 91701; MN-ZK20, 1, USNM 91702; MN-ZK25, 1, USNM 91703; MN-ZV20, 2, USNM 91704; MN-—ZV21, 3, USNM 91705. Remarks This is a commonly collected south-west Indian Ocean shallow-water azooxan- thellate solitary coral, easily distinguished from all other species by its pale-orange corallum and prominent thecal edge crests. Endopachys grayi also has edge crests but always has a white corallum, the characteristic porous dendrophylliid theca, and a Pourtalés Plan. Distribution Indian Ocean: South Africa from off Natal to Zululand; off south-eastern Mozambique (Cairns 1989b); off Zanzibar, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off Kenya and north-eastern Somalia (Cairns 1989b); 62-155 m. Elsewhere: western Pacific from East China Sea to Indonesia; 68—421 m (Cairns 1989b). 254 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Genus Thrypticotrochus Thrypticotrochus multilobatus Cairns, 1989b Figa/El Thrypticotrochus multilobatus Cairns, 1989b: 37, pl. 19 (figs b—g). New records AB-365D, 3, USNM 91709; AB-370G, 2, USNM 91710; AB-399A, 1, USNM (lost). Remarks All specimens were asexually regenerated from parent fragments, the largest corallum 4,4 mm in calicular diameter. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-western Madagascar; off south-eastern Mozambique; 347-925 m. Elsewhere: South China Sea; Philippines; off south-eastern Australia (Cairns 19896); 130-507 m. Genus Sphenotrochus KEY TO THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN SPECIES OF SPHENOTROCHUS 1A. Each costa composed of asingle; elongate ridge..>. 22.3: 0.5...) ae eee 7 1B. Each costa composed of two or more irregular rows of short, narrow ridges....... a eer eee Le Mery AV ane ELCs ea ate Os APOE S. gilchristi Gardiner, 1904 2A. Corallum cuneiform but full (appears swollen); full fourth cycle (48) of costae present; columella massive, rising well above upper septal edges ................ BRS aso UE Der rar eats Sind pes ree ie S. aurantiacus von Marenzeller, 1904 2B. Corallum cuneiform but compressed; only four pairs of Cs present in end half- systems (total = 32); columella only as thick as an S: and not as exsert as an Si 3A. Costae rounded, equal in width, and do not overlap adjacent costae; intercostal striae broad (35-55 % width of a costa); corallum triangular, faces diverging at a constantianclemromibasei meres aoe oe oe ee S. evexicostatus sp. nov. 3B. Costae flattened, unequal in width, and overlapping adjacent costae; intercostal striae narrow (only 8-18 % width of a costa); corallum roughly rectangular and more highly compressed basally +... 5..--4.. 0225. S. imbricaticostatus sp. nov. Sphenotrochus (S.) aurantiacus von Marenzeller, 1904 Fig. 6D-E, G-H Sphenotrochus aurantiacus von Marenzeller, 1904: 280-281, pl. 18 (fig. 15). Wells, 1935: 531. ?Boshoff, 1981: 38-39. Cairns, 1989b: 38. New records AB-358A, 13, USNM 77185, 1, SAM-—H4589, 1, NM; AB-—358C, 2, USNM 77182; MN-ZM8, 1, USNM 91719; 2 syntypes of Sphenotrochus aurantiacus examined from Valdivia—104, ZMB 5095. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN DSS Distribution Agulhas Bank (Von Marenzeller 1904); off Durban and Zululand, South Africa; ?off south-eastern Mozambique (Boshoff 1981); 155-366 m. Bathymetric ranges of Boshoff’s specimens not included because his specimens represent a mixed lot of two, if not three, species. Sphenotrochus (S.) evexicostatus sp. nov. Fig. 8A-H ?Sphenotrochus intermedius: Macnae & Kalk, 1958: 123. ?Sphenotrochus sp. Pichon, 1974: 176, text-fig. 5. Sphenotrochus aurantiacus: Boshoff, 1981: 38-39 [part.—3 specimens from off Inhaca, 12 m]. Records Holotype: AB-372B, 1, USNM 77186. Paratypes: AB-371G, 3, USNM 77194; AB-372B, 43, USNM 91712, 1, SAM-—H4584; AB-391J, 6, USNM 77184; AB-392J, 12, USNM 77188; off Inhaca, 12,2 m, 3, USNM 77190. Description Corallum medium in size for the genus, the holotype measuring 5,25 x 3,20 mm in calicular diameter and 7,88 mm in height, but larger specimens up to 10,6 mm in height present in type series. Corallum cuneiform, the flat corallum faces diverging at a constant angle of about 12°. Viewed from the side, the corallum is triangular with a gently rounded base. Costae equal in width (0,15—0,17 mm), rounded, and smooth, only the principal Ci and their adjacent Cs being somewhat granular (Fig. 8H). Most costae continuous from calice to about 1,5 mm from base, where they either terminate or transform into discontinuous ridges. Costae usually not vertical in arrangement, but slanted inward toward the sand-grain substrate incorporated into its base. Intercostal striae broad and open, about 0,06—0,10 mm wide, or 35-55 per cent width of a costa, affording an easy view of underlying corallum theca (Fig. 83D-E). Freshly preserved coralla light yellow to brown. Septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles. Pairs of Cs occur in each half-system adjacent to the two principal septa (total = 32 costae), but rarely in half-systems beyond these, but septa (Ss) do not correspond to these costae. S: and S2 equal in size, moderately exsert, and extend about three-quarters distance to columella, merging with columella only lower in fossa. Inner edges of S: and Sz slightly sinuous. S3 slightly less exsert and only about one-third width of Si and S2. Septa and columella bear low, inconspicuous granules, producing relatively smooth faces. Columella a solid, sharp-edged lamella rising almost to height of exsert septa, and of equal thickness to an S: (i.e. 0,15—0,16 mm). Remarks Although S. evexicostatus sp. nov. is of approximately the same size as S. imbri- caticostatus sp. nov., has the same arrangement of septa and costae, similar columella, and they are often found living together, S. evexicostatus is distinguished by its rounded, non-imbricate costae of equal width, wider intercostal striae, smaller S3 in relation to the S: and S2, and smoother septal and columellar faces. Sphenotrochus 256 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 4 e. >; cee ee Fig. 7. A-B. Sphenotrochus gilchristi. A. S. dentosus (nomen nudum) of Boshoff (1981), South Africa, South African Museum. B. Verma 19-28, USNM 87610, costal granulations near calice. X 24. C. Tropidocyathus lessoni, MN—-ZH18, USNM 91698, lateral view showing alate end costae. x 2,5. D-E, G-H. Sphenotrochus aurantiacus. D-E. Syntype from Valdivia—104, ZMB 5095, lateral and calicular views. D x 6,6, E x 10. G-H. AB-358A, USNM 77185, lateral and calicular views. G x 6,2, Hx 8,0. F, I. Thrypticotrochus multilobatus, AB-365D, USNM 91709, corallum fragment. x 10,5, and enlargement of costae. Xx 35. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN Di). Fig. 8. A-H. Sphenotrochus evexicostatus sp. nov. (B—C, holotype; A, D-H, paratype from AB-392J). A. Lateral view of corallum. x 9,0. B. Stereo view of calice. x 11. C. Oblique view of calice. 10. D-E. Longitudinal views of costae showing broad intercostal furrows and rounded costae. D%*24, Ex71. F-G. Costal details at corallum base and near calice. FX 16s G X32- H. Granulated edge costa. x 175. 258 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM evexicostatus sp. nov. bears some resemblance to S. andrewianus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 (eastern Atlantic, 12-105 m), in size and shape, but differs in having some pairs of Cs, a more compressed corallum, and a consistently lamellar columella. Etymology The species name evexicostatus (from the Latin evexus, rounded at the top + cos- tatus, having rib-like ridges) refers to the costae of this species, which are evenly rounded on top. Distribution Off South Africa from Durban to south-eastern Mozambique; ?off Madagascar (Pichon 1974); 12,2-73 m. Type locality: 24°48°S 34°59’E (off south-eastern Mozam- bique), 42 m. Sphenotrochus (S.) imbricaticostatus sp. nov. Fig. 9A—H Sphenotrochus aurantiacus: Boshoff, 1981: 38-39 [part.—9 specimens from off Inhaca, 12,2 m]. Records Holotype: MN—ZB27, 1, USNM 91715. Paratypes: AB—370G, 12, USNM 77183; AB-370H, 21, USNM 77181; AB-372B, 36, USNM 91716, 2, SAM—H4586; AB-372L, 29, USNM 77187; AB-372P, 20, USNM 77189; AB-391J, 2, USNM 91717; AB-392J, 7, USNM 91718; Inhaca, Mozambique, 12,2m, 9, USNM 77190, and 24, currently deposited at Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille. Description Corallum small, largest specimen (holotype) only 3,68 x 2,47 mm in calicular diameter and 6,55 mm in height. Corallum cuneiform: highly compressed in lower corallum where opposite faces are essentially parallel; upper corallum slightly flared. Viewed from the side, corallum is often rectangular (Fig. 9A, C), with only a slight rounding of the basal edges. Costae smooth, flat, and oriented vertically, most con- tinuous from calice to base. In well-preserved coralla, 12-14 costae slightly overreach the base and meet their counterparts from the opposite face. Costae alternate in width near calicular edge, C3; (0,30-0,35 mm wide) being broader than the Ci and GQ (0,14-0,18 mm wide, Fig. 9F—G). Intercostal striae narrow (0,030—0,035 mm wide), or only 8-18 per cent of costal width, not affording a view of underlying theca. Each costa has a thin (0,018—0,020 mm) lateral extension (Fig. 9G), which overlaps the extension of its two adjacent costae in alternating fashion such that the Cs extensions are invariably higher than those of the Ci and C2 near the calicular edge. Lower on theca, the situation is reversed. These lateral costal extensions are particularly broad (up to 0,1 mm) on the lower, outer edges of the four C2 near the principal C: and their adjacent C; near the base of the corallum (Fig. 9H). Colour of a fresh corallum light brown; theca procellaneous. Septa hexamerally arranged in three complete cycles (24 septa). Pairs of Cs occur in each half-system adjacent to the two principal S: (total = 32 costae), but S; do not correspond to them inside calice. $i and S2 equal in size, moderately exsert, and AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 259 extend about four-fifths distance to columella, joining with columella only lower in fossa. Inner edges of S: and &: slightly thickened. S3 equally exsert but only three- quarters as wide as S: and S2. All septa, as well as columella, covered with tall (up to 0,060 mm), slender spines. Columella a solid, sharp-edged lamella rising almost to height of exsert septa, equal to or slightly thicker (about 0,1 mm) than Si and S2. Viewed from the side, the columella is rectangular. Remarks Sphenotrochus imbricaticostatus sp. nov. is distinguished from the nine other Recent species in the genus (eight listed by Cairns 19895: 38, plus S. evexicostatus sp. nov.) by its extremely compressed rectangular—cuneiform corallum and its wide, flat costae, which alternate in width and imbricate with edges of adjacent costae. Etymology The species name imbricaticostatus (from the Latin imbricatus, overlapping + costatus, having rib-like ridges) is an allusion to the distinctive imbricate costae of this species. Distribution Off Durban, South Africa to south-eastern Mozambique; 37-347 m. Type local- ity: 27°03,9’S 32°53,0’E (off Zululand, South Africa), 44 m. Sphenotrochus (Eusthenotrochus) gilchristi Gardiner, 1904 Fig. 7A-B Sphenotrochus gilchristi Gardiner, 1904: 98-99, pl. 1 (figs a-g). Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 44. Eusthenotrochus moseri Wells, 1935: 530-532, pl. 18 (figs 5-6). Sphenotrochus dentosus Boshoff, 1981: 39 (nomen nudum). Sphenotrochus sp. (incertae sedis) Boshoff, 1981: 39 [= S. ‘dentosus’]. New records AB-358A, 3, USNM 77191; AB-392J, 2, USNM 77192; Vema 19-28, 1, USNM 87610; Sardinops CD32, 1, USNM 91714, 1, SAM—H4590. Remarks Three specimens identified as S. dentosus by Boshoff (1981) were borrowed from the ORI and found to be typical S. gilchristi. Distribution Agulhas Bank (Wells 1935); off Durban and Simon’s Town; 24-165 m. Genus Peponocyathus Peponocyathus australiensis (Duncan, 1870) Deltocyathus italicus var. australiensis Duncan, 1870: 297. Deltocyathus minutus Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 198, text-fig. 15. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 156. Peponocyathus australiensis: Cairns, 1989b: 30-32, pl. 14 (figs d—j), pl. 15 (figs a-d) [synonymy]. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM iene Se a of 7 es Le is } Fig. 9. A-H. Sphenotrochus imbricaticostatus sp. nov. (A-B, D-E, holotype; C, F—H, paratypes from AB-372P). A, C. Lateral views. A X 8,3, C X11. B. Stereo view of calice at oblique angle, x 14,5. D. Oblique lateral view of corallum, x 9,7. E. Calicular view, x 15,5. F-G. Imbricate costae near calicular edge (exterior and cross sectional views). F x 41, Gx 110. H. Imbricate costae near corallum base. x 60. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 261 New record AB-3908S, 2, USNM 91711. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Natal, South Africa; off Zanzibar, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Red Sea (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 101-366 m. Elsewhere: widely dis- tributed in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific; 44-635 m (Cairns 1989b). Family Flabellidae Genus Flabellum Flabellum (Ulocyathus) japonicum bythios subsp. nov. Fig. 1OA-B Flabellum japonicum Wood Mason & Alcock, 1891a: 449-450. Alcock, 1898: 23. Gardiner, 1929: 306-308, pl. 13 (figs 1-6) [part.—not station 242]. Flabellum apertum: Keller, 1974: 205-208 [part.—V—4620, pl. 6 (figs 6—-7)]. Flabellum japonicum sensu Alcock, 1898: Cairns, 1989b: 54, 56. Records Holotype: V—2815, 1, IOM. Paratypes: V-—2653, 1, IOM; V—2814, 1, IOM; V-—2815, 1, IOM; Marion Dufresne 27-4, 9, USNM 77203, 1, SAM-—H4575; Investi- gator—133, 2, USNM 18156. Description Corallum elliptical in cross-section (GCD : LCD about 1,3), having a full, cam- panulate shape, the 12 C: and C2 only slightly ridged at point of upward inflection of corallum. Corallum fragile and thus often collected damaged. Slightly damaged holo- type 46,7 x 36,0 mm in calicular diameter (estimated) and slightly over 25 mm in height. Pedicel circular, about 2,5 mm in diameter. Freshly preserved coralla light reddish-brown, sometimes more intensely pigmented near thecal edges of S: and S:. Lower corallum—that part probably submerged in soft substrate—usually corroded to a white or light grey colour. Septa hexamerally arranged in five complete cycles; however, one large specimen (V—2653) of 55 mm GCD has 14 primary septa and a corresponding number of higher cycle septa for a total of 112 septa. S: and S2 equal in size, their straight inner edges almost meeting in centre of fossa. S3 about half width of S: and S2; Ss about half width of Ss; Ss rudimentary, extending only several millimetres down thecal wall and having irregular, dentate inner edges. Calicular margins scalloped, each S: and S2 and adja- cent Ss forming a triangular thecal extension about 3,5 mm tall, and each S;3 a smaller extension of about 1,5 mm in height. Inner edges of all septa straight and the septa themselves are planar; septal faces relatively smooth, covered with low, inconspicuous granules. All septa quite thin (about 0,3 mm) and well separated from adjacent septa by a distance of 4—5 septal thicknesses. Fossa deep and elongate. Columella an elongate, concave fusion of lower, inner edges of S:-S:. 262 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Remarks Cairns (19896: 56) suggested that the Indian Ocean specimens previously reported as F. japonicum (see synonymy) be considered as a new species, and listed four differences between them and typical F. japonicum. To reiterate, the Indian Ocean specimens have a campanulate corallum, higher thecal extensions, white coralla, and lack thecal edge crests. These differences still appear valid except for corallum colour, well-preserved Indian Ocean specimens having the same pigmen- tation as F. japonicum. However, another difference noted here is that the pedicel of F. japonicum bythios subsp. nov. is circular and larger than that of the typical sub- species. Gardiner (1929) noted small differences between F. japonicum and Indian Ocean specimens, but did not consider them to be of specific importance. Given the geographic and bathymetric isolation of the two forms (see Distribution) and the several minor but consistent morphological differences, the Indian Ocean specimens are considered to represent a subspecies of F. japonicum. Etymology The subspecies name bythios (from the Greek bythios, of the deep) is an allusion to the apparent deeper range of this subspecies than the typical subspecies. Distribution Off south-western Madagascar; Mascarene Plateau; Laccadive Sea (Gardiner 1929; Keller 1974); Gulf of Manaar (Gardiner 1929); Bay of Bengal (Alcock 1898; Gardiner 1929); 1 095-1 720 m. Type locality: 9°40’S 60°31'E (Mascarene Plateau), 1 520-1 720 m. Distribution of typical subspecies: off Japan; Philippines; Indonesia; 128-1 141 m (Cairns 1989b). Flabellum (Ulocyathus) lowekeyesi Squires & Ralph, 1965 Fig. 10D-E Flabellum lowekeyesi Squires & Ralph, 1965: 259 (figs 1-2). Squires & Keyes, 1967: 27, pl. 6 (figs 1-2). Cairns, 1989b: 54. New records V-—2637, 1, IOM; V—2668, 11, IOM, 1, USNM 91734; V—2706, 4, IOM; V—2721, 95, IOM; V-—2764, 2, IOM; V—2816, 30, IOM. Remarks The south-west Indian Ocean specimens are indistinguishable from typical speci- mens from off New Zealand. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-eastern Mozambique; Mascarene Plateau; Madagascar Plateau; 835-1 030m. Elsewhere: Campbell Plateau and off New Zealand; 278-732 m (Squires & Keyes 1967). AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 263 Flabellum (Ulocyathus) messum Alcock, 1902c Fig. 10G-H Flabellum lacianiatum var. messum Alcock, 1902c: 31. Flabellum (U.) messum: Cairns, 1989b: 58-59, pl. 30 (figs f-i, k) [synonymy]. New record V-—2816, 1, USNM 91735. Remarks Flabellum messum is very similar to F. lowekeyesi, but differs in having a reddish- brown corallum; a rough, granular thecal texture; better defined thecal extensions; and independent S: (see also Cairns 19895: 58). Distribution Indian Ocean: Mascarene Plateau; 430-835 m. Elsewhere: off Philippines (Cairns 1989b); Indonesia (Alcock 1902c); 368-949 m. Flabellum (Flabellum) pavoninum Lesson, 1831 Flabellum pavoninum Lesson, 1831: 2. Gardiner, 1902: 123-125, pl. 4 (figs 18-21); 1904: 98. Gardiner & Waugh, 1938: 174. Zibrowius et al., 1975: 98-99, pl. 2 (figs D-E). ?Boshoff, 1981: 35. Zibro- wius & Grygier, 1985: 122. Cairns, 1989b: 46-50, pl. 23 (figs g—l), pl. 24 (figs a—d) [synonymy]. Flabellum pavoninum sensu Gardiner, 1902. Cairns, 1989b: 47, pl. 24 (figs g—h). Flabellum sp. 6 Cairns, 1989a: 63, 67, text-fig. 2. New records V-2662, 1, IOM; V—2686, 1, IOM; V—2724, 16, IOM; V—2767, 8, IOM; V—2804, 3, IOM; AB-371E, 2, USNM 91724; AB-372L, 10, USNM 91726; AB-390S, 24, USNM 91727; AB-421G, 1, USNM 91728; Manihine 381-63, 1, USNM 91722; MN-ZD4, 1, USNM 91738; MN-ZCC1, 2, USNM 91732; MN-ZU13, 6, USNM 91729; MN-ZU15, 11, USNM 91730, 1, SAM-H4582; MN-ZW6, 1, USNM 91731. Reference specimens: Gardiner & Waugh’s (1938) specimens from: JM-104, 1, BM 1950.1.9.1; JM-106, 3, BM 1950.1.9.11-35; JM-123, 1, BM 1950.1.9.2—3; JM-—157, 2, 1950.1.9.36—40. Remarks Although I (Cairns 1989a, 1989b) previously distinguished the western Indian Ocean specimens of Flabellum from F. pavoninum, based on discriminant analysis, additional specimens of typical F. pavoninum recently examined from off Japan con- vince us that these specimens are conspecific. Almost all characters analysed of F. pavoninum and F. pavoninum sensu Gardiner (1902) in the discriminant analysis (Cairns 1989a, table 5) were overlapping. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Durban (Gardiner 1902) to Zululand, South Africa; off Zanzi- bar and Pemba, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); off Kenya (Cairns 1989b); off western Madagascar (Zibrowius et al. 1975); Madagascar Plateau; Mascarene Plateau; Arabian Sea (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1938); 264 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 98-665 m. Elsewhere: off Japan; South China Sea; Hawaii; 223-271 m (Cairns 1989b). Genus Truncatoflabellum KEY TO THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN SPECIES OF TRUNCATOFLABELLUM 1A. Corallum small (GCD < 13 mm); septa few (some Ss may be present, but never a tullieycle yan Sx eae Tees Pole eee oe le oe oe Bee ee re 2 1B. Corallum medium- to large-sized, robust (adult GCD usually over 15 mm); septa more numerous (usually > 80; often with Sc) ........-..22... 5) see 4 2A. Coralla with only three cycles of septa, often with some Su (i.e. 32 septa)........ a iM Aten ee eae ar eee em Oa elo Mere dh Mae T. pusillum Cairns, 1989b 2B. Coralla with four cycles of septa, often with some Ss (i.e. 56 septa)........... 8) 3A. Thecal edges carinate (not spinose); anthocyathus and anthocaulus invariably SEM AT AGC ie ora ay tice ansines Ons. 3o. eis ab eam cle Metra ee T. gardineri sp. nov. 3B. Thecal edges rounded (also usually non-spinose); anthocyathus and anthocaulus oitenmemiamprattache den rcs Cains a natn ay giclee arenas T. zuluense sp. nov. 4° Thecal edges rounded, no thecal spines). .......5. 2.2... J... ere 5) 4B. Thecal edges not rounded: either spinose or carmate . >. ..-.. =. ose eee 6 5A. Thecal edge angle large (about 68); anthocyathus basal scar small (3,5 xX 2,5 mm) PS area Po gee eh cet ler Aon A nee i crane T. stabile (von Marenzeller, 1904) 5B. Thecal edge angle less than 60; anthocyathus scar larger, 5,1-6,7 x 4,0—4,8 mm A MMT h/t get eo aks aah NN T. inconstans von Marenzeller, 1904 6A. Thecal edges of anthocyathus spinose, with up to 7 pairs of spines............... Ree ed Naya crer east Banas Oe ce ois Pe eta a RARE Ee trae T. multispinosum sp. nov. 6B. Thecal edges of anthocyathus acute, often carinate, having no spines ............ Bea aes ay staf eRe he ah) Aesth anes Pr pa T. formosum Cairns, 19896 Truncatoflabellum sp. cf. T. stabile (von Marenzeller, 1904) Fig. 10C, F New record V-2629, 1, IOM. Diagnosis A unique specimen measures 47,6 X 25,8 mm in calicular diameter and 61,3 mm tall. Angle of thecal edges a constant 68°; inclination of thecal faces 32°. Theca worn, although septa are freshly preserved. Thecal edges rounded; no thecal edge spines or crests present. Basal scar small, only 3,5 x 2,5 mm in diameter. Corallum dense and white, with an evenly arched upper calice. Septa hexamerally arranged according to the formula: Si-S3>Ss>Ss. Four pairs of Ss occur in four random half-systems, for a total of 104 septa. Inner septal edges straight; septa concave near junction with calice. Fossa quite deep, containing a rudimentary columella composed of lower, inner edges of Si-Ss. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 265 Remarks This specimen corresponds to the description and illustrations of Truncatoflabel- lum stabile (von Marenzeller, 1904: 273-274, pl. 17 (fig. 12)); however, no com- parative specimens have been examined of this species, since the type apparently is missing (Zibrowius 1980). Although similar to the Truncatoflabellum reported by Zibrowius & Gili (1990) from Walvis Ridge in shape and in having a small basal scar, it differs in having five cycles of septa, not four. It is most similar to 7. inconstans, especially in corallum size, number of septa, and in lacking thecal edge spines, but appears to differ in having a higher thecal edge angle (and thus a much more open calice) and a smaller anthocyathus basal scar (see Key). Distribution Off south-eastern Mozambique; 1 250-1 520 m. Distribution of T. stabile: Cape Verde, Selvagems, and Madeira islands; 1 450-3 010 m (Zibrowius & Gili 1990). Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns, 1989b Fig. 101, 11A Truncatoflabellum formosum Cairns, 1989b: 69-70, pl. 35 (figs j-k), pl. 36 (figs a—b) [synonymy]. New records V-2635, 2, IOM, 1, USNM 91757; MN—ZCC2, 1, USNM 91760. Remarks The Indian Ocean specimens were compared to the types of 7. formosum and found to be indistinguishable. The illustrated specimen measures 20,0 X 13,6 mm in calicular diameter and 23,7 mm in height. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Zululand, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; 150-230 m. Elsewhere: Korea Strait; Philippines; Celebes; 37-933 m (Cairns 1989b). Truncatoflabellum pusillum Cairns, 1989b Fig. 11E Truncatoflabellum pusillum Cairns, 1989b: 71-72, pl. 37 (figs a-e). New records AB-371E, 1, USNM 91755; AB-371F, 35, USNM 91756, 1, SAM—H4587. Remarks The specimens from Mozambique agree in all respects with the type specimens of T. pusillum from the Philippines, the largest anthocyathus measuring 8,39 x 6,22 mm in calicular diameter and 12,2 mm in height. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-eastern Mozambique; 110-132 m. Elsewhere: Philip- pines; 143-146 m (Cairns 1989b). 266 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Truncatoflabellum gardineri sp. nov. Fig. 11B-—D Records Holotype: AB-390S, 1, USNM 91736. Paratypes: AB—390S, 132, USNM 91737, 3, SAM-—H4577. Description Lower half of anthocyathi compressed, their lateral edges carinate in a series of low, thin, discontinuous ridges projecting outward up to 1,3 mm; upper half of anthocyathi less compressed (GCD : LCD = 1,30-1,47), their edges evenly rounded and essentially parallel. Inclination of convex thecal faces 14-18°. Coralla small and elongate: holotype (an anthocyathus) 10,9 x 8,3 mm in calicular diameter and 17,4 mm in height, with a basal scar diameter of 5,5 x 3,2 mm. Largest antho- cyathus 12,7 mm in GCD and 18,7 mm in height. Basal anthocyathus scar elliptical: 4,1-5,3 X 2,8-3,3 mm in diameter. Corallum white. Anthocauli also have carinate edges, a pedicel diameter of 2,1-2,5 mm, four cycles of septa, and rarely exceed 10 mm in height. Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles (Si-S2>S3> S.), only the largest specimens having four pairs of rudimentary Ss in the end quarter-systems (56 total septa). Inner edges of Si and S2 vertical and highly sinuous, their lower, inner edges fusing deep in fossa to form a rudimentary columella. S3 half to three-quarters width of Si and S2 and less sinuous; Ss much smaller than S3, with dentate to laciniate inner edges. All septal faces covered with prominent granules. Fossa deep and elongate. Remarks T. P. Lowe observed living specimens of this species shortly after capture and observed that each anthocyathus had two tentacular rings, the outer composed of small, white tentacles, the inner composed of larger tentacles with white tips and blood-red bases. Furthermore, he noted six orange stripes on the calice extending from the calicular edge to the outer tentacular ring. Of the 28 species of Truncatoflabellum listed by Cairns (1989a), almost all have one or more pairs of thecal edge spines on their anthocyathi. In the few non-spinose species, the lateral edges are either rounded or sharp-edged. Truncatoflabellum gardi- neri sp. nov. is therefore unique in having non-spinose, carinate thecal edges. It is further distinguished by its relatively small size, parallel thecal edges, and low number of septa. It is similar to 7. pusillum in corallum and scar size, but can be distinguished by its greater number of septa (48 vs 32) and in having non-spinose, parallel thecal edges. Etymology Named in honour of John Stanley Gardiner, who published significant papers on the deep-water corals of the south-west Indian Ocean (see Introduction and Table 1). AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 267 Distribution Known only from the type locality: 29°34’S 31°42’E (off Durban, South Africa), 138 m. Truncatoflabellum zuluense sp. nov. Fig. 11F-G Records Holotype: MN—ZK21, 1, USNM 91747. Paratypes: MN—ZC9, 2, USNM 91748, 1, SAM-H4581; MN-ZC10, 2, USNM 91749; MN-ZC11, 1, USNM 91750; MN-ZDD2, 1, USNM 91753; MN-ZDD3, 1, USNM 91754; MN-ZK20, 2, USNM 91751; MN-—ZK21, 2, USNM 91752. Description In all 13 specimens examined, the anthocyathi and anthocauli remained together as one corallum, but a difference in corallum colour and an incipient fracture line usually indicated where the separation would occur. Corallum compressed (GCD : LCD = 1,4~-1,65-1,8), with rounded thecal edges diverging at a constant angle of 28-—38°. Inclination of thecal faces 18-—22°. Coralla small: holotype 13,2 x 7,9 mm in calicular diameter and 17,2 mm in height, with a pedicel diameter of 1,9 mm. Lower 6 mm of corallum (presumed anthocaulus) white and usually non- spinose but sometimes bearing one pair of short thecal edge spines. At corallum height of about 6 mm and a calicular diameter of about 6,0-6,5 x 4,5 mm, the coral- lum bears a transverse crease, which is presumed to be the incipient fracture line, above which the corallum (anthocyathus) is reddish-brown. Anthocyathi also usually non-spinose but occasionally bear one pair of short thecal edge spines basally. Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles (Si-S2>S3>>Su,), larger specimens also having pairs of Ss in the end half-systems (total of 56 septa). Inner edges of Si and Sz vertical and sinuous, defining a deep and narrow fossa. S3 about two-thirds width of larger septa; S1 much smaller, usually with finely dentate inner edges. All septa covered with tall granules. Remarks Truncatoflabellum zuluense sp. nov. is distinguished from most other species in the genus by its small size and by having only 48-56 septa; rarely having thecal spines; and in maintaining the anthocaulus—anthocyathus connection long into ontogeny. Truncatoflabellum zuluense is most similar to T. gardineri sp. nov., another relatively shallow-water, south-west Indian Ocean species, especially in corallum size and septal number, but can be distinguished by its rounded, sometimes spinose, divergent thecal edges (not carinate and parallel); retention of the anthocaulus stage; and reddish- brown corallum colour. Etymology The species name zuluense is an allusion to the area of capture of the type series: off Zululand, South Africa. 268 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution Known only from off Zululand, South Africa; 62-84 m. Type locality: 27°47,6'S 32°39,1’E, 62-84 m. Truncatoflabellum multispinosum sp. nov. Figs 11H, 12A—C Records Holotype: V—2634, 1, USNM 91739. Paratypes: AB—372L, 55, USNM 91741, 1, SAM-H4580; AB—409E, 2, USNM 91742; MN-ZB11, 1, USNM 91743; MN-—ZB17, 1, USNM 91744; MN-ZDD4, 1, USNM 91746; MN-ZH18, 2, USNM 91745; CH11-329-10, 2, USNM 91740. Description Angle of acute thecal edges 41—-56°; inclination of convex thecal faces 19—32°. Largest anthocyathus (holotype) 32,2 x 15,7 mm in calicular diameter and 28,1 mm in height, with a basal scar diameter of 7,3 x 4,8 mm. Up to seven pairs of slender spines project from thecal edges, usually regularly occurring from scar to calice, the num- ber determined by size of corallum. Basal scar of anthocyathus elliptical: 5,6-7,3 X 4,2—4,8 mm in diameter. Calice elliptical, GCD : LCD = 1,67-1,83-2,05. Theca of anthocyathus reddish-brown, often more intensely striped vertically; septa of anthocyathus and entire anthocaulus white. Anthocauli rarely greater than 7,5 mm in height, having the calicular diameter of the anthocyathus basal scar. Anthocauli have a pedicel diameter of 1,8—2,0 mm, 24 septa, and one pair of thecal edge spines. Septa of large coralla (e.g. over 23 mm GCD) hexamerally arranged in five cycles according to the formula: Si—S3>Ss>Ss, often with four pairs of Ss in the four quarter- systems adjacent to the two principal Si; however, the large holotype lacks two pairs of Ss in lateral half-systems, resulting in 100 septa. In medium-sized anthocyathi (e.g. GCD = 10-22 mm), symmetry appears to be decameral, coralla often having the formula: 20 : 20 : 40 (80 septa), with irregular development of tertiary septa in lateral half-systems and accelerated development in the end half-systems. S:i—S3 have finely sinuous, vertical inner edges, which define a narrow, elongate fossa. Ss only slightly smaller, their inner edges somtimes also reaching the columella. Ss about one-third width of Ss; Ss rudimentary. Columella a trabecular fusion of lower, inner edges of Si—Ss and occasionally the Ss. Remarks Among the 30 described species of Truncatoflabellum (see Cairns 1989b), T. mul- tispinosum sp. nov. most closely resembles T. candeanum (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848), particularly in thecal colour, number of septa, and in having relatively widely divergent thecal edges. Truncatoflabellum multispinosum sp. nov. differs consistently, however, in having a smooth calicular edge (that of T. candeanum is scalloped); larger Sin relation to the S:-Ss; a larger anthocyathus scar; and slightly less divergent thecal edges and faces. Truncatoflabellum vanuatu (Wells, 1984) is the only species known to have up to five pairs of thecal spines, but differs in having a much smaller anthocyathus AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 269 Fig. 10. A-B. Flabellum japonicum bythios subsp. nov., V-2815, IOM, basal and calicular views. Both *1,0. C, F. Truncatoflabellum sp. cf. T. stabile, V—2629, IOM, lateral and calicular views. Cx0,8, FX1,1. D-E. Flabellum lowekeyesi, V-2668, USNM 91734, lateral and calicular views. Dx1,2, Ex1,7. G-H. Flabellum messum, V-2816, USNM 91735, lateral and calicular views. G 1,0, H 1,3. I. Truncatoflabellum formosum, V-2635, USNM 91757, lateral view. x 1,8. 270 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fig. 11. A. Truncatofiabellum formosum, V—2635, USNM 91757, calicular view. x 2,4. B—D. Trun- catoflabellum gardineri sp. nov. from AB-390S. B-C. Calicular and lateral views of holotype. B x 3,9, CX 2,9. D. Lateral view of two paratypes. x 2,2. E. Truncatoflabellum pusillum, AB-371F, USNM 91756, lateral view of anthocyathus and anthocaulus. x 5,2. F—G. Truncatoflabellum zuluense sp. nov., MN—ZK21 (holotype), lateral and calicular views. F x 2,9, G x 3,8. H. Truncatoflabellum multispinosum sp. nov., aberrant paratype from AB-372L. x 2,2. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN Deal Wi lac Fig. 12. A-C. Truncatoflabellum multispinosum sp. nov. A. Lateral view of paratype from AB-372L (USNM 91741) showing seven pairs of lateral spines. X 1,7. B-C. V-2634, lateral and calicular views of holotype. B x 1,2,C x 1,5. D, G. Placotrochides scaphula, AB-389C, USNM 91772, lateral and calicular views. Dx8,1, Gx8,4. E-F. Stenocyathus vermiformis, V-2722, USNM 91775, lateral and calicular views. E x 3,7, FX 7,4. H-I. Guynia annulata, AB-390S, USNM 77201, lateral and calicular views. H x 17, I x 23. 272 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM scar; having a much narrower anthocyathus (edge angle only 20—27°); and in having fewer septa. Etymology The species name multispinosum (from the Latin multus, more + spina, spine) is an allusion to the numerous thecal edge spines characteristic of this species. Distribution Off Zululand, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; Mozambique Channel off western Madagascar; off Zanzibar, Tanzania; 62-183 m. Type locality: 25°05'S 34°50’E (south-eastern Mozambique), 90-92 m. Genus Javania Javania insignis Duncan, 1876 Javania insignis Duncan, 1876: 435, pl. 39 (figs 11-13). Von Marenzeller, 1907b: 23, pl. 2 (fig. 6). Zibrowius, 1974b: 8-9, pl. 1 (figs 1-6). Fricke & Schuhmacher, 1983: 184. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 165-166, text-fig. 4, pl. 37 (figs 9-12). Cairns, 1989b: 77-78, pl. 40 (figs d—e, h, j, k) [synonymy]. Flabellum weberi Alcock, 1902a: 107. Cairns, 1989b: 77. [syn. nov.] New records AB-371F, 1, SAM-—H4591; MN-ZC11, 1, USNM 91768; MN-ZDD3, 2, USNM 91770; MN-—ZQ8a, 1, USNM 91769. Reference specimen: holotype of Flabel- lum weberi, Siboga—310, ZMA 1232. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Natal and Zululand, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozam- bique (Cairns, 1989b); off north-western Madagascar (Zibrowius 1974b); Red Sea (Von Marenzeller 1907b; Fricke & Schuhmacher 1983; Scheer & Pillai 1983); 74-255 m. Elsewhere: off Japan; Philippines; Indonesia; Hawaiian Islands; 46-825 m (Cairns 1989b). Genus Placotrochides Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902b Fig. 12D5G Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902b: 121-122; 1902c: 34, pl. 4 (fig. 32, 32a). Cairns, 1989b: 78-79, pl. 40 (fig. 1), pl. 41 (figs a—e) [synonymy]. New records AB-365D, 1, USNM 91771; AB-389C, 4, USNM 91772; AB-389E, 1, USNM 91773. Remarks The south-west Indian Ocean specimens are similar to the holotype of P. sca- phula from Indonesia, more so than those specimens reported by Cairns (1989b) from AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 273 the Philippines, which are considerably larger and have more septa. The figured speci- men measures 6,43 X 4,97 mm in calicular diameter and has 18 major septa. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Natal, South Africa; off south-western Madagascar; 475-1 360 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia; 462-1 628 m (Cairns 19895). Family Guyniidae Genus Guynia Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872 Fig. 12H-I Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872: 32, pl. 1 (figs 1-8). Cairns, 1984: 23, pl. 5 (figs A-B); 1989b: 42, pl. 21 (fig. f), pl. 22 (figs a—e) [synonymy]. Cairns & Parker, 1992: 42-43, pl. 14 (figs g—h). Pyrophyllia inflata Hickson, 1910: 1-7, text-figs 1-4; 1911: 1 038-1 042. Harrison, 1911: 1 020, pl. 57 (figs 8-11), pl. 58 (figs 18-19). New records AB-372L, 3, USNM 77202; AB-390S, 2, USNM 77201. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Durban, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; Gulf of Oman (Hickson 1910, 1911; Harrison 1911); 112-286 m. Elsewhere: probably cosmo- politan—amphi-Atlantic; Indonesia; Philippines; New Caledonia; Hawaiian Islands; southern Australia; 28-653 m (Cairns & Parker 1992). Genus Stenocyathus Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtalés, 1868) Fig. 12E-F Coenocyathus vermiformis Pourtalés, 1868: 133. Stenocyathus vermiformis: von Marenzeller, 1904: 298-300, pl. 18 (fig. 16). Zibrowius, 1974a: 769-770. Cairns, 1979: 168-170, pl. 32 (figs 8-10), pl. 33 (figs 1-2) [synonymy]; 1982: 52, pl. 16 (figs 8-11); 1984: 23-25, pl. 5 (fig. c). Cairns & Parker, 1992: 43-44, pl. 14 (figs b-c). New records V-2722, 1, USNM 91775; V—2723, 1, IOM. Distribution Indian Ocean: Madagascar Plateau near Walters Shoal; St Paul and Amsterdam Islands (Von Marenzeller 1904; Zibrowius 1974a); 80-672 m. Elsewhere: amphi- Atlantic, off New Zealand; Tasmania; Great Barrier Reef; 80-1 229 m (Cairns & Parker 1992). 274 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Suborder DENDROPHYLLIINA Family Dendrophylliidae Genus Balanophyllia Balanophyllia stimpsonii (Verrill, 1865) Eupsammia stimpsonii Verrill, 1865: 150. Rhodopsammia socialis: Alcock, 1893: 147. Balanophyllia socialis: Bourne, 1905: 210, pl. 2 (fig. 8, 8a). Harrison & Poole, 1909: 902. Balanophyllia imperialis: van der Horst, 1926: 48. Balanophyllia affinis: van der Horst, 1931: 10. Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 240. Balanophyllia cumingii: Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 238, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Balanophyllia stimpsonii: Zibrowius, 1985: 234-235 [synonymy]. Zibrowius & Grygier, 1985: 126-127, figs 27-29. New records V-2634, 1, IOM; AB-372L, 2, USNM 77228. Distribution A common, free-living, shallow-water Indo-West Pacific species. Indian Ocean: False Bay and off Natal, South Africa (Zibrowius 1985); off Mozambique; off Somalia (Zibrowius & Grygier 1985); Seychelles and Reunion (Zibrowius 1985); Gulf of Oman (Zibrowius & Grygier 1985); off Sri Lanka (Van der Horst 1926; Gardiner & Waugh 1939); Gulf of Manaar (Bourne 1905); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); Andaman Sea (Alcock 1893); Mergui Archipelago (Harrison & Poole 1909); 11-112 m. Elsewhere: Philippines; Indonesia; Chesterfield Islands; eastern Australia (Zibrowius 1985). Balanophyllia ponderosa van der Horst, 1926 ?Eupsammia regalis Alcock, 1893: 144-145, pl. 5 (fig. 8, 8a). Balanophyllia ponderosa van der Horst, 1926: 49-50, pl. 3 (figs 6-7). Eguchi, 1968: C54 [part.— pl. C17 (figs 6-11, 13-14)]. ?Boshoff, 1981: 41. New record MN-ZA48, 1, USNM 91777. Reference specimen: holotype of B. ponderosa (BM 1939.7.20.62). Remarks This specimen, measuring 20,4 x 15,8 mm in calicular diameter and 26,7 mm in height, is identical to the holotype of B. ponderosa van der Horst (1926), except that the specimen lacks epitheca and is unattached, perhaps both the result of damage early in ontogeny. In this regard, however, it is very similar to the original illustration of B. regalis (Alcock, 1893), which may prove to be the senior synonym if the type of B. regalis can be obtained. Distribution Indian Ocean: ?off Durban (Boshoff 1981); off Zululand, South Africa; Sey- chelles (Van der Horst 1926); Maldive Islands (Van der Horst 1926); ?off Sri Lanka (Alcock 1893); 51-59 m. Elsewhere: off Japan; 10-250 m (Eguchi 1968). AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 275 Balanophyllia diffusa Harrison & Poole, 1909 Fig. 13A, D Balanophyllia diffusa Harrison & Poole, 1909: 906, pl. 85 (fig. 4a, b). Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 239-240. ?Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 16. Non Balanophyllia diffusa Harrison & Poole. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 168. New records AB-372L, 2, USNM 91781; AB-390S, 1, USNM 91782; EAMFRO-C13, 2, USNM 78637; Cr. 329, Sta. 15, 2, USNM 78594 and 78639; MN-ZC10, 1, USNM 91780. Reference specimens: B. diffusa of Gardiner & Waugh (1939): JM-112, 4, BM 1939.7.13.67; JM-157, 10, BM 1950.1.6.35. Remarks Eight specimens appear to be conspecific with B. diffusa, based on the original description and figures of this species. The quasi-colonial nature of the B. diffusa reported by Gardiner & Waugh (1939) from Tanzania, Red Sea, and Maldive Islands, is simply due to specimens settling close to one another. Distribution Off Durban and Zululand, South Africa; off south-eastern Mozambique; off Pemba (Gardiner & Waugh 1939) and Zanzibar, Tanzania; north Kenya Banks; Mergui Archipelago (Harrison & Poole 1909); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1939; Pillai & Scheer 1976); 6-274 m. Genus Trochopsammia Trochopsammia togata (van der Horst, 1927) comb. nov. Balanophyllia togata van der Horst, 1927: 5—6, pl. 2 (figs 10-11), text-fig. 3. Thecopsammia togata: Wells, 1935: 531. New records AB-358A, 1, USNM 77237; MN-SM226, 1, USNM 91792, 1, SAM-—H4592; MN-SM232, 4, USNM 91791. Remarks Trochopsammia togata cannot be placed in the genus Balanophyllia, because its septa are not arranged in a Pourtalés Plan. For the same reason, it cannot be placed in Thecopsammia, even though Vaughan & Wells (1943) and Wells (1956) incorrectly assumed that Thecopsammia socialis (type species of that genus) has normally arranged septa (see Cairns 1979). Trochopsammia togata is more similar to Trochop- sammia, which is known from only the type species, T. infundibulum Pourtales, 1878, differing primarily in not having well-defined costae. Trochopsammia togata can be diagnosed as having a slender, epithecate elongate corallum; fewer than four cycles of normally arranged septa, the four lateral S: being wider than the other two; and lacking a columella. 276 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution Agulhas Bank (Wells 1935) to Durban, South Africa (Van der Horst 1927); 155-775 m. Genus Endopachys Endopachys grayi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848b Endopachys grayi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848b: 82-83, pl. 1 (fig. 2). Wan der Horst, 1926: 51; 1927: 6-7, pl. 2 (fig. 12). Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 241. Boshoff, 1981: 42 [part.]. Cairns, 1984: 27, pl. 5 (fig. E) [synonymy]. Zibrowius & Grygier, 1985: 128, figs 39-42. Cairns, 1989b: 34. Endopachys weberi Alcock, 1902a: 109-110 [syn. nov.]. New records V-2634, 12, IOM; V—2809, 6, IOM, 1, USNM 91811; AB-371F, 1, USNM 77247; AB-372J, 3, USNM 77251; AB-372L, 82, USNM 77245; AB-390S, 15, USNM 77248, 2, SAM-—H4593, 2, NM; AB-391H, 1, USNM 77252; AB-391J, 3, USNM 77246; Vema 14-SAT6, 5, USNM 77254; MN-ZDD2, 1, USNM 91813; MN-ZWS8, 3, USNM 91812. Remarks The specimen from V—2809, measuring 38,9 x 32,7 mm in calicular diameter and 34,0 mm in height, is believed to be the largest recorded, yet only slightly larger than the holotype. It nonetheless has only five cycles of septa (96). Distribution Indian Ocean: off South Africa from off Bisho (Van der Horst 1927) to Zululand (Van der Horst 1927; Zibrowius & Grygier 1985); off south-eastern Mozambique; off Zanzibar, Tanzania (Cairns 1989b); off Mauritius (Van der Horst 1926) and Saya de Malha; north-eastern Arabian Sea (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); 57-274 m. Elsewhere: Western Pacific; Hawaiian Islands; Gulf of California; 37-274 m (Cairns 1984). Genus Rhizopsammia Rhizopsammia annae (van der Horst, 1933) Fig. 13C Balanophyllia annae van der Horst, 1933: 156-158, pl. 7 (figs 14); 1938, pl. 5 (fig. 1). Boshoff, 1981: 40. Rhizopsammia annae: Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 44. New record AB-391J, 1 colony, USNM 91790. Distribution Known only from off South Africa from the Cape of Good Hope (Van der Horst 1933) to Port Shepstone (Boshoff 1981); 0-80 m. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN PHT Rhizopsammia compacta Sheppard & Sheppard, 1991 Fig. 13B, E Rhizopsammia compacta Sheppard & Sheppard, 1991: 153, fig. 179. New records AB-357B, 2, USNM 91794; AB-371F, 6, USNM 91795; MN-ZA43, 1, USNM 91796; MN-ZA48, 3, USNM 91797, 1, SAM-—H4578; MN-ZA49, colony of 9 corallites, USNM 91793; MN—ZB11, 1, USNM 91798; MN-ZB14, 1, USNM 91799; MN-ZB17, 1, USNM 91800; MN-ZB18, 1, USNM 91801; MN-ZB20, 2, USNM 91802; MN-—ZB23, 1, USNM 91803; MN-ZB25, 1, USNM 91804; MN-ZDS, 1, USNM 91805; MN-ZD7, 4, USNM 91806; MN-ZD10, 2, USNM 91807; MN-ZDD2, 2, USNM 91808; MN-ZDD3, 3, USNM 91809, 2, SAM-H4579; MN-ZDDS, 1, USNM 91810. Redescription Colonies irregularly shaped, composed of clumps of corallites interconnected by narrow stolons or consisting of small corallites budded from lower edge zone of larger corallites. Individual corallites broken from the substrate are indistinguishable from Balanophyllia. Corallites cylindrical to ceratoid in shape, the calice usually circular in young corallites but often becoming highly compressed in larger corallites, with a GCD : LCD up to 3,0. Largest colony examined (MN-—ZA49) composed of 9 coral- lites, the largest 21,1 x 7,3 mm in calicular diameter and 27,2 mm in height, with slightly concave thecal faces. Costae equal in width, covered with fine spines; no epi- theca. Corallum white, but often encrusted basally with red foraminifera. Septa hexamerally arranged in five cycles (96 septa), only the largest corallites having pairs of Se, e.g. the large corallite from MN-—ZA49 has 8 pairs of Se in three of its half-systems for a total of 112 septa. Si-S3 equal in size, only slightly exsert, and have vertical inner edges descending into a deep fossa. S:—Ss slightly less exsert than S:-Ss, the Ss being the narrowest of the septa, flanked by pairs of Ss, which are slightly less wide than Si—S; in the upper fossa, but equal in width to S:—Ss in lower fossa, where each pair of Ss joins before its enclosed Ss. Septa closely spaced, giving a crowded aspect; septal faces covered by tall, robust granules. All inner septal edges straight: entire in upper fossa, finely dentate in lower fossa. Paliform lobes absent. Fossa contains an elongate, spongy, flat columella that fuses to lower, inner edges of S:-S:, and Ss. Remarks This recently described species is redescribed herein, the original account being based on only one specimen. The equally wide, vertically-edged Si—S; and Ss of R. compacta produce a well-delineated fossa, which is characteristic of the species and helps to distinguish it from all others. Furthermore, it differs from the 11 other valid species in the genus (see Wells (1982) for listing of 8 species; plus R. annae (van der Horst, 1933); R. wettsteini Scheer & Pillai, 1983; and R. eguchi (Wells, 1982)) by having relatively large corallites with compressed calices; five full cycles of septa; S:i—Ss equal in size; and no pali. It is perhaps most similar to R. manuelensis Cheva- lier, 1966, particularly in corallum shape and corallite size, but R. manuelensis differs 278 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM in having paliform lobes; exsert septa; one less cycle of septa; and a discrete colu- mella. Rhizopsammia compacta differs from R. wettsteini, known from the Red Sea, in having larger, compressed corallites and in having equally-sized S:—Ss. Distribution Known only from the Indian Ocean off Durban to south-eastern Mozambique (43-110 m) and the Gulf of Oman (35 m). Type locality: off Musandam, Gulf of Oman, 35 m. Genus Dendrophyllia Dendrophyllia sp. cf. D. horsti Gardiner & Waugh, 1939 Fig. 13F, I ?Dendrophyllia arbuscula van der Horst, 1922: 53, pl. 8 (fig. 6). ?Dendrophyllia horsti Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 237-238, pl. 2 (figs 5-6). Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 16. Fricke & Schuhmacher, 1983: 184, fig. 14d. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 171-172, pl. 39 (figs 11-12). Dendrophyllia coccinea: van der Horst, 1926: 45-46, pl. 3 (figs 1-3). Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 236. New records AB-372G, 1 colony, USNM 91814; MN-XX153, 1 colony, USNM 91815; MN- ZB11, 3 colonies, USNM 91816; MN-ZB18, 1 colony, USNM 91817; MN-ZB20, 2 colonies, USNM 91818; MN-—ZC11, 1 colony, USNM 91819; MN-ZD6, 1 colony, USNM 91820. Reference specimens of Gardiner & Waugh’s (1939) D. coccinea: JM-112, 1 colony, BM 1939.7.13.83. Remarks The south-west Indian Ocean specimens may be characterized as small irregular colonies, usually less than 5 cm in height, composed of 2—5 thick (about 12 mm in diameter), cylindrical corallites budded at angles of 45—80° from the parent corallite. Septa arranged in four cycles (Si>S2>Ss>Ss), with occasional Ss; fossa deep; colum- ella discrete, convex. Because the types of D. horsti were not examined, the identi- fication of these specimens must remain tentative. Dendrophyllia arbuscula may well be a larger colony of the same species. Distribution Off South Africa from Natal to Zululand; off Pemba, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); 50-113 m. Distribution of D. horsti: Red Sea (Fricke & Schuhmacher 1983; Scheer & Pillai 1983); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1939; Pillai & Scheer 1976); ?Indonesia (Van der Horst 1922); 45-229 m. Dendrophyllia dilatata van der Horst, 1927 Dendrophyllia dilatata van der Horst, 1927: 2-3, pl. 1 (figs 2-4), text-fig. 1. Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 44. New records AB-371E, 4 colonies, USNM 71865; AB-371F, 8 colonies, USNM 71866, 1 colony, SAM-—H4571. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 279 Remarks Dendrophyllia dilatata is similar to the previous species in corallum size, septal arrangement, and geographic distribution, but can be distinguished by having a slightly larger (up to 7 cm), usually arborescent colony composed of up to a dozen sympodially arranged corallites; only four cycles of septa; smaller, ceratoid corallites; and a shallower fossa. Distribution Off Durban, South Africa (Van der Horst 1927) to off south-eastern Mozam- bique; 97-132 m. Dendrophyllia cladonia van der Horst, 1927 Dendrophyllia cladonia van der Horst, 1927: 3-4, pl. 1 (figs 5-6), pl. 2 (fig. 7), text-fig. 2. Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 44. New records AB-357B, 2 corallites, USNM 91826; AB-357E, 7 corallites, USNM 91825; AB-371F, 3 corallites, USNM 91824; AB-390S, 48 colonies or isolated corallites, USNM 91823. Remarks Dendrophyllia cladonia is very similar to Dendrophyllia sp. cf. D. horsti diag- nosed above, especially in colony shape, size, and budding, number of septa, and in having cylindrical corallites. Dendrophyllia cladonia differs in having smaller corallites (about 8 mm in GCD), endothecal dissepiments, and in having a highly developed Pourtalés Plan, in which the two Ss in every system that are adjacent to the Si are quite large and unite before the S2, merging with the columella as one lamella. The S: of this species do not quite reach the columella. In Dendrophyllia sp. cf. D. horsti, Ss do not join one another and the S: are the widest septa. Distribution Known only from Port Shepstone, South Africa (Van der Horst 1927) to off south-eastern Mozambique; 49-457 m. Dendrophyllia gaditana (Duncan, 1873) Balanophyllia gaditana Duncan, 1873: 333. ?Dendrophyllia minuscula: Bourne, 1905: 213, pl. 2 (fig. 11, 11A). Dendrophyllia praecipua Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 240, pl. 1 (fig. 2). ?Dendrophyllia cf. gaditana: Best et al., 1980: 621. Non Dendrophyllia minuscula: Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 237 (= Enallopsammia rostrata). Non Dendrophyllia minuscula: Boshoff, 1981: 42 (= Dendrophyllia ijimai). Non Dendrophyllia cf. minuscula: Fricke & Schuhmacher, 1983: 184, fig. 14a. Dendrophyllia gaditana: Cairns, 1979: 181-182, pl. 36 (figs 5-10); 1984: 25, pl. 4 (fig. I) [synonymy]. New records AB-371F, 1 branch, USNM 91821; AB-401B, 3 colonies, USNM 91822; V-2697, 1 colony, IOM; V—2753, 1 colony, IOM. 280 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-eastern and central Mozambique; off Pemba, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); ?Seychelles (Best et al. 1980); Madagascar Plateau near Walters Shoal; ?Gulf of Manaar (Bourne 1905); 65-480 m. Elsewhere: amphi- Atlantic, Java Sea, off Queensland, Hawaiian Islands (Cairns 1984), off Japan (Cairns in prep.); 73-505 m. Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe & Eguchi, 1934 Fig. 13G Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe & Eguchi, 1934: 2026. Eguchi, 1968: C65—C66, pl. C16 (figs 1-2), pl. C22 (fig. 1), pl. C30 (figs 4-5). Dendrophyllia cf. minuscula: Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 170-171, pl. 39 (figs 5-10). Dendrophyllia minuscula: Boshoff, 1981: 42. New records AB-394B, 1 colony, USNM 91844; Cruise 333, sta. 14, 1 colony, USNM 78543; off Zanzibar, 84m, 1 colony, USNM 78544; MN-ZK21, 1 colony, USNM 91843. Reference material: 2 colonies from off Moroisa, Sagami Bay, USNM. Diagnosis Coralla large and arborescent, up to 23 cm wide and 20 cm in height, with a massive base up to 4 cm in diameter. Branches relatively straight and circular in cross- section, each gradually attenuating to a distal axial corallite 5-6 mm in diameter. Non-axial corallites circular to slightly elliptical and smaller (4,5-5,5 mm in diameter) than axials, arranged in three or four irregular rows along branch, each corallite pro- jecting 2-8 mm perpendicular to branch or slightly tilted anteriorly. Theca striate, with well-delineated costae. Corallum white; dried tissue dark brown. Septa hexa- merally arranged in four cycles; however, fourth cycle rarely complete in non-axial corallites, whereas some Ss do occur in axials. S: independent and by far the largest septa. S2 also independent but much smaller. S3 smallest of septa, each enclosed by a larger pair of Ss. Columella large and spongy. Remarks These specimens appear to be identical to those reported as Dendrophyllia cf. D. minuscula by Scheer & Pillai (1983) from the Red Sea. Dendrophyllia minuscula Bourne, 1905, has much smaller corallites. Among the approximately 30 valid Recent species of Dendrophyllia, these south-west Indian Ocean specimens are indistinguish- able from D. ijimai, previously known only from off Japan at 37-366 m. Superficially, this species resembles Tubastraea micrantha in colour and size, but differ in having septa arranged in the Pourtalés Plan. Distribution Off Durban (Boshoff 1981) and Zululand, South Africa; off Zanzibar, Tanzania; off Kenya; Red Sea (Scheer & Pillai 1983); 62-223 m. Elsewhere: off Japan, 37-366 m (Eguchi 1968). AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 281 Dendrophyllia fistula (Alcock, 1902a) Balanophyllia (Thecopsammia) fistula Alcock, 1902a: 109; 1902c: 42, pl. 5 (fig. 36, 36a). Thecopsammia fistula: von Marenzeller, 1907a: 8—9, text-fig. 6; 1907b: 16-17, pl. 1 (figs a-h). Dendrophyllia fistula: Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 237. Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 16. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 170 [synonymy]. Non Dendrophyllia fistula: Wells, 1954: 472-473, pl. 180 (figs 1-3). Non Dendrophyllia fistula: Eguchi, 1968: C63, pl. C12 (figs 4-6). New record V-2635, 1 colony, IOM. Reference material: 3 syntypes of B. fistula from Siboga-105, ZMA Coel. 564. Remarks Like D. cornucopia Pourtalés, 1871, D. fistula is an unattached, recumbent coral- lum bearing numerous buds of variable length and position on the primary corallite, rarely, if ever, having an intact third generation. The specimen reported by Wells (1954) from the Marshall Islands differs in colony and costal shape and in having higher generation buds present. Those species of Dendrophyllia having an unattached, recumbent corallum with irregular budding of smaller coralla from its theca (as opposed to attached, sympo- dially branching colonies more typical of Dendrophyllia) were placed in the new subgenus Dendrophyllia (Alcockia) by Eguchi (1968), but the name Alcockia is a junior homonym of a fish genus (Goode & Beane 1895) and thus will require a replacement name. Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-eastern Mozambique; off Zanzibar, Tanzania (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); Red Sea (Von Marenzeller 1907a, 1907b; Gardiner & Waugh 1939; Scheer & Pillai 1983); Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); 210-900 m. Else- where: Sulu Sea (Alcock 1902a, 1902c); 270-275 m. Genus Enallopsammia Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtalés, 1878) Amphihelia rostrata Pourtalés, 1878: 204, pl. 1 (figs 4-5). Anisopsammia rostrata: von Marenzeller, 1904: 314-315, pl. 18 (fig. 23). Madrepora ramea: Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 226-227. Dendrophyllia minuscula: Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 237. Non Dendrophyllia amphelioides: Gardiner & Waugh, 1939: 238. Enallopsammia rostrata: Cairns, 1982: 57, pl. 18 Neg 4) [synonymy]; 1984: 27-28. Zibrowius & Gili, 1990: 39-42, pl. 6 (figs A—-F), pl. 7 (figs A—F). Enallopsammia amphelioides: Zibrowius, 1973: 45-48, figs 16-20 [synonymy]; 1980: 203-2 4, pl. 106 (figs D-I) [synonymy]. Zibrowius & Grygier, 1985: 131, 134, fig. 51. New record V-2731, 1 branch, IOM. 282 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Distribution Indian Ocean: off Comores Islands (Zibrowius 1982; Zibrowius & Grygier 1985); off Reunion (Zibrowius & Grygier 1985); Madagascar Plateau off Walters Shoal (Zibrowius 1982); off Maldive Islands (Gardiner & Waugh 1939); off Nicobar Islands (Von Marenzeller 1904); 229-805 m. Elsewhere: amphi-Atlantic, west and central Pacific, New Zealand region; 229-2 165 m (Cairns 1982). Genus Jubastraea Tubastraea micrantha (Ehrenberg, 1834) Oculina micranthus Ehrenberg, 1834: 304. Dendrophyllia nigrescens Dana, 1846: 387. Coenopsammia viridis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848b: 110. Dendrophyllia micranthus: van der Horst, 1926: 43-44, pl. 2 (figs 6-7). Scheer & Pillai, 1974: 63, pl. 29 (fig. 3). Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 16. Dendrophyllia cf. micrantha: Best et al., 1980: 621. Tubastraea micranthus: Macnae & Kalk, 1958: 123. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 175-176, pl. 41 (figs 7-8) [synonymy]. Schuhmacher, 1984: 94-98, fig. la—b [synonymy]. Zibrowius & Grygier, 1985: 1039. Tubastraea micrantha: Pichon, 1978: 441. Rosen, 1979: 20. Wells, 1983 [synonymy]. New records Aldabra, 15 colonies, USNM 79137, 79138, 79140, 79143, 91832; Nossi Bé, Madagascar, 2 colonies, USNM 91833-34; Rodriques Island, 1 colony, USNM 22018. Remarks This species is easily distinguished from the five other valid species in the genus (T. coccinea Lesson, 1829; T. diaphana (Dana, 1846); T. tagusensis Wells, 1982; T. floreana Wells, 1982; and T. faulkneri Wells, 1982) by having arborescent, sympo- dially branched coralla, the others having phaceloid or plocoid colonies. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Mozambique (Macnae & Kalk 1958) to the Red Sea (Scheer & Pillai 1983); Comores Islands (Schuhmacher 1984); Seychelles (Milne Edwards & Haime 1848); Best et al. 1980); off Madagascar (Pichon 1978); off Mauritius, Maldive and Nicobar islands (Scheer & Pillai 1974); 0,5-55 m. Elsewhere: western Pacific (Schuhmacher 1984). Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829: 93. Wells, 1983: 243-244, pl. 18 (figs 1-2) [synonymy]. Cairns, 1991: 26-27, pl. 12 (figs c—e). Lobophyllia aurea Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 195, pl. 15 (figs 7-11). Coenopsammia ehrenbergiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848b: 109, pl. 1 (fig. 12). Non Dendrophyllia coccinea: van der Horst, 1926: 45 (= Dendrophyllia sp. cf. D. horsti). Non Dendrophyllia aurea: van der Horst, 1926: 46-48 (= T. faulkneri). Dendrophyllia aurea: Macnae & Kalk, 1958: 123. Non Tubastraea coccinea: Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 175, pl. 41 (figs 5-6). Tubastraea aurea: Pichon, 1964: 191; 1978: 441. Best et al., 1980: 621. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 173-174, pl. 40 (fig. 8) [synonymy]. Schuhmacher, 1984: 94-95. ?Tubastraea sp. Zibrowius & Grygier, 1985: 130. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 283 Fig. 13. A, D. Balanophyllia diffusa, Cr. 329-15, USNM 78594, lateral and calicular views. A X 2,7, D x 3,6. B, E. Rhizopsammia compacta, MN-ZA49 (USNM 91793) lateral view of a colony and calice of largest corallite. Bx1,1, Ex1,8. C. Rhizopsammia annae, AB-391J, USNM 91790, a small colony. x 1,4. F, I. Dendrophyllia sp. cf. D. horsti, MN-ZC11, USNM 91819, lateral view of colony and calice of a corallite. F x 1,2, 13,7. G. Dendrophyllia ijimai, AB-394B, USNM 91844, colony with dried black tissue. 0,25. H. Tubastraea diaphana, Nossi Bé, Madagascar, USNM 91838, colony. x 0,8. 284 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM New records Aldabra, 0-2 m, 6 colonies, USNM 79139 and 79141; Nossi Bé, Madagascar, 2 colonies, USNM 91836—37. Remarks This species is distinguished from the other two species known from the Indian Ocean by having a plocoid corallum, not dendroid or bushy. Tubastraea coccinea was compared to the three eastern Pacific species by Cairns (1991, table 4). Distribution Indian Ocean: off south-eastern Mozambique (Macnae & Kalk 1958); Madagas- car (Pichon 1974, 1978); Seychelles (Milne Edwards & Haime 1848b); Red Sea (Lesson 1829); Chagos Islands; Maldive Islands; Gulf of Manaar; Mergui Archipelago (Dana 1846); reef depth. Elsewhere: Pacific (Scheer & Pillai 1983); off Japan (Eguchi 1968); Galapagos and Cocos islands (Cairns 1991); western Atlantic (Cairns 1979); 1,5-110 m. Tubastraea diaphana (Dana, 1846) Fig. 13H Dendrophyllia diaphana Dana, 1846: 389, pl. 27 (fig. 3). Tubastraea diaphana: Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 174, pl. 41 (figs 1-4) [synonymy]. Wells, 1983: 243. Tubastraea coccinea: Pillai & Scheer, 1976: 17. Scheer & Pillai, 1983: 175, pl. 41 (figs 5-6). New records Off Zanzibar, Tanzania, 1 colony, USNM 83697; Nossi Bé, Madagascar, 2 col- onies, USNM 91838-—39; southern coast of Natal, 9-15 m, 1 colony, USNM 91840. Remarks Similar to 7. coccinea in septal arrangement, but colony forms small clumps or bushes with frequent budding from corallite walls instead of basal coenosteum. Distribution Indian Ocean: off Natal, South Africa; off Zanzibar, Tanzania; off north-western Madagascar; Red Sea (Scheer & Pillai 1983); shallow. Elsewhere: off Singapore (Dana 1846); central Pacific; Great Barrier Reef (Scheer & Pillai 1983); reef depths. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the following people who have generously loaned us specimens used in this study: David G. Herbert (Natal Museum), Michelle van der Merwe (SAM), D. H. H. Kiithlmann (ZMB), M. H. Schleyer (ORI, Durban), and Charles Hussey (BM). We are also very grateful to Helmut Zibrowius, who identified many of the R.V. Anton Bruun specimens and edited an early draft of the manuscript. Molly Ryan, Smithsonian staff illustrator, prepared Figures 1 and 2. The SEM was done by SDC in the SEM laboratory of the NMNH, Smithsonian Institution. AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN 285 REFERENCES Atcockx, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 2 (62): 138-149. Atcock, A. 1894. Natural history notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator’, series 2, number 15: On some new and rare corals from the deep waters of India. 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Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 3 (4): 1-27. Cairns, S. D. 1978. New genus and species of ahermatypic coral from the western Atlantic. Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91 (1): 216-221. Cairns, S. D. 1979. The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 57 (180): 1-341. Cairns, S. D. 1981. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Scleractinia. NOAA technical report, NMFS Circular 438: 1-14. Cairns, S. D. 1982. Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia. Antarctic Research Series 34 (1): 1-74. Carrns, S. D. 1984. New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 25 (10): 1-30. Cairns, S. D. 19894. Discriminant analysis of Indo-West Pacific Flabellum. Memoirs of the Associa- tion of Australasian Paleontologists 8: 61-68. Cairns, S. D. 1989b. A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and adja- cent waters, Part 1: Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 486: 1-136. Cairns, S. D. 1991. A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 504: 1-32. Cairns, S. D. & ParKer, S. A. 1992. Review of the Recent Scleractinia of South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania. Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series 3: 1-82, 18 pls. CHEVALIER, J.-P. 1966. Contribution a l’étude des Madréporaires des c6tes occidentales de l'Afrique tropicale, Ire partie. Bulletin de I’ Institut francaise d’Afrique Noire (A) 28 (3): 912-975. Dana, J. D. 1846. Zoophytes. In: United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838-42 under the Command of Charles Wilkes 7: 1-740. DENNANT, F. G. S. 1906. Madreporaria from the Australian and New Zealand coasts. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 30: 151-165. DucHASSAING, P. 1850. Animaux radiaires des Antilles. Paris: Plon. Duncan, P. M. 1870. On the fossil corals (Madreporaria) of the Australian Tertiary deposits. Quar- terly Journal of the Geological Society of London 26: 284-318. 286 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Duncan, P. M. 1872. On the structure and affinities of Guynia annulata, Dunc., with remarks upon the persistence of Paleozoic types of Madreporaria. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 162: 29-40. Duncan, P. M. 1873. A description of the Madreporaria dredged up during the expeditions of H.M.S. Porcupine in 1869 and 1870, Part 1. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 8 (5): 303-344. Duncan, P. M. 1876. Notices of some deep-sea and littoral corals from the Atlantic Ocean, Carib- bean, Indian, New-Zealand, Persian Gulf, and Japanese & c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1876: 428-442. Ecucui, M. 1968. The hydrocorals and scleractinian corals of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Tokyo: Maruzen Co. EHRENBERG, C. G. 1834. Beitrage zur physiologischen Kenntnis der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des Rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik dersel- ben. Abhandlungen der K6niglichen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1: 225-380. Fricke, H. W. & SCHUHMACHER, H. 1983. The depth limits of Red Sea stony corals: an ecophysio- logical problem. Marine Ecology 4 (2): 163-194. GARDINER, J. S. 1902. South African corals of the genus Flabellum, with an account of their anatomy and development. Marine Investigations in South Africa 2 (6): 115-154. GARDINER, J. S. 1904. The turbinolid corals of South Africa, with notes on their anatomy and varia- tion. Marine Investigations in South Africa 3 (4): 97-129. GarDINER, J. S. 1929. Corals of the genus Flabellum from the Indian Ocean. Records of the Indian Museum 31 (4): 301-310. GARDINER, J. S. & WauGuH, P. 1938. The flabellid and turbinolid corals. Scientific Reports. John Murray Expedition, 1933-34 5 (7): 167-202. GARDINER, J. S. & WaAuGH, P. 1939. Madreporaria excluding Flabellidae and Turbinolidae. Scientific Reports. John Murray Expedition, 1933-34 6 (5): 225-242. GoobeE, G. B. & BEANE, T. H. 1896. Oceanic Ichthyology. Treatise on deep-sea and pelagic fish of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamer Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwest Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum 2: 1-553. GryaiER, M. J. 1985. New ascothoracid crustacean endoparasites of Scleractinia. Journal of Natural History 19: 1029-1043. Harrison, R. 1911. Some Madreporaria from the Persian Gulf. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1911: 1018-1037. Harrison, R. & Poote, M. 1909. Marine fauna of the Mergui Archipelago, Lower Burma, collected by Jas. J. Simpson, M.A., B.Sc., and R. N. 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Zou, R. 1988. Studies on the deep water Scleractinia from South China Sea. Tropic Oceanology 1: 74-83. 290 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM APPENDIX STATION LIST Station Latitude Longitude Depth number (°S) GE) (m) R.V. Anton Bruun (AB) 357B PSA 32202; 69 357E 29°10' 32505) 168 358A 299: 32°00" 366 358C 29721 31°58' 366 365C 23°19; 43°33! 439 365D 23205 43°32" 475-695 369J 24°12' 36°01" 1 140 370D 24°28' 35236: 880 370G 24°20' 35°28' 347 370H 24°41" B5528) 311-320 SE 24°46' 35,220! 132 371K 24°46' Som 18: 110 371G 24°49" Saal 73 372B 24°48' 34°59" 42 372G DASd3i 34°56' 55 372J 25°07' 34°34" 106 372L 2200: 34°34" 112 372P Zao: 33°02" 37 373B 26°00' 33°05; 135 S/3H 26°58' 33°54! 896 373] 26°58' 331793" 880 374D 27°08' 34°05' 1 326 389C 30°12' 32°01' 1 360 389E 30°09' S37 930 390S 29S) 31°42' 138 391H 2952 31835) Sil 391J PA SI): Sif 392J 29°19" 31°26' 38 394B 2982s SSH 68-70 399A 2233) 36°10' 925 399B 22230! 36°07' 850-960 399C 21°18" 36°18" 1 510-1 600 401B 19°50' 36°21' 65 400C 20°30' 35°43' 62 408D 16°42' 43°19" 150-300 409E IK UE 43°42" 62 421A 02°54' 40°23' 34 421G 02°S56' 40°28' 240 R.V. Vityaz (V) 2608 12°28' 48°18" 780 2626 24°42" Sara: 320 2629 25528: 351736; 1 250-1 520 2631 25°30' 35°08' 490-535 2634 25505: 34°50' 90-92 2635 25505) 85715! 110-230 2637 252113) S592) 980-1 000 2644 22°19" 43°06' 330-335 2650 2222: 42°59" 950-960 2653 222100" 42°50' 1 440-1 510 2662 22°14" 43°07' 310-315 2668 33°01" 44°09" 1010 Date 30 July 1964 30 July 1964 30 July 1964 30 July 1964 12 August 1964 12 August 1964 17 August 1964 18 August 1964 18 August 1964 18 August 1964 18 August 1964 18 August 1964 18 August 1964 19 August 1964 19 August 1964 19 August 1964 19 August 1964 22 August 1964 22 August 1964 22 August 1964 22 August 1964 23 August 1964 7 September 1964 7 September 1964 9 September 1964 9 September 1964 9 September 1964 10 September 1964 25 September 1964 1 October 1964 1 October 1964 2 October 1964 4 October 1964 3 October 1964 15 October 1964 18 October 1964 7 November 1964 8 November 1964 14 November 1988 22 November 1988 23 November 1988 23 November 1988 25 November 1988 25 November 1988 26 November 1988 2 December 1988 3 December 1988 3 December 1988 4 December 1988 8 December 1988 AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA FROM THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN Station Latitude Longitude number = (°S) (°E) R.V. Vityaz (V)_ (cont.) 2671 32256) 45°01" 2674 38°01" 45°27' 2686 33°04" 43°52! 2697 3315) 43°55! 2699 S3e 18) 43°54" 2706 33°03' 44°33' 2716 Slip 44°55" 2721 322255 43°37" 2722 B2725) AS ii 2724 33°09" 43°50' 2731 SB yalliey: 44°08" 2733 33223) 44°06' 2753 SBI 43°52" 2764 33°10' 43°41" 2767 33°08' 45°49" 2803 Lie 61°44" 2804 OG; 62°14' 2809 10°29' 61°09" 2814 09°38" 60°50' 2815 09°40' 60°30' 2816 09°31' Spb) R.V. Meiring Naude (MN) SM=129_-30%53;4" -30231;7' SM=1162)5-322959:0—~ 28231,0: SM-174 33°19,6' = -27°52,4' SM-226 32°28,6' 28°58,8' SM-232 32°14,9' = 29° 10,4" DEX 193i 2 9932-2 S198: ZA-43 Z2OLS4 Op 3250550 ZA-48 ZOZ9339) 3255950" ZA-49 2679453) 132099;)) ZA-51 20-92-81, _ 32;56,0! ZB-11 DA O02 eS e543) ZB-14 27T20058" 3255453). ZB-17 ZOOS 2) Be S2255; 3), ZB-18 2ISO00;4") ~ 32255"2) ZB-20 PAV SIE -8y2 Spe ZB-23 21203;0% 3225457" ZB-24 DiS; On Ol O45) ZB-25 DIZ03 7 | @32293.4" ZB-27 DIgOS9Le "32255.0; ZC-9 PAPA et OPO RPa ZC-10 2i1206:0, ~ 32253,3) ZC-11 DOG Se, 5292.9) ZD-4 Dislele 325 50:9) ZD-5 Died 8 320s ZD-6 Del atOr eS 2249 7: ZD-7 Di NOU 3224957): ZD-8 PUN eae aS VIEL Bays ZD-10 Zeus 3225054; ZH-18 DI3Y.8" 3242-8) ZH-19 LICSL,8:, ~ 32 442;8) ZH-23 DISS 8y 1) SL c42D) ZH-26 PH hes 1. 9 Sa a. PO 32°41,6' ZED A 27350: Depth (m) LETS 1 600-1 610 650-665 160 530-610 970-980 630-680 1 000-1 030 680-720 280-360 750-755 750-755 410-480 910-920 260 87-110 230-235 110-115 1 650-1 700 1 520-1 720 430-835 Date 9 December 1988 10 December 1988 12 December 1988 13 December 1988 14 December 1988 15 December 1988 16 December 1988 17 December 1988 17 December 1988 17 December 1988 18 December 1988 18 December 1988 22 December 1988 24 December 1988 24 December 1988 7 January 1989 7 January 1989 8 January 1989 9 January 1989 9 January 1989 9 January 1989 11 May 1977 25 May 1978 28 May 1978 24 June 1979 25 June 1979 1 June 1990 3 June 1990 3 June 1990 3 June 1990 4 June 1990 5 June 1990 5 June 1990 6 June 1990 6 June 1990 6 June 1990 6 June 1990 6 June 1990 6 June 1990 6 June 1990 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 8 June 1990 8 June 1990 8 June 1990 2 June 1990 2 June 1990 2 June 1990 2 June 1990 2 June 1990 7osh\| DOD ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Station Latitude number R.V. Meiring Naude (MN) (cont.) (°S) Longitude (°E) ZK-20 DISAT As 32°34,0' ZK-21 27°47,6' 32°39 1" ZK-25 27°46,4' 32°39,4' ZL-3 DAD4. 3% 32°38,0' ZQ-8a 29°05,3' 32°08,3' ZU-13 29°31,8' 3122729! ZU-15 29°39,8' 31230) 1 ZV-5 29°44,3' S276) ZV-20 29°41,6' Silae2 180) ZV-21 29°41,4' Shp ZW-6 29°45 ,9' S176) ZW-8 29°45 ,9' SSD ZCC-1 27°08,3' S224 ZCC-2 27°09,9' B2 25140); ZDD-2 QT N46! 32°48,8' ZDD-3 DANS ES! 32°49,5' ZDD-4 DilgAlSeOn 32°49 ,3' ZDD-5 DIN eS. 32°49 ,8' ZDD-7 Py Aleyey 32°49,3' Miscellaneous stations Vema 14-SAT6 29°48' BiloGy 19-28 35°40' D259" Marion Dufresne (Cruise 27) Sta. 4 08°29'N 79°19' Sardinops CD32 34°13,9' 18°29,3' Depth (m) Date 9 June 1990 9 June 1990 9 June 1990 9 June 1988 17 June 1989 19 June 1989 19 June 1989 20 June 1989 21 June 1989 21 June 1989 21 June 1989 21 June 1989 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 7 June 1990 8 June 1990 8 June 1990 8 June 1990 8 June 1990 23 April 1958 9 28 July 1981 10 April 1971 EAMFRO (East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization, Zanzibar) Station ro Latitude number Locality (°S) Cis north Kenya Banks — Unknown vessel Cr. 329-10 off Zanzibar a Cr. 329-15 off Zanzibar — Cr. 333-14 — 02°40,5' Manihine 381-1 04°13' 381-3 05°27' 381-63 07°32' Longitude Depth (°E) (m) 122 183 273 O07 223 CAeSe 250 °09' 302 25256) 240 Date 25 Feb 1971 11 August 1971 11 August 1971 9 December 1971 24 October 1974 24 October 1974 31 October 1974 6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the Jnternational code of zoological nomenclature (particu- larly Articles 22 and 51). Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be followed by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb. nov., syn. nov., etc. An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening punctuation and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s name and year. The author's name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a species or subspecies is trans- ferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of a scientific name must be separated from the scientific name by a colon. Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published scientific names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological order, with all references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.: Family Nuculanidae Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845) Figs 14-15A Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37. Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50. Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b). Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87. Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9. Note punctuation in the above example: comma separates author’s name and year semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author full stop separates references by different authors figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers. Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby the year is placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is not acceptable. In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other specimens mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material not regarded as paratypes should be listed separately. The complete data (registration number, depository, descrip- tion of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes must be recorded, e.g.: Holotype SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach, Port Eliza- beth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15. January 1973. Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date. 7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES Capital initial letters (a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text e.g. ‘.. . the Figure depicting C. namacolus .. .’: ‘. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10)...’ (b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded by initials or full names e.g. DuToit but A.L.du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene (c) Scientific names, but not their vernacular derivatives e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary Reference to the author should preferably be expressed in the third person Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a book or article, such as ‘Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’ Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation to initial capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively. The generic name should not be abbreviated at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph. Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title; it should be included in the abstract, counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of Biological Abstracts. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES “UIT 3 9088 01206 7062 S. D. CAIRNS roa N. B. KELLER NEW TAXA AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF AZOOXANTHELLATE SCLERACTINIA (CNIDARIA, ANTHOZOA) FROM THE TROPICAL SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN, WITH COMMENTS ON THEIR ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY