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ANNALS 


OF THE 


SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 


V DIGG NATH AEG 


ANNALS 


OF THE 


SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 


VOLUME XX. 


PRINTED FOR THE 
TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 
BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH. 


1924-1926. 


TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. 


The Right Hon. Jonn X. Merriman, P.C. 

Sir Toomas Mutr, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. 

The Hon. Jonn WituiAmM JacceEr, F.S.8., M.L.A. 

Prof. Wituram ApAm JoLiy, M.B., Ch.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.S. Afr. 
Councillor W. F. Fisu, J.P. (present Mayor of Capetown). 


SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN 
MUSEUM. 


Epwin Lronarp Git, D.Sc., Director and Keeper-in-Chief. 

Keppet Harcourt Barnarp, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director ; in Charge 
of Fish and Marine Invertebrates. 

ReEciInaLD FREDERICK Lawrence, B.A., Assistant in Charge of Reptiles and 
Batrachians, Arachnids and Myriapods. 

ALBERT JOHN Hesse, B.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of the Entomological 
Department. 

Miss Star GARABEDIAN, B.A., Assistant in Charge of the Botanical Department. 

ArtrHur Lewis Hatt, M.A., Sc.D., Honorary Keeper of the Geological and Mineral- 
ogical Collections. 

Sipnry Henry Haveuton, B.A., D.Sc., Honorary Keeper of the Palaeontological 
Collections. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


K. H. Barnarp. 

Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. No. 7. 
Cirripedia. 

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hans ‘of South West Nie. 
2. Crustacea Entomostraca, Phyllopoda é 

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South- West Kerio 
3. Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria . : . : 9 

Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Nee. No. 8. Further 
Additions to the List of Amphipoda : 3 

Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. No. 9. F Genes 
Additions to the List of Isopoda 


H. L. Cuarx. 
A New Clypeaster from Angola 


J. Hewitt. 


Descriptions of New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from 
South Africa 
Some New or Little- mown Reptiles and Bateachians fom South Nia 


J. H. Power. 


A Monographie Revision of the Genus Breviceps, with Distribution 
Records and Descriptions of New Species 


W. Rose. 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula 
Some Notes on the Lizards of the Cape Peninsula 


G. O. Sars. 
The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province (Union of South 
Africa). Part 2. Ostracoda : 
Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South: W est Atnoee 
1. Crustacea Entomostraca, Ostracoda 


J. R. LE B. Tomuiin. 


Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African 
Museum. 1. Turritellidae 


H. Watson. 
The South African Species of the Molluscan Genus Onchidella 


317 


413 
473 


451 


433 


309 


237 


INDEX OF NEW GENERIC NAMES INTRODUCED 
IN THIS VOLUME. 


PAGE 
Aegoniscus (Cabiropsidae), BARNARD ‘ : : ; i : . 409 
Afrocypris (Cypridae), SARS. : ; ; : ‘ : : . 206 
Arthroleptella (Ranidae), Huwrrr . ; : : j : ; . 426 
Austrosyrrhoe (Tironidae), BARNARD . 5 : : : : . 04 
Bradycypris (Cypridae), SARs . ‘ : : F : ; : . 145 
Cyprilla (Cypridae), SARs : : 2 : : : : : 5 GY) 
Exampithoe (Ampithoidae), BARNARD. : : : : : SOs 
Gomphocythere (Cytheridae), Sars . ‘ 5 ; : ; , » Le 
Homocypris (Cypridae), Sars . : : : F 6 : : 5 NY 
Liocypris (Cypridae), Sars : : : : 5 : : . 114 
Microbatrachus (Engystomatidae), Hewirr : : 3 : : . 420 
Paracypretta (Cypridae), Sars : é : : : : : . 152 
Phoxostoma (Lysiannasidae), BARNARD. ; : ; : ; . 3823 
Pseudojanira (Jaeridae), BARNARD . : : : 5 : : . 406 
Sclerocypris (Cypridae), SARs . ‘ : ; : ; : : oll 


DATE OF ISSUE OF PARTS. 


Part 1, April 1924. 
Part 2, August 1924. 
Part 3, November 1924. 
Part 4, March 1925. 
Part 5, December 1925. 
Part 6, July 1926. 


vii 


LIST OF PLATES. 


PLATES. 
I. South African Cirripedia. 
II-XX. South African Entomostraca. 
XXI-XXV. South-West African Ostracoda. 
XXVI. South-West African Phyllopoda. 
XXVII-XXXI. Anatomy of Onchidella. 
XXXII. Map of distribution of Onchidella. 


XXXII. Clypeaster micropetalus, n. sp. 
XXXIV. South African Amphipod Crustacea. 
XXXYV. Rhoptropus barnardi, n. sp. 
XXXVI. South African Batrachia. 

XXXVII. Bufo roset, n. sp. 

XXXVIII. South African Batrachia. 

XXXIX-XLIII. The genus Breviceps. 
XLIV-XLV. South African Lacertilia. 


Acasta 
Aceroides . 
Acidostoma 
Acontias . 
Aega 
Aegoniscus 
Afrocypris 
Agama 
ANSI 
Amaryllis 
Ampelisca 
Ampithoe 
Anilocra 
Antarcturus 
Apus 
Arcturella 
Arcturina 
Arthroleptella 
Austrosyrrhoe 


Balanus 
Bradycypris 


Branchinellites . 
Branchipodopsis 


Breviceps 
Bufo 


Cacosternum 
Caenestheriella . 
Calantica . 
Caprella 
Cassina 
Chamaesaura 
Cheirimedon 
Chelonibia 
Chirona 
Chthamalus 
Cleantis 
Clypeaster 


INDEX OF GENERA. 


A 


PAGE 


496, 
439, 


417, 439, 


435, 


79 
349 
322 
493 
389 
409 
206 
491 

62 
324 
335 
361 
392 
394 
214 
403 
398 
438 
354 


64 
145 
215 
216 
451 
486 


437 
225 
10 
371 
488 
493 
325 
92 
73 
97 
393 
317 


xi 


Colomastix 
Conchoderma 
Conopea 
Coronula . 
Cteatessa . 
Cubaris 
Cyclestheria 
Cypretta . 
Cypria 
Cypricercus 
Cypridopsis 
Cyprilla 
Cyproidea 


Dendrogaster 


Elasmopus 
Eocyzicus 
Epipenaeon 
Eremias 
Eubalanus 
Eucypris . 
Eulimnadia 
Eurystheus 
Euscalpellum 
Eusirus 
Euthemisto 
Exampithoe 
Exanthura 


Gitanopsis 
Glyptelasma 
Gnathia 
Gomphocythere 


PAGE 


157, 


346 
61 
76 
93 

393 

232 

223 

147 

144 

120 

204 

169 

341 


99 


oo 
“1 Ot 
H» Co He 


ke OO 


Xil 


Halice 
Haliophasma 
Harpinia . 
Heleophryne 
Herpetocypris 
Hesperibalanus . 
Heteralepas 
Heterocypris 
Homocypris 


Ilyocypris 
Isocypris . 


Jaera 


Kochlorine 


Lacerta 
Lakota 
Lepas ; 
Lepechinella 
Leptestheria 
Leptochelia 
Leucothoe 
Ligia 
Liocypris . 
Lithotrya 
Lophosaura 
Lygodactylus 
Lynceus 


M 


Mabuia 
Malacanthura 
Megabalanus 
Megalasma 
Megalocypris 
Membranobalanus 
Microbatrachus 


Index of Genera. 


PAGE 


347 | Natalobatrachus 


385 | Nerocila 


340 | Niambia . 


. 44) 
133, 201 
5 
62 


115 | Octolasmis 


119 | Octomeris 


Oediceroides 
Oedura 
Onchidelia 
Orchestia . 
Orchomenopsis . 
143 | Orthoprotella 
139 
Pachydactylus . 
Paracypretta 
Paralepas 
Parhyalella 
Ue | Perioculodes 
Periscyphops 
Phoxostoma 
Phrynomantis . 
Phyllodactylus . 
Pionocypris : 
99 | Platyischnopus . 
Podocerus 
Poecilasma 
Primno : 
Pseudocordylus 
Pseudocy pris 
483 | Pseudojanira 
327 | Pyxicephalus 
50 
355 
227 
382 
342 | Rana 
236 | Rappia 
114 | Rhoptropus 
48 | Rhyscotus 
494 
478 
224 
Scalpellum 
Scaptira 
Scelotes 
Sclerocypris 
474, 492 | Siphonoecetes 
. 388 | Smilium 
65 | Stenocypris 
54 | Stenothoe 
134, 203 | Streptocephalus 
74 Synchelidium 


420, 436 | Syrrhoites 


PAGE 
425 
390 
233 


56 

98 
348 
415 
238 
360 
330 
372 


112, 177, 196 
406 
434 


434 
413 


Tesseropora 
Tetraclita 
Tetradactylus 


Trischizostoma . 


Tropidosaura 
Tubicinella 
Turritella . 
Tylos 


Uristes 


Index of Genera. 


485, 493 
95 
309 


333 


Vibilia 


Xenobalanus 
Xenocalamus 
Xenopus . 


Zonocy pris 
Zonurus 


473 
443 


150 
492 


_ ANNALS. 


OF THE 


SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 


VOLUME XX. 


SPART 1 containing os 


1.—Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa 
By K. H. Barnarp, M.A., F.LS., Assistant Director. 
(Plate I.) 


ISSUED APRIL 1924. PRICE Ss. 6d. 


PRINTED FOR THE 
TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 


BY NEILL AND CO,, LTD., 


212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH. 


ANNALS 


OF THE 


SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 


VOLUME XX. 


1. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa.—By K. H. 
BaRNARD, M.A., F.L.S., Assistant Director. 


No. 7. CIRRIPEDIA. 


(With Plate I.) 


THE collection of barnacles in the South African Museum is derived 
almost entirely from the investigations of the Cape Government 
trawler ‘“‘ Pieter Faure.’ It consists, therefore, with few exceptions, 
of material from shallow and moderately deep water and not from 
the littoral zone. Collectors seem to have paid little attention to the 
littoral barnacles of this region. 

In Stebbing’s 1910 Catalogue of South African Crustacea 26 species 
of barnacles—10 stalked, 15 sessile, and 1 other—are recorded. The 
present report brings the number up to 74—40 stalked, 32 sessile, and 
2 others. The greatest increase is thus in the stalked barnacles, and 
especially in the family Scalpellidae. Of this family only 2 species were 
formerly known to inhabit these waters as against 20 now recorded. 

The family Verrucidae, however, still remains unrepresented : 
which seems not a little remarkable. 

With regard to the Scalpellidae, there appears to be a local or indi- 
genous fauna consisting of species distinct from, though often closely 
allied to, species living in other seas. On the other hand, a few species 
previously known from the North Atlantic or Indo-Pacific oceans 
have been rediscovered here. 

But the most interesting result of the examination of the members 
of this family, strictly speaking of the genus Scalpellum, is the proof 

VOI xexe PART 1 1 


2 Annals of the South African Museum. 


that in over half the South African species there is no free-swimming 
larval stage as is so characteristic in nearly all other Cirripedes. A 
general summary of these results together with a review of the 
previous literature is given in the first part of this paper.* 

In the second part the collection is dealt with systematically. 
Species recorded from these waters but not represented in the collec- 
tion are inserted in their proper places. 

The keys in the present paper are not intended to express the natural 
relationships, but merely to form a convenient means of identification. 
In drawing them up I have availed myself of the works of Pilsbry 
and others, modifying and adapting only where necessary. 

As well as a general acknowledgment of indebtedness to other 
workers, my thanks are especially due to Dr. Pilsbry and Dr. 
Annandale for sending me copies of their papers, some of which would 
otherwise have been inaccessible to me. 


I. THe Larva STAGES IN THE GENUS SCALPELLUM. 


On the larval stages in this genus, which is taken sensw stricto, 
and does not include Smiliwm or Calantica, the only papers to which 
reference need be made are the following :— 

(1) 1851 and 1854. Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip.: (i) Lepadidae, 
(11) Balanidae. 


(2) 1883. Hoek, Challenger Rep., vol. vii. 

(3) 1884. Hoek, Challenger Rep., vol. x. 

(4) 1894. Aurivillius, Studien iiber Cirrip. K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., 
vol. xxvi, No. 7. 

(5) 1899. Hansen, Cladoce. and Cirrip., Plankton Exp., vol. i1. 

(6) 1907. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 3la. Cirrip. Pedunculata. 


(1) Darwin (i, p. 9; 1, p. 103, pl. xxix, fig. 8) has described and 
figured a larva of S. vulgare in the first stage “‘immediately after 
coming out of the egg.” Itisa Nawplius larva, the later development 
of which was unknown to Darwin. Nor, so far as I am aware, has 
the life-history of this species since been worked out. Darwin also 
noted (i, p. 221) the remarkably large size of the ova in this genus. 

After the publication of Darwin’s Monograph the investigations 
of Claus and others placed our knowledge of the life-histories of the 


* Tt is as well to state that this MSS. was completed in 1916. I have left my 
remarks on the larval stages as originally written, merely adding an extra paragraph 
correlating my results with those of Nilsson-Cantell published in 1921. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 3 


Cirripedia on a firm basis. And it seemed to be assumed that all 
the members of the group agreed with the types examined in possessing 
a free-swimming Nauplius stage. 

(2) In 1883, however, while studying the collections made by 
H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ Hoek made the interesting discovery that a 
specimen of S. stroemw from 516 fathoms contained larvae which 
had already reached the Cypris-stage in the mantle cavity of the 2 
(p. 75, pl. viii, fig. 1). This larva is in a very early Cypris-stage, and 
might almost be termed a Metanauplius, except that the cirri and 
caudal appendages are already developed, which is not the case, at 
least not to such a degree, in the typical Metanauplius. The “ exuviae 
of the Nauplius’’ I regard as the egg-membrane or chorion. Hoek 
also noted the comparatively small number and the large size of the 
embryos. 

Further, it is stated under S. triangulare that “‘ among the eggs, 
which entirely fill the cavity of the capitulum,” a larva in the Cypris- 
stage was observed. This evidence is not adduced in support of the 
remarks made under S. stroemii. 

(3) The same author, while dealing with the ‘‘ Challenger”’ collection 
from an anatomical point of view, refers to the Cypris-larva of S. 
triangulare (p. 8, pl. u, fig. 4), and says: “I think it is in this stage 
that the Cypris-larva leaves the mantle cavity of the mother.” This 
remark stands entirely by itself, again with no reference to the dis- 
covery of Cypris-larvae in S. stroemi. Yet in itself it implies that 
development without a free-swimming stage is the normal course, 
and well known to students of Cirripedes. 

(4) In 1894 Aurivillius published an important paper in which, 
besides describing the species, he paid particular attention to the 
post-embryonic development in the deep-sea species, comparing it 
with that of shallow-water or pelagic species. He does not refer to 
Hoek’s observations. 

The results of Aurivillius’ studies were as follows :— 

S. septentrionale Auriv. (p. 52). Examples from 600-675 metres 
contained ‘“‘ numerous ”’ embryos in the “ first post-embryonic stage,” 
similar to those found in :— 

S. erosum Auriv. (p. 54, pl. ix, fig. 5) from 1744 metres. Here also 
‘numerous ” embryos were found which, from the figure and descrip- 
tion, exactly resemble the embryos found by Hoek in stroemw. This 
larva corresponds with the Metanauplius stage, with 4 anterior pairs 
of appendages, but has in addition the beginnings of the cirri and 
caudal appendages. 


4 Annals of the South African Museum. 


S. obesum Auriv. (p. 57, pl. ix, fig. 6) from 110 metres. In this 
case the fully developed Cypris-stage was found. 

S. cornutum Sars. (Auriv., p. 62) from 46-90 metres. Cypris- 
larvae as in obesum. 

S. prunulum Auriv. (p. 65) from 350-600 metres. Cypris-larvae 
as in obesum. 

Aurivillius sees in this cutting-out of a free-swimming Nauplius 
stage an adaptation to “ deep-water” conditions. His own facts, 
however, scarcely support this. While it is true that the Ist, 2nd, 
and 5th species may be termed “‘ deep-water ” inhabitants, obesum 
and cornutum certainly cannot. Nor is there any great difference 
between 46 metres, at which cornutum was found, and 30 metres, at 
which vulgare is stated to be found. Yet Aurivillius has contrasted 
(p. 55) the life-history of this latter species, possessing, according to 
him, a free-swimming stage, with that of the “‘ deep-water ”’ species 
without a free-swimming stage. 

(5) These discoveries of Hoek and Aurivillius seem to have evoked 
little interest. In Gruvel’s Monograph (1905) I can find not even a 
passing reference to the fact that an abbreviated life-history had been 
discovered in certain species of Scalpellum. They were, however, 
noticed in a footnote by Hansen, an author who is always careful 
with regard to the earlier literature of his subject, in his report on 
the Cirripedes of the Plankton Expedition (p. 16). 

(6) The only other reference to an abbreviated life-history, of which 
Tam aware, is that made by Hoekin 1907. Here also it is remarkable 
that, although Hoek has seen the provisional descriptions (in 1892) 
of the species described by Aurivillius, he seems quite ignorant of 
the 1894 paper. He merely refers to his original observation in the 
Challenger Report (1883), and remarks that “‘ from that discovery ” 
there can be no doubt that “there are Scalpellums which develop 
without a free-swimming Nawplius stage,” and that these are “ deep- 
sea species ”’ (p. 73). 

From a study of a specimen of S. stearnsi, var. robusta, he further 
adduces evidence that not only the ¢ but the 2 also develops in this 
manner. But no Cypris-larvae were found actually within the capi- 
tulum of the large 9. Figures are given of a young animal creeping 
out of the Cypris-shell and of one recently attached. 

The only remark I have to make on this is that the young animal 
probably does not creep out of the Cypris-shell, but attaches itself 
while still within the shell. My reasons for this are: firstly, the 
(by no means conclusive) one of analogy with S. valvulifer and 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 5 


eumitos (pp. 19, 36, infra), as well as with the known facts of the life- 
history of Lapes and Balanus ; secondly, that Hoek’s fig. 10 on pl. vi 
shows no antennae or indication of attachment, and that the figure 
gives the impression not of a young animal creeping out of the Cypris- 
shell but of a Cypris-larva expelled from its shell by convulsive move- 
ments due to the action of the preservative fluid. In support of this 
it is to be noted also that no indications of the primordial valves are 
represented except that of the tergum. 

I do not wish to imply that an exactly similar mode of growth 
occurs in every species of the genus ; only to accentuate the necessity 
of further observations on this point by contrasting Hoek’s statements 
with what occurs in the South African species valvulifer and eumitos. 
Here the Cypris-shell is not cast off until the animal is fixed and the 
primordial valves of the terga, scuta, and carina are developed. 

In two of the Siboga species Hoek has found ova: 17 in sessile 
(p. 90), measuring -47 x -27 mm., and 53 in gracile (p. 107), measuring 
-5 +33 mm. 

Thus from the studies of Hoek and Aurivillius we now know 
7 members of the genus, namely : stroemii, triangulare, septentrionale, 
erosum, obesum, cornutum, prunulum, and possibly also stearnsi, 
which develop from the egg up to the Cypris-stage within the capitulum 
of the mother. The evidence is not complete or direct in every case, 
but the doubtful cases become almost certainties by analogy when 
we turn to the evidence derived from the “ Pieter Faure’ collection. 

Summarising the results detailed under each species in the 
Systematic part of this paper, we find that there are 17 species in 
the South African fauna (rutilwm is excluded as it is not contained in 
the collection), in 12 of which the Cypris-larva has been found within 
the 2 capitulum. In one other species the larvae were in an early 
Metanauplius stage. In two species only the ova were found and 
two others were nonovigerous. 

The following list gives the species with their bathymetrical range 
and the latest larval stage which was found within the mantle cavity. 
Where no ova or larvae were found both columns are left blank. 


1. valvulifer Annand : . 22-87 fathoms. Cypris. 
2. ornatum (Gray) . : : . 386-85 Bo 

3. faurei n. sp. . : 4 . 10-95 6) 

4, cancellatum n. sp. 3 ‘ . 200-250 30 

5. subalatum n. sp. c A . 51-200 33 

6. capensen. sp. . 5 : OSG ; 3 

7. agulhense n. sp. : ; . 250-256 ae Ova. 


6 Annals of the South African Museum. 


8. brachium-cancri Welt. j : 105 fathoms. Cypris. 
9. porcellanum n. sp. : 2 3 Oo 
10. brevicaulis n. sp. ‘ ‘ ; 36 fathoms. Cypris. 
ll. ewmitosn. sp. . : : . 51-230 i se 
12. uncinatum n. sp. : ‘ . 36-92 a By 
13. natalense n. sp. . : : : 79 8 i 
14. sinwatum Pilsbry : 2 2 800=1000) 3— Ova. 
15. botellinae n. sp. . 5 : . 47-54 = Cypris. 


16. micrum Pilsbry : : . 400-450 i Early Metanauplius. 
17. imperfectum Pilsbry tee 


Firstly, this list shows that there is no difference in the life-history 
of shallow- and deep-water species. Cypris-larvae are found in e.g. 
valoulifer from 22 fathoms as well as in cancellatum from 250 fathoms. 

Secondly, from a study of the whole material it was found that the 
number of ova or embryos was always very small, compared with 
the vast number produced by the Lepadidae. This number never 
exceeded 45. Aurivillius’ term, “‘ numerous,’ may well be taken to 
mean 50 or thereabouts. Hoek records 53 ova in gracile. The 
smallest numbers I have found were 8 in brevicaulis and 9 in botellinae. 
In the latter case they were fully developed Cypris-larvae, so that 
some may have already escaped, although I think the more likely 
explanation is that the larvae are so large compared with the mother 
that a greater number could not be accommodated. In the case of 
brevicaulis the Cypris-larvae are not quite fully developed, nor are 
they so large proportionately as in botellinae, so that the question arises 
whether all the members of a brood develop equally fast or whether 
some get ahead of their fellows and pass out of the mother. The 
latter occurs in ornatum; but no evidence of a similar occurrence in 
valvulifer could be found. 

Thirdly, the ova are very much larger than those produced by the 
Lepadidae, as noted by Darwin in vulgare. 

There seems to be no particular breeding season, specimens con- 
taining Cypris-larvae having been collected in nearly every month. 
This applies collectively ; the material not being extensive enough 
to determine whether particular species breed at certain definite 
times of year. 

The present collection, as stated above, has enabled me to prove 
the presence of a Cypris-larva within the capitulum in 12 out of 17 
species inhabiting these waters, 7.e. 70 per cent. If one includes also 
those species in which ova or Metanauplii were found, on the grounds 
of large size and small number, the percentage rises to 88-2. These 
results are entirely due to the fact that the “‘ Pieter Faure’ worked 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 7 


over more or less the same ground month after month for several 
years. It shows the value of such methods in the investigation of 
a marine fauna. 

It is, therefore, not a little surprising that Aurivillius found the 
Cypris-stage in 3 and the Metanawplius in 2 out of the 12 species of 
Scalpellum s. str. which he studied. And this material was collected 
by various collectors, at various times, and in widely separated 
localities. It suggests that the collections in other museums are well 
worth examining with regard to this particular point. 

Thus it seems almost incredible that out of some 80 specimens, 
belonging to 35 species, the 2 discovered by Hoek are the only ones 
containing ova or larvae. Yet, since Hoek examined the internal 
anatomy in those cases where he had more than one specimen of the 
species, we must regard it as a mere chance that he found ova in only 
two cases. 

Where a species was represented by only a single specimen, Hoek 
was actuated by the perfectly intelligible motive of not wishing to 
spoil the specimen. I submit, however, that this is a wrong principle 
in scientific investigation, especially where much information can be 
gained without in reality damaging the specimen. In the particular 
case of the pedunculate barnacles the whole of the animal within the 
capitulum, the male and the ova, or embryos, if any, can be extracted 
by merely removing the scutum from one side. As the whole of the 
other side is left intact and the capitulum is not removed from the 
peduncle, I cannot see that such a specimen is irretrievably damaged 
or has been “ sacrificed’? to investigation. In the course of the 
present study, when the Cypris-larva was found in the first specimen 
opened I have not opened any others in order to find other stages. 
In other cases it was necessary to open several or even all the speci- 
mens before one containing Cypris-larvae was found. 

Of the life-histories of the species discovered by other expeditions 
also we are ignorant. In fact, out of more than 200 species comprising 
the genus, we know the life-history of scarcely two dozen, including 
the South African species. And in the case of some of these, we must 
remember there is no absolutely direct proof that the free-swimming 
stage is omitted ; they are included on grounds of analogy on account 
of containing a small number of rather large ova. 

Nevertheless, from the study of the South African collection, I 
think there is very strong presumptive evidence that in the majority, 
at least, of the species in this genus development takes place within 
the capitulum of the 2 up to the Cypris-stage. 


8 Annals of the South African Museum. 


As noted at the beginning, the genus Smliwm does not come within 
the scope of this discussion. It may, however, be mentioned that in 
S. pollicipedoides a coherent mass of numerous and relatively small 
eggs is found, and in S. squamuliferum Annandale has recorded that 
the eggs cohere together into a mass which is held in position by two 
dorsal processes analogous to the ovigerous frena in the Lepadidae 
(1906, in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. Suppl. Rep., 31, p. 142; and 
Illustrations Zool., ‘‘ Investigator,’ 1906, pl. u, fig. 4). Thus in all 
probability the life-history in this genus includes a free-swimming stage. 

The only other known cases of the suppression of the free-swimming 
stage among the Cirripedia are in the aberrant Ascothoracic genera 
Laura and Dendrogaster, the Acrothoracic genus Cryptophialus, and 
the Rhizocephalid Thompsonia. The life-history of Cryptophialus was 
known to Darwin (Monogr., i, pp. 102, 579). 

Presuming that the life-history runs nearly the same course in all 
the species of Scalpellum, we can draw up from the stages we know 
the following composite picture of the life-history. 

The ova are much larger and less numerous than in the Lepadidae. 
They pass through the Nauplius and Metanauplius stages and become 
typical Cypris-larvae within the capitulum of the mother. The 
Nauplius and Metanauplius stages are of very transient duration ; 
in fact there is no true Metanauplius, and possibly no true Nauplius 
stage, because the cirri appear to be developed as soon as the anterior 
appendages (cf. micrum). Soon after the development of the cirri, 
the bivalve shell takes form. When this is complete and the larva 
has attained the typical Cypris structure, the egg-membrane or 
chorion is thrown off (cf. brevicaulis and eumitos). 

Aurivillius thinks that the liberated Cypris-larva has but limited 
means of progression, and Hoek (1907) is inclined to believe that they 
merely creep out and take up a position either on or near by the 
mother. The South African material affords no conclusive evidence 
on this point. 

After the attachment of the Cypris-larva, the Cypris-shell is not 
thrown off until the primordial valves of the terga, scuta, and carina 
have been formed (cf. ewmztos). When this casting off actually occurs 
we do not know. But in ewmitos it is before the full complement of 
valves has been developed, the rostral latera being absent. 

The first peduncular plates appear (after casting off the Cypris- 
shell ?) on the carinal side and are in valvulifer, ewmrtos, and stearnsi, 
four in number. Later plates are interpolated between these and 
the capitulum. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 9 


As to the order of appearance of the capitular valves we have very 
little evidence. In ewmitos a recently attached Cypris-larva shows, 
besides the primordial valves, the carinal and upper latera and also 
the incipient inframedian latera. After the casting off of the Cypris- 
shell and the extension of the valves so as to encase the animal almost 
completely, the rostral latera (and rostrum ?) are developed. Trust- 
worthy corroborative evidence was not found in valvulifer as there 
was no specimen in just that particular stage. 

Comparing this sequence with that found in the allied genus 
Smilium: in South African specimens of pollicipedoides it was found 
that the inframedian latus was the last to appear. It will also be 
remembered that in Scalpellum proper it is the inframedian latus 
which is most variable and which tends in several species to disappear. 
The interpretation of these isolated facts must be left until we possess 
more information. 

Stewart’s paper on the post-larval development may also be con- 
sulted (1911, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, No. 2), although he deals mainly 
with the internal anatomy (reproductive organs) and only incidentally 
with the growth of the valves (cf. pp. 37, 38, pl. iv, figs. 2 and 5). 
Also Broch, Vidensk. Medd. naturh. For., vol. xxiii, 1922. 

[Note.—-Since the above remarks were written in 1916, Nilsson- 
Cantell has published (Cirripeden-Studien Zoolog. Bidrag. fr. Uppsala, 
vol. vii, 1921) an important paper, one section of which deals with 
larval forms and the abbreviated life-history. He confirms the 
presence of the nauplius stage in Scalpellum scalpellum (=vulgare), 
but gives reasons for believing that under normal conditions the 
nauplius probably does not become free-swimming. He also finds 
Metanauplius and Cypris-stages within the mantle-cavity of the 
following species: gibberum Auriv., convecum Nils.-Cant., compactum 
Borrad., and ventricosum Hoek. He notes that the cause of this 
abbreviation in development cannot be attributed to the bathy- 
metrical or temperature factors in the environment. 

Nilsson-Cantell’s results are very valuable as they confirm my own 
observations. We now know of 24 species in which the Cypris (or 
Metanauplius) has been found within the capitulum ofthe?. Although 
this is a very small percentage of the known species, nevertheless I 
am more strongly than ever convinced that if the material in the 
various museums and institutions were properly examined, the proof 
would be forthcoming that the normal course of larval development 
in the genus Scalpellum is intracapitular and not pelagic. 

Nilsson-Cantell further has made the interesting discovery of an 


10 Annals of the South African Museum. 


abbreviated life-history in the sessile barnacle Tetraclita diwisa Nils.- 
Cant., a tropical species living in the littoral zone. 

This does not appear to be the case with the 8S. African species 
serrata. The ova are relatively minute and are produced in very 
large numbers; consequently it may be presumed that they do not 
develop further than the nauplius stage within the capitulum. | 


Il. Systematic Part. 


THORACICA. 


PEDUNCULATA. 
Key to the South African families. 


1. Peduncle scaly. A basal whorl of plates below the principal 5. 
Umbo of scutum above the middle of the occludent margin . Scalpellidae. 
2. Peduncle naked. 


a. Valves 3-5 (sometimes reduced). Umbo of scutum at or near 


rostral angle : : 5 : : ‘ Lepadidae. 
b. Valves wanting or greatly reduced, inconspicuous. Umbo 
of seutum, when present, in middle of occludent margin . Alepadidae. 


Fam. SCALPELLIDAE. 


1851. Lepadidae (part). Darwin, Monogr. Lepadid., p. 8. 

1905. Polyaspidae. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 16. 

1907. Scalpellinae (subfam.). Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 60, pp. 3, 4. 

1909. Pollicipedidae. Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, No. 2, 
p. 63. 

1911. Scalpellidae. Kriiger, Abh. K. Bay. Ak. Wiss. II. Suppl., 
Bd. 6, Abh., p. 7. (Hereafter cited as Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas.) 

1922. Scalpellidae. Broch, Vidensk. Medd. naturh. For., vol. lxxiii, 
p. 227. See also Pilsbry, Pr. Ac. Philad., vol. lx, p. 104, 1908. 


In Ann. Mus. Marseille, vol. xv, 1916, p. 37, Joleaud has proposed 
a classification of the genus Scalpellum which seems to offer certain 
advantages over previous attempts. It is based on a study of the 
evolutionary tendencies in the growth and atrophy of the valves. 
The genus or subgenus Calantica Gray has been removed altogether 
from Scalpellum, and is made a subgenus of Pollicipes. As no 
species of Calantica occurs in 8. Africa this grouping need not be 
discussed here. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 11 


Gray’s other genus, Smilium, is made a subgenus of Scalpellum, as 
in Pilsbry’s 1907 arrangement, but under Hoek’s name of Proto- 
scalpellum. 

In 1908 Pilsbry, rightly as it seems to me, resurrected Smilium as a 
separate genus distinguished on the one hand from Calantica by the 
elevation of the upper latera (M 2 of Joleaud) above the basal whorl, 
and on the other hand from Scalpellum on account of the structure 
of the male. Further, he separated off from Smiliwm those species 
in which the male has only 3 valves and a capitulum scarcely difieren- 
tiated from the peduncle as Huscalpellum Hoek. 

Joleaud regards these species as forming a section of Protoscalpellum 
under the term Pseudoscalpellum. He reinstitutes the term Huscal- 
pellum very unfortunately, and, one might say, not a little un- 
kindly towards Hoek, for an entirely different group representing 
the phyletically most advanced true Scalpellums. 

There is no doubt that Pilsbry’s method of making the male do its 
share in constructing a phyletic grouping as well as the hermaphrodite 
is scientifically sound. Even when the hermaphrodites alone are con- 
sidered, there are good reasons for separating off Huscalpellum Hoek. 

If regarded as a genus, Smiliwm must, of course, take precedence 
over Protoscalpellum. 


Key to the South African genera. 


1. Valves more than 8. Peduncle not ending below in a calcareous cup or row 
of discs. 

a. Female or hermaphrodite with 15 valves (exceptionally 9). Subcarina 
present. Male with 6 well-developed valves and distinctly divided 
into capitulum and peduncle. c : : Smilium. 

b. Female or hermaphrodite with not more chen 14 plates. Subcarina 
absent. Male sac-like, not divided into capitulum and peduncle, 
without mouth or cirri, valves minute or wanting . Scalpellum. 

2. Valves never more than 8, rostrum and latera small, rudimentary or even 
absent. Peduncle ending below in a cup or a row of disks. Corallidomous 
Lithotrya. 


Gen. SMILIUM Gray. 


1825. Smiliwm. Gray, Ann. Philos. N.S., vol. x, p. 100. 

1851. Scalpellum (part). Darwin, Monogr. Lepadid., p. 215. 
1905. He (part). Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 23. 

1907. Protoscalpellum. Hoek, Siboga. Exp. Monogr., 314, p. 5 
1907. Smilium. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 13. 


PD 


12 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1908. Smilium. Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad., vol. 1x, pp. 106, 107. 


1909. Pe Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. iii, pt. 3, p. 267. 

1910. os Annandale, zbid., vol. v, pt. 3, p. 145. 

1910. na Annandale, Vidensk. Medd. Natur. For. Kbhvn., 
NOMO, joo BTL. 

1911. aS Annandale, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst., vol. xlin, p. 164. 

OTL, ed Annandale, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 7, p. 589. 

UU, * Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas., p. 15. 


ON? fs Pilsbry, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xlii, p. 291. 

1914. ne Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. x, pt. 5, p. 273. 

1916. Protoscalpellum. Joleaud, Ann. Mus. Marseille, vol. xv, p. 40. 

1922. Smiliwm. Broch, Vidensk. Medd. naturh. For., vol. lxxiu, 
p. 234. 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Valves 15. Upper latus well developed 5 : .  pollicipedoides Hk. 
2. Valves 9. Upper latus quite rudimentary, or absent ‘ hypocrites n. sp. 


Smilium pollicipedoides (Hoek). 


1905. Scalpellum pollicipedoides. Hoek, P. Ak. Amsterd., vol. vii, 
p. 92, figs. 4-6 (not described). 

1907. Scalpellum pollicipedoides. Hoek, Siboga. Exp. Monogr., 3la, 
p. 60, pl. v, figs. 9-11. 

1908. Smilium pollicipedoides. Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 
vol. lx, p. 107. 


The resemblance of the South African specimens to the typical 
East Indian specimens is so close that only the few slight differences 
need be pointed out. 

The upper latus has 2 divergent ridges, varying in distinctness, 
running from the umbo to the basal margin, which is slightly concave 
for the greater part of its length. The scales on the peduncle are more 
numerous and closer together in the larger, but not in the smaller 
specimens. The carina is less strongly indented when viewed in 
profile. In size they are much larger than Hoek’s specimens. 

Some of the specimens of A 323 (numbered separately A 4111) have 
the rostral latera, carinal latera, and inframedian latera more or less 
directed outwards ; and in one specimen the inframedian latus on one 
side is strongly recurved downwards. This seems to show that 
pollicipedordes is closely related to S. scorpis Auriv., 1894. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 13 


Aberration.—One specimen of No. A 323, capitulum length 5 mm., 
is deep orange-brown all over, and, except for a few scales at the base 
of the peduncle, appears to have no calcareous scales or valves at all. 
The limits of the valves can be distinguished, and dissection revealed 
the presence of very thin pellucid chitinous valves. 

Male.—No. A 3928, capitulum length 7 mm., contained one speci- 
men, similar in general shape to that figured by Hoek, but larger : 
‘9mm.xX:7 mm. Two of the largest specimens of No. A323 also 
contained males, 2 in 1, 1 in the other. These are proportionately 
narrower, -9 mm.xX:°5 mm., having the greatest width across the 
valves, thence narrowing regularly to the point of attachment. In 
size and shape the valves closely correspond with Hoek’s description 
and figure, especially those of No. A 3928. The outer surface of the 
peduncular portion 1s covered with extremely minute spinules. 

No frena or dorsal processes were found. No males were found in 
specimens with a capitulum length less than 7 mm. 

Ova in an undifferentiated stage, measuring 2 mm., and numbering 
at least 150, were found in some specimens. They cohere together 
and form a compact mass at the bottom of the mantle cavity. 

Length of capitulum, 1-5-12 mm.; of peduncle, 1-10 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white or pinkish; membrane covering 
the peduncle and between the valves pale or (No. A 323) deep 
orange-brown, the membrane over the valves also orange coloured 
but paler. 

Locality.—Durnford Point, N.E. by E., distant 9 miles (Zululand), 
13 fathoms, 16 specimens ; O’Neill Peak, N.W. } W., distant 9 miles 
(Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1 specimen; Itongazi River, N.W. 2 W., 
distant 3 miles (Natal), 25 fathoms, | specimen attached to a Balanus 
trigonus growing on the base of a horny sponge; Durnford Point, N., 
distant 12 miles (Zululand), 34 fathoms, 4 specimens on a Hydroid. 
8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 8/2/01, 28/2/01, 14/3/01, and 28/2/01. (S.A.M., 
Nos. A 323, A 324, A 3928, and A 4089.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—5° 28’ §., 134° 53’ E., 57 metres. (Hoek.) 

The series shows that the inframedian latus does not appear until 
the capitulum has reached a length of about 4 mm. MHoek has 
described a specimen which has 2 additional valves in the lower 
whorl and which he regards as a reversion to the phylogenetically 
older Mitella (Pollicipes) type. In the genus Scalpellum, as noticed 
below, a certain group shows a strong tendency towards the reduction 
and elimination of this inframedian valve. I will not venture to 
discuss these points here, since to do so adequately would require 


14 Annals of the South African Museum. 


more knowledge of the post-embryological stages in the Scalpellidae 
than we yet possess. 


Smilium hypocrites n. sp. 
(Plate I, figs. 1, 2.) 


Capitulum with 9 (11) valves, partly reduced and thus not closely 
fitting, covered with a fine membrane, smooth, lines of growth faintly 
visible ; occludent margin concave, carinal margin gently convex. 

Scutum pyriform, occludent margin slightly concave, inner margin 
nearly straight passing imperceptibly into the rounded basal margin, 
umbo at the acute apex. 

Tergum narrow triangular, occludent margin very short, about 
4 length of carinal margin, umbo at the subacute apex. 

Carina longer than tergum, its apical umbo projecting slightly 
beyond that of tergum, very slightly bowed, base square, roof convex. 

Subcarina broadly triangular, a little wider than high, not con- 
cealing base of carina. 

A much reduced, crescentic valve, its curve corresponding with 
that of the inner basal margin of scutum, probably represents the 
carinal latus. An inframedian latus is therefore absent. 

In some specimens there is at the upper end of the carinal latus a 
minute granule representing apparently the upper latus. 

Rostrum much wider than high, extending laterally to about the 
middle of basal margin of scutum. 

Peduncle half as long again as capitulum, with a few incomplete 
and irregularly developed rings of minute granules at its upper end, 
lower end quite naked. These granules vary considerably in develop- 
ment, being sometimes nearly wholly absent, but never strongly 
enough developed to form a protective armour to the peduncle ; those 
on the carinal side are always slightly larger and more numerous than 
those on the lateral parts, and the rostral side is always entirely free 
from them, being opposed to the object to which the animal is fixed. 

Labrum blunt, scarcely at all produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, Ist further from 2nd than 2nd from 3rd, an 
accessory tooth between Ist and 2nd and between 2nd and 3rd, inner 
angle obtuse, bifid in one of the mandibles, denticulate in both. 

Maxilla, outer angle with 1 large stout spine, inner edge straight 
with ca. 12 smaller spines. 

Outer maxilla ovate, not strongly setose. 

Labial palp rather short and stout, apex subacute, with a small 
tuft of setae. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 15 


First cirrus, the 6th jointed, posterior ramus slightly longer than 
the 5-jointed anterior ramus, neither ramus expanded. 

Hach joint of the other cirri with 2 pairs of long setae and a shorter 
pair near the base. 

Caudal appendages short, broadly oval, apical margin rounded, 
fringed, with setae. 

Penis 4 length of 6th cirrus, rather stout, tapering gradually, without 
setae except a few on the distal portion, apex subacute with a tuft of 
setules. 

No frena or dorsal processes were found. 

No complemental males could be found in any of the twenty speci- 
mens examined. As only the one set of specimens was taken, it is 
probable that males are only developed at certain times. 

Some of the specimens were ovigerous, but in every case the ova 
were in an undifferentiated condition and not very well preserved. 
The number was small, between 20 and 30, size -2 mm. 

Length of capitulum, 4 mm.; of peduncle, 5-6mm. Breadth, 2 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, peduncle and spaces between the 
valves yellowish-brown. 

Locality.—Durnford Point, N.W. 3? W., distant 12 miles (Zululand), 
90 fathoms. Many specimens on Vullogorgia mauritiensis. S.S. 
“Pieter Faure,” 28/2/01. (8.A.M., No. A 4110.) 

The specimens are completely overgrown by the coenenchyma and 
polyps, just as if they were the horny axis of the Gorgonian itself. 
Consequently they are extremely difficult to distinguish from the 
short branches of the latter. In fact it was only by an accident, 
while removing some sessile barnacles, that I became aware of them. 
After that I searched carefully all the Gorgonaceae in the collection, 
but failed to find any further specimens either on the other specimens 
of Villogorgia or on any other forms. 

To the protection afforded by the spicules of the Gorgonian is 
evidently to be ascribed the reduction in the number and size of the 
valves and scales. 

Although there is no proper upper latus here between the scutum 
and carina unless the minute “ pin-point ” valve, noticed above as 
being occasionally present, be regarded as its representative, I think 
there is no doubt that this species is a true Smeliwm in process of 
simplification owing to its protected habitat. It confirms the views 
of Hoek (loc. cit., 1907, p. 63) and Pilsbry (loc. crt., 1908, p. 109) that 
there is an inherent tendency in the scalpelliform barnacles towards 
reduction of the valves. Hoek considers Mitella (Pollicipes), with 


16 Annals of the South African Museum. 


many plates, older than Scalpellum with fewer ; and Pilsbry notes in 
the subgen. Arcoscalpellum the frequent reduction of the inframedian 
latus (see also remarks on phyllogeny in Broch, Vidensk. Medd. 
naturh. For., vol. lxxiti, 1922). 


Gen. SCALPELLUM Leach. 


1817. Scalpellum. Leach, Journ. de Physique, vol. lxxxv, p. 68. 


1851. sf Darwin, Monogr. Lepadid., p. 215. 

1883. be Hoek, Challeng. Rep., vol. vill, p. 59. 

1894. x Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xxvi, 
Nowe 

1905. - Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 23. 

1905. pe Annandale, Mem. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 1, pt. 5, 
TOs. Uae 

1906. "8 Annandale, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 
vol. xvu, p. 390. 

1906. 35 Gruvel, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, v, p. 271. 

1907. 2 Gruvel, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., vol. xxxii, No. 5-6, 
p. 158. 

1907. Hoek, Siboga. Exp. Monogr., 31a, p. 54. 

1907. - Pilsbry, Bull, Bur. Fish., vol. xxvi, p. 181. 

1907. oh Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, pp. 6, 18. 

1911. re Pilsbry, Bull. Bur. Fish., vol. xxix, p. 61. 

OUELE e Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 18. 

1912. * Gruvel, Bull. Inst. Oc. Monaco, No. 241, p. 1. 

1913. - Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. ix, pt. 4, p. 227. 


Only the chief references are given above; others will be found 
below where a comparison of the South African forms with extra- 
African forms is necessary. 

The following arrangement of the species is purely artificial and in 
nowise phyletic :— 


Key to the South African species. 


J, Valves perfectly calcified. 
A. Umbo of inframedian latus at base. 
1. Roof of carina convex. 
a. Carina angularly bent, umbo remote from apex. 
i. Upper latus quadrangular. Adult with accessory valves 

valvulifer Annand. 
ii. Upper latus quadrant-shaped, incised . . ornatum (Gray). 
iii. Upper latus triangular : 3 : : faurei n. sp. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 17 


6, Carina simply arched, umbo apical or sub-apical. 
i. Upper latus triangular, not incised, valves cancellate 
cancellatum 0. sp. 
ii. Upper latus quadrant-shaped, more or less incised. 
a, Carinal margin of carinal latus reflexed outwards 
subalatwm n. sp. 
B. Carinal margin not reflexed. 
* Carinal margin of carinal latus ridge-like, thickened. 
Valves striate : ¢ capense N. Sp. 
** Carinal margin not tnickened. Valves smooth 
agulhense n. sp. 
2. Roof of carina flat, square in section. 
a. Tergum scarcely projecting above apex of carina 
brachium-cancri, Welt. 
b. Tergum strongly projecting. : : porcellanum un. sp. 
3. Roof of carina bordered by more or less prominent ribs. 
a. Rostral latus low. 
i. Upper latus not longer than broad. 


a. Capitulum and peduncle smooth . . brevicaulis n. sp. 
6. Capitulum and peduncle setose 3 3 eumitos n. sp. 
ii. Upper latus longer than broad . : . *rutilum Darw. 
6. Rostral latus high. 
i. Rostrum very short . : é é . uncinatum n. sp. 
ii. Rostrum long . : .  natalense n. sp. 
B. Umbo of inframedian latus at or near Hehe middle . sinuatum Pilsbry. 
C. Umbo at the more or less acute apex. 
1. Rostral latus low : ; ; : 5 .  botellinae n. sp. 
2. Rostral latus high 6 : é : . micrum Pilsbry. 
II. Valves imperfectly calcified (Mespscalpellum\ : .  tmperfectum Pilsbry. 


Scalpellum valvulifer Annand. 
Scalpellum darwinn. Steenstrup MS. (name now preoce.). 


1910. Scalpellum valvulifer. Annandale, Vidensk. Medd. Naturf. 
Hor, Kibhrn:, 1910; p. 214, pl.3, figs: 15/2. 


The mandible sometimes has only 2 teeth besides the inner angle, 
which is not often merely bifid but has several minute denticles. 
Maxilla with the inner edge straight and scarcely any trace of a notch. 
Caudal appendages slender, as long as peduncle of 6th cirrus, tipped 
with 2 groups of 2-3 setae. Penis absent. 

In other respects there is nothing to add to Annandale’s description 
except that here the rostrum is perfectly visible and not at all con- 
cealed by the rostral latera. 


* Species preceded by an asterisk are not represented in the 8. African Museum 
collections. 


VOL. XX, PART l. ») 


i 


18 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Annandale says that “‘ the valvules appear to be split off from the 
valves rather than to arise from separate centres of calcification.” 
From an examination of cleared and mounted preparations I find 
that the valvules do arise from separate centres of calcification, 
although I would not deny that they may sometimes originate by 
splitting off. Owing to mutual pressure their margins are bound to 
correspond with those of the valves, and, consequently, the appearance 
of “‘ splitting off’ is produced. I have not been able to discover a 
single clear instance of splitting off, whereas in the membrane between 
two valves, the valvules, in different stages of growth, down to micro- 
scopic pin-points in size, can be easily discerned, and the centre of 
calcification is always midway between the 2 valves. The umbo of a 
valvule is thus central and growth proceeds concentrically. The pro- 
duction of secondary and tertiary sets of valvules proceeds on 
similar lines. 

Male.—One in a pouch under each scutum. Females with a 
capitulum length under 3-5 mm. did not contain any males, though 
the beginnings of the pouches were visible. Oval, -5 mm.x-3 mm., 
surface extremely minutely spinulose. Antennae very distinct, as 
also 2 or 3 sets of muscle strands crossing the walls. No internal 
structure visible other than the testis. Apex turned at right angles 
to the plane of the rest of the body, 7.e. projecting inwards from the 
scutum, with 4 small oval, subequal valvules. 

Length of capitulum, 6 mm.; of peduncle, 4mm. Breadth, 3 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, intervening membrane pale 
brownish. 

Locality.—Walker Point, N.E. by N.4N., distant 7 miles, 47 fathoms, 
many specimens ; Rockland Point, N.W. by W. $ W., distant 1 mile 
(False Bay), 22 fathoms, 3 specimens; St. Francis Bay, 26 fathoms, 
1 specimen; Knysna Head, N., distant 10 miles, 52 fathoms, several 
specimens; Cape Seal, W. by N. 4 N., distant 7 miles, 39 fathoms, 
several specimens; off Nanquas Peak (Algoa Bay), 40 fathoms, 
several specimens ; Cape Point, N.W. by W. 2? W., distant 23 miles, 42 
fathoms, 1 specimen; Duminy Point (off Saldanha Bay), HE. by N. 3 N., 
distant 8 miles, 87 fathoms, 5 specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 
11/10/00, 24/9/02, 2/3/99, 2/7/02, 20/4/06, 29/3/04, 6/6/00, and 
17/3/02. (S.A.M., Nos. A 307, A 303, A 3908, A 4090, A 4091—2-3, 
and A 4311 respectively.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—China Sea. (Annandale.) 

All the specimens are attached to worm-tubes, usually segregated 
in large numbers. They appear to monopolise the situation, as no 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 19 


other barnacles are fixed to these worm-tubes. The tubes of No. A 307 
are several centimetres long, but scarcely 2 mm. in diameter, composed 
of a tough horny substance, externally iridescent, perhaps belonging 
to some species of Chaetopterid ; other tubes are those of Telepsavus 
costarum, also a Chaetopterid. 

The following outline of the life-history has been pieced together 
from a study of the numerous specimens of No. A 307. Although 
there are a large number of small, medium, and large-sized individuals, 
there are very few of the smallest size showing the very early changes. 
There are also only a few recently attached Cypris-larvae. 

Ova, Metanauplius and Cypris-larvae, were all found within the 
mantle cavity in various individuals. A brood seems never to exceed 
30 in number, all the individuals of which appear to develop at the 
same rate. No case of ova and Cypris-larvae in the same capitulum 
was discovered. 

The ova are oval, -5:3 mm. 

The Metanauplius measures -75 x -4 mm. 

The Cypris-larva is of about the same size as the Metanawplius and 
pale brown (preserved) in colour. 

JT was unable to find any Cypris-larva showing, while still within the 
mother, the primordial valves. It may be, therefore, that these are 
developed after the escape of the Cypris from the parental capitulum. 

A few recently attached Cypris-larvae were found. Those destined 
to become females are attached to the worm-tubes; but the male 
Cypris attaches itself to the occludent margin of the scutum of speci- 
mens about 3 mm. in length. No difference in size or shape between 
3 and 2 Cypris could be detected, such as Stewart (1911, Mem. Ind. 
Mus., vol ili, pt. 2, pp. 37, 38, pl. iv, figs. 1-4) has recorded in 
S. squamuliferum. 

The earliest stage found, in which the beginnings of the valves 
are visible, measures in total length 1 mm. The Cypris-shell has just 
been cast off. The primordial valves have been extended beyond 
their original limits, the carinal and upper latera are distinct, and there 
are traces of the inframedian latera and rostrum. 

Second stage (these stages do not, of course, necessarily correspond 
with the periods between successive ecdyses).—Capitular length, 
‘9mm. All the valves present except the rostral latera, but on 
this point the specimen does not afford very clear evidence. 
Upper latera square. Inframedian latera oval. No peduncular 
plates. 

Third stage.—Capitular length, -9-1 mm. Four peduncular plates, 


20 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the 2 largest on the carinal side, 2 smaller lateral ones extending round 
and almost meeting below rostrum. 

Fourth stage.—Capitular length, 1-2 mm. A second row of 
peduncular plates developed, consisting of 1 rostral, | carinal, and 
1 on each side, thus alternating with the primary row. Upper latus 
with the lower margin differentiated into 2 facets abutting one against 
the inframedian, the other against the carinal latus. The former 
oblong, higher than wide. Primordial valve of tergum very prominent 
at this stage and projecting beyond the occludent margin. 

Fifth stage.—Capitular length, 2-5 mm. By this time the valves 
have attained their normal shape, and several rows of peduncular 
plates have been developed. The primordial valve of the tergum 
has ceased to project owing to the extension of the occludent margin 
of the valve. 

Sixth stage.—Capitular length, 3-3-5 mm. Specimens smaller 
than this do not contain males. But there are a few specimens of 
this size, each with a Cypris-larva attached to the occludent margin 
of the scutum. 

Seventh stage.—Capitular length, 4:5 mm. The first series of 
valvules now begins to appear. Breeding also seems to begin at this. 
stage, no ova or larvae being found in specimens oflesssize. Secondary 
and tertiary series of valvules are developed only in the largest 
specimens. 


Scalpellum ornatum (Gray). 


1848. Thaliella ornata. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, pt. 16, 
p. 44. (Annulosa plate.) 

1851. Scalpellum ornatum. Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 244, pl. 6, 

figs 

1910. ‘3 E. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 567. 

Umbones of the rostral and carinal latera projecting only slightly 
beyond the profiles of rostrum and carina in all the specimens 
except those from Gordon’s Bay. The ridges on the upper latus 
and carina vary, being in some very distinct, in others barely 
distinguishable. 

Mouth-parts as described by Darwin. Anterior ramus of Ist cirrus 
very little shorter than posterior, both 6-jointed. Caudal appendages 
equal to width of peduncle of 6th cirrus, oval, with minute spinules 
on margins but no long spines on the blunt apex. (Darwin says there 
are 4 such spines.) No penis. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 21 


Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval, -75x-4 mm.; surface 
very minutely spinulose, apex with 4 small oval valvules, 2 
larger than the other 2, antennae as described by Darwin. Testis 
distinct, but there is no trace of the eye or any thoracic or abdominal 
appendages which Darwin says he found in a dried specimen. Either 
the preservation of the specimen led Darwin to a faulty observation, 
or, what seems more likely, he examined 3 in which the degeneration 
of the appendages had not proceeded so far as in the present specimens. 
Hoek has observed and figured 3 stages of the ¢ of velutinum (1883, 
Challeng. Rep., vol. vin, p. 98, pl. ix, figs. 7-9) showing this retro- 
gression. 

Larval forms: ova, Metanauplic and Cypris-larvae were found in 
some individuals within the mantle cavity. In one specimen, ova in 
an undifferentiated stage were found, together with a few Cypris- 
larvae. Size of Cypris-larva, -8x-4 mm. Brood not exceeding 30 
in number. 

Length of capitulum, 6-5 mm.; of peduncle, 2-5 mm. Breadth, 
4mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—32° 45’ S., 28° 26’ E. (off Cape Morgan), 36 fathoms, 
2 specimens on a Hydroid; 33° 6’ 8., 28° 11’ E. (off East London), 
85 fathoms, 1 specimen on a Hydroid; Sandy Point, N.E. by N., 
distant 6 miles (off Cape Morgan), 51 fathoms, 1 specimen on a 
Hydroid; Cape Morgan, N. 4 W., distant 10 miles, 77 fathoms, 
7 specimens on Hydroid; Cape St. Francis, N.E. by E., distant 32 
miles, 74 fathoms, 1 on a Hydroid with S. uncinatum. 8.8. “ Pieter 
Faure,” 12/1/99, 28/1/99, 14/8/01, 26/7/01, and 19/2/02 respectively. 
Also Gordon’s Bay in False Bay, 10 fathoms. (8.A.M., Nos. A 5906, 
A 4085, A 4088, A 4049, A 4103, and A 4398.) 

Distribution.—Algoa Bay. (Gray.) 

Aberration (Plate I, fig. 3).—One specimen taken in the same haul, 
and on the same specimen of Hydroid as No. A 3906 above, presents 
a curious condition, and would undoubtedly have been considered a 
different species had it occurred by itself. 

All the plates are like those of the typical ornatum, except the rostral 
and inframedian latera and the carina. This latter has the umbo 
quite apical although the apex reaches to the same point on the tergum 
as does the apex (not the umbo) in the typical form. The rostral 
latus is much larger, though of the normal shape, having grown 
inwards so far that its upper angle touches the upper latus and thus 
separates the scutum and inframedian latus. This-latter valve has 


22 Annals of the South African Museum. 


diminished in width to accommodate the rostral latus, so that it is 
nearly 4 times as high as wide, umbo at the basi-rostral angle as in the 
normal ornatum. 

This specimen may, of course, prove to belong to a separate species 
when more material is dredged, but for the present I prefer to place it 
here. 

Length of capitulum, 5 mm.; of peduncle,2 mm. Breadth, 3 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—32° 45’ 8., 28° 26’ E. (off Cape Morgan), 36 fathoms, 
1 specimen on a Hydroid with typical ornatum. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 
12/1/99. (S.A.M., No. A 322.) 


Scalpellum faurei n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 4.) 


Capitulum subquadrangular, occludent and carinal margins slightly 
convex, subparallel, with 13 or 14 closely fitting valves ; all the valves 
finely striate radiately, covered by a very fine cuticle sparsely clothed 
with short and very fine hairs. 

Scutum trapezoidal, lateral margin straight. 

Tergum, scutal margin longer than occludent margin, acute, not 
recurved. 

Upper latus triangular, tergal and scutal margins subequal, carinal 
margin slightly excavate at base for reception of the apex of carinal 
latus. 

Carina not strongly arched below umbo, but here bent almost at 
right angles, intraparietes very prominent, faintly striate, roof convex, 
sides wide at base, rapidly narrowing towards umbo, 2 striae rather 
stronger than the others form slight dorso-lateral ridges from umbo ° 
but not reaching base. 

Carinal latus triangular, umbo meeting its fellow below base of 
carina but not prominent, rostral margin concave. 

Inframedian latus narrow, high, curved, umbo at base, widening 
slightly upwards, apex acute touching upper latus. 

Rostral latus triangular, nostral margin short, scutal longer than 
basal margin, apex not touching upper latus. 

Rostrum either absent or, if present, scarcely visible externally, 
minute, elongate oval, situate in middle of the suture between the 
rostral latera on the inside. 

Peduncle short with 7 rows of 4-5 closely imbricated scales. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 23 


Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, lst more distant from 2nd than 2nd from 3rd, 
a few minute denticles on outer margin of 2nd and 3rd, inner angle 
subacute, denticulate. 

Maxilla with a notch between the outer 4 unequal spines and the 
inner 6. 

Outer maxilla ovate, setose. 

First cirrus, the 7-jointed, posterior ramus a little longer than the 
6-jointed anterior ramus, neither strongly expanded. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 5 pairs of setae, increasing in 
length distally. 

Caudal appendages half length of 6th cirrus, 1-jointed, tapering, 
apex subacute, setose. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval, -5-3 mm.; surface 
extremely minutely spinulose, antennae nearly at inner end, apex 
with 4 valvules, the larger 2 oval, the smaller subcircular. A trace of 
the cirri can just be discerned. 

Larvae in an early Metanauplius stage, showing the Ist antennae 
and rudiments of the cirri, but no trace of any other appendages ; 
also in another specimen, Cypris-larvae, -75x-4 mm., of typical 
structure. Both stages found within the mantle cavity, less than 
20 in number. 

Length of capitulum, 6 mm.; of peduncle,2 mm. Breadth, 3 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Cape Morgan, N. 4 W., distant 10 miles, 77 fathoms, 10 

specimens on a dead Gorgonian stem and 1 juv. on a Melitodes-like 
Gorgonian; East London, N. ? W., distant 14 miles, 70 fathoms, 
2 juv. on Villogorgia muuritiensis; Sandy Point, N. + H., distant 
10 miles (off Cape Morgan), 95 fathoms, 5 juv. on Allopora 
nobilis. S.S. ~ Pieter Faure,” 26/7/01, 12/7/01, and 14/8/01. 
(S.A.M., Nos. A 4095 (the juv. specimen, A 4107), A 4106, and 
A 4299.) 
Closely allied to S. hoeki Gruvel (1902, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. viii, 
pt. 8, p. 290, pl. viii, figs. 6-9 and 16-20), but easily distinguished 
by the absence of ridges on the valves and the radiate direction of the 
striae, and by the rudimentary rostrum. Also the caudal appendages 
are here l1-jointed, not 3, as in Gruvel’s species from the Pacific 
Ocean. 


24 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Scalpellum cancellatum n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 5.) 


Capitulum ovate, carinal margin much more convex than occludent, 
with 14 closely fitting valves covered by an extremely fine cuticle, 
all the valves with close set radiate and more widely separated con- 
centric striae, giving a cancellate appearance. 

Scutum trapezoidal, lateral margin straight, a slight age from 
umbo to basi-lateral angle. 

_ Tergum, occludent margin nearly straight, scutal neg longer 
than occludent, apex acute. 

Upper latus triangular, carinal margin slightly convex, not emar- 
ginate, scutal margin slightly raised, rib-like. 

Carina simply arched, umbo apical at about middle of tergum, 
sides wide basally, base rounded, roof convex with slight median, 
submedian and lateral ribs. 

Carinal latus triangular, umbo meeting its fellow below base of 
carina, carinal margin slightly thickened but not at all reflexed, 
rostal margin concave. 

Iniramedian latus narrow, linear, curved, umbo at base, almost 
under the basal margin of rostral latus; in one specimen there are 
4 radiate striae, in the other only 2; apex truncate, meeting both 
upper latus and basi-lateral angle of scutum. 

Rostral latus triangular, basal margin short, upper inner angle 
almost reaching upper latus, umbo slightly projecting, rostral margin 
very short. 

Rostrum small but distinct, sublinear, slightly wider above. 

Peduncele short, with 8 rows of 8-10 closely inbricated scales. 

Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth decreasing in size, inner angle subacute, 
denticulate. 

Maxilla, inner edge with a scarcely defined notch. Outer maxilla 
ovate, setose. 

First cirrus, rami subequal, the anterior 6-jointed, the posterior 
8-jointed, neither expanded. 

Kach joint of the other cirri with 4 pairs of long setae with a shorter 
pair below them. 

Caudal appendages 3 length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, 3-jointed, 
setose. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval-quadrangular, -5x-3 mm., 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 25 


surface very minutely spinulose, antennae nearly at inner end, apex 
with 4 (2 larger than the other 2) oval, feebly calcified valvules, testis 
distinct, no trace of cirri. 

Cypris-larva.—A small number in the mantle cavity, of typical 
structure, yellowish, -75-5 mm. 

Length of capitulum, 6-5 mm.; of peduncle, 2 mm. Breadth, 
3°75 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—36° 44’ 8., 21° 14’ E., 250 fathoms, 1 specimen on worm- 
tube with S. agulhense ; 36° 40’ S., 21° 26’ E., 200 fathoms, 1 specimen 
in a calcareous Polyzoan with S. subalatum. §.S. ‘“‘ Pieter Faure,” 
17/7/06 and 18/7/06. (S.A.M., Nos. A 3915 and A 4087.) 


Scalpellum subalatum n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 6.) 


Capitulum lanceolate, stout at base, with 14 closely fitting valves 
covered by an extremely thin cuticle, all the valves radiately striate 
and marked with more widely distant concentric striae, these latter 
being best developed on the carina. 

Scutum trapezoidal, occludent margin convex, lateral margin 
converging slightly at upper end, straight, a slight ridge from umbo 
to basi-lateral angle. 

Tergum, occludent margin straight, shorter than scutal margin, 
apex acute. 

Upper latus triangular, distinctly, though in a varying degree, 
notched at basal part of carinal margin for the reception of apex of 
carinal latus, 2 slight ridges from umbo to notch, one of them forming 
the scutal margin. 

Carina extending half-way up tergum, simply but strongly arched, 
umbo subapical, sides narrow above, widening below, bordered by 
slight ribs, base rounded, quadrate, roof convex with median and 
submedian ribs. 

Carinal latus triangular, rostral margin concave, carinal margin 
formed by a ridge which is strongly reflexed outwards. 

Inframedian latus moderately wide at base, then strongly con- 
stricted, then again widening gradually to the quadrate apex, umbo at 
the base, projecting laterally downwards and outwards over the 
peduncle, separated from rostral latus by a wing-like expansion. 

Rostral latus triangular, basal margin stout, umbo projecting, inner 


26 Annals of the South African Museum. 


apical angle widely separated from upper latus, rostral margin 
moderately short. 

Rostrum linear-ovate, slightly wider at base. 

Peduncle short, with 8 rows of 5 closely imbricated scales, the points 
of which are recurved outwards. 

Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth decreasing in size, inner angle subacute, 
denticulate. 

Maxilla with a small but distinct notch, outer spines 3, inner spines 
7 in number. 

Outer maxilla ovate, setose. 

First cirrus, rami subequal; the anterior 7-, the posterior 8-jointed, 
both slightly expanded. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 5 pairs of long setae and a pair of 
setules at base. 

Caudal appendages $ length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, 1-jointed, 
with 3—4 apical setae. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval, -6x-4 mm., surface 
minutely spinulose, antennae near inner end, apex without any trace 
of valvules, testis distinct, cirri just visible in one specimen but not 
in another. 

Cypris-larva.—A small number in the mantle cavity, of typical 
structure, yellowish, -8-5 mm. 

Length of capitulum, 5 mm.; of peduncle, 1:55 mm. Breadth, 
3 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—36° 40’ S., 21° 26’ E., 200 fathoms, 7 specimens on a 
calcareous Polyzoan with S. cancellatum; Great Fish Point, N.W., 
distant 9 miles, 57 fathoms, 4 specimens on a Polyzoan as above ; 
Cape St. Francis, N.E. by E. $ E., distant 36 miles, 70 fathoms, 
4 specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 17/7/06, 3/9/01, and 19/2/02. 
(S.A.M., Nos. A 3914, A 4097, A 4098.) 

Closely allied to S. capense, the distinguishing features being 
mentioned under that species. Also allied to cancellatum and agulhense. 


Scalpellum capense n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 7.) 


Capitulum oval, with 14 closely fitting valves, covered by a very fine 
cuticle, with short, moderately dense pile, all the valves rather 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 27 


strongly striate radiately, with more widely separated concentric 
lines of growth. 

Scutum trapezoidal, occludent margin convex, lateral margin 
straight, apex acute, a slight ridge from umbo to basi-lateral angle. 

Tergum, occludent margin convex, shorter than scutal margin, 
apex subacute, slightly recurved, a slight ridge from umbo to carino- 
basal angle. 

Upper latus subtriangular, with a notch in the middle of the carinal 
margin for the reception of the apex of carinal latus, 2 very slight 
ridges from umbo to notch. 

Carina extending nearly } up the tergum, simply arched, umbo 
apical, base V-shaped, roof convex with median and submedian ribs, 
sides flat, widening moderately downwards and bordered by slight 
ribs. 

Carinal latus triangular, as high as wide, rostral margin concave, 
carinal margin also concave, formed by a broad ridge which runs to 
the apex and narrows towards the umbo, which projects slightly 
and meets its fellow over the base of the carina. 

Inframedian latus narrow, at least twice as high as the width of 
the upper part, narrowing below and curving under the rostral latus, 
umbo at base, not projecting. 

Rostral latus triangular, lateral margin convex, scarcely any basal 
margin, rostral margin very short, umbo not projecting, inner apical 
angle nearly touching upper latus. 

Rostrum very small, triangular, widest below. 

Peduncle with 8 rows of 5-6 closely imbricated scales. 

Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth decreasing in size, outer margin of 2nd and 
3rd minutely denticulate, inner angle blunt, denticulate. 

Maxilla with a gap, but not a notch, between the outer 4 unequal 
spines and the inner ones. 

Outer maxilla broadly ovate, moderately setose. 

First cirrus, the 8-jointed posterior ramus slightly longer than the 
5-jointed anterior ramus, neither strongly expanded. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 4 pairs of long setae and a pair of 
setules below them. 

Caudal appendages ? length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, incompletely 
divided into 3 joints, each apically setose. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval, -6x-4 mm., surface 
minutely spinulose, antennae near inner end, apex with 4 feebly 


28 Annals of the South African Museum. 


calcified, subequal oval valvules, testis distinct, remains of cirri just 
visible. 

Seventeen ova, badly preserved, and in an undifferentiated stage. 

Cypris-larva.—Fifteen of normal structure in the mantle cavity, 
yellowish, -7 x -4 mm. 

Length of capitulum, 5mm.; of peduncle, 1:5mm. Breadth, 3mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Lion’s Head, N. 67° E., distant 25 miles (off Cape Penin- 
sula), 131-136 fathoms, 1 specimen; Lion’s Head, 8.E., distant 
22 miles, 10 specimens on Polyzoan. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 28/3/00 
and 6/3/00. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4105 and A 4312.) 

Near to S. subalatum, but distinguished by the recurved tergal apex, 
the shape of the upper latus, and the curving of the non-projecting 
umbo of the inframedian latus under the rostral latus, instead of the 
projecting umbo being separated from the rostral latus by a wing- 
like expansion, as in S. subalatum. 


Scalpellum agulhense n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 8.) 


This species is so close to hendersoni Pilsbry (1911, Proc. Ac. Nat. 
Sei. Philad., vol. lxiii, p. 172, fig. 1), from Florida Strait, that only the 
differences need be pointed out. 

The upper latus has the angle between its carinal and carino-lateral 
margins more obtuse, so that the latter margin is more oblique with 
the former margin and the valve appears more triangular. Also the 
margin opposing the inframedian latus is horizontal and the upper 
end of this latter valve is less angular. The roof of the carina is 
convex but tricarinate, 1 keel being median and 2 lateral; they 
are quite distinct, but rounded, and very prominent. The cuticle is 
rather thickly hirsute. 

The 5 specimens show little variation : the margin of the upper latus 
abutting against the carinal latus is distinctly concave in 2, nearly 
straight in the other 3 specimens ; in 3 the rostrum tapers below and 
does not reach the basal angles of the rostral latus, in the other 2 it 
is nearly linear and extends the whole length of the ventral margin 
of the rostral latus. 

Labrum subacutely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, outer margin of 2nd and 3rd with a few 
minute denticles, inner angle subacute, denticulate. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 29 


Maxilla with a notch separating the outer 4 unequal spines from 
the inner 6-7. 

Outer maxilla rather sparsely setose. 

First cirrus, rami subequal, both 7-jointed, not strongly expanded. 
Each joint of the other cirri with 5 pairs of setae increasing in length 
distally. 

Caudal appendages ? length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, 1-jointed, 
tapering, apex subacute, setose. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval, -7x-4 mm.; surface very 
minutely spinulose, antennae nearly at inner end, apex with 4 small 
valvules, 2 larger than the other 2, a trace of the degenerating cirri 
still visible. 

Fourteen ova in an undifferentiated stage in the mantle cavity. 

Length of capitulum, 5-5mm.; of peduncle, 2mm. Breadth, 3 mm. 

Colour.—tIn spirit, white. 

Locality.—36° 44’ 8., 21° 14’ E., 250 fathoms, 4 specimens on an 
Annelid tube with S. cancellatum; 34° 27' S., 25° 42’ K. (off Cape 
Recife), 256 fathoms, | specimen on an Annelid tube. S8.S. “ Pieter 
Faure,” 18/7/06 and 14/11/98. (S.A.M., Nos. A 3912 and A 4096.) 


Scalpellum brachium-cancrt Welt. 
(Plate I, fig. 10.) 

1922. Scalpellum brachiwm-cancri. Weltner, Wiss. Erg. Deutsch. 
Tiefsee Hxp., vol. xxii, pt. 2, p. 65, text-fig. 1, 'pl. ui, fig. 2. 

Capitulum ovoid, apically rounded, with 14 slightly separated valves 
covered with an extremely fine cuticle, all the valves rather 
strongly striate radiately. 

Scutum pentagonal, occludent margin slightly convex, lateral 
margin straight, apex acute, slightly recurved. 

Tergum, occludent margin strongly convex, apex subacute, strongly 
recurved, not projecting much beyond carina. 

Upper latus nearly rectangular, slightly wider than high, a rib 
slightly more prominent than the other striae, from umbo to basi- 
carinal angle. 

Carina simply and strongly arched, extending nearly to apex of 
tergum, umbo apical, sides narrow, at right angles to the roof, which 
is flat with a faint median rib, base quadrate. 

Carinal latus triangular, umbo meeting its fellow below base of 
carina, but not prominent, basal and rostral margins subequal, the 
latter concave, apex rounded. 


30 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Inframedian latus curved, expanding upwards from an acute basal 
umbo, rostral margin concave, upper margin scalloped due to the 
striation. 

Rostral latus small, basal and scutal margins subparallel, umbo not 
projecting. 

Rostrum triangular, equilateral, widest at base. 

Peduncle with 8 rows of 5 rather widely separated scales. 

Labrum subacutely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, Ist far removed from and much larger than 
2nd and 3rd, inner angle subacute, denticulate. 

Maxilla with a notch separating the 3 outer unequal spines from the 
inner ones (ca. 10). 

Outer maxilla oval, setose. 

First cirrus, the 7-jointed posterior ramus longer than the 5-jointed 
anterior one, both rather strongly expanded and setose. 

Each joint of the outer cirri with 4 pairs of long setae. 

Caudal appendages nearly as long as peduncle of 6th cirrus, 1-jointed, 
with a thick apical tuft of setae. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in one of the scutal pouches, the other pouch empty. 
Oval, -5-3 mm., surface very minutely spinulose, antennae near 
inner end, apex with 4 subequal small oval valvules, testis distinct, 
no trace of cirri. 

Cypris-larva.—About 2 dozen in the mantle cavity, of typical 
structure, yellowish, -75x<-5 mm. 

The 2 is preparing for another moult, as shown by the new cuticle 
within the old in the appendages. 

Length of capitulum, 10mm. ; of peduncle,4mm. Breadth, 6-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, intervening membrane pinkish. 

Locality.—Cape St. Blaize, N. by E. 4 E., distant 68 miles, 105 
fathoms, 1 specimen. S.S. “Pieter Faure,” 21/2/02. (S.A.M., 
No. A 329.) 

The “ Pieter Faure”’ specimen is obviously identical with the 
“Valdivia ’’ specimens described by Weltner. The plates, however, 
differ slightly in shape, and the scales of the peduncle are farther 
apart than in Weltner’s figure. I have, therefore, thought it worth 
while to figure my specimen. 

Weltner found his specimens on the backs of the crab Scyramathia 
hertwigi Dofl. captured on the Agulhas Bank at 250 fathoms. The 
S.A. Museum specimen is a detached specimen without any record 
as to the object on which it was found. I have examined all the 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 31 


specimens of Scyramathia (and other crabs) in the museum collection, 
but have failed to find any more specimens. 

It is curious to find barnacles on the back of Scyramathia, which 
seems to be invariably coated with a sponge (Lissodendoryz) ; and, 
indeed, the presence of this crab on the Agulhas Bank is exceptional. 
It was never taken east of Cape Point by the s.s. “ Pieter Faure,” but 
was found to be a characteristic species on the West coast. 


Scalpellum porcellanum un. sp. 
(Plate I, fig: 9.) 


Capitulum ovate, both margins convex, with 14 closely fitting valves 
covered by an extremely thin cuticle, valves smooth or with very faint 
striae, growth-lines distinct. 

Scutum trapezoidal, lateral margin straight, umbo slightly recurved. 

Tergum large, triangular, occludent margin convex, shorter than 
the other margins, apex subacute. 

Upper latus quadrangular, nearly square, basal margin feebly 
biconcave. 

Carina simply arched, umbo apical, base rounded, roof flat, bordered 
by slight acute ridges, a faint median ridge, sides narrow, at right 
angles to roof, concave, bordered by a ridge. 

Carinal latus triangular, slightly wider than high, umbo somewhat 
projecting, rostral margin slightly concave. 

Inframedian latus twice as high as its greatest width, which is 
near apex, slightly constricted above the basal umbo, scutal angle 
bevelled off. 

Rostral latus twice as wide as high, umbo at upper angle of rostral 
margin. Rostrum extending whole length of rostral latera, narrow, 
widest above where it is rounded; in younger specimens nearly as 
wide across the top as long. 

Peduncle incomplete. 

Labrum subacutely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, 1st largest and farther from 2nd than 2nd 
from 3rd, outer margin of 2nd and 3rd minutely denticulate, inner 
angle subacute with 5-6 denticles ; the 2nd tooth is absent on one of 
the mandibles of the specimen examined. 

Maxilla with a distinct notch separating the outer 4 unequal spines 
from the inner ones. 

Outer maxilla rather broadly ovate, moderately setose. 


32 Annals of the South African Museum. 


First cirrus, the 7-jointed posterior ramus longer than the 5-jointed 
anterior ramus, neither strongly expanded. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 3 pairs of moderately long setae 
and a pair of setules below. 

Caudal appendages } length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, slender, 
1-jointed, apex blunt with 3-4 setae. 

- No penis. ; 

No male was found. The larger specimen appears still immature. 

Length of capitulum, 4mm. Breadth, 2 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N.H. + N., distant 18 miles, 135 fathoms, 
2 specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 27/2/02. (S.A.M., No. A 3925.) 

Closely allied to S. molliculum, Pilsbry, 1911, and laccadivicum 
Annand., 1906. Under the latter, Annandale (1913) includes sub- 
flavum Annand., 1906, and polymorphum Hk., 1907. The present 
species is distinguished by the perfectly calcified valves, median ridge 
on the carina, greater prominence of the umbo of carinal latus, and by 
the well-developed rostrum. 


Scalpellum brevicaulis n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 11.) 


Capitulum ovate, very stout basally, with 14 closely fitting 
valves covered by an extremely thin cuticle, all the valves rather 
strongly striate radiately, the margins of the valves being consequently 
crenulate. 

Scutum trapezoidal, occludent margin slightly convex. 

Tergum, occludent margin slightly convex, shorter than scutal 
margin, apex acute. 

Upper latus subtriangular, only a slight angle between basal and 
carinal margins. - 

Carina simply arched, umbo apical, sides moderately broad, roof 
striate, flat, between 2 prominent but rounded ribs, which reach 
farther down than the centre of the roof, the base being thus V-like 
incised. . 

Carinal latus of unusual form, V-shaped, the umbo at apex of V, 
not projecting very much beyond carina, the “ outer arm” of the V 
forming a normally shaped valve, triangular, rostral margin straight, 
rather longer than basal margin, the “inner arm” growing into the 
excavate base of the carina where it meets its fellow, triangular, 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 33 


striate like the rest of the valve; in dorsal view the 2 valves look 
like a W and are of similar form to those of S. parallelogramma Hk., 
1883. 

Inframedian latus large, subquadrangular, sides slightly concave, 
apex broadly and somewhat obliquely rounded, umbo in middle of 
base, whence 2 slight ridges radiate to either side. 

Rostral latus fully seen only in ventral view, subtriangular, rostral 
and basal margins confluent, upper inner angle far removed from upper 
latus. 

Rostrum triangular, equilateral, widest at base. 

Peduncle characteristic, very short, uppermost circle of plates con- 
sisting of 1 below, and of about the same width as, the carina, its 
carinal margin concave on either side of a median point, and 1 on 
either side meeting one another below the rostrum, all 3 plates verti- 
cally (in long axis of peduncle) striate; the 2nd row also consisting 
of 3 plates in similar positions, but the lateral plates reach only half- 
way round the peduncle; 3rd row similar, but the lateral plates 
extending still less round the sides; below this is a 4th row of 2-3 
irregular plates on the carinal side. 

Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, Ist largest, outer margin of 2nd and 3rd 
minutely denticulate, inner angle subacute, denticulate. 

Maxilla, inner edge with a scarcely defined notch. 

Outer maxilla ovate, setose. 

First cirrus, rami subequal, the anterior 7-, the posterior 8-jointed, 
neither strongly expanded. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 4 pairs of long setae, each with a 
short setule at base, and a pair of setules near base. 

Caudal appendages 4 length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, stout, apex 
subacute with 3 setae, margins extremely minutely spinulose. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Oval, -4-2 mm., surface very 
minutely spinulose, antennae near inner end, no trace of valvules or 
cirri, testis distinct. 

The larger specimen contained eggs in an early stage of segmentation. 
The smaller specimen contained 8 embryos in an early Cypris-stage. 
The antennae and the abdomen with its cirri are well developed, 
but the bivalve shell is not yet fully chitinised and is rather thick, 
its 2 component membranes still containing numerous (yolk ?) 
granules ; the embryos are still surrounded by the chorion and measure 
“4-25 mm. 

ViO lee XeXeu PART ls 3 


34 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Length of capitulum, 4mm. ; of peduncle,-75mm. Breadth, 2mm.; 
basal width, side to side, 1-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Algoa Bay, 36 fathoms, 2 specimens on a flabelliform 
calcareous Polyzoan. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,’’ 25/9/01. (S.A.M., 
No. A 3926.) 

This species is closely allied to S. parallelogramma Hk., 1883, from 
the 8. Atlantic, 600 fathoms, with which it shares the peculiarity of 
the V-shaped carinal latus. Hoek remarks that the valve appears as 
if “‘ formed of 2 valves united together.” It differs from this species, 
however, chiefly in size, in the rostrum, in all the valves being dis- 
tinctly striate, and in the presence of scales on the peduncle. The 
arrangement of these latter is very curious. ; 


Scalpellum eumitos n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 12.) 


Capitulum, occludent margin nearly straight, carinal margin 
strongly convex, with 14 closely fitting valves, covered by a pale 
yellowish cuticle with a short thick pile which becomes longer on the 
carina, all the valves radiately striate, the lines of growth moderately 
distinct ; the striation, however, issomewhat variable ; in the specimens. 
on Trochocyathus it is quite strong on all the valves, but in those on 
Dendrophyllia it is very feeble, although traces of it are always to be 
found on the carina, carinal latera, and inframedian latera; where 
the striae are not visible, the growth-lines still retain indications of 
them by being irregularly crenulate or lamellate like the outside of 
an Avicula oyster. In young specimens 2 mm. long the valves are 
smooth. 

Scutum pentagonal, basal and lateral margins subequal, but 
proportions variable, both sometimes slightly concave, margin 
abutting against inframedian latus always short. 

Tergum, occludent margin straight, equal to or slightly shorter than 
scutal margin, apex acute. 

Upper latus subtriangular, or more correctly pentagonal, the lower 
margin biconcave. 

Carina simply but more or less strongly arched, umbo apical, sides 
moderately wide below, narrowing upwards, base rounded, roof convex : 
with a narrow median groove between rounded ribs slightly more | 
prominent than the other striae, intraparietes also striate. 

Carinal latus triangular, carinal margin more or less strongly 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 35 


concave, umbo projecting and meeting its fellow over base of carina, 
rostral margin concave. 

Inframedian latus subquadrangular, umbo at basi-rostral angle, 
slightly narrowing apically. 

Rostral latus triangular, wider than high, not meeting upper 
latus. 

Rostrum small but distinct, subtriangular or subquadrate. 

Peduncle with 10 rows of 7-8 closely imbricated scales, the inter- 
vening cuticle thickly clothed with long hairs. 

Labrum acutely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, Ist largest, outer margin of 2nd and 3rd 
minutely denticulate, inner angle subacute, denticulate. 

Maxilla, inner edge without a netch. 

Outer maxilla somewhat quadrate, setose. 

First cirrus, the 10-jointed posterior ramus longer than the 7-jointed 
anterior one, neither strongly expanded. 

Kach joint of the other cirri with 3 pairs of long setae and a pair of 
setules below them. 

Caudal appendages ? length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, slender, 
1-jointed, apically setose. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Ovate, tapering a little 
posteriorly, | mm.x-6 mm., surface minutely spinulose, antennae 
nearly at inner end, apex with 4 small oval valvules (2 slightly larger 
than the other 2), testis and muscle-fibres very distinct, no trace of 
cirri. 

Larval Stages.—Some of the 2 contained eggs in an early stage of 
segmentation, others contained embryos in an early Cypris-stage. 
The Cypris-shell still thick and full of (yolk) granules, antennae and 
abdomen with its cirri developed, still surrounded by the chorion, 
‘9X °6 mm. 

Length of capitulum, 10 mm.; of peduncle, 4 mm. Breadth, 
5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, cuticle yellowish. 

Locality.— Vasco da-Gama Peak, N. 71° E., distant 18 miles (off 
Cape Peninsula), 230 fathoms, 1 specimen on a Trochocyathus coral ; 
Great Fish Point, N.W., distant 9 miles, 57 fathoms, 3 ad. and 6 juv. 
on a Dendrophyllia coral; Cape St. Blaize, N. by EH. 1 E., distant 67 
miles, 90-100 fathoms, 4 specimens attached in pairs to the rims of 
two Trochocyathus, their occludent margins inwards ; Nanquas Peak, 
N. ?8., distant 21 miles (Algoa Bay), 63 fathoms, 1 on Trochocyathus. 


36 Annals of the South African Museum. 


8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 4/5/00, 3/9/01, 22/12/99, and 23/9/01. (S.A.M., 
Nos. A 312, A 3909, A 4099, and A 4100.) 

A somewhat variable species bearing some resemblance to S. 
ornatum, except in the shape of the carina. 

Aberration.—A single specimen, No. A 3910 (Cape St. Blaize, 
N. by E. 3 E., distant 68 miles, 105 fathoms. 8.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 
21/2/02), without data as to attachment, agrees in all respects 
with the typical form except in two or three points. In the 
typical form the upper latus is wider than high, the tergal margin 
being longer than the scutal margin, and the inframedian latus is 
higher than wide. In this specimen the upper latus is as high as 
wide, the tergal and scutal margins being equal, the carinal margin 
thus more oblique and slightly notched, the whole valve more triangular 
than in the typical form. The inframedian latus is also as high as 
wide and more triangular in shape. Scutum trapezoidal. All the 
valves are strongly striate. 

A specimen from No. A 4099 is nearly intermediate between the 
last specimen and the typical form. 

Further evidence that this specimen is only an aberrant form of 
ewumitos, which has retained some of the youthful characters, is derived 
from a study of a long series of juvenile specimens. Most of these 
were taken from lot A 3909, but some of the other lots also provided 
specimens. It will be simplest to describe them according to size, 
beginning with the smallest and youngest stage. These stages must 
not, of course, be taken as corresponding with the stages between 
successive ecdyses. 

A Cypris-larva, recently attached, measures 1 mm.x-6 mm., and 
is nearly ready to cast off the Cypris-shell. The primordial scuta, 
terga, and carina are developed, and also the carinal latera and upper 
latera. Each of these latter plates is represented only by a minute 
circular point. Below them is another similar minute calcified point, 
which probably represents the inframedian latus as it is situated in the 
position later occupied by this valve. There are no traces of the 
rostral latera. It will be remembered, in connection with this last 
point, that in Smaliwm pollicipedoides the inframedian latus was the 
last valve to be formed. 

The primordial valves have the same perforated structure as repre- 
sented in Hoek’s figure of the young of S. stearnsi (Siboga Exp. 
Monogr., 314, pl. vi, figs. 11 and 12). Hoek does not describe the 
structure, but it seems to be exactly similar to that of the 2 larger 
valvules of the $ of S. botellinae n. sp., described below (p. 45). 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 37 


The figures of the young Cirripede given by Darwin, Gruvel, and in 
MacBride’s Text-book of Embryology, vol. 1 (to quote only those 
accessible to me), show the primordial valves as reticulated, but 
except in Darwin’s Monograph no description is appended. Hoek’s 
magnified fig. 12 is a very good representation of the structure, but 
the shading within the circles should have been omitted, as it gives 
them the appearance of shiny raised warts or granules instead of 
perforations. Kriiger (1911, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas., p. 20) speaks of 
these valves in S. stearnsi as “ sieve-like.”’ 

Whether these primordial valves at this stage consist merely of 
chitin, as in Darwin’s description, or are calcified, 1 am unable to say, 
as there is not enough material. They appear to be calcified, but 
later they certainly are impregnated with lime, though they still 
retain their porous nature and are clearly visible in a specimen of 
7 mm. capitular length. 

It will be seen that the above description differs from that given 
by Darwin for Lepas australis (Monogr. Cirrip. Lepadidae, p. 22; 
Balanidae, p. 129, pl. xxx, figs. 3, 3a). 

The second stage measures 1-5 (total length) x-6 mm.—Here the 
primordial valves have been considerably extended by non-porous 
additions. The upper latus is rectangular in shape, with the carinal- 
basal angle rounded off. The inframedian latus is oval. Carinal latus 
well-developed, but the rostral latus is only just beginning to be 
developed. Rostrum apparently absent, but as there is only 1 specimen 
in this stage, its presence or absence must be left undecided. Lateral 
and basal margins of the scutum confluent. A ring of 4 plates on 
the peduncle, close up under the capitulum ; the one below the carinal 
latus projects outwards (dorsally) and downwards towards the point 
of attachment, and is longer than the lateral one below the inframedian 
latus (cf. Hoek’s figure of the young of S. stearnsz in loc. cit., pl. vi, 
fig. 11). 

Third stage, from 1-5-2 mm. (total length).—Lateral and basal 
margins of scutum forming an angle slightly over 90°. Inframedian 
latus more quadrate, but wider below than apically, thus sometimes 
subtriangular. Rostral latus developed but scarcely bigger than the 
rostrum. 

Fourth stage, from 2-3 mm.—Angle between the lateral and basal 
margins of the scutum bevelled off. Upper latus still with the tergal 
and scutal margins subequal; its basal-carinal angle bevelled off, 
straight or even slightly concave. Inframedian latus growing more 
rapidly above than below, the umbo consequently tending to approach 


38 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the base. Several rings of peduncular plates intercalated between the 
original 4 and the base of the capitulum. 

Fifth stage, 3 mm. upwards.—The margin of the scutum abutting 
against the inframedian latus becomes more marked and the upper 
latus wider in proportion to its height. 


Scalpelluin uncinatum nu. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 13.) 


Capitulum of 14 more or less closely fitting valves covered by a 
thickish, yellow, glabrous cuticle, growth-lines quite distinct, occludent 
margin straight, carinal margin convex. 

Scutum pentagonal, umbo slightly recurved, lateral and_ basal 
margins more or less concave, 2 very slight ridges diverging from umbo. 

Tergum triangular, occludent margin shorter than basal margin, 
apex acute. Upper latus wider than high, quadrangular; basal 
margin slightly concave or biconcave, | or 2 ridges (if 2, close together) 
running from umbo to basi-carinal angle. 

Carina simply but strongly arched, umbo apical or subapical, sides 
narrow, base rounded, roof flat between 2 prominent but rounded ribs. 

Carinal latus triangular, rostral margin straight or slightly concave, 
carinal margin more or less concave, umbo more or less projecting, 
sometimes straight, sometimes distinctly hook-like. 

Inframedian latus quadrangular, at least twice as high as wide, 
umbo at basi-rostral angle, sometimes rather prominent, with a more 
or less pronounced ridge from umbo to upper carinal angle, upper 
scutal angle sometimes bevelled off. 

Rostral latus about as high as wide, but variable, scutal margin 
more or less convex, rostral margin very short, umbo acute. 

Rostrum small, subtriangular or subquadrate. 

Peduncle with 12 rows of about 10 rather closely imbricated 
scales. 

Labrum subacutely produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, Ist largest, 2nd and 3rd subequal, inner 
angle subacute, denticulate. 

Maxilla, inner edge with a very slight and narrow notch. 

Outer maxilla somewhat quadrate. 

First cirrus, the posterior 8-jointed ramus longer than the 6-jointed 
anterior ramus, neither strongly expanded. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 4 pairs of long setae, each with a 
setule at base, and a pair of short setae below. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 39 


Caudal appendages } length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, short and 
stout, apex with 2 setae. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. Broadly oval, -9x-6 mm., 
surface minutely spinulose, antennae at inner end, apex with 4 
rather large oval valvules, 2 a little larger than the other 2, no trace 
of cirri. 

Cypris-larva.—About 15 specimens from one &, of typical structure, 
yellowish, 1 mm. x -6 mm. 

Length of capitulum, 6 mm.; of peduncle,4-5mm. Breadth, 4mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, cuticle yellowish. 

Locality—Nanquas Peak, N. ? W., distant 21 miles (H. of Algoa 
Bay), 63 fathoms, 10 specimens on a Hydroid ; 32° 45’ 8., 28° 26’ EH. 
(off Cape Morgan), 36 fathoms, 2 specimens; Glendower Beacon, 
N. 4 W., distant 16 miles (off Port Alfred), 66 fathoms, 3 ad. and 
5 juv. on a Hydroid ; Cape St. Francis, N.E. by E., distant 32 miles, 
74 fathoms, 10 juv. on a Hydroid; Umkomaas River, N.W. by 
W. 4 W., distant 5 miles (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 juv.; Scottburgh, 
N.W. by N., distant 8 miles (Natal), 92 fathoms, ljuv. 8.8. “ Pieter 
Faure,’ 23/9/01, 12/1/99, 10/9/01, 19/2/02, 31/12/00, and 7/3/01. 
(S.A.M., Nos. A 325, A 3907, A 4101, A 4102, A 4297, and A 4298.) 

A variable species allied to calcaratum and salartiae. 


Scalpellum natalense n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 14.) 


Capitulum with 14 closely fitting, smooth valves covered by a very 
thin cuticle, both margins convex. 

Scutum trapezoidal, occludent margin convex, umbo acute, recurved, 
lateral margin straight. 

Tergum triangular, occludent margin convex, apex acute. 

Upper latus quadrangular, nearly square, carinal margin longer 
than scutal, basal margin excavate for apex of inframedian latus. 

Carina simply arched, umbo apical, roof slightly concave between 
indistinct rounded borders, sides very narrow. 

Carinal latus subquadrate, much higher than wide, umbo at base 
meeting its fellow below the carina, rostral margin straight. 

Inframedian latus at least twice as high as wide, oblong, margins 
parallel, umbo at basi-rostral angle. 

Rostral latus triangular, about as high as wide, no basal margin, 
umbo at upper end of rostral margin. 


40 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Rostrum as high as rostral] latus, linear, slightly wider below, apex 
rounded. 

Peduncle short, with 6 rows of 5 moderately closely imbricated scales. 
Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 3 equidistant teeth, Ist slightly larger than 2nd and 
3rd, outer margin of 3rd very minutely denticulate, inner angle sub- 
acute, minutely denticulated. 

Maxilla, inner edge without a notch, but a gap between fie t 
unequal outer spines and the inner ones. 

Outer maxilla ovate, setose. 

First cirrus, the 6-jointed posterior ramus slightly longer than the 
5-jointed anterior ramus, neither strongly expanded, but rather 
densely setose. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 3 pairs of long setae, 1 pair of 
shorter setae below these, and below these again 1 pair of setules. 

Caudal appendages slender, $ length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, 
l-jointed, apex subacute with 2 setae. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in a pouch under each scutum. Oval, -4mm.x-2 mm., 
surface very minutely spinulose, antennae near the inner end, apex 
with 4 subequal, minute roundish-oval valvules; testis distinct, no 
trace of cirri. 

Cypris-larva.—12 specimens in the adult 9, of typical form and 
structure, -6 mm. x-3 mm., yellowish. 

Length of capitulum, 3-5 mm.; of peduncle, 1 mm. Breadth, 
1-75 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Tugela River, N. by W. 2? W., distant 21 miles (Natal), 
79 fathoms, 1 ad. and 1 juv. on a Hydroid. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 
9/1/01. (S.A.M., No. A 4104.) 

Close to S. valvulifer in the shape of the upper and inframedian 
latera, but distinguished by the shape of the carina, rostral latus, and 
rostrum. 


Scalpellum sinuatum Pilsbry. 


1907. Scalpellum sinuatum. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, 
p. 50, fig. 16. 


The identification of these specimens has caused me considerable 
difficulty, and other workers may differ from my conclusions. 

An account of the peculiar features will be given first, so that the 
relationships may be better appreciated. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 4] 


There are 6 specimens: 5 from one haul, designated here as (a), 
and | from another haul, approximately in the same locality, (6). 

The inframedian latus in (b) and 2 specimens of (a) is hour-glass 
shaped, about equally wide above and below, the upper margin con- 
cave, touching the upper latus, one corner touching also the scutum, 
umbo in the middle of the constriction. In 2 others of (a) it narrows 
from the base upwards, ending in a blunt apex in contact with the 
upper latus ; the 6th specimen (b) is similar to the last 2, but does not 
reach the upper latus. A microscopic examination shows, however, 
that in reality these subtriangular forms are hour-glass shaped with a 
median umbo, calcification having proceeded much more rapidly in 
the concave sides than at either end, thus obliterating the true shape 
when superficially examined. Thus this valve is variable in the 
ultimate shape it assumes, and the objection that we are here dealing 
with 2 separate species is shown to be invalid on this one ground 
alone, apart from other considerations. 

The second point concerns the rostrum, which is also very variable. 
In 2 specimens (a), of capitulum length 6 and 5 mm., it is a small 
triangular rudiment at the top of the rostral latera ; in one (a), length 
7 mm., it is narrow, tapering basally, and separating the rostral latera 
only in their upper half; in (d) it is similar to the last, but separates 
the rostral latera in their upper three-quarters ; lastly, in the other 
2 (a), lengths 6-5 mm. and 4 mm., it is of nearly equal width 
throughout, but slightly larger at the upper end, and separates the 
rostral latera for their entire length. It will be seen that degree of 
development of the rostrum cannot be correlated with the size and, 
therefore, the age of the specimen. Nor is there any correlation 
between the variability of the rostrum and the inframedian latus. 
Thus, of the 3 specimens with an hour-glass shaped inframedian latus, 
one has a rudiment of a rostrum, another has the rostral latera 
separated for half their length, and the third has them completely 
separated. 

In all other respects, with the exception of a reduction in the number 
of peduncular scales in the largest specimen, all the specimens are in 
perfect agreement with one another. 

The series is interesting in showing the simultaneous variation in 
2 valves, and also how easily there can be evolved a species permanently 
- lacking a rostrum and with a strong tendency to eliminate the infra- 
median latera, thus becoming only 11-valved. There are already a 
large number of species in which the rostrum is entirely absent or 
rudimentary ; and it is in the practical difficulty of separating these 


42 Annals of the South African Museum. 


two series that Gruvel’s 1905 classification appears so artificial. A 
definite stage in the evolution of Scalpellum would seem to be indi- 
cated by the loss of the rostrum. The next stage is the elimination 
of the inframedian latera which is nearing fulfilment in several species 
of the group Arcoscalpellum, as remarked upon by Pilsbry (1908, 
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. lx, p. 109). 

At first sight these specimens bear an extraordinary likeness to 
S. albatrossianum Pilsbry (1907, loc. cit., p. 54, fig. 19, and see Annan- 
dale, Illustr. Zool. Investigator, “‘ Crust. Entomostr.,” pl. 1, fig. 10), 
the only difference in the paired valves being the upper end of the 
inframedian latus (in the hour-glass form) : here it is concave, whereas 
in albatrossianum it is convex. This is so slight a difference, especially 
in view of the above-mentioned variability, that it would not suffice 
to separate the two but for the presence of the rostrum in the Cape 
specimens. 

This feature brings the specimen close to sinwatum, particularly to 
the young form figured by Pilsbry. This species has the upper end 
of the hour-glass-shaped inframedian latus concave, but, contrary 
to what is the case in the Cape specimens, the upper end is wider than 
the lower, especially in Pilsbry’s larger specimen. As regards the 
rostrum, 2 of the Cape specimens present exactly the same appearance 
as shown in Pilsbry’s figure. 

In size, the largest of the present specimens corresponds exactly 
with Pilsbry’s smaller specimen. 

The only question is whether the sinus in the upper latus of the 
larger type-specimen is normal or not. And this must wait for an 
answer until more N. Atlantic specimens are obtained. 

A comparison with tenwe Hoek, 1883, shows that the Cape specimen, 
which most nearly resembles this species in the inframedian latus, 
has a fully developed rostrum, whereas tenue has only a mere 
rudiment. ; 

On the whole, therefore, I think there is good reason for assigning 
these specimens to sinuatum. 

The difficulties of identification are shone by the fact that in the 
explanation to pl. iu, fig. 10, of Illustr. Zool. Investigator, S. tenue 
Annandale (non Hoek) (Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. Suppl. Rep., 
31, p. 142) is made a synonym of albatrossianum, whereas in a later 
publication (1913, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. ix, pt. 4, p. 230) it is made | 
synonymous with S. pacificum Pilsbry, 1907. 

Annandale thinks that this latter species is most closely related to 
albatrossianum and also with novae-zealandiae Hoek, 1883. Pilsbry, 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 43 


in describing albatrossianum, also refers to the likeness with Hoek’s 
species. 

Thus there is a very closely allied group of species, which later may 
be regarded only as varieties or local forms of one. They are tenue 
Hk. ; albatrossianum Pilsbry, 1907; pacificum Pilsbry, 1907 ; wood- 
masont Annandale, 1906; sinwatum Pilsbry, 1907; novae-zealandiae 
Hk., 1883, and perhaps also a few other species such as minutum Hk., 
1883, and australicum Hk., 1883. 

Details of the appendages are as follows :— 

Labrum bluntly produced. 

Mandible with 3 teeth, a minute secondary tooth between Ist and 
2nd varying in size on the two mandibles, inner angle acute, denticulate. 

Maxilla, inner edge with a gap, but no notch, between the 4 unequal 
outer spines and the inner ones. 

Outer maxilla ovate, setose “olfactory tubules ”’ very long, reaching 
to apex of maxilla. 

First cirrus, anterior ramus 6-jointed, posterior 8-jointed, subequal, 
joints expanded, almost moniliform, especially on the anterior ramus, 
setae on this latter ramus stout. 

Kach joint of the other cirri with 4 groups of 1 long seta and 1 short 
setule. 

Caudal appendages equal to peduncle of 6th cirrus, 4-joimted, each 
joint with an apical seta. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch. In one case 2 were found on the 
one side, both apparently in the same stage of development. Oval, 
-9 mm.x-5 mm., surface very minutely spinulose. Antennae in the 
middle of one side, so that when detached the little animal resembles 
a mushroom in shape. No trace of any valvules or cirri. Testis and 
the criss-cross series of muscle-fibres very distinct. 

Two of the specimens (6 mm.) contained a small number of ova in 
an undifferentiated stage of development. 

Length of capitulum, 7 mm.; of peduncle, 2-5 mm. Breadth, 
3 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N.H. by E. } E., distant 40 miles, 800-900 
fathoms, 1 specimen; Cape Point, N. 86° E., distant 43 miles, 900— 
1000 fathoms, 5 specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 14/7/03 and 
19/8/03. (S8.A.M., Nos. A 330 and A 381.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Hast Coast of N. America, 1731 fathoms 
(Pilsbry). 


44 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Scalpelluin botellinae n. sp. 
(Plate I, fig. 15.) 


Capitulum ovate, both margins convex, with 14 closely fitting 
valves covered by a very fine cuticle, all the paired valves (except the 
inframedian latus) faintly striate radiately, the striae some little 
distance apart. 

Scutum trapezoidal, lateral margin slightly convex, apical umbo 
acute, somewhat recurved, basal margin convex, a slight ridge more 
distinct than the other striae from apex to basi-lateral angle. 

Tergum triangular, occludent margin straight, much shorter than 
scutal, carinal margin excavate just below the acute apical umbo, 
ridge from umbo to basi-carinal angle very indistinct. 

Upper latus trapezoidal, basal margin very short. 

Carina simply arched, extending nearly to apex of tergum, umbo 
apical, roof flat between well-marked but rounded bordering 
ridges, base rounded quadrate, sides very narrow, without oblique 
grooves. 

Carinal latus quadrangular, rostral margin angularly convex, umbo 
bluntly and shortly projecting beyond carina, not meeting its fellow, 
there being an inner extension of the valve which joins that of the 
other side below the base of the carina, very much as in parallelo- 
gramma and brevicaulis. 

Inframedian latus subtriangular, scarcely higher than its basal 
width, umbo at the subacute apex, which meets the upper latus, sides 
concave. In the young the valve is more quadrangular, not having 
yet begun to expand at the base. 

Rostral latus trapezoidal, twice as wide as high, basal margin 
slightly longer than rostral margin. 

Rostrum distinct, rather stout, linear or dumb-bell shaped; in the 
young it is triangular, widest above and only separating the rostral 
latera in their upper half. 

Peduncle short, with 8 rows of 4 closely imbricated scales. 

Labrum obtusely produced. 

Mandible with 4 teeth besides the inner angle, the Ist largest, inner 
angle acute, minutely denticulate. In 1 specimen both mandibles 
have a 5th well-developed tooth between the 1st and 2nd. 

Maxilla, a very narrow gap separating the 4 outer unequal spines 
from the inner ones. 

Outer maxilla broadly ovate, setose. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 45 


First cirrus, the 8-jointed posterior ramus slightly longer than the 
7-jointed anterior ramus, neither strongly expanded but both rather 
densely setose. 

Each joint of the other cirri with 3 pairs of long setae, 1 pair of 
shorter setae, and below these | pair of setules. 

Caudal appendages entirely absent. 

No penis. 

Male.—One in each scutal pouch, very large in proportion to the 
size of the scutum, its inner end reaching almost to lateral margin 
of the valve. Oval, 1 mm.xX-6 mm., surface minutely spinulose, 
antennae near the inner end, apex turned inwards towards the other g, 
with 4 valvules, 2 of which are large, -2 mm. in diameter, roundish 
oval, the other 2 minute, no trace of cirri. The 2 larger valvules are 
perforated by a number of holes, appearing exactly like a tracheal 
“ sieve-plate ” in a plant, and resembling the structure of the primary 
valves described under S. ewmitos, and figured for S. stroemii by Hoek 
(Siboga Exp. Monogr., 31a, pl. vi, figs. 11 and 12). 

Cypris-larva.—Nine specimens in one 9, of typical structure, 
1 mm. x-5 mm., yellowish. 

Another 2 specimen possesses in one scutal pouch a fully developed 
$ and in the other a Cypris-larva. The latter has crept in head fore- 
most, as would be expected, and has not yet thrown off the Cypris- 
shell. 

Length of capitulum, 4 mm.; of peduncle, -75 mm. Breadth, 
2-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—Cape Natal, W. by N., distant 4 miles, 47 fathoms ; 
same bearings, distant 6 miles, 54 fathoms. Several specimens on 
the arenaceous Rhizopod Botellina pinnata Pearcey. S.S. “‘ Pieter 
Faure,” 14/12/00. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4108, A 4109.) 

This Rhizopod was found growing in enormous numbers in certain 
localities, forming the chief component of the bottom samples. Besides 
the Scalpellum, a sessile barnacle, solitary corals, an Alcyonarian, a 
compound Tunicate, Hydroids, Serpulae, and other worm-tubes were 
found using the Botellina as a support. 

S. botellinae is closely allied to S. vitreum Hk., 1883, but differs 
chiefly in size and in having a larger inframedian latus, a lower rostral 
latus, a well-developed rostrum, and in lacking the lateral grooves on 
the carina. 


46 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Scalpellum micrum Pilsbry. 


1907. Scalpellum micrum. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, 
p. 57, fig. 21. 

One specimen nearly twice the size of the type affixed to a Hydroid, 
with a smaller specimen (capitulum, 4-5 mm.) attached to its peduncle. 
Both specimens agree with Pilsbry’s description, except that the 
subcarinal margin of the carinal latus is slightly convex instead of 
concave. The peduncle of the larger specimen differs from that of 
the type in that it is longer relatively to the length of the capitulum, 
and has rather wide bare spaces betweenthescales. Whencompressed, 
however, it appears exactly as in Pilsbry’s figure, and like the type 
has 5 rows of 4 scales. Hach scale has a few short hairs on its lower 
surface. This difference in the relative length of the peduncle is most 
probably due to the method of preservation. 

Labrum strongly and subacutely produced. 

Mandible with only 2 teeth besides inner angle, Ist farther from 2nd 
than 2nd from inner angle, the latter trifid in the one mandible, bifid 
in the other. 

Maxilla, inner edge with a rather deep notch separating the . 
outer 3-4 spines from the 7-8 inner ones, 1-2 fine setules in the 
notch. 

Outer maxilla ovate, labial palp moderately slender, both setose. 

First cirrus, the 6-jointed anterior ramus shorter and stouter than 
the 9-jointed posterior ramus. 

Caudal appendages very minute, scarcely $ width of base of peduncle 
of 6th cirrus, 1-jointed, tipped with setae. 

Penis absent. 

Male.—One in a pouch under each scutum in the larger specimen, 
the smaller was not examined. Oval, -75 mm.x-5 mm., surface with 
extremely minute spinules. No internal structure, except a not very 
distinct testis. No trace of any valvules at the apex. 

The larger (2) specimen contained a small number of eggs. These 
are -5 mm.x-3 mm., and are in an early Metanauplius stage. At 
one end are 5 pairs of little buds, presumably incipient cirri, although 
it is very unusual for the posterior appendages to appear before the 
anterior ones. No trace of appendages at the other end can be 
perceived. 

Length of capitulum, 9 mm.; of peduncle, 455 mm. Breadth, 
4-5 mm. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 47 


Colour.—tIn spirit, white. 

Locality._-_East London, N.W. } N., distant 20 miles, 400-450 
fathoms, 2 specimens. §.S. “‘ Pieter Faure,” 17/4/01. (S.A.M., 
No. A 3911.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Between Bahamas and Cape Fear, N. Atlantic, 
294 fathoms (Pilsbry). 


Scalpellum imperfectum Pilsbry. 


1907. Scalpellum imperfectum. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 60, p. 75, fig. 30. 


The single specimen agrees with Pilsbry’s description and figure, 
except that the projection near the apex of the scutum is more acute— 
but not nearly so long and narrow as in S. sanctaebarbarae Pilsbry 
(loc. cit., p. 77, fig. 31)—and the basal margin of the upper latus is 
slightly emarginate. 

As remarked by Annandale (1913, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. ix, pt. 4, 
p. 233), this species and sanctaebarbarae are very close to gruveli 
Annand., 1906, and may possibly be only varieties of the last-mentioned 
species. This author makes S. chitenosum Hoek, 1907, a synonym 
of gruvelr. The differences between gruveli, sanctaebarbarae, and 
chitinosum are certainly very slight, but, on the other hand, imper- 
fectum seems to stand somewhat apart as regards the shape of the 
scutal tooth. 

Mouth-parts and appendages as described by Pilsbry. 

Male.—Two in each scutal pouch. Oval, 1-3 mm.x-75 mm., the 
surface rather thickly covered with small hairs. As in gruveli, the 
antennae are situate in the middle of one side. In other respects 
also there is scarcely any difference between these gg and those of 
the Indian Ocean species, as described by Stewart (1911, Mem. Ind. 
Mus., vol. iii, pt. 2). 

Length of capitulum, 25 mm.; of peduncle, 11 mm. Breadth, 
14 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, membrane pinkish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N.E. by E. 4 E., distant 38 miles, 755 
fathoms, 1 specimen. S.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 24/6/03. (S.A.M., 
No. A 282.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—East coast of N. America, 781-1230 fathoms 
(Pilsbry). 


48 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Gen. LITHOTRYA Sow. 


1822. Lnthotrya. Sowerby, Gen. Shells. 

1824. Intholepas. de Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. 

1825. Absia. Leach, Zool. Journ., vol. i. 

1825. Brismaeus and Conchotrya. Gray, Ann. Philos., N.S., vol. x. 
1851. Inthotrya. Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 332. 


1900. 3 Borradaile, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 798. 

1902. Ke Gruvel, Arch. Mus. Paris (4) IV, fase. 2. 

1903. Borradaile in Gardiner’s F. Mald. and Lacead. 
Archip., vol. i, pt. 4. 

1905. Be Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 96. 

1907. Ee Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 31a, p. 122. 

OME ms Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 6. 

1909. Ke Gruvel, Tr. Linn. Soc: Lond., vol. xin, pti 
pp. 23, 26. 

1912. Fe Gruvel, Bull. Mus. Paris, No. 6, p. 347. 


Lithotrya valentiana (Gray). 


1825. Conchotrya valentiana. Gray, loc. cit. 


1857. Lithotrya i Darwin, loc. cit., p. 371, pl. vin, fig. 5. 
1905. Ae a Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 101, fig. 113. 
1914. ~ (Conchotrya) valentiana. Annandale, Rec. Ind. 


Muses violeex, qb. 05) Ds 200. 


Length of peduncle not much more than the length of the capitulum 
measured along rostral margin of scuta; upper row of scales quad- 
rangular, contiguous, not serrate, lower edges overlapped by the next 
row, second and succeeding rows contiguous, overlapping the bases of 
the row above, scales subcircular, not serrate. 

No basal cup; 1 specimen, 7 mm. long, shows the attachment 
to a lateral disc, but the burrows were unfortunately not pre- 
served. 

Valves divergent and truncate apically, apical and basal width 
equal; thin, semi-transparent, the ridges moniliform in appearance. 
Scuta fitting into a deep groove in the terga. Terga with a groove, 
shallow in the larger, but more marked and rectangular in the smaller 
specimens ; internal growing surface of scuta and terga as figured by 
Darwin for L. truncata. The smaller specimens bear a distinct likeness 
to valentiana, and may serve to connect the two species as suggested 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 49 


by Darwin. Carina with strong ridge internally, the angles in the 
younger specimens sharper, 7.e. more rectangular, than in the older 
ones (again connecting truncata and valentiana) ; inner growing surface 
oblique to the long axis. Latera absent. Rostrum very narrow and 
short. 

Caudal appendages 3 length of 6th cirrus. Mandible with 6-7 
denticles between Ist and 2nd teeth, and 4 between 2nd and 3rd 
teeth. 

Length.—Up to 10 mm. 

Colour.—Brownish, peduncle lighter, valves purplish within. 

Locality.—Mozambique, November 1912 (K.H.B.), 4 specimens in 
coral rock at high-water mark. (8.A.M., No. A 2218.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Red Sea (Darwin), Zanzibar (Gruvel), Baluch- 
istan (Annandale). 


Fam. LEPADIDAE. 


1857. Lepadidae (part). Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 8. 
1905. Pentaspidae. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 102. 
1907. Lepadinae (subfam.). Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, 


pp. 3, 4. 

1909. Lepadidae (Lepadinae). Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, 
pt. 2, p. 63. 

LOL: Hi Kriiger, Beitr. Naturg. Ostas, p. 22. 


Key to the South African genera. 


1. Valves fully calcified, approximate. 

a. Carina extending up between terga. One or more filamentary appen- 
dages at base of Ist cirrus. Caudal appendages smooth . Lepas. 

6. Carina extending only to base of terga. No filamentary appendages. 
Caudal appendages spinose. 

i. Carina with the sides narrow throughout . : : Poecilasma. 
ii. Carina with the sides widening towards base : : Megalasma. 
2. Valves incompletely calcified, widely separated. 

a. Valves 5 or sometimes apparently 7 (the scutum being divided into two 
parts). Carina ending below in a disc, cup, or fork. No filamentary 
appendages. Caudal appendages present . é : Octolasmis. 

b. Valves 2-5, very small. Carina, when present, with upper and lower ends 
alike. With filamentary appendages. No caudal appendages 

Conchoderma. 
VOL. XX, PART 1. 4 


50 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Gen. LEPAS Linn. 


1758. Lepas (part). Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 667. 
1851. - ,, Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 67. 

1905. ,, Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 104. 

1906. ,, Annandale, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 1, p. 193. 
1907. ,, Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 79. 
1909. ,, Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 72. 
1910. ,, Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 563. 


In the Museum collection there are specimens of two species not 
recorded in Stebbing’s 1910 catalogue, both cosmopolitan :— 

Lepas anserifera L., from Table Bay and Algoa Bay. 

Lepas pectinata Darw., from Durban, on Spirula and Janthina shells. 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Carina terminating below in a fork, more or less distinctly developed. Valves 
not particularly thin. 
a. Valves more or less strongly striate radiately, especially the terga. 
i. Occludent margin of scutum arched, Peat Five filamentary 


appendages. : . anserifera L. 
. Occludent margin close to the idee from TAS to apex. One filamentary 


appendage 3 : : : 3 pectinata Darw. 
b. Valves smooth or only faintly striate. 
. Carina not markedly separated from scuta. 
a. An internal umbonal tooth on right scutum only : anatifera L. 
fp. Both scuta with a tooth . : : australis Darw. 
ii. Carina more or less prominently separted from scuta. 
a, Three filamentary appendages. Occludent margin convex. Terga 


not projecting ventrally : i A . halla (Leach). 

fp. Two filamentary appendages. @oaludent margin straight. Terga 
projecting ventrally. : : : testudinata Auriv. 

2. Carina terminating below in a flat oblone external disc, umbo angularly 
projecting. Valves thin and papery : é fascicularis, E. and S. 


Gen. POECILASMA Darwin. 


1844. Trilasmis. Hind’s, Voy. Sulphur. Mollusca. 

1848. Anatifa. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 44. 

1851. Poecilasma. Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 99. 

1884. Temnaspis. Fischer, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., vol. ix, p. 357. 

1888. Poecilasma. Hoek, Challeng. Rep., vol. viii, p. 43. 

1894. a Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xxvi, 
[Os fy 1D. 8): 

1905. 5 Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 113. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 51 


1907. Poecilasma. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 314, p. 3. 


1907. os Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 82. 
1909. oh Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 86. 
1911. % Kriiger, Beitr. Naturg. Ostas, p. 35. 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Capitulum compressed, narrow. Carina basally truncate . kaempferi Darw. 
2. Capitulum more or less bullate, broad. Carina ending below in a small em- 
bedded dise é c : . 5 : j : crassa (Gray). 


Poecilasma kaempfert Darwin. 


1857. Poecilasma kaempferr. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 102, pl. ii, fig. 1. 


1851. a aurantia. Darwin, zbid., p. 105, pl. i, fig. 2. 

1902. . kaempfert. Gruvel, Zool. Travaill. Talisman. 
Cirrhip., p. 46, pl. iv, fig. 1. 

1907. an dubium. Hoek, loc. cit., p. 6, pl. i, figs. 2-4; 
pl. x, figs. 1, a-d. 

1907. ne kaempfert. Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 84, pl. v, figs. 10, 
11; pl. vi, figs. 3-5. 

1907. as . subsp. litum. Pilsbry, abid., p. 85, 
pl. vi, figs. 1-2. 

1907. wy s subsp. novaeangliae. Pilsbry, ibid., 
p. 85, pl. vi, figs. 13-14. 

1907. “8 wnaequilaterale. Pilsbry, ibed., p. 85, pl. vi, 
figs. 6-8, 11, 12. 

1909. FB kaempferr. Annandale, loc. cit., p. 90, pl. vil, 


fig. 8, and Illustr. Zool. Investig., 
“Cr. Entomostr.,” pl. iii, fig. 1 


(1908). 
1911. ue a Kriiger, loc. cit., p. 36. 
1911. ie AS var. litwm. Kriiger, zbrd., p. 36, pl. 
il, figs. 24, 25; text-figs. 68-71. 
1911. ae . var. dubium. Kriiger, ibid., p. 37, 
pl. ii, fig. 26; text-figs. 72-76. 
1922. es RS var. aurantium. Weltner, Wiss. Erg. 
D. Tiefsee Exp., vol. xxiii, pt. 2, 
[Ds Cok 


A large number of specimens with the capitulum ranging from 
1-5mm.—14 mm.,all taken froma single specimen of Geryon quinquedens. 
The majority resemble the form litwm Pilsbry, with a strongly 
arcuate occludent margin. But a few are indistinguishable from 


52 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Pilsbry’s figures of :naequilaterale. There are many stages from the 
perfectly equivalve to the strongly inequivalve form. The width 
(from side to side) also varies, but is never as great as in P. crassa. 
Consequently I consider inaequilaterale as only a variety or subspecies 
of kaempferi. 

The surface sculpturing has the appearance of very fine wrinkling, 
the radial striae are never stronger than, though sometimes as strong 
as, the growth-lines. 

One specimen is remarkable in that the umbones of the terga are 
much less prominent, approximating to those of crassa; and, moreover, 
in that the terga and scuta are completely fused, though the dividing 
suture can still be traced, and the apices of the scuta project beyond 
the occludent margin as small acute points. 

Another specimen has very much reduced terga, and, consequently, 
the ratio of length to breadth is much greater. Both aberrant speci- 
mens are sculptured in the manner described above. 

Cirri as described by Darwin. 

Caudal appendages } to nearly 4 length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, 
apically setose. 

Penis with a short stalk, then widening abruptly (but not so wide 
and stout as in crassa), tapering to a fine point, on which is situate a 
dense tuft of setae ; the whole transversely rugulose and setose. 

Locality.—Cape Point, E. by N., distant 29 miles, 250-300 fathoms, 
many specimens, together with P. crassa on Geryon quinquedens ; 
Bufialo River, N., distant 15 miles, 310 fathoms, 4 specimens on Jasus 
parkert Stebb. §.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 27/8/03 and 24/4/01. (S.A.M., 
Nos. A 3902 and A 3913.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Japan, on Inachus kaempferi (Darwin: 
kaempferr) ; Madeira, on Homola cuvierti (Darwin: aurantia); Cape 
Bojador, 410-782 metres, on Echinoids (Gruvel) ; Florida, 170 fathoms 
(Pilsbry : litum); East coast of N. America, 194 fathoms, on Hupagurus 
politus and Lithodes agassizii (Pilsbry : novaeangliae); East coast of N. 
America and Florida, 70-80 fathoms, on Scyramathia crassa (Pilsbry : 
enaequilaterale) ; 5° 8. 132° E., 204-304 metres (Hoek); Gulf of Manaar, 
775 metres (Annandale); Japan, on Macrocheira kaempfert and 
Geryon trispinosus (Kriiger); Gt. Fish Bay, on Geryon affinis (Weltner). 


Poecilasma crassa (Gray). 
1848. Anatifa crassa. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 44. 
1851. Poecilasma crassa. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 107, pl. ii, fig. 3. 
1905. ce os Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 116, fig. 132. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa.. 53 


1907. Poecilasma inaequilaterale, subsp. breve. Pilsbry, loc. cit., 
pot, pl. vi,mess 9510. 

1922. Hp crassa. Weltner, Wiss. Erg. D. Tiefsee Exp., 
vol. xxiii, pt. 2, p. 78, pl. iv, fig. 17. 

It is sometimes difficult to exclude the personal equation in matters 
of classification. In the description of the “‘ Albatross’ specimens 
of this genus, it seems to me that Pilsbry has been guilty of “ false 
quantities ’’ in separating inaequilaterale from kaempferi as a distinct 
species, while reducing breve to the rank of a subspecies of the former. 
Above, I have given reasons for regarding inaequilaterale as a variety 
of kaempferc; below, I offer reasons for uniting breve with crassa. 
Nilsson-Cantell (1921) unites both ¢naequilaterale and its variety breve 
with kaempferv. 

Pilsbry had only 2 specimens, rather smaller than Darwin’s, which 
are said to differ from crassa in the straight occludent margin. This 
appears to be a variable character depending largely on the degree 
of asymmetry in the valves. The other point which might be 
thought to separate the two is the absence of lobes or teeth at the 
base of the carina. This absence is only presumed, since Pilsbry 
states that breve is “similar to inaequilaterale.”’ Whether or not 
such lobes are present in Pilsbry’s specimens, their size and degree 
of development is a variable character, as shown by the present 
specimens. 

A large number of specimens, associated with kaempferi on the same 
specimen of Geryon quinquedens, ranging from 2 mm. to 20 mm. in 
capitulum length; the largest, therefore, being considerably greater 
than Darwin’s specimens. 

They agree with Darwin’s description. The surface lacks the 
wrinkly appearance characteristic of kaempferi (at least the 8. African 
specimens of kaempferz), and is quite smooth, except for the radial and 
concentric striae. These near the base of the scuta are about equally 
strong, but towards the tergal and carinal margins the radial striae 
become far more prominent. A low rounded ridge runs from umbo 
to the apex of the scutum, and the “ narrow depressed fissure-like 
line ” found by Darwin in one of his specimens is here characteristic 
of all specimens above 9 mm. capitulum length ; in smaller specimens 
it is sometimes traceable as a very faint groove, sometimes not at all. 
When it becomes distinctly developed it causes an angular notch in 
the tergal margin, and, as Darwin recognised, evidently shows how 
the divided scuta of fissa, etc., have been evolved. 

Cirri as described by Darwin. 


54 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Caudal appendages about } length of peduncle of 6th cirrus, apically 
setose. 

Penis moderately stout in its basal 4, then suddenly widening to a 
width equal to length of lst part, tapering gradually to a point on 
which is situated a dense tuft of setae ; the whole penis has the appear- 
ance of a long narrow capitulum on a peduncle; it is transversely 
rugulose all over and setose towards the apex, the setae less numerous 
and shorter than in kaempferv. 

Length of capitulum, 20 mm.; of peduncle, 10-13 mm. Breadth, 
17mm. Width (side to side), 12 mm. 

Locality.—Cape Point, E. by N., distant 29 miles, 250-300 fathoms, 
many specimens, together with P. kaempferi on Geryon quinquedens. 
8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 27/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 3903.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Madeira, on Homola cuvierit (Darwin); Bohol, - 
Philippine Islands (Gruvel); Azores, on Cancer bellianus (Gruvel) ; 
Gulf of Mexico, 463 fathoms, on Bathyplax typhla (Pilsbry : breve) ; 
Gt. Fish Bay, 12 fathoms (Weltner). 


Gen. MEGALASMA Hoek. 
1883. Megalasma. Hoek, Challeng. Rep., vol. viii, p. 50. 


HOOT. af Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monoer., 31a, p. 30. 

1907. - Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Fish. Commiss., vol. xxvi, 
p. 183. 

1907. is Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 87. 

1907. a Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. lix, 
p. 408. 

1909. PF Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 95. 

ite 3 Kriiger, Beitr. Naturg. Ostas, p. 39. 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Umbo at basal angle of scutum é : . (Glyptelasma) carinatum Hk. 
. Umbo above basal angle of scutum . : . (Megalasma) minus Annand. 


bo 


Subgen. GLYPTELASMA Pilsbry, 1907. 
Megalasma carinatum (Hoek). 
1883. Poecilasma carinatum. Hoek, loc. cit., p. 44, pl. i, figs. 8-10 ; 
pln; fis: 1s spleviisticssGaae 


1905. “3 rs Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 115, 
fig. 130. 
1907. as ie Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 31a, 


Dp. D5 plea tioaale 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 5D 


1908. Megalasma carinatum. Calman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.9, 
vol. i, p. 401, text-figs. 1-3. 

External characters as well as the mouth-parts, cirri, caudal 
appendages, and penis as described by Hoek. Owing to the condition 
of the specimens I can add nothing to Calman’s account of the dorsal 
filamentous appendages. 

It seems doubtful if MW. annandale: Pilsbry, 1907, and subcarinatum 
Pilsbry, 1907, will prove to be distinct from this species. 

Length of capitulum, 7-5 mm.; of peduncle, 2-3 mm. Breadth, 
3-5 mm. 

Colour.—White. 

Locality.—Cape St. Francis, N.E., distant 29 miles, 75 fathoms, 
1 specimen attached to Octolasmis orthogonia; East London, N.W.3N., 
distant 20 miles, 400-450 fathoms, 3 specimens on a dead Gorgonian 
stem. 8.8. “Pieter Faure,” 19/2/02 and 17/4/01. (S.A.M., Nos. 
A 281 and A 3927.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—West Indies, 390 fathoms, and Ascension Is., 
420 fathoms (Hoek) ; off Cuba, 600-900 metres (Gruvel) ; East Indies, 
828-1633 metres (Hoek) ; Japan (Nilsson-Cantell). 


Subgen. MEGALASMA 8.8. 
Megalasma minus Annand. 


1906. Megalasma striatum, subsp. minus. Annandale, Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (7), vol. xvii, p. 399. 

1907. Pe ee subsp. minus. Annandale, Illustr. Zool. 
Investig., “Cr. Entomostr.,”’ pl. 1, fig. 8. 

1907. Poecilasma bellum. Pilsbry, Bull. Bur. Fish., vol. xxvi, 
p. 183, pl. iv, fig. 6. 

1907. Megalasma » and mmnus. Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
Philad., vol. lix, p. 409, figs. 1-7. 

1907. hs lineatum. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 51a, 
p. 31, pl. iv, figs. 1-8 (and footnote, 
p. 33, =minus Annand.). 


1909. Pa minus. Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. u, 
[Obs 4p 16. Bele 
1922. - or, Broch, Vidensk. Medd. naturh. For., 


vol. Ixxii, p. 273, fig. 31. 


The above synonymy follows Annandale, and is based onan examina- 
tion of 18 specimens ranging in size from 2:5 to 15 mm., all taken off 
the same specimen of sea-urchin. 


56 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Externally the specimens resemble Hoek’s figures of lineatum, but 
the ridge on the scutum from the umbo to the occludent margin is 
rather stronger. The scutum is exactly twice as high as wide. The 
carina in the smaller specimens agrees with the figures of lineatum 
and minus given by Hoek and Pilsbry respectively. But as the speci- 
mens get larger there is a gradual obliteration of the median projection 
in the basal margin and a rounding off of the basal angles, until in 
the largest specimens the carina is indistinguishable from that of 
bellum. The fact that Pilsbry found this difference in shape “ equally 
pronounced ”’ in comparing specimens of minus from the Andaman 
Islands with young specimens of equal size of bellum from the Hawaiian 
Islands would seem to be outweighed by the present comparison of 
specimens all from the same locality. 

In the second place the smaller specimens have 3 pairs, the larger 
ones 4 pairs, of spines on the joints of the cirri. 

Moreover, the development of the teeth in the mandibles is variable 
and represents all stages between bellum and minus. Asmall accessory 
denticle may also be developed between the 2nd and 3rd, and between 
the 5rd and 4th primary teeth. 

From this it appears that bellum and minus should be united. 

The penis tapers gradually to a not very acute apex and is trans- 
versely rugulose and sparsely setose. 

Length of capitulum, 15 mm.; of peduncle, 1-2 mm. Breadth, 
5:5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—S. Africa, label with the exact locality lost, 18 specimens 
attached to spines ofa Porocidarissp. 8.8. “‘ Pieter Faure.” (S.A.M., 
No. A 314.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Andaman Sea, 290-775 metres (Annandale : 
minus); Hawanan Islands (Pilsbry: bellum); 5° 3’ 8., 119° E., 450 
metres (Hoek: lineatum); Bay of Bengal (Annandale). 


Gen. OCTOLASMIS (Gray). 


1825. Octolasmis. Gray, Ann. Philos., vol. x, p. 100. 

1851. Dichelaspis. Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 115. 

1869. Parodolepas. MacDonald, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 442. 

1894. Trichelaspis. Stebbing, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vol. xiu, 
p. 443. 

1894. Dichelaspis. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xxvi, 
INOAEapaelo: 

1905. 45 Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 123. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 5T 


1907. Dichelaspis. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 51a, p. 16. 

1907. Octolasmis. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 93. 
1909. Dichelaspis. Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 98. 
1910. Octolasmis. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 564. 

HOME Hs Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 39. 


Key to the South African species. 


I. Five valves. 
A. Valves well developed, nearly completely covering the capitulum 


tridens (Aur.). 
B. Valves mare or less reduced, leaving bare spaces. 


1. Basal branch of scutum large p : : . warwicki Gray. 
2. Basal branch of scutum very narrow. 
a. Tergum well developed, tridentate : : weberi (Hk.). 
b. Tergum very small, semicircular . 3 .  neptuni (Mac.). 
Il. Three valves (terga absent) . : : : 2 ; cor (Aur.). 


Octolasmis tridens (Auriv.). 


1894. Poecilasma tridens. Aurivillius, loc. cit., p. 14, pl. i, fig. 13. 
1902. Dichelaspis occlusa. Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 
li, p. 373, pl. xxxv, figs. 6-6c. 

1905. Poecilasmatridens. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 117, fig. 133. 

1905. Dichelaspis occlusa. Gruvel, ibid., p. 139, fig. 165. 

1909. 55 tridens. Annandale, loc. cit., p. 107, pl. vu, 
figs. 1, 2. 

he Weltner, Wiss. Erg. D. Tiefsee Exp., 
VOR xa; pt. 2: pcos pliv. Hos 18: 


1922. Poecilasma 


This species forms the transition from the genus Poecilasma to the 
present genus. 

Two specimens resembling most nearly Annandale’s fig. 1. 

Length of capitulum, 3mm. ; of peduncle,5mm. Breadth, 2-5 mm. 

Colour.—White, the thin cuticle covering the valves pale brown, 
peduncle translucent. 

Locality.—Durban, 8 specimens on gills of Scylla serrata together 
with O. cor (K. H. B.). (S.A.M., No. A 4302.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Philippines (Aurivillius) ; Malay Archipelago 
(Lanchester); N. Sumatra, Bay of Bengal (Annandale). On Macro- 
phthalmus tomentosus, mouth-parts of Thenus orientalis, gills of Calappa 
exanthematosa, base of chelae of Xantho scaberrimus. See Annandale, 
loc. cit., 1909, p. 105. 


58 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Octolasmis cor (Auriv.). 


1892. Dichelaspis cor. Aurivillius, Ofr. K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Forhl., 


No. 3, p. 124. 
1894, es »,  Aurivillius, loc. cit., p. 20, pl. u1, figs. 1, 2. 
1902. 55 maindroni. Gruvel, Arch. Mus. Paris, (4) iv, 
p. 282, pl. iv, figs. 21-27; pl. 1, figs. 
WSS NG, 
1902. 45 coutierer. Gruvel, zbid., p. 289, pl. iv, figs. 28-32. 
1908. ae A Annandale, Illustr. Zool. Investig., 
““ Crust. Entomostr.,”’ pl. iv, figs. 4, 5. 
1909. me cor. Annandale, loc. cit., p. 119, pl. vi, figs. 7-10. 
1910. Fe ,  stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8.A. Crust., p. 565. 


The specimens vary greatly in the shape of the basal portion of the 
scutum as shown in Annandale’s figures (and also in those of maindront 
given by Gruvel in 1905, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 135, figs. 157, A-C). 

Caudal appendages slightly exceeding the peduncle of 6th cirrus. 
Penis exceedingly swollen (perhaps due to undischarged spermatozoa), 
apex pointed with a tuft of setules, whole surface transversely sculp- 
tured but scarcely rugulose, near the apex some short setules and 
widely spaced little short recurved spinules. 

Length of capitulum, 5 mm.; of peduncle, up to 12mm. Breadth, 
4 mm. 

Colour.—tIn spirit, yellowish, the little chitinous granules dark 
brown; when fresh valves white, chitinous parts and peduncle slate 
colour, resembling that of the crab’s gills. 

Locality.—Kowie, 5 specimens on “gills of a crab”’; Durban, 
numerous specimens on gills of Scylla serrata (K. H. B.). (S.A.M., 
Nos. A 275, A 4301.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Port Natal and Java (Aurivillius); Hast 
coast of Africa, Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal, Sumatra (Gruvel). 
On gills of Panulirus sp. (Gruvel), Scylla serrata (Annandale). See 
also Annandale, loc. cit., 1909, p. 106. 


Octolasmis warwicki Gray. 


1825. Octolasmis warwicki. Gray, loc. cit., p. 100. 

1830. bs ne Gray, Spicil. Zool., pl. vi, fig. 16. 

1851. Dichelaspis - Darwin, loc. cit., p. 120, pl. ui, figs. 
6, 6a, 6b. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 59 


1894. Dichelaspis warwick. Aurivillius, loc. cit., p. 15, pl. vii, 


figs. 26, 27. 
1902. ys equina. Lanchester, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 
pt. 2, p. 385, pl. xxxv, figs. 7, Ta—d. 
1906. ie Annandale in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl 
Fish. Suppl. Rep., 31, p. 139, fig. 2. 
1908. oe a Annandale, Illustr. Zool. Investig., “ Cr. 
Entomostr.,”’ pl. v, figs. 4-6. 
1909. ms warwicki. Annandale, loc. cit., p. 110. 


The caudal appendages, as stated by Aurivillius, increase in length 
proportionally to the peduncles of the 6th cirri as the individual 
gets older until they are of the length same as these. Also the 
number of groups of bristles in the joints of the cirri increases 
with age. 

The shape of the basal portion of the scutum also seems to vary 
with age as described by Aurivillius. The terga in all the specimens 
have only 2 teeth. 

The smallest specimen I have seen measures 1 mm., and has a 
distinct capitulum and peduncle with the valves already of the 
characteristic shape, both portions of the scutum being developed. 

The Cypris-stage measures -75 mm. in length. 

Penis very stout, distally tapering rapidly to a point, the distal 
quarter being recurved towards the ventral side, distal portion with 
long scattered setae and a tuft of setae on the apex, whole surface 
with very fine and regularly arranged transverse rugulae. No delicate 
terminal process, as mentioned by Annandale (loc. cit., 1919, p. 111), 
was found. 

Length of capitulum, 9 mm.; of peduncle, 10 mm. Breadth, 
6 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, membrane pinkish. 

Locality.—Tugela River, N. by W., distant 5 miles (Natal), 25 
fathoms, several specimens on Lupa sanguinolenta; Amatikulu 
River, N.W. by W., distant 12 miles, 23 fathoms, several small 
specimens on the ventral surface and edges of antennae of Thenus 
orientalis. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 22/1/01 and 7/2/01. Durban, 
several specimens on Scylla serrata (K. H. B.). (S.A.M., Nos. 
A 310, A 4304, A 4305.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Widely distributed over the whole of the 
Indian Ocean. On Decapod Crustacea, Mollusca, Sea-snakes, 
Fishes, Antipatharians, Limulus. (See Annandale, loc. cit., 1909, 


p- 105.) 


60 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Octolasmis weberi (Hk.). 


1907. Dichelaspis weberi. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 31a, p. 26, 
pl. iu, figs. 2-7. 

On a preliminary examination I put these specimens into O. 
orthogonia (Darw.). But as Hoek has relied on the size and the shape 
of the terga and carinal disc for distinguishing his species from 
Darwin’s, and as these specimens agree with weberz in the characters 
mentioned, I have decided to identify them with Hoek’s species. 

As regards size, these specimens are considerably larger even than 
Hoek’s specimens of weberi, and consequently very much longer than 
orthogonia. 

The 3 specimens are attached to what appears to be a slender 
Echinoderm spine about 15 mm. long. The peduncles are attached 
at one end, but the cement is decurrent to the other end, so that 
the spine is completely concealed and the 3 peduncles fused into one. 
The occludent margins are turned inwards to face one another. 

Penis stout, of equal width throughout, apically blunt and setose, 
with a curved finger-like process, apically setulose, at the end of which 
open the united vasa deferentia. This presumably resembles the 
process described by Annandale (loc. cit., 1909, p. 111) in O. warwicki, 
and which he thinks may be retractile. 

Length of capitulum, 15 mm.; of peduncle,8 mm. Breadth, 9mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, valves white, membrane and peduncle pinkish. 

Locality.—Cape St. Francis, N.E., distant 29 miles, 75 fathoms, 
3 specimens. §.S. “ Pieter Faure,’’ 12/2/02. (S.A.M., No. A 280.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Malay Archipelago, 560 metres (Hoek). 


Octolasmis neptuni (Macdonald). 


1869. Parodolepas neptuni. Macdonald, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1869, p. 442, pls. xxxiil, XXXIV. 

- Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 127, fig. 
147. 

Half a dozen specimens agreeing with Macdonald’s description and 
figure. Although the present material only allows a comparison with 
neptuni, I feel certain that a larger series would necessitate sinuata 
Auriv., trigona Auriv., and vaillantii Gruvel, becoming synonyms. 

Annandale has already united these last two with sinuata (1909, 
loc. cit., p. 121), and remarked on the nearness of sinuata, miilleri 


1905. Dichelaspis 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 61 


Coker, aymonini Lesson to one another and to lowei Darwin. In 
fact, Darwin’s name will probably be made to cover all the other 
species mentioned above, including also darwini Filippi. 

The concentric lines shown in Macdonald’s figure are constant in all 
the present specimens. 

Length of capitulum, 2mm. ; of peduncle,4mm. Breadth, 1-5 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent white. 

Locality.—Durban, 7 specimens on the gills of Scylla serrata, together 
with O. tridens and cor (K. H. B.). (S.A.M., No. A 4303.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Australia and ? Fiji, on gills of Neptunus 
pelagicus (Macdonald). 


Gen. CONCHODERMA Olfers. 


1814 2. Conchoderma. Olfers, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, viii 
(1818), 3rd Quart. (dated 1814), p. 177. 


1851. 5 Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 136. 

1905. a ~ Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 148. 

1907. es Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, p. 98. 

1909. r Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, pt. 2, 
104, Owe 

1910. a Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8.A. Crust., p. 565. 

1911. ms Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 26 
(Synonyms). 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Scutum bilobed. Tergum rudimentary or absent. Fleshy “ears”? at apex 
of capitulum . ‘ 5 6 4 : : : auritum L. 
2. Scutum trilobed. Tergum distinct. No “ears” . .  virgatum Spengler. 


With regard to C. auritum, Pilsbry gives some notes on the colour 
and also coloured figures of Siberian specimens in Bull. Bur. Fish., 
vol. xxix, p. 71, pl. viu, figs. 5-7, 1911. 

Both these barnacles grow attached to ships’ bottoms, buoys, and 
the sessile barnacles (Coronula) on whales and turtles. They are 
never attached directly to the skin of these animals (see Xenobalanus). 

An exception to this latter statement is found in the case of a small 
group of wrgatum, together with young examples of auritum, which 
was taken off the tail of a large eel (Gymothorax favagineus) caught 
at the Kowie. (S.A.M., No. A 43818.) 


62 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Fam. ALEPADIDAE. 


1851. Lepadidae (part). Darwin, Monogr. Cirrip., p. 8. 
1905. Anasprdae. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 157. 
1907. Alepadinae (subfam.). Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 60, 


pp. 3, 4. 

1909. Lepadidae (Lepadinae). Annandale, Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. u, 
No. 2, p. 64. 

1911. * e Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 22. 


Gen. HETERALEPAS Pilsbry. 


1851. Alepas (part). Darwin, loc. cii., p. 156. 
1907. Heteralepas. Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 100. 


1909. an Annandale, loc. cit., p. 83. 

1911. as Kriiger, loc. cit., p. 29. 

1922. ie Broch, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. For., vol. lxxiu, 
p. 279. 


Kriiger gives a list of the known species, distributing them among the 
2 subgenera recognised by Pilsbry: Heteralepas s.s. and Paralepas 
Pilsbry, 1907. He places lithotryae Hk., 1907, and morula Hk., 1907, 
in Heteralepas, although Hoek expressly states that in morula the inner 
rami of 5th and 6th cirri are “‘as strongly developed as the outer 
rami,” and in lithotryae as in intermedia the inner rami are “ slightly 
shorter ’’ than the outer rami. Consequently I think lithotryae and 
morula, although in the latter the cirri are “long,” should more 
properly be assigned to Paralepas. 


Heteralepas (Paralepas) palinuri n. sp. 


Capitulum distinct from peduncle, ovate, dorsal (carinal) margin 
convex, rounded, without crest or keel, ventral margin less convex, 
orifice not protuberant or tubular, narrow, not crenulate. 

Scuta absent, but their position marked by smooth patches. Surface 
’ smooth, with a few quite irregularly arranged wrinkles, probably due 
to method of preservation. 

Peduncle long, narrow, cylindrical, not swollen below capitulum, not 
ringed, smooth. 

Labrum with somewhat irregular teeth in the middle part of the 
crest, the lateral portions with feeble and obscure denticulations. 
Palps not meeting in middle, not very strongly setose. 

Mandible with 4 sharp, entire, equal teeth (incl. the inner angle), 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 63 


the lower margin of all set with a few small spinules, the interval 
between Ist and 2nd only slightly greater than the other intervals. 

Maxilla with a conspicuous notch, the outer part with 2 strong 
unequal spines and a few spinules, the inner part with 2 strong spines 
(in the left, in the right maxilla only 1 is present), separated by a little 
notch, and numerous spinules. 

Outer maxilla quadrate, with rounded angles. 

Cirri short, very little curved, peduncles rather long, 5th and 6th 
not shorter than the preceding, rami of 5th and 6th cirri equally 
developed. 

First cirrus, both rami 6-jointed, anterior slightly the longer, both 
with plumose setae. 

Second and third cirri, outer ramus 14-, inner 13-jointed. 

Fourth and fifth cirri, outer ramus 15-, inner 14-jointed. 

Sixth cirrus, outer ramus 16-, inner 15-jointed. 

Second to sixth cirri with a dense brush of short bristles on 
the anterior, 6 strong spines on the posterior apical margin of each 
joint. | 

Caudal appendages slender, 7-jointed. 

Penis extending to end of 6th cirrus, tapering gradually, apex 
entire, subacute, distinctly ringed throughout, finely setose distally. 

Length of capitulum, 22 mm.; of peduncle, 18 mm. Breadth, 
15 mm. 

Colour.—Alive, bright orange ; in spirit, dirty white. 

Locality.—Mozambique, November 1912 (K. H. B.), one ovigerous 
specimen attached to the buccal region of a Panulirus caught at 
low tide. (S.A.M., No. A 2223.) 


SESSILIA. 


Key to the South African families and subfamilies. 


I. Rostrum with radii. Labrum notched in the middle ; : Balanidae. 
1. Opercular valves together as large as orifice, scutum and tergum 
articulated together . : : ; : : s.f. Balaninae. 


2. Opercular valves together not nearly as large as orifice. Basis 
membranous. Compartments, 6. 

a. Rostrum divided into 3 by fine sutures visible within. Walls very 
thick. On turtles, crabs, manatees : . §.f. Chelonibiinae. 

6. Rostrum undivided. Walls thin with deep folds. Scutum and 
tergum not articulated together. Sometimes absent. On Cetacea 
(non-South African species also on turtles, manatees, sea-snakes 

and fishes) . ; : E b : : s.f. Coronulinae. 


64 Annals of the South African Museum. 


II. Rostrum with alae, or when united with the rostral latera the composite 
compartment has overlapping lateral borders. Labrum concave, not 
notched . : ; : 6 : : : é Chthamalidae. 


No representative of the Verrucidae has yet been reported from 
South Africa. 


Fam. BALANIDAE. 


1854. Balanidae. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 33. 
1905. Balaninae. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 209. 


1911. Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 46. 

1916. Balanidae. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, pp. 47, 48. 

1922. *. Broch, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. For., vol. lxxiu, 
p. 309. 


Subfam. BALANINAE. 


1854. Balaninae. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 175. 
1916. AA Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 49. 


Key to the South African genera. 


1. Compartments, 6. 
a. Usually not spongicolous. Base usually flat. Compartments often stout, 


usually strongly connected . : c : : 2 Balanus. 

b. Spongicolous. Base cup-shaped or flat. Compartments thin, not porous, 
weakly connected : : : 3 : : : Acasta. 

2. Compartments,4  . : : 5 P : ; 5 . TLetraclita. 


As noted below under the genus Acasta, there are no definite 
criteria by which Acasta can be separated from Balanus. 


Gen. BALANUS da Costa. 


1778. Balanus. da Costa, Hist. Nat. Test. Brit., p. 248. 


1854. A Darwin, loc. cit., p. 177. 

1910. ae Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8.A. Crust., p. 567. 

1913. _ Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 313, p. 150. 

1916. Ke Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 49. 

Oil 33 Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, vol. vii, p. 306. 


1922. a Broch, loc. cit., p. 309. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 65 


Key to the South African subgenera and species. 


I. Basis normally flat and attached throughout, not boat-shaped. 
1. Parietes permeated with pores. 
a. Radii well developed, permeated with pores’ . . sg. Megabalanus. 
i. Apex of tergum acute but not beak-like. 

a. Usually large. Basal margin of scutum less than height 

tintinnabulum L. 
6. Small. Basal margin of scutum greater than height 

algicola Pilsbry. 


ii. Apex of tergum produced, beak-like . : . maxillaris Gron. 

b. Redit not porous, rarely wanting . 0 s.g. Hubalanus. 
. Scutum with 1 or more iicitudinal + rows Ai pits. Tergum without 
groove . : trigonus Darw. 


. Scutum without nite bat distinctly ARES eiloniitudifalle 
spongicola Brown. 
iii. Scutum without pits and not striate or only very indistinctly so. 


a. Scutum with well-developed adductor ridge . amphitrite Darw. 
B. Scutum without (or with extremely feeble) adductor ridge. 
* Basis not porous. White : 5 *crenatus Brug. 


** Basis porous. Speckled and streaked with pink 
poecilotheca Kriiger. 
2. Parietes not porous. 
a. Basis calcareous. 
i. Scutum ridged between adductor scar and high articular ridge. 
Tergum without external furrow 
s.g. Hesperibalanus elizabethae n. sp. 
ii. Scutum not ridged. Tergum with external furrow or spur fasciole 
s.g. Chirona tenuis Hk. 
b. Basis membranous : : s.g. Membranobalanus orcutti Pilsbry. 
II. Basis boat-shaped, only a small part attached . : : s.g. Conopea. 
1. Parietes porous. : 2 . *calceolus Darw. 
2. Parietes not porous. Nault areal volocente: but neither rostrum nor 
carina touching the substratum . : : . scandens Pilsbry. 


Subgen. MEGABALANUS Hk. 


1854. Balanus (sect. A.). Darwin, loc. cit., p. 194. 
1913. Megabalanus. Hoek, loc. cit., p. 158. 
1916. Ls Pilsbry, loc. cot., p. 51. 


Balanus tintinnabulum (Linn.). 


1758. Lepas tintinnabulum. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 668. 
1854. Balanus as Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 194, 
pl.i, figs. a-l; pl. u, figs. 1, a-l, o. 
VOU. Xkee PART: 1h 5 


66 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1897. Balanus tintinnabulum. Weltner, Arch. Naturg., p. 260. 


1905. oe i Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 211, 
figs. 230-231. 

1910. 2 Ai Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., 
p- 567. 

1915. Ga - Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 318, 


p. 164, pl. xiv, figs. 5, 7; pl. xvi, 
figs. 16-19 (with new varieties). 

1916. He 5 Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 93, p. 54, pl. x, figs. 1, le, 
2,33 ple x, fos: leo ee er 
pl. xu, figs. 1, 16, 2, 26; pl. xi, 
figs. 1-2e; pl. mv, figs. 1-3; 
pl. -xv; figs. 1—2d, 43 “plea 
figs. I; ta, 2, 20,735 )plaexvar 
figs. 5-8; text-figs. 8-11 (with 
new subspecies). 

This species is cosmopolitan in distribution. 

The following varieties are recorded from South Africa :— 


var. communis Darwin. 


(Pilsbry styles this form B. tintinnabulum tintinnabulum on the 
ground that communis was preoccupied.) 

Small thin-shelled specimens from the bottom of the s.s. “ Pieter 
Faure.” White or pinkish, striped with darker pink, radii white or 
pink, scutum with a pink stripe. Specimens 10 mm. in height and 
8 mm. basal diameter are stated to be “three months’ growth.” 
(S.A.M., Nos. A 291, A 294.) 

Large typical specimens off a ship from the Cameroons, previously 
from Europe, berthed and cleaned at Cape Town. (S.A.M., No. 327.) 


var. zebra Darwin. 
Recorded from Walfish Bay, 8.W. Africa, by Weltner. 


A few specimens of a small variety of this species were found on a 
specimen of Coronula diadema taken off a whale. In the conical shape 
and the small, oval, entire orifice they closely resemble var. coccopoma. 
Some show a slight longitudinal ribbing on the parietes, but this is 
quite obsolete in others. Those growing on the radii of the Coronula 
reproduce more or less distinctly the transverse striation. It seems 
inadvisable to name this form at present. (S.A.M., No. 1324.) 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 67 


Balanus algicola Pilsbry. 


1916. Balanus algicola. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 72, pl. xii, figs. 3, 3g, text-figs. 12, 13. 

Typical forms were taken from the bottom of s.s. “ Pieter Faure,” 
15/4/98, after cruising for some months in Cape waters. They were 
associated with maaillaris. 

Further typical examples were taken on Mytilus shells growing 
between tide-marks at Hout Bay, Cape Peninsula (11/2/14. K.H. B.). 

A very depressed variety with rather strong ribs was taken at 
Kast London (s.s. “ Pieter Faure,” 3/7/01) at low tide on Turbo 
sarmaticus. The largest examples measure 4 mm. in rostro- 
carinal diameter and 1-1-5 mm. in height. Colour: pale pink, the 
ribs white. Except in shape and external sculpture these examples 
differ in no respects from the typical white tubulo-conical form. 
They may be designated var. costatus n. 

Transitional forms between the typical form and the variety were 
found on a Patella shell at Kalk Bay, False Bay (G. Alston). (8.A.M., 
Nos. A 295, A 326, A 4239, and 13438 respectively.) 


Balanus mazillaris Gronov. 


1763. Balanus mazillaris. Gronovius, Zool. Gronoy. Iconogr., 
vol. v, pl. xix, figs. 3, 4. 

1790. Lepas cylindrica. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3213. 

1854. Balanus capensis. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 209, pl. u, 


figs. 4a, 4b. 

1905. 35 »  Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 218, figs. 
238, 240. 

1910. ee 25 Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 568. 


1916. ,,. maxillaris. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 77. 


Stebbing attributes the species to Darwin, who first used the name 
capensis in a strictly binomial sense. I have no means of testing the 
validity of Gronovius’ name, and, therefore, accept Pilsbry’s pronounce- 
ment on this point. 

Specimens are in the collection from Table Bay and from the bottom 
of s.s. “‘ Pieter Faure.” (S.A.M., Nos. 1342, A 289, A 295, and A 296.) 


Subgen. EUBALANUS Broch. 


1916. Balanus (da Costa). Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 77. 
1922. Hubalanus. Broch, loc. cit., p. 314. 


68 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Balanus trigonus Darwin. 


1854. Balanus trigonus. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 222, pl. ii, 
figs. 7, a-f. 

1867. »  armatus. F. Miller, Arch. Naturgesch., vol. i, p. 329, 
pl. vii, figs. 1-21, 23-28; pl. vi, figs. 
44, 46-48; pl. ix, fig. 56. 

1897. »  trigonus. Weltner, ibid., 1897, p. 262, B. ui, 1. 


1905. sa a Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 223, figs. 
248, 249. 

1911. 5 Bs Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 49, pl. 1, 
fig. 6; pl. in, fig. 33, text-figs. 98-100. 

1913. * = Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 313, p. 158 © 
(note on systematic position). 

1916. s Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
-p. 111, pl. xxvi, figs. 1-18e, text-figs. 
27, 28. 

1921. ne a Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, 
vol. vii, p. 319, fig. 66. 

1922. a ce Weltner, Wiss. Erg. D. Tiefsee Exp., 


vol. xxii, pt. 2, p. 85. 


Kriiger has pointed out the presence of recurved teeth on the 3rd 
cirrus, and thinks that these forms which now possess armed cirri, 
like the present species, originally lived in sponges, since the claw-like 
spines are admirably adapted to keep the orifice free from the invading 
sponge, as was also noted by Fritz Miiller. Further evidence that 
this explanation is correct he finds in the fact that trigonus sometimes 
lives in sponges at the present day. He reports severalsmall specimens 
from Japanese seas in this habitat. At the Cape also a few small 
specimens were found quite embedded in a sponge. 

In some of the examples examined there were 1-3 tiny upturned 
spines on the anterior ramus of the 4th cirrus as well as the claw-like 
spines on both rami of the 3rd cirrus, which are always present. 

Locality.—Typical specimens are found all round the South African 
Coast from False Bay to Zululand, low-tide to 40 fathoms, attached 
to stones, shells, bases of Gorgonias, Lepralia-like Polyzoans, bottoms 
of ships, bases of horny sponges. The small specimens embedded in 
the loose horny sponge still contained the animals and thus had not 
been overgrown by the sponge after death. (S.A.M., Nos. A 296, 
A 3905, A 3918-3921, A 4273-4281, and A 4295.) 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 69 


Geogr. Distribution.—Indo-Pacific, incl. Red Sea, Japan, California, 
Peru, East Indies, Australia, and New Zealand, Atlantic, West Indies, 
Brazil, Madeira, Azores, South Africa (Darwin, Gruvel, Kriiger) ; 
Gt. Fish Bay (Weltner). 

Additional habitats are sea-urchin spines (Gruvel) and Decapod 
crabs (Kriiger). 

The bathymetrical range appears to be very great, as specimens 
have been recorded from 150 metres (Kriiger), 450 metres (Nilsson- 
Cantell), and even 3000 metres (Gruvel). 


Balanus spongicola Brown. 


1827. Balanus spongicula. Brown, Illustr. Conch. Gr. Brit. and 
Trel., pl. vii, fig. 6. 
1844. Py spongicola. Brown, ibid., 2nd ed., pl. liti, figs. 14-16. 


1854. He ite Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 225, pl. iv, 
figs. 1, a-d. 

1905. ‘5 35 Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 225, fig. 251. 

1910. »  spongicula. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 568. 


1916. 2 spongicola. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
Pollo ple xxl aiesht 2 hiro. 04 4c, 
text-figs. 29-31. 

The colour varies from uniform red or pink, through forms with the 
rostrum much paler or even white, to uniform white. 

The 3rd or the 4th cirri may be armed with a few short upturned 
spines ; if on the 3rd both rami are usually armed, if on the 4th only 
the anterior ramus ; but they may be absent altogether on either one 
or the other cirrus. 

Specimens attached to shells, corals, or embedded in sponges are 
tubulo-conical; some specimens attached to the outside of a hard 
siliceous sponge are much depressed. 

Locality.—Saldanha Bay, and numerous localities round the South 
African Coast from False Bay to Zululand, low tide to 90 fathoms. 

Geogr. Distribution.—Great Britain, Mediterranean, Madeira, West 
Indies, Cape of Good Hope (Darwin) ; La Guayra, Caracas (Weltner) ; 
Chagos, Seychelles (Gruvel) ; Patros Island, off Brazil (Pilsbry). 


Balanus amphitrite Darwin. 


1789. ¢ Balanus radiatus. Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., p. 168. 
1790. % Lepas purpurea. Spengler, Skr. Naturh. Selsk., vol.i, p. 172. 


70 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1795. Lepas balanoides. Poli, Testac. Utr. Siciliae, p. 23, pl. v, 
figs. 2, 7 (non Linnaeus). 

1815. ,, radiata. Wood, Gener. Conch., pl. vii, fig. 7. 

1854. Balanus amphitrite. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid, p. 240, pl. v, 


figs. 2-20. 
1897. a rit Weltner, Archiv. Naturg., p. 264. 
1905. i 4 Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 232. 
1907. »  carenatus. Gruvel, Mem. As. Soc. Beng., vol. u, 
IN@5 15 705.0. . 
NUL, ,  amphitrite. Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 51. 
SHES, es 3 Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 318, p. 167. 
1916. A Ae Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 


pl. lxxxix (with subspecies). 
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical seas. 
The following varieties have been discovered living in South African 
waters. 


var. communis. 


1854. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 240, pl. v, figs. 2e, h, l. 

1911. Krtiger, loc. cit:, p. 57, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl iv, fie. 34. 

1921. Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, vol. vii, p. 311, fig. 64. 

Several groups on various dead Lamellibranch shells, Umhloti 
River, N.W. by W. 3 W., distant 3 miles (Natal), 25 fathoms. 

Several on the Rhizopod Botellina pinnata, Umhloti River, N.W., 
distant 14 miles, 27 fathoms. 

8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 12/12/00 and 21/12/00. (S.A.M., Nos. A 293 
and A 4238.) 


var. obscurus. 

1854. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 241, pl. v, fig. 2g. 

Several on Siphonaria shells, Port Beaufort, St. Sebastian Bay 
(C. A. Fairbridge). 

On a shell of Terebralia palustris, Durban Bay (H. W. Bell- 
Marley). 

On the aerial rootlets of mangrooves, Delagoa Bay (K. H. B.), 
October 1912. (S.A.M., Nos. 1350, A 3917 and A 316 respectively.) 


*Balanus crenatus Brug. 


1789. Balanus crenatus. Bruguiére, Encycl. Meth. (Vers.), vol. i, 
p- 168. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 7] 


1854. Balanus crenatus. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 261, pl. vi, 


figs. 6, a—g. 
1910. mf us Stebbing, Gen. Cat. §.A. Crust., p. 569. 
1916. a is Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 


p. 165, pls. xxxix—xl, text-figs. 49-54 
(with new subspecies). 

1921. A Ho Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, 
vol. vii, p. 326. 

Not represented in the collection. 

This species has a very wide distributionin the Northern Hemisphere, 
and is recorded by Darwin and Gruvel from within and South of the 
Tropics. But Pilsbry is unwilling to accept these extensions until 
confirmed by further material. 


Balanus poecilotheca Kriiger. 


1911. Balanus poecilotheca. Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 48, 
pl. 1, figs. 2, c-e; pl. i, figs. 32, 
text-figs. 95-97. 
1916. A i Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
jos, JUIOy 
Shell tubulo-conical when attached to other specimens, or depressed 
conical and laterally compressed when attached to the thin stems of 
Gorgonians and Hydroids. 
One specimen of No. 4230, attached to a stem, is 8 mm. long xX 
4 mm. wide, only 4 mm. high, orifice very wide, opercular valves 
missing, lateral compartments keeled from apex to base near the 
rostral suture, rostrum concave, radii very wide, the pariete forming 
a narrow raised rib. 
Upper lip with 1-3 teeth on either side of the notch, usually not 
symmetrically arranged. 
Maxilla, about 6 spines between the 2 large outer ones and the 
2 large inner ones, thus differing slightly from Kriiger’s description. 
First cirrus, anterior ramus 13-jointed, basal joints protuberant and 
densely setose, posterior ramus 7-jointed, joints widened and densely 
setose. 
Second cirrus, cirri not very unequal, 9- and 10-jointed, the 
joints broad and densely setose. 
Third cirrus, rami subequal, ca. 11-jointed, distal anterior face of 
each joint in both rami with 2—5 short, minute conical teeth. 
Fourth to sixth cirri, 20—-24-jointed, each joint with 3 pairs of long 
setae and a shorter pair below them on the anterior margin. 


72 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Penis with a distinct basi-dorsal point. 

Length.—Up to 8 mm. basal rostro-carinal diameter ; width, 5 mm. ; 
length of orifice, 5 mm. ; heaght, 6 mm. 

Colour.—Pale pink, variously streaked and speckled with darker 
pink or crimson, the radii and rostrum occasionally pure white; or 
the whole shell is white with the carina very faintly tinted pink. 

Locality.—Numerous specimens from several localities from Cape 
Morgan to Durnford Point (Zululand), 25-85 fathoms. S.S. “ Pieter 
Faure.” (S.A.M., Nos. A 4229-A 4237.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Japan (Kriiger); Sulu Archipelago, 24-161 
fathoms (Pilsbry). 

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for his opinion on this species which 
belongs to a “ group of very critical species.”’ Dr. Pilsbry corrected 
my first belief that this was Hoek’s B. amphitrite, var. malayensis, by 
pointing out the difference in the armature of the cirri. 


Subgen. HESPERIBALANUS Pilsbry. 


1916. Hesperibalanus. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 192. 


Balanus elizabethae n. sp. 


Shell low-conical, covered with a very thin almost colourless 
epidermis. Orifice pentagonal, only slightly notched. 

Base unknown, but probably thin, as the rather fragile shell has not 
been injured in any way by removal from the object on which it was 
erowing. 

Parietes externally smooth, not porous, internally with regular, 
strong ribs extending up to the sheath, and crenulate at the base. 
Sheath very short, horizontally ribbed. 

Radii broad, summits at 45° with base, the edges denticulate. 

Alae broad, summits only slightly oblique. 

Scutum thin, externally concave, with faint growth-lines about as 
far apart as in hesperius laevidomus Pilsbry ; basal margin consider- 
ably longer than tergal margin, articular ridge very prominent, 
adductor ridge faint, pit for depressor muscle obsolete. 

Tergum rather thick, basal margin strongly concave between the 
prominent depressor-muscle crests and the spur, which is rather more 
than + basal width, subtruncate, distinct from basi-scutal angle, 
articular ridge prominent and overhanging the deep articular groove, 
external surface without groove or impressed lines, apex blunt and 
corroded, growth-lines fine and closer together than on scutum. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 73 


Labrum with 2 teeth on either side of notch. Palps as in hesperius 
Pilsbry. 

Mandible, Ist-3rd teeth acute, less widely separated than in 
hesperius nipponensis, 4th and 5th rudimentary, obtuse, but distinctly 
removed from the subacute inner angle, lower edge setose. 

Maxilla, inner edge straight, with 9 spines below the 2nd and the 
outer angle, which are very slightly larger than the rest. 

First cirrus, anterior ramus 20-jointed, the lower 10 joints rather 
larger than the distal ones and slightly protuberant anteriorly, 
posterior ramus only 4 length of anterior, 10-jointed, very stout, 
half as broad as long, tapering distally, all the joints except the last 2 
very broad and protuberant anteriorly. 

Second cirrus, rami subequal, ca. 12-jointed, stout, all the joints 
broader than Jong and anteriorly protuberant, densely setose. 

Third cirrus, rami subequal, anterior ca. 15-, posterior ca. 12-jointed, 
joints 2-7 of anterior ramus with a number of minute granules or 
tubercles on their anterior margins, posterior margins of joints | to 
about 9 very minutely spinulose, posterior ramus with the usual setae 
only, basal joint of anterior ramus swollen. 

Fourth cirrus, rami subequal, 25—30-jointed, unarmed with spines, 
anterior margins of joints with 4 pairs of setae. 

Fifth and sixth cirri, rami subequal, ca. 35-jointed, posterior margins 
of all the joints of both rami very minutely spinulose as in 3rd cirrus, 
anterior margin of each joint with 4 pairs of setae and a minute 5th 
pair below. 

Penis longer than posterior cirri, sparsely setose. 

Length.—Basal rostro-carinal diameter, 10 mm.; orifice, 5 mm. ; 
height, 4 mm. 

Colour.—White, translucent when wet. 

Locality.—Zwartkops River (tidal), Port Elizabeth, 3 specimens 
(Mrs. T. V. Paterson, 1913). (S.A.M., No. 2255.) 

This form is evidently closely allied to hesperius Pilsbry, 1916, 
especially to the Japanese form nipponense. The characters of 
nipponense appear to have been further developed, as instance the 
shape of the opercular valves. The Ist cirrus, however, is very 
characteristic of the new species. 


Subgen. CHIRONA Gray. 
1835. Chirona. Gray, Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc., 1835, pt. 1, p. 37. 
1913. Striatobalanus. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 316, p. 159. 
1916. Chirona. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 203. 


74 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Balanus tenuis Hk. 


1883. Balanus tenuis. Hoek, Challeng. Rep., vol. vii, p. 154, 
pl. 13, figs. 29-33. 

1905. ss 3 Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 247, fig. 275. 

TOMS: Sg e Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 313, p. 190, 
pl. 17, figs. 14-19; pl. 18, fig. 1. 

1916. “i is Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 216. 

The largest specimen measures 18 mm. in rostro-carinal diameter 
and 7 mm. in height. It is attached to a dead shell of Neptuneopsis 
gilchristt Sow. Other smaller specimens with the same proportions 
attached to Cassis achatina. 

Another specimen, attached to Oniscia macandrewi, is more tubulo-. 
conical, being 10 mm. in height and 9 mm. in rostro-carinal diameter. - 

They agree with Hoek’s description. The tergum has the scutal 
margin either straight or slightly concave. Contrary to Gruvel’s 
statement I find there is a very distinct basi-dorsal point on the 
penis in the one specimen which contains the animal. 

Colour.—Creamy-white. 

Locality.—Nanquas Peak, N. by E. } E., distant 10 miles, 59 
fathoms, 2 specimens; Cape Natal, W. by N., distant 4 miles, 47 
fathoms, 1 specimen; Cape Natal, N. 4 W., distant, 4 miles, 55 
fathoms, several specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 3/12/01, 14/12/00, 
and 24/12/00. (S.A.M., Nos. A 309, A 4271, and A 4272.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Philippine Islands, 100-115 fathoms. and 
275 metres (Hoek); Philippine Islands and China Sea, 102-244 
fathoms (Pilsbry). 


Subgen. MEMBRANOBALANUS Hk. 


1913. Membranobalanus. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 313, 
pp. 159-205. 

1916. es Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 229. 


Balanus orcutti Pilsbry. 
1907. Balanus orcutti. Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 361, 
pl. xxix, figs. 1-7. 
1916. 2h Bs Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 233, pl. lv, figs. 2-2d. 
Agrees well with Pilsbry’s description. The walls show irregular 
growth-lines which are seen most distinctly on the rostrum. The 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 75 


rostrum is twice as long as the other compartments, with no trace of 
a longitudinal groove and not tapering so strongly as in longirostrum 
Hoek, 1913, interior with several irregularly arranged, longitudinal, 
more or less parallel grooves. Lateral compartments twice as wide 
as carino-laterals. Carina only a little longer than the carino-laterals 
and laterals. Sheath horizontally ridged, with a brown setose 
membrane. 

Scutum and tergum as described by Pilsbry, also covered with 
brown setose membrane. 

Labrum with a rather wide and not very deep notch, 2 teeth on 
either side and a setulose margin. Palp elongate, apically upturned, 
upper margin concave (as in longirostrum Hk.). 

Mandible similar to that of longirostrum, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd teeth 
well developed, 4th rudimentary, 5th obsolete, inferior angle subacute, 
distance between Ist and 2nd greater than that between 2nd and 3rd. 

Maxilla, inner margin straight, about 8 spines between the outer 
and inner pairs. 

Outer maxilla as in longirostrum. 

First cirrus with stout, very unequal rami, the anterior 25-jointed, 
the posterior 8-jointed, with the joints protuberant on the anterior 
faces. 

Second cirrus with slightly unequal rami, 12- and 13-jointed, joints 
not very protuberant. 

Third cirrus with slightly unequal rami, 16- and 18-jointed, without 
stout spines. 

Fourth cirrus with slightly unequal rami, 20- and 52-jointed, 
joints 1-12 of the anterior ramus with 3-5 short, stout upwardly 
directed spines on anterior apices, joints 3-12 in addition with 2-4 
stout, recurved spines, anterior apices of Ist and 2nd joints of pedicel 
with a row of stout, upwardly directed spines, those on first joint 
smaller and more numerous. . 

Pedicels of 4th—6th cirri very long. Rami of 5th and 6th cirri 
subequal, ca. 32—35-jointed, without stout spines. 

Penis very long, 15 mm., transversely rugulose, with scattered 
setae and minutely bifid apex. 

Length of rostrum of largest specimen, 13 mm.; of carina, 8 mm. ; 
rostro-carinal basal diameter, ca. 13 mm. 

Colour.—White, the membrane covering the sheath, terga, and 
scuta deep yellowish-brown. 

Locality.—Algoa Bay, 26 fathoms, 4 specimens in a horny sponge. 
8.8.“ Pieter Faure,” 6/12/98. (S.A.M., No. A 3922.) 


76 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Geogr. Distribution.—California (Pilsbry). 

Darwin’s declivis is found in the West Indies and Hoek’s longi- 
rostrum in the Malay Archipelago. All three species are closely 
allied. 

In the original description an evident lapsus calami occurs by which 
both in the text and in the explanation to plate “carina” and 
“rostrum ”’ are transposed. This is corrected in the 1916 description. 


Subgen. CONOPEA Say. 


1822. Conopea. Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. 11, p. 323. 
1854. Balanus (sect. B.). Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 216. 
1915. Patellabalanus. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 318, pp. 160- 


Doe 
1916. Conopea. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 234. 
1922. ref Broch, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. For., vol. xxi, 
p. 325. 


Balanus scandens Pilsbry. 


1916. Balanus scandens. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. lvi, pl. 56, figs. 2-2d, text-fig. 76. 

ae a3 Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, 
vol. vu, p. 334. 


1921. 


Shell elongate in the rostro-carinal axis, sitting obliquely on the 
Gorgonian stem and attached only by the lower central part of the 
base. Whole shell completely covered by the coenenchyma and polyps 
of the Gorgonian. Epidermis thin, golden-brown. 

Base compressed conical, no basal furrow, solid, internally smooth 
except around the periphery where short ribs are developed corre- 
sponding with those on the walls. An angle between the walls and 
the base. The upper edge of the basal cup and the lower edge of the 
walls do not meet closely, but leave a narrow space between, which is 
cut up into a series of little square pores by the internal ribs which 
are continuous from the walls to the base. This space is, of course, 
covered by the epidermis externally. 

Parietes not porous, externally smooth, internally ribbed at the 
base; sheath very long, slightly ribbed horizontally. Carina and 
rostrum strongly elongate, not touching the stem. The internal 
cavity does not extend along the prolongations, which are thus solid. 
Carino-laterals about 1 width of laterals. Radi well developed, 
horizontally striated, not deeply sunk, summits parallel with base. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 77 


Alae with summits horizontal or slightly oblique. Sutural edges 
distinctly crenated. 

Scutum high and narrow, outer surface only with growth-lines 
which are strongly marked and form strong teeth on the occludent 
margin, articular ridge prominent, obliquely truncate below, adductor 
ridge obsolete, pit for depressor muscles shallow, a series of faint 
interrupted, short, longitudinal ridges near the apex, basal margin 
not strongly convex, basi-tergal angle not much rounded off. 

Tergum with scutal margin slightly concave, carinal margin convex, 
apex acute, shortly projecting, apical angle less than a right angle, 
srowth-lines well marked, no longitudinal striae, a spur fasciole, but 
no groove or impressed lines, articular ridge not prominent, crests for 
depressor muscles distinct, a series of interrupted ridges near the apex 
as in the scutum, spur very short, half basal width, entirely confluent 
with the basi-acutal angle, which is rounded, and sloping into the 
basal margin on the carinal side. 

Labrum with 3 very minute teeth on each side. Palps asin scandens 
Pilsbry. 

Mandible with 5 distinct teeth, 4th and 5th small, 2nd, 3rd, and 
4th bifid, the secondary edge on the 4th being crenulate, inner angle 
squarely truncate. 

Maxilla, inner edge straight, 5 spines between the 2 outer and 2 
inner enlarged ones. 

First cirrus, rami unequal, anterior 10-jointed, posterior 6-jointed, 
4 joints of which are protuberant. 

Second cirrus, rami unequal, anterior 10-jointed, posterior 8-jointed, 
all the joints (except the apical ones) protuberant. 

Third cirrus, rami unequal, anterior 12-jointed, posterior 10-jointed, 
anterior ramus with a few short upturned spines on the protuberant 
anterior margins of the joints. 

Fourth cirrus, rami subequal, ca. 20-jointed, unarmed with spines, 
joints with 3 pairs of setae. 

Fifth and sixth cirri, rami subequal, ca. 22-jointed, unarmed with 
spines, joints with 3 pairs of setae and a minute 4th pair of setules below. 

Penis 3 times length of posterior cirri, transversely rugulose, 
sparsely setose, with a well-marked basi-dorsal point. 

After having drawn up the above description based on a single 
individual and decided to make it a new species, further specimens 
were discovered bearing the same number and growing on the same 
Gorgonian as the first specimen. An animal from one of these differed 
in no respect from the above description except in lacking the basi- 


78 Annals of the South African Museum. 


dorsal point onthe penis. Thus it agrees almost down to the minutest 
details with Pilsbry’s description of scandens. 

On the characters of the opercular valves also these latter specimens 
cannot be distinguished from the one first described nor from scandens. 
But in the shape of the shell this specimen approaches Hoek’s figure 
of investitus, except that the rostrum is raised farther from the support- 
ing stem. 

Even had one regarded the greatly elongate form as an older stage 
than the moderately elongate form, one would not have ventured to 
assign them to scandens. By a fortunate chance, however, on the 
same stem next to one of the specimens resembling investitus there 
sits a specimen which is exactly like Pilsbry’s figure of scandens. 
Moreover, this specimen contained the animal, which on examination 
proved to differ in no respect from the above description ; the basi- 
dorsal point on the penis is present. 

Excluding this last character and the presence of the faint inter- 
rupted ridges on the interior of the scuta and terga, neither of which 
seem to me to be really important, we see there is no reason against 
assigning all these specimens to Pilsbry’s species. 

Pilsbry had only | specimen from which to draw up this diagnosis, 
the actual size of which we are not told. But it was not very large. 
I regard it as a juvenile. The Cape specimen in the same stage 
measures in rostro-carinal diameter 5 mm., total height, 5 mm. 
The next stage is represented by the form resembling investitus, the 
corresponding measurements being 7 mm. and 5-5 mm. After this 
the rostrum and carina and those portions of the base opposed to them 
begin to elongate. The elongations, as noted above, do not include 
extensions of the central cavity, they are quite solid. This stage, 
represented by the single specimen described above, measures as 
follows: rostro-carinal length, 17 mm.; orifice, 3 mm.; height of 
shell, 5 mm.; of shell plus base, 8 mm. 

Colour.—Pale pinkish, radu white, epidermis golden-brown. 

Locality.—O’ Neil Peak, N.N.W. + W., distant 8 miles (Zululand), 
55 fathoms. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 28/2/01, 1 adult, 3 half-grown, 
1 juv., on Villogorgia mauritiensis, associated with B. poecilo- 
theca Kriiger. The coenenchyma and the polyps completely cover 
up the shell, and the axis of the Gorgonian appears to swell out around 
the point of attachment of the base, thus tending to make the attach- 
ment all the more secure. (S.A.M., No. A 4228.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Japan, 65-125 fathoms (Pilsbry and Nilsson- 
Cantell). 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 79 


Gen. AcASTA Leach. 


1817. Acasta. Leach, Journ. de Physique, vol. lxxxv. 

1854. ,,  (subgen.). Darwin, Monogr. Balanidae, p. 302. 

LOOSEe Sine Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 258. 

NOOGE LS: Annandale in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. Suppl. 
Rep., xxxi, p. 145. 


19M. is Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 56. 

UGE ees Pilsbry, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xlii, p. 294. 

OS as Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 318, p. 232. 

OU GReeT 5 Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 241. 

1921. se Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, vol. vii, p. 341. 

1922. « Broch, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. For., vol. Ixxiii, 
p. 330. 


Darwin made this a subgenus of Balanus because he found it im- 
possible to fix on any character by which the Acasta-forms could be 
separated from the Balanus-forms, even the habitat not being 
‘conclusive. 

Darwin knew of one Acasta species, purpurata, which did not live in 
sponges. Since then Annandale has described a species, funiculorum, 
which is attached openly to the surface of a coral. 

If any further fact were needed to break down all distinctions 
between Balanus and Acasta, it is furnished by the species described 
below which has a membranous base, thus agreeing with the species 
of Membranobalanus. 

But since Darwin’s time authors have considered Acasta as of 
generic rank, mainly for the sake of convenience and on account of 
the unmistakable facies which all the species possess. 


Key to the South African species. 


I. Base calcareous. 
A. Tergum without a proper groove from apex to spur. 
1. No gaps at the bases of the parietes. 
a. Base cup-shaped (nearly always). Radii not as wide as 


parietes. 
i. Outer surface with short rigid projections. Base often 
porous : : spongites (Poli). 


ii. Outer surface with long flexible projections 
sulcata Darw., var. anchoris n. 
b. Base more or less flattened. Radii wider than parietes 
cyathus Darw. 
2. Small gaps at the base of the parietes . : A alba n. sp. 


80 Annals of the South African Museum. 


B. Tergum with a distinct and well-marked groove. 
1. No gaps at bases of parietes. Base flat. Tergum not cancellate 
fossata n. sp. 
2. Small gaps at bases of parietes (at least in the adult). Base cup- 
shaped. Tergum cancellate . . : pectinipes Pilsbry. 
II. Base membranous, sometimes feebly calcified round the edges in the adult 
membranacea n. sp. 


Acasta spongites (Poli). 


1791. Lepas spongites. Poli, Testac. Utriusque Siciliae, vol. 1, 
p. 25, pl. vi, figs. 3-6. 


1854. Acasta ae Darwin, loc. cit., p. 308, pl. 1x, figs. 1, a—d. 

1905. Hs 3 Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 263, fig. 293. 

1910. » Stebbing, Gen. Cat. 8.A. Crust., p. 570. 

IOI, ss » subsp. japonica. Pilsbry, Bull. Bur. Fish., ~ 
vol. xxix (1909), p. 80, pl. xvi, figs. 1-9. 

1916. 55 ,  andyaponica. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 93, pp. 242, 243, text-figs. 77, 78. 

a. Carino-lateral parietes about 4 width of lateral parietes . forma typica. 

6. Carino-lateral parietes 4 width of lateral parietes . subsp. japonica. 


There are four lots. The specimens in the first lot have 4 rows of 
pores, 1 from centre to each carino-lateral pariete and 1 to each of the 
sutures between the rostrum and the lateral parietes. The row to the 
carino-lateral pariete is really double and sometimes the two rows are 
distinct, making 6 rows of pores in all. 

In the second lot there are some specimens with the base nearly 
wholly porous, others in which the lower part is porous and the upper 
part solid, either with or without 4 or 6 rows of pores as described 
above. The base also is sometimes nearly flat (cf. figure of scuticosta 
Weltner), in others very deep, even deeper than the height of the shell, 
15 mm., 9 mm. 

The third lot have rather shallow, non-porous bases. 

The fourth lot closely resembles the subsp. japonica. It has, 
however, the partly, or almost wholly perforated base charac- 
teristic of the typical Cape form. Base often very deep and curled 
to one side. Fourth cirrus with anterior margins of all the joints 
of both rami and both margins of the 2nd joint of the pedicel 
scabrous with minute spinules, as described by Darwin, but 
apparently more numerous. Only 3 pairs of setae on the joints of 
the 6th cirrus. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 81 


The first 3 lots were all in an open horny sponge, but the 4th lot 
were embedded in a soft slimy species of sponge. 

Pilsbry, in 1916, has separated the Japanese form specifically. In 
view of the porous base of the Cape specimens, which link them on to 
the typical form, I prefer to regard it as a subspecies. 

Colour.—White, yellowish, or pinkish. 

Locality.—33° 6’ S., 28° 11’ E. (off East London), 85 fathoms ; 
Umbhloti River, N. by W. 4 W., distant 8 miles (Natal), 40 fathoms ; 
Durnford Point, N.W. ? W., distant 12 miles (Zululand), 90 fathoms ; 
Umkomaas River, N.W. by W. 4 W., distant 5 miles (Natal), 40 
fathoms. 8.8. “‘ Pieter Faure,” 28/1/99, 18/12/00, 28/2/01, and 
3/12/00. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4112-15.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—North Atlantic, Mediterranean, Cape of Good 
Hope (Darwin); Red Sea, Persian Gulf (Gruvel) ; Japan, 103 fathoms 
(Pilsbry) (subsp. gaponica). 


Acasta sulcata, var. anchoris n. 
(Plate I, fig. 16.) 


1818. Acasta sulcata. Lamarck, Anim. Sans. Vertebr. 
1831. ied a Deshayes in Guerin. Mag. de Zool., pl. xxiv. 
1854. i As Darwin, loc. cit., p. 310, pl. ix, figs. 2, a-d. 


1897. a Fd Weltner, Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1897, Bd. i. 

1905. a i Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 263, fig. 294. 

1911. i ie Kriiger, loc. cit., p. 56, pl. i, fig. 9; pl. iv, 
fig. 40. | 


Darwin recognised 2 varieties, but without giving them names. 
The present form is so distinct that I think it deserves a name. 

Subglobular. Walls slightly converging. Orifice not very large, 
deeply notched. 

Base variable, irregularly cup-shaped, depth variable, oval, with 
the centre always to one side, usually nearest the carinal edge, but in 
one case nearer the animal’s right side, in one specimen very deep 
and so strongly curved that the centre points in the same direction 
as the orifice. Lines of growth distinct, especially on the outer side 
where the growth is greatest ; edge crenulate, no internal teeth. 

Walls externally smooth, with (typically) rather long, calcified but 
flexible filamentous projections ; these vary much in development, 
being sometimes short or even absent altogether except for 2-3 short 
ones on the carina. 

Parietes internally ribbed, apices incurved. Carino-lateral pariete 

VOL. XX, PART |. 6 


82 Annals of the South African Museum. 


narrow, ¢ as wide as lateral pariete, reaching to base, ala and radius 
both reaching to base, both a little wider than the pariete, with very 
oblique summits. Noslits at base. 

Scutum, basal margin not greatly longer than tergal margin, 
articular ridge well developed, not terminating abruptly below, 
adductor ridge and cavities for depressor muscles feeble, surface with 
growth-ridges only, the longitudinal striae obsolete. 

Tergum slightly beaked, scutal margin slightly concave, about 
equal to basal margin, spur short, about 4 basal width, articular ridge 
feeble, depressor crests obsolete, surface with growth-ridges only, a 
very slight, broad, longitudinal depression increasing in width towards 
the spur. 

Labrum with 3 denticles on inner apex, palps obliquely truncate. 

Mandible, 3rd tooth double, 4th and 5th rudimentary, inner angle 
with 2 minute denticles and setose on inner margin. 

Maxilla, inner edge quite straight, with 9-10 subequal spines, the 
outer and inner ones not larger than the others. 

First cirrus, rami very unequal, 7- and 19-jointed. 

Second cirrus, rami slightly unequal, 8- and 10-jointed. 

Third cirrus, rami subequal, 9-jointed, unarmed. 

Fourth cirrus, rami equal, 10- and 11-jointed, 2nd joint of peduncle 
with 9 stout recurved teeth on anterior margin, anterior ramus with 
2 recurved teeth on joints 1 and 2, 2-4 on joints 3 and 4, and 1-2 on 
joint 5. 

Fifth and sixth cirri, rami 15—-18-jointed, with no trace of recurved 
teeth or spines, 3 pairs of setae on anterior margin and apical pair on 
posterior margin. 

Penis longer than posterior cirri, setulose, strongly rugulose, apex 
subacute. 

Length of shell, 3 mm. 

Colour.—White. 

Locality.—Tugela River, N.W. by W., distant 3 miles (Natal), 
14 fathoms, 6 specimens. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,’ 16/1/01. (S.A.M., 
No. A 4209.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—West Australia (Lamarck); South Australia 
and N.S. Wales (Darwin); Philippines (Weltner); Japan, 15-22 
metres (Kriiger). 


Acasta cyathus Darwin. 


1854. Acasta cyathus. Darwin, loc. cat., p. 312, pl. ix, figs. 3, a-c. 
1905. fe =A Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 259, fig. 287. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 83 


1906. Acasta cyathus. Annandale, loc. cit., p. 144. 

1916. a a Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 244, 
pl. lvii, text-figs. 79, 80. 

1922. Ss Bs Weltner, Wiss. Erg. D. Tiefsee Exp., vol. 
Xxill, pt. 2, p. 85. 

One specimen resembles cyathus in all respects except that the base 
is distinctly, though not deeply, cup-shaped. 

Scutum with faint longitudinal striae. Tergal spur more rounded 
below. Another specimen resembles the typical cyathus in the struc- 
ture of the walls and the valves, but the 4th cirrus has only 2-8 little 
upturned spines on the anterior apices of the lower 8 joints of the 
anterior ramus. Maxilla with inner edge straight, the 2 large outer 
spines followed by 7 smaller ones. Scutum and tergum with growth- 
lines only. Base small and flat. Parietes with a few rather long, 
spiniform projections. 

Both specimens in an open horny sponge. 

Length.—Nine mm. 

Colour.—-White. 

Locality.—Durnford Point, N.W. ? W., distant 12 miles (Zululand), 
90 fathoms ; Umtwalumi River, N. by W., distant 7 miles (Natal), 
50 fathoms. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 28/2/01 and 11/3/01. (S8.A.M., 
Nos. A 4210 and A 4211.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Madeira, West Indies (Darwin); New South 
Wales (Gruvel) ; Ceylon (Annandale); West Indies, Florida, Colon 
(Pilsbry) ; Dar-es-Salaam (Weltner). 


Acasta alba n. sp. 

A species that is almost exactly a combination of A. fenestrata and 
A. purpurata, approaching perhaps nearer to the latter. 

It resembles purpurata in general form, the size of the slits, the 
ribbed interior of the parietes, and the hollowing out of the parietes 
only on one side, and in the crenated edge of the basal cup, but has 
the oblique summits of the radii and the scutum and tergum of 
fenestrata. 

The basal cup is not quite so deep as in Darwin’s figure of purpurata. 
Carino-lateral pariete $ width of the lateral pariete. Radii not as 
wide as their parietes. 

Scutum with growth-ridges only, articular ridge distinct, oblique 
below, adductor ridge and pits for adductor and depressor muscles 
faint. 


84 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Tergum resembling that of fenestrata, but not “‘ furrowed in the line 
of the spur,”’ with growth-ridges only, spur 4 width of basal margin, 
distinct from basi-scutal angle, articular ridge not prominent, depressor 
crests obsolete. 

Labrum, palps obliquely truncate, outer apical angles subacute. 

Mandible, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th teeth double, 5th small, but distinct ; 
inner angle bifid more distinctly so on the one side than on the other. 

Maxilla, inner edge quite straight, 6-7 spines following the 2 outer 
ones and increasing in size to the 2 inner ones which are nearly equal 
to the 2 outer ones. 

First cirrus, posterior ramus 16-jointed, twice as long as 6-jointed 
anterior ramus. 

Second cirrus, posterior 11-jointed, ramus slightly longer than 
8-jointed anterior ramus. 

Third cirrus, rami subequal, 13-jointed, unarmed. 

Fourth cirrus, rami subequal, 17-jointed, 2nd joint of peduncle with 
2 recurved teeth and 2 minute denticles on anterior apical angle, 
anterior ramus with 2-3 unequal recurved teeth on joints 1-7, 1 tooth 
on joint 8. 

Fifth and sixth cirri unarmed, each joint with 3 pairs of setae on 
anterior margin. 

Penis longer than posterior cirri, setulose, and rugulose. 

Length of shell, 4 mm.; of basal cup, 1-5 mm.; greatest diameter, 
4 mm. j 

Colour.—Uniform white in spirit. 

Locality.—33° 9’ 8., 28° 3’ E. (off East London), 47 fathoms, 1 speci- 
men; 33° 6’8., 28° 11’ E. (off East London), 85 fathoms, 1 specimen ; 
Scottburgh, N.W. by N., distant 8 miles (Natal), 92 fathoms, 1 speci- 
men. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 28/12/98, 28/1/99, and 7/3/01. (S.A.M., 
Nos. A 4216-8.) 


Acasta fossata n. sp. 


More or less conical, slightly narrowing above, widest at base. 
Orifice large, not very deeply notched. Walls externally with growth- 
lines and numerous small, short points. Radii as wide as or a little 
narrower than their parietes, summits not very oblique, with faint 
horizontal and oblique striae. No gaps. Parietes internally strongly 
tibbed, the lateral margins thickened and projecting inwards. Sheath 
horizontally ribbed. Carino-lateral pariete 4 width of lateral pariete. 

Base saucer-shaped, very shallow or quite flat, oval more or less 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 85 


distinctly hexagonal, thick, externally with growth-lines, internally 
with 6 more or less distinct, never prominent, radiating ridges, each 
thickened into a tooth at the periphery, but not bifid. 

Scutum thick, high, and narrow, basal margin much the shortest, 
slightly convex, outer surface with growth-ridges densely covered with 
a short thick pile, articular ridge prominent, oblique below, adductor 
ridge prominent, pits for adductor and depressor muscles distinct. 

Tergum short, not so thick as scutum, carinal margin shortest, a 
wide and deep groove running to spur, which is nearly equal to, 
sometimes quite equal to, half basal width, rounded below, basi- 
scutal angle usually distinct but sometimes confluent with spur, 
surface with growth-ridges covered with a short dense pile, articular 
ridge not very distinct, depressor crests distinct, in fact nearly the 
whole of the inner surface has a number of small irregular, often 
interrupted, ridges. 

Mandible, 2nd and 3rd teeth obscurely double, 4th distinct, 5th 
scarcely distinct from blunt inner angle. 

Maxilla, inner edge with a shallow notch, with 3-4 small spinules 
in it, followed by 8 spines of which 2 near the inner angle are as large 
as the 2 on outer angle. 

First cirrus, posterior 16-jointed ramus twice as long as 8-jointed 
anterior ramus, the joints of which are lobed posteriorly. 

Second cirrus, anterior 10-jointed ramus slightly longer than 
8-jointed posterior ramus. 

Third cirrus, rami subequal, 14-jointed, 5-6 little upturned spines 
on both rami, but stronger on the anterior. 

Fourth cirrus longer, but with similar armature. 

Fifth cirrus, joints of the anterior ramus with 2-3 spinules, rather 
indistinct. 

Sixth cirrus unarmed. Joints of 5th and 6th cirri with 3 pairs of 
setae on anterior margin and | pair on posterior apex. 

Penis longer than posterior cirri, setulose, rugulose. 

Length of walls, 8 mm. ; greatest basal diameter, 8 mm. 

Colour.—-White in spirit. 

Locality.—33° 53’ 8., 25° 51’ E. (Algoa Bay), 26 fathoms, 4 speci- 
mens; Seal Island, 8.8.W., distant } mile (False Bay), 12 fathoms, 
1 specimen; 33° 50’ S., 25° 54’ EH. (Algoa Bay), 1 specimen. S.S8. 
“Pieter Faure,” 6/12/98, 24/8/03, and 11/11/98. (S.A.M., Nos. 
A 4213-5.) 

One specimen (No. A 4215) is more elongate, the walls measuring 
11 mm., and the greatest width is above the base, the base measuring 


86 Annals of the South African Museum. 


only5mm. Except for this difference, there is nothing to separate this 
specimen from the others. 


Acasta pectinipes Pilsbry. 


1912. Acasta pectinipes. Pilsbry, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xl, 
p. 294. 

1913. ,, mnittda. Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 313, p. 237, 
pl. xxiv, figs. 17-19; pl. xxv, figs. 1-3. 

1916. »  pectinipes. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 247. 


For purposes of comparison I give the following description of the 
Cape specimens. 

Base cup-shaped, with faint lines of growth, upper edge minutely — 
crenulate, no internal teeth. In young specimens of 3-4 mm. capitular 
height, the base is quadrangular, very slightly convex, scarcely 1 mm. 
in depth, with a minute central point and 4 shallow grooves radiating 
to the corners. In a specimen of 6 mm. capitular height, the base is 
regularly cup-shaped, conical, 4 mm. deep, and oval at the top. In 
the largest specimen of 8 mm. capitular height, the base is also 8 mm. 
deep, oval at the top, regularly conical for the lower ?, and then cylin- 
drical as far as the walls, which slightly overlap the edge of the base. 
This series was taken out of the same sponge and shows the changes 
in shape undergone during growth. The smallest and the largest 
might quite easily have been considered specifically distinct had they 
occurred separately. 

All the parietes incurved at the top. Orifice not very large, nor 
deeply notched. 

Parietes internally grooved, corresponding with external ridges, but 
not also horizontally ribbed as in nitida. External ridges denticulate. 

Carino-lateral pariete very narrow, forming a narrow rib reaching 
to base, where it is about + (or less) the width of the lateral pariete, 
ala not broader than pariete, but radius widening until it is a little 
broader, neither ala nor radius extending more than half-way down 
pariete, leaving a narrow membrane-covered slit between the parietes. 
Similar slits are left between the rostrum and the lateral parietes. 
In young specimens they are so slight as to escape notice, and certainly 
would have been overlooked had not the young specimens been in the 
same series with adult specimens. 

Scutum with short tergal margin, nearly straight, occludent margin 
toothed, longitudinal ribs and growth-ridges moderately strong, 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 87 


equally developed, producing a cancellate appearance, in the largest 
specimens the later growth-ridges predominate, so that the cancellate 
appearance is seen only on the apical half, even here it is never as 
strongly marked as in the tergum; articular ridge strong, articular 
furrow deep, cavity for depressor muscles shallow. 

Tergum broad, roughly equilateral, the 3 margins being about equal, 
carinal margin convex, scutal margin slightly concave, spur short and 
broad, but not more than 4 width of valve, its distal margin truncated 
parallel with basal margin. Externally the longitudinal furrow begins 
only in the lower half, whence it widens rapidly to the whole width of 
the spur. Carinal portion of valve strongly cancellate, but in the 
largest specimens, as in the scutum, this is only seen at the apical half, 
farther down the growth-ridges predominate. Scutal portion with 
erowth-ridges only. Articular ridge distinct, articular furrow deep, 
depressor crests very faint. 

Anatomy of a medium-sized specimen (capitulum height, 6 mm.). 

Mandible, 2nd and 3rd teeth double, 4th and 5th small, inner angle 
blunt, non-spinose. 

Maxilla, inner edge straight, 7 spines between outer and inner large 
pairs. 

First cirrus, rami very unequal, 7- and 19-jointed. 

Second cirrus, rami slightly unequal, 8- and 10-jointed. 

Third cirrus, rami equal, 12- and 13-jointed, unarmed. 

Fourth cirrus, rami equal, 24- and 30-jointed, 2nd joint of peduncle 
with 12 recurved teeth, first 10 joints of anterior ramus with recurved 
teeth, 2 and 1 on 9th and 10th joints respectively, posterior ramus 
unarmed. 

Fifth cirrus, rami equal, ca. 35-jointed, unarmed. 

Sixth cirrus, rami equal, ca. 40 jointed. Each joint of 5th and 6th 
cirri with 3 pairs of setae on anterior margin. 

Penis 12 mm. long, tapering to an acute apex, rugulose, setulose. 

Length.—Up to 16 mm. ; greatest diameter, up to 10 mm. 

Colour.—Pinkish or salmon, the colour deepest at the apices of the 
parietes. 

Locality.—Cape Morgan, N.N.W., distant 7 miles, 52 fathoms, 
1 specimen; False Bay, 17 fathoms, 4 specimens (juv. and adult) ; 
Umkomaas River, N.W. by W. 3 W., distant 5 miles (Natul), 40 
fathoms, 2 specimens; 33° 6’ §., 28° 11’ E. (off East London), 85 
fathoms, 1 specimen. 8.8. “‘ Pieter Faure,” 12/8/01, 8/10/02, 31/12/00, 
and 28/1/99. (S.A.M., Nos. A 311, A 3924, A 4219, and A 4221.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Philippine Islands, 18 fathoms (Pilsbry : 


88 Annals of the South African Museum. 


pectinipes) ; 6° 15’ S., 110° 50’ EH. (Java Sea), 40-50 metres (Hoek : 
mitida). 

The number of external “ prickly threads ” varies, increasing with 
age. The strength of the “ prickles ’ also varies, some being smooth 
points, others being almost tuberculate and strongly scabrous. 

Pilsbry did not describe the animal of his specimens, if it was present. 
It will be noticed that there are slight differences between my account 
and Hoek’s description of the anatomy of nitzda, the chief being the 
absence of recurved teeth on the 5th cirrus in the Cape specimens. 
This, however, is not important enough to overrule the many other 
points of agreement. Similarly the presence of the horizontal ribs 
on the interior of the parietes is not a feature of great consequence ; 
and the absence of the slits between the parietes may well be due to 
Hoek’s specimens not having been adult. I had already come to the 
conclusion that Hoek’s nitida was synonymous with Pilsbry’s pectinipes, 
before receiving Pilsbry’s 1916 paper, in which I find an authoritative 
confirmation of my views. 

The cancellate tergum and the external sculpturing are the most 
characteristic features of this species. 


Acasta membranacea n. sp. 


Conical, walls slightly converging. Orifice large, deeply notched. 
Base nearly or quite flat, thin, membranous, completely so in all the 
small and some of the larger specimens, partially calcified in other 
large specimens round the periphery where the depressor muscles of 
the opercular valves are attached, in one case feebly calcified all over. 

Parietes thin, not porous, externally with growth-lines and numerous 
irregular short calcareous projections, leaving where broken off pore- 
like scars; internally smooth, lateral margins more or less strongly 
ribbed, sheath with slight horizontal ridges. Carino-lateral pariete 
+ (or less) width of lateral pariete. Carina longer than rostrum. 
Radu not wider than their parietes, summits very oblique. 

Scutum higher than wide, with moderately strong growth-ridges, 
longitudinal striae sometimes distinct, sometimes quite obsolete, 
articular ridge strong, oblique below, adductor ridge and cavities for 
adductor and depressor muscles well-marked, occludent margin 
somewhat inflexed forming at the basal angle a small elongate pit. 

Tergum strongly beaked, the beak sometimes moderately stout, 
sometimes very narrow and elongate, falcate, scutal margin thus 
concave, basal margin shortest, surface with growth-ridges only, a 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 89 


moderately deep and narrow groove from apex to the spur, which is 
+ as long and } as wide as basal margin, moderately narrow, obliquely 
truncate, basi-scutal angle distinct, acute ; width of groove and conse- 
quently of the spur is a little variable. 

Mandible, 2nd tooth double, 4th small, 5th not distinct from blunt 
inner angle. 

Maxilla, inner margin straight or with a very small notch, 8-10 
spines between the 2 outer large spines and the 2 inner large ones. 

First cirrus, posterior 18-jointed ramus twice as long as anterior 
8-jointed ramus, the joints of the latter broader than long, almost 
moniliform, strongly setose. 

Second cirrus, rami subequal, 10—12-jointed. 

Third cirrus, rami subequal, 15-18-jointed, anterior ramus with 3—4 
small upturned spines on all the joints except the distal 2 or 3. 

Fourth cirrus, rami 25-27-jointed, both rami with 4—6 small upturned 
spines on all the joints except the distal ones, posterior margin also 
of Ist joint (which is longer than the others) of anterior ramus with 
a row of small upturned spines. 

Fifth and sixth cirrus, rami 30-32-jointed, posterior margin of Ist 
joint spinose as in 4th cirrus. Each joint with 3 pairs of setae on 
anterior margin and | pair on posterior apex. 

Penis long, rugulose, setulose, apex subacute. 

Length of carina, up to 14 mm.; greatest basal width, up to 
10 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white. 

Locality.—-Durnford Point, N.W. ? W., distant 12 miles (Zululand), 
90 fathoms, | specimen; Umbhloti River, N. by W. 4 W., distant 8 
miles (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 specimens; 33° 6’ S., 28° 11’ E. (off East 
London), 85 fathoms, several specimens ; Umkomaas River, N.W. by 
W. 4 W., distant 5 miles (Natal), 40 fathoms, several specimens ; 
Tugela River, N.W. by W., distant 3 miles (Natal), 14 fathoms, 1 
specimen; Cone Point, N.W. 4 W., distant 4 miles (Zululand), 34 
fathoms, several specimens; Umtwalumi River, N. by W., distant 
7 miles (Natal), 50 fathoms, 4 specimens. S.S. ‘“‘ Pieter Faure,” 
28/2/01, 18/12/00, 28/1/99, 31/12/00, 16/1/01, 27/2/01, and 11/3/01. 
(S.A.M., Nos. A 3923, A 4212, A 4222-7.) 

In Pachastrella isorrhopa Krkp. and other Hexactinellid sponges. 
This species differs from scuticosta Weltner, in having a membranous 
base, which, however, is variable, as shown above. The groove on 
the tergal spur is not mentioned in Gruvel’s description of this species 
(I have not seen the original description), nor are the appendages 


90 Annals of the South African Museum. 


described. There is a possibility of running the two species together 
when a larger series is forthcoming. 


Gen. TETRACLITA Schumacher. 


1817. Tetrachita. Schumacher, Essai d’un nouveau systeme des 
Habitations des Vers Testacés, p. 91. 

1817. Conia. Leach, Journ. Phys., vol. lxxxv, p. 69. 

1822. Polytrema. Ferussac, Dict. class. d’Hist. Nat., vol. uy, 


p. 144. 
1854. Tetrachita. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 321. 
1905. z Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 284. 
1913. $5 Hoek, Siboga Exp. Monogr., 318, p. 253. 
1916. es Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 248. 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Parietes with several rows of pores. 
a. Surface, smooth or ribbed. Scutum with articular and adductor ridges 
parallel not joining : : : squamosa (Brug.). 
b. Surface with serrated ribs. Scutum with articular and adductor ridges 
joining and forming a cavity which runs up to the apex . serrata Darw. 
. Parietes with a single row of pores . -  subgen. Jesseropora rosea (Krss.). 


bo 


*Tetraclita squamosa (Brug.). 


1789. Balanus squamosus. Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. (Vers), vol. i, 
Pp: LO; pla clxvarties: 95010; 
1790. Lepas porosa. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, vol. i, pt. 6, 


p. 3212. 

1854. Tetraclita porosa. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 329, pl. x, figs. 1, a—m. 
1897. es F Weltner, Arch. Naturg., vol. lxiu, pt. 1, 
p. 257. 

1905. a ” Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 287, figs. 308 B, 312. 

1911. A ‘i Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 60, pl. iv, 
figs. 418, c. 

1913. bs, 7 Hoek, loc. cit., p. 254. 

1916. 5) squamosa. Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 249 (with new 
subspecies). 


Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Not 
represented in the collection. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 91 


Tetrachita serrata Darwin. 


1854. Tetraclita serrata. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 234, pl. x, 


figs. 2, a—d. 
1897. a ie Weltner, Arch. Naturg., vol. lxii, pt. 1, 
p. 258. 
1905. ae »:  Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 289, fig. 313. 
1906. A a Annandale in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl 


Fish. Suppl. Rep., 31, p. 144. 


1910. f on Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 571. 

IGM ie = Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 61, pl. iv, 
fig. 41a. 

1916. s wy Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 249. 


According to Weltner and Kriiger, a series of transitional forms can 
be found between squamosa and this species (see Kriiger, pl. iv, figs. 
41b, 2-7), showing that serrata should be regarded only as a variety 
of squamosa. 

Specimens in the collection from Table Bay and False Bay (R. M. 
Lightfoot and K. H. B.); Cove Rock, near East London (s.s. “‘ Pieter 
Faure ’’); Durban (K. H. B.). (S.A.M., Nos. A 298, A 306, and - 
A 320.) 

There are also 3 large specimens, 30 mm. basal diameter, in the 
“ Pieter Faure’ collection bearing the reference number 2250 (S8.A.M., 
No. A 297). The corresponding locality in the log-book is “ Lion’s 
Head, N. 67° E., distant 25 miles (off Cape Peninsula), 131 fathoms.” 
From the depth given I think one may legitimately conclude that the 
number “ 2250 ”’ is either a mistake or has been placed in the wrong 
bottle, as the members of this genus are found only in the littoral zone. 

Other localities are Algoa Bay (Darwin) and Pondoland (Weltner), 
Ceylon (Annandale). 


Subgen. TESSEROPORA Pilsbry. 


1916. Tesseropora. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 259. 
1921. Tessepora [sic]. Nilsson-Cantell, Zoolog. Bidrag. Upsala, 
vol. vii, p. 365. 


*Tetraclita rosea (Krss.). 
1848. Conia rosea. Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 136, pl. vi, 
fig..28. 
1854. Tetraclita rosea. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 335, pl. x, 
figs. 3, a-d. 


92 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1905. Tetrachta rosea. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 286, fig. 310. 
1910. a 7 Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 571. 
1916. A he Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 760, pl. lviui, fig. 4. 


Not represented in the collection by South African specimens. 
Geogr. Distribution.—Australia. 


Subfam. CHELONIBIINAE. 
1916. Chelonibiinae. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 262. 


Gen. CHELONIBIA Leach. 


1817. Chelonibia. Leach, Journ. Phys., vol. lxxxv, p. 68. 
1818. Coronula (part). Lamarck, Anim. sans Vertebr., vol. v, 


p. 385. 
1854. Chelonobia. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 382. 
1905. a Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 266. 


1916. Chelonibia. Pailsbry, loc. cit., p. 262. 


Key to the South African species. 


1. Radii well-developed, though narrow, arars notched. Cavities between the 
basal septa rather deep. : : : testudinaria Linn. 
2. Radii not developed, or very narrow. UCavities filled up almost to the base, 
septa much interrupted. Shell very thick and heavy . caretta. (Spengl.). 


Chelonibia testudinaria (Linn.). 


1758. Lepas testudinaria. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 668. 

1825. Astrolepas rotundarius. Gray, Ann. Philos. (N.8.), vol. x, 
p. 105. 

1854. Chelonobia testudinaria. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 392, pl. xiv, 
figs. 1, a-d, 5; pl. xv, fig. 1. 


1905. A i. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 267, 
fig. 297, A. 

1906. = im Annandale in Herdman’s Ceylon 
Pearl Fish. Suppl. Rep., 31, 
p- 145. 

1911. Ka A Kriiger, Beitr. Cirrip. Ostas, p. 57, 
text-figs. 121-125. 

1916. 43 as Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 264, pl. lxn, 
figs. 1-4. 


Widely distributed in all tropical and warm temperate seas on the 
loggerhead turtle. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 93 


Specimens are in the collection from Table Bay, without date or 
donor. (S.A.M., No. 1340.) 


Chelonibia caretta (Spengl.). 
1790. Lepas caretta. Spengler, Skr. Natur. Selsk., vol. i, p. 185, 


pl. vi, fig. 4. 

1854. Chelonobia caretta. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 394, pl. xiv, 
fig. 2. 

1905. e “3 Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 269, 
sia 4S) ae DE 

1916. ie io Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 


p. 267, pl. lxi, figs. 5, 5a. 

Two specimens, 30 mm. in diameter, on a Green Turtle (Chelone 
midas) caught in Table Bay, 1919. (S.A.M., No. A 4314.) 

Specimens from Cape of Good Hope are in the Paris Museum 
(teste Pilsbry). Not mentioned by Gruvel. 

Geogr. Distribution.—West Africa, N. Australia (Darwin); Venez- 
uela, Massana, Torres Straits (Weltner); Saigon (Paris Museum, 
teste Pilsbry) ; West Indies, New Jersey, East Indies, Brazil (Pilsbry). 
Usually on loggerhead turtles. 


Subfam. CORONULINAE. 


1854. Balaninae (2nd sect.). Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 397. 

1907. Coronulinae+- Xenobalaninae. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., pp. 
8, 270, 280. 

1916. Coronulinae. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 268. 


There are other genera of this subfamily, not represented in South 
Africa, which are found on turtles, manatees, snakes, and fishes. 


Key to the South African genera. 


1. Body contained within the walls. Opercular valves present. 
a. Parietes externally ribbed. Radii broad . : : : Coronula. 
6. Tubular, annulate, without longitudinal ribs. Radiinarrow Tubicinella. 
. Body elongate, resembling a naked Pedunculate barnacle, not contained within 
the walls, which are minute. Opercular valves absent . . Xenobalanus. 


bo 


Gen. CORONULA Lam. 
1802. Coronula. Lamarck, Ann. Mus., vol. i, p. 464. 


1854. 3 Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 397. 
1916. As Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 271. 


94 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Key to the South African species. 


_ 


. Orifice much larger than basal opening. Branches of the sutural ribs asym- 
metrical or absent. Terga wanting or very minute. 
a. Crown-shaped. Parietes convex, with convex rugose ribs . diadema (Linn.). 


b. Depressed. Parietes with flat, beaded ribs. : reginae (Darw.). 
2. Orifice not larger than basal opening. Branches of the sutural ribs sym- 
metrical. Terga present : 5 : A . complanata (Morch). 


Coronula diadema (Linn.). 


1767. Lepas diadema. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1108. 

1776. ,, balaenaris. O. F. Miller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 250. 

1854. Coronula diadema. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 417, pl. xv, 
figs. 3, 3b; pl. xvi, figs. 1, 2, 7. 


1897. e ‘ Weltner, Arch. Naturg., vol. Ixiu, pt. 1, 
p. 254. 

1900. om a Weltner, Fauna Arctica, vol. 1, p. 302. 
1900. _ i Marloth; Tr. Philos. Soc. 8. Afr., vol. xi, 
Dileep: 

1903. ie a Stead, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 
xxvill, p. 944. 

1910. - i Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 571. 

1916. a a Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 


p. 273, pl. Ixv, figs. 3-4. 


Widely distributed over the Northern and Southern hemisphere. 
On the Humpback Whale (Megaptera). 

Stead’s record, quoted by Pilsbry, is open to doubt, as he says the 
whale “‘ appeared to be a Finback (Balaenoptera).”’ There are speci- 
mens in the South African Museum labelled as from Balaena australis. 
(S.A.M., Nos. 1323-5, A 229, A 305.) 


Coronula reginae Darwin. 
1854. Coronula reginae. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 419, pl. xv, 
fig. 5; pl. xvi, fig. 4. 
1916. 5 a Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 275, pl. bxiv. 


Stebbing in the Gen. Cat. 8.A. Crust., p. 572, regards reginae as 
doubtfully distinct from diadema. Darwin believed that regunae 
replaced diadema in the Pacific. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 95 


Distribution.—Northern and Southern Atlantic, Pacific. 
On Megaptera. 
There are 5 specimens in the South African Museum from Table 


Bay. 


One of these bears a very strong outward resemblance to a 


diadema of the same size. (S.A.M., No. A 4300.) 


1790. 
1818. 
1848. 
1852. 
1854. 


1910. 
1916. 


Coronula complanata (Mérch). 


Lepas balaenaris. Spengler, Str. Naturh. Selsk., vol. i, p. 187 
(non O. F. Miller). 


Cetopirus  ,, Ranzani, Opusc. Scient., vol. ii, p. 87. 
Coronula ,, Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 135. 
Cetopirus complanatus. Mérch, Catalog. Conchyl. Comes de 


Cjoldi, p. 67. 
Coronula balaenaris. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 415, 
pl. xv, figs. 2-26; pl. xvi, figs. 3, 5. 
as darwinit. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 572. 
a complanata. Pilsbry, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 276, pl. lait, figs. 1) 253) 3a: 


Four specimens in the collection from Table Bay and Simonstown. 


(S.A.M., 


No. 1326.) 


Distribution.—East Indies ; New South Wales, West Africa; West 
coast South America; Norway (see Pilsbry). 


1802 


1854. 


1802 


1806 


1848 


1854. 


1900. 


1903. 


Gen. TUBICINELLA Lam. 


Tubicinella. Lamarck, Ann. Mus., vol. i, p. 461. : 
a Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 430. 


Tubicinella striata Lam. 


Tubicinella (major), (minor), striata. Lamarck, loc. cit., p.463, 
pk pox. tiga 1e 
Lepas trachealis. Shaw, Shaw and Nodder’s Naturalist’s Mis- 
; cellany, vol. xvu, pl. decxxvi. 
Tubicinella balaenarum. Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 135. 


i trachealis. Darwin, loc. cit., p. 431, pl. xvii, 
figs. 3, a—c. 

i oe Marloth, Tr. Phil. Soc. S. Afr., vol. ii, 
useless 

x é Gruvel, Deutsch Sidpol. Exp., 


vol. 1, p. 216. 


96 


1910. Tubicinella striata. 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


LQG: a 


A 300, 


A 304.) 


Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 573. 


major. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, 
p. 281, pl. Ixv, fig. 5. 


Specimens in the collection from the Southern Right Whale (Balaena 
australis) taken in Table Bay and False Bay. (S.A.M., Nos. 1327, 


Distribution.—Southern Atlantic Ocean. 


1851 


1852. 


1852 
1854 


1851 


1852. 


1905. 


1916. 


1920. 


1923. 


. Xenobalanus. 


39 


. Siphonicella. 
. Xenobalanus. 
1905. 
1916. 


99 


39 


Gen. XENOBALANUS Stnstrp. 


Steenstrup, Vedensk. Medd. Naturh. For. 


Kobenhaven, pl. iii, figs. 11-15. 
Steenstrup, Overs. K. dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. 
Forhl. Telt., 1852, pp. 158, 161. 


Darwin, Monogr. Lepadidae, p. 156. 
Darwin, Monogr. Balanidae, p. 438. 


Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 280. 
Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 282. 


Xenobalanus globicipitis Stustrp. 


. Xenobalanus globicipitis. 


29 


29 


natalensis. 


Steenstrup, loc. cit., pl. iii, figs. 
11-15. 

Darwin, loc. cit., p. 440, pl. xvii, 
figs. 4, a-c. 

Gruvel;, “loc: cit.“ p: 20)euehese 
304, 305. 

Pilsbry, loc. cié., p. 283, pl. Ixv, 
figs. 2-26, and var. pallidus, 
p. 284, pl. Ixv, fig. 1. 

Calman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.-(9), 
vi, p. 165. 

Stebbing, Fish. Mar. Surv. S. Afr., 
Spec. Rep., 3, p. 12, pl. xvi. 


The reasons given for the institution of the species natalensis are, 


in my opinion, quite inadequate. 
tion to pl. xvi) of the shell belies Stebbing’s statement that it is only 
5-rayed. 

I have examined 4 specimens received from Mr. Bell-Marley from 
the tail of Tursiops catalaniae, caught in Natal, 1919 (S.A.M., No. 
A 4317), evidently part of the same catch from which Stebbing 


received his specimens. 


Even the “ rough sketch ” (explana- 


All four specimens have a typical 6-rayed 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 97 


shell. The penis is large, as described by Stebbing, but the character 
of only 4 teeth in the mandible is not a constant one; it is probable 
that Stebbing overlooked the 5th tooth, which is minute. 

Further, I have seen a large number of perfectly typical specimens 
from the tail-flukes of a blue whale caught off Saldanha Bay ($.A.M., 
No. A 4320, collected by Mr. J. Drury, 1922). 

This remarkable barnacle bears an extremely close resemblance to 
a stalked barnacle, especially to Conchoderma auritum ; but is always 
attached directly to the skin of its host, whereas Conchoderma 1s 
always attached to another sessile barnacle. 

Distribution.—Northern Atlantic, on the Black Fish (Globicephalus), 
Finner Whale (Balaenoptera physalis) ; Antarctic (on Finner Whale). 


Fam. CHTHAMALIDAR. 


1854. Chthamalinae (subfam.). Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 446. 
1916. Chthamalidae. Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 290. 


Key to the South African genera. 


1. Compartments, 6 . : , é : ; ‘ ; ; Chthmalus. 
2. Compartments, 8 . : ; : ; 6 ; : i Octomeris. 


Gen. CHTHAMALUS Ranz. 


1817. Chthamalus. Ranzani, Opusce. Scient., vol. 1, p. 276. 


1818. =f Ranzani, vbed., vol. i, p. 83. 

1837. Huraphia. Conrad, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. vu, 
p. 261. 

1854. Chthamalus. Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 447. 

1916. + Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 293. 

1921. a Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, vol. vu, 
p. 274. 


Chthamalus dentatus Krss. 


1848. Chihamalus dentatus. Krauss, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 135, 
plava, ieee 


1854. Ae 3 Darwin, loc. cit., p. 463, pl. xvii, 
figs. 3, a-—c. 

NOHO: bi Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 574. 

1921. An ee Nilsson-Cantell, loc. cit., p. 282, fig. 52. 


Pilsbry in his Monograph has given on pp. 295, 296 a grouping of 
the species based primarily on the mandible. He has added a footnote 


ed 


VOL. XX, PART I, ( 


98 Annals of the South African Museum. 


stating that as he has not dissected C. dentatus (and others) it may 
have been placed in the wrong group. As a matter of fact it is 
wrongly placed. It should be grouped under la, having a mandible 
like that figured for C. stellatus, fig.8, A D,in Pilsbry’s work. Darwin’s 
description of the inferior part as being “coarsely pectinated ”’ is 
certainly misleading. (See also Nilsson-Cantell, 1921, p. 275.) 

Specimens from Table Bay, False Bay, and Durban (K. H. B.). 
(S.A.M., Nos. 1346, 1451, A 302, and A 3904.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—West Africa, Loanda, Gold Coast, Madagascar, 
Gulf of Aden. Littoral and attached to ships’ bottoms. 


Gen. OCTOMERIS Sowerby. 


1825. Octomeris. Sowerby, Zool. Journ., vol. i, p. 244. 


1854. i Darwin, Monogr. Balanid., p. 482. 

1916. co Pilsbry, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 93, p. 334. 

OZ" Ke Nilsson-Cantell, Zool. Bidrag. Upsala, vol. vii, 
p. 298. 


Octomeris angulosa Sow. 


1825. Octomeris angulosa. Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 244, pl. xu, 


figs. 1-11. 
1854. be * Darwin, loc. cit., p. 483, pl. xx, fig. 2a, 6. 
1910. as ny Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 575. 
1916. Bes i Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 334. 


Young specimens from a sheltered position at Smitswinkel Bay 
" (False Bay) show very strong longitudinal ribs on the parietes, and 
the uncorroded opercular valves have prominent growth-ridges. 
Basal margin of scutum straight. 

Specimens from Table Bay, False Bay (K. H. B.), Port Elizabeth 
(Mrs. T. V. Paterson), and Durban (K. H. B.). (S.A.M., Nos. 1844, 
1345, A 308, A 315, A 319, and A 328.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—There is a typical specimen in the collection 
labelled as from “ Australia.” (S.A.M., No. 1831.) 


ASCOTHORACICA. 


1905. Ascotheracica. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 336. 


Fam. DENDROGASTERIDAE. 


1905. Dendrogasteridae. Gruvel, loc. cit., p. 345. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa, 99 


Gen. DENDROGASTER Knip. 


1890. Dendrogaster. Knipovitsh, Biol. Centralb., vol. x, p. 707. 


* Dendrogaster arborescens \e Roi. 


1905. Dendrogaster arborescens. le Roi, Zool. Anz., vol. xxix, p. 899. 
1907. a As le Roi, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., vol. 
exxxvi, p. 100. 


In the Asteroid, Dipsacaster sladeni (‘* Valdivia ”’ Exp.). 

Dr. H. L. Clark of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, who has 
reported on the “ Pieter Faure ~ collection of Echinoderms (Ann. 8. 
Afr. Mus., vol. xii, pt. 7, 1923), and who, at my request, kept a 
special look-out for parasitic Cirripedes, tells me that he found no 
specimens either of this or any other form. 


ACROTHORACICA. 
1905. Acrothoracica. Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 310. 
1909. o Calman in Lankester’s Treatise, p. 140. 
1910. . Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 575. 


Fam. KoCHLORINIDAER. 


1909. Kochlorinidae. Calman, loc. cit., p. 140. 


Gen. KOCHLORINE Noll. 


1872. Kochlorine. Noll, Ber. Senckenb. Ges., 1871-2, p. 24. 
1897. Weltner, Arch, Naturg., vol. lxiii, pt. 1 


* Kochlorine bihamata Noll. 


1883. Kochlorine bihamata. Noll, Zool. Anz., vol. vi, No. 147, 


p. 471. 
1883. ie = Hoek, Challeng. Rep., vol. vii, p. 6. 
1905. es ae Gruvel, Monogr. Cirrhip., p. 334. 
1910. Es ie Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., 
p. 575. 


In cavities in the shell of Haliotis, Cape of Good Hope (Noll). 


100 Annals of the South African Museum. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


. Smilium hypocrites n. sp. $5, cleaned. 
. Smiliwm hypocrites n. sp. % x4, inits natural position on a branch of Villo- 


gorgia mauritiensis, concealed by the coenosarc and polyps of the latter. 


. Scalpellum ornatum (Gray), aberration. 9 x 5, 
. Scalpellum faurei n. sp. 2x6. 


Scalpellum cancellatum n. sp. 2x65. 
Scalpellum subalatum n. sp. 2x6. 


. Scalpellum capensen. sp. 27. 

. Scalpellum agulhense n. sp. 2x6. 

. Scalpellum porcellanum n. sp. 2x8. 

. Scalpellum brachium-cancri Welt. 2x3. 

. Scalpellum brevicaulis n. sp. 2x10. With dorsal view of carinal latus. 

2. Scalpellum ewmitosn. sp. 2x3. 

. Scalpellum uncinatum n. sp. 2x5. 

. Scalpellum natalensen. sp. 2» 10. 

5. Scalpellum botellinae n. sp. 2x9. The dotted line indicates the size of the 


male. 


. Acasta sulcata Darwin, var. anchorisn. x8. 


Plate I. 


oe 


ZE 
/ Lge 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


KA.E. ded. 


SournH AFrRican CrrRIPEDIA. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 


A 
Absia 
Acasta : 
ACROTHORAC ICA . 


agulhense (Scalpellum) 
alba (Acasta) 


ALEPADIDAE 
Alepadinae 
Alepas 


algicola (Balanus) 
amphitrite (Balanus) : 
Anaspidae 

Anatifa 

anatifera (Lepas) 

anchoris (Acasta sulcata var.) 
angulosa (Octomeris) . 
anserifera (Lepas) 
arborescens (Dendrogaster 
armatus (Balanus) 
ASCOTHORACICA 
Astrolepas . 

aurantia (Poecilasma) 
auritum (Conchoderma) 
australis (Lepas) 


B 


balaenaris (Coronula) 
BALANIDAE . 

Balaninae. : 
balanoides ( Balanus) 5 
Balanus 

bellum (Megalasma) 
bihamata (Kochlorine) 
botellinae (Scalpellum) 
brachium-cancri (Scalpellum) 


breve (Poecilasma inaequilaterale 


subsp.) . 
brevicaulis (Scalpellum) 
Brismaeus : 


C 
Calantica . : 
calceolus (Balanus) 
cancellatum (Scalpellum) 
capense (Scalpellum) . 
capensis (Balanus) 
carenatus (Balanus) 
caretta (Chelonibia) 
carinatum (Megalasma) 
Chelonibia 
Chelonibiinae 


INDEX. 
PAGH 

48 | Chirona 

79 CHTHAMALIDAE 

99 | Chthamalinae 

28 | Chthamalus : ; : 

83 | communis (Balanus amphitrite 

62 var.) : : : : 

62 | communis (Balanus tintinnabulum 

62 WIE) w 

67 | complanata (C ‘oronula) 

69 | Conchoderma 

§2 | Conchotrya 

50 | Conia 

50 | Conopea 

81 | cor (Octolasmis) 

98 | Coronula . 

50 | Coronulinae : 

99 | coutiert (Octolasmis) . 

68 | crassa (Poecilasma) 

98 | crenatus (Balanus) 

92 | cyathus (Acasta) 

51 | cylindrica (Balanus) 

61 

50 D 
darwinitt (Coronula) 

94 darwinit (Scalpellum) 

Dendrogaster . 

et | DENDROGASTERIDAR . 

70 dentatus (Chthamalus) 
diadema (Coronula) 

64 Diehel S 

aS ichelaspis 

69 dubia (Poecilasma) 

44 

29 KE 
elizabethae (Balanus) 

53 | equina (Octolasmis) 

32 | Eubalanus ; 5 

48 | eumitos (Scalpellum) . 
Huraphia . 
Euscalpellum 

10 

65 F 

Be fascicularis (Lepas) 

ae faurei (Scalpellum) 

d r v6 acts 

70 fossata (Acasta) 

93 

54 ( x 

92 | globicipitis (Xenobalanus) . 

92 | Glyptelasma 


101 


PAQH 


96 


102 


H 


Hesperibalanus . 
Heteralepas 

hilli (Lepas) : 
hypocrites (Smilium) . 


I 


imperfectum (Scalpellum) 
inaequilaterale (Poecilasma) 


J 
japonica (Acasta spongites subsp.) 


K 
kaempferi Cerca) 
Kochlorine 


KOC HLORINIDAE . 


L 
LEPADIDAE . 
Lepadinae 
Lepas : : 
lineatum (Megalasma) 
Latholepas 
Lithotrya 


litum (Poecilasma kaempferi var. ) 


M 


maindroni (Octolasmis) 
major (‘Tubicinella) 
maXillaris (Balanus) . 
Megabalanus 
Megalasma : 
membranacea (Acasta) 
Membranobalanus 
micrum (Scalpellum) . 
minus (Megalasma) 


N 


natalense (Scalpellum) 
natalensis (Xenobalanus) 
neptuni (Octolasmis) . 
nitida (Acasta) . 


O 


obscurus (Balanus amphitrite var.) 
occlusa (Octolasmis) 

Octolasmis 

Octomeris 

orcutti (Balanus) : : 
ornatum (Scalpellum) : : 


PAG 


72 
62 
50 
14 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


P 


palinuri (Heteralepas) 
Paralepas 

Parodolepas 
Patellabalanus 

pectinata (Lepas) 
pectinipes (Acasta) 
PEDUNCULATA 
Pentaspidae 

Poecilasma : 
poecilotheca (Balanus) 
Pollicipedidae c 
pollicipedoides (Smilium) 
Polyaspidae i 
porcellanum (Scalpellum) 
porosa (Tetraclita) 
Protoscalpellum . 
purpurea (Balanus) 


R- 
radiatus (Balanus) 
reginae (Coronula) 
rosea (Tetraclita) 
rotundarius (Chelonibia) 
rutilum (Scalpellum) . 


S 


SCALPELLIDAE 
Scalpellinae 
Scalpellum 

scandens (Balanus) 
serrata (Tetraclita) 
SESSILIA : 
sinuatum (Scalpellum) 
Siphonicella 

Smilium ; : 
spongicola (Balanus) . 
spongites (Acasta) 
squamosa (Tetraclita) 
striata (Tubicinella) 
Striatobalanus 

striatum (M egalasma) 
subalatum (Scalpellum) 
sulcata (Acasta) 


Temnaspis 

tenuis (Balanus) 
Tesseropora : 
testudinaria (Chelonibia) 
testudinata (Lepas) 
Tetraclita 5 : 
tintinnabulum (Balanus) 
Thaliella . 
THORACICA ‘ 
trachealis (Tubicinella) 
Trichelaspis . 
tridens (Octolasmis) 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 


trigonus (Balanus) 
Trilasmis . 
Tubicinella 


U 
uncinatum (Scalpellum) 


Vv 


valentiana (Lithotrya) 
valvulifer (Scalpellum) 
VERRUCIDAE 
virgatum (Conchoderma) 


a4 


61 


W 
warwicki (Octolasmis) 
weberi (Octolasmis) 


x 
Xenobalaninae . 
Xenobalanus 


Z 
zebra (Balanus tintinnabulum var.) 


103 . 


PAGE 


58 
60 


93 
96 


66 


“PRINTED ‘FOR THE 
OF ‘THE ‘SOUTH “AFRICAN ‘MUSEUM 


or ‘NEILL AND. ©0., um. 


( 105 ) 


2. The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province (Union of 
South Africa)—By G. O. Sars. Part IL: Ostracoda. 


(With Plates II-XX.) 
INTRODUCTION. 


THE present paper 1s the second of a series of treatises which I have 
intended to publish about the fresh-water Entomostraca of the 
southernmost part of Africa occupied by the Cape Province.* (The 
first part of this series has been published in vol. xv, pt. 4, of these 
Annals, 1916, and was wholly devoted to the Cladocera.) In the 
present part another very different group of Crustacea, viz. the 
Ostracoda,t will be dealt with. 

The fresh-water Ostracoda of the African continent have been 
formerly studied by several distinguished zoologists: Baird, Brady, 
Vavra, G. W. Miller, and Daday ; but the species recorded by those 
authors have been for the most part derived from regions outside the 
limits of the Cape Province, chiefly from the equatorial parts of the 
continent. I have, however, myself published two papers relating 
to the Ostracod Fauna of that region. One of these papers, issued in 
1895, contains descriptions and figures of several Hntomostraca, 
among them also some Ostracoda, all of them raised from dried mud 
taken from a swamp at Knysna. In the other paper, published in 
1898, only a single Ostracod (Megalocypris princeps), derived from 
the neighbourhood of Cape Town, is dealt with ; this Ostracod being 
distinguished by its truly gigantic size, as compared with the other 
known forms of this order. 

The additional material received has partly been specified in the 
first part of the present account, and consists both of parcels of dried 
mud and of alcoholic samples. From all the parcels of mud, Ostracoda 
have been reared, often in great numbers, and most of the alcoholic 
samples also contained, in addition to Cladocera and Copepoda, a 
larger or smaller number of Ostracoda. 

The number of species thereby observed is rather great, amounting 

* One species from the Transvaal is also included.—[| Ed. ] 

{ The change of this name to Ostrapoda, as proposed by the Rev. T. R. R. 
Stebbing, cannot, I think, be sanctioned. 

VOL. XX, PART 2. 8 


106 Annals of the South African Museum. 


to no less than seventy-three in all. Most of them have been success- 
fully reared in my aquaria, and I have thereby been enabled to 
examine the specimens in the fresh and living state, to ascertain the 
characteristic colours, and to watch their growth and behaviour 
during several successive generations. 

As a rule, at the close of each season the bottom-residue of my 
aquaria has been carefully kept in a dried condition until the next 
season, when it again has been placed in suitably prepared aquaria, 
and the Ostracoda have never failed to reappear, often in great 
abundance, developing from the resting ova deposited in the mud 
during the previous season. My investigations have thus been 
continued during the course of several successive years, and renewed 
observations of the species made, to verify and complete those at 
first instituted. 

The great tenacity of life exhibited by the resting ova is very 
remarkable. In the year 1909 I received from the late Dr. Purcell 
a considerable lot of dried mud taken by him from an old brick-pond 
near his residence at Bergvliet, Cape Peninsula. Of this mud some 
quantity is still left in its original dried condition, and I have also 
during the present season employed a part of it for preparing some 
small aquaria. In all of them some Ostracoda (of the genus Cypri- 
dopsis) have made their appearance, being accordingly developed 
from ova, which have remained dry during a period of no less than 
twelve years. It is my purpose to keep the rest of the mud for 
further experiments during the coming seasons. 

The species described in the present paper are referable to two 
distinct families, viz. the Cypridae and the Cytheridae. Of the latter 
family, however, only two species have as yet come under my notice ; 
all the other species belong to the extensive family Cypridae. For the 
discrimination of the several genera comprised within this family, the 
most reliable characters are to be derived from the structure of the 
shell, and more particularly from the mutual relation of the two valves. 
The several appendages exhibit on the whole a very uniform structure 
throughout this family ; but some characters of apparently generic 
value may also be found, especially as regards the shape of the 
maxillary palp and the caudal rami. 

As to the plates accompanying the present paper, I have been 
anxious to make the chief figures (animal seen laterally and dorsally) 
as perfect as possible. It will be found that several recent students 
of this group content themselves by giving only rough outline-figures 
of the shell; but such figures, I believe, must be regarded as quite 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 107 
p 


insufficient. For the ready recognition of the species more carefully 
executed figures, if possible drawn from fresh and still living specimens, 
would be highly desirable. 


Fam. CYPRIDAE. 


Remarks.—I am well aware that the name Cyprididae, employed 
by several authors, is grammatically a more correct derivation of 
Cypris than is Cypridae. The latter name is, however, in reality 
that proposed at the earliest date, viz. in 1850 by Baird, and it has 
also been retained by some of the more distinguished recent authors, 
for instance, by G. W. Miller and G. Alm. There are, moreover, some 
practical reasons which seem to make it more desirable to retain the 
originally proposed name. For if this name is changed in the above- 
mentioned manner, of course the names of the several subfamilies 
proposed by recent authors ought also to be changed according to 
the same law. But such a change would render most of these names 
inconveniently polysyllabic, and would, moreover, lead to severe 
confusion with the very different group of Ostracoda, for which the 
genus Cypridina M. Dow is the type. 

As still some dissent seems to exist about the number and exact 
limitation of these subfamilies, I have found it right in the present 
paper to abstain from any subdivision of the family, and I will only 
here note, that two of the genera treated of in the following pages, 
viz. Cypria and Ilyocypris, have usually been removed each to 
separate subfamilies. 


Gen. 1. KUCYPRIS, Vavra, 1891. 


Remarks.—This genus is here taken in a more restricted sense 
than done by Vavra and most other authors. As the type of the 
genus may be considered Cypris virens of Jurine, with which several 
other species agree very closely, both as to the shell and the structure 
of the several appendages. The genus is readily distinguished from 
Cypris (proper), the type of which is C. pubera O. F. Miller, by the 
nearly equal valves and their want of any marginal armature. All 
the known species of this genus seem to be exclusively partheno- 
genetical, no male specimens having been ever observed in any of 
them. Seven species of this genus will be described in the following 
pages. 


108 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1. Eucypris tricHotTa (G. W. Miiller). 
(Plate IT, figs. 1-11.) 


Cypris trichota, G. W. Miller. Deutsche Stidpolar Expedition, 
Die Ostracoden, vol. x, p. 152, figs. 1-5 (in text). 

Specific Characters—Shell moderately tumid; seen laterally, 
rounded oval or somewhat trigonal in outline, greatest height a little 
in front of the middle and about equalling 2 of the length; dorsal 
margin boldly arched and forming just behind the ocular region a 
conspicuous angular bend, ventral margin very slightly sinuated in 
the middle, anterior extremity somewhat broader than the posterior, 
which is obtusely rounded, with the greatest curvature a little above 
the median axis; seen dorsally, ovate, with the greatest width about 
in the middle and slightly exceeding half the length, anterior extremity 
more narrowed than the posterior. Surface of shell smooth, with 
only small scattered pits, and clothed with comparatively short and 
delicate hairs more conspicuous at both extremities. Structure of 
the several appendages very like that in the type species. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell attaining 3 mm. 

Remarks.—I think I am night in identifying the above-described 
form with that recorded by G. W. Miiller, though some small differ- 
ences may be found on comparing the figures here given with those 
in Miiller’s work. It is much the largest of the seven species here 
described, and indeed one of the largest known Ostracods, being in 
this respect only superseded by the two big species of the genus 
Megalocypris ; to be described further below. On the accompanying 
plate carefully drawn figures of all the appendages in the present 
species are given for comparison with those in the other genera 
treated of in this paper. 

Occurrence.—Some few specimens of this large Ostracod were con- 
tained in a sample taken September 1897 by the late Dr. Purcell 
from a pond on Green Point Common, near Cape Town. The speci- 
mens examined by G. W. Miller were derived from a vley at Plumstead. 


2. KucyprRis PURCELLI, n. sp. 
(Plate II, figs. 12-15.) 

Specific Characters.—Shell comparatively more tumid than in the 
preceding species; seen laterally, of a rather regular oval reniform 
shape, greatest height about in the middle and only slightly exceeding 
half the length, dorsal margin quite evenly arched throughout, ventral 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 109 


margins distinctly sinuated in the middle, both extremities rounded 
off, the posterior one having the greatest curvature somewhat below 
the median axis; seen dorsally, broadly oval in form, with the 
greatest width considerably exceeding half the length and about 
equalling the height, anterior extremity somewhat more pointed 
than the posterior. Surface of shell, as in the preceding species, 
nearly smooth and clothed with comparatively short and delicate 
hairs. Structure of the several appendages scarcely different from 
that in the preceding species. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 2°30 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species may be easily distinguished from 
the preceding one by the rather different shape of the shell, as also 
by its inferior size. Fig. 14 on the accompanying plate is given to 
show the natural position of the several appendages, and fig. 15 to 
show the inner duplicatures of the shell. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form were contained in an 
alcoholic sample taken by Dr. Purcell, August 26th, 1900, from a 
pond at Ashton, Robertson Division. Neither this nor the preceding 
species have been reared in my aquaria. 


3. EUCYPRIS PRODUCTA, N. sp. 
(Plate III, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Specific Characters.—Shell moderately tumid ; seen laterally, oblong 
oval in outline, greatest height only slightly exceeding half the length 
and occurring about in the middle, dorsal margin somewhat irregularly 
curved, with a slight indication of angle both in the middle and behind, 
ventral margin distinctly sinuated, both extremities somewhat 
produced, the anterior one obtusely rounded at the end and broader 
than the posterior, which appears somewhat obliquely deflexed, with 
the greatest curvature considerably below the median axis; seen 
dorsally, oval fusiform in outline, with the greatest width in the 
middle and nearly equalling the height. Sculpture of shell and struc- 
ture of the several appendages about as in the two preceding species. 

Colour pale greenish, with a rather broad marginal zone of a lighter 
hue in front, and with a very conspicuous dark stripe on each side 
running obliquely backwards from the centre of the shell, just above 
the caecal tubes of the intestine. 

Length of shell amounting to 2-40 mm. 

Remarks.—In its general appearance this form bears some resem- 


110 Annals of the South African Museum. 


blance to the European species, HZ. virens. It is, however, of larger 
size and has the shell more elongate, both extremities being consider- 
ably more produced, a character which has given rise to the specific 
name here proposed. 

Occurrence.—Some few specimens of this form were reared*in one 
of my aquaria prepared with mud kindly forwarded to me in the year 
1900 by Mr. Hodgson, and derived from a vley near Port Elizabeth. 


4. HUCYPRIS CORPULENTA, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate III, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Cypris corpulenta, G. O. Sars. On some South African Ento- 
mostraca raised from dried mud. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Skrifter, 1895, 
p. 30, pl. v, fig. 2, a-c. 

Specific Characters.—Shell very tumid; seen laterally, of a some- 
what irregular rounded oval form, greatest height about in the middle 
and equalling 2 of the length, dorsal margin rather evenly arched, 
ventral margin very slightly sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity 
obliquely rounded and scarcely as broad as the posterior, which is 
obtusely blunted, with the greatest curvature about in the median 
axis; seen dorsally, broadly oval in outline, with the greatest width 
about in the middle and fully attaining the height, anterior extremity 
more pointed than the posterior. Surface of shell rather densely 
hairy, the hairs being, as usual, more conspicuous at both extremities. 

Colour yellowish-brown changing to olivaceous, and clouded 
dorsally with dark green. 

Length of shell amounting to 2-10 mm. 

Remarks.—This species was described and figured by the present 
author in the year 1895, and has more recently also been recorded 
by G. W. Miller. Iam, however, by no means assured that the form 
so named by him is in reality referable to the present species, as the 
shape of the shell, to judge from the figures given by that author, 
appears somewhat different, and also the size is far inferior. 

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined by the present 
author were raised from mud taken at Knysna. I have not obtained 
this species from any other locality. 


5. HUCYPRIS HIRTA, 0. sp. 
(Plate ITI, figs. 5 and 6.) 


Specific Characters —Shell moderately tumid; seen laterally, 
suboval in outline, greatest height scarcely attaining 2 of the length 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 111 


and occurring about in the-middle, dorsal margin gently arched, 
ventral margin distinctly sinuated, both extremities bluntly rounded 
and nearly equal; seen dorsally, regularly ovate, with the greatest 
width in the middle and scarcely attaining the height, anterior 
extremity more pointed than the posterior. Surface of shell sculp- 
tured with rather closely set pits, and all over clothed with unusually 
coarse curved hairs, giving the shell a pronouncedly hirsute appearance. 

Colour yellowish grey, with a more or less distinct greenish tinge 
dorsally, and an orange shadow in front. 

Leneth of shell amounting to 1-90 mm. 

Remarks.—The present form is chiefly characterised by the unusually 
strong development of the hairs clothing the shell, a character which 
indeed has given rise to the specific name here proposed. Otherwise 
it approached closely to E. corpulenta. 

Occurrence.—Some specimens of this form, one of which is drawn 
on the accompanying plate, were found in the same sample in which 
E. trichota occurred (Green Point Common). Moreover, a number of 
specimens, apparently referable to the same species, though of some- 
what smaller size, were reared in one of my aquaria prepared with 
mud from the neighbourhood of Bergvlhet. 


6. Eucypris Trigona, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate III, figs. 7 and 8.) 


Cypris trigona, G..O. Sars. L.c. p. 32, pl. v, fig. 3, a—c. 

Specific Characters.—Shell moderately tumid ; seen laterally, of a 
pronouncedly trigonal shape, greatest height fully attaining 2 of the 
length and occurring in the middle, dorsal margin boldly arched, 
being almost angularly bent in the middle and declining steeply to 
each extremity, ventral margin nearly straight, both extremities 
obliquely rounded and nearly equal; seen dorsally, regularly ovate, 
with the greatest width in the middle and not nearly attaining the 
height, anterior extremity more pointed than the posterior. Surface 
of shell nearly smooth and clothed with comparatively short and 
. delicate hairs. 

Colour pale greenish, clouded dorsally with irregular darker shadows, 
and exhibiting anteriorly a rather broad lighter marginal zone partly 
continued along the lower face. 

Length of shell amounting to 1-75 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was described by the present author at the 
same time as H. corpulenta, but has not been observed by me sub- 


112 Annals of the South African Museum. 


sequently. It is easily recognised from the other known species by 
the high, pronouncedly trigonal shell. 

Occurrence.—Only two or three specimens of this form have hitherto 
come under my notice. They were found in one of my aquaria pre- 
pared with mud from the Knysna swamp. 


7. Eucypris cAPENSIS (G. W. Miiller). 
(Plate III, figs. 9 and 10.) 


Cypris capensis, G. W. Miiller. L.c. p. 153, figs. 1-6 (in text). 

Specific Characters.—Shell very tumid; seen laterally, oblong 
reniform in outline, greatest height only slightly exceeding half the 
length and occurring rather in front of the middle, dorsal margin 
abruptly bent behind the ocular region and nearly straight in the’ 
middle, though obliquely declining, ventral margin deeply sinuated in 
the middle, both extremities somewhat deflexed and rounded off, the 
anterior one conspicuously broader than the posterior ; seen dorsally, 
exceedingly broad and expanded, greatest width even considerably 
exceeding the height, anterior extremity narrowly produced, posterior 
obtuse. Surface of shell sculptured with rather densely set pits, 
and finely hairy at both extremities. Anterior legs with the penulti- 
mate and antepenultimate joints coalesced. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 1:80 mm. 

Remarks.—I cannot doubt that the above-described form is identical 
with that recorded by G. W. Miiller, though the lateral aspect of the 
shell, as given by that author, appears somewhat shorter and stouter 
than in the specimens examined by me. In all other respects, how- 
ever, I find the accordance quite complete. 

Occurrence—Some few specimens of this very distinct species were 
found in a sample taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond on Green Point 
Common. The specimens examined by G. W. Miiller were derived 
from the same locality as E. trichota. 


Gen. 2. PSEUDOCYPRIS, Daday, 1910. 


Generic Characters.—Shell provided on each side of the ventral 
face with a projecting thin lamellar expansion encompassing, like a 
frame, its central part; dorsal face roof-like vaulted, ventral face 
flattened. Valves subequal, with the inner duplicatures not particu- 
larly broad. Natatory setae on the posterior antennae well developed. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 113 


Maxillary palp with the terminal joint narrow, cylindrical in form. 
Anterior legs with the penultimate and antepenultimate joints con- 
fluent. Caudal rami comparatively less slender than in Hucypris. 
Spermatic tubes in male forming dense coils both in the anterior and 
posterior parts of the valves. 

Remarks.—This genus was proposed in the year 1910 by Daday 
to include a species (P. Bouwviert), observed by him in both sexes, 
and derived from the equatorial part of Africa. The most reliable 
distinguishing characters of this genus are to be derived from the 
shell, the appearance of which is indeed highly remarkable. The 
several appendages, on the other hand, do not exhibit any pronounced 
difference in their structure from those in the genus Cypris and 
Eucypris. The character on which Daday has laid most stress in 
establishing this genus, is the relation of the spermatic tubes in the 
male. As, however, as yet no males have been examined of any 
species either of Eucypris or Cypris proper, and accordingly the rela- 
tion of the spermatic tubes in these genera is still unknown, the 
above-mentioned character cannot properly be utilised for the dis- 
tinction of the present genus (see Addendum, p. 177). 


8. PSEUDOCYPRIS TESTUDO, Nn. sp. 
(Plate III, figs. 11-17.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell pronouncedly clypeate in shape, 
owing to the projecting lamellar expansion surrounding its ventral 
face; seen laterally, oblong triangular in outline, greatest height not 
nearly attaining half the length and occurring in front of the middle ; 
dorsal margin evenly arched in front, sloping obliquely behind, and 
joing the posterior margin by a slight angular bend; ventral 
margin almost straight, without any obvious sinus in the middle ; 
anterior extremity much broader than the posterior, and ebliquely 
rounded, terminating below in a well-marked angular corner, posterior 
extremity rather produced and obtusely acuminate; seen dorsally, 
very broad, elliptical in outline, with the greatest width about equal- 
ling = of the length and nearly twice the height, lateral edges evenly 
eurved throughout. Surface of shell smooth, with only small and 
scattered pits, and rather sparingly clothed with delicate hairs. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 2-40 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described peculiar Ostracod is evidently 
congeneric with the form examined by Daday, but is specifically 


114 Annals of the South African Museum. 


well distinguished by some rather conspicuous differences as to the 
shape and sculpture of the shell. It is also of much larger size. 

Occurrence—Some few female specimens of this remarkable form, 
chiefly detached valves, were found in the same sample in which 
Bucypris capensis occurred (Green Point Common). On the accom- 
panying plate, in addition to the figures of the shell, some of the 
limbs have been drawn to show their close resemblance to those in 
Eucypris (see also Addendum, p. 179). 


Gen. 3. LIOCYPRIS, n. 


Generic Characters.—Shell compressed, smooth, higher behind than 
in front, with the valves thin and pellucid, subequal ; imner duplica- 
ture of anterior extremity very broad. Posterior antennae slender, 
with the natatory setae much reduced. Maxillae with the terminal 
joint of the palp scarcely longer than broad; masticatory lobes not 
much prolonged. Maxillipeds with the palps unusually large, 
lamellar, in female simple, in male, as usual, prehensile and very 
unequally developed. Anterior legs comparatively slender, with 
the penultimate and antepenultimate joints well defined. Caudal 
rami slender, linear. Genital lobes of female provided both in front 
and behind with a peculiar soft digitiform appendage. Copula- 
tive appendages of male large, lamelliform, without any distinctly 
marked chitinous ducts, and only slightly bilobular at the extremity. 
Kjaculatory tubes apparently absent. 

Remarks.—This new genus is established to include a large Ostracod, 
which I am unable to refer to any of the hitherto known genera, 
exhibiting, as it does, some rather extraneous characters, especially 
as regards the male sex. The genus to which it shows the nearest 
relationship is perhaps Homocypris G. O. Sars. 


9. LiocyPRIS GRANDIS, N. sp. 
(Plate XVIII, figs. 5-16.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong sub- 
reniform in outline, greatest height (in adult specimens) rather 
behind the middle and about equalling half the length, dorsal margin 
rather strongly arched in its posterior part, declining slowly in front, 
much more steeply behind, ventral margin almost straight, anterior 
extremity evenly rounded, posterior obliquely deflexed and termin- 
ating below in an obtuse corner; seen dorsally, narrow fusiform in 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 115 


outline, with the greatest width only slightly exceeding 4 of the 
length, both extremities obtusely pointed. Valves perfectly equal, 
thin and pellucid, without any obvious sculpture and finely hairy in 
front and behind, some of the hairs of the posterior extremity rather 
produced; inner duplicatures broad in front, narrow behind. 
Posterior antennae with the penultimate joint rather narrow and 
shorter than the antepenultimate one; apical claws not much elon- 
gated ; natatory setae very much reduced, nearly obsolete. Maxillipeds 
unusually largely developed, though having the branchial plate com- 
paratively small. Caudal rami very slender, almost straight ; apical 
claws thin and somewhat unequal, the larger one scarcely exceeding 
half the length of the ramus. 

Male of about same size as female and resembling it in the shape 
of the shell. Prehensile palp of right maxilliped with the dactylus 
very broad and quite lamellar, produced at the end to a narrow straight 
lappet ; that of left palp with the dactylus more normally developed 
and abruptly bent at the base. Copulative appendages oblong oval 
in shape, and slightly cleft at the end, with the inner lobe obtuse, 
the outer narrow falciform. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female reaching 4-40 mm. 

Remarks.—In the lateral aspect this form exhibits a certain resem- 
blance to a Candona, and indeed in habits it may also agree with the 
species of that genus, the animal being apparently quite devoid of 
swimming power. But an examination of the several appendages 
proves it at once to be very different. Itis one of the largest Ostracoda 
known, and is in this respect only superseded by some of the species of 
the genus Megalocypris. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this remarkable form, both 
adult and young ones, were collected by the late Dr. F. Purcell at 
Stompneus, Cape Province. Among the specimens a single fully 
adult male was present, with well-developed spermatic vessels, 
but with the shell somewhat crushed. The appendages of the speci- 
men were, however, sufficiently well preserved to allow a complete 
examination, which revealed some rather perplexing peculiarities, 
especially as regards the structure of the copulative apparatus. 


GEN. 4. HETEROCYPRIS, Claus, 1892. 


Remarks.—This genus was proposed in the year 1892 by Claus 
to include the well-known European species Cypris incongruens 


116 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Ramdohr, but has been rejected by most recent authors (also by 
myself), and identified with the genus Cyprinotus established at a 
somewhat earlier date by Brady. I am, however, now of opinion 
that these two genera, though closely related, ought to be kept 
apart, as they each comprise a number of species agreeing pretty well 
with each other. In all the known species of the present genus the 
shell exhibits a more or less bright yellow or orange colour, and they 
may indeed thereby, when examined in the living state, easily be 
recognised from the species of the genus Cyprinotus, and also from 
most other Ostracoda. Three species of the present genus will be 
described in the following pages, as members of the Fauna of the 
Cape Province. 


10. HETEROCYPRIS INCONGRUENS (Ramdohr). 
(Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Cypris incongruens, Ramdohr. Magaz. d. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde 
in Berlin II, p. 86, pl. iui, figs. 1-12, 15, 16, 18-20. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, irregularly ovate 
in outline and somewhat narrowed in front, greatest height exceeding 
half the length and occurring about in the middle, dorsal margin 
rather boldly arched and joining. The anterior and posterior edges 
without any intercrossing angle, ventral margin nearly straight, 
anterior extremity considerably narrower than the posterior, the 
latter obtusely rounded, with the greatest curvature about in the 
median axis of the shell; seen dorsally, oblong ovate, with the 
greatest width not merely attaining half the length and occurring 
somewhat behind the middle, anterior extremity more narrowed 
than the posterior. Valves, as in the other species of the present 
genus, conspicuously unequal, though less so than in the two succeeding 
species, right valve the smaller and distinctly overlapped in front 
by the left, exhibiting, moreover, the usual armature of closely set 
marginal tubercles easily observable both in front and behind. 
Surface of shell smooth and polished, being clothed in front and behind 
with very small and delicate hairs. 

Colour more or less bright yellow, changing on the dorsal face to 
orange, on account of the translucent ripe ova, caecal tubes of the 
intestine not very conspicuous. 

Length of shell amounting to 1-45 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species was described as early as the year 
1808 by Ramdohr, and has subsequently been examined by numerous 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 117 


authors. It seems indeed to be a cosmopolitan species, having been 
recorded from almost all parts of the world, though in some cases it 
has perhaps been confounded with other nearly allied species. 

Occurrence.—This Ostracod developed in great abundance in some 
of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from a small 
grassy vley on the Cape Flats. Some alcoholic specimens have also 
been forwarded to me from the South African Museum, and these I 
have carefully compared with Norwegian specimens, without detecting 
any difference whatever. The male of this species has been described 
by Vavra. It seems to be extremely rare, and indeed I have myself 
never found any male among the numerous specimens examined. 
The present species seems accordingly as a rule to propagate in a 
parthenogenetical manner, like the species of the genera Hucypris 
and Cypris proper. 


11. HETEROCYPRIS AUREA, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate IV, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Cypris aurea, G. O. Sars. L.c. p. 34, pl. v, fig. 4, a-c. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, subovate in 
outline, with the greatest height a little behind the middle, dorsal 
margin sloping gently in front and forming behind a bold and even 
curve, ventral margin without any obvious sinus, being even some- 
what convex in its posterior part, anterior extremity obliquely 
rounded, posterior rather broad and blunted at the end, with a some- 
what projecting rounded lappet below; seen dorsally, oblong cunei- 
form, gradually tapered in front to a slightly twisted rostral pro- 
jection. Valves rather more unequal than in the type species, the 
left one considerably overlapping the right anteriorly, marginal 
tubercles of the latter well marked. Surface of shell smooth and 
clothed at each extremity with delicate hairs. 

Male smaller than female, and on the whole resembling in appearance 
that of the succeeding species (see fig. 8). 

Colour of female beautiful golden yellow, with a dark patch across 
the back, and the caecal tubes of the intestine likewise very dark 
coloured ; ripe ova shining through the shell with a bright reddish- 
orange hue. 

Length of the shell in female attaining 1:50 mm., that of male 
1:30 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was described by the present author in 1894, 
and its differences from the type species pointed out. The figures 


118 Annals of the South African Museum. 


given of both these species on the accompanying plate will still more 
clearly show these differences, as regards the shape of the shell. 

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined were raised from 
mud taken from the Knysna swamp, and this species has also been 
recorded by Daday (1915) from Kamaggas, Little Namaqualand. 
Most of the specimens were of the female sex; but among them also 
some male specimens occurred, one of which has been figured in the 
above-quoted Journal, together with some details. 


12. HETEROCYPRIS CAPENSIS (G. W. Miiller). 
(Plate IV, figs. 5-20.) 


Cyprinotus capensis, G. W. Miller. L.c. p. 162, figs. 1-6 (in text). 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oval reniform 
in outline, greatest height somewhat in front of the middle, dorsal 
margin only slightly arched in the middle and joining both the anterior 
and posterior edges by an abrupt bend, ventral margin conspicuously 
sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity obliquely rounded and 
somewhat broader than the posterior, which terminates below in a 
somewhat projecting corner; seen dorsally, cuneiform in outline, 
with the anterior extremity narrowly produced and terminating in a 
beak-like prominence twisted to the right side. Valves very unequal, 
much more so than in any of the other known species, left valve pro- 
jecting considerably beyond the right in front, marginal tubercles 
of the latter very conspicuous. Surface of shell smooth and clothed 
at both extremities with delicate hairs. Structure of the several 
appendages scarcely differing from that in the type species. 

Male of smaller size than female, and easily recognisable by the 
densely crowded spermatic tubes shining through the valves in their 
posterior part. Shape of the shell slightly different, being compara- 
tively shorter and stouter, with the ventral sinus less deep. 

Colour of female pale yellow, more or less tinged dorsally with 
orange, owing to the translucent ripe ova. 

Length of shell attaining in female 1-40 mm., in male 1-20 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is unquestionably identical 
with that recorded by G. W. Miller, though the remarkable inequality 
of the valves does not appear sufficiently from the figures given by 
that author. As to the specific name proposed by G. W. Miiller, 
I find it somewhat objectionable, as this name had been given by the 
same author to a species of the nearly allied genus Hucypris (see above), 
and as, moreover, at a much earlier date, another Ostracod (Cypria 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 119 


capensis G. O. Sars) had been named in a similar manner. Before 
knowing the work of G. W. Miiller, I had noted this species’ under 
the provisional name H. loxolabris. 

On the accompanying plate, figures of the several appendages in the 
present species are given for comparison with those in the other 
genera here treated of. 

Occurrence.—This form developed rather abundantly in some of 
my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from old gravel- 
pits on the Bergvliet Flats. It was also reared from mud taken by 
Mr. Orjan Olsen in the year 1913 from small dried-up ponds near 
the whaling station at Saldanha Bay. Moreover, specimens of the 
same species were found in some of the alcoholic samples sent to me 
from the South African Museum, and taken in the neighbourhood of 
Cape Town. 


Gen. 5. HOMOCYPRIS, n. 


Generic Characters.—Shell moderately tumid, smooth, elongate, 
with both extremities conspicuously produced. Valves perfectly equal 
and without any armature, except the usual delicate coating of hairs ; 
inner duplicatures remarkably broad, especially that of the anterior 
extremity. Natatory setae of the antennae less perfectly developed 
than in Heterocypris. Maxillary palp with the terminal joints narrow 
cylindric. Caudal rami of moderate size and armed in the usual 
manner. Prehensile palps of the maxillipeds in male very unequal, 
the terminal joint of the right one being very broad and expanded, 
that of the left one narrow unguiform. Ejaculatory tubes slender, 
with numerous chitinous whorls, and the distal end funnel-shaped. 
Outer lamella of the copulatory appendages tooth-shaped. 

Remarks.—The present new genus is nearly allied to Heterocypris, 
differing however conspicuously in the shape of the shell, and more 
particularly in the valves, being perfectly equal and without any 
traces of marginal tubercles. The large size of the anterior dupli- 
catures of the valves is also rather characteristic. The genus com- 
prises as yet only a single species, to be described below. 


13. HomMocyPRIS CONOIDEA, n. sp. 
(Plate V, figs. 1-11.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, narrow oblong 
or somewhat conoid in outline, with the greatest height not attaining 
half the length and occurring somewhat behind the middle, dorsal 


120 Annals of the South African Museum. 


margin evenly arched and joining the anterior and posterior edges 
without any intervening angle, ventral margin distinctly sinuated in 
the middle, anterior extremity rather strongly produced and narrowly 
rounded at the end, posterior extremity considerably broader and 
obtusely blunted; seen dorsally, oblong oval in form, with the 
anterior extremity abruptly narrowed, the posterior obtuse. Surface 
of shell smooth and polished, with only scattered small pits, and 
clothed at both extremities with delicate hairs. 

Male of smaller size than female, and easily recognisable by the 
densely coiled spermatic tubes shining through the posterior part of 
the valves, form of shell about as in female, though somewhat more 
produced behind. 

Colour bright yellow, changing on the dorsal face to orange. 

Length of shell in female amounting to 1-35 mm. 
Remarks.—The present form, when examined in the fresh state, 
may be easily mistaken for a species of Heterocypris, as it exhibits a 
very similar golden yellow colour. Ona closer examination, however, 
it is found not only to differ essentially in the structure of the shell, 
but also in habits. Whereas the forms belonging to the genus 
Heterocypris are very active animals, swimming about in the water 
with great speed, the specimens of the present species are found almost 
constantly to keep at the bottom of the vessel in which they are 
watched, only quite exceptionally making a short trip through the 

water and in a rather slow manner. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form developed in some 
of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from old 
dried-up pits on the Bergvliet Flats. It was also reared, though less 
abundantly, from the mud kindly forwarded to me from Mr. Hodgson, 
and taken at Port Elizabeth. 


GEN. 6. CYPRICERCUS, G. O. Sars, 1894. 


Remarks.—This genus was established by the present author in 
the year 1894, and was chiefly characterised by the unusually powerful 
development of the caudal rami, as indicated by the generic name 
proposed. Also, otherwise, this genus distinguishes itself pretty well ; 
e.g. by the peculiar manner in which the spermatic tubes of the male 
are curled up in the anterior part of the valves. In addition to the 
type species, another nearly allied form, first recorded by G. W. 
Miiller, will be described later; and I have also had an oppor- 
tunity of examining two other species unquestionably referable to the 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 12] 


same genus, the one from Algeria, the other from Australia. More- 
over, I am much inclined to believe that the four European species, 
Cypris fuscata, affinis, elliptica, and obliqua, ought more properly to 
be adduced to the present genus. 


14. Cypricercus cungEATUusS, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate V, figs. 12-19.) 


Cypricercus cuneatus, G. O. Sars. Lc. p. 33, pl. vi, fig. 1, ah. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell very tumid; seen laterally, 
oblong cuneiform, tapering behind to an obtuse point, greatest height 
not attaining half the length and occurring rather in front of the 
middle, dorsal margin gently arched and sloping evenly behind, 
ventral margin scarcely at all sinuated, being, on the contrary, somewhat 
convex in the greater part of its extent, anterior extremity much 
broader than the posterior and evenly rounded at the end, posterior 
extremity drawn out to an obtuse point ; seen dorsally, broadly ovate 
in outline, with the greatest width fully attaining half the length 
and occurring behind the middle, both extremities obtusely pointed. 
Valves conspicuously unequal, the left one overlapping the right along 
the whole anterior extremity, as also somewhat ventrally, being 
however at the end of the posterior extremity slightly overlapped by 
the right one. Surface of shell smooth and clothed at each extremity 
with delicate hairs. Caudal rami very largely developed, attaining 
nearly half the length of the shell. 

Male somewhat smaller than female, but exhibiting a much similar 
shape of the shell. 

Colour in female light yellow, with a greenish tinge, that in male more 
ochraceous. 

Length of shell amounting in female to 1-60 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species being that on which the genus 
Cypricercus originally was founded, ought accordingly to be regarded 
as the type of that genus. It is easily distinguished from the other 
species by the shape of the shell and by the exceedingly powerful 
development of the caudal rami. 

Occurrence.—The specimens of this form originally examined were 
reared from mud taken at Knysna. A few female specimens were 
also found in one of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. 
Purcell near Bergvliet. 


ViOlg XX PART 2: 


ie) 


122 Annals of the South African Museum. 


15. CyPpRICERCUS EPISPHAENA, G. W. Miiller. 
(Plate IV, figs. 20-28.) 


Cypricercus episphaena, G. W. Miller. Lic. p. 155, figs. 1-8 
(in text). . 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell less tumid than in the preceding 
species, seen laterally, suboval in outline, with a very conspicuous 
hump-shaped prominence issuing from the hind extremity, greatest 
height not attaining half the length and occurring about in the middle, 
dorsal margin only slightly arched and sloping gently behind, ventral 
margin scarcely sinuated, anterior extremity obtusely rounded, 
posterior somewhat narrower and drawn out in the middle to the 
above-mentioned hump-shaped prominence; seen dorsally, oblong 
oval in outline, with the greatest width about in the middle and not 
attaining the height, both extremities somewhat irregularly produced ~ 
at the end. Valves, as in the preceding species, conspicuously 
unequal, the left one overlapping the right along the whole anterior 
edge, whereas behind it is considerably overlapped by the right valve, 
the above-mentioned hump-shaped prominence being in reality 
exclusively formed by that valve. Surface of shell smooth and only 
sparingly hairy, the hairs being more conspicuous on the anterior 
edges. Caudal rami somewhat less powerful than in the type species, 
but otherwise of a very similar structure. 

Male resembling the female in the general shape of the shell, but of 
somewhat smaller size, and easily recognisable by the translucent 
spermatic tubes. Ejaculatory tubes comparatively shorter than in 
C. cuneatus, but of a similar structure, their proximal ends being 
bladder-like produced. Outer lamellae of the copulatory appendages 
produced at the end to two claw-like processes. 

Colour dark yellowish brown, with a faint ochraceous tinge at each 
extremity. 

Length of shell amounting in female to 1-60 mm. 

Remarks.—I cannot doubt that the above-described form is identical 
with that recorded by G. W. Miiller, though the figures given by that 
author of the shell do not fully agree with those here reproduced. 
The species may at once be distinguished from the other known forms 
by the peculiar hump-shaped prominence issuing from the hind 
extremity of the shell, a character which indeed induced me to note 
this form under the provisional name C. caudatus, before knowing the 
work of G. W. Miller. 

Occurrence—Numerous specimens of this species were contained 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 123 


in one of the alcoholic samples forwarded to me from the South 
African Museum, and taken from a pond on Green Point Common. I 
have also had an opportunity of examining this form in the living 
state, having succeeded in raising some specimens from a parcel of 
mud taken in about the same locality. The specimens examined by 
G. W. Miiller were collected at Plumstead. 


16. CYPRICERCUS MACULATUS, G. W. Miiller. 
(Plate XIX, figs. 8-13.) 


Cypricercus maculatus, G. W. Miller. Deutsche Siidpolar Expedi- 
tion, Ostracoda, p. 157, figs. 1-9 (in text). 

Specific Characters—Male.—Shell, seen laterally, oval in outline, 
slightly narrowed behind, greatest height in the middle and about 
equalling half the length, dorsal margin only slightly arched in its 
anterior part, but obliquely declining behind, ventral margin scarcely 
at all sinuated, anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior obtusely 
produced ; seen dorsally, regularly elliptical in shape, with the greatest 
width about half the length. Valves somewhat unequal, the left one 
overlapping the right in front by a rather broad and sharply defined 
border. Surface of shell smooth, with only slight traces of hairs. 
Posterior antennae very slender, with the penultimate joint distinctly 
subdivided in the middle. Prehensile palp of right maxilliped with 
the dactylus comparatively short and stout. Copulative appendages 
with the outer lamella small, terminating in an incurved lappet. 
Caudal rami rather largely developed and slightly flexuous; apical 
claws somewhat unequal, the larger one but little exceeding in length 
4 of the ramus. 

Colour (in preserved specimens) yellowish grey, variegated with a 
number of very conspicuous dark green patches extending more or 
less down the sides of the shell. 

Length of adult male 1-50 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is unquestionably that 
recorded by G. W. Miiller. It is closely allied to the type species 
C. cuneata G. O. Sars, but has the posterior corner of the shell less 
produced, and is, moreover, at once distinguished by the dark patches 
clothing the shell dorsally, and very conspicuous even in preserved 
specimens. 

Occurrence.—Two specimens of this form, both of the male sex, 
were in the material received. They were taken from a pond on the 
Cape Flats, collected by Mr. K. H. Barnard. 


124 Annals of the South African Museum. 


GEN. 7. STENOCYPRIS, G. O. Sars, 1889. 


Remarks.—This genus was established as early as the year 1889 by 
the present author to include an Ostracod (S. Malcolmsoni) raised 
by him from Australian mud, and previously recorded by Baird and 
Brady from India. In recent times several additional species have 
been recorded from different parts of the world, but it is somewhat 
questionable if they all are in reality congeneric. The most prominent 
character distinguishing the present genus is unquestionably the 
structure of the caudal rami, which is very peculiar and unlike that 
in any other Ostracoda. I have found it perfectly constant in all the 
species examined by me, with only very slight modifications, and this 
character may accordingly be regarded as quite conclusive for the 
recognition of this genus. Seven species, belonging to the Fauna of _ 
the Cape Province, and one from the Transvaal, will be described 
below. 


17. SteNocyPRIs Hopesoni, n. sp. 
(Plate VI, figs. 1-12.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed; seen laterally, 
elongate reniform in outline, greatest height about in the middle and 
scarcely exceeding = of the length, dorsal margin nearly straight 
in the middle and declining slowly in front, somewhat more steeply 
behind, ventral margin deeply sinuated, both extremities obliquely 
deflexed and rounded at the end; seen dorsally, narrow fusiform, 
with the greatest width scarcely attaining 4 of the length, both 
extremities acutely pointed. Valves rather thin and _pellucid, 
without any thickened marginal zone, and nearly equal, inner dupli- 
cature of the anterior extremity remarkably broad. Surface of shell 
smooth, with only small scattered pits, and exhibiting in front the 
usual dense clothing of delicate hairs, posterior extremity, however, 
provided with scattered hairs of very unequal size, some of them 
being remarkably slender and pointing in different directions. Caudal 


oO 


rami, as in the other species of this genus, conspicuously asymmetrical, 
the right ramus being much narrower than the left, the dorsal edge of 
which is divided in a comb-like row of coarse denticles gradually 
increasing in size distally; apical claws of both rami densely denti- 
culate along the concave edge, the denticles of the outer half being 
somewhat smaller than those on the inner; dorsal setae wanting. 
Male of nearly same size as female, and resembling it in the general 
shape of the shell. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds not much unequal. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 125 


Ejaculatory tubes of a similar structure to those in S. smaragdina, 
as represented in fig. 24 on the accompanying plate. Outer 
lamella of the copulatory appendages forming at the base outside an 
obtusely acuminate corner, the extremity being broadly spatulate in 
shape. 

Colour in female light yellowish green, somewhat darker dorsally, 
ripe ova shining through the shell by a vivid reddish-orange hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 2:70 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is easily distinguished from 
the type species S. Malcolmsoni, by the more pronouncedly reniform 
shape of the shell and by the less strongly chitinised valves. It is 
also of considerably larger size. On the accompanying plate the 
several appendages in this species are drawn for comparison with» 
those in the other genera here treated of. 

Occurrence.—This form was reared in great numbers from the mud 
kindly forwarded to me from Mr. Hodgson, and taken from a vley 
near Port Elizabeth. It also occurred in some of the alcoholic 
samples sent to me from the South African Museum (Cape Flats), 
and a few specimens of the same species were, moreover, raised 
from mud taken by Mr. Orjan Olsen near the whaling station at 
Saldanha Bay. 


18. STENOCYPRIS OLIVACEA, N. sp. 
(Plate VI, figs. 13-18.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong reniform 
in outline, with the greatest height somewhat exceeding = of the 
length, dorsal margin very slightly curved in the middle and abruptly 
bent in the ocular region, declining also rather steeply behind, ventral 
margin deeply sinuated, both extremities obliquely deflexed, the 
posterior one forming below a well-marked angle, which in most 
cases is drawn out to an acute spur-like process ; seen dorsally, narrow 
fusiform, with the greatest width about equalling 4 of the length 
and occurring a little behind the middle, both extremities acuminate. 
Valves slightly unequal, the spur-like process of the posterior 
extremity being only formed by the right valve. Surface of shell 
smooth and rather densely hairy in front, the hairs of the posterior 
extremity more scattered, but of greater length. Caudal rami of a 
structure very similar to that in the preceding species. 

Male resembling the female both in size and in the general shape 
of the shell, but easily recognisable by the densely coiled spermatic 


126 Annals of the South African Museum. 


tubes shining through the posterior part of the valves. Prehensile 
palps of maxillipeds with the terminal claw-like joint comparatively 
larger and more lamellar than in the preceding species. Outer 
lamella of the copulatory appendages without any basal prominence. 

Colour in both sexes dark olivaceous brown. 

Length of shell amounting to 2-70 mm. 

Remarks.—In size and general appearance this form bears some 
resemblance to the preceding species. The shell is, however, com- 
paratively less elongated, and its posterior extremity rather unlike 
in shape. Moreover, the colour is very different in the two species. 

Occurrence.—Some specimens of this form were reared in one of 
my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from a small 
pool on the Cape Flats, alongside the railway line between Retreat 


and Lakeside. 


19. STENOCYPRIS SMARAGDINA, N.. sp. 
(Plate VI, figs. 19-24.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell less distinctly reniform than in 
the two preceding species, seen laterally, irregularly oblong oval in 
outline, with the greatest height somewhat behind the middle and 
considerably exceeding = of the length, dorsal margin gently arched 
in the middle and somewhat bent in the ocular region, sloping evenly 
behind, ventral margin only very slightly sinuated in front of the 
middle, anterior extremity evenly rounded off, posterior somewhat 
deflexed and terminating below in an obtuse corner; seen dorsally, 
subfusiform in shape, with the greatest width about 4 of the length 
and occurring in front of the middle, posterior extremity somewhat 
narrower produced than the anterior. Valves nearly equal and rather 
thin and pellucid. Surface of shell smooth and all over clothed 
with rather strong hairs, those on “the posterior extremity not 
differing from the others. Caudal rami of a structure very similar 
to that in the two preceding species, though perhaps a little more 
slender. 5 

Male about the size of the female and resembling it in the general 
shape of the shell. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds nearly perfectly 
equal. Hjaculatory tubes slender, with numerous chitinous whorls 
and the proximal ends tuberculiform produced. Outer lamella of 
the copulatory appendages with a rather prominent acuminate lappet 
at the base, outside. 

Colour in both sexes bright emerald green. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 127 


Length of shell amounting to 3-00 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species is easily distinguished from the two 
preceding ones by the rather dissimilar shape of the shell, and, when 
examined in the living state, also by its beautitul green colour. It 
is the largest of the species as yet known, except pectinata. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens, both males and females, of this 
handsome form were reared in one of my aquaria prepared with mud 
taken by Dr. Purcell from a grassy dried-up vley on the Cape Flats. 
Like the other species of the present genus, the animal is enabled to 
move rather quickly through the water, though more frequently it 
is found to keep to the bottom of the vessel in which it is observed, 
running about through the loose mud in search of food. 


20. STENOCYPRIS PARDALIS, N. sp. 
(Plate VII, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed; seen later- 
ally, of a narrow, somewhat lanceolate shape, with the greatest height 
only slightly exceeding 4 of the length, dorsal margin almost straight 
in the middle and sloping slowly in front, more steeply behind, 
ventral margin scarcely at all sinuated, anterior extremity, in most 
of the specimens, produced above the median axis to a small dentiform 
corner, below which the edge curves obliquely backwards, posterior 
extremity deflexed and produced below in a more or less developed 
acute spur-like process; seen dorsally, very narrow, the greatest 
width scarcely exceeding + of the length, both extremities acuminate. 
Valves slightly unequal, the anterior dentiform corner, as also the 
spur-like process behind, being exclusively formed by the left valve. 
Surface of shell smooth and polished, being clothed along the lower 
part of the anterior extremity with delicate curved hairs, behind 
with more scattered hairs, some of which are of considerable length. 
Structure of the several appendages scarcely exhibiting any more 
conspicuous difference from that in the preceding species. 

Male resembling the female in its general appearance, but exhibiting 
the usual sexual differences. 

Colour very peculiar and unlike that in most other Ostracoda, the 
shell being all over mottled with somewhat irregular dark pigmentary 
specks strongly contrasting with the pale yellowish-grey ground 
colour of the shell. 

Length of shell measuring 2-60 mm. 

Remarks.—This is a very distinct and easily recognisable species, 


128 Annals of the South African Museum. 


being well distinguished by the narrow lanceolate shape of the shell, 
and more particularly by its very peculiar colour, which even in speci- 
mens preserved for a long time in alcohol is well observable. The 
specific name here proposed alludes to this latter character. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this pretty species were reared 
from the same parcel of mud (Cape Flats) which yielded S. smaragdina. 
It also occurred in one of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the 
South African Museum, and taken from a pond on the Cape Flats. 
The animal is very active in its movements, swimming about with 
great speed, now and then attaching itself to the walls of the vessel 
in which it is watched. 


21. STENOCYPRIS PERARMATA, Brady. 
(Plate VII, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Stenocypris perarmata, Brady. Entomostraca collected in Natal by 
Mr. J. Gibson. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, vol. 11, p. 126, pl. vii, 
figs. 50-57. 

Specific Characters—Female.——Shell much compressed ; seen later- 
ally, narrow oblong in outline, with the greatest height scarcely 
attaining 2 of the length, dorsal margin nearly straight in the middle, 
sloping slowly in front, more steeply behind, ventral margin nearly 
straight, anterior extremity narrowly rounded, posterior scarcely 
deflexed and obtuse at the end; seen dorsally, oblong lanceolate in 
form, with both extremities acuminate. Valves subequal and rather 
pellucid, unarmed. Surface of shell smooth and clothed in front and 
behind with delicate hairs. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 2-00 mm. 

Male unknown. 

Remarks.—I am not quite assured that the above-described form 
is in reality identical with Brady’s species, as it seems to differ a little 
in the shape of the shell, to judge from the figure given by that author. 
It cannot, however, be referred to any of the four species described 
in the preceding pages, and as the differences from Brady’s species 
in any case are of a very trifling nature, I have not felt justified to 
establish a new species for its reception. 

Occurrence—Two female specimens of this form were found in one 
of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African Museum, 
and taken in the neighbourhood of Cape Town by Mr. K. H. Barnard. 

Distribution.—Natal (Brady); Central Africa (the present author). 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 129 
p 


22. STENOCYPRIS PECTINATA, ND. sp. 
(Plate XIX, figs. 14-17.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed ; seen later- 
ally, oblong semilunar in outline, greatest height about in the middle 
and not fully attaining half the length, dorsal margin evenly arched, 
ventral very slightly sinuated in front of the middle, anterior extremity 
obliquely rounded, posterior deflexed and terminating below in a 
rather prominent, though obtusely pointed corner; seen dorsally, 
narrow lanceolate, with the greatest width scarcely exceeding 4 
of the length. Valves subequal, thin and pellucid, without any 
obvious sculpture and only sparingly hairy ; posterior corner of each 
valve armed with a row of five very small denticles. Caudal rami, as 
usual, conspicuously asymmetrical, the left one being much narrower 
than the right and only very minutely spinulose along the outer part 
of the dorsal edge. Right ramus nearly straight, with the dorsal 
edge divided into nine remarkably slender and somewhat distant 
spiniform denticles, all of about same size, and followed proximally 
by only a few very small spinules; apical claws of both rami 
moderately strong and denticulated in the usual manner, the larger 
one nearly twice as long as the other, but scarcely exceeding in length 
4 of the ramus. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female reaching 3-40 mm. 

Remarks.—In size and general appearance this form somewhat 
resembles S. aldebrae of G. W. Miiller, and indeed at first I believed 
it to be that species. On a closer examination I have, however, 
found it to differ very decidedly in some points, and more particularly 
in the armature of the right caudal ramus, which is rather peculiar 
and unlike that in any other species known to me. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form, all of the female sex, 
are in the material received, having been collected in the Transvaal 


by Mr. R. W. E. Tucker. 


23. STENOCYPRIS DECLIVIS, nN. sp. 
(Plate XIX, figs. 18-20.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, narrow sub- 
reniform in outline, greatest height behind the middle and scarcely 
exceeding = of the length, dorsal margin straight in the middle, but 
abruptly bent behind and obliquely sloping to the hind corner, ventral 


130 Annals of the South African Museum. 


margin distinctly sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity narrowly 
rounded, posterior obliquely deflexed and gradually tapered below to a 
rather projecting obtuse corner; seen dorsally, narrow oblong, with 
the greatest width about equalling 4 of the length. Valves subequal, 
finely hairy in front and clothed behind with scattered hairs of greater 
length. Right caudal ramus armed along the outer part of the dorsal 
edge with numerous closely set and comparatively delicate denticles 
gradually diminishing in size proximally; apical claws very unlike in 
size, the proximal one being scarcely half as long as the distal one and 
rather more curved. 

Colour (in preserved specimens) uniformly dark green. 

Length of adult female 2-60 mm. 

Remarks.—This form is closely allied to S. Hodgsoni G. O. Sars 
(see the chief account), differing however somewhat in the shape of the © 
shell, as also apparently in colour. 

Occurrence.—Three well-preserved female specimens of this form 
are in the material received, having been taken from a pond on the 
Cape Flats, collected by Mr. K. H. Barnard. 


24. STENOCYPRIS AMETRA, G. W. Miiller. 
(Plate XIX, figs. 21-23.) 


Stenocypris ametra, G. W. Miller. Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition, 
Ostracoda, p. 171, figs. 1-6 (in text). 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong oval in 
outline, greatest height in the middle and slightly exceeding 2 of the 
length, dorsal margin forming throughout a quite even and gentle 
curve, ventral margin slightly sinuated in the middle, anterior 
extremity rounded off, posterior obliquely deflexed and drawn out 
below to an acutely produced corner; seen dorsally, oblong fusiform, 
with the greatest width about equalling 4 of the length and occurring 
somewhat in front of the middle. Valves shghtly unequal, the 
anterior edge of the left one projecting a little beyond that of the right 
and forming above the middle an angular corner, hind extremity of 
same valve produced to a well-marked spiniform process. Surface 
of shell smooth and polished, finely hairy at each extremity. Right 
caudal ramus armed in its outer part dorsally with numerous densely 
crowded delicate denticles rapidly diminishing in size proximally and 
not fully extending to the middle of the ramus; apical claws com- 
paratively slender and less unequal than in the two preceding species, 
the larger one about equalling in length half the ramus. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 131 


Colour (of the preserved specimen) uniformly whitish grey, without 
any traces of dark specks. 

Length of the specimen examined 2-90 mm. 

Remarks.—I think I am right in identifying the above-described 
form with Miiller’s species, though the figure of the shell (lateral 
aspect) given by that author does not fully agree with that drawn 
on the accompanying plate. The species is closely allied to S. pardalis 
G. O. Sars (see the chief account), but is of considerably larger size 
and also of a less narrow shape. Moreover, I have failed to detect 
even the slightest trace of the characteristic dark specks ornating the 
shell in S. pardalis. 

Occurrence.—A solitary female specimen of this form was found in 
one of the samples sent to me from the South African Museum, and 
taken from a pond on the Cape Flats by Mr. K. H. Barnard. 


GEN. 8. SCLEROCYPRIS, n. 


Generic Characters.—Shell not much tumid, subclavate in shape, 
and of rather a heavy consistency, exhibiting a well-marked granular 
sculpture. Valves subequal, with the anterior edges very broad and 
peculiarly deflexed below, inner duplicatures strongly marked, though 
not particularly broad. Natatory setae of the posterior antennae not 
much elongated. Maxillae with the terminal joint of the palp broader 
than long, masticatory lobes very short and stout. Caudal rami 
slender, resembling somewhat those in the genus Hucypris. Propaga- 
tion bisexual. 

Remarks.—The present new genus is only founded on a single 
species, which I am unable to refer to any of the other known genera. 
It is chiefly distinguished by the unusually heavy consistency of the 
shell, a character which indeed has given rise to the generic name here 
proposed. The genera’ which seem to come nearest it are Hucypris 
and Chlamydotheca ; but it is found to differ from either of them, not 
only in the structure of the shell, but also in that of some of the 
appendages. Moreover, the pronouncedly bisexual nature may be 
adduced as a distinctive character of the present. genus. 


25. SCLEROCYPRIS CLAVULARIS, N. sp. 
(Plate VII, figs. 5-17.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oval quad- 
rangular or more properly somewhat clavate in outline, with the 


132 Annals of the South African Museum. 


greatest height quite in front and about equalling half the length, 
dorsal margin obliquely declining in the middle and forming just 
above the ocular region an abrupt angular bend, ventral margin 
nearly straight, anterior extremity broadly rounded and expanding 
below to a projecting lobe, posterior extremity obliquely produced, 
with the lower corner obtusely rounded ; seen dorsally, oval fusiform 
in outline, with the greatest width about equalling 2 of the length, 
both extremities pointed. Valves rather opaque and nearly perfectly 
equal, each with a rather broad pellucid border in front ; inner dupli- 
catures of about equal width in front and behind, and defined inside 
by a thickened chitinous rim which appears particularly strong just 
behind the ventrally projecting lobe of the anterior extremity. 
Surface of shell sculptured with closely set pits, ‘and rather densely 
hairy at both extremities. Caudal rami rather slender and slightly ~ 
attenuated distally, with the outer part of the dorsal edge very 
finely spinulose; terminal claws and setae of the usual appearance. 

Male fully as large as female and having the shell a little more 
elongate. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds quite equal on both sides, 
proximal joint produced inside to a well-marked thumb-like process, 
distal joint claw-like. Ejaculatory tubes surrounded by a hyaline 
envelope and each provided with numerous chitinous whorls, proximal 
and somewhat funnel-shaped. Copulatory appendages of a structure 
very similar to that in Stenocypris. 

Colour dark olivaceous, clouded with irregular band-like patches of 
a deep green hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 2-80 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form cannot be confounded with 
any of the other known Ostracoda, exhibiting, as it does, some 
rather conspicuous peculiarities, both as to the appearance of the 
shell and the structure of some of the appendages. It belongs to 
the larger-sized forms of the present family. 

Occurrence—Some specimens of this interesting Ostracod were 
raised from a parcel of mud kindly sent to me from the South African 
Museum, and taken from a vley at Klipdam, near Kimberley. As a 
rule, the specimens kept at the bottom of the aquarium in which they 
were watched, burying themselves more or less deeply in the loose 
mud, and only quite occasionally one or other of them was seen 
making a short swimming trip, the heavy weight of the shell apparently 
impeding a more free motion. Unlike what is generally the case, most 
of the specimens obtained were of the male sex. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province 13: 


Co 


Gen. 9. HERPETOCYPRIS, Brady and Norman. 


Remarks.—This genus, the type of which is the well-known European 
species Cypris reptans Baird, was originally only based on a single 
character, viz. the want (or rudimentary state) of the natatory setae 
on the posterior antennae, and the consequent loss of the swimming 
power. In accordance therewith, several heterogeneous species were 
at first adduced to this genus, which now is taken in a much more 
restricted sense than done by its founders. One species, undoubtedly 
referable to the present genus, is represented in the Fauna of the Cape 
Province, and will be described below. 


26. HeRPETOCYPRIS CHEVREUXI, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate VII, figs. 18-22.) 


Stenocypris Chevreuxi, G. O. Sars. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Naturv. f. 
1896, p- 5, pls.i and 11. 

Syn. : Erpetocypris Helenae, G. W. Miiller. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, of a narrow 
oblong reniform shape, with the greatest height scarcely exceeding 
2 of the length, dorsal margin in the greater part of its extent perfectly 
straight and horizontal, declining, slowly in front, more steeply 
behind, ventral margin slightly sinuated, anterior extremity obliquely 
rounded and somewhat deflexed below, posterior a little broader than 
the anterior and obtuse at the end; seen dorsally, narrow oblong in 
shape, with the greatest width scarcely attaining 4 of the length and 
occurring somewhat behind the middle, both extremities obtusely 
pointed. Valves, as in the type species, conspicuously unequal, the 
left one overlapping the right considerably both in front and behind, 
as also somewhat along the ventral face. Surface of shell smooth and 
polished, clothed at both extremities with hairs, those on the hind 
extremity remarkably prolonged and less densely crowded. Natatory 
setae on the posterior antennae well defined and extending nearly to 
the ends of the apical claws, being however very thin and scarcely 
at all plumose. Caudal rami rather powerfully developed and per- 
fectly symmetrical, with the base somewhat dilated and the outer 
part sublinear in form, dorsal edge clothed in its outer half with 
small spinules arranged in regular groups ; apical claws comparatively 
short and distinctly denticulate on their concave edge. 

Colour more or less olivaceous, clouded with dark green. 

Length of shell amounting to 2:30 mm. 


134 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Remarks.—This form was described in the year 1896 by the present 
author from specimens raised out of dried mud from Algeria, but was 
at that time erroneously referred to the genus Sfenocypris, on account 
of the presence on the posterior antennae of distinctly developed 
natatory setae, such setae being presumed to be wanting in Herpeto- 
cypris. I am, however, now convinced that this form ought in 
reality to be included in the latter genus, as 1t otherwise shows a very 
close relationship to the type species H. reptans. The form recorded 
by G. W. Miiller as Hrpetocypris Helenae is unquestionably identical 
with the present species. 

Occurrence.—This Ostracod developed in great abundance in some 
of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by the late Dr. Purcell from a 
vley on the Cape Flats. The specimens were as a rule only found 
on the bottom of the aquaria, running rather quickly through the 
loose mud in search of food. In some cases, especially when the 
aquaria were exposed to the direct sunlight, they were seen ascending 
up the walls of the aquaria and even to move for a short space freely 
in the water, though in a rather slow and clumsy manner. All the 
specimens examined were of the female sex, and as I have watched 
this form during several years and in numerous successive generations, 
without detecting even a single male, it may be proved that this form, 
like the type species, propagates in an exclusively parthenogenetical 


Manner. 


Gen. 10. MEGALOCYPRIS, G. O. Sars, 1898. 


Remarks.—This genus was established in the year 1898 by the 
present author to include two big species of Ostracoda derived from 
the Cape Colony, the one of which (M. princeps) was described and 
figured in detail. The genus is somewhat allied to Herpetocypris, 
differing however in certain points decidedly, both as regards the 
structure of the shell and that of the appendages. 


27. MrecGaLocyPris D’URBANTI (Baird). 
(Plate VIII, figs. 1-16.) 


Cypris d’Urbani, Baird. Description of some new species of 
Entomostraca. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 2, pl. i, fig. 1, a—b. 

Syn. : Megalocypris Hodgsoni, G. O. Sars. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell somewhat tumid ; seen laterally, 
oval reniform in outline, greatest height about equalling half the 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 135 


length and occurring rather behind the middle, dorsal margin angularly 
bent in the ocular region and nearly horizontal in the middle, joining 
the hind extremity by a very bold and quite even curve, ventral 
margin slightly sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity evenly 
rounded, posterior somewhat produced and obliquely deflexed, 
terminating below in an obtuse corner; seen dorsally, oval fusiform, 


with the greatest width about equalling 2 of the length, both ex- 
tremities acutely pointed. Valves rather thin and perfectly equal, 
with the inner duplicatures not particularly broad. Surface of shell 
neatly smooth, though exhibiting, under a high magnifying power, 
a finely granular sculpture, and rather densely clothed with delicate 
hairs more conspicuous at each extremity. Natatory setae of the 
posterior antennae quite rudimentary, being replaced by a bundle 
of extremely small bristles. Caudal rami slender and attenuated, 
with the outer half of the dorsal edge clothed with minute spinules 
arranged in regular groups; apical claws rather narrow and not 
much unequal in size. 

Male nearly of same size as female and having the shell of a rather 
similar shape, but easily recognisable by the densely coiled spermatic 
tubes shining through the posterior part of the valves. Prehensile 
palps of maxillipeds very largely developed and pronouncedly 
cheliform, the proximal joint being considerably expanded and 
produced inside to a prominent thumb-like process against which 
the claw-like distal joint admits to be impinged, the latter joint 
slightly unlike on each side, that on left palp being produced to a very 
thin point. Kjaculatory tubes comparatively small, with numerous 
chitinous whorls and the proximal ends somewhat funnel-shaped.. 
Copulatory appendages large, with the outer lamella very broad, 
triangular. 

Quite young specimens (see fig. 4) rather unlike the adults, having 
the anterior part of the shell much higher than the posterior, and the 
valves armed along the anterior edge and part of the inferior one 
with densely crowded coarse denticles. 

Colour of adult animal yellowish brown changing to olivaceous, 
with an irregular dark shadow in front of the middle; caecal tubes 
of intestine very conspicuous and bounded on each side by a narrow 
dark stripe. 

Length of shell amounting to 5-20 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was announced, but not described, by the 
present author as a new species under the name of M. Hodgsoni. It 
has, however, turned out to be identical with a form long ago recorded 


156 Annals of the South African Museum. 


by Baird, and the specific name proposed by me must, of course, be 
replaced by that originally given to the species by Baird. 

Occurrence.—This big Ostracod was reared in considerable numbers 
from the mud kindly forwarded to me from Mr. Hodgson, and derived 
from a vley near Port Elizabeth. Some specimens were also raised 
from mud taken in the neighbourhood of Cape Town, and the specimens 
originally examined by Baird were likewise from that region. The 
animal is quite devoid of swimming power and is, of course, only 
found on the bottom, over which it crawls with great dexterity, at 
times burrowing more or less deeply within the loose mud. Male 
specimens are met with nearly as frequently as females. 


28. MEGALOCYPRIS PRINCEPS, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate VIII, figs. 17 and 18.) 


Megalocypris princeps, G. O. Sars. On a gigantic Fresh-water 
Ostracod. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Naturv. vol. xx, No. 8, p. 5, with a 
plate. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell comparatively more tumid 
than in the preceding species, and, seen laterally, of a somewhat 
more elongated shape, with the greatest height not attaining half 
the length, dorsal margin quite straight in the middle and angularly 
bent in front, joining the posterior edge by a quite even curve, ventral 
margin rather deeply sinuated, anterior extremity evenly rounded, 
posterior obtusely produced in the middle; seen dorsally, broadly 
fusiform in outline, with the greatest width exceeding 2 of the length 
and nearly attaining the height, both extremities abruptly contracted 
and acuminate. Valves rather opaque, of a dull appearance, and 
clothed with very short hairs. Structure of the several appendages 
very similar to that in the preceding species. 

Male a little smaller than female, but resembling it in the general 
shape of the skull. 

Colour in female light yellowish grey, clouded in some places with 
green; in male somewhat darker. 

Length of shell attaining 7-70 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was described and figured in detail by the 
present author in the above-quoted Journal, as the type of the genus 
Megalocypris. It is perhaps the largest of all hitherto known Ostra- 
coda, and thus fully deserves the specific name proposed. From the 
preceding species, to which it bears a very close relationship, it may 
be distinguished, in addition to its larger size, by the comparatively 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 137 


more elongated form of the shell, the posterior extremity of which is 
also of a somewhat different shape. 

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined were contained in 
an alcoholic sample sent to me from the South African Museum, and 
taken September 1897 from a pond on Green Point Common. I[ have 
also had an opportunity of examining this splendid Ostracod in the 
fresh and living state, some specimens being successfully reared in 
my aquaria from mud taken in about the same place. 


29. MEGALOCYPRIS HISPIDA, N. sp. 
(Plate XX, figs. 16-22.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell elongate and rather tumid; seen 
laterally, narrow subreniform in outline, and somewhat contracted 
in the middle, greatest height not yearly attaining half the length, 
dorsal margin slightly angular in the ocular region and evenly curved 
behind, but nearly straight or even a little concave in the middle, 
ventral margin very distinctly sinuate, anterior extremity obtusely 
rounded, posterior rather broader and somewhat deflexed, termin- 
ating below in an obtuse corner; seen dorsally, broadly fusiform, 
with the greatest width about half the length, both extremities 
abruptly contracted. Surface of shell finely granular and everywhere 
densely clothed with quite unusually strong curved hairs, giving it 
a peculiar hirsute appearance; each valve, moreover, exhibiting 
somewhat behind the centre a single small, but well-marked tubercle, 
more distinctly visible in the dorsal aspect of the shell. Posterior 
antennae comparatively slender, with the apical claws of moderate 
length ; natatory setae very small, not even extending to the middle 
of the penultimate joint. Caudal rami slender and narrow, slightly 
curved in their outer part; apical claws not very unequal, the larger 
one scarcely attaining half the length of the ramus. 

Male of about same size as female and closely resembling it in the 
shape of the shell. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds less strong than 
in the type species and only slightly unequal, thumb-like process 
very narrow and issuing about in the middle of the hand. Copulatory 
appendages comparatively large, with the inner lamella narrowly 
produced at the end, outer lamella broad, leaf-lke. 

Colour (of preserved specimens) yellowish grey, with irregular dark 
shadows. 

Length of adult female amounting to 5:10 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is nearly related to the 

VOI ox. PARIS 10 


138 Annals of the South African Museum. 


two species recorded in the chief account, but evidently specifically 
distinct from either of them, being especially distinguished by the 
densely hispid surface of the shell. The shape of the prehensile 
palps of the maxillipeds in the male, as also that of the copula- 
tory appendages, is, moreover, different, as seen by comparing the 
figures on the accompanying plate with those given in the chief 
account. 

Occurrence.—Four well-preserved specimens of this form were found 
in the material received, having been collected by Mr. K. H. Barnard 
from a pond on the Cape Flats. 


30. MEGALOCYPRIS TUBERCULATA, DN. Sp. 
(Plate XX, figs. 23-28.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell less elongated than in the 
preceding species and much more compressed ; seen laterally, oblong 
oval in outline, with the greatest height about half the length, dorsal 
margin subangular both in front and behind, ventral margin distinctly 
sinuated, anterior extremity evenly rounded, posterior not deflexed, 
terminating 1n an obtuse corner lying about in the longitudinal axis ; 
seen dorsally, narrow oblong, with the greatest width only slightly 
exceeding 4 of the length, anterior extremity more pointed than the 
posterior. Valves only sparingly hairy, but each provided with a. 
number of very conspicuous tubercles, one of which, located about 
in the centre, 1s particularly strong, umboniform, the others being 
rather smaller and somewhat irregularly arranged. Posterior antennae 
comparatively less slender than in the preceding species, and having 
the natatory setae much more fully developed, extending to about 
the middle of the apical claws. Caudal rami very narrow and evenly 
curved; apical claws rather unequal, the larger one about equalling 
in length half the ramus. 

Male scarcely differing from the female in the general shape and 
armature of the shell. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds with the 
thumb-lke process issuing from near the base of the hand, outer part 
of the latter very narrow and somewhat curved. Copulatory append- 
ages with the inner lamella obtusely rounded at the end, outer 
lamella comparatively smaller than in the preceding species and some- 
what securiform in shape. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female 3-60 mm. 

Remarks.—The present form is at once distinguished from any of 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 139 


the other species of this genus by the peculiar tubercular armature 
of the shell, a character which indeed has given rise to the specific 
name here proposed. Moreover, in the structural details some well- 
marked differences are found, more particularly as regards the develop- 
ment of the natatory setae on the posterior antennae, the shape of 
the prehensile palps of the maxillipeds in the male, and that of the 
copulatory appendages. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this distinct species are in the 
material received, having been collected by Mr. J. H. Power at 
Kimberley. 


Gen. 11. ISOCYPRIS, G. W. Miller, 1908. 


Syn.: Hyalocypris, Brady. 

Generic Characters.—Shell much compressed, more or less oval in 
shape, with a rather conspicuous shallow depression just in front of 
the ocular region. Valves perfectly equal, each exhibiting in front 
a well-marked transversely striated border partly continued along 
the ventral face; inner duplicature of the anterior extremity very 
broad, that of the posterior much smaller, or quite wanting. Surface 
of shell smooth and more or less densely hairy. Natatory setae of 
posterior antennae in some cases well developed, in other cases quite 
rudimentary. Maxillary palp strong, with the terminal joint spatulate 
in form; masticatory lobes short and thick. Maxillipeds with the 
masticatory lobe comparatively broad and expanded palp rather 
small, uniarticulate. Anterior legs of quite an unusual large size, 
so as not to be wholly withdrawn within the shell, and terminating 
in an exceedingly slender, almost straight claw. Posterior legs much 
smaller, and of normal structure. Caudal rami well developed and 
slightly curved, with the apical claws of moderate size. 

Remarks.—This genus was proposed in the year 1908 by G. W. 
Miller to include two closely allied species I. perangusta and 
I. priomena. The characteristic of the genus given by that author 
appears, however, somewhat unsatisfactory, as no regard has been 
paid to the most prominent peculiarity of the genus, viz. the extra- 
ordinary development of the anterior legs. The relationship to the 
genus Amphicypris, as suggested by Miller, seems to me to be a very 
remote one. On the other hand, as regards the general shape of 
the shell and the structure of some of the appendages, a certain 
resemblance may be found to the genus Ilyocypris, which, however, in 
other respects differs decidedly. The genus Hyalocypris of Brady is 


140 Annals of the South African Museum. 


evidently identical with Miiller’s genus. Three well-defined species of 
the present genus will be described below. 


31. ISOCYPRIS NIVEA, 0. sp. 
(Plate IX, figs. 1-13.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, of a somewhat 
irregular oval reniform shape, with the greatest height somewhat in 
front of the middle and not fully attaining half the length, dorsal 
margin perfectly straight in the middle, angularly bent in front, and 
declining rather steeply behind, preocular sinus well marked, ventral 
margin slightly concaved, anterior extremity broadly rounded, 
posterior slightly produced in the middle; seen dorsally, narrow 
lanceolate in outline, with the greatest width scarcely attaining 4 - 
of the length; anterior extremity more pointed than the posterior. 
Valves of rather firm consistency and very little pellucid, with the 
striated marginal rim extending downwards along the whole ventral 
face and part of the -hind extremity, inner duplicature of this ex- 
tremity distinct, though rather small. Surface of shell of a dull 
appearance and clothed with comparatively short and delicate hairs, 
two of them, however, issuing from the posterior extremity of each 
valve, being much longer than the others. Natatory setae of the 
posterior antennae quite rudimentary. Caudal rami comparatively 
narrow, with the outer part of the dorsal edge very finely spinulose. 

Male of about same size as female and resembling it in the 
general shape of the shell. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds quite 
equal and rather narrow, the proximal joint being scarcely at all 
expanded, but armed inside beyond the middle with a strong movable 
spine, distal joint narrow unguiform. Ejaculatory tubes slender, with 
numerous chitinous whorls. Copulatory appendages with the outer 
lamella spatulate in form. 

Colour of shell uniformly opaque white, most of the appendages of a 
light yellow hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 1-90 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is evidently congeneric with 
the two species recorded by G. W. Miiller, but is easily distinguishable 
from either of them by its much coarser and opaque white shell, and 
by the rudimentary condition of the natatory setae on the posterior 
antennae being also of considerably larger size. 

Occurrence.—This form was successfully reared in one of my aquaria 
prepared with mud taken from a pond on Green Point Common. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 141 


Some specimens were also found in one of the alcoholic samples sent 
to me from the South African Museum, and derived from the same 
region. In accordance with the rudimentary condition of the natatory 
setae, the animal is quite devoid of swimming power, and the specimens 
were of course only found on the bottom of the aquarium, more or 
less deeply buried in the loose mud. Males and females occurred in 
nearly equal number. 


32. IsOCYPRIS PRIOMENA, G. W. Miller. 
(Plate IX, figs. 14-17, and Plate XIX, figs. 4-7.) 


Isocypris priomena, G. W. Miiller. Lc. p. 161, figs. 1-5 (in text). 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell comparatively somewhat shorter 
than in the preceding species and, seen laterally, of a more regular 
ovoid shape, greatest height behind the middle and about equalling 
half the length, dorsal margin gently arched and declining quite evenly 
behind, supraocular angle obsolete, ventral margin slightly sinuated 
in the middle, anterior extremity somewhat produced and obtusely 
blunted at the end, preocular sinus well marked; seen dorsally, 
exhibiting a similar narrow lanceolate shape to that in the preceding 
species. Valves very thin and pellucid, with the striated marginal 
border only present in front; inner duplicature of hind extremity 
quite wanting. Surface of shell smooth and all over clothed with 
rather coarse recurved hairs, two of which, issuing from the hind 
extremity, are distinguished by their considerable length. Natatory 
setae of the posterior antennae well developed, reaching somewhat 
beyond the apical claws. Caudal rami comparatively broader than 
in I. nivea, with the dorsal edge quite smooth. 

Male differing from female in a similar manner to that in the 
preceding species. 

Colour whitish pellucid, with a more or less distinct yellow or pale 
orange tinge. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 1-50 mm. 

Remarks.—The present form agrees very closely with both of the 
species recorded by G. W. Miiller, and I have indeed been in some 
doubt to which of them it should more properly be referred. Yet 
the species named as above seems to be that which, to judge from the 
figures given, is in the best accordance with the form examined by 
me. 

Occurrence.—This species was reared from the same parcel of mud 
(Green Point Common) as the preceding one, and it also developed 


142 Annals of the South African Museum. 


rather abundantly in another of my aquaria prepared with mud 
taken at Klipdam, near Kimberley, by Mr. J. H. Power. In contrast 
to the preceding species, the present form is an habitual swimmer, 
and the specimens were often seen moving about rather quickly 
through the water, especially when the aquarium was exposed to the 
direct sunlight. During these movements the anterior legs were 
extended straight backwards, projecting with their outer part from 
the hind end of the shell, as represented in fig. 14. Most of the 
specimens examined were of the female sex ; but I have also succeeded 
in finding some few male specimens, and have ascertained the accord- 
ance of the sexual characters with those in the male of I. nivea. 


33. IsocyPRIS PERANGUSTA, G. W. Miller. 
(Plate XIX, figs. 1-3.) 


Tsocypris perangusta, G. W. Miller. Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition, 
Ostracoda, p. 159, figs. 1-7 (in text). 

Syn.: Hyalocypris africana, Brady. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed ; seen later- 
ally, rather regularly elliptical in outline, greatest height about in 
the middle and scarcely attaining half the length, dorsal margin 
slightly depressed in the ocular region, but otherwise quite evenly 
arched, without any trace of an angle behind, ventral margin slightly 
sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior 
somewhat narrower and evenly obtuse; seen dorsally, lanceolate in 
shape, with the greatest width scarcely exceeding } of the length. 
Valves thin and pellucid, perfectly equal, and clothed with scattered 
rather strong curved hairs, two of which, issuing from the hind 
extremity, are particularly elongated; anterior duplicature very 
broad, posterior wholly absent; marginal zone simple, without any 
chitinous stripes. Natatory setae of posterior antennae well 
developed, extending to the tips of the apical claws. Caudal rami 
shghtly curved and nearly of equal width throughout; apical claws 
subequal and about half the length of the ramus; dorsal seta 
comparatively small. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female 1-10 mm. 

Remarks.—This is unquestionably the species recorded by G. W. 
Miiller under the above name, agreeing perfectly with the description 
and figures given by that author. It is closely allied to I. priomena 
of the same author, but of much smaller size, and has the shell con- 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 145 


spicuously narrower, with the marginal cone quite simple. The form 
recorded by Brady under the name Hyalocypris africana seems to be 
identical with the present species. 

Occurrence.—Two female specimens of this form were found in the 
material collected by Mr. K. H. Barnard from a pond on the Cape 
Flats. 


Gen. 12. ILYOCYPRIS, Brady and Norman. 


Remarks.—This genus in some particulars differs rather essentially 
from the other Cypridae, and has indeed by recent authors been 
regarded as the type of a distinct subfamily, Ilyocyprinae. It 
comprises a rather great number of species from different parts of the 
* world; but some of these are so closely related that their distinction 
is connected with no small difficulty. One of these species is repre- 
sented in the Fauna of the Cape Province, and will be briefly described 
below. 


34. ILYOCYPRIS AUSTRALIENSIS, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate IX, figs. 18-25.) 


Ilyocypris austrahensis, G. O. Sars. On some Fresh-water 
Ostracoda and Copepoda raised from dried Australian mud. Chr. 
Ved. Selsk. Fork. 1889, No. 6, p. 46, pl. 11, figs. 5-8, pl. vi. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong quad- 
rangular in outline, with the greatest height quite in front and some- 
what exceeding half the leagth, dorsal margin nearly straight and 
forming above the ocular region a well-marked projecting angle, 
ventral margin conspicuously sinuated in the middle, anterior ex- 
tremity broadly rounded, posterior almost transversely truncated ; 
seen dorsally, narrow oblong and slightly constricted in the middle, 
but without any traces of later protuberances, greatest width some- 
what exceeding = of the length and occurring behind the middle. 
Valves rather opaque and nearly equal, with a well-marked transverse 
depression near the dorsal face; inner duplicatures not particularly 
broad. Surface of shell sculptured with rather closely set angular 
pits, giving it a dull appearance, anterior and posterior edges finely 
hairy and moreover armed with very small and closely set spinules. 
Structure of the several appendages resembling that in the type 
species (I. gibba), the natatory setae of the posterior antennae being 
well developed. 

Colour whitish grey. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-82 mm. 


144 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Remarks.—This species was described in the year 1889 by the 
present author from specimens raised from Australian mud. It is 
nearly allied to the European species I. gibba (Ramdohr), but easily 
distinguished from it by the absolute absence of the horn-like lateral 
protuberances on the shell characteristic of that species. 

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens of this form were found 
in one of my aquaria prepared with mud from the neighbourhood of 
Bergvliet. 


Gen. 13. CYPRIA, Zencker, 1854. 


Remarks.—This genus was established as early as the year 1854 
by Zencker to include the European species C. ophthalmica (Jurine), 
and has been admitted by all subsequent authors. It is indeed a 
very distinct one, exhibiting some well-marked peculiarities of both- 
sexes. In addition to the type species, some other congeneric forms 
have been recorded in recent time, one of which is represented in the 
Fauna of the Cape Province. 


35. CYPRIA CAPENSIS, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate X, figs. 1-15.) 


Cypria capensis, G. O. Sars. On some South African Entomostraca 
raised from dried mud. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Skrifter, 1895, p. 28, pl. v, 
fig. 1, a—b. 

Syn.: Cypria armata, G. W. Miiller. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed ; seen later- 
ally, broadly oval in outline, greatest height behind the middle and 
about equalling of the length, dorsal margin as a rule evenly arched, 
only in some cases exhibiting a slight indication to an angle in front 
and behind, ventral margin slightly concave in the middle, anterior 
extremity obliquely rounded, posterior rather broad and obtusely 
blunted, being somewhat expanded below; seen dorsally, narrow 
oblong, and tapered in front, anterior extremity more pointed than 
the posterior. Valves conspicuously unequal, the left one overlapping 
the right in front by a rather broad hyaline border, as also somewhat 
below ; right valve generally (but not always) armed along the anterior 
edge ard part of the infericr with minute closely set tubercles. Surface 
of shell smooth and polished, though exhibiting, when seen under a 
high magnifying power, a very delicate longitudinal striation, only 
very slight traces of hairs being observable. Structure of the several 
appendages closely resembling that in the type species. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 145 


Male rather smaller than female and having the shell somewhat 
less high. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds rather unequal, the right 
one being much the larger, with the proximal joint somewhat widening 
distally and produced at the end inside to a digitiform process, distal 
joint claw-like and considerably stronger than that of the nght, with 
a distinct dentiform prominence at the base. Ejaculatory tubes 
rather large and easily observable through the pellucid shell, each 
only provided with seven very strongly marked chitinous whorls, 
proximal end bladder-like produced. Copulatory appendages com- 
paratively small, with both lamella drawn out at the end to narrow 
pointed lappets. 

Colour in female light yellowish or orange, with a more or less 
distinct rosy or purplish tinge, and variegated with irregular patches 
and dots of a darker hue; that in male rather paler. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-75 mm. 

Remarks.—This species was described, though somewhat imper- 
fectly, by the present author in the year 1895, from specimens raised 
out of mud from the Knysna swamp. The form recorded by G. W. | 
Miiller from the equatorial part of Africa under the name of C. armata 
is undoubtedly the same species. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this beautiful little Ostracod 
developed in one of my aquaria prepared with mud taken from pools 
on Green Point Common. It was also present in some of the parcels 
of mud taken by Mr. Orjan Olsen in the neighbourhood of the whaling 
station at Saldanha Bay; but, curiously enough, no living specimens 
were obtained from this mud, though other Ostracods developed from 
it in great abundance. 


Gen. 14. BRADYCYPRIS, n. 


Generic Characters—Shell very tumid and of a short and bulky 
shape, with the valves conspicuously unequal, the left one being 
much the larger, right valve provided in front with a well-marked 
coarsely striated marginal zone. Surface of shell smooth. Natatory 
setae of the posterior antennae well developed. Maxillary palp 
slender, with the terminal joint narrow cylindrical in form; mastica- 
tory lobes attenuated. Maxillipeds and legs of usual structure. 
Caudal rami very slender and narrow. 

Remarks —This new genus is established to include a peculiar 
Ostracod recorded by Brady and referred by him to the genus Cypris. 
A closer examination of this Ostracod has, however, proved it to 


146 Annals of the South African Museum. 


differ so considerably in the structure of the shell, both from Cypris 
and most other genera, that it, in my opinion, ought more properly 
to be regarded as the type of a distinct genus. The generic name 
here proposed alludes to the bulky shape of the shell.* 


36. BRADYCYPRIS INTUMESCENS (Brady). 
(Plate X, figs. 16-27.) 


Cypris intumescens, Brady. Ann. Natal Gov. Museum, vol. 1, 
pt. 2, p. 173, pl. xxix, figs. 1-5. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, rounded oval or 
somewhat trigonal in outline, with the greatest height quite in front 
and exceeding 3 of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched, forming 
in front of the middle an almost hump-shaped curvature, whence it - 
declines rather steeply both in front and behind, ventral margin 
slightly sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, 
posterior obtusely blunted; seen dorsally, broadly ovoid in shape, 
with the greatest width about equalling 2 of the length and occurring 
behind the middle, anterior extremity beak-like produced, posterior 
obtuse. Valves very unequal, the left one overlapping the right 
considerably along the anterior extremity, striated marginal area 
of right valve very conspicuous. Surface of shell smooth, without 
any more conspicuous sculpturing and clothed on both extremities 
with delicate hairs. Natatory setae on the posterior antennae 
reaching nearly to the tips of the apical claws. Caudal rami exceed- 
ingly slender and narrow, with the apical claws rather elongate, 
dorsal and apical setae very small. 

Male resembling the female in the general shape of the shell, but 
of rather smaller size. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds somewhat 
unequal, the terminal joint of the right one being much broader 
than that of the left one and somewhat boot-shaped. Hjaculatory 
tubes comparatively large, with numerous chitinous whorls and the 
proximal end slightly produced. Copulatory appendages with the 
outer lamella drawn out to a somewhat twisted lappet. 

Colour pale yellow, the ripe ova shining through the shell with a 
bright orange hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 1-50 mm. 

Remarks.—This species, the only one as yet known of the present 
genus, was described by Brady from a solitary female specimen 


* The form recorded by G. W. Miiller as Cypris radiata is perhaps referable to 
the present genus. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 147 


obtained at Somkele, Zululand. It may easily be recognised from 
any of the hitherto known Cypridae by the shape and peculiar structure 
of the shell. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this Ostracod developed in 
some of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from 
old gravel-pits on the Bergvliet Flats. It also occurred in some of 
the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African Museum, 
and in that taken by Dr. Purcell at Ashton. Almost all the specimens 
examined by me were of the female sex, only one or two males having 
as yet come under my notice. 


Gen. 15. CYPRETTA, Vavra, 1895. 


Remarks.—This genus was proposed in the year 1895 by Vavra 
to include a small Cyprid (C. tenwicauda) found at Zanzibar, but was 
by that author merely regarded as a subgenus of Cypridopsis. In 
recent times, however, several additional species have been detected 
agreeing perfectly with that originally deseribed, as also with each 
other, in all essential characters, thus proving this genus to be in 
reality a very well-defined one. It is chiefly distinguished from 
Cypridopsis by the structure of the caudal rami, which, on the whole, 
is quite normal; whereas in Cypridopsis these rami are reduced to 
trifling rudiments. Another character by which the present genus 
is at once recognised is found in the very conspicuous radiating septa 
dividing the marginal zone of both valves in front. 

Three species belonging to this genus will be described below, es 
represented in the Fauna of the Cape Province. 


37. CYPRETTA TURGIDA, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate X, figs. 28-33.) 


Cypridopsis turgida, G. O. Sars. Fresh-water Entomostraca from 
the neighbourhood of Sydney. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Naturv. f. 1896, 
p. 62. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell exceedingly tumid, the width 
even somewhat exceeding the height; seen laterally, almost semi- 
circular in outline, greatest height in the middle and about equalling 
2 of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched and declining quite 
evenly both in front and behind, ventral margin scarcely at all 
sinuated, both extremities rounded off, the anterior somewhat broader 
than the posterior ; seen dorsally, broadly cordate, slightly narrowed 


148 Annals of the South African Museum. 


in front, obtusely rounded behind. Valves nearly equal, both exhibit- 
ing anteriorly a rather sharply-defined marginal area crossed by a 
number of very conspicuous dark-coloured septa; inner duplicatures 
not very broad. Surface of shell smooth and rather densely hairy. 
Posterior antennae with the apical claws very slender and elongated ; 
natatory setae well developed, reaching to the tips of the claws. 
Caudal rami rather small and narrow linear in form; terminal claws 
very thin and rather unequal in length; apical bristle apparently 
wanting. 

Colour light olivaceous changing to yellowish brown, with in- 
distinctly-marked darker shadows. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-90 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was originally (in the year 1894) described 
and figured by the present author, but was at that time erroneously 
identified with Cypris minna of King. Having, however, subse- 
quently had an opportunity of examining the true minna of King, 
I proposed (in 1896) for the present form the above specific name. It 
is easily distinguished from the two other species here described by 
its very tumid shell and the rather uniform colour. 

Occurrence.—The present form developed rather abundantly in 
some of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from a 
vley on the Cape Flats. All the specimens examined were of the 
female sex, no males having ever been detected either of this or of 
any of the other species of the present genus. 

Distribution.—New Zealand, Australia, Madagascar, China. 


38. CYPRETTA MINNA (King). 
(Plate XI, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Cypris minna, King. On Australian Entomostraca. Papers and 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Diemen’s Land, vel. iii, pt. 1, p. 64, pl. x B. 

Syn. : Cypretta costata, G. W. Miiller. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell rather tumid; seen laterally, 
very broad, of a rounded trigonal shape, the greatest height almost 
attaining the length, dorsal margin strongly arched, forming in the 
middle an abrupt, almost hump-shaped bend, and declining rather 
steeply both in front and behind, ventral margin very slightly 
sinuated in the middle, both extremities rounded off, the anterior 
somewhat broader than the posterior; seen dorsally, rounded oval, 
with the greatest width behind the middle. | Valves a little unequal, 
the right one overlapping the left somewhat in the middle cf the dorsal 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 149 


face, as also anteriorly ; marginal area of the anterior extremity well 
defined and having the radial septa rather conspicuous. 

Colour light yellowish and variegated with irregular, partly anasto- 
mosing patches of a dark green hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-90 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was described as early as in the year 1855 
by King from Australian specimens, and was subsequently also 
recorded by Brady. It is easily recognised by its exceedingly high, 
almost trigonal shell, as also by its rather characteristic colour. The 
form recorded by G. W. Miiller under the name of C. costata 1s un- 
questionably the same species. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form developed in one of 
my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell in the neighbour- 
hood of Bergvliet. 

Distribution.—Australia (King); Madagascar (G. W. Miller). 


39. CYPRETTA GLOBULUS, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate XI, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Cypridopsis globulus, G. O. Sars. On some Fresh-water Ostracoda 
and Copepoda raised from dried Australian mud. Chr. Ved. Selsk 
Forh. 1889, p. 53, pl. u, figs. 9 and 10, pl. vu, figs. 1-11. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, rounded sub- 
triangular in outline, greatest height somewhat exceeding 2 of 
the length, dorsal margin boldly arched and abruptly bent in the 
middle, ventral margin very slightly sinuated, both extremities 
obliquely rounded; seen dorsally, very broad, with the greatest 
width behind the middle and somewhat exceeding the height. Valves 
nearly equal, marginal area of the anterior extremity well defined 
and crossed by the usual septa. Surface of shell finely granular and 
clothed with delicate hairs. 

Colour light yellowish, with three rather conspicuous, irregularly 
flexuous bands of a dark green hue extending down the sides of the 
valves. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 0-70 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was described in the year 1889 by the present 
author as a species of the genus Cypridopsis. It is, however, evidently 
referable to the present genus, agreeing perfectly in all essential 
characters with the two preceding species, though being specifically 
distinct from both of them. 

Occurrence.—This form only developed in one of my aquaria 


150 Annals of the South African Museum. 


prepared with mud from the pond at Bergvliet. Several specimens 
were however secured, all of them being, as usual, of the female sex. 
Distribution. Australia (the present author). 


Gen. 16. ZONOCYPRIS, G. W. Miiller, 1898. 


Remarks.—This genus was proposed in the year 1898 by G. W. 
Miiller to comprise three species, one of which had previously been 
recorded by Vavra, but referred by him to the genus Cypridopsis. 
It agrees with the latter genus in the rudimentary condition of the 
caudal rami, but differs decidedly in the coarse sculpture of the 
shell, as also in the structure of the posterior antennae. Two some- 
what anomalous species, apparently referable to this genus, will be 
described in the sequel. 


40. ZONOCYPRIS CORDATA, 0. sp. 
(Plate XI, figs. 5-15.) 


Specific Characters—Female.——Shell very tumid; seen laterally, 
rounded trigonal in outline, with the greatest height about in the 
middle and nearly attaining } of the length, dorsal margin boldly 
arched, ventral only very slightly sinuated, anterior extremity 
obliquely rounded, posterior obtusely blunted ; seen dorsally, broadly 
cordiform, with the greatest width far behind and exceeding the 
height, anterior extremity gradually contracted, posterior broadly 
rounded off. Valves slightly unequal, the left one overlapping the 
right somewhat along the anterior extremity, right valve armed, a 
little within the edge, both in front and behind with a row of minute 
tubercles ; inner duplicatures somewhat broader in front than behind. 
Surface of shell coarsely sculptured with numerous closely set knob- 
like tubercles arranged more or less distinctly in concentric rows, and 
clothed in front and behind with comparatively short and delicate 
hairs. Anterior antennae, mandibles, maxillipeds, and legs of normal 
structure. Posterior antennae, however, distinguished by their 
unusually coarse and compact appearance, penultimate joint very 
short ; apical claws rather unequal, two of them issuing from the pen- 
ultimate joint remarkably strong and cultriform, the inner one 
distinctly serrate behind; natatory setae well developed, reaching 
beyond the apical claws. Maxillary palp with the terminal joint 
narrow cylindric in form. Caudal rami imperfectly developed, being 
replaced by two small narrowly produced lappets, each terminating in 
a thin seta. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 151 


Colour dark olivaceous green, more generally with a chestnut 
brown tinge along the anterior and posterior edges of the shell. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-56 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is easily distinguished from 
any of the other known species of the present genus, both as to the 
general shape of the shell and to its sculpture, though agreeing pretty 
well with them in the structure of the several appendages and 
more particularly in the characteristic appearance of the posterior 
antennae. 

Occurrence.—This form was found in several of my aquaria prepared 
with mud from different places in the neighbourhood of Cape Town. 
It did not, however, occur in any considerable number, and was 
only occasionally taken up by the dipping-tube, its comparatively 
small size also rendered it rather difficult to detect it. All the 
specimens examined were of the female sex. 


41. ZonocyPRIS TUBEROSA, G. W. Miiller. 
(Plate XI, figs. 16-25.) 


Zonocypris tuberosa, G. W. Miller. Lc. p. 167, figs. 1-5 (in text), 
pl. xix, figs. 1, 5. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell far less tumid than in the 
preceding species; seen laterally, of a rather regular oval reniform 
shape, with the greatest height somewhat in front of the middle and 
only slightly exceeding half the length, dorsal margin quite evenly 
arched throughout, ventral distinctly sinuated, anterior extremity 
evenly rounded, posterior obtusely blunted ; seen dorsally, ovoid in 
shape, with the greatest width behind and slightly exceeding the height, 
anterior extremity gradually narrowed, posterior broadly rounded. 
Valves nearly equal and rather pellucid, with the inner duplicatures 
comparatively small. Surface of shell densely reticulated and 
clothed all over with unusually strong, almost spiniform hairs curving 
as a rule backwards and attached to prominent knob-like tubercles, 
with which they seem to be movably articulated. Structure of the 
several appendages on the whole closely agreeing with that in the 
preceding species. 

Male of nearly same size as female and resembling it in the general 
appearance of the shell. Posterior antennae with the apical claws 
less strongly developed, those issuing from the penultimate joint 
being scarcely larger than that of the last joint. Prehensile palps 
of maxillipeds shghtly unequal, the claw-like distal joint being rather 


152 Annals of the South African Museum. 


broader on the right than on the left palp, proximal joint in both of 
them somewhat dilated distally and exerted at the end inside to a 
triangular lappet. Ejaculatory tubes with about sixteen chitinous 
whorls, proximal ends slightly funnel-shaped. Copulatory appendages 
with the outer lamella unequally bilobular at the end, outer lobe 
broadly rounded, inner narrowly exerted. 

Colour bright green, somewhat paler in front. 

Length of shell amounting te 0-75 mm. 

Remarks.—I cannot doubt that the above-described form is identical 
with that recorded by G. W. Miller, though the hairs of the shell, as 
represented in the figures given by that author on Plate XIX, appear 
far less strongly developed than in the specimens examined by me. 
The outward appearance of the present form looks so very different 


from that of the preceding species, that it hardly should be assumed 


that they were congeneric. Yet, on a closer examination, the several 
appendages are found to be built on the very same type, and I thus 
fully agree with Miiller in referring this form to the genus Zonocypris, 
though the generic name appears less significant of the present 
species. 

Occurrence.—Only a few specimens of this peculiar form have as yet 
come under my notice. They were found in one of my aquaria 
prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from old gravel-pits on the 
Bergvliet estate. Two of the specimens secured proved to be of the 
male sex. G. W. Miiller obtained this form from Plumstead. 


Gren. 17. PARACYPRETTA, n. 


Generic Characters—Shell short and tumid, resembling somewhat 
in shape that in Cypretta. Valves however very unequal, the left one 
projecting far beyond the right at the anterior extremity, right valve 
exhibiting, somewhat inside the anterior edge, a narrow marginal 
area crossed by a number of short and thick, strongly chitinised septa. 
Surface of shell sculptured with closely set longitudinal ridges and 
rather densely hairy. Posterior antennae comparatively: slender, 
with the penultimate joint rather produced and the apical claws long 
and narrow ; natatory setae well developed. Maxillary palp slender, 
with the terminal joint cylindric in form. Maxillipeds with the 
branchial plate imperfectly developed. Caudal rami very narrow, 
styliform, though armed at the end in the usual manner. Propagation 
exclusively parthenogenetical. 

Remarks.—This new genus is established to comprise three well- 


— 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 153 
p 


defined species which in all essential characters agree with each other, 
thus forming together a quite natural group. As indicated by the 
generic name here proposed, it seems to come nearest to Cypretta, 
differing, however, decidedly in the structure of the shell. The form 
recorded by G. W. Miiller under the name of Cypris syngramma may 
perhaps be adduced to this genus. 


42. PARACYPRETTA AMPULLACEA, N. Sp. 
(Plate XII, figs. 1-13.) 


Specific Characters.—Shell exceedingly broad and expanded, sub- 
depressed, with the ventral face flattened; seen laterally, almost 
semilunar in outline, greatest height about in the middle and slightly 
exceeding 2 of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral dis- 
tinctly sinuated, anterior extremity conspicuously deflexed, forming 
below a projecting, almost angular expansion, posterior extremity 
obtusely blunted ; seen dorsally, broadly rounded, with the greatest 
width almost equal to the length and considerably exceeding the 
height, anterior extremity slightly produced and somewhat twisted to 
the right side. Valves conspicuously unequal, the right one being 
almost transversely truncated anteriorly and overlapped here by a 
semilunar projecting lappet of the left one. Surface of shell 
sculptured with closely set longitudinal striae partly anastomosing 
in front and behind, and all over clothed with comparatively short 
and delicate hairs. 

Colour dark olivaceous, with a more or less distinct greenish tinge. 

Length of shell about 1 mm. 

Remarks.—This species may be regarded as the type of the present 
genus. It is easily distinguished from the other two species here re- 
corded by the exceedingly broad and expanded shell, a character which 
indeed has given rise to the specific name proposed. On the accom- 
panying plate, figures of the several appendages in the present species 
have been given for comparison with those of the other genera here 
treated of. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form were contained in 
one of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African 
Museum, and taken from a vley on Green Point Common. I have 
also had an opportunity of examining this form in the living state, 
some four specimens being raised from dried mud derived from about 
the same locality. 


VOL. XeXs PART 02, 1a 


154 Annals of the South African Museum. 


43. PARACYPRETTA RUBRA, N. sp. 
(Plate XII, figs. 14 and 15.) 


Specific Characters.—Shell far less expanded than in the preceding 
species ; seen laterally, of a comparatively short rounded oval shape, 
with the greatest height somewhat in front of the middle and con- 
siderably exceeding = of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched, 
ventral only slightly sinuated, anterior extremity scarcely expanded 
below and broader than the posterior ; seen dorsally, rounded oval in 
form, with the greatest width about equalling ? of the length, both 
extremities slightly narrowed. Valves exhibiting a similar very 
conspicuous unequalness in front to those in the preceding species. 
Surface of shell with the longitudinal ridges very sharply marked and 
rather more distant than in that species, the hair clothing the shell 
moreover considerably coarser, some of them attaining a very great 
length. 

Colour rather unusual, the shell exhibiting throughout a bright 
reddish hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-90 mm. 

Remarks.—This form, when examined in the living state, may at 
once be recognised by its quite unusual colour. It also exhibits some 
well-marked differences from the other two species in the shape 
and sculpture of the shell, as indicated in the above diagnosis. 

Occurrence.—Only some few specimens of this form have as yet 
come under my notice. They were found in one of my aquaria 
prepared with mud from a shallow vley on the Bergvliet Flats, and at 
once attracted my attention by their bright red colour. 


44, PARACYPRETTA ACANTHIFERA, 0. Sp. 
(Plate XII, figs. 16, 17.) 


Specific Characters.—Shell rather tumid ; seen laterally, of a some- 
what similar short oval shape to that in P. rubra, greatest height in 
front of the middle, dorsal margin rather evenly arched and declining 
somewhat more steeply in front than behind, ventral margin nearly 
straight, anterior extremity conspicuously deflexed, forming below a 
somewhat projecting expansion, posterior extremity evenly rounded ; 
seen dorsally, broadly ovate, with the greatest width in the middle 
and slightly exceeding ? of the length, anterior extremity somewhat 
produced and twisted to the right side. Valves, as in the two preceding 
species, of a very unequal appearance in their anterior part. Surface 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 155 


of shell with the longitudinal ridges rather densely crowded, being, 
moreover, armed in the posterior part with scattered sharply pointed 
spines intermingled with the usual hairs, some of the latter, as in 
P. rubra, rather coarse and elongated. 

Colour dark olivaceous green. 

Length of shell amounting to 1-10 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species may be easily recognised from the 
two preceding ones by the spinous armature of the shell, this character 
having indeed given rise to the specific name here proposed. It is also 
of rather larger size than either of them. 

Occurrence.—A considerable number of specimens of this form have 
been obtained, most of them being reared in my aquaria from mud 
taken in the neighbourhood of Cape Town. All the specimens ex- 
amined both of this and the two preceding species were of the female 
sex, and the parthenogenetical nature of them thus ascertained. 


Gen. 18. PIONOCYPRIS, Brady and Norman, 1896. 


Remarks.—The type of this genus, proposed by Brady and Norman 
in 1896, is the well-known European species Cypris vidua O. Fr. 
Miller, which more generally has been included in the genus Cypri- 
dopsis. Though the genus has not been admitted by recent authors, 
I think that it ought to be supported, as there are several forms which 
closely agree with the above-named type species and together with 
it apparently form a well-defined group. The differences from 
Cypridopsis (proper) are chiefly found in the shape of the shell, and 
more particularly in the mutual relation of the valves, as also in the 
colour, the shell being in most cases banded transversely with a dark 
pigment, as in some species of the genus Cypretta. 

Three species, referable to the present genus, will be described 
below, as belonging to the Fauna of the Cape Province. 


45. PIONOCYPRIS ASSIMILIS (G. O. Sars). 
(Plate XIII, figs. 1-10.) 


Cypridopsis assumilis, G. O. Sars. On some South African Ento- 
mostraca raised from dried mud. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Skriften, 1895, 
p. 42, pl. vi, fig. 3, a—b. 

Specific Characters.—Shell rather tumid ; seen laterally, oblong oval 
in outline, greatest height in the middle and about equalling 3 of 
the length, dorsal margin evenly arched and declining somewhat 


156 Annals of the South African Museum. 


more steeply in front than behind, ventral margin slightly sinuated 
in the middle, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior obtuse ; 
seen dorsally, subovate, greatest width behind the middle and some- 
what exceeding $ of the length, anterior extremity more pointed than 
the posterior. Valves slightly unequal, the right one being somewhat 
overlapped in front by the left, and, moreover, armed along the anterior 
edge with a row of very small tubercles wanting on the left valve; 
inner duplicatures considerably broader in front than behind. Surface 
of shell smooth and rather densely clothed with delicate hairs. 
Natatory setae of posterior antennae reaching to the tips of the apical 
claws. Maxillae with both the palp and the masticatory lobes 
narrowly produced. Maxillipeds with the branchial plate replaced by 
four or five short setae. Caudal rami very small and rudimentary, 
each drawn out to a slender bristle. 

Colour whitish or pale yellow and variegated with three or four 
irregular band-like patches of a very dark hue extending across the 
shell. 

Length of shell about 0-70 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was briefly described by the present author 
in the year 1895 from specimens raised out of mud from the Knysna 
swamp, and was at that time referred to the genus Cypridopsis. It 
is nearly allied to the type species, but of somewhat larger size, and 
differing slightly in the shape of the shell. 

Occurrence.—Specimens of this form were obtained, besides from 
the Knysna swamp, also from the vley at Port Elizabeth and from 
pools near the whaling station at Saldanha Bay. 


46. PIONOCYPRIS INTERMEDIA, Na. sp. 
(Plate XIII, figs. 11 and 12.) 


Specific Characters—Shell very tumid ; seen laterally, of a somewhat 
trigonal shape, the dorsal margin being very strongly, almost hump- 
like arched in the middle, ventral margin nearly straight, both ex- 
tremities obliquely rounded; seen dorsally, broadly oval, with the 
greatest width about in the middle and fully equalling ? of the length, 
both extremities obtusely pointed. Mutual relation of the valves 
and structure of the several appendages much as in the preceding 
species. 

Colour whitish, with the transverse dark bands very conspiczous 
and arranged in a similar manner to that in P. assimilis. 

Length of shell about 0-60 mm. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 157 


Remarks.—This form is perhaps still more closely allied to the 
type species than the preceding one, though scarcely identical with it, 
differing, as it does, rather conspicuously in the much more strongly 
arched dorsal face of the shell, as also somewhat in colour. 

Occurrence—Some few specimens of this form were found in one 


of my aquaria prepared with mud taken from pools on the Bergvliet 
Flats. 


47, PIONOCYPRIS VIDUELLA (G. O. Sars). 
(Plate XIII, figs. 13 and 14.) 


Cypridopsis viduella, G. O. Sars. Lc. p. 41, pl. vi, fig. 2, a—b. 

Specific Characters.—Shell far less tumid than in the two preceding 
species ; seen laterally, broadly oval in outline, greatest height about 
in the middle and equalling ? of the length, dorsal margin rather 
evenly arched, ventral nearly straight, both extremities obtusely 
rounded ; seen dorsally, oblong oval, with the greatest width in the 
middle and not exceeding the height. Structure of shell and append- 
ages as in the two preceding species. 

Colour whitish, variegated with dark bluish-green patches and 
dots not clearly arranged in transverse bands. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-63 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was briefly described by the present author 
at the same time as P. assimilis. It may easily be distinguished from 
the two preceding species, as also from the typical form, by the far 
less tumid shell and by its rather different colouring. 

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined were raised out of 
mud taken from the Knysna swamp, and I have not obtained this 
form from any other locality. It has, however, been recorded by 
Daday (1915) from Steinkopf and Kamaggas in Little Namaqualand, 
and two localities in South-West Africa. All the specimens examined 
by me, both of this and the other two species, were of the female sex. 


Gen. 19. CYPRIDOPSIS, Brady, 1866. 


Remarks.—This genus was established’ as early as the year 1866 by 
Brady, and was originally intended to comprise all the Cyprids with 
rudimentary lash-shaped caudal rami, three species being at first 
recorded by that author. Subsequently many additional forms with 
similar rudimentary caudal rami were detected, and of these some 
were retained in the genus Cypridopsis, whereas others were separated 
as types of nearly allied genera. Of such genera two have been 


158 Annals of the South African Museum. 


treated of in the preceding pages, viz. Zonocypris and Pionocypris, 
and a third genus, Cyprilla, will be mentioned farther on. Of the 
three species originally referred by Brady to Cypridopsis, only one, 
viz. C. aculeata, still is left in that genus, the other two being generally 
separated and referred, the one to the genus Potamocypris, the other 
to Pionocypris. Yet, even in the restriction thus established the 
present genus comprises a great number of species distributed in 
different parts of the world, and especially on the African continent 
this genus has turned out to be very abundantly represented. In my 
account of the Ostracoda of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,* I 
have recorded no less than ten species referable to this genus from the 
great Central African lakes, and a still greater number of additional 
species will be described in the present treatise as belonging to the 
Fauna of the Cape Province. 


48. CYPRIDOPSIS GREGARIA (G. O. Sars). 


(Plate XIII, figs. 15-27.) 


Potamocypris gregaria, G. O. Sars. L.c. p. 43, pl. v, fig. 4, a-c. 

Syn. : Cypridopsis triquetra, G. W. Miiller. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell somewhat compressed; seen 
laterally, of a rounded subtriangular shape, greatest height in the 
middle and about equalling 2 of the length, dorsal margin boldly 
arched, forming in the middle an almost angular bend and declining 
somewhat more steeply in front than behind, ventral margin slightly 
sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior 
obtusely blunted; seen dorsally, oblong ovate, more pointed in 
front than behind, greatest width about half the length. Valves 
only slightly unequal, the right one, however, as in the other species 
of the present genus, somewhat overlapping the left along the anterior 
extremity, edges of both valves smooth, inner duplicatures compara- 
tively narrow. Surface of shell sculptured with closely set pits and 
rather densely hairy, but without any traces of spines. Natatory 
setae of posterior antennae very fully developed, reaching considerably 
beyond the apical claws. Maxillary palp with the terminal joint 
narrow cylindric in form, masticatory lobes moderately produced. 
Maxillipeds with the branchial plate imperfectly developed and only 
replaced by two short setae. Caudal rami very small, lash-shaped, 
being drawn out at the end to a slender bristle. 

Male of somewhat smaller size than female, and having the shell 

* Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, p. 732. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 159 


comparatively less high. Spermatic tubes forming dense coils both 
in the anterior and posterior parts of the valves. Copulatory append- 
ages with a rounded expansion outside, outer lamella rather pro- 
jecting and terminating in a hook-like incurved point. 

Colour dark brownish green. 

Length of shell in female amounting to 0-80 mm. 

Remarks.—This form was described in the year 1895 by the present 
author, but was at that time erroneously referred to the genus 
Potamocypris. It is, however, a true member of the present genus 
and closely allied to the type species C. aculeata, yet differing from it 
conspicuously in the absolute absence of any spines or denticles on 
the shell. The form recorded by G. W. Miiller under the name of 
C. triquetra is scarcely different from the present species. 

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined were derived from 
the Knysna swamp. I have subsequently reared this form in great 
abundance from a parcel of mud taken in the neighbourhood of 
Bergvlet, as also from mud taken by Mr. Orjan Olsen near the 
whaling station at Saldanha Bay. In some cases this form seems to 
propagate in an exclusively parthenogenetic manner, in other cases, 
however, male specimens are by no means seldom to be found, and I 
have often witnessed the copulation of the two sexes. In habits it 
agrees with the other species of this genus, being a rather active 
swimmer. 


49. CYPRIDOPSIS SPINIFERA, N. sp. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, rounded tri- 
angular in outline, with the greatest height in the middle and some- 
what exceeding 2% of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched, almost 
angular in the middle, ventral margin slightly sinuated, anterior 
extremity evenly rounded at the end, posterior blunted ; seen dorsally, 
oblong ovate, more pointed in front than behind. Valves nearly 
equal, and exhibiting the granular sculpture very distinctly. Surface 
of shell armed, in addition to the usual delicate hairs, with a number 
of sharply pointed spines, some of which, particularly on the posterior 
part of the shell, are very slender and recurved, a regular row of 
similar, though somewhat shorter spines being present outside the 
anterior edge of each valve. 

Colour more or less dark green. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-80 mm. 

Remarks.—This species is nearly allied to the preceding one, and 


160 Annals of the South African Museum. 


still more perhaps to the type species C. aculeata, the shell being, as 
in the latter form, armed with very conspicuous spines in addition 
to the hairs. The spines are, however, in the present species much 
more produced and also less densely crowded. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form were contained in 
some of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African 
Museum, collected on the Cape Flats by Mr. K. H. Barnard; and I 
have also succeeded in rearing it rather abundantly in several of my 
aquaria prepared with mud from different localities in the neigh- 
bourhood of Cape Town. Most of the specimens examined were of 
the female sex. 


50. CYPRIDOPSIS ACULEATA (Costa). 
(Plate XIV, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Cypris aculeata, Costa. Fauna del regni di Napoli, p. 11, pl. iu, 
1m, fa) 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, exhibiting a 
somewhat similar short triangular shape to that in the two preceding 
species, the dorsal margin being boldly arched and subangular in the 
middle, though declining somewhat more steeply behind, without 
any more obvious curvature at the junction with the hind edges, 
ventral margin nearly straight, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, 
posterior evenly obtuse below; seen dorsally, subovate in shape, 
with the greatest width behind the middle and about half the length. 
Surface of shell distinctly granular and armed, in addition to the 
hairs, with numerous comparatively short tooth-like spines very 
densely crowded on the dorsal and lateral faces, but less conspicuous 
in front, no regular row of marginal spines being observable. 

Colour as a rule dark green, in some instances with a brownish tinge. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-65 mm. 

Remarks.—I am unable to distinguish the above-described form 
from the well-known European species, though the specimens ex- 
amined by me were of somewhat larger size and differed a little in 
colour. The species was recorded as early as the year 1846 by Costa, 
and was subsequently described as new by Lilljeborg, though with 
the very same specific name. It is closely allied to the preceding 
species, differing, however, conspicuously in the much shorter and 
stouter spines, as also a little in the shape of the shell. 

Occurrence.—Only a few female specimens of this form have 
been secured. They were found, together with C. gregaria, in 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 161 


one of my aquaria prepared with mud from a small pool on the 
Cape Flats. 

Distribution.—Throughout Europe, Iceland, Central Asia, and 
North Africa. 


* 


51. Cypripopsis ELizABETHAE, ae 
(Plate XIV, figs. 5 and 6.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell more elongated than in the 
three preceding species ; seen laterally, of a somewhat irregular oval 
reniform shape, with the greatest height about in the middle and 
scarcely exceeding 2 of the length, dorsal margin rather evenly arched 
and declining more steeply in front than behind, ventral margin dis- 
tinctly sinuated, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior 
somewhat deflexed ; seen dorsally, oblong ovate in form, with the 
greatest width behind the middle and not attaining half the length. 
Surface of shell nearly smooth, without any traces of spines, but 
rather densely clothed with delicate hairs. 

Colour light yellowish green, clouded dorsally with irregular patches 
of a darker hue. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-70 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species agrees with C. gregaria in the 
absence of any spines on the shell, but differs both from this and the 
other two species described above by the less high and more reniform 
shape of the shell, as also by its much paler colour. 

Occurrence.—This form was reared rather abundantly in some 
of my aquaria prepared with mud from the neighbourhood of Port 
Elizabeth, but was not obtained from any other locality. Male 
specimens were not seldom found among the females, though, as usual, 
not nearly so abundant as the latter. 


52. CYPRIDOPSIS RENIFORMIS, n. sp. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 7 and 8.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong reniform 
in shape, with the greatest height about in the middle and only shghtly 
exceeding half the length, dorsal margin gently arched, ventral 
deeply sinuated, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior 
somewhat deflexed and obtusely blunted at the end; seen dorsally, 
oblong ovate, with the greatest width behind the middle and not 
nearly attaining half the length, anterior extremity more pointed 


162 Annals of the South African Museum. 


than the posterior. Surface of shell distinctly granular, but sparingly 
hairy and without any spines. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-80 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form may be easily recognised 
by the pronouncedly reniform shape of the shell, a character which 
indeed has given rise to the specific name here proposed. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form, most of them of the 
female sex, were found in one of the alcoholic samples sent to me from 
the South African Museum, and taken from a pond at Fishhoek 
Station. It was not reared in any of my aquaria. 


53. CYPRIDOPSIS CLAVATA, N. Sp. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 9 and 10.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell rather compressed ; seen later- 
ally, subclavate in outline, the greatest height occurring rather in 
front and about equalling $ of the length, dorsal margin angularly 
bent in front of the middle and declining rather steeply in front, much 
more slowly behind, ventral margin distinctly sinuated in the middle, 
anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior blunted; seen 
dorsally, narrow oblong in form, with the greatest width not nearly 
attaining half the length, anterior extremity more pointed than the 
posterior. Surface of shell without any spines and rather sparingly 
hairy. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-78 mm. 

Remarks.—This species is nearly allied to the preceding one, but 
may easily be distinguished by the more compressed shell and its 
somewhat clavate shape as seen laterally, the specific name here 
proposed alluding to this character. 

Occurrence.—Some female specimens of this form were found in 
another of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African 
Museum, and taken from a dam at Touws River Station, Worcester 
Division. 

54. CYPRIDOPSIS TONSA, N. sp. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 11 and 12.) 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell comparatively more tumid than 
in the two preceding species; seen laterally, of a very broad somewhat 
triangular shape, greatest height about in the middle and fully 
attaining 2 of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched and rather 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 163 


steeply declining in front, more slowly behind, ventral margin very 
slightly sinuated, both extremities somewhat deflexed, the anterior 
one obliquely rounded, the posterior obtuse ; seen dorsally, broadly 
ovate, with the greatest width behind the middle and considerably 
exceeding half the length. Surface of shell smooth and almost quite 
naked, with only very faint traces of hairs. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-78 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species may be easily recognised by the high 
triangular shape of the shell, as also by the very smooth appearance 
of its surface, the latter character having given rise to the specific 
name here proposed. 

Occurrence.—Only some few female specimens of this form have as 
yet come under my notice. They were found in an alcoholic sample 
taken from a pond on Green Point Common. 


55. CYPRIDOPSIS OCHRACEA, N. Sp. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 13 and 14.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell rather compressed; seen later- 
ally, of an oblong trigonal form, with the greatest height somewhat 
in front of the middle and not fully attaining ¢ of the length, dorsal 
margin angularly bent just behind the ocular region and declining 
rather steeply both in front and behind, ventral margin slightly 
sinuated, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior somewhat 
narrowly produced below; seen dorsally, narrow oblong, with the 
greatest width not nearly attaining half the length. Surface of shell 
finely granular and only sparingly hairy. 

Colour light yellow or ochraceous. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-78 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described species is easily recognisable from 
any of the other forms here recorded by the shape of the shell and its 
unusual colour, which is even retained in specimens for a long time 
preserved in alcohol. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form were contained in 
some of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African 
Museum, and taken at Faure on the Cape Flats, near Cape Town. I 
have also reared it very plentifully in some of my aquaria prepared 
with mud taken by Mr. Orjan Olsen near the whaling station at 
Saldanha Bay. Male specimens were by no means seldom, and 
were often seen in copulation with the females. 


164 Annals of the South African Museum. 


56. CYPRIDOPSIS HIRSUTA, Nn. Sp. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 15 and 16.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shellsomewhat tumid; seen laterally, 
of a rather regular oblong oval shape, greatest height a little in front 
of the middle and not fully attaining = of the length, dorsal margin 
gently arched, ventral distinctly sinuated in the middle, anterior 
extremity rounded off, posterior blunted; seen dorsally, broadly ovate, 
with the greatest width behind the middle and nearly equalling the 
height, exterior extremity narrowed, posterior broadly rounded. 
Surface of shell all over clothed with unusually strong recurved hairs, 
giving it a pronouncedly hirsute appearance. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-80 mm. 

Remarks.—This species is especially distinguished by the unusually 
strong development of the hairs clothing the surface of the shell, 
and the specific name here proposed alludes to that character. It 
also differs somewhat from the other species in the general shape of 
the shell. 

Occurrence.—Only some few female specimens of this have as yet 
come under my notice. They were found in an alcoholic sample taken 
by Dr. Purcell at Ashton. 


57. CYPRIDOPSIS ECHINATA, G. W. Miiller. 
(Plate XIV, figs. 17 and 18.) 


Cypridopsis echinata, G. W. Miiller. Lc. p. 165, figs. 1-6 (in text). 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell moderately tumid; seen later- 
ally, oval subreniform in shape, greatest height somewhat in front 
of the middle and about equalling 3 of the length, dorsal margin 
abruptly bent in the ocular region and only slowly declining behind, 
ventral margin distinctly sinuated, anterior extremity obliquely 
rounded, posterior rather broader and blunted at the end; seen 
dorsally, ovate, with the greatest width behind and scarcely attaining 
the height. Surface of shell, in addition to the hairs, all over armed 
with comparatively short and thick curved spines, so densely crowded 
as partly to conceal the contours of the shell. 

Colour dark green. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-72 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described species is unquestionably identical 
with that recorded by G. W. Miller. It agrees with C. spinosa and 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 165 


C. aculeata in the spinous armature of the shell; but the spines are 
comparatively coarser and much more densely crowded. In the 
shape of the shell it moreover differs conspicuously from both the 
said species. 

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form were contained in 
one of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African 
Museum, and taken in the neighbourhood of Cape Town. It was also 
reared in my aquaria from the mud kindly forwarded to me from 
Mr. Hodgson, and derived from a vley at Port Elizabeth. The 
Specimens examined by G. W. Miiller were from the same locality, 
as most of the other forms recorded by him, viz. Plumstead, Cape 
Peninsula. 


58. CYPRIDOPSIS GLABRATA, N. Sp. 


(Plate XV, figs. 1-7.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell comparatively more elongate 
thanin most of the other species ; seen laterally, oblong oval in outline, 
with the greatest height about in the middle and only slightly exceeding 
half the length, dorsal margin gently arched, ventral slightly sinuated, 
both extremities rounded off and nearly equal ; seen dorsally, narrow 
oblong, with the greatest width not nearly attaining half the length, 
both extremities obtusely pointed. Surface of shell smooth and 
polished, wanting the usual densely granular sculpture, and only 
sparingly hairy. 

Male of somewhat smaller size than female, with the dorsal face of 
the shell less vaulted, being, moreover, easily recognisable by the 
densely coiled spermatic tubes shining through the valves both in 
their anterior and posterior parts. 

Colour dark olivaceous. 

Length of shell amounting to 0-87 mm. 

Remarks.—This is a very distinct and easily recognisable species, 
differing rather conspicuously from the other known forms, both as to 
the shape and the structure of the shell. It is, however, a true 
member of the present genus, as proved by the structure of the several 
-appendages. On the accompanying plate some details of the male 
are given, viz. the prehensile palps of the maxillipeds, the ejaculatory 
tube, and the copulatory appendages. The structure of these append- 
ages does not, however, differ materially from that found in other 
species of the present genus. 

Occurrence.—This form developed rather abundantly in some of my 
aquaria prepared with mud taken by Mr. Orjan Olsen from small 


166 Annals of the South African Museum. 


dried-up pools near the whaling station at Saldanha Bay. It 
occurred here, together with two other species of Cypridopsis, viz. 
C. gregaria and C. ochracea, from which it could at once be distinguished 
by its more elongated shell and the dark clivaceous colour of the 
latter. Male specimens were by no means rare, and were often seen 
in copulation with the females. I have not obtained this species 
from any other locality. 


59. CYPRIDOPSIS TRIGONELLA, N. sp. 
(Plate XV, figs. 8-11.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell moderately tumid ; seen later- 
ally, short subtriangular in outline, greatest height in the middle 
and about equalling = of the length, dorsal margin evenly rounded 
behind, but forming in the middle an abrupt, almost angular bend, 
ventral margin slightly sinuated, anterior extremity somewhat 
produced and obliquely rounded at the end, posterior rather broader 
and somewhat deflexed; seen dorsally, oblong ovate, with the 
ereatest width behind the middle and about equalling half the length, 
anterior extremity more pointed than the posterior. Surface of shell 
very smooth and only sparingly hairy; left valve, as in the species 
of the genus Pionocypris, armed along the anterior edge with a row 
of minute tubercles, but quite smooth behind. 

Colour light green, with a more or less distinct orange tinge on the | 
posterior part of the shell, chiefly caused by the translucent ripe ova. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 0-63 mm. 

Remarks.—This is one of the smaller species of the genus, and may, 
moreover, be recognised by the smooth subtrigonal shell and, when 
examined in the living state, also by its colour. 

Occurrence.—Specimens of this form have been obtained from 
several of my aquaria prepared with mud taken in the neighbourhood 
of Bergvliet. They were all of the female sex. 


60. CYPRIDOPSIS PYRAMIDATA, HN. sp. 
(Plate XV, figs. 12 and 13.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell very high; seen laterally, of 
an almost pyramidate shape, with the greatest height considerably 
exceeding 3 of the length, dorsal margin gibbously projecting in the 
middle and sloping steeply both in front and behind, ventral margin 
nearly straight, both extremities somewhat deflexed and rounded off 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 167 


at the ends; seen dorsally, oblong ovate in shape, with the greatest 
width behind the middle and not fully attaining half the length. 
Surface of shell conspicuously sculptured with closely set pits, but 
only sparingly hairy. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell measuring 0°59 mm. 

Remarks.—This form seems to be nearest related to the above- 
described species C. tonsa, but is of much inferior size, and also 
differs conspicuously in the shape and sculpture of the shell. 

Occurrence.—Two female specimens only of this form have as yet 
come under my notice. They were found in an alcoholic sample 
taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond at Ashton. 


61. CYPRIDOPSIS STRIOLATA, N. sp. 
(Plate XV, figs. 14-16.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong reniform 
in shape, with the greatest height somewhat in front of the middle 
and only slightly exceeding half the length, dorsal margin somewhat 
abruptly bent in front, but rather slowly declining behind, ventral 
margin deeply sinuated, anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior 
somewhat obliquely deflexed; seen dorsally, of the usual oblong 
ovate shape, with the greatest width about equalling half the length. 
Surface of shell only sparingly hairy, but sculptured with very delicate, 
though easily observable longitudinal striae partly anastomosing with 
each other at both extremities. 

Colour dark greenish. 

Length of shell measuring 0-54 mm. 

Remarks.—This form may be at once distingished from any of the 
other known species of the present genus by the peculiar sculpture 
of the shell, a character which indeed has given rise to the specific 
name here proposed. 

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens of this form were found 
in one of my aquaria prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from a 
pond on the Bergvlet Flats. 


62. CYPRIDOPSIS BREVIS, N. sp. 
(Plate XV, figs. 17 and 18.) 
Specific Characters—Female.—Shell unusually short and stout ; seen 


laterally, rounded oval in outline, greatest height somewhat behind 
the middle and nearly attaining 2 of the length, dorsal margin rather 


168 Annals of the South African Museum. 


evenly arched, ventral slightly sinuated, anterior extremity obliquely 
produced, posterior broadly rounded ; seen dorsally, regularly ovate, 
with the greatest width behind the middle and exceeding half the 
length. Surface of shell smooth, but rather densely hairy; lett 
valve, as in C. trigonella, armed a little inside the anterior edge with 
a row of minute tubercles. 

Colour bright emerald green. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 0-50 mm. 

Remarks.—This form is easily recognised from most of the other 
known species by the comparatively short and stout shape of the 
shell, resembling in this respect more the species of the genus 
Pionocypris. It is, however, a true Cypridopsis, as proved by the 
mutual relation of the valves. 

Occurrence.—Two female specimens only of this form have as yet. 
come under my notice. They were found in one of my aquaria 
prepared with mud taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond on the Bergvliet 
Flats. 


63. CYPRIDOPSIS TUMIDULA, 0. sp. 
(Plate XV, figs. 19-22.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell unusually tumid ; seen laterally, 
broadly oval in outline, greatest height about in the middle and fully 
attaining = of the length, dorsal margin evenly arched and joining the 
hind edge without any intervening angle, ventral margin distinctly 
sinuated in the middle, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior 
more obtuse and somewhat deflexed ; seen dorsally, broadly ovate, 
with the greatest width behind the middle and almost attaining 2 of 
the length, anterior extremity pointed, posterior obtuse. Surface of 
shell smooth and rather densely hairy in front and behind. 

Male, as usual, smaller than female, and having the shell com- 
paratively shorter and more dilated in its posterior part. Spermatic 
tubes very conspicuous, forming dense coils both in the anterior and 
posterior parts of the valves. Outer lamella of the copulatory append- 
ages drawn out at the end to a beak-like incurved process. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell measuring in female 0-58 mm., in male 0-50 mm. 

Remarks.—This form also exhibits a rather anomalous appearance, 
though being unquestionably, like the preceding one, a member of 
the present genus. It is especially distinguished by the unusually 
tumid shell, a character which indeed has given rise to the specific 
name here proposed. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 169 


Occurrence.—On examining closer an alcoholic sample taken from 
one of my aquaria prepared with mud from the neighbourhood of 
Port Elizabeth, I found several specimens of this small Ostracod 
which previously had escaped my attention. Most of the specimens 
were of the female sex; but also a few males occurred, one of which 
is figured on the accompanying plate, together with the left copulatory 
appendage. 


64. CYPRIDOPSIS PYGMAEA, N. sp. 
(Plate XV, figs. 23 and 24.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell rather compressed; seen laterally 
oblong oval in outline, greatest height about in the middle and only 
slightly exceeding half the length, dorsal margin gently arched and 
declining more steeply in front than behind, ventral margin slightly 
sinuated, anterior extremity narrowly rounded, posterior somewhat 
broader and blunted at the end; seen dorsally, narrow oblong, with 
the greatest width scarcely exceeding 2 of the length. Surface of 
shell smooth and rather densely hairy. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 0-45 mm. 

Remarks.—This is much the smallest of the species here recorded, 
and may, moreover, easily be recognised by its comparatively narrow 
and compressed shell. 

Occurrence.—T wo female specimens only of this form, the one with 
ripe ova in the body cavity, were picked up from an alcoholic sample 
taken from one of my aquaria prepared with mud from the Cape 
Flats, kindly sent to me from Dr. Purcell. 


Gen. 20. CYPRILLA, n. 


Generic Characters.—Shell compressed, and. of somewhat different 
shape in the different species. Valves of rather firm consistency 
and very conspicuously unequal, the right one being, as a rule, con- 
siderably higher than the left, and accordingly overlapping it for some 
space dorsally, being, however, itself overlapped by that valve both 
anteriorly and posteriorly. Natatory setae on the posterior antennae 
in some cases rudimentary, but more generally well developed. 
Maxillary palp rather strong, with the terminal joint spatulate in 
form and edged with coarse spiniform setae; masticatory lobes short 
and thick. Maxillipeds without any branchial plate. Legs normally 

WO, XO: IB 2 12 


170 Annals of the South African Museum. 


developed. Caudal rami rudimentary, resembling in structure those 
in Cypridopsis. 

Remarks.—The present new genus seems to approach somewhat 
the genus Potamocypris of Brady, but differs in the general appearance 
of the shell and in the mutual relation of the valves, as also apparently 
in the sculpture. Five well-defined species of this genus will be 
described below. They are all of very small size. 


65. CYPRILLA ARCUATA, N. sp. 
(Plate XVI, figs. 1-11.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell short and stout ; seen laterally, 
almost hemispherical in outline, greatest height about in the middle 
and nearly attaining $ of the length, dorsal margin forming a bold 
and quite even curve declining almost perpendicularly behind, ventral 
margin very slightly sinuated, anterior extremity bluntly rounded 
at the end, posterior drawn out below to a short lobiform corner ; 
seen dorsally, oblong ovate, with the greatest width not fully attaining 
= of the length. Valves very unlike in shape, the right one being 
considerably higher than the left, but far less produced at the ex- 
tremities, and overlapped by it in front by a thin projecting border, 
behind by the above-mentioned lobiform corner. Surface of shell 
sculptured with well-marked and rather densely set pits, and clothed 
at both extremities with delicate hairs. Natatory setae of the posterior 
antennae very poorly developed, extending scarcely beyond the middle 
of the penultimate joint. 

Colour more or less dark green. 

Length of shell scarcely exceeding 0-48 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form may be regarded as the type 
of the present genus. It is easily recognised by the short and high, 
almost hemispherical shape of the shell as seen laterally, as also by 
the imperfect development of the natatory setae on the posterior 
antennae. 

Occurrence.—This small Ostracod developed in considerable numbers 
in some of my aquaria prepared with mud from the neighbourhood 
of Bergvliet, and was also occasionally found in the alcoholic samples 
sent to me from the South African Museum. The animal is quite 
destitute of swimming power, and of course it was only found on the 
bottom of my aquaria among the loose mud. For obtaining the 
specimen, it sufficed in many cases to take up by the aid of a dipping- 
tube a small parcel of the mud and to place it, together with some 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 171 


water, in a shallow watch-glass for observation. After some time the 
specimens were seen slowly emerging from the mud and congregating 
at the lighter side of the watch-glass, where they could be removed 
easily, and placed under the microscope for examination. By this 
means I have been enabled to collect a considerable number of speci- 
mens, all of them being, however, of the female sex. 


66. CYPRILLA GIBBULA, DN. sp. 
(Plate XVI, figs. 12-15.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell more compressed than in the 
preceding species; seen laterally, of a somewhat trigonal or rather 
semilunar shape, with the greatest height almost attaining } of the 
length, dorsal margin strongly arched, forming in the middle an 
abrupt, almost gibbous bend, and declining rather steeply both in 
front and behind, ventral margin very distinctly concaved, both 
extremities somewhat deflexed, the anterior one bluntly rounded at 
the end, the posterior terminating below in a rather projecting corner ; 
seen dorsally, narrow oblong or lanceolate, with the greatest width 
scarcely exceeding = of the length, anterior extremity more pointed 
than the posterior.. Valves exhibiting a similar very conspicuous 
unequalness to that in the preceding species. Surface of shell dis- 
tinctly sculptured with rather large and somewhat distant pits, and 
clothed at each extremity with delicate hairs. Natatory setae on the 
posterior antennae well developed, extending to the tips of the apical 
claws. 

Colour pale greenish. 

Length of shell measuring 0-48 mm. 

Remarks.—In its general appearance this form somewhat resembles 
the preceding one, but may, on a closer examination, be easily dis- 
tinguished by the gibbously projecting upper face of the shell, the 
deeply concaved ventral face, and the more produced and deflexed 
extremities. It also differs in the much more full development of the 
natatory setae. 

Occurrence.—This form also was found in several of my aquaria, 
but not nearly in such abundance as the preceding one. In accord- 
ance with the well-developed natatory setae, the animal is enabled 
to move rather quickly through the water, though more generally 
keeping to the bottom. Among the specimens obtained only a single 
male was detected. 


172 Annals of the South African Museum. 


67. CYPRILLA DEFLEXA, N. sp. 
(Plate XVI, figs. 16-22.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell less compressed than in the 
preceding species ; seen laterally, of a somewhat irregular oval quad- 
rangular shape, greatest height in front of the middle and about 
equalling 3 of the length, dorsal margin forming both in front and 
behind an abrupt bend, its middle part being only slightly arched 
and obliquely declining behind, ventral margin distinctly concaved, 
anterior extremity obliquely deflexed and projecting below in a 
very conspicuous rounded lobe sharply marked off from the inferior 
edge, posterior extremity almost transversely truncated and expanded 
below to a somewhat similar lobe to that of the anterior ; seen dorsally, 
oblong ovate, with the greatest width behind the middle and almost 
attaining half the length. Valves very unequal, the deflexed lobes 
at both ends of the shell being almost exclusively formed by the left 
valve, which, on the other hand, is considerably overlapped by the 
right along the dorsal face. Surface of shell only sparingly hairy, 
but very coarsely sculptured, being all over covered with densely 
crowded knots, which give it a very rough appearance. Natatory 
setae well developed. 

Male somewhat smaller than female, but resembling it in the general 
shape of the shell. Prehensile palps of maxillipeds only slightly un- 
equal, proximal joint of both rather narrow and armed near the end 
inside with a short deflexed spine, distal joint claw-like, and compara- 
tively broader in the right than in the left palp. Ejaculatory tubes 
each with about sixteen chitinous whorls. Outer lamella of the 
copulatory appendages comparatively small and narrow, with a short 
prominence inside the tip. 

Colour pale yellowish, with a slight green tinge. 

Length of shell measuring in female 0-60 mm., in male 0-56 mm. 

Remarks.—The present form may be easily distinguished from the 
two preceding species by the rather different shape of the shell, as also 
by its very coarse sculpture. The specific name here proposed alludes 
to the peculiar deflexed lobes occurring at both extremities of the 
shell and chiefly formed by the right valve. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens, both males and females, of this 
distinct species were found in one of my aquaria prepared with mud 
from the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth. I have not obtained this 
form from any other locality. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 173 


68. CYPRILLA HUMILIS, n. sp. 
(Plate XVI, figs. 23 and 24.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed ; seen later- 
ally, of a somewhat clavate shape, greatest height quite in front and 
only slightly exceeding half the length, dorsal margin angularly bent 
in the ocular region and nearly straight in the middle, declining 
obliquely behind, ventral margin distinctly sinuated, anterior extremity 
rather broad and obliquely deflexed, terminating below in a broadly 
rounded expansion, posterior extremity almost transversely truncated 
and drawn out below to a rounded lobule; seen dorsally, narrow 
lanceolate in shape, with the greatest width scarcely exceeding } of 
the length. Valves somewhat less unequai than in the other species, 
the right one scarcely projecting beyond the left along the dorsal 
face, but distinctly overlapped by that valve in front and behind. 
Surface of shell exhibiting a similar sculpture to that in the type 
species, and clothed in front and behind with delicate hairs. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell measuring 0-58 mm. 

Remarks.—This form also is easily recognisable by the shape of 
the shell, which appears rather unlike that in the other species, its 
dorsal face being far less vaulted, a character which has given rise 
to the specific name here proposed. 

Occurrence.—Only a very restricted number of specimens of this 
form have as yet come under my notice. They were picked up from 
an alcoholic sample taken from a dam at Faure on the Cape Flats, and 
containing multitudes of Cypridopsis ochracea. One of the specimens 
obtained was of the male sex. 


69. CYPRILLA PRODUCTA, N. sp. 
(Plate XVI, figs. 25 and 26.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell comparatively more elongate 
than in the other species ; seen laterally, oblong semilunar in outline, 
greatest height in the middle and scarcely exceeding half the length, 
dorsal margin quite evenly arched throughout, ventral margin dis- 
tinctly concaved, both extremities deflexed and remarkably pro- 
duced, the anterior one obtusely blunted at the end, the posterior 
drawn out to arather projecting rounded lobe; seen dorsally, lanceolate 
in shape, with the greatest width scarcely exceeding } of the length. 
Valves very unequal, the right one projecting considerably beyond 


174 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the left along the dorsal face, being, however, overlapped by that 
valve very distinctly at both extremities. Surface of shell smooth 
and polished, though, when examined by a high magnifying power, 
exhibiting a very fine punctation, both extremities clothed with scat- 
tered delicate hairs. Natatory setae well developed. 

Colour pale yellowish, with a slight green tinge, and clouded dorsally 
by an irregular dark shadow. 

Length of shell amounting-to 0-60 mm. 

Remarks.—This is a very distinct and easily recognisable species, 
differing conspicuously from the preceding ones, both in the shape of 
the shell and in its sculpture. It is, however, unquestionably con- 
generic with them, as proved by the mutual relation of the valves 
and by the structure of the several appendages. 

Occurrence —Some specimens of this handsome species, both males 
and females, were reared in one of my aquaria prepared with mud 
taken by Mr. J. H. Power at Klipdam, near Kimberley, and kindly 
forwarded to me from the South African Museum. I have not obtained 
this form from any other locality. 


Fam. CYTHERIDAE. 
GEN. 21. GOMPHOCYTHERE, n. 


Generic Characters.—Shell of rather firm consistency, and very un- 
like in the two sexes, being much larger in female than in male and 
remarkably swollen in its posterior part, to form a roomy incubatory 
cavity for the reception of the ripe ova; ventral face of shell in both 
sexes flattened and defined on each side by a more or less project- 
ing longitudinal ridge. Eye single, median. Antennae, oral parts, 
and legs built on a similar type to that in Limnicythere. Caudal rami 
however very different and of a rather peculiar structure, forming 
two juxtaposed thin lamella curving anteriorly, each terminating in 
a digitiform acutely pointed lappet, at the base of which, outside, a 
plumosa seta is attached; posterior (dorsal) edge of each lamella 
divided into three successive short linquiform lobules clothed at the 
tip with long diverging cilia. Copulatory appendages of male very 
massive, each terminating in a movable irregularly quadrangular 
plate. 

Remarks.—This new genus is somewhat allied to Limnicythere, but 
differs conspicuously in some points both from this and most other 
Cytheridean genera. Among the most prominent distinguishing 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 175 


characters may be here noted the very peculiar structure of the 
caudal rami, and the presence in the female of a roomy incubatory 
cavity, causing a very conspicuous transformation of the shell in that 
sex. The generic name here proposed alludes to this latter character. 
Two well-defined species of this genus will be described below. 


70. GOMPHOCYTHERE oBTUSATA (G. O. Sars). 
(Plate XVII, figs. 1-16.) 


Limnicythere obtusata, G.O. Sars. Zool. Results of the Third Tangan- 
yika Expedition. Ostracoda. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, p. 754, 
pl. lxxiu, figs. 8-14. 

‘Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, regularly oblong 
quadrangular in outline and nearly equally high throughout, the 
height scarcely attaining half the length, dorsal margin straight and 
horizontal, forming both in front and behind a distinct angular 
bend, frontal angle the more prominent, ventral margin slightly 
sinuated, anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior blunted ; 
seen dorsally, of a somewhat irregular ovate shape, considerably 
bulging behind and exhibiting in front of the middle a well-marked 
constriction, greatest width almost attaining half the length, anterior 
extremity narrowed, posterior broadly rounded off. Valves nearly 
equal and each exhibiting in front a rather broad marginal zone 
crossed by narrow septa, longitudinal ridges, defining at the sides the 
ventral face, not very sharply marked. Surface of shell of a dull 
appearance, being sculptured all over with well marked pits, and 
provided at both extremities with scattered stiff hairs, most of them 
arising from small tubercles of the shell. Muscular impressions in 
the centre of each valve four in number and arranged in a regular 
vertical series. 

Male considerably smaller than female and having the shell much 
more compressed, its posterior part being scarcely at all expanded, 
longitudinal ridges defining at the sides the ventral face, sharply 
marked. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell measuring in female 0-80 mm., in male 0-70 mm. 

Remarks.—This species was described in the year 1910 by the 
present author from some female specimens obtained in the great 
Central African lake, Victoria Nyanza, but was at that time referred 
to the genus Limnicythere. Having, however, now had an opportunity 
of renewing my investigation of this form in both sexes and, moreover, 


176 Annals of the South African Museum. 


of examining another nearly related species, I have convinced myself 
of its real generic difference. As the present species is that at first de- 
scribed, it ought of course to be regarded as the type of the new genus. 

Occurrence.—Some specimens of this form were contained in one 
of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South African Museum, 
-and taken from a small duck-pond at Salt River, near Cape Town. 
It was also present rather abundantly in the mud taken by Mr. Orjan 
Olsen from small pools near the whaling station at Saldanha Bay, 
and, though the mud had remained dry for rather a long time, in some 
of the specimens all the hmbs were still present within the shell and 
in such a perfect condition as to admit an exact examination. I did 
not however succeed in raising either this or the next form in any of 
my aquaria, apparently because no true resting ova are produced by 
these Ostracods. 


71. GOMPHOCYTHERE EXPANSA, N. sp. 
(Plate XVII, figs. 17-22.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much more tumid than in the 
preceding species; seen laterally, of a somewhat irregular oval 
quadrangular shape, with the height about half the length, dorsal 
margin slightly depressed in the middle and forming in front, above 
the eye, a slight angular bend, whereas behind it joins the posterior 
edge by a quite even curve, ventral margin scarcely at all sinuated, 
anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior blunted and con- 
spicuously deflexed, forming below a projecting rounded expansion ; 
seen dorsally, very broad, almost pentagonal in outline, with the 
posterior part very much expanded, the greatest width even exceeding 
somewhat % of the length, anterior extremity narrowed to an acute 
point, posterior broadly truncated. Ventral face of the shell flattened 
and defined on each side by a very sharply marked ridge. Surface 
of shell distinctly and rather regularly reticulated, and clothed in 
front and behind with scattered remarkably strong curved hairs 
arising from projecting tubercles. Structure of the several appendages 
almost exactly as in the preceding species. 

Male much smaller than female and having the shell far less tumid, 
though somewhat less compressed than in the male of the type species. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of shell measuring in female 0-77 mm., in male 0-69 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described species, though closely allied to 
the preceding one, is easily distinguishable from it in both sexes. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. WHT 


Especially is the female highly remarkable by its exceedingly tumid 
and expanded shell, the specific name here proposed alluding to this 
character. 

Occurrence.—Some well-preserved specimens of this form were , 
found in one of the alcoholic samples sent to me from the South 
African Museum, and taken from a pond on the Cape Flats, and, on a 
closer examination of a parcel of dried mud from about the same 
region, a considerable number of shells of the same remarkable species 
were picked out, some of them still containing the several appendages 
in a condition suitable for an exact examination. 


NOTE. 


Two species of Ostracoda formerly recorded by the present author 
as belonging to the Fauna of the Cape Province, are omitted in this 
paper, viz. Cyclocypris pusilla and Candonocypris candonoides. The 
first-named form I suspect is not a true Cyclocypris; but as the 
specimens originally examined unfortunately have been lost, I am 
unable to determine its real systematic position. As regards the 
last-named form too, I am now much inclined to believe that it does 
not at all belong to the African Fauna. True, some specimens of 
this form were found in one of my aquaria prepared with mud from 
the Knysna swamp; but these I think were hardly developed from 
the mud, and might more properly have been accidentally trans- 
ferred from another aquarium which I had under observation at the 
very same time. This latter aquarium, which was prepared with 
Australian mud, abounded with specimens of Candonocypris, and as 
the same dipping-tube was used for taking up proofs of both these 
aquaria, a transfer of ova or young from the one to the other aquanum 
might very easily have happened. Candonocypris candonoides seems 
in reality to be a true endemic form, not found, as far as I know, 
outside the limits of the Australian continent. 


ADDENDUM. 
Gen. 2. PSEUDOCYPRIS, Daday. 


Remarks.—Two new species, evidently referable to this genus, will 
be described in the following pages. One of these species is only 


178 Annals of the South African Museum. 


represented by a solitary male specimen; but of the other species a 
sufficient number of specimens, both females and males, are present, 
to allow a more complete anatomical examination than was 
possible with the rather scanty material formerly at my disposal. 
I have therefore convinced myself on the very close relationship 
which the present genus exhibits to the genus Cypris (gens. strict.). 
Indeed, I am quite unable to find any essential difference between 
these two genera, in the structure of the several appendages, as seen by 
comparing the detail figures given on the accompanying plate, and 
it thus remains to be decided, if the peculiar character of the shell 
and the bisexual nature of the species can be regarded as sufficient 
for supporting the present genus. 


72. PSEUDOCYPRIS TRIQUETRA, N. Sp. 
(Plate XX, figs. 1-15.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell comparatively short and stout, 
with the dorsal face strongly vaulted, the ventral flattened, sole-lke, 
and defined on each side by a well-marked, though not much prominent 
sharp crest, greatest height of the shell somewhat in front of the middle 
and about equalling 2 of the length, dorsal margin considerably 
arched in front, ventral margin almost straight, anterior extremity 
broadly rounded, posterior somewhat obliquely deflexed and termin- 
ating below in an obtuse corner; seen dorsally, rhomboid in shape, 
with the greatest width about equalling 2 of the length, latero- 
ventral crest only visible in the middle of each valve as a very slight 
prominence. Surface of shell nearly smooth, with only scattered 
small pits, and clothed in front and behind with short and delicate 
hairs. Caudal rami of moderate length and slightly flexuous; apical 
claws slender and rather unequal, the larger one almost attaining the 
length of the ramus. 

Male of about same size as female and having the shell of a quite 
similar shape. Spermatic tubes forming dense coils both in the 
anterior and posterior parts of the valves. Prehensile palps of maxilli- 
peds only slightly unequal, hand expanded at the end inside to a 
triangular lappet, dactylus abruptly bent and somewhat broader on 
the right than on the left palp. Copulatory appendages with the 
outer lamella drawn out inside to a narrow rostriform lappet. Ejacu- 
latory tubes with very numerous densely crowded chitinous whorls. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female 2-60 mm. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 179 


Remarks.—According to the structure of the shell, this form is 
unquestionably referable to the genus Pseudocypris Daday, though 
the characteristic latero-ventral expansions of the valves are far less 
prominent than in any of the other species and almost invisible in 
the dorsal aspect of the shell. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this easily recognisable form 
were contained in the material received, having been collected at 
Kimberley by Mr. J. H. Power. 


73. PsEuDOcYPRIS EXPANSA, D. Sp. 
(Plate XVIII, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Specific Characters—Male.—Shell, seen laterally, resembling some- 
what in shape that of the preceding species, though comparatively 
rather stouter, with the dorsal margin more evenly arched and the 
posterior extremity less oblique; seen dorsally, broadly cordate in 
outline, with the latero-ventral expansion projecting on each side in 
the middle as broad semilunar lamellae. Structure of the several 
appendages scarcely differing from that in the preceding species. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult male 2-90 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species is closely allied to the preceding one, 
but of somewhat larger size, and moreover at once distinguished by 
the much fuller development of the latero-ventral expansions of the 
valves, giving the shell in the dorsal aspect arather peculiar appearance. 

Occurrence.—A solitary male specimen of this form was found in 
the same tube as the preceding species, from Kimberley. 


8. PSEUDOCYPRIS TESTUDO, G. O. Sars. 
(Plate XVIII, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Remarks.—The specimens of this remarkable species formerly 
examined by me were somewhat defective and apparently not fully 
grown. In the material now received two well-preserved and fully 
adult female specimens were present, measuring in length no less 
than 3-50 mm. One of these specimens is figured on the accom- 
panying plate for comparison with the other two species. They were 
both taken from a pond on the Cape Flats, collected by Mr. K. H. 
Barnard. 


180 Annals of the South African Museum. 


ty 


1 
— 


SOMDNDAMAAR WHEE 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Prats IT, 
Lucypris trichota (G. W. Miiller). 
Adult female, viewed from left side. 


Same, dorsal view. 
Anterior antenna. 


. Posterior antenna. 

. Anterior lip. 

. Mandible, with palp. 

. Maxilla, with branchial plate. 
. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 


Bucypris Purcelli, n. sp. 


. Adult female, seen from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Left valve with enclosed animal, somewhat more highly magnified. 
. Right valve, seen from the inner face. 


Puate III. 
ELucypris producta, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Hucypris corpulenta, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Bucypris hirta, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


ELucypris trigona, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Eucypris capensis (G. W. Miiller). 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Pseudocypris testudo, n. sp. 


. Adult female, dorsal view. 

. Same, front view. 

. Right valve, seen from the inner face. 
. Posterior antenna. 


FIG, 
. Terminal part of maxilla. 


. Anterior leg. 
. Caudal ramus. 


a 
eS) 


12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


16. 


WOARAMNP wh & 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 


PLatE LY. 


Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr). 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Heterocypris aurea, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Heterocypris capensis (G. W. Miller). 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Right valve, seen from the inner face. 
. Adult male, viewed from right side. 

. Anterior antenna. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Mandible, with palp. 

. Maxilla, with branchial! plate. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Right maxilliped of male. 

. Prehensile palp of left maxilliped 

. Ejaculatory tube. 

. Copulatory appendages. 


Puate Y. 


Homocypris conoidea, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 


Same, dorsal view. 


. Adult male, viewed from left side. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Maxilla, without the branchial lamella. 
. Anterior leg. 


Caudal ramus. 


. Prehensile palp of right male maxilliped. 
. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 


Cypricercus cuneatus, G. O. Sars. 
Adult female, viewed from right side. 
Same, dorsal view. 
Adult male, viewed from left side. 
Palp of right male maxilliped. 
Palp of left maxilliped. 


181 


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19. 
20. 


21. 


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23. 
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Annals of the South African Museum. 


. Ejaculatory tube. 
. Left copulatory appendage. 
. Caudal ramus. 


Cypricercus episphaena, G. W. Miiller. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Terminal part of maxilla. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Palp of right male maxilliped. 

. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 


PuatE VI. 
Stenocypris Hodgsoni. n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


Same, dorsal view. 
Adult male, viewed from right side. 
Anterior antenna. 


. Posterior antenna. 


Maxilla, without the branchial plate. 


. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Palp of left male maxilliped. 
. Palp of right maxilliped. 

. Right copulatory appendage. 
. Caudal rami. 


Stenocypris olivacea, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Palp of right male maxilliped. 

. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 

. Extremity of left caudal ramus. 


Stenocypris smaragdina, ni. sp. 


Adult female, viewed from left side. 

Same, dorsal view. 

Caudal rami. 

Right male maxilliped. 

Palp of left maxilliped. 

Copulatory appendages, together with left ejaculatory tube. 


Puate VII. 


Stenocypris pardalis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


CONANT WN 


See 
aOnr WN KF © 


Ne 
18. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 


Stenocypris perarmata, Brady. 


; Adult female, viewed from left side. 


Same, dorsal view. 


Sclerocypris clavularis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 


Same, dorsal view. 
Right valve of adult male, viewed from the inner face. 


. Posterior antenna. 

. Anterior lip. 

. Maxilla. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Palp of male maxilliped. 
. Ejaculatory tube. 

. Copulatory appendages. 


Herpetocypris Chevreuxi, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Terminal part of maxilla. 

. Caudal ramus. 


Puate VIII. 


Megalocypris @ Urbani (Baird). 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


Same, dorsal view. 
Adult male, viewed from right side. 


. Young specimen, seen from left side. 
. Anterior antenna. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Mandible, with palp. 

. Maxilla, with branchial plate. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Right male maxilliped. 

. Terminal claw of palp of left maxilliped. 
. Right copulatory appendage. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


Megalocypris princeps, G. O. Sars. 


Adult female, viewed from right side. 
Same, dorsal view. 


183 


184 


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SOMNDUPRwWHES 


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CON AAR wh 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


PuatEe 1X. 
Isocypris nivea, n. sp. 


Adult female, viewed from left side. 
Same, dorsal view. 
Anterior antenna. 


. Posterior antenna. 
. Mandible, with palp. 


Maxilla, with branchial plate. 
Maxilliped. 


. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Maxilliped of male. 

. Copulatory appendages. 
. Ejaculatory tube. 
Isocypris priomena, G. W. Miiller. 
. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Caudal ramus. 

Ilyocypris australiensis, G. O. Sars. 
. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Terminal part of maxilla. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus, 


PLATE X. 


Cypria capensis, G. O. Sars. 


Adult female, viewed from right side. 
Same, dorsal view. 


. Adult male, viewed from left side. 


Posterior antenna. 
Terminal part of same antenna in male. 


. Mandible, with palp. 


Terminal part of maxilla. 
Maxilliped. 


. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Palp of right male maxilliped. 
. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Copulatory appendages. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 


Bradycypris intumescens (Brady). 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Terminal part of maxilla. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Palp of right male maxilliped. 
. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


Cypretta turgida, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
t Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Terminal part of maxilla. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Caudal ramus. 


Puate XI. 


Cypretta minna (King). 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypretta globulus, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Zonocypris cordata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Left valve, seen from the inner face. 
. Anterior antenna. ~ 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Mandible, with palp. 

. Terminal part of maxilla. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus, with adjacent part of body. 


Zonocypris tuberosa, G. W. Miiller. 


. Adult female, dorsal view. 

. Same, viewed from right side. 

. Posterior antenna. . 

. Caudal rami. 

. Part of shell, highly magnified, to show the sculpture. 
VOlae xox PART) 2, ile 


186 Annals of the South African Museum. 


FIG. 

21. Terminal part of a posterior antenna in male. 
22. Palp of left male maxilliped. 

23. Palp of right maxilliped. 

24. Ejaculatory tube. 

25. Copulatory appendages. 


Prac excue 
Paracypretta ampullacea, n. sp. 


Adult female, viewed from right side. 
Same, dorsal view. 


GO) 


Same, front view. 

Left valve, seen from the inner face. 
Anterior antenna. 

Posterior antenna. 

Anterior and posterior lips, viewed from left side. 
Mandible, with palp. 

Maxilla, without the branchial plate. 
10. Maxilliped. 

11. Anterior leg. 

12. Posterior leg. 

13. Caudal ramus. 


Go SI ES SR b= 


Paracypretta rubra, n. sp. 


14. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
15. Same, dorsal view. 


Paracypretta acanthifera, n. sp. 


16. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
17. Same, dorsal view. 


PuatE XIII. 


Pionocypris assimilis (G. O. Sars). 


1. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
2. Same, dorsal view. 

3. Right valve, seen from the inner face. 
4. Posterior antenna. 

5. Terminal part of maxilla. 

6. Maxilliped. 

7. Anterior leg. 

8. Posterior leg. 

9. Caudal rami, dorsal view. 
10. Right caudal ramus, seen laterally. 


Pionocypris intermedia, n. sp. 
11. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
12. Same, dorsal view. 
Pionocypris viduella (G. O. Sars). 
13. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
14. Same, dorsal view. 


FIG. 
. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 


Cypridopsis gregaria (G. O. Sars). 


. Same, dorsal view. 

. Adult male, viewed from right side. 
. Posterior antenna. 

. Maxilla, without the branchial plate. 
. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 


22. Posterior leg. 
23. Caudal ramus. 


. Palp of right male maxilliped. 
. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Hjaculatory tube. 

. Copulatory appendages. 


Puate XIV. 


Cypridopsis spinifera, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
2. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis aculeata (Costa). 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis Elizabethae, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis reniformis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed trom left side. 


8. Same, dorsal view. 


WZ 
18. 


Cypridopsis clavata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis tonsa, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis ochracea, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis hirsuta, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis echinata, G. W. Miiller. 
Adult female, viewed from left side. 
Same, dorsal view. 


187 


188 


ee 


NOT FP WWE 


PLATE XV. 
Cypridopsis glabrata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Adult male, viewed from right side. 
. Palp of right male maxilliped. 

. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Copulatory appendages. 

. Kjaculatory tube. 


Cypridopsis trigonella, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Anterior part of shell, seen from left side ; more highly magnified. 
. Left valve, seen from the inner face. 


Cypridopsis pyranidata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis striolata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Left valve, seen from the inner face. 


Cypridopsis brevis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Cypridopsis tumidula, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Adult male, viewed from right side. 
. Left copulatory appendage. 


Cypridopsis pygnaea, 0. sp. 


23. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


THT PR wh eS 


. Same, dorsal view. 


Pate XVI. 


Cyprilla arcuata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Left valve, seen from the inner face. 


. Right valve, seen from the inner face. 
. Posterior antenna. 

. Mandible, with palp. 

. Maxilla, without the branchial plate. 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


25. 


26. 


eo 
Oo Rm Ww bo 


= 
for) 


Se 
FP SODaONAMNRE WN 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 


. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus, with adjoining part of body. 


Cyprilla gibbula, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Anterior antenna. 

. Terminal part of posterior antenna. 


Cyprilla deflexa, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Adult male, viewed from right side. 
. Palp of left male maxilliped. 

. Palp of right maxilliped. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


Cyprilla humilis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


. Same, dorsal view. 


Cyprilla producta, n. sp. 


Adult female, viewed from left side. 
Same, dorsal view. 


Puate XVII. 


Gomphocythere obtusata, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Adult male, viewed from right side. 


Same, ventral view. 


Right valve of an adult female, with enclosed animal ; left valve removed. 


Same valve of an adult male, exhibiting the enclosed animal. 


. Anterior antenna. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Anterior lip, seen from left side. 
. Mandible, with palp. 

. Maxilla, with branchial plate. 

. First leg (maxilliped). 

. Second leg. 

. Third leg. 

. Posterior part of body of a female, with caudal lamella and genital lobe, viewed 


from left side. 


. Right copulatory appendage of male. 


189 


Nae 


oo 


1m Oe 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


Gomphocythere expansa, Ni. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Same, ventral view. 

. Left valve, seen from the inner face. 
. Adult male, viewed from right side. 
. Same, ventral view. 


Pratt XVIII. 


Pseudocypris expansa, n. sp. 


. Adult male, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


Pseudocypris testudo, G. O. Sars. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


LInocypris grandis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Outer part of maxilla. 

, Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Left genital lobe. 

. Palp of right maxilliped of male. 
. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 


Puate XIX. 


TIsocypris perangusta, G. W. Miiller. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Anterior marginal zone of a valve, more highly magnified. 


Isocypris priomena, G. W. Miiller. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 

. Anterior marginal zone of a valve, more highly magnified. 
. Part of ventral margin behind. 

. Caudal ramus. 


Cypricercus maculatus, G. W. Miiller 


. Adult male, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Right maxilliped. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Left copulatory appendage. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


FIG. 
. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 191 


Stenocypris pectinata, n. sp. 


. Posterior corner of right valve, seen from the inner face, more highly magnified. 
. Caudal rami. 


Stenocypris declivis, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Caudal rami. 


Stenocypris ametra, G. W. Miiller. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Caudal rami. 


PLaTE XX. 


Pseudocypris triquetra, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


Same, ventral view. 
Same, dorsal view. 
Same, frontal view. 


. Posterior antenna. 


Anterior and posterior lips, seen from left side. 


. Outer part of maxilla. 

. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Left maxilliped of male. 
. Palp of right maxilliped. 
. Ejaculatory tube. 

. Copulatory appendages. 


Megalocypris hispida, n. sp 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
Ze 
. Posterior antenna. 

. Left maxilliped of male. 


Same, dorsal view. 


. Palp of right maxilliped. 
. Caudal ramus. 
. Left copulatory appendage. 


Megalocypris tuberculata, n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Posterior antenna. 

. Palp of left maxilliped in male. 

. Caudal ramus. 


28. Left copulatory appendage. 


192 Annals of the South African Museum. 


A 


acanthifera (Paracypretta) . 
aculeata (Cypridopsis) 
africana (Hyalocypris) 
ametra (Stenocypris) . é 
ampullacea (Paracypretta) . 
arcuata (Cyprilla) : 
armata (Cypria) . 

assimilis (Pionocypris) 
aurea (Heterocypris) . 
australiensis (Ilyocypris) 


B 
Bradycypris 
brevis (Cypridopsis) 
C 
Candonocypris . 


candonoides (Candonocypris) 
capensis (Cypria) : 
capensis (Eucypris) 
capensis (Heterocypris) 
Chevreuxi (Herpetocypris) . 

clavata (Cypridopsis) . 

clavularis (Sclerocypris) 

conoidea (Homocypris) 

cordata (Zonocypris) . 

corpulenta (Kucypris) 

costata (Cypretta) 

cuneatus (Cypricercus) 

Cyclocypris . 

Cypretta . 

Cypria 

Cypricercus 

CYPRIDAE 

CYPRIDIDAE 

Cypridopsis 

Cyprilla 

Cyprinotus 

Cypris . 
CYTHERIDAE 


D 


declivis (Stenocypris) 
deflexa (Cyprilla) 
d Urbani (Megalocypris) 


E 
echinata (Cypridopsis) 
Elizabethae (Cypridopsis) . 
episphaena (Cypricercus) 
Erpetocypris ‘ 
Eucypris . 


INDEX. 
tiga expansa (Gomphocythere) . 
160 | ©*Pansa (Pseudocypris) 
142 
130 © 
153 | gibbula (Cyprilla) 
170 | glabrata (Cypridopsis) 
144 | globulus (Cypretta) 
155 | Gomphocythere 
117 | grandis (Liocypris) 
143 | gregaria (Cypridopsis) 
H 
145 | Helenae (Erpetocypris) 
167 | Herpetocypris 
Heterocypris . : 
hirsuta (Cypridopsis) . 
177 | birta (Eucypris) : 
177 | bispida (Megalocypris) 
144 | Hodgsoni (Megalocypris) 
112 | Hodgsoni (Stenocypris) 
11g | Homocypris ‘ 
133 | humilis (Cyprilla) 
162 | Hyalocypris 
131 
119 : 
150 Tlyocy pris : 
110 | mcongruens ( Heterocypris) 
148 | inter media (Pionocypris) 
121 | intumescens (Bradycypris) . 
177 | Isocypris . : 
147 
144 Mi 
120 | Limnicythere 
107 | Liocypris . 
107 
157 M 
169 | maculatus (Cypricercus) 
116 | Megalocypris 
107 | minna (Cypretta) 
174 
N 
nivea (Isocypris 
549 (Isocypris) 
172 O 
134 | obtusata (Gomphocythere) . 
ochracea (Cypridopsis) 
olivacea (Stenocypris) 
164 
161 P 
122 | Paraeypretta 
133 | pardalis (Stenocypris) 
107 | pectinata (Stenocypris) 


PAGE 
176 
179 


7/Al 
165 
149 
174 
114 
158 


133 
133 
115 
164 
110 
137 
134 
124 
119 
173 
139 


143 
116 
156 
146 
139 


175 
114 


123 
134 
148 


140 


175 
163 
125 


152 
127 
129 


The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 


perangusta (Isocypris) 
perarmata (Stenocypris) 
Pionocypris 
Potamocypris 

princeps (Megalocypris) 
priomena (Isocypris) . 
producta (Cyprilla) 
producta (Kucypris) . 
Pseudocypris  . 
Purcelli (Eucypris) 
pusilla (Cyclocypris) . 
pygmaea (Cypridopsis) 
pyramidata (Cypridopsis) 


R 
radiata (Cypris) 


reniformis (Cypridopsis) 
rubra (Paracypretta) . 


8 


Sclerocy pris 
smaragdina (Stenocypris) 


WOlte VOR DR A, 


112, 


PAGE | 


142 
128 
155 
158 
136 
141 
173 
109 
177 
108 
177 
169 
166 


146 
161 
154 


131 
126 


spinifera (Cy pridopsis) 
Stenocypris 
striolata (Cypridopsis) 


av 


testudo (Pseudocypris) 
tonsa (Cypridopsis) 
trichota (Eucypris) 
trigona (Hucypris) 
trigonella (Cypridopsis) 
triquetra (Cypridopsis) 
triquetra (Pseudocypris) 


tuberculata (Megalocypris) . 


tuberosa (Zonocypris) 
tumidula (Cypridopsis) 
turgida (Cypretta) 


Vv 
viduella (Pionocypris) 


Z 
Zonocy pris 


14 


113, 


Plate II. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.O.S. 


ENTOMOSTRACA. 


SOUTH AFRICAN 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate III. 


del. G.O.S, 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Plate LY. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.0.8. 


ENTOMOSTRACA. 


SOUTH AFRICAN 


Plate VY. 


Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


L 
aw 


del. G.O.S, 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Plate VL. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


UMMM YY 


del. G.O.S. 


ENTOMOSTRACA. 


SOUTH AFRICAN 


Plate VIT 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRAGCA. 


Plate VIII. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.O.S. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA 


Plate IX. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.O.S. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Plate X. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


bs ATT, 
Sa hav ainiZe 


A 


del. G.O.S. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA., 


Plate XL. 


Vol. XX. 


Ann. 8. Afr Mus.. 


del. G.O.S. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Plate XII. 


Ann, 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del, G.0.8. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA, 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XIII. 


del. G.0.8. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XIV. 


AE LEELA fe 
18. aa es 


“del, 6.0.8. 
SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRAGCA. 


Plate XV. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del, GOS, 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


ay 


iii a < 
ally td * 4 
fr os as 


Plate XVI. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.O.8. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XVII. 


@ G.O.8. 
SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Plate XVIII. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.O.S,. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XIX. 


del. G.O.S. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA, 


Plate) xox 


Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G.O.S. 


SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA. 


s 


Knowledge of the Ane ee eke 


ne 


Cru Stace apna, Piyllauede 
ai oe RSS. — Assistant 


ee Be, 
ER. S.S Afr, Assistant _ 


2H 


( 195 ) 


3. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 


I: Crustacea Entomostraca, Ostracoda.—By G. O. Sars. 
(With Plates XXI-XXV.) 


| UnDER the above title it is proposed to issue the results of the Zoological 
Survey of South-West Africa undertaken by the South African 
Museum in conjunction with the Administration of South-West 
Africa. The papers will be published from time to time as the reports 
on the different groups come to hand. 

Although a considerable amount of work was done under the German 
Government, which is being gradually published (Beitr. Kenntn. 
Land-Siisswasser-fauna Siidw. Afr., Hamburg), the northern parts of 
the region were very little explored. Therefore the main objective 
of the present survey was to investigate the fauna of the northern 
parts, especially Ovamboland and the country along the southern 
bank of the Kunene River. The results, as shown for example by 
the following paper, have amply justified the decision of the South- 
West Africa Administration to undertake the survey; although so 
large a proportion of undescribed species must not be expected in 
every group of animals. 

For purposes of convenience in faunistic comparisons the country, 
as defined politically, has been divided into districts. The limits 
of these districts are admittedly somewhat arbitrary and vague, but 
the delimited areas correspond roughly with the topography and also 
with the botanical districts. They are as follows: (Great) Namaqua- 
land, from the Orange River to about latitude 23° 8.; Damaraland, 
from about 23° S. to a line running roughly from Franzfontein to 
Namutoni on the Etosha Pan; Ovamboland, the sandy flat country 
stretching from the Etosha Pan to the Portuguese border and from the 
Okavango River on the east to the mountainous country on the 
west called the Kaokoveld, which lies between Franzfontein and the 
Kunene River; Namib, the sand-dune belt which stretches along 
the coast between the mouths of the Orange and Kunene Rivers.— 
Epitor. | 


VOL. XX, PART 3. 15 


196 Annals of the South African Museum. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The material which forms the basis of this paper was received from 
the South African Museum and is composed of three collections, 
all obtained in South-West Africa: (1) a small collection made by 
the late Mr. R. M. Lightfoot in 1919; (2 and 3) two collections made 
by Mr. K. H. Barnard in the course of two expeditions through that 
region in 1921 and 1923. 

This region has been very little explored as regards the Entomo- 
straca. Of the 12 species here described, only one was previously 
known. The only other paper dealing with species from this region is 
that of Daday in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafrik., vol. 11, p. 89, 1913. 

Daday records the following species :— 

Herpetocypris schulizei, Dad. Between Bersheba and Bethany. 

Candonocypris nama, Dad. From the same locality. 

Cypridopsis viduella G. O. Sars. From Chamis, N. of Bethany, 
and near Salem, E. of Swakopmund. (This species is also recorded 
from Little Namaqualand and Knysna.) 

The total number of species recorded from South-West Africa is. 
therefore 15. 

Gen. Ps—eupocypris Daday, 1910. 


Pseudocypris gubbera un. sp. 
(Plate XXI, figs. 1-10 (?). Plate XXII, figs. 1-7 (3).) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell rather tumid, seen laterally, 
rounded, trigonal in outline, greatest height exceeding 2 of the length, 
dorsal margin boldly arched, forming in the middle an abrupt, almost 
gibberiform prominence, ventral margin scarcely at all sinuate, 
both extremities rounded; seen dorsally, broadly oval, with the 
greatest width about equalling § of thelength. Valves a little unequal, 
the left one slightly overlapping the right anteriorly, as also dorsally, 
anterior edge armed with small closely-set denticles; inner dupli- 
catures very strongly marked, though not particularly broad. Surface 
of shell densely granular and clothed with rather short and delicate 
hairs. Structure of the several appendages closely agreeing with that 
in the type species. 

Length of adult female 2-20 mm. 

Remarks.—On a renewed examination of the rich material of this. 
form I have been led to the conclusion that it ought to be referred 
more properly to the genus Pseudocypris than to Cypris, in spite of 
the want of a true lateral carina on the shell. Yet the characteristic: 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 197 


ventral aplanation of the shell is well marked and best seen in the 
frontal view. Among the specimens several adult males were found, 
and the examination of them has still further convinced me of the near 
relationship of the present form to the other members of the genus 
Pseudocypris. Thus the very characteristic arrangement of the 
spermatic vessels is the very same as that mentioned by Daday in 
the type species, these vessels not being, as usual, confined to the 
posterior part of the valves, but running forward along the ventral 
face and terminating in a well-marked and rather ample coil within 
the anterior part of each valve. It was, indeed, on this character that 
Daday chiefly based his genus. The structure of the prehensile palps 
of the maxillipeds, the copulatory appendages, and the ejaculatory 
tubes are also built on the very same type as in the other species of 
this genus, only exhibiting some minor specific differences. 
Occurrence.—Two females of this form were taken: at Otjituo, 
Damaraland, by the late Mr. Lightfoot; and Mr. Barnard found it. 
very abundantly at seven different places in Ovamboland, viz. 
Onambeke, Onolongo, Tamansu, Ukualuthi, Ukualonkathi, Eunda. 
The colour of the specimens in the living state was noted to be greenish. 


Pseudocypris circularis n. sp. 
(Plate XXII, figs. 8-12.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell provided below with a well- 
marked lamellar carina encircling it almost entirely ; seen laterally, 
irregularly oval triangular in shape, greatest height about in the middle 
and considerably exceeding half the length, dorsal margin gibbously 
arched in the middle and somewhat abruptly bent behind, ventral 
margin perfectly straight, anterior extremity obliquely rounded, 
posterior produced below to an obtuse point; seen dorsally, almost 
circular in outline, the lateral crest being quite evenly curved and 
only somewhat interrupted in front by the slightly projecting anterior 
extremity of the shell. Surface of valves smooth, without any pro- 
nounced sculpture and very finely hairy at each extremity. Structure 
of the limbs closely agreeing with that in the other species of the 
genus. Caudal rami very narrow, linear. 

Length of adult female 2-40 mm. 

Male unknown. 

Remarks.—This is a genuine member of the genus Pseudocypris, 
agreeing in its general appearance very closely with the type species 
P. bouviert, described by Daday. It is, however, of much larger size, 


198 Annals of the South African Museum. 


and differs somewhat in the shape of the shell, as seen laterally. The 
caudal rami are also considerably more slender than figured by Daday 
in his species. 

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens of this form, one of them 
fully grown, were taken by Mr. Barnard at Onambeke, Ovamboland. 


Gen. ScLERocYPRIS G. O. Sars. 


Sclerocypris exserta n. sp. 
(Plate XXII, figs. 13-18, and Plate XXIII, figs. 1-3.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong clavate 
in outline, greatest height quite in front and scarcely attaining half 
the length, dorsal margin angularly bent in the ocular region and 
sloping gently behind, ventral margin nearly straight, anterior ex- 
tremity broadly rounded, posterior obliquely truncated and produced 
below to a rather conspicuous somewhat upturned corner; seen 
dorsally, narrow fusiform, with the greatest width scarcely exceeding 
+ the length, both extremities obtusely pointed. Valves of rather 
firm consistency and nearly equal, posterior corner of left valve 
however somewhat more prominent than that of the right; inner 
duplicatures of anterior extremity very strongly marked off inside, 
marginal zone rather broad and finely striated transversally. Surface 
of shell sculptured with well-marked closely-set pits and clothed 
with comparatively short and delicate hairs. Caudal rami very 
narrow, linear, and quite straight, apical claws thin, almost setiform, 
the larger one scarcely attaining half the length of the ramus. 

Length of adult female 2-90 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is closely allied to the type 
species S. clavularis G. O. Sars, but has the shell somewhat more 
elongated and the posterior corner considerably more prominent. 
The specific name here proposed alludes to this latter character. 

The male resembles the female both in size and in the general 
shape of the shell, but may easily be detected by the more or less 
distinctly translucent spermatic vessels. The arrangement of these 
vessels is quite normal. The prehensile palps of the maxillipeds are 
conspicuously unequal, that of the right being as usual the larger, 
with the thumb-like process of the propodus acutely produced and 
issuing from about the middle, whereas in the left this process is more 
digitiform and placed much nearer the end of the propodus. The 
copulatory appendages also are somewhat different in shape from those 
in the type species. In quite young specimens of the present form 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 199 


the free edges of both valves are densely fringed with slender spinules, 
all of them of the same appearance and terminating in an obtuse point. 
A rather similar armature has been described by Vavra in immature 
specimens of his Cypris venusta, which unquestionably is referable to 
the present genus; but the spinules of the anterior edges are in that 
species of a different kind, being digitate, whereas in the present 
species they are quite simple. 

Occurrence.—This form was taken by Mr. Barnard very abundantly 
in seven different places in Ovamboland, viz. Ondongua, Ukualuthi, 
Ukualonkathi, Eunda, Onolongo, Onambeke, Andoni. The colour 
of the living animal was greenish. 


Sclerocypris major n. sp. 
(Plate XXII, figs. 19-22, and Plate XXIII, figs. 4-6.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, broadly suboval 
in outline, greatest height about in the middle and considerably 
exceeding half the length, dorsal margin slightly angular in the 
ocular region, but forming otherwise a rather even curve, without any 
abrupt bend behind, ventral margin scarcely at all sinuate, anterior 
extremity broadly rounded, with trace of an angle below, posterior 
gradually narrowed and drawn out to a slightly projecting corner ; 
seen dorsally, oblong fusiform, with the greatest width somewhat 
exceeding 4 the length, anterior extremity more tapered than the 
posterior. Valves slightly unequal, the left one overlapping the right 
somewhat dorsally, as also along the anterior extremity. Inner 
duplicatures and sculpture of the shell as in the preceding species. 
Caudal rami likewise rather similar, though having the dorsal edge 
finely spinulose. 

Length of adult female 3-30 mm. 

Male.—In the structure of the sexual appendages well-marked 
specific differences from those in the other two species are found. 
The prehensile palps of the maxillipeds are also in this species con- 
spicuously unequal ; but the inequality is displayed in a rather different 
manner from that in the preceding species, as seen from the figures. 
In the right palp the propodus is very coarse and somewhat curved, 
with the thumb-like process comparatively short and bidentate at the 
tip, whereas in the left palp this process is simple and issues nearly 
in the middle of the propodus. The copulatory appendages are 
especially distinguished by the peculiar shape of the inner terminal 
lobe, which is abruptly inflexed and terminates in a sharp corner. 


200 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Remarks.—Though differing rather conspicuously from the preceding 
species in the general shape of the shell, the present form is unquestion- 
ably congeneric with it, agreeing as it does fairly well in all essential 
structural details. It is of considerably larger size than either of the 
other two species. 

Occurrence.—This form was taken at four localities in Ovamboland 
by Mr. Barnard: Onolongo, Tamansu, Eunda, Ukualuthi, and at 
Tsumeb in Damaraland. 


Sclerocy pris superba n. sp. 
(Plate XXIV, figs. 1-5.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell moderately tumid, seen later-_ 
ally, strongly vaulted, irregularly trigonal in shape, with the greatest 
height equalling about 2 of the length and occurring in the middle, 
dorsal margin boldly arched and sloping rather steeply in front and 
behind, ventral margin almost straight, anterior extremity obliquely 
rounded, posterior tapering below to a narrowly rounded corner ; 
seen dorsally, oval fusiform in outline, with the greatest width nearly 
equal to half the length, both extremities somewhat produced and 
pointed. Valves with the inner duplicatures of somewhat simpler 
structure than in the other species, surface smooth, without any 
pronounced sculpture, and minutely hairy. Structure of the several 
limbs on the whole agreeing with that in the other species. Caudal 
rami very slender and narrow, with the dorsal edge minutely spinulose 
in its outermost part, claws almost straight and slightly unequal, 
the distal one about equalling half the length of the ramus. 

Male resembling closely the female both in size and in shape of 
the shell. Prehensile palps of the maxilhpeds nearly perfectly alike, 
both having the thumb-like process of the propodus issuing from about 
the middle, dactylus very slender and abruptly bent at the base. 
Copulatory appendages with the inner lobe imperfectly developed, 
outer lobe broadly rounded. 

Colour of living specimens greenish. 

Length of adult female amounting to 4 mm. 

Remarks.—This fine Ostracod may at once be distinguished from 
the other species of this genus by its large size and highly vaulted 
shell. In the structure of the male sexual appendages it also differs 
conspicuously, though being unquestionably referable to the same 
genus. 

Occurrence.—Some well-preserved specimens of this pretty species 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 201 


are in the collection, having been taken by Mr. Barnard at Andoni 
and Eunda in Ovamboland. 


Gen. HERPETOCYPRIS Claus, 1892. 
Herpetocypris oblonga n. sp. 
(Plate X XI, figs. 11-14.) 


Specific Characters—-Female.—Shell, seen laterally, of a rather 
regular oblong or ellipsoid shape, greatest height somewhat behind 
the middle and scarcely exceeding half the length, dorsal margin 
quite evenly arched throughout, ventral margin slightly sinuate in 
the middle, anterior extremity somewhat deflexed, posterior obtusely 
produced ; seen dorsally, oblong oval in outline, with the greatest width 
not attaining half the length, anterior extremity slightly produced, 
posterior obtuse. Valves conspicuously unequal, anterior margin 
of the left projecting considerably beyond that of the right and forming 
below an angular corner, right valve distinctly denticulated along the 
posterior part of the ventral edge, but without any obvious denticles 
on the anterior edge. Surface of shell smooth and polished with no 
distinctly marked sculpture and finely hairy in front and behind. 
Caudal rami moderately slender and slightly curved, dorsal edge 
smooth, apical claws comparatively stout, the larger one scarcely 
exceeding half the length of the ramus. 

Length of adult female 1-30 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is evidently referable to the 
genus Herpetocypris Claus, though differing conspicuously from the 
other known species in the more elongated shape of the shell, and more 
particularly in the absence of the usual denticles along the anterior 
edge of the right valve. Otherwise it does not, however, seem to 
exhibit any essential structural difference. 

Occurrence.—Two female specimens of this form were collected by 
the late Mr. Lightfoot at Otjituo in Damaraland. 


Herpetocypris ovularis n. sp. 
(Plate XXIV, figs. 6-13.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, of a rather 
regular oval shape, greatest height about in the middle and not 
attaining half the length, dorsal margin evenly arched behind and 
somewhat flattened in the ocular region, ventral margin very slightly 


202 Annals of the South African Museum. 


sinuate in the middle, both extremities quite evenly and obtusely 
rounded, and nearly equal; seen dorsally, oblong ovate in outline 
with the greatest width somewhat behind the middle and about 
equal to half the length, anterior extremity more narrowed than the 
posterior, though somewhat blunted at the tip. Valves as in the 
other species of the present genus rather unequal, the left overlapping 
the right conspicuously along the anterior extremity of the shell, 
free edges of right valve armed in almost their whole extent with small 
knob-like tubercles, which, however, only slightly project beyond 
the margin. Surface of shell smooth and polished, with only slight 
traces of hairs. Structure of the several limbs nearly as in the other 
species. Caudal rami, however, unusually slender and narrow. 

Male of somewhat smaller size than female, but resembling it rather _ 
closely in the shape of the shell. Prehensile palps of the maxillipeds 
as in the other species, somewhat unequal, the dactylus of the right 
being considerably broader and more laminar than that of the left, 
thumb-like process of propodus in both palps replaced by a slight 
dentiform prominence close to the end. Copulatory appendages 
with the outer lobe considerably produced and narrow falciform in 
shape. Hjaculatory tubes of moderate size and agreeing in structure 
with those of the other species. 

Length of adult female 1-80 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form may be easily recognised by 
the regularly oval shape of the shell as seen laterally, both extremities 
being quite evenly and uniformly rounded. Of the structural details 
the unusually slender and narrow form of the caudal rami may be 
mentioned as distinctive. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form were taken by Mr. 
Barnard at Ukualuthi and Ongka in Ovamboland. 


Gen. Srenocypris G. O. Sars, 1889. 
Stenocypris fascigera n. sp. 
(Plate XXIV, figs. 14-19.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell much compressed, seen laterally 
oblong oval in shape, greatest height about in the middle and not 
nearly attaining half the length, dorsal margin only slightly arched 
and abruptly deflexed behind, ventral margin almost straight, anterior 
extremity broadly rounded, posterior produced below to a more or 
less prominent corner narrowly obtuse at the tip; seen dorsally 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 203. 


very narrow lanceolate in shape, with the greatest width in front of 
the middle and scarcely attaining + of the length, posterior extremity 
gradually attenuated. Valves rather thin and nearly equal, with a 
narrow closely striated marginal rim, inner duplicatures in front as 
usual very broad. Surface of shell smooth and minutely hairy. 
Structure of the several appendages scarcely different from that in 
the other species of the genus. Caudal rami rather elongated and as 
in the other species conspicuously asymmetrical, the right being much 
narrower than the left, which, moreover, has the dorsal edge armed 
with coarse spinules; these spinules are, however, in the present species 
arranged in quite a peculiar manner, viz. in eight successive and. 
sharply defined fascicles, each fascicle containing a somewhat varying 
number of spinules gradually increasing in length distally. 

Male resembling the female in general shape of shell, but of somewhat 
smaller size. Prehensile palps of the maxillipeds nearly perfectly 
equal, propodus of both gradually dilated distally and without any 
distinctly defined thumb-like process, dactylus comparatively thick 
and obtuse at the tip. Copulatory appendages not very large and 
somewhat lamellar, with the terminal lobes obtuse and closely super- 
posed. Hjaculatory tubes rather slender and subfusiform in shape, 
with the proximal extremity drawn out to a knob-like prominence. 

Colour of living specimens greenish. 

Length of adult female 3-10 mm. 

Remarks.—The present species somewhat resembles in the general 
shape of the shell that described by me as S. pectinata (these Annals, 
vol. xx, p. 129). It is, however, distinguished both from this and any 
other species known to me by the peculiar arrangement of the spinules 
on the dorsal edge of the left caudal ramus, a character which has 
suggested the specific name. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form were taken by Mr. 
Barnard at Onolongo, Ukualuthi and Eunda in Ovamboland. Some 
of them have the posterior corner of the shell somewhat less prominent 
than in the figure here given, but not differing in any other respect. 


Gen. Mrecatocyeris G. O. Sars, 1898. 
Megalocypris brevis n. sp. 
(Plate X XI, figs. 15-22.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell shorter and stouter than in 
any of the other species, seen laterally broadly oval or somewhat 


204 Annals of the South African Museum. 


quadrangular in outline, with the greatest height considerably exceed- 
ing half the length, dorsal margin straight in the middle, slightly 
angular in front and rather abruptly curved behind, ventral margin 
only slightly sinuate, both extremities somewhat obliquely deflexed, 
the anterior rounded, the posterior rather broader and terminating 
below in a blunt corner ; seen dorsally oblong oval, with the greatest 
width not attaining half the length, both extremities gradually 
contracted. Surface of shell finely granular but without any tubercles, 
and clothed with very short and delicate hairs, posterior corner of 
each valve finely denticulate below. Natatory seta of posterior 
antennae much reduced in size. Caudal rami of the usual slender 
shape and distinctly curved in their outer part, dorsal edge very finely 
spinulose, apical claws not very unequal, the larger about equalling 
in length half the ramus. 

Male resembling the female in size and shape of shell. Prehensile 
palps of maxillipeds with the thumb-like process comparatively smal 
and issuing about in the middle of the hand, dactylus rather slender. 
Copulatory appendages with the outer lamella not very large, lin- 
guiform, incurved. Ejaculatory tubes comparatively short, with 
numerous densely crowded chitinous whorls. 

Colour (as preserved) yellowish grey, variegated with irregular 
partly confluent dark patches. 

Length of adult female 2:90 mm. 

Remarks.—The above-described form is unquestionably referable 
to the genus Megalocypris, though in size it is rather inferior to the 
other species of this genus. It may also be easily distinguished from 
them by the short and stout shape of the shell, a character which 
indeed has given rise to the specific name here proposed. Moreover, 
some well-marked differences are found in the shape of the prehensile 
palps of the maxillipeds and the copulatory appendages in the male. 

Occurrence.—Some few well-preserved specimens of this form are 
in the material collected by Mr. Barnard at Namutoni. 


Gen. Cypripopsis Brady, 1866. 
Cypridopsis aldabrae G. W. Miiller. 
(Plate XXIII, figs. 7-12.) 


Cypridopsis aldabrae G. W. Miller, Ostrac. v. Madagasc. u. Ostafr., 
Senck. nat. Gesell., Bd. xxi, Hft. 2, p. 381, Taf. 18, figs. 1-14. 

Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oblong trigonal, 
or somewhat reniform, greatest height a little in front of the middle 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa, 205 


and about equalling # of the length, dorsal margin boldly arched, 
ventral margin distinctly sinuate, both extremities slightly deflexed, 
the anterior obliquely rounded, the posterior a little narrower and 
obtusely blunted; seen dorsally, oblong oval in shape, with the 
greatest width about equalling half the length. Valves rather thin 
and unequal, the right overlapping the left somewhat along the 
anterior extremity. Surface of shell without any distinctly marked 
sculpture but everywhere clothed with rather strong recurved hairs. 

Male somewhat smaller than the female, but resembling it in shape. 
Prehensile palps of maxillipeds very unequal, that of the left with the 
hand long and slender, exhibiting in the middle of the inner edge: 
two juxtaposed short setae attached to a slightly prominent nodule, 
dactylus abruptly curved and narrowly produced at the end; that 
of the right much more powerfully developed, with both the hand 
and the dactylus much broader, the latter falciformly curved. 
Copulatory appendages with the outer lamella narrow digitiform and, 
unlike what is generally the case, abruptly bent outwards, inner 
lamella comparatively small. Ejaculatory tubes rather narrow, with 
about sixteen strongly marked chitinous whorls. 

Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female 0-90 mm. 

Remarks.—No doubt can arise about the identity of the above- 
described form with that recorded by G. W. Miller. It is a well- 
defined species, being particularly distinguished by the peculiar 
shape of the prehensile palps and the copulatory appendages in the 
male. 

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form were collected by the 
late Mr. Lightfoot at Otjituo. G. W. Miiller’s specimens came from 
Aldabra in East Africa. 


Cypridopsis punctata n. sp. 
(Plate XXIII, figs. 13-15.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell, seen laterally, oval subtrigonal 
in outline, greatest height in the middle and about equalling = of the 
length, dorsal margin gibbously arched, ventral margin distinctly 
sinuate, anterior extremity narrowly rounded, posterior obtusely 
blunted; seen dorsally, ovoid in shape, with the greatest width 
about half the length, more pointed in front than behind. Surface 
of shell densely granular, being sculptured with very small closely- 
set pits, and clothed with comparatively short and delicate hairs. 


206 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Colour not yet ascertained. 

Length of adult female 0:70 mm. 

Male unknown. 

Remarks.—The present form somewhat resembles in its general 
appearance C. gregaria G. O. Sars, but has the dorsal profile of the 
shell less elevated, and is, moreover, at once distinguished by the rather 
different sculpture of the valves, which latter characteristic has given 
rise to the specific name. 

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens of this form were collected 
by the late Mr. Lightfoot at Otjituo. 


AFROCYPRIS g. n. 


Generic Characters.—Shell elongate, resembling in shape somewhat 
that of Herpetocypris, but with the valves subequal and the inner 
duplicatures much narrower. Antennae well adapted for swimming, 
the natatory setae of the posterior ones being distinctly ciliated, though 
not much prolonged. Maxillipeds of normal structure. Maxillae 
with the masticatory lobes rather stout, palps, however, comparatively 
slender, with the distal joint slightly longer than it is broad. Palps 
of maxillipeds in female quite normal, in male very powerfully 
developed and conspicuously unequal, with no distinctly defined 
thumb-like process on the propodus. Legs similar in structure to 
those in Herpetocypris. Caudal rami very slender and elongated ; 
without any armature on the dorsal edge. Genital lobes of female of 
rather peculiar structure. Copulatory appendages of male likewise 
rather different in shape from those of most other Cypridae. Hjacu- 
latory tubes of quite an unusual size, with both extremities pro- 
nouncedly cup-shaped, radiating spikes very numerous and densely 
crowded. 

Remarks.—This new genus is established to include a large Ostracod 
which I have been unable to refer to any of the known genera of the 
Cypridae, though it shows some affinity on the one hand to Eucypris, 
on the other to Megalocypris. The genital apparatus especially is 
rather peculiar and unlike that of any genus known to me. 


Afrocypris barnardi n. sp. 
(Plate XXV.) 


Specific Characters—Female.—Shell rather tumid, seen laterally 
oblong reniform in shape, greatest height about in the middle and not 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 207 


nearly attaining half the length, dorsal margin almost straight in the 
middle and sloping at a uniform rate both in front and behind, 
ventral margin scarcely at all sinuate, both extremities obtusely 
rounded, the anterior somewhat broader than the posterior; seen 
dorsally, oblong ovate in outline, greatest width in the middle and 
about equal to the height, both extremities gradually attenuated. 
Valves rather thin and pellucid, with a narrow closely striated marginal 
rim, running at a short distance inside the marginal one. Surface 
of shell smooth and glabrous, without any obvious sculpture and 
minutely hairy at each extremity. Anterior antennae with the first 
joint of the terminal part fully as long as the remaining four joints 
combined, setae rather slender and elongated. Posterior antennae 
with the terminal part much attenuated, apical claws nearly straight 
and distinctly denticulate, natatory setae extending about to the 
middle of the claws. Caudal rami exceedingly narrow and elongated 
and almost straight, with the dorsal edge quite smooth, apical claws 
of rather unequal size, the distal one being almost twice as long as the 
proximal one, but not nearly attaining half the length of the ramus, 
dorsal seta close to the end. Genital lobes produced behind to a 
rather prominent lanceolate lappet, and having anteriorly a peculiar 
digitiform deflexed appendage, in front of which a group of delicate 
papillae occur, which apparently surround the genital aperture 
leading to the seminal receptacle. 

Male of about the same size as female and resembling it closely in 
shape of shell. Prehensile palp of right maxilliped exceedingly large, 
with the propodus much expanded and triangular in shape forming 
at the end inside a projecting corner replacing the thumb-like process 
in other Ostracods; dactylus very powerfully developed, with the 
inner edge conspicuously convex inthe middle. Left palp of maxilliped 
rather different in appearance, the propodus being simply oval in 
shape, and the dactylus much feebler and narrowly produced. In 
immature male specimens the propodus and dactylus are wholly 
confluent, and these appendages thereby acquire a perplexing similarity 
to the palps in adult males of the genus Candona. Copulatory append- 
ages of considerable size, with the inner lobe very fully developed 
and conically produced behind, terminating in two small lobules, 
outer lobe represented by a thin rounded lamella. Ejaculatory tubes 
extending along the greater part of the body and easily observable 
through the pellucid shell. The thread-like spermatozoids are seen 
accumulated in dense clusters within the posterior part of the body 
and may be gradually sucked up by the ejaculatory tubes, running 


208 Annals of the South African Museum. 


forwards along the dorsal face of the body and congregating into two 
juxtaposed cylindric strings, which just behind the eye are abruptly 
bent downwards and backwards to join the proximal cup-shaped 
extremities of the ejaculatory tubes. During copulation the sper- 
matozoids are then expelled by the muscular action of the tubes 
through the vas deferens into the copulatory appendages. 

In living specimens the colour is whitish or cream-coloured. 

Length of adult female amounting to 5-30 mm. 

Remarks.—This is the largest and finest of the Ostracods collected 
in this region, and I have much pleasure in naming it in honour of 
its discoverer, Mr. K. H. Barnard, to whom we also owe the discovery 
of many other interesting animals. In size this form is only exceeded 
by the huge Megalocypris princeps G. O. Sars. 

Occurrence.—The present handsome Ostracod was taken by Mr. 
Barnard at two places in Ovamboland, viz. Ukualuthi and Tamansu. 
Several specimens were collected at both places. 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 209 


FIG. 
. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


. Piece of anterior extremity of valve, more highly magnified, to show fine 


oot SD OH 


ID OP 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Puate XXI. 


Pseudocypris gibbera n. sp. 


denticulation of the edge. 


. Shell seen dorsally. 
. Left valve of another specimen, viewed from inner face, showing strongly 


marked inner duplicature. 


. Posterior antenna. 

. Outer part of maxilla. 
. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. 

. Posterior leg. 

. Caudal ramus. 


Herpetocypris oblonga n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 

. Same, dorsal view. 

. Anterior extremity of shell, seen from right side and more strongly magnified. 
. Caudal ramus. 


Megalocypris brevis n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Posterior extremity of valve more highly magnified, showing the fine denticula- 


tions of the edge below. - 


. Posterior antenna (basal part not fully drawn). 
. Left maxilliped of male. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Right copulatory appendage. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


Puate XXII. 
Pseudocypris gibbera n. sp. 


. Male, frontal view of shell, to show its ventral aplanation. 
. Left valve, seen from inner face, showing the corresponding coecal tube of the 


intestine and the spermatic vessels. 


. Piece of anterior part of a valve, more highly magnified, to show the fine denticu- 


lation of the edge. 


. Prehensile palp of right maxilliped. 

. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Left copulatory appendage with part of adjoining right appendage. 
. Ejaculatory tube. 


210 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Pseudocypris circularis n. sp. 


8. Adult female, dorsal view. 
9. Left valve of same specimen seen from outer face. 
10. Maxilla (without the vibratory plate). 
11. Anterior leg. 
12. Caudal ramus. 


Sclerocypris exserta n. sp. 


13. Right valve of adult male seen from inner face, showing the corresponding 
coecal tube of the intestine and the spermatic vessels. 

14. Right maxilliped of male. 

15. Palp of left maxilliped. 

16. Copulatory appendage. 

17. Right valve of an immature specimen seen from inner face, showing the peculiar 
armature of the free edge. 

18. Piece of anterior part of same valve more highly magnified. 


Sclerocypris major un. sp. 
19. Adult male, viewed from left side. 
20. Right maxilliped. 
21. Palp of left maxilliped. 
22. Copulatory appendage. 


Puate XXIII. 
Sclerocypris exserta n. sp. 
1. Adult female, viewed from right side. 


2. Same, dorsal view. 
3. Caudal ramus. 


Sclerocypris major n. sp. 
4, Adult female, viewed from right side. 


5. Same, dorsal view. 
6. Caudal ramus. 


Cypridopsis aldabrae G. W. Miller 


7. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
8. Same, dorsal view. 

9. Palp of right maxilliped of male. 
10. Left maxilliped. 
11. Copulatory appendages. 
12. Ejaculatory tube. 


Cypridopsis punctata n. sp. 


13. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
14. Same, dorsal view. 
15. Caudal ramus. 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 211 


whee 


OF ON es 


PLATE XXIV. 


Sclerocypris superba n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 


Same, dorsal view. 


. Maxilliped of male. 
. Copulatory appendage. 


Caudal ramus. 
Herpetocypris ovularis n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from right side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 
. Piece of anterior part of right valve seen from inner face, showing the arrange- 


ment of the marginal tubercles. 


. Right maxilliped of male. 
. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Copulatory appendages. 

. Caudal ramus. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


Stenocypris fascigera n. sp. 


. Adult female, viewed from left side. 
. Same, dorsal view. 

. Maxilliped of male. 

. Copulatory appendage. 

. Caudal rami. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


Puate XXV. 
Afrocypris barnardi g. et sp. n. 


. Adult female, seen from left side. 


Same, dorsal view. 


. Piece of anterior part of right valve from inner face, to show the double striated 


rims. 
Anterior antenna. 


. Posterior antenna. 


Mandible with palp. 
Maxilla with vibratory plate. 


. Maxilliped. 

. Anterior leg. ‘ 

. Posterior leg. 

. Extremity of same leg, more highly magnified. : 

. Posterior part of body seen from left side, with caudal ramus and genital lobe. 
. Left valve of adult male with enclosed body (right valve removed), to show the 


several appendages in situ and the translucent ejaculatory tubes, as also 
the arrangement of the spermatozoids within the body. 


. Right maxilliped of male. 

. Palp of left maxilliped. 

. Palp of right maxilliped from an immature male. 
. Copulatory appendage of adult male. 

. Ejaculatory tube. 


VOL. XX, PART 3. 16 


‘cr. Te 
negles ee 


o> a 
on 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


Plate XXI. 


‘ 
\ 
% 


Sey 


del. G. O. Sars. 


SOUTH-WEST AFRICAN OSTRACODA. 


Plate XXII. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G. O. Sars. 


SOUTH-WEST AFRICAN OSTRACODA. 


Plate XXIII. 


. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G. O. Sars. 


SOUTH-WEST AFRICAN OSTRACODA, 


Plate XXIV. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


del. G, O, Sars. 


SOUTH-WEST AFRICAN OSTRACODA. 


Plate XXV 


Mus., Vol. XX. 


S. Afr. 


Ann. 


my “ng 


eH, 


del. G. O. Sars. 


SOUTH-WEST AFRICAN OSTRACODA. 


( 213 ) 


4. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 


II: Crustacea Entomostraca, Phyllopoda. By K. H. Barnarp, 
M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.S.Afr., Assistant Director. 


(With Plate X XVI.) 


Tue following report contains records of 26 species, 12 of which are 
described as new. For the region under discussion there were pre- 
viously only 2 species recorded. This large increase in the fauna- 
list was only to be expected as but little collecting for these animals 
had been doneinthecountry. Yet further additions can be confidently 
expected. An analysis of the records shows that the middle section 
of the country, Damaraland, has fewer species than either of the other 
two sections, which cannot be regarded as expressing the real truth. 
It means probably that less collecting has been done there than 
elsewhere. From the Kaokoveld and Namib not one species has yet 
been recorded. 

Thus Great Namaqualand has 11 species, Damaraland 6, and 
Ovamboland 17. Ovamboland has been systematically searched 
during two seasons. 

In the proportion of new species Ovamboland easily comes first. 
Of the 17 species 10 are new. From Damaraland there is only 1 
new species and from Namaqualand 2 (1 of which is also found in 
Ovamboland). 

The fauna of Great Namaqualand strongly resembles that of Bush- 
manland, South of the Orange River, and the Western part of the 
Cape Province. It is characterised by such forms as Apus nama- 
quensis and Leptestheria rubidger. 

Ovamboland, on the other hand, with its 10 new species has a very 
distinctive and more subtropical facies. The presence of, e.g., Strepto- 
cephalus macrourus and Caenestheriella joubini indicates resemblance 
to the fauna of the Orange Free State and Transvaal. 

Several of the species are not only common to South Africa but 
widely distributed over the whole of Africa, e.g. Apus numidicus, 
Eulimnadia africana and Cyclestheria hislopi. 

Only 2 species are common to all three sections of South-West 
Africa: Apus numidicus and Branchipodopsis wolf. 


214 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Only the main references are given here, as I propose giving a full 
bibliography in my “ Revision of the Phyllopoda of South Africa.” 


NOTOPHYLLA Stebb. (=~NOTOSTRACA Sars). 
Family APODIDAE. 
Gen. Apus Schaefier. 


1756. Schaeffer, Monogr. d. krebsart. Kiefenfusse, p. 131. 

Two species, each with a varietal form, are found in South-West 
Africa. Both are widely distributed over the drier and desert areas 
of the whole of Africa. 


Apus numidicus Grube. 


1865. Grube, Arch. Naturg., vol. xxxi, p. 278, pl. xi, fig. 14 a, 6. 

1899. Sars, Arch. Naturv. Kristian., vol. xxi, No. 4, p. 15, 

pl. ui, figs. 1, 2 (trachyaspis). 

Carapace a little but distinctly longer (including posterior angles) 
than broad, usually (but not always) convex along whole lateral 
margin to posterior angle, smooth or sometimes in the largest specimens 
with minute granules ; denticles along posterior sinus, 34-50 ; number 
of apodous segments, 11-14 in 3, 9-12 in 9. 

A. trachyaspis can only be regarded as an occasional rough form of 
the typical numidicus. I intend to give the evidence, derived from the 
examination of a large amount of material from many localities, in 
a later paper. 

Length (from front of carapace to end of median keel).—Up to 
24 mm. (¢ and Q). ; 

Colour.—Amber coloured, often more or less olivaceous. 

Locality.— Great Namaqualand: Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 1916) ; 
Kalkfontein South (J. S. Brown, 1923). Damaraland: Gobabis 
(Miss Wilman, 1921); Ovamboland: Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 
1921); Ongka, N. of Ondongua; Onolongo and Uwuthija, 8.W. of 
Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


Apus namaquensis Richt. 


1886. Richters, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1886. 

1899. Sars, Arch. Naturv. Kristian., vol. xxi, No. 4, p. 6, pl. i, 
figs. 1-8 (namaquensis), and p. 12, pl.i, figs. 9-13 (sculleyz). 

1907. Thiele, 8.B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin., 190 T., No. 9, p. 290 
(elongatus). 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 215 


Carapace as broad as long, or only very slightly longer then broad, 
usually slightly concave near posterior angles, smooth or rough ; 
denticles along posterior sinus, 46-54; number of apodous segments, 
15-18 in 3g, 12-13 in 9. 

A. sculleyi is an occasional rough variety, corresponding with 
trachyaspis. 

Length (measured as above).—d 15 mm., 2 13 mm. 

Colour.—Amber coloured, more or less olivaceous. 

Locality. Great Namaqualand: Angra Pequena (Richters) ; 
Kalkfontein South (J. 8. Brown, 1923). 


Apus ovamboensis 0. sp. 


Carapace longer than broad, not concave near posterior angles, 
smooth ; posterior sinus narrow, longer than deep, with 32-36 denticles 
along its margin ; number of apodous segments, 6—7 in g, 5-6 in 2. 

Length (measured as above).—Up to 17 mm. 

Colour.—Horny coloured, more or less olivaceous. 

Locality —Ovamboland: Onambeke, Onolongo, and Uwuthia, 
S.W. of Ondongua; Ukualuthi, N.W. of Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 
1923). 

This species is at once distinguished from the other species by the 
shortness of the “tail’’; the length of the exposed segments not 
exceeding 2 the median length of the carapace, whereas in the other 
two species it is at least as long, usually considerably longer. It is 
perhaps nearest to abyssinicus Richt. (of which bottegor Prato is very 
probably a synonym), but has even fewer apodous segments than that 
species. In the 9 the number of apodous segments is more frequently 
5 than 6, and the characters are constant in ovigerous specimens 
from 7 mm. up to 17 mm. 


GYMNOPHYLLA Stebb. (=ANOSTRACA Sars). 
Family CHIROCEPHALIDAE Daday. 


Lower antennae of 3 2-jointed, their bases not fused. 


Gen. BRANCHINELLITES Daday. 


1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xii, p. 254. 
Frontal process of $ long, bifurcate. Lower antennae of 3 with 
a spinigerous process at lower anterior angle of Ist joint, 2nd 


216 Annals of the South African Museum. 


joint simple, rather strongly chitinised. Marsupium flask-shaped, 
moderately long. 


Branchinellites ondonguae n. sp. 
(Plate XX VI, fig. 1.) 


Moderately stout, abdomen (without cerci) shorter than rest of 
body, smooth. Cerci equal to last 4 abdominal segments together, 
both margins with plumose setae. Upper antenna slender, longer 
in@ than 3. Frontal process in 3 elongate, when stretched out equal 
to length of head and body, apically twice bifid; basal part with a 
proximal and distal group of large spines on each infero-lateral margin, 
2nd part as far as Ist bifurcation rather shorter than basal part, armed 
on ventro-lateral margins with spines of various sizes, apical part 
biramous, each ramus again biramous, these ramuli subequal in length, 
the inferior one entire (not cheliform as in other species), armed with 
spines of varying size. Lower antenna in ¢ 2-jointed, Ist joint with 
large spines on its anterior margin, distal anterior angle produced in 
an elongate, coiled process armed with spines on its inner surface, 
2nd joint curved, apically somewhat clavate. Lower antenna in 9 
slender, 6-7 times as long as broad, apically acute. Copulatory 
appendages of 3 very long, reaching to end of 7th abdominal segment, 
somewhat club-shaped, margin serrate. Marsupium reaching to end 
of 5th abdominal segment, flask-shaped, basally swollen, apically 
acute. 

Length (from front of head to base of cerci).—¢ and 2 up to 27 mm. 

Colour.— whitish, 2 greenish brown. 

Locality.—-Ovamboland: Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 1921) ; 
Ongka, N. of Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 1928). 


Family BRANCHIPODIDAE Daday. 


Lower antennae of ¢ 2-jointed, their bases fused into a strongly 
chitinised clypeus. Marsupium short, ovoid. 


Gen. Brancutpopopsis G. O. Sars. 


1898. G. O. Sars, Arch. Naturv. Kristian., vol. xx, No. 4, p. 26. 

A small clavate median process in g between the fused bases of 
lower antennae. Basal joint of lower antennae in ¢ with a conical, 
subconical, or digitiform process on inner anterior side; 2nd joint 
unciform, simple, curved inwards. 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 217 


Branchipodopsis wolfi Daday. 


1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xi, p. 304, fig. 52 az. 

Process of basal joint of lower antennae of ¢ with 2 apical tubercles. 
Last abdominal segment of 3 with 2 short spines below. 

Length.—3 up to 11 mm., 9 10 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent, marsupium cobalt blue. 

Locality.—Great Namaqualand: near Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 
1916); Damaraland: Waterberg (R. W. E. Tucker, 1920); Ovambo- 
land: Ongandjera (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


Branchipodopsis tridens Daday. 


1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xi, p. 308, fig. 53 a—h. 

Process of basal joint of lower antennae of ¢ with a strong conical 
tooth arising near base. Last abdominal segment of g with 2 short 
spines below. 

Length.—Up to 13 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent. 

Locality.—Great Namaqualand: near Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 
1916). 


Branchipodopsis simplex n. sp. 
(Plate XX VI, figs. 2, 3.) 


Process of basal joint of lower antenna of 3 conical, the dorsal edge 
keeled, with a subterminal notch. Median process between bases of 
antennae obsolete. Last abdominal segment of ¢ without spines 
below. 

Length.—8 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent, marsupium cobalt blue. 

Locality Ovamboland: Eunda (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


Branchipodopsis browni n. sp. 
(Plate X XVI, fig. 4.) 


Process of basal joint of lower antenna of $ subconical, with a small 
acute point on inner margin near apex ; oval flap near apex of basal 
joint larger than in any of the other species. Last abdominal segment 
of g with 2 short spines below. 

Length.—\0 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent. 


218 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Locality.— Great Namaqualand: Kalkfontein South (J. 8. Brown, 
1923). 

Although closely allied to hodgsoni and the other species of the 
genus, this form seems worthy of specific rank. The spines on last 
abdominal segment in ¢ differentiate it at once from hodgsont. 


Family STREPTOCEPHALIDAE Daday. 


Lower antennae of ¢ 3-jointed. Marsupium long and cylindrical. 
Only one genus, subdivided into 3 subgenera. 


Gen. STREPTOCEPHALUS Baird. 


1852. Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 20. 


Key to the species of Streptocephalus found in South-West Africa. 


Frontal process in ¢ very short (Streptocephalellus) . F papillatus Sars. 
Frontal process in 4 moderate (Streptocephalus). 
Frontal process with apex entire, pointed or obtuse. 
Cerci slender. : : : : : : macrourus Daday. 
Cerci stout : é . c . : . ovamboensis n. sp. 
Frontal process with apex bifid or emarginate. 
A serrate process between bases of frontal process 
and lower antenna é : : : : cafer Loven. 
No such process : 3 : : indistinctus n. sp. 
Frontal process in ¢ very long (Streptocephalopsis). 
Frontal process without lateral branches . : . proboscideus Frfld. 
Frontal process with lateral branches : : : cladophorus n. sp. 


The females of all species are so similar that rarely can an isolated 
female specimen be identified with certainty. 


Streptocephalus papillatus Sars. 
1905. G. O. Sars, Arch. Naturv. Kristian., vol. xxvu, No. 4, p. 4, 
plow: 

1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xi, p. 343, fig. 61. 

Abdominal segments in 3 with numerous small spines along lateral 
margins ; segment 6 with 2 large dorsal unciform recurved spines, 
segment 7 with 1 medio-dorsal rounded or subacute process; in 9 
all segments smooth. Cerci not long, in 3 falciform, the tips curved 
inwards, outer margin and basal half of inner margin with plumose 
setae, apex with simple spine-setae, distal half of inner margin with 
6-9 digitiform or spiniform processes which are apically setulose ; 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 219 


in 2 straight or slightly falciform, both margins with plumose setae. 
Frontal process in 3 very short, deflexed, apex often slightly bifid. 
Lower antenna in 3 very long, appendage of Ist joint rather stout, 
apically blunt, 2nd joint with numerous spiniform processes on 
posterior margin, 3rd joint bifurcate, anterior prong elongate, tapering 
to an acute apex, with a stout bifid spiniform process near base on 
anterior margin, and numerous small digitiform papillae scattered 
along its whole length, posterior prong elongate, tapering, but not 
so acutely pointed as anterior prong, with numerous digitiform papillae 
scattered along its whole length, and an uncinate process on inner 
posterior margin near base. Lower antenna in 9 broadly ovate with 
a minute apical point. 

Length.—3 21 mm., 9 17 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent. 

Locality.—Great Namaqualand: Kalkfontein South (J. 8. Brown, 
1923). 


Streptocephalus macrourus Daday. 


1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xi, p. 383, fig. 76. 

Abdominal segments smooth. Cerciin ¢ elongate, slender, filiform, 
outer margin with short plumose setae, basal half of inner margin 
of rather longer plumose setae, near base thickly aggregated like a brush, 
distal half of inner margin with rather widely spaced spine-setae of 
unequal lengths ; in 9 shorter and stouter than in g, both margins with 
long plumose setae. Frontal process in $ rather long, deflexed, apex 
subacutely pointed. Lower antenna in ¢ short, filamentous appendage 
of basal joint tapering to a pointed apex, 2nd joint without any flap- 
like or spiniform processes, 3rd joint bifurcate anterior prong spoon- 
shaped at base, with acute tooth on anterior margin, bifurcate, anterior 
process elongate, angularly bent, tapering to a fine point, posterior 
process shorter, straight, 2 blunt teeth between the two processes, 
posterior prong curved, with basal lobe-like tooth and subacute 
apex. Lower antenna in 9 oblong. 

Length.—$ 15-22 mm., 2 18-20 mm. 

Colour.—J translucent or often pale sea-green, 9 usually violet ; 
cerci especially in 2 bright orange or red. 

Locality.x—Ovamboland: widely distributed numerous localities 
(K. H. Barnard, 1923). 

Originally recorded from Bloemfontein. The S.A. Museum has 
specimens also from Kimberley and the Transvaal. This species is 
closely related to the Soudanese witrews (Brauer). 


220 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Streptocephalus ovamboensis ni. sp. 


Abdominal segments smooth. Cerci stout, straight, both margins 
with long plumose setae. Frontal process in ¢ strong, deflexed, 
reaching half way along basal joint of lower antenna, apically obtuse 
and entire. Lower antenna in ¢ long, basal joint with slender, taper- 
ing appendage, 2nd joint with digitiform processes on anterior margin 
near first bend and on inner margin between first and second bends, 
ord joint bifurcate, anterior prong elongate, bifurcate, anterior process 
elongate, slender, angularly bent, tapering to a fine point, the anterior 
margin serrate distally, and with a short pointed tooth basally, 
posterior process shorter, apically clavate, between the two processes 
a slender tooth-like process, posterior prong strongly arcuate (but not 
angularly bent) with a deep sinus beyond the basal spoon-like portion. 
Lower antenna in 2 oblong-ovate. 

Length.—3 18 mm., 2 16 mm. 

Colour.—¢ translucent, 2 light brownish, cerci especially in 2 bright 
orange. 

Locality.x—O vamboland: Ukualonkathi (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 

This species is close to torvicornis (Waga) and its varieties (especially 
var. bucheti Daday), but distinct in the narrow tooth between the 
anterior and posterior processes of the anterior prong of 3rd joint of 
antenna. This character appears to be quite constant, and I have seen 
exactly similar specimens from Gordonia and Hanover in the Cape 
Province. The digitiform processes on 2nd joint, however, vary in 
number considerably. 


Streptocephalus cafer (Loven). 


1847. Loven, K. Vet. Ak. Handl. for 1845, p. 433, pl. v, figs. 1-20. 

1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xi, p. 392, fig. 79 a-g. 

Abdominal segments smooth. Cerci not very long, in g more or 
less falciform, outer margin and basal half of inner margin with long 
plumose setae, distal half of inner margin with spine setae which 
project vertically upwards; in Q straight, both margins with long 
plumose setae. Frontal process in 3 rather long, deflexed, apex more 
or less deeply bifid, sometimes with a small tooth in the notch. Lower 
antenna in ¢ stout, lst joint with elongate, tapering filamentous 
appendage near apex, and a lanceolate flap-like process with serrate 
edge at extreme base on inner side ; 2nd joint short, inner surface and 
lower margin at lower bend with a varying number of lamellate 
or spiniform processes ; 3rd joint bifurcate, basally swollen, anterior 
prong bifurcate, with spoon-like expansion at base, anterior process 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 221 


long, angularly bent, apically acute, posterior process short and acute, 
a small tooth between the two processes, posterior prong with spoon- 
like basal expansion, whose apex forms a tooth followed by a notch, 
distal part of prong compressed, angularly bent, apically acute. 
Lower antennae in 2? oblong, ovate, with a small apical point. 

Length.— 3 up to 17 mm., 2 up to 14 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent. 

Locality.—Great Namaqualand: Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 1916) ; 
Damaraland: Otjiwarongo (R. W. E. Tucker, 1920). 


Streptocephalus indistinctus n. sp. 


Abdominal segments smooth. Cerci straight, both margins with 
rather stout, plumose setae. Frontal process in 3 moderately long, 
deflexed, apex slightly emarginate. Lower antenna in ¢ short, basal 
joint with moderately long, apically subacute appendage, 2nd joint 
short with a variable series of lamellate processes along inner surface, 
5rd joint bifurcate, basal posterior angle more or less conically pro- 
jecting, anterior prong bifurcate, somewhat spoon-shaped basally, 
anterior process elongate, slender, angularly bent, apically acute, 
posterior process short, acute, a small blunt tooth between the two 
processes, posterior prong slender, angularly bent, apically acute. 
With a blunt lobe-like tooth on anterior margin. Lower antenna in 
2 oblong, with a minute apical point. 

Length.—3 18 mm., 2 14 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent, more or less violet, cerci orange. 

Locality.— Great Namaqualand: Kalkfontein South (J. 8. Brown, 
1923); Ovamboland: Onolongo, and Onambeke, 8.W. of Ondongua 
(K. H. Barnard, 1923); Ongka, N. of Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 
1923); Umtekwa, near Tamansu (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 

This species differs from distinctus Th. from Madagascar, in the 
cerci not having finely tapering filiform apices set with spinules. 
The specimens are fully developed (I have 33 and ovigerous 99 also 
from the Transvaal), and the form seems worthy of specific rank 
although so closely allied to distinctus. 


Streptocephalus proboscideus (Frfld.). 


1873. Frauenfeld, Vert. k.k. Zool. bot. Gesell. Wien., vol. xxi, 
p. 189. 

1910. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol. xi, p. 395, fig. 80. 

Abdominal segments smooth. Cerci not very long, both margins 


222 Annals of the South African Museum. 


in both sexes with long plumose setae. Frontal process in ¢ long, 
reaching lower bend of 2nd joint of lower antenna, apex bifid, lower 
margin with numerous flexible spine-like processes diminishing in 
size distally, and varying in number and size. Lower antenna of 3 
about half length of body, moderately stout, appendage filamentous, 
tapering to a point; 2nd joint elongate, usually with spiniform 
appendages at the upper bend, and with spiniform or lamellate 
processes on inner surface at lower bend (these processes very variable) ; 
5rd joint bifurcate, the prongs about equal in length, anterior prong 
bifurcate, the anterior process long, sharply pointed, the posterior one 
short and acute, a small blunt tooth between them, the posterior 
prong curved, inner margin sharp with 2 strong teeth at base, distal 
part bent at right angles, tapering to an acute point. Lower antennae 
in 2 ovate, apically rounded, with or without a minute apical point. 

Length.—3 up to 19 mm., 2? up to 15 mm. 

Colour.—Translucent, cerci orange. 

Locality Damaraland: Gobabis (Miss Wilman, 1921); Ovambo- 
land: Onambeke, 8.W. of Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 

Originally recorded from the Soudan (Khartoum). In the South 
African Museum there are specimens from several other South African 
localities outside the region here discussed. 


Streptocephalus cladophorus n. sp. 


Abdominal segments smooth. Cerci in both sexes short, rather 
stout, both margins with long plumose setae. Frontal process in $ 
very elongate, almost as long as lower antenna, with 2 apical branches 
and a lateral one, posterior (lower) margin of main trunk and branches 
with spiniform processes of varying length. Lower antenna in g 
rather long, filamentous process of basal joint rather stout, apically 
subacute, 2nd joint without flap-like processes, 3rd joint bifurcate, 
anterior prong spoon-shaped at base, bifurcate, anterior process long, 
curved, slender and tapering to a fine point, posterior process shorter, 
apically acute, bases of both processes rather broad, contiguous, 
without intervening tooth, posterior prong elongate, slender, arcuately 
curved, with small obscure tooth near base. Lower antenna in @ 
oblong, with small point on inner apical angle. 

Length.—Up to 14 mm. (¢ and 9). 

Colour.—Various shades of pale blue, blue-green, and violet; 2 
deeper in colour than 4, cerci bright orange. 

Locality —Ovamboland: widely distributed, numerous localities 
(K. H. Barnard, 1921 and 1923). 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 223 


This species resembles most nearly newmanni Th. from Central 
Africa in the shape of the frontal process in 3 ; in newmann, however, 
the apex is entire and the lateral branch biramous. 

This species and macrourus are the two commonest species in Ovambo- 
land. They are both beautifully coloured in life, but the present 
species exhibits a wonderful range of tints from a pale blue to a 
bright violet. 


CONCHOPHYLLA Stebb. (=~CONCHOSTRACA Sars). 
Family LIMNADIDAE. 


Head with frontal appendage. 17-32 pairs of legs, Ist and 2nd 
pairs in 3 prehensile. 


Gen. EutimnapiA Pack. 


1874. Packard, Rep. Peabody Ac. Sci., vol. vi, p. 55. 


Eulimnadia africana (Brauer). 


1877. Brauer, 8.B. Ak. Wiss. Wien., vol. Ixxv, p. 608, pls. vil, vill. 

Shell oval, thin, pellucid, growth-lines few and indistinct. 

Size.—¢ 8-5X5 mm., 99:57 mm. 

Colour.—Pale horny colour, more or less tinged with green. 

Locality—Great Namaqualand: near Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 
1916); Ovamboland: widely distributed (K. H. Barnard, 1921 
and 1923). 


Family CYCLESTHERIIDAE. 


Head without frontal appendage. Rostrum apically serrate, 
16 pairs of legs, Ist pair in g prehensile. Ist antenna simple, un- 
jointed. 

Gen. CYCLESTHERIA Sars. 


1887. G. O. Sars, Forh. Selsk. Kristian. 


Cyclestheria hislopr (Baird). 


1859. Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p.. 232, pl. lxiui, figs. 1, 10. 

Size.—4-5 mm. diameter. 

Colour.—Pale horn colour, more or less tinged with green. 

Locality.—Ovamboland: Uwuthija, Tamansu, Ukualuthi, Ukua- 
lonkathi (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


224 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Family LYNCEIDAE. 


Head without frontal appendage. Rostrum spatulate. 10-12 
pairs of legs, Ist (rarely also 2nd) pair in ¢ prehensile. 


Gen. Lynceus O. F. Miill. 


1776. O. F. Miller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., pp. xxvii, 199. 
Only the Ist pair of legs in 3 prehensile. 


Lynceus truncatus v. sp. 
(Plate X XVI, figs. 5-11.) 


Shell subcircular, shghtly deeper anteriorly, moderately tumid. — 
Eyes large, kidney-shaped, contiguous in front. Head behind eyes 
straight or slightly concave in side view. Rostrum prominent, with 
single median keel. In ¢ truncate, diamond-shaped in ventral view, 
the lateral keel of the fornix forming small but prominent spiniform 
projections. In Q also obliquely truncate but produced below some- 
what like a shovel, the lower margin convex and minutely denticulate. 
Prehensile hand of 3, oblong, longer than broad, whole inner margin 
with stout spines and numerous spine-setae, the latter often bifid, the 
longer of the 2 distal appendages somewhat club-shaped at apex. 
Posterior lamellae of 2 with 4 curved processes (as represented by 
Thiele for L. rotundus, 1907). 

Size.—Diameter 3 mm., thickness 1-8 mm. 

Colour.—Horny. 

Locality —Ovamboland: Ukualuthi (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


Lynceus bicarinatus n. sp. 
(Plate X XVI, figs. 12-15.) 


Shell subcircular, slightly deeper anteriorly, moderately tumid. 
Eyes not very large, kidney-shaped, contiguous in front. Head 
behind eyes nearly straight in side view. Rostrum with double 
median keel. Nearly similar in outline in both sexes, rather more 
convex in ¢ than Q, obliquely truncate, lateral keel of fornix not 
projecting. Ventral margin finely denticulate. Prehensile hand of 3 
subtriangular, widening distally, forming a distinct palm set with stout 
spines and finer spine-setae, finger equal to palm, the longer of the 
two distal appendages tapering distally. Posterior lamellae in 9 
with 4 curved processes (as In truncatus and rotundus). 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 225 


Size.—Up to diameter 8 mm., thickness, 455 mm. ‘The size is 
variable ; there are ovigerous 99 4 mm. in diameter up to 6 mm. 
The largest specimen 8 mm. isa ¢. 

Colour.—Horny, with slight greenish tinge. 

Locality.—Ovamboland: Ongka, Onambeke, Tamansu, and Ukua- 
luthi (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 

This species is close to the East African L. jeanneli Daday, 1913, 
but there are differences in the shape of the head, the prehensile hand 
of 3, and the rostrum has a double keel in both sexes in bicarinatus. 
In this latter character it resembles L. wahlbergi Loven. Only the 2 
of Loven’s species is known, but it has the rostrum far more dilated 
than in the present species. 


Family CAENESTHERIIDAE. 


Head without frontal appendage. Rostrum unarmed. 20-27 
pairs of legs, lst and 2nd pairs in ¢ prehensile, 9th and 10th pairs 
in 2 ovigerous. 


Gen. CAENESTHERIELLA Daday. 


1913. Daday, Math. es Termt. Ert. Budapest, 31. 
Rostrum acute in both sexes. Occipital process of head more or 
less acutely produced. 


Caenestheriella elizabethae (Sars). 


1898. G. ©. Sars, Arch: Naturv. Kristian., vol. xx,. No. 4, 
D2oo. plank: 

1915. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 9 ser., vol. xx, p. 175, fig. 37. 

Shell without an angle between dorsal and posterior margins. 
Puncturation aggregated into transverse lines with pellucid intervals. 

Size.—8 x 5 mm. 

Colour.—Yellowish. 

Locality— Damaraland : Windhoek (Daday). 


Caenestheriella goubint Daday. 


1915. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 9 ser., vol. xx, p. 148, fig. 29. 

Shell with dorsal and posterior margins forming an angle. 
Puncturation aggregated into transverse lines with pellucid intervals. 

Size.—T-5X 5 mm. 

Colour.—Yellowish or brownish, ova reddish. 


226 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Locality. —-Ovamboland: Ondongua (K. H. Barnard, 1921); 
Onolongo and Tamansu (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


Caenestheriella vidua Daday. 


1915. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 9 ser., vol. xx, p. 122, fig. 21. 

Shell with dorsal and posterior margins forming an angle. Punctura- 
tion dense and irregular, not aggregated into lines. 

Size.—6 x 4 mm. 

Colour.—Yellowish horn colour (as preserved). 

Locality.—Great Namaqualand: near Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 
1916); Kalkfontein South (J. 8. Brown, 1923). 


Gen. Eocyzicus Daday. 


1915. Daday, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, ser. 9, vol. xx, p. 190. 
Rostrum in ¢ broadly expanded, in 9 acute or subacute. Occipital 
process of head rounded quadrangular, not produced. 


Eocyzicus gigas u. sp. 
(Plate X XVI, figs. 16, 17.) 


Shell ovoid, dorsal margin passing imperceptibly into posterior 
margin. Punctae aggregated into larger closely-set punctae. Frontal 
margin of head concave, more soin § than 2. Rostrum in ¢ broadly 
expanded, oblong, the rostral angle obtuse, ¢.e. a line drawn along the 
lower margin of rostrum forms an obtuse angle with a line drawn along 
the frontal margin ; lower and hind margins subequal. Rostrum in 9 
subacute, the hind margin evenly convex. 20-21 pedigerous 
segments. Interior margin of hand of Ist and 2nd legs in ¢ witha 
deep notch. 

Size.-—13X 8-5 mm. 

Colour.—Horn colour with a greenish or olivaceous tinge. 

Locality —Ovamboland: Ukualuthi and Ukualonkathi (K. H. 
Barnard, 1925). 

This species is considerably larger than any of the other species of 
the genus. In the number of pedigerous segments and shape of shell 
it is closely allied to #. obliquus Sars from the Cape Province. The 
obtuse-angled rostrum of the g and the concave frontal margin in 
both sexes, form a ready means of distinguishing the two species. 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 227 


Family LEPTESTHERIIDAE. 


Head without frontal appendage. Rostrum armed with an apical 
spine. 20-27 pairs of legs, lst and 2nd in ¢ prehensile, 9-10th to 
15th pairs in 9 ovigerous. 


Gen. LEPTESTHERIA Sars. 


Rostrum in ¢ rounded, in 9 subacute. Occipital process of head 
produced. 


Leptestheria rubidger (Baird). 


1862. Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 148, pl. xv, figs. 3-30. 

1862. Baird, zbed., p. 148, pl. xv, figs. 5-5b (macgillivrayt). 

1898. G. O. Sars, Arch. Naturv. Kristian., vol. xx, No. 6, p. 11, 

1899. G. O. Sars, zbid., vol. xxi, No. 4, p. 23, pl. i. 

Sculpturing reticulate. 23 pedigerous segments. 

Size.—$ 115-5 mm., 2? 9x5 mm. 

Locality. Great Namaqualand: near Gibeon (R. W. E. Tucker, 
1916). 


Leptestherva brevirostris n. sp. 
(Plate XX VI, fig. 18.) 


Shell resembling that of L. rubsdgei, reticulate. Animal with 23 
pedigerous segments. Occipital process strongly produced backwards, 
acute. Rostrum very short, apically acute (9). 

Size.—4-5 X 2-5 mm. 

Colour.—Pale horny. 

Locality.—Damaraland: Waterberg (R. W. E. Tucker, 1920). 

Only two specimens of this form were collected, an ovigerous 2 
and a younger specimen. Both have the short rostrum and elongated 
occipital process which distinguishes them from rubidger and which 
seem to justify the institution of a new species. 


Leptestheria striatoconcha n. sp. 
(Plate XXVI, fig. 19.) 
Shell thin, pellucid, oblong-oval, hinge-line straight, forming dis- 
tinct angles with both anterior and posterior margins. Umbo fairly 


prominent. Growth-lines distinct, about 12, each with a row of fine 
VOL. XX PART a: 17 


228 Annals of the South African Museum. 


reflexed setules anteriorly ; these setules are much more numerous 
in the young. Sculpturing lineato-striate consisting of series of sub- 
continuous striae which are longitudinal anteriorly and in the middle 
of the shell, but become oblique and finally transverse to the lines of 
growth posteriorly. Animal closely resembling that of L. rubsdget. 
Shape of rostrum and occipital process similar; 22-23 pedigerous 
segments. Prehensile hand of ¢ similar to that of rubcdgez. 

Size.—Up to 9X 6 mm. 

Colour.—Horn coloured, ova salmon-pink. 

Locality —Ovamboland: widely distributed from Andoni north- 
wards to Eunda (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 

This species is at once distinguished from rubzdge: by the striated 
shell. It appears to be characteristic of Ovamboland ; I have not seen 
any specimens amongst the abundant material in the South African 
Museum from many parts of the Cape Province, Bushmanland, and 
Great Namaqualand. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 
FIG. 
. Branchinellites ondonguae n. sp. g Head with frontal process and one of 
the 2nd antennae. 
. Branchipodopsis simplex n. sp. 4 Lower antennae in dorsal view. 
. Branchipodopsis simplex n. sp. Lateral view of basal process. 
. Branchipodopsis browni n. sp. 
Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus truncatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus bicarinatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus bicarinatus n. sp. 
Lynceus bicarinatus n. sp. 
. Lynceus bicarinatus n. sp. 
. Hocyzicus gigas n. sp. 
. Hocyzicus gigas n. sp. Side view of head. 
. Leptestheria brevirostris n. sp. Side view of head. 
. Leptestheria striatoconcha n. sp. Lateral view of shell. 


— 


Lower antennae in dorsal view. 
Side view of head. 

Frontal view of head. 
Ventral view of rostrum. 
Side view of head. 

Frontal view of head. 
Dorso-frontal view of head. 
Hand of Ist leg. 

Side view of head. 

Frontal view of head. 
Frontal view of head. 
Hand of Ist leg. 

Side view of head. 


i 
HK SOOMAAMP Wh 


BSS eS i Oe i 
Oo co 1 SD oO FP WD b 
+0 tO Oy Os +0 Oy Ay Oy 4O 4O 40 Os OZ OS OY 


ae 
ae 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate X XVI. 


16. 17. 18. 


del. K.H.B, 
SOUTH-WEST AFRICAN PHYLLOPODA. 


( 231 ) 


5. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 


IIL: Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria. By K. H. Barnard, M.A., F.L.S., 
F.R.S.8.Afr., Assistant Director. (With four Text-figures.) 


This report contains descriptions of 6 new species of Terrestrial 
Isopods, all of which were obtained in Ovamboland during the course 
of the South African Museum expeditions. Only one previous author 
has dealt with the Woodlice of the South-West African region, namely, 
Budde-Lund in Schultze’s Forschungs Reise. Budde-Lund recorded 
7 species, so that the total now known, including a species listed 
but not named in this report, is 14.* 

It is not surprising that so few species have yet been discovered. 
A large part of the region is probably too dry. On the other hand, 
Ovamboland, during the wet season, is frequently flooded to such an 
extent that these animals are in danger of being exterminated by 
drowning. For example, at one locality after heavy rain numbers of 
Woodlice were found clinging to grass-stalks projecting above the 
water of a “ vlei”’ which would remain for a month or two. All these 
animals would undoubtedly have perished, and the area would have 
to be restocked from neighbouring unflooded areas. 

Small as it is, the collection is interesting. Periscyphops and 
Rhyscotus are genera not hitherto recorded from any part of South 
Africa, and represent a southerly extension of a tropical element. 


Family ONISCIDAE. 
Gen. PEriscypHops Hilg. 
Periscyphops kunenensis n. sp. 

Surface smooth, minutely granulate. Head continuous with 
epistome, which is slightly produced in a rounded convexity, but with 
a short keeled margin in front of eyes. Under side of lst peraeon 

* Since this was in print the paper by Panning in Beitr. Kenntn. Land- 
Siissw. Fauna §8.W. Afrikas (Hamburg) has come to hand. Panning records 


12 further species. Two of these (Deto echinata and acinosa) are synonymous, so 
that the total number of species recorded for this region is 25. 


232 Annals of the South African Museum. 


segment with a slight ridge. Posterior angles of 5th pleon segment 
converging slightly. Telson with sides strongly concave, tapering to 
a narrowly rounded apex. 

Second antenna with 5th joint 14 times 4th, flagellum with suture 
between 2nd and 3rd joints very obscure. Uropod with peduncle 
reaching to about same level as apex of telson, outer posterior angle 
shorter than inner, endopod reaching almost to apex of telson. 

Size.—8 x 2:75 mm. 

Colour.—Dark slaty-grey, with or without a light spot laterally on 
each peraeon segment, but always with several smaller light spots 
arranged more or less in 2 rows dorsal to the position of the larger 
spots ; first 3 joints of 2nd antennae, and the legs pale ; uropods pale 
orange. 

Locality—Ovamboland: Kunene River, near Erikson’s Drift 
(K. H. Barnard, 1923) ; Mafa, N. of Ondongua (R. F. Lawrence, 1923). 

The larger lateral light spots are absent in the specimens from Mafa. 


Gen. Cusaris Brdt. 
Cubaris ovampoensis 0X. sp. 
(Text-fig. 1.) 
Whole surface finely granulate, lateral rugae on peraeon segments 


moderately distinct. Hpistome evenly convex above, concave below 
for the reception of 2nd antennae. Telson broader than long, apical 


Fic. 1.—Cubaris ovampoensis n. sp. Telson and uropods. 


margin straight, lateral margins concave, at base slightly gibbous with 
a short longitudinal median groove. Lateral margin of Ist peraeon 
segment grooved along its entire length ; second segment with strong 
tooth internally. 

Second antenna minutely scabrous, 2nd joint of flagellum nearly 
3 times length of Ist. Uropod longer than broad, exopod. 

Size.—Up to 6x 2-5 mm. 

Colour.—Slaty-grey, with lighter reticulation on head, and trans- 
verse rows of light lines laterally. 

Locality —Ovamboland: Namakunde (K. H. Barnard, 1923) ; 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 233 


Kunene River, near Erikson’s Drift (R. F. Lawrence, 1923) ; Ongand- 
jera (R. F. Lawrence, 1928). 


Cubaris (Diploexochus) quadrimaculatus B-L. 
1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. ii, p. 54, 


pl. v, figs. 1-7. 
Locality. Namaqualand : Keetmanshoop (Budde-Lund). 


Cubaris (Diploexochus) longipes B-L. 
1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. 11, p. 55, 
pl. v, figs. 8-11. 
Locality.— Damaraland : Okahandja (Budde-Lund). 


Gen. Nrampia B-L. 
Niambia pallida B-L. 


1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. u, 
p. 61, pl. vi, figs. 26—28. 
Locality. —_ Namaqualand: Kubub and Possession Island (Budde- 
Lund). Also in Little Namaqualand. 


Niambia truncata (Brdt.). 
1833. Brandt, Conspectus, p. 19. 
1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. u, 
p. 60, pl. vi, figs. 4-14. 
Locality.— Damaraland: Rooibank, near Walfish Bay (Budde-Lund). 
Also in Little Namaqualand and the Cape Province. 


Niambia modesta B-L. 
1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. u, 
p. 62, pl. vi, figs. 32-34. 
Locality.—Damaraland : Grootfontein (Budde-Lund). 


Niambia flavescens n. sp. 
(Text-fig. 2.) 

Surface with squamose setae. Ocellica. 10. Second antenna with 
4th joint scarcely longer than 3rd. Pleura of 5th pleon segment 
extending beyond apex of telson. Telson much shorter than broad, 
lateral margins concave, dorsal surface concave. Exopod of Ist 


234 Annals of the South African Museum. 


pleopod in both ¢ and 9 apically rounded and entire. Peduncle of 
uropod extending beyond posterior angle of pleurum of 5th pleon 
segment, exopod stout subequal to (but not longer than) peduncle, 
endopod reaching to end of peduncle. 

Size.—8 X 3 mm. 

Colour.—Pale slaty-grey, with pale yellowish markings, antennae 
and legs pale. 

Locality—Ovamboland : Ondongua, Ongka, Namakunde, and Ukua- 
lonkathi (K. H. Barnard and R. F. Lawrence, 1923). 

The following two species are typical members of the genus Niambia 


e 


b. 


Fie. 2.—Niambia flavescens n. sp. a, telson and 
uropods ; b, exopod of Ist pleopod ¢. 


except that the spines on the outer branch of the Ist maxilla are all 
entire and not partly bifid. This seems a character of minor import- 
ance, but as it has been relied upon by Budde-Lund, I place these two 
species temporarily in Niambia pending a thorough investigation of 


the numerous Niambia-like forms found in South Africa, which I hope 
to undertake shortly. 


Niambia (2) griseo-flavus nu. sp. 
(Text-fig. 3.) 


Surface minutely granulate. Ocelli ca. 10. Second antenna with 
4th joint scarcely longer than 3rd. Pleura of 5th pleon segment 


ike 


Fie. 3.—Niambia (?) griseo-flavus n. sp. a, telson and 
uropods ; b exopod of Ist pleopod g. 


Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 235 


' projecting considerably beyond apex of telson. Telson scarcely as 
long as broad, margins concave, dorsal surface concave. Exopod 
of Ist pleopod apically rounded and entire. Peduncle of uropod 
exceeding posterior angle of pleuron of 5th pleon segment, exopod 
stout, shorter than peduncle, endopod not reaching apex of peduncle. 

Size.—10 x 3-5 mm. 

Colour.—-Pale slaty-grey, with pale yellow markings, the yellow 
sometimes predominating on the head and peraeon, so that the animal 
appears quite light in colour, antennae and legs pale. 

Locality. Ovamboland: Andoni (K. H. Barnard, 1923). 


Niambia (2) longicauda n. sp. 
(Text-fig. 4.) 


Surface minutely granulate. Ocelli ca. 10. Second antenna with 
4th joint distinctly longer than 3rd. Pleura of 5th pleon segment 
shorter than apex of telson. Telson almost as long as broad, lateral 


/ R 
ne C\ | 


Fic. 4.—Niambia (?) longicauda n. sp. a, telson and uropods ; 
b, exopod of Ist pleopod ; c, of 2nd pleopod @. 


margins strongly concave, tapering to an acute apex. Exopod of 
Ist pleopod apically rounded, outer margin excised. Peduncle of 
uropod extending almost to apex of telson, exopod stout, subequal 
to peduncle, endopod reaching apex of peduncle. 

Size.—5 X 2 mm. 

Colour.—Slaty-grey, with pale markings, antennae and legs pale. 

Locality.—Ovamboland: Andoni (K. H. Barnard, 1923) ; Damara- 
land: Sandup, between Otjikoto and Namutoni (K. H. Barnard, 
1923). 


Gen. Ruyscorus B-L. 
Rhyscotus bicolor n. sp. 


Surface regularly, but somewhat sparsely, granulate, including the 
epistome. Eyes with ca. 14 ocelli. Postero-lateral angles of peraeon 


236 Annals of the South African Museum. 


segments 1-3 rounded, of segments 4 and 5 subquadrate, of 6 and 7 - 
acute. Telson short, margins rather strongly concave, apex acute. 
Second antenna with 5th joint distinctly but not greatly longer than 
4th, flagellum equal to 4th joint. Ungues of peraeopods simple, 
without vesicle. Endopod of uropod only very slightly shorter than 
peduncle, exopod longer than peduncle. 

Size.—l11x 4 mm. 

Colour.—Slaty-grey, head and peraeon obscurely marked with more 
or less longitudinal light spots, postero-lateral angles of peraeon 
segments and peduncle of uropod pale yellow, 1st and 2nd joints of 
2nd antenna and the legs pale, pleopods grey, exopod of uropod grey 
or pale yellow. 

Locality—Ovamboland: Kunene River, near Erikson’s Drift 
(K. H. Barnard, 1923); Ongandjera (R. F. Lawrence, 1923). 

This species is very near to R. globiceps B-L. from the Congo, 
especially in the coloration, but differs in certain details. 


Aphiloscia sp. 


Specimens of a species of this genus were also obtained in Ovambo- 
land, but are somewhat defective. I reserve the description of these 
until I can deal with the representatives from other parts of South 
Africa. 


Family LIGIIDAE. 
Gen. Lieta. 
Ingia dilatata Brat. 


1833. Brandt, Conspectus, p. 10. 

1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. ui, p. 64. 

Locality.—Namaqualand: Liideritz Bay (Budde-Lund). Also 
Cape Peninsula. 


Family TYLIDAE. 
Gen. TyLos. 
Tylos granulatus Krss. 


1843. Krauss, Siidafr. Crust., p. 64, pl. iv, fig. 5. 

1909. Budde-Lund in Schultze, Forsch. Reise Siidafr., vol. 11, p. 70. 

Locality —Namaqualand: Anichab, Liideritz Bay and Prince of 
Wales Bay (Budde-Lund). Also on Cape Peninsula. 


ti Mat umn the eae a the 


: SR f 


aa "7 
- 
= 


: 


Sy 


( 237 ) 


6. The South African Species of the Molluscan Genus Onchidella. 
By Huexu Watson, M.A. 


(With Plates XX VII-XXXII and 1 Text-figure.) 


CONTENTS. 
PAGE PAGE 
INTRODUCTION . 238 | DicustivE System 261 
EXTERNAL FEATURES . . 239 Buccal Mass ; 5, Bil 
Size j . 239 Buccal Retractors and  Pro- 
General Form . . 240 tractors 264 
Dorsal Surface 240 Jaw 265 
Ventral Surface 5 OMA Radula 266 
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN AND ITS ee a C Aue 
G@ounng 243 esophagus an LOD 269 
Ep; : Stomach and Intestine 270 
pidermis . 243 Li 
Dermis . 245 oy 273 
Marginal Glands . 246 | Repropuctive System 274 
Pedal Gland . 947 Hermaphrodite Gland and TD ynet 
d V ; d 
Lune, KipNEy, AND PERICARDIUM 247 a pslowls semiinalis 2 es 
Spermoviduct and age 
Lung . 249 
5 Glands . 274 
Kidney . 249 
Oviduct, Receptaculum seminis, 
Ureter 250 
Poricardi 251 and Vagina and its Gland 278 
evry ae Vas deferens and Penis 280 
VASCULAR SysTEM 202 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE Forms 
Heart : 252 hear 
jane 5 OF Onchidella FOUND AT THE 
rterial System : 3 Cicom |) 289 
Venous System BEM onensdella pulsielay naar 282 
Nervous SystEM 255 Onchidella capensis, n. sp. 283 
Cerebral Ganglia and Nereoe 255 Onchidella capensis var. pauci- 
Buccal Ganglia and Nerves 256 dentata, n. var. 284 
Heoal Canela) aad’ Nemes. i 257 | ApRINITIES BETWEEN THE SPECIES 
Pleural and Visceral Ganglia an : On OME AES DG Ae 
Nerves pa CAPE AND IN OTHER ParRTs OF 
SENSE ORGANS 259 THE WORLD 285 
Tentacles, Eyes, and Tee Bales 259 Mutual Relations of the Rorma 
Otocysts é . 259 found at the Cape and in South- 
Osphradium 259 West Africa 285 


VOL. XX, PART 4, 


Ht 


(2) 


238 Annals of the South African Museum. 


PAGE PAGE 
Resemblances and Differences be- Factors determining Distribution 293 
tween the Cape Species and Probable Causes of the Wide 
those found elsewhere . . 286 Distribution of Onchidella - 295 
Dr. Dall’s subdivision of Onchi- 
ALPHABETICAL List oF THE KNOWN 
della . : : : . 290 : 
SPECIES OF Onchidella, WITH 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 
REFERENCES 5 5 5 aol 
THE GENUS . : : . 291 
Misconceptions caused by Narrow EXPLANATION OF PLATES . . 305 
Views on Distribution . . 291 
INTRODUCTION. 


THE genus Onchidella Gray * (=Oncidiella Fischer and Crosse 7) 
includes several small slugs, which are found on the seashore, although 
there can be little doubt that they are correctly placed in the Pul- 
monata. The number of known species of Onchidella is not very 
great, but the genus has a remarkably wide geographical distribution, 
occurring in such distant regions as Cornwall, Tierra del Fuego, 
Alaska, and New Zealand. In 1882 Semper recorded the presence 
of the genus on the West Coast of Africa, and in 1893 Plate described 
Onchidella accrensis from the Gold Coast, and O. maculata from Angra 
Pequena, in what was then German South-West Africa.§ Hitherto, 
however, no species of Onchidella have been known to occur in the 
Cape Province. It is true that in 1878 Fischer and Crosse stated 
that “ Oncidiella marginata Couthouy” was from “Il Afrique 
australe’; || but this was probably an error. As von Wissel has 
already remarked, it is unlikely that this South American species 
occurs also in Africa, and both Collinge and Connolly omit O. margi- 
nata from their lists of the South African forms.** In 1900, however, 
some small slugs which Dr. Purcell had found at Green Point, near 
Cape Town, were identified by Collinge as Onchidiwm peront Cuv., a 
member of a genus closely allied to Onchidella.ty 


* Vig. Moll. Anim., vol. iv, 1850, p. 117. 

+ Mission Scient. au Mexique et dans lAmér. Centr., Zool., pt. 7, vol. i, 
1878, p. 687. 

{ Reisen im Arch. der Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, p. 284. 

§ Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, pp. 201, 203. It is possible that 
O. pachyderma Plate (ibid., p. 204) is also a West African species, from Victoria 
in the Cameroons. (See Bretnall, Records of the Australian Museum, vol. xu, 
1919, p. 328.) 

|| Op. cit., p. 696. 

{ Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 586. 

** Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. ii, 1901, p. 235; vol. xi, 1912, p. 225. 

ti Ibid., vol. ii, 1900, p. 7. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 239 


Through the kindness of the late Dr. Péringuey and Dr. K. H. 
Barnard, and of Major M. Connolly, I have had the opportunity of 
examining, not only some of the specimens identified by Collinge, 
but also certain other slugs belonging to the Onchidiidae, collected by 
the late Mr. Lightfoot at St. James, False Bay, and by Dr. Barnard 
at Sea Point, near Cape Town, and in Buffels Bay, near Cape Point. 
Most of these specimens form a part of the collections of the South 
African Museum. All of them, including those found by the late 
Dr. Purcell, prove, on careful examination, undoubtedly to belong to 
the genus Onchidella. They appear, however, to constitute two new 
species, which differ in certain anatomical details from O. maculata 
and O. accrensis Plate, as well as from O. marginata (Couth. and 
Gould), and other species of which the anatomy has been described 
by von Wissel. One of the new species, which I am naming Onchidella 
pulchella, is represented only by the specimens found by Mr. Lightfoot 
at St. James. The other, to which I am giving the name O. capensis, 
comprises the specimens collected by Dr. Purcell and Dr. Barnard. 
The examples of this species from Buffels Bay, however, differ some- 
what from those found nearer Cape Town, both in their external 
appearance and in their radula; and I am therefore placing these 
specimens in a distinct variety, which I am naming O. capensis var. 
paucidentata. 

Although these two species can be easily distinguished from each 
other without any dissection, they are evidently very closely related 
forms, being remarkably similar in most of the features of their 
anatomy. Therefore, in order to avoid much needless repetition, it 
will be convenient to describe them together, and then to give a 
summary of those characters which separate the two species. 


EXTERNAL FEATURES. 


Size.—Onchidella pulchella and O. capensis are smaller than most 
members of the genus. Indeed, few naked Pulmonates known to 
science are smaller than O. pulchella, fully-grown spirit specimens of 
this species measuring only about 5-8 mm. in length, 3-6 mm. in 
breadth, and 2-5 mm. in height in the middle. The largest specimen 
of O. capensis that I have seen is one from Green Point, near Cape 
Town, which measures 7-5 mm. in length, 5-9 mm. in breadth, and 
3-5 mm. in height. Specimens of this species from Sea Point are 
slightly smaller, though full-grown. The largest example of the 
variety paucidentata from Bufiels Bay measures 5:8 mm. in length, 


240 Annals of the South African Museum. 


4-9 mm. in breadth, and 3-5 mm. in height, but it is somewhat 
contracted. 


General Form.—Both species are oval in outline, rounded above and 
flattened beneath. O. pulchella is narrower, however, than O. capensis, 
as may be seen from the figures on Plate XXVII, and from 
the measurements given above. The back is strongly arched, especi- 
ally in O. capensis. In the less contracted specimens, particularly of 
O. pulchella, the anterior end of the animal is higher in proportion 
to its breadth than is the posterior end; but the difference is not 
always as great as that which will be seen on comparing the figures 
of transverse sections near the anterior end on Plate XXIXa with 
those of sections near the posterior end on Plate XXXa. 


Dorsal Surface (Plate X XVII, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5).—The entire dorsal 
surface is formed by the mantle, which extends over the whole of the 
back, including the top of the head. It bears numerous small papillae 
irregularly scattered over its surface. These papillae vary greatly in 
size, the larger ones having others between them so small that they 
can only be discerned under a strong lens. The larger papillae are 
better developed in O. pulchella than in O. capensis, where they are 
more flattened; but in the variety paucidentata from Buffels Bay 
they are rather more prominent than in typical specimens of O. capensis 
from near Cape Town. 

Round the edge of the mantle there is a series of small swellings, 
which are much more prominent in O. pulchella than in O. capensis. 
These correspond to the large pallial glands to be described later. 
They are rather better developed towards the posterior end of 
the animal than in front. There are about 22 of these swellings in 
O. pulchella and about 24 in O. capensis. When the mantle-edge 
is contracted they stand out as short vertical ridges with grooves 
between them. 

As in other species of Onchidella, there are no dorsal eyes, and, of 
course, no traces of a shell. 

The upper surface of the mantle in O. pulchella is rather dark grey 
with white patches (in specimens preserved in spirit). There is always 
an irregular white band along the middle of the back, and an irregular 
white patch on the right side a little behind the centre of the animal, 
that is to say, over the region of the pericardium. Just above the 
edge of the mantle there is a series of short vertical white stripes, each 
corresponding to one of the marginal swellings which mark the position 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 241 


of the large pallial glands. The apices of the larger dorsal papillae 
are also unpigmented, and there are usually a few additional small 
irregular white patches on the back, the number and position of which 
differ in every individual. 

In O. capensis the upper surface of the mantle (in specimens pre- 
served in spirit) is grey, generally of a rather dark shade, with very 
irregular, somewhat paler patches, chiefly situated towards the 
middle of the back. These lighter patches, however, are far less 
distinct than in O. pulchella, and are in some cases scarcely developed 
at all. The tops of the larger papillae are pale, but they are often 
surrounded by a dark ring. The marginal swellings are also of a 
pale colour, though the area of these unpigmented patches is smaller 
than in O. pulchella. In both species the extreme edge of the mantle 
is pale. 


Ventral Surface (Plate X XVII, figs. 3, 6).—The foot, which occupies 
the whole of the central part of the ventral surface, measures about 
4 by 2 mm. in O. pulchella and 4:5 by 2-5 mm. in O. capensis, in those 
specimens in which it is most expanded ; but when it is in a contracted 
condition it is usually much shorter. It is truncated in front, and 
very bluntly pointed at the hinder end in both species. The sole is 
generally crossed by a number of irregular and ill-defined grooves. 
The sides of the foot are scarcely 0-5 mm. in height, and tend to slope 
outwards towards the lower edges, as may be seen from the sections 
(Plates X XI XB and c, figs. 40-44). The opening of the pedal gland 
is situated above the anterior end of the sole. 

The head lies immediately in front of the foot, and bears on its 
lower surface a pair of broad labial palps. These lie somewhat 
obliquely, their outer ends being further back than their inner edges, 
which almost meet each other just in front of the mouth. They are 
seen in section in fig. 38 on Plate XXIXa. The mouth is situated rela- 
tively further back on the ventral surface of the head than in most 
Pulmonates. There is only a single pair of tentacles, which bear the 
eyes on their tips. They arise from each side of the very front of 
the head ; but in preserved specimens they are usually retracted into 
the head, as shown in fig. 36, their position being indicated by a pair 
of openings. The opening of the penis is on the side of the head 
about 0-7 mm. behind the right tentacle in both species, and just 
above the outer edge of the right labial palp (Plate XXIXa, fig. 38). 

The part of the lower surface which surrounds the foot and the 
head, and is known as the hyponotum, is flat, or even concave, 


242 Annals of the South African Museum. 


especially in O. pulchella, the mantle-edge forming an acute angle. 
It attains a breadth of about 1 mm. on each side in O. pulchella and 
of about 1-5 mm. in O. capensis. It is divided by a slight groove— 
the hyponotal line—into a broad outer part covered with minute 
papillae, and a narrow inner portion, about a quarter of the width 
of the outer part, and slightly more raised, but smooth without any 
papillae. Posteriorly the hyponotal lines of each side meet to form 
an angle behind the foot, the inner portion of the hyponotum being 
there broader in proportion to the outer papillated part (see Plate 
XXVII, figs. 3 and 6). On the other hand, in front of the head 
the smooth inner part disappears, the hyponotal line becoming con- 
fluent with the groove which separates the anterior surface of the 
head from the hyponotum in front of it. While the outer part of 
the hyponotum should probably be regarded as the under surface of 
the mantle-edge, it is perhaps possible that the inner portion corre- 
sponds to the sides of the body in the majority of Pulmonates. 

The opening of the mantle-cavity or lung is situated in the posterior 
angle formed by the hyponotal line, and is about 0-6 mm. from the 
edge of the mantle in O. pulchella and about 0-7 mm. in O. capensis. 
The anus or opening of the cloaca is also in the middle line; it is 
0-5 mm. in front of the opening of the lung, and is partly hidden by 
the posterior extremity of the foot. The female genital opening is 
obliquely in front and to the right of the anus, but close beside it. 
Both of these openings are situated in the posterior end of a well- 
marked ciliated groove, which begins in the middle line just behind 
the head and a little in front of the opening of the pedal gland, and 
passes at first outwards to the right and then backwards close to 
the inner edge of the hyponotum, beside the angle formed by the 
union of the hyponotum with the right side of the foot, until it 
eventually reaches the female genital opening and the anus at the 
hinder end of the animal. This groove is almost completely hidden 
by the edge of the foot, but it 1s shown in section in fig. 60 on 
Plate XXXI. It is bounded outwardly by a slight ridge, and its 
lining is usually thrown into narrow longitudinal folds. No corre- 
sponding ciliated groove is present on the left side of the animal. 

This groove occurs also in related forms, and was at one time 
thought to serve the purpose of a vas deferens, as is the case with 
a similar groove in certain more primitive groups.* But a separate 
vas deferens exists embedded in the skin, the presence of which in 


* Fischer and Crosse, for example, held this view (Mission Scient. au Mexique 
et dans ’ Amer. Centr., pt. 7, vol. i, 1878, p. 689). 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 243 


O. celtica (Cuv.*) was demonstrated by Joyeux-Laffuie forty years 
ago,t and which we shall see also occurs in the South African species. 
Plate has therefore suggested that this groove is retained by these slugs 
in order to serve on occasion for the conveyance of spermatozoa from 
the penis to the vagina for the purpose of self-fertilisation.{ While 
there is much to be said in favour of this suggestion, it should be 
emphasised that the groove does not begin in or near the opening of 
the penis, on the right side of the head, but in the middle between 
the mouth and the opening of the pedal gland, although its anterior 
end is doubtless within reach of the penis when that organ is fully 
exserted. 

The hyponotum is of a uniform pale whitish colour in O. pulchella 
and in O. capensis var. paucidentata; but in the typical form of 
O. capensis, while the greater part of the hyponotum is unpigmented, 
the hinder end beside the opening of the lung is of a grey colour. The 
foot is slightly tinged with yellow, especially in O. capensis. The 
head is more or less tinged with grey in both species. 


STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN AND ITS GLANDS. 


Epidermis.—The mantle is covered by a compact epithelium of 
rather deeply staining columnar cells, which measure about 0-013 mm. 
in height by 0-005 mm. in breadth, unless the skin is stretched out, 
when they become shorter and broader. Their nuclei are situated 
towards their inner ends, which are bluntly pointed. Their outer 
ends are distinctly convex, and are covered by a moderately thick 
cuticle, which is accordingly thrown into a multitude of minute con- 
vexities, each corresponding to a single epidermal cell. 

Scattered among these epithelial cells of the mantle other clear 
cells occur, either singly or in small circular groups of five, ten, or 
even more individual cells, the groups occurring chiefly on the apices 


* Although I am following the usual custom of ascribing this name simply to 
Cuvier, it might perhaps be more correct to write it thus : O. celtica ((Cuv.) Audouin 
and Milne-Edwards). For while Cuvier named the species as early as 1817 (Régne 
Animal, vol. ii, p. 411), he does not seem to have described it ; and it was not until 
1832 that Audouin and Milne-Edwards published an account of the habits of this 
species together with a very brief description of its external appearance (Recherches 
Hist. Natur. du Littoral de la France, vol. i, p. 118). Dall, however, ascribes the 
name to Forbes and Hanley (Alaska, vol. xiii, 1905, p. 112), although these authors 
ascribe it to Couch (Hist. Brit. Moll., vol. iv, 1853, p. 3). 

+t Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, p. 527. 

t Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 99. 


244 Annals of the South African Museum. 


of the smaller papillae. These are the cells which Joyeux-Lafiuie has 
termed “ special epithelial cells’? in Onchidella celttca (Cuv.).* They 
are larger than the ordinary epidermal cells described above, and are 
most often narrowly pear-shaped, their inner ends being the broadest. 
They have basal nuclei, and the remainder of the cell is uncoloured by 
such stains as haematoxylin or borax-carmine. When they occur in 
groups, the individual cells are separated by narrow supporting cells ; 
but the cuticle covering the group is flat, instead of being raised into 
the usual little convexities. 

These special epithelial cells are probably of the nature of uni- 
cellular glands, as suggested by Joyeux-Lafiuie and von Wissel,t 
although in sections no pores are visible in the overlying cuticle. 
The view that in this genus they form visual organs, even of the most 
rudimentary character, is rendered very improbable not only by their — 
structure but also by their occurrence in unpigmented as well as in 
pigmented areas of the skin and on the hyponotum as well as on the 
back, and by the fact that no nerves can be traced to them. It might 
be suggested, however, that these cells may possibly play some part 
in connection with the oxidation of the blood in the small veins that 
lie beneath them, for there can be no doubt that the mantle forms 
the respiratory organ of these slugs when the animals are under 
water. 

The epidermis of the broad outer part of the hyponotum is very 
similar to that of the upper surface of the mantle, although the 
groups of special epithelial cells may not always be quite so con- 
spicuous. On the other hand, the epidermis of the part of the 
hyponotum within the hyponotal line is composed of rather smaller 
cells, with a flat cuticle and nuclei which stain more deeply in com- 
parison with the cytoplasm. The epithelial cells lining the groove 
near the right side of the foot are strongly ciliate, the cilia measuring 
about 0-003 mm. in length in both of the species found at the Cape 
(Plate XX XI, fig. 60). 

The foot-sole is covered with slightly shorter cilia, borne by narrow 
cells, which vary somewhat in length, and usually touch one another 
only at their outer ends, their inner ends being irregularly pointed. 

The front of the head has a well-defined epidermis of short columnar 
cells, which measure about 0-01 mm. in length by 0-005 mm. in breadth. 
The cells composing the epidermis of the labial palps are longer and 
narrower, with elongated basal nuclei. 


* Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, p. 293, pl. xvi, fig. 9. 
{7 Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 495. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 245 


Dermis.—The body-wall is very thick at the sides of the animal, 
but becomes gradually thinner towards the middle of the back, where 
it is 0:07 mm. thick in Onchidella pulchella and about 0-06 mm. in 
O. capensis. (See Plates XXIX and XXX.) 

Beneath the epidermis of the mantle the body-wall may be said to 
be formed of two layers: a broad outer layer, consisting of a rather 
close network of muscle fibres passing in various directions and en- 
closing numerous connective-tissue cells, etc., and a much thinner 
layer immediately surrounding the body-cavity, consisting almost 
entirely of muscle fibres passing round the animal in a circular direc- 
tion. But these two layers merge imperceptibly into each other, 
especially on the back; laterally they are separated by an ill-defined 
area of looser, more open connective tissue and fibres, which occupies 
the centre of the thickest part of the body-wall in the angle between 
the hyponotum and the sides of the back. The structure of the 
body-wall is thus rather different from that of Onchidella marginata 
(Couth. and Gould) and O. coguimbensis Plate, as described by von 
Wissel.* 

The dorsal body-wall also contains, in addition to blood-vessels, 
etc., small irregular grains of dark pigment, which occur in a layer, 
of an average thickness of about 0-02 mm., situated immediately below 
the epidermis, except that it crosses the bases of the larger papillae 
(Plate XX Xp, fig. 51). In those areas of the back which are of a dark 
colour these pigment grains just below the epidermis are very abun- 
dant, but in the pale areas only a few very minute scattered grains 
occur. None were found actually between the epidermal cells, 
although von Wissel states that they occur there in the South American 
species which he examined.t Unlike O. celtica (Cuv.), the imner 
surface of the body-wall is unpigmented in both the species from the 
Cape ; but in O. capensis, where the body-wall is thinnest, it usually 
has a greyish appearance, owing to the pigment in the outer player of 
the dermis showing through the underlying tissue. 

The foot is also mainly composed of muscle-fibres passing in various 
directions and intermingled with connective-tissue cells. In the upper 
part, near the body-cavity, muscles passing from left to right pre- 
dominate ; near the sole vertical fibres are relatively more numerous ; 
but the structure of all the lower part of the foot is very open, unless 
the organ is much contracted, numerous blood-lacunae being present 
between the cells (Plate XX Xp, fig. 52). Small unicellular glands occur 

* Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 591. 
+ Ibid., p. 592. 


246 Annals of the South African Museum. 


near the sole, just above the epidermis. Nearer the centre of the foot 
are scattered small rounded masses of minute granules, often tinged 
with brown, and possibly of a calcareous nature, resembling the 
granules that are found abundantly in the liver. 


Marginal Glands.—Large multicellular glands occur deeply em- 
bedded in the thick marginal part of the mantle, and discharge by 
ducts which open on the mantle-edge (Plate XXITXa—XXXz, figs. 
36-42, 44-47, 49, 50). They are pear-shaped in form, the stalk 
of the pear representing the duct of the gland. There are about 
eleven of these glands on each side in Onchidella pulchella and about 
twelve in O. capensis. In both species they attain a diameter of 
0-33 mm., except at the front end over the head, where they do not 
exceed 0-25 mm. in diameter. 

Each gland is surrounded by a well-marked layer of circular muscles, 
and consists mainly of large thick-walled gland-cells radiating from 
the inner end of the duct. The protoplasm in each gland-cell is 
chiefly confined to a layer lining the outer end of the cell, where the 
large oval nucleus is situated, containing a distinct nucleolus. These 
eland-cells are often very large, and in them the major diameter of 
the nucleus may be no less than 0-025 mm. The remainder of the 
interior of the gland-cells is more or less filled with secretion, some 
of which is compact and becomes coloured with haematoxylin or 
carmine, while some has a more granular appearance and is not 
affected by these stains. But every gradation is found between these 
two forms of the secretion, which very often occur together in the 
same cell, merging into each other; and in this case the compact 
form does not invariably occupy the part of the cell nearest to the 
duct, as von Wissel found to be the case in the South American 
species.* Slender supporting cells with narrow nuclei are present 
between the gland-cells, where there are also, as a rule, a few scattered 
grains of pigment. 

The duct of the gland possesses a distinct epithelium, and towards 
the inner end of the duct the small epithelial cells are seen to be each 
prolonged into a single rather large cilium or flagellum. Surrounding 
this part of the duct, in the centre of the broad part of the gland, 
there is another layer of circular muscles, slightly thinner than that 
which lies outside the gland-cells. As the duct is followed outwards 
the gland-cells surrounding it become rapidly fewer and much smaller, 
but some of these small gland-cells accompany the duct for at least 


= Op: cit.5 p. 595: 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 247 


two-thirds of its length, only the last part of the duct, next to its 
external opening, being destitute of glandular tissue. 

From the above account it will be seen that the marginal glands 
of the South African species here described bear a fairly close resem- 
blance to those of Onchidella marginata (Couth. and Gould) and 
O. juan-fernandeziana Wiss. figured by von Wissel.* There can be 
little doubt that they are defensive in character, but it is scarcely pos- 
sible to say whether they are true “ poison-glands ”’ 
examination of preserved specimens. 

Onchidella pulchella and O. capensis do not seem to possess the 
rather large glands which open on the hyponotum in certain species 
of Onchidella, nor those which Pelseneer describes as opening on the 
labial palps in O. patelloides (Q. and G.).+ 


merely from an 


Pedal Gland.—The anterior pedal gland is of a short and simple 
form. It opens, as usual, above the front end of the foot, but its 
upper and hinder parts lie freely in the body-cavity beneath the 
central nervous system (Plate XXIXp, fig. 40). The deeply-staining 
gland cells, of which it is mainly composed, are grouped into rather 
irregular, but compact, clusters or masses of glandular tissue. The 
central duct of the gland is comparatively short and very broad, 
measuring in O. pulchella 0:33 mm. in width by 0-1 to 0-15 mm. in 
height towards its anterior end. The roof of the duct is flat, or even 
a little convex ; the lateral walls are very low; the floor is slightly 
concave, especially along the middle of the anterior end, where the duct 
might be described as broadly hexagonal in transverse section. The 
walls of the duct are without any folds, but a few short and ill-defined 
subsidiary channels seem to lead from the outer dorsal angles of the 
duct into some of the larger masses of gland-cells. The duct has a 
distinct epithelium, which, however, is more compact on its roof than 
on its floor. Both the gland-cells and the duct are largely filled with 
a vesicular secretion, which stains intensively with haematoxylin and 
renders the more minute structure of the gland difficult to make out 
in detail. 


Lune, KipNEY, AND PERICARDIUM. 


Round the posterior third of the animal, reaching forward to the 
pericardium on the right side and to about the same level on the left, 

* Ops cit. pl. xxxiv, figs. 7, 8: 

+ Mém. de PAcad. Roy. de Belg., vol. liv, 1901, “ Etudes sur des Gastropodes 
Pulmonés,” p. 20, pl. v, fig. 45. 


248 Annals of the South African Museum. 


there les a cavity or series of cavities, which is separated from the 
main body-cavity by a muscular diaphragm, and opens to the exterior 
by the orifice in the hyponotum nearest to the posterior extremity of 
the animal (Plates XX Xa and B, figs. 45-50). 

This cavity is known to occur also in other members of the family 
Onchidiidae, but its nature has been the subject of much controversy. 
Some authors, such as Hancock,* Vaillant,t and Fischer and Crosse,t 
have followed Cuvier § in regarding it simply as a lung. On the other 
hand, Milne-Edwards,|| von Jhering,4] Joyeux-Lafiuie,** and Brock 77 
maintained that it was a kidney, which, however, might occasionally 
be used for respiration ; Joyeux-Laffuie in particular arguing at some 
length that Onchidella has no true lung. Haller tt also denies the 
existence of a lung, but confidently asserts that the cavity in question 


consists of a pair of kidneys united only by the terminal portions of 


their ducts. Semper §§ and Bergh |||| take the view that a kidney and 
a lung are both present, the two organs being distinct though adjacent 
and communicating with each other. Lastly, Plate,{/{] von Wissel,*** 
Pelseneer, ty} and Stantschinskytft also consider that these slugs have 
both a kidney and a true lung, but they maintain that there is no 
actual communication between the two organs, the kidney opening 
into the rectum by means of a short ureter and not into the lung. 
From the following description it will be seen that the anatomy of 
the South African species of Onchidella is in accord with this last 


* Forbes and Hanley, Hist. British Mollusca, vol. iv, 1853, p. 4. 

+ Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. Ixxiii, 1871, p. 1173. 

t Mission Scient. au Mexique et dans l Amér. Centr., pt. 7, vol. i, 1878, p. 691. 

§ Ann. du Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Natur. Paris, vol. v, 1804, pp. 40-42. 

|| Lecons sur la Physiol. et Anat. Compar., vol. ii, 1857, pp. 90, 91; vol. vii, 
1862, p. 382. 

q Sitz.-ber. d. Phys.-Med. Soc. z. Erlangen, vol. ix, 1877, pp. 131-168. 

** Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, pp. 274-289. 

tt Biol. Centrabl., vol. iii, 1883, pp. 370-374. 

ti Verhandl. Naturhist.-Medicin. Vereins Heidelberg, vol. v, 1894, pp. 301-310. 

§§ Arb. a. d. Zool.-Zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg., vol. iii, 1877, pp. 480-488 ; Reisen im 
Arch. der Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1880, p. 253. 

\\\| “‘ Challenger ” Reports, Zoology, vol. x, 1884, Report on the Nudibranchiata, 
p. 127; Morphol. Jahrb., vol. x, 1884, pp. 179-181; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 
vol. xiv, 1884, pp. 265, 266. 

9] Verhandl. d. Deutsch. Zoolog. Gesells., 1892, p. 33; Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. 
Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, pp. 122-133. 

*** Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, pp. 607-622. 

ttt Mém. de Acad. Roy. de Belg., vol. liv, 1901, op. cit., p. 22. 

tit Zoolog. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol ), vol. xxv, 1907, pp. 361-364. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 249 


view, which may be accepted as the correct interpretation of the 
organs in question. 


Lung.—The true mantle-cavity or lung is crescentic in form, its 
median portion being situated above and slightly in front of its 
external opening in the posterior end of the hyponotum, with which 
it is connected by a short channel (Plate XX Xa, fig. 45).* From this 
region it extends forwards on each side for about 1? mm., but its 
cavity is restricted and irregular in shape owing to the sides of the 
kidney projecting into it. On the right side the lung is divided by 
the kidney into two branches, an upper one, and a lower, more later- 
ally situated portion, both parts extending as far forwards as the 
posterior end of the pericardium (see figs. 45-50). The portion of the 
lung on the left side of the animal extends forwards for about the 
same distance, and is narrow but undivided, being situated above 
and to the left of the kidney. 

The outer walls of the lung and the roof of its posterior part are 
lined by a network of rather broad low folds, thus increasing the 
respiratory surface. This network of folds is apparently rather 
coarser in Onchidella pulchella than in O. capensis. The connective 
tissue in and around these folds contains the pulmonary veins, and 
sometimes also small masses of granules, like those occurring in the 
middle of the foot. The lung is lined throughout by a pavement 
epithelium of very thin cells with flattened nuclei. The short channel, 
however, which leads to the external opening, is lined by a ciliated 
columnar epithelium. 


Kidney.—The kidney is rather capacious, and projects boldly into 
the lung throughout the entire length of that organ, as may be seen 
from the transverse sections shown in figs. 45-50. Its broadest part 
is situated on the right side just behind the pericardium (fig. 48). 
From this region a ventral prolongation of the kidney extends for- 
wards beneath the pericardium for a short distance (fig. 50). Passing 
backwards the kidney divides into an upper and a lower portion 
(figs. 46, 47). The lower branch extends along the floor of the lung 
nearly to its hinder end, gradually tapering as it does so, and ending 
blindly about as far back as the level of the anus. The upper portion 
is larger, and is the part of the kidney that divides the lung on the 
right side into two branches. It extends back to the posterior end 


* The exact position of the external opening of the lung has already been 
described on p. 242. 


250 Annals of the South African Museum. 


of the mantle-cavity, where it curves down and goes obliquely across 
towards the left just behind the opening of the lung, becoming 
narrower as it does so (fig. 45). It then broadens again and passes 
forwards on the left side of the animal, occupying all the lower part 
of the mantle-cavity on that side (figs. 45-49). . The kidney, however, 
extends forwards considerably further than the lung on the left side, 
and further even than the anterior prolongation of the kidney beneath 
the pericardium on the right side, although not as far as a point that 
would be opposite to the anterior extremity of the pericardium itself 
(Plate XXIXo, figs. 43, 44; Plate XX Xx, fig. 50). 

It will be seen from this description that the form of the kidney in 
the Cape species of Onchidella closely resembles that found by Plate 
in O. maculata *; and, as in that species, its cavity is unusually 
spacious, although the walls are furnished internally with a few narrow 
irregular folds. 

The kidney is lined by an epithelium of characteristic excretory 
cells (Plate XX Xz, fig. 53). The protoplasm is confined to the basal 
half of each cell, where the rather large rounded nucleus is situated, 
except that a very thin layer of protoplasm usually extends along 
nearly the whole length of the cell’s lateral walls. The remainder of 
the cell next to the cavity of the kidney is clear, but frequently con- 
tains a globule or concretion, which stains extremely faintly, but is, 
on an average, of about the same size as the nucleus. The cells are 
perhaps most usually of the form and size shown in fig. 53; but in 
some places they may be broader and shorter, while in others, especially 
on the folds, they are longer and narrower. The kidney is lined by 
only a single layer of these cells, although, if the epithelium be cut 
very obliquely, it may present the appearance of being formed of 
several layers as depicted by Joyeux-Laffuie.+ In view of the striking 
contrast between this renal epithelium and the pavement epithelium 
of the lung, it is somewhat remarkable that Haller and others should 


>? 
have failed to distinguish between the lung and the kidney in this genus. 


Ureter.—At the hinder end of the left half of the kidney, close to 
the place where the right half passes into it, its ventral wall is produced 
into a hollow papilla, ending in a small opening. This papilla pro- 
jects into the end of the ureter, which is a rather broad duct embedded 
in the upper surface of the hyponotal body-wall, and usually measur- 


* Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, pl. ix, figs. 43, 44; pl. x, 
figs. 45-49. 
+ Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, pl. xvi, fig. 3. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 251 


ing about 0-3 mm. in length and about 0-12 mm. in diameter. The 
ureter passes obliquely forwards and to the right to open by a rather 
narrow orifice into the left side of the rectum about 0-5 mm. from the 
anus, thus converting the end of the alimentary canal into a cloaca. 
The papilla of the kidney is flattened in such a way as to stretch hori- 
zontally across the lumen of the ureter, and thus divides its initial 
portion into two pockets, one above the other (Plate XX Xa, fig. 45). 

The excretory epithelium lining the kidney does not extend into 
the ventral papilla, but is replaced there by an epithelium composed 
of smaller, somewhat flattened cells. The ureter itself is lined by 
epithelial cells which are more or less cubical in form, but they become 
higher and more columnar around the opening of the ureter into the 
rectum. 


Pericardium.—The pericardium is situated on the right side of the 
animal, a little behind the middle of its length. It is an oval sac, 
about a millimetre long, and is lined by a pavement epithelium of 
thin cells with slightly flattened nuclei, a little like the epithelium 
of the lung. The posterior half of the pericardium projects into the 
front end of the mantle-cavity on the right side of the animal, being 
separated from the main body-cavity or haemocoele by the muscular 
diaphragm (Plate XXXp, figs. 49, 50). The anterior half, on the 
other hand, may be regarded as lying in the right side of the body- 
cavity, from which it is only separated by its thin membranous wall 
(Plate XX1Xc, figs. 43, 44). 

In one of the two specimens of Onchidella pulchella cut into sections 
it was found that the pressure of the internal organs had pushed 
outwards and backwards the thin wall dividing the body-cavity 
from the anterior part of the pericardium, the ventricle of the heart 
being displaced outwards and considerably flattened, and a large part 
of the space usually occupied by the anterior half of the pericardium 
being filled with parts of the reproductive organs and liver. This 
must have seriously affected the free action of the heart ; and it may 
be suggested that one of the reasons why the pericardium in most 
Pulmonates has come to lie almost entirely in the roof of the mantle- 
cavity is to prevent the occurrence of this condition when the pressure 
in the body-cavity is increased owing to the full development of the 
reproductive organs. 

The hinder extremity of the pericardium, to the night of and slightly 
below its centre, is produced into a ciliated funnel or duct, which pro- 
jects backwards and towards the left into the broad part of the kidney. 


252 Annals of the South African Museum. 


This is the reno-pericardial canal. It is rather long, but its lumen 
and terminal opening are very narrow, and it might perhaps be mis- 
taken for one of the folds which project into the cavity of the kidney, 
an error which Joyeux-Laffuie probably made when he failed to find 
a reno-pericardial canal in the adult form of Onchidella celtica (Cuv.).* 

It will be seen from the description just given that the pericardium 
of these slugs communicates with the exterior by way of the kidney, 
the ureter, and the terminal portion of the rectum. The kidney of 


ventricle 
pericard CLOTHE ese 


AUrolek sakes 


reno-pericardial canal ..-.-f--.---.-+ 


ureter 


Diagram showing the relations of the kidney with the 
pericardium and the rectum. 
Onchidella may therefore be correctly regarded as an unpaired renal 
coelomoduct, which arises from the pericardium, extends throughout 
the whole length of the mantle-cavity, but discharges into the rectum 
by means of a short ureter. Possibly the mutual relations of these 
organs may be made clearer by the accompanying simplified diagram. 


VASCULAR SYSTEM. 


Heart.—When viewed from the body-cavity, the ventricle of the 
heart can be seen through the thin inner wall of the anterior half of 
the pericardium, within which the ventricle hes (Plate X XVII, fig. 7; 
Plate XXIXc, fig. 44). The auricle, on the other hand, is hidden by 
the anterior part of the diaphragm, as it is situated towards the 


* Op. cit., pp. 259, 288. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 253 


hinder end of the pericardium, the Onchididae being one of the 
very few families of the Pulmonata in which the auricle of the heart 
is behind the ventricle (Plate XX XB, figs. 49, 50). 

The ventricle is ovately pyriform and very muscular, its interior 
being largely occupied by numerous bundles of muscle-fibres passing 
in various directions. Two bands of muscle lie one on each side of 
the narrow opening leading into the auricle, and doubtless constitute 
an auriculo-ventricular valve. 

The auricle in the specimens examined was smaller than the 
ventricle, with much folded walls, owing to its being in a contracted 
state. Its walls are thinner than those of the ventricle, although it 
also contains some muscular strands projecting into its cavity, the 
“ tendinous cords, of which the aspect is agreeable to the eye,” dis- 
covered by Cuvier in the auricle of Onchidium peronw more than a 
hundred years ago.* The largest of these muscular strands, instead 
of merely passing from one part of the wall of the auricle to another, 
arises far back in the mantle-cavity and passes forwards into the 
auricle inside the outer or chief pulmonary vein (Plate XX Xp, fig. 53). 
A smaller and shorter muscular strand enters the auricle through the 
inner pulmonary vein. 


Arterial System.—A large aorta arises from the front end of the 
ventricle and passes forwards through the wall of the pericardium 
into the body-cavity. It then bends inwards to pass through the 
loop formed by the intestine (Plate XXIXo, fig. 42), giving off as it 
does so a large branch to the left, the so-called visceral artery, 
which supplies blood to the stomach, liver, etc. (figs. 43, 44). Having 
curved round the left side of the intestine, the aorta again approaches 
the body-wall and gives off another important branch, the genital 
artery, which passes backwards along the right side of the floor of 
the body-cavity to supply the organs near the hinder end of the 
animal. The aorta then runs forwards beneath the right side of the 
crop, to which it gives off a small artery. 

On approaching the central nervous system the aorta curves to the 
left towards it, obliquely crossing the posterior extremity of the right 
pleuro-parietal ganglion, and then bending down beneath the connec- 
tive uniting this ganglion with the abdominal ganglion. It passes 
over both the pedal commissures, but near the anterior one it gives 
off a branch which bends round the front of this commissure and runs 
backwards on the floor of the body-cavity, supplying arterial blood 

* Ann. Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Natur. Paris, vol. v, 1804, p. 43. 
VOL. XX, PART 4. 19 


254 Annals of the South African Museum. 


to the pedal gland and the foot. A little further forwards the aorta 
divides into three arteries—two parietal arteries which pass outwards 
and then forwards, one on each side, to supply the lips, ete., and a 
median odontophoral artery which passes above the subcerebral com- 
missure and bends upwards to the ventral surface of the buccal mass, 
where it divides into two branches, one passing forwards and the other 
backwards (Plate XXIXz, fig. 39). 

Owing to the condition of the material available for examination 
it was not possible to make out the details of all the smaller branches 
of the arteries; and although it is believed that all the information 
given here concerning the vascular system applies equally to both of 
the Cape species of Onchidella, some of the finer points were only 
clearly seen in the case of O. pulchella. 

The aorta and the principal arteries are surrounded by a thick 
layer of vacuolated tissue, within which there is a thin layer of muscle- 
fibres (Plate XXVIII, fig. 82; Plates XXIXp and c, figs. 41, 42). 
The calcareous granules, which Joyeux-Laffuie found so abundantly 
in the walls of the arteries of Onchidella celtica (Cuv.),* did not oceur 
in the specimens examined ; although they may possibly have been 
present when the animals were alive. 


Venous System.—The body-cavity, being a haemocoele, constitutes 
the largest part of the venous system. The foot contains within its 
substance numerous irregular blood-lacunae, opening into one another, 
and communicating with the body-cavity by means of occasional 
pores, one of which is seen in section in fig. 41. But the chief median 
sinus is less well defined in the South African species than it appears 
to be in O. celtica, according to the description and figures of Joyeux- 
Laffuie.t 

There is, however, a well-marked lateral sinus on each side, near the 
inner surface of the thickest part of the body-wall (Plates XXIXa~c, 
figs. 38-43). These communicate with the body-cavity by means of 
two rows of transverse slits, which can be seen from within piercing the 
circular muscles that form the inner layer of the body-wall on each 
side. Each lateral simus extends backwards to the kidney, the right 
one passing below the pericardium (fig. 44). It seems possible that 
the considerable forward extension of the kidney on the left side of 
the animal may have been partly due to the presence of the large 
lateral sinus in front of it, not only in order to facilitate the purifica- 


* Arch. de Zool. Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, pp. 260, 261, pl. xv, fig. 5 
{ Ibid., pp. 267, 268, pl. xv, figs. 1, 2. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 255 


tion of the blood in the sinus, but also because its cavity would pro- 
vide room for the enlargement of the kidney in that direction, without 
further encroaching upon the limited space in the lung. 

Numerous branches are given off by each lateral sinus into the 
mantle, and these seem to form a network of small veins just below 
the epidermis, which doubtless serve for respiration, especially when 
the animal is under water and the opening of the lung is closed. 
From these small veins the blood seems to pass into a longitudinal 
vein on each side lying in the body-wall dorsal to the lateral sinus (Plates 
XXIXp and c, figs. 40-44). The vein on the left side passes back- 
wards to the walls of the lung; that on the right extends past the 
outer side of the pericardium as far as its hinder end, and then unites 
with the posterior extremity of the auricle. At the same place two 
other veins open into the auricle, bringing blood forwards from the 
walls of the lung and kidney. The larger of these two pulmonary veins 
lies towards the outer side of the mantle-cavity, in a line with the 
right lateral vein just mentioned, and it may be regarded as a con- 
tinuation of the left lateral vein, after the latter has passed round the 
posterior wall of the lung. The smaller vein from the lung and kidney 
comes from the upper part of the mantle-cavity, and opens into the 
posterior extremity of the auricle on its inner or left side. 


Nervous System. 


Cerebral Ganglia and Nerves.—With the exception of the buccal 
gangha, the central nervous system is concentrated into a group of 
seven ganglia lying between the pedal gland and the posterior end of 
the buccal mass (Plate XXVII, fig. 10; Plate XXIXz, figs. 39, 40). 
Of these ganglia the cerebral are the largest and most dorsally situated, 
although they do not lie above the oesophagus but on each side of it. 
They are slightly broader than long, and often attain a maximum 
diameter of 0-4 mm. 

The lateral lobe of each cerebral ganglion is well developed and 
rounded in form. It is mainly composed of cells containing rather 
small nuclei uniform in size ; whereas in the remainder of the ganglion 
the nuclei vary greatly in size, and are situated almost exclusively near 
the surface, as may be seen from Plate XXXI, fig. 62. This photo- 
micrograph also illustrates the fact that each of the two lateral lobes 
contains near its outer surface a hollow vesicle, surrounded by a 
distinct epithelium. The cavity of the vesicle measures, in Onchadella 
pulchella, 0-02 mm. in its greatest diameter parallel to the surface of 
the lobe, by a little more than 0-01 mm. in a direction at right angles 


256 Annals of the South African Museum. 


to the surface. The epithelium is thickest on the outer side of the 
vesicle, where the cells are columnar in form and have very little 
space between their nuclei. The occurrence of this vesicle in the 
lateral lobe of each of the cerebral ganglia of Onchidella is of special 
interest, although a similar vesicle has already been found in certain 
fresh-water Basommatophora,* as well as in the embryos of some 
Stylommatophora. 

The cerebral ganglia are united above the oesophagus by a thick 
arched cerebral commissure. Below they are jomed by a much 
narrower subcerebral commissure, which, however, is better developed 
than in most Stylommatophora. It appears to give off at least one 
pair of small nerves, and passes beneath the oesophagus and the 
odontophoral artery, but above and in front of the pedal and parietal 
arteries. The origin of both commissures is shown in fig. 62, but their- 
form will be best seen from Plate X XVII, fig. 10. 

The usual cephalic nerves to the sense-organs, etc., originate from 
the cerebral ganglia, the largest being the pair of nerves to the 
tentacles and eyes and the pair to the labial palps. The former arise 
from the anterior upper surface of the gangha; the latter from the 
outer surface below the lateral lobe. So far as it was possible to 
see in the case of such small species, the distribution of the minor 
nerves does not differ materially from that described by Plate in the 
larger members of the family Onchididae.+ 


Buccal Ganglia and Nerves.—The stomato-gastric or buccal ganglia 
are situated on the top of the buccal mass just behind the opening of 
the oesophagus (Plate XXIXa, fig. 37), and are united to the cerebral 
ganglia by long and rather slender cerebro-buccal connectives (Plate 
XXVII, fig. 10), which are more or less embedded in the outer muscular 
layers of the buccal mass towards their upper anterior ends. The 
ganglia are transversely oval, their greatest breadth being about 0-2 mm. 
in Onchidella capensis, and slightly less in O. pulchella. They are 
united behind the opening of the cesophagus by a buccal commissure, 
which is of about the same length as the breadth of either ganglion. 

Each buccal ganglion gives off close to its outer end a nerve which 
soon divides into two branches, the larger going to the oesophagus 
and the smaller one to the salivary gland on that side. The nerves 
from the buccal ganglia to the sides of the buccal mass are united for 


* Pelseneer, Mém. de Acad. Roy. de Belg., vol. liv, 1901, “ Etudes sur des © 
Gastropodes Pulmonés,”’ p. 35, pl. vii, figs. 57-60; pl. ix, fig. 77. 
+ Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 153, pl. xii, fig. 85. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 257 


varying distances with the cerebro-buccal connectives; the largest 
and most anterior pair separate from the connectives about 0-1 mm. 
from the outer ends of the ganglia, but other pairs of nerves pass off 
from the connectives into the odontophoral muscles further back 
(Plate XXVII, fig. 10). A pair of very slender buccal nerves arises 
from the inner ends of the ganglia where they pass into the buccal 
commissure ; but the principal pair of odontophoral nerves arises 
from the centre of the commissure as a single large nerve, which 
passes backwards and then divides into a right and a left branch. 


Pedal Ganglia and Nerves.—The pedal ganglia are oval in form, and 
are slightly smaller than the cerebral ganglia, being about 0-35 mm. 
long by scarcely 0-25 mm. broad. The two ganglia do not appear to 
differ in size, but in the specimens examined the right ganglion was 
slightly further back than the left (Plate XX VII, figs. 9,10). They 
are united to the cerebral ganglia by unusually short cerebro-pedal 
connectives, and yet they he closer together than do the pedal ganglia 
of many of the Onchididae. They are united to each other by two 
pedal commissures—a broad, very short one towards the anterior 
ends of the ganglia, and a narrow, longer commissure which connects 
their hinder extremities. 

The pedal nerves can be divided, as usual, into lateral nerves and 
ventral nerves. Three lateral nerves arise from each pedal ganglion— 
(1) a slender one from the anterior extremity of the ganglion, near 
the end of the cerebro-pedal connective ; (2) a larger nerve from the 
outer side of the ganglion slightly further back, not far from the end 
of the pleuro-pedal connective ; and (3) another slender nerve from 
nearly half-way along the outer side of the ganglion. The large ventral 
nerves to the foot-sole are given off from the lower surface of the 
_ ganglia, and also arise from three pairs of roots—the first pair from 
a little in front of the middle of the ventral surface of the ganglia, 
the second from a little behind the middle, and the third pair, which is 
perhaps the largest, from the posterior ends of the ganglia. These nerves 
branch to the muscles of the foot, but the main trunks of the posterior 
pair run back along the floor of the body-cavity for a long distance. 


Pleural and Visceral Ganglia and Nerves.—A chain of three ganglia, 
slightly smaller and rounder than the pedal ganglia, stretches across 
them towards their anterior ends, above the aorta but below the 
oesophagus. These three ganglia comprise the right and left pleuro- 
parietal ganglia and the median abdominal ganglion. The former 


258 Annals of the South African Museum. 


are joined to the corresponding pedal ganglia by quite short pleuro- 
pedal connectives and to the cerebral ganglia by almost equally short 
cerebro-pleural connectives. There are no pleuro-parietal connectives, 
because the parietal ganglia are completely merged into the pleural 
ganglia on each side. The connectives which join the abdominal 
ganglion with the pleuro-parietal ganglia on each side are of unequal 
length, the right one being twice as long as the left, which is very 
short. This is owing to the fact that, while the abdominal ganglion is 
almost in the middle line, the right pleuro-parietal ganglion is displaced 
outwards in both species, and therefore lies further from the centre 
than the left one does, as may be seen from Plate X XVII, fig. 10. 

Three rather large pallial nerves arise from the outer and posterior 
parts of the pleuro-parietal ganglia, but two of them are often united 
at their origin, as shown in the drawing. The anterior pair bend | 
forwards on reaching the body-wall, to innervate the front part of 
the mantle ; the other two pairs both pass backwards to the lateral 
portions of the mantle, but the second pair is shorter than the third 
and its branches innervate a region in front of that mnervated by the 
posterior pair. 

The abdominal ganglion gives off two large nerves. The left one 
arises from about the centre of the posterior surface of the ganglion, 
trends a little to the right at first, and then passes straight backwards 
on the floor of the body-cavity to the hinder end of the animal. It 
passes beneath the receptaculum seminis, to which it gives a short 
branch, and eventually enters the body-wall and branches around 
the rectum. Its main division, however, curves to the left just in 
front of the rectum and ureter, and innervates the left side of the 
hinder wall of the mantle-cavity. The other nerve from the abdominal 
ganglion arises towards the right side of its posterior surface, and, 
trending further towards the right, it runs back close to the aorta. 
A little in front of the point where the aorta gives off the posterior 
genital artery, the nerve divides into two branches, of which the 
smaller follows the aorta, and the larger passes backwards with the 
genital artery to the organs in the posterior part of the body, although 
it apparently gives off a branch to the body-wall in the neighbourhood - 
of the pericardium. 

The cells in the pleuro-parietal and abdominal ganglia vary in size, 
as in the other ganglia, some being unusually large. In a specimen 
of Onchidella pulchella the nucleus of one cell at the hinder end of the 
right pleuro-parietal ganglion measures no less than 0-05 mm. in its 
greatest diameter. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 259 


SENSE ORGANS. 


Tentacles, Eyes, and Labial Palps.—The single pair of tentacles can 
be completely retracted into the head, as shown in Plate XXIXa, 
fig. 36. Their retraction is effected by means of a pair of rather short, 
stout muscles, which arise separately from the body-wall on each side 
nearly as far back as the cerebral ganglia, and are inserted in the 
extremities of the tentacles. These tentacular retractors are much 
simpler in structure than they are in most of the Stylommatophora, 
their anterior portions not being broken up into a number of bundles 
of fibres with the nerves in the centre, as in ordinary snails and slugs. 
The tentacular nerves are separate from the retractor muscles until 
they reach the ends of the tentacles, where each nerve divides into 
short branches, one of which is the optic nerve innervating the eye. 
This organ is situated at the tip of the tentacle, and is of the usual 
type found in the Pulmonata, as will be seen from Plate XX XR, fig. 54. 
It measures 0-1 mm. in diameter in O. pulchella, and has a darkly 
pigmented retina 0-015 mm. thick, and a central lens. The other 
branches of the tentacular nerves innervate simple sense-organs 
which are distributed in the terminal parts of the tentacles, and 
are probably tactile, and very possibly also olfactory, in function. 
Numerous short branches of the large labial nerves innervate similar 
sense-organs in the labial palps, which are evidently very sensitive 
structures. The form of these palps has already been described.* 


Otocysts.—The two otocysts are situated on the upper surfaces of 
the pedal ganglia at their anterior ends. They are thin-walled 
vesicles, about 0:04 mm. in diameter, and contain numerous minute 
otoconia. They are innervated by a pair of slender and rather short 
nerves from the cerebral ganglia, which pass round the posterior sides 
of the pleuro-pedal connectives. 


Osphradium.—Hitherto an osphradium does not appear to have 
been known to occur in this family ; indeed, von Wissel states that 
it does not exist in the species of Onchidella which he studied, for he 
searched the whole body for such an organ and failed to find one. 
Nevertheless, an examination of serial sections of a specimen of 
O. pulchella revealed a small organ which it is difficult to regard as any- 
thing else but an osphradium that has now completely lost its function. 


* See p. 241, Plate X XVII, figs. 3,6; Plate XXIX4, fig. 38. 
+ Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 624. 


260. - 604 Annals of the South African Museum. 


This little organ is situated in the right side of the body, slightly 
behind the middle, between the right posterior pallial nerve and the 
right lateral sinus, where they pass below the posterior part of the 
pericardium (Plate X XI Xo, fig. 44). It consists of a small narrow pit, 
slightly exceeding 0-01 mm. in depth, and forked at the bottom, as 
shownin Plate XX VII, fig. 29. This pit opens upwards into the front 
end of a long and very narrow passage or duct, which can be traced 
backwards close to the lateral sinus, and then on the inner side of 
the right anterior prolongation of the kidney, about as far as the 
hinder end of the pericardium, where it has become still narrower, 
and probably ends blindly, although this could not be ascertained 
with certainty. The duct is lined by a pavement epithelium of 
flattened cells ; but the epithelium lining the pit and extending over 
its lips is formed of compact columnar cells with deeply-staining 
nuclei. It will be seen from the figures that the organ is situated very 
near the large posterior pallial nerve, and it appears to be innervated 
by a small nerve which runs close beside and parallel to the larger 
nerve, from which it probably branches a short distance further 
forward. 

The structure of this little organ, and its relations with the right 
pallial nerve, render it highly probable that it is a vestigial osphradium, 
such as occurs in the embryo in the Stylommatophora, and in the 
adult state in many Basommatophora, the pit being similarly forked 
in Limnaea.* The anomalous position of the organ, so far in front of 
the lung, is explicable when it is remembered that in the ancestors of 
these slugs the mantle-cavity and its opening were probably situated 
still further forward on the nght side of the animal; and that they 
then moved back, with the anus, past the position occupied by this 
organ, when the detorsion took place which is recapitulated in the 
development of Onchidella celtica (Cuv.), according to the observations 
of Joyeux-Laffuie.t But as the osphradium would almost certainly 
lose its function when the mantle-cavity was converted into a lung 
for the respiration of air instead of water, it might well lag behind 
the other organs and remain nearer to its original position on the 
right side of the animal, thus obviating the unnecessary lengthening 
of its nerve. According to this view, the narrow duct, into the end 
of which the organ opens, represents a portion of the mantle-cavity 
which became greatly attenuated and drawn out when the larger 
part of the cavity moved further back. 


* Pelseneer, Mém. de l’Acad. Roy. de Belg., vol. liv, 1901, op. cit., p. 40. 
+ Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, pls. xx—xxil. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 261 


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 


Buccal Mass.—The mouth is situated on the ventral surface of the 
head, just behind the inner ends of the labial palps, and is bounded by 
a transverse lip in front, and by a pair of lateral lips (Plate XXIXa, 
fig. 38). When the mouth is closed the lateral lips come together, so 
that it then has the form of a longitudinal slit (Plate X XVII, figs. 3, 6). 

The mouth leads upwards and forwards into the anterior part of 
the buccal mass, which is a relatively large muscular structure, a 
little narrower in front than towards its hinder end, where it terminates 
in a pair of lateral swellings. The height of the buccal mass is about 
1 mm. in both of the Cape species, and its greatest breadth 1-2 mm. ; 
while its length, measured from its front wall to the ends of the lateral 
swellings, is 1:5 mm. in Onchidella pulchella and 1-7 mm. in O. capensis. 
Between the lateral swellings at the hinder end-of the buccal mass the 
terminal portion of the radula-sac projects freely for nearly 0-5 mm. in 
both species (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12). 

The principal cavity of the buccal mass extends up the centre of 
its anterior part, from the passage leading from the mouth below, to 
the anterior end of the oesophagus above (Plate X XI Xa, fig. 36). The 
front and side walls of this cavity are lined by a well-defined epithelium, 
which is folded to some extent, the folds running in a vertical direction. 
This epithelium is 0-025 mm. thick, and consists of long and narrow 
columnar cells, secreting a rather thick cuticle, and having elongated 
basal nuclei (Plate XXVIII, fig. 17). Near the opening of the oeso- 
phagus, however, the cuticle disappears, and the cells become ciliated 
(fig. 18). Outside the epithelium the walls of the anterior part of 
the buccal mass are composed of a great thickness of muscle-fibres, 
most of which run in a horizontal and circular direction, although some 
of the inner fibres run vertically. Immediately behind the opening of 
the oesophagus a short broad papilla or knob projects from the roof of 
the buccal mass into its cavity ; it is shown in section in Plate XX1Xa, 
fig. 36, a photomicrograph which also makes evident the thickness 
of the walls of the buccal mass. This knob is covered with an ordinary 
columnar epithelium, and does not appear to secrete a median plate, 
such as was found by Plate in the larger species of Onchidiwm.* 

The largest organ in the posterior half of the buccal mass is the 
odontophoral support, in the concave upper surface of which lies the 
greater part of the radula-sac. The posterior wall of the principal 
cavity of the buccal mass is formed throughout its central part by the 

* Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 107, pl. vii, figs. 11, 16. 


262 Annals of the South African Museum. 


front end of the odontophoral support, with the anterior half of the 
radula folded over it. Beneath the front portion of the support the 
cavity extends back as a bread flattened pocket, which contains the 
front end of the radula. The epithelium forming the floor of this 
pocket is composed of columnar cells ; that forming its roof of smaller 
cubical cells. 

Above the support the cavity of the buccal mass extends back 
into the radula-sac, where, however, it soon becomes restricted to a 
narrow slit containing the radula, owing to the fact that, except near 
its front end, all the central part of the radula-sac is filled by a long 
cushion or thick fold depending from its roof (Plate XX XJ, figs. 56, 57). 
The posterior half of the radula occupies the narrow space around 
this fold; and, as the upper edges of the radula, and of the space 
in which it lies, are curled inwards, the attachment of the fold to the — 
roof of the radula-sac is very narrow, as may be seen from the figures. 
In front the fold ends in a short papilla, shown in section in fig. 55 ; 
and above this papilla the cavity of the buccal mass extends backwards 
into a small pocket or pit, of which the transverse section has the 
form of a horse-shoe, the convexity of which is upwards (Plate XXIXa, 
fig. 38). The papilla is covered with a regular columnar epithelium, 
but further back the fold has a much less regular epithelium, which 
frequently looks as if it were composed of two layers of cells when 
seen in transverse section. This appearance is probably due to the 
epithelium being thrown into a large number of very narrow transverse 
folds which project between the rows of teeth on the radula. The 
interior of the fold is occupied by a characteristic fibrous connective 
tissue, which is best shown in fig.57. The sides and floor of the radula- 
sac are lined by a cubical epithelium of rather small cells. 

The odontophoral support is somewhat boat-shaped in form, except 
at its hinder end, and has a deep longitudinal groove running along the 
middle of its concave upper surface (Plate XX XI, figs. 55-57). At 
the posterior end the right and left halves of the support separate, 
and occupy the pair of lateral swellings at the hinder end of the 
buccal mass (Plate XXIXz, fig. 39). Further forwards the two halves 
are united by a layer of transverse fibres, joing their lower edges ; 
but it is only near the front end of the support that there “is 
complete continuity of structure between the right and left halves 
beneath the median groove, as shown in fig. 55. 

Apart from a thin outer layer of slender fibres, the odontophoral 
support is composed of two kinds of cells: very long slender cells, 
which stretch radially from the inner to the outer surface of the 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 263 


support, and have very narrow elongated nuclei ; and, between these, 
numerous polygonal cells, with irregularly rounded or discoidal nuclei, 
which are situated close to the cell-walls, the greater part of the interior 
of the cells being devoid of protoplasm. At the front end of the 
support the long radial cells are much more numerous than the 
polygonal cells, but this is not the case elsewhere. Thus the micro- 
scopical structure of the odontophoral support in the Cape species of 
Onchidella is similar to that which Plate found in other members of 
the family.* But it should be added that the long radial cells are 
not of approximately the same breadth throughout, as shown in 
Plate’s figure, but become broadened out at their extremities, where 
they join the outer membrane of the support, and the spaces between 
them, which are occupied by the polygonal cells, therefore tend to be 
pointed instead of square at each end. Moreover, under a high power 
of the microscope, these elongated cells are seen to be longitudinally 
striated. It would seem very doubtful whether these cells should be 
regarded as true muscle-fibres, although Plate appears to consider 
that they are of this nature. It may be mentioned here that, when 
seen undcr a high magnification, the muscle-fibres which make up 
the ordinary muscles of the buccal mass have a dotted appearance, 
whether they be viewed in transverse or longitudinal section. 

Along the outer sides of the odontophoral support there arises a 
series of powerful muscles on each side, which curve over the edges of 
the support, passing obliquely forwards and inwards to become 
inserted in the radula-sac, a large part of which they almost ensheath 
(figs. 56 and 57 on Plate XX XI show their inner ends). These muscles 
may be termed the radular retractors. Their external strands seem 
also to be united with the outer wall of the posterior half of the buccal 
mass. But the support is also attached to the outer wall by another 
series of muscles, arising on each side just below the radular retractors, 
and passing outwards and downwards to the outer wall of the buccal 
mass. <A few of the more posterior strands of the radular retractors 
appear to be directly continuous with these muscles, and have no 
attachment to the support. The radular protractors consist of a 
series of muscles which arise from the ventral wall of the buccal 
mass towards its hinder end, and are inserted in the pocket which 
contains the front end of the radula folded back beneath the anterior 
part of the support. In addition to these three series of odontophoral 
muscles, there is a single pair of small transverse muscles, which 
attaches the lower part of the radula-sac to the inside of the support 

* Op. cit., pp. 108, 109, pl. vii, fig. 1le. 


264 Annals of the South African Museum. 


(Plate XX XI, fig. 57); and a slender dorsal muscle, which arises from 
the roof of the radula-sac not far from its hinder end, and, passing 
forwards above and partly between the radular retractors, is inserted 
in the dorsal wall of the buccal mass a little behind the opening of 
the oesophagus. 


Buccal Retractors and Protractors.—The extrinsic muscles of the 
buccal mass appear to be rather less diversified than those which Plate * 
and Stantschinsky t found in the larger members of the family. 
There is first a single pair of large muscles, which unites the anterior 
wall of the buccal mass to the front of the head (Plate XXVIII, fig. 
12).t Below these a smaller pair of muscles—the anterior protractors 
—passes downwards from the front of the buccal mass to the skin that 


forms the ventral surface of the head in front of the mouth and labial - 


palps and between the bases of the tentacles (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12 ; 
Plate XX1Xa, fig. 36). At the bottom of the anterior wall of the 
buccal mass, between the points of insertion of the two anterior pro- 
tractors, there projects in the middle a short, flattened, longitudinal 
ridge or cushion, which may possibly serve to increase the rigidity of 
that part of the buccal wall; and it is very interesting to observe that 
this cushion is largely formed of radially disposed elongated cells, which 
are narrow throughout the greater part of their length but become 
broadened out close to the outer surface. Perhaps the structure of 
this cushion may be regarded as representing a very rudimentary 
form of the peculiar tissue of which the odontophoral support is 
composed, and to which it bears a slight resemblance. Both of the 
Cape species of Onchidella exhibit this structure. 

The only other definitely extrinsic buccal muscles which can be 
clearly made out in these species, in addition to the muscles mentioned 
above, are the series of powerful muscular strands which are inserted 
around the lower surface of the buccal mass towards its posterior end, 
and pass downwards and obliquely forwards to the skin behind and at 
the sides of the mouth (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12; Plates XXIXa and B, 
figs. 38, 39). These are the muscles which Plate terms the posterior 
and ventral protractors, and it is possible that, if they contract at the 
same time as the anterior protractors, they may serve to pull down the 


* Op. cit., pp. 104, 105, pl. vu, figs. 12, 15. 

+ Zoolog. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xxv, 1907, pp. 357, 358, 376, 381, 
384, pl. xiii, figs. 23-25. 

t These are the muscles which Plate calls the dorsal retractors, but perhaps 
“anterior retractors * would be a more appropriate name for them, as they are 
developed in the present species. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 265 


whole buccal mass nearer to the mouth-opening, for the protrusion of 
the radula. But it is also possible that these muscles contract when 
the anterior protractors are relaxed, and that they serve to pull down 
only the hinder part of the buccal mass, rotating it about a transverse 
axis, so that its front part is raised, and the portion of the radula in 
use is drawn up into the mouth. If this be the case, these muscles 
are retractors, and not protractors. In favour of this second view 
it may be stated, in the first place, that these muscles form the largest 
series of extrinsic buccal muscles, and in most snails and slugs the 
buccal retractors are much larger than the protractors, doubtless 
owing to the fact that much less power is required to protrude the 
radula than to withdraw it again after the cusps of the teeth have 
become fixed in the food. Secondly, these muscles are inserted in 
the same place as the well-known buccal retractors of ordinary snails 
and slugs, muscles which are otherwise unrepresented in these 
animals. Thirdly, the arrangement of the radular retractors (already 
described) within the buccal mass, suggests that when they contract 
the hinder end of the odontophoral support will tend to be pulled 
upwards and forwards, instead of the radula and the food upon it 
being drawn into the mouth, unless the hinder end of the buccal 
mass and of the odontophoral support is simultaneously pulled down- 
wards by the contraction of the muscles that we have been considering. 


Jaw.—Both of the Cape species of Onchidella possess a jaw ; but it 
is small, thin, and inconspicuous, and can easily be overlooked when 
the buccal mass is dissected in the usual way ; it is therefore not sur- 
prising that some authors state that they have not been able to find a 
jaw in the specimens of this genus which they have examined, notwith- 
standing that Binney found one in O. borealis Dall many years ago.* 

When the mouth-parts are retracted the jaw is situated some dis- 
tance within the anterior transverse lip, at the bottom of the front 
part of the buccal mass, immediately below the level of the median 
flattened ridge on the buccal mass between the insertion of the 
anterior protractors. Owing to the fact that the passage from the 
mouth into the buccal mass goes obliquely forwards, instead of back- 
wards, as in most Pulmonates, the central part of the jaw is lower 
down than the ends which curve towards the sides of the cavity. 
Therefore, in a transverse section through the head of a specimen in 
which the mouth-parts are retracted, the jaw has the appearance of 
being upside down, the cutting edge being upwards, as will be seen 

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 184, pl. vi, fig. BB. 


266 Annals of the South African Museum. 


from the photomicrograph (Plate XX XI, fig. 59). This figure does 
not show quite the whole of the jaw, the extremities of the curved 
ends appearing in the succeeding section. It illustrates the fact, 
however, that the central part of the jaw is not quite straight, 
but curves slightly outwards towards the cavity. 

The jaw consists of a number of thin, very irregular, oblong plates, 
more or less intimately fused with one another. These plates, of 
which there may be as many as thirty, show a very fine and indistinct 
striation parallel to their greatest length, which is at right angles to 
the length of the jaw. On the whole, it may be said that the jaws 
of both of the Cape species are of the same general type as that of 
O. coquimbensis Plate, as described and figured by von Wissel.* In 
O. pulchella the jaw measures only 0-25 mm. in length, by about 
0-035 mm. in breadth ; in O. capensis it appears to be slightly larger. ~ 


Radula.—The position of the radula in the buccal mass has already 
been described, but we have still to deal with the organ itself as it 
appears when freed from its surrounding tissues. It measures, when 
flattened out, about 1-8 mm. in length, by 0-85 mm. in breadth, in 
Onchidella pulchella.. In specimens of O. capensis from Sea Point, 
near Cape Town, it varies from 2-7 1-1 mm. to 2:2x0-9 mm.; but 
in a large example of the same species from Green Point it measures 
3-2x1:2 mm. Im specimens of O. capensis var. paucidentata from 
Bufiels Bay it varies from 2-41 mm. to 2-1 x0-8 mm. 

The. radula usually has about 70 or 80 transverse rows of teeth, 
and more than twice that number of teeth in each row, as will 
be seen from the following table, which gives the radular formulae 
of the specimens examined :— 


91414 90)x69 


QO. pulchella, St. James, False Bay ( 
3 » 93 (84+1+ 86)x74 
” %3 35 . (83+1-+ 82) x62 
O. capensis, Green Point, Cape Town . (116+1+4 117) x83 
ss Sea Point, 5 . (118+1+114) x86 
th nf 35 . (1144+1+110) x75 
- - 5 . (97+1+4 95)xT77 
53 var.; Bufiels Bay (79+1+ 78)x70 
a4 35 - (77-+1+ 76) x76 
5 - (77+14+ 77)x71 


* Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 601, 
pl. xxxiv, fig. lla. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 267 


It will be noticed from this table that there are frequently slightly 
more teeth on one side of the radula than on the other ; and, further, 
that among the specimens examined those in which the larger number 
of teeth occurs on the left side are twice as numerous as those in 
which it occurs on the right. The number of specimens, however, 
is much too small to judge whether this denotes a slight tendency 
towards an asymmetry in the radula of the same nature as we find 
in so many of the other organs in the Gastropoda. The anterior end 
of the radula is pointed, and the first six or eight rows are conse- 
quently incomplete, the most anterior row consisting of only a very 
few worn teeth, which may belong exclusively to one side when the 
radula is not quite symmetrical. 

The rows of teeth form a conspicuous angle in the centre, of about 
100° to 120°, as shown in the photomicrograph (Plate XX XI, fig. 58). 
The angle points forwards, and on each side the rows of teeth slope 
fairly evenly backwards until they come very near to the edges of 
the radula, where they curve outwards. 

The individual teeth are very small, but it is unnecessary to give 
their exact measurements here, as their sizes can be seen, not only 
from the photomicrograph, but also from Plate XXVIII, figs. 13-16, in 
which all the teeth figured are drawn to scale. The central tooth in 
each row is broader and shorter than the others, especially in O. pul- 
chella, and is tricuspid, all the cusps being small and less than half 
the length of the basal plate, although the mesocone is about twice 
the size of the ectocones. 

The remaining teeth are bicuspid, and are on the whole very similar 
to one another both in shape and size, except that the first tooth on 
each side is shorter than the others, and at the extreme edges of the 
radula the teeth become slightly smaller, with shorter cusps, the last 
two or three being reduced to thin, oblong plates. The teeth, therefore, 
are not differentiated into an admedian and a marginal series. All 
these teeth, apart from the degenerate ones at the edges of the radula, 
have large mesocones, with very long cusps, broadly truncated at 
their extremities, except in the first tooth and in those towards the 
outer edges of the radula, where they are more conical. The inner 
angles at the extremities of these cusps are rounded, but the outer 
angles are somewhat pointed, more so than in most species of Onchi- 
della. It will also be seen from the figures that each of these cusps 
consists of a thickened outer portion, broadening slightly towards 
the extremity ; and, on the inner side of this, a thin triangular portion, 
broad near the base but tapering towards the extremity of the cusp. 


268 Annals of the South African Museum. 


These inner flanges of the mesocones, which have been generally 
overlooked by previous writers on this genus, may be said to take the 
place of endocones, which do not oceur in Onchidella.* _ When viewed 
from the side, the points of the mesocones are seen to be somewhat 
curved downwards, or, in other words, slightly hooked (Plate XXVIII, 
fig. 16). In contrast to the mesocones, the ectocones are always 
quite small, with very short, conical cusps. 

The bases of all the teeth, except the centrals, are narrow, with 
the thickened part from which the cusps arise disposed obliquely, 
so that the outer end of the base of one tooth lies behind the inner 
end of the base of the succeeding tooth. Oblong basal plates extend 
back beneath the cusps. Those of the first teeth on each side are 
quite as long as their mesocones ; but as the teeth are followed out- 
wards they gradually get shorter, until near the edges of the radula ~ 
they scarcely extend beyond the small ectocones. 

A long narrow process extends forwards from the inner side of the 
anterior border of each lateral tooth, except the first six and the last 
two or three on each side (Plate X XVIII, figs. 14-16). These processes 
form an angle with the bases of the teeth, trending slightly outwards 
and downwards as well as forwards. Their anterior ends underlie 
the cusps of the row of teeth in front of the row to which they belong. 
When viewed from the side they appear straight and sharply pointed 
at the end, but when viewed from above they are seen to curve slightly 
outwards in the middle and to end more bluntly. 

These peculiar processes occur also in the other species of Onchidella ; 
but in some of these, such as O. borealis Dall, they are broader, 
especially towards their posterior ends, than they are in the species 
from the Cape and from New Zealand ; and, judging from the radulae 
of allied genera, this broader form is probably the more primi- 
tive, the narrow process representing the thickened inner edge of an 
originally broader anterior prolongation of the tooth. Possibly the 
function of these processes may be to act as kind of props, preventing 
the teeth from being turned over forwards, when the radula is being 
drawn back into the mouth after the cusps of the teeth have become 
fixed in the food. 


Salivary Glands.—The paired salivary glands lie one on each side of 
the buccal mass (Plate XX VII, fig. 7; Plate XXVIII, fig. 12; Plates 
XXIXa and B, figs. 36-39). Sloping slightly downwards, they extend 


* Von Wissel evidently mistook for endocones the basal attachments of the 
mesocones, and Binney seems to have fallen into a somewhat similar error (see p. 288). 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 269 


as far back as the nerve-ring, but they do not pass through it. Hach 
gland is of an elongated form, measuring nearly 1-5 mm. in length, and 
consists of a number of separate oval lobules or acini, springing from 
a central duct, as is best shown in fig. 12. Only the anterior 0-3 mm. 
of the duct is free from lobules. The ducts disappear into the dorsal 
surface of the buccal mass on each side of the anterior end of the 
oesophagus ; but sections show that, instead of going straight through 
the thick wall of the buccal mass, the ducts pass obliquely downwards, 
and open into the buccal cavity on each side fully 0-3 mm. below the 
place where the oesophagus opens through its roof. 

The lobules of the salivary glands consist chiefly of a mass of rather 
large secretory cells, traversed by small branches of the main duct. 
Throughout the greater part of its length, however, the main duct 
itself has outside its epithelium a rather thick layer of secretory cells, 
though these cells are perhaps slightly smaller than those of which 
the lobules of the gland are composed. Near the anterior end of the 
duct this glandular layer disappears ; but as the lumen of the duct 
becomes at the same time much broader, its external diameter is 
not diminished. As the duct passes through the muscular wall of 
the buccal mass, its lumen again becomes narrower. 


Ocesophaqgus and Crop.—As already mentioned, the oesophagus arises 
from the dorsal surface of the buccal mass, close to its front end; in 
fact the opening of the oesophagus lies further forward than the 
mouth when the mouth-parts are retracted—a very unusual condi- 
tion to find in the Pulmonata. The oesophagus first passes backwards 
above the buccal mass, and then curves downwards nearly to the floor 
of the body-cavity, in order to pass through the nerve-ring (Plate 
XXVIII, fig. 12; Plates XXIXa and B, figs. 36-39). It usually 
passes down on the left side of the hinder part of the buccal mass, 
possibly because the radula-sac projects in the middle, and the presence 
of the penis on the right side leaves less room on that side than on 
the left. Excepting where it passes through the small nerve-ring, 
the oesophagus is rather broad. 

The walls of the oesophagus are of no great thickness, but internally 
they are thrown into a number of prominent longitudinal, or nearly 
longitudinal, folds ; and these are crossed, in both the Cape species, 
by numerous small transverse folds, which give to the walls of the 
oesophagus a very characteristic appearance, whether viewed from 
within (Plate XX VII, fig. 8), or in longitudinal section (Plate XXVIII, 
fig. 19). The epithelium lining the oesophagus is formed of columnar 

VOL. XX, PART 4, 20 


270 Annals of the South African Museum. 


cells, which are ciliated near the opening into the buccal mass. Out- 
side this epithelium there is a rather thin layer of muscular fibres. 

Behind the nerve-ring the oesophagus becomes greatly swollen, to 
form a very large crop, which extends back as far as the stomach, 
and attains a breadth of at least 1-5 mm. in the middle, filling the 
larger part of the body-cavity behind the buccal mass and in front 
of the region of the heart (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12; Plates XXIXzB 
and c, figs. 40-44). The crop in the Cape species of Onchidella is 
thus very much larger than it is in O. celtica (Cuv.), according to 
Joyeux-Laffuie’s figures,* though probably not larger than in some 
other species, such as O. accrensis Plate. 

The walls of the crop are thin, with some low internal folds, which 
run in a longitudinal direction. They are lined by an epithelium of 
cubical cells, which are ciliated in places, especially along the folds, and 
have rounded nuclei (Plate XXVIII, fig. 20). Outside the epithelium 
there is a thin layer of muscle-fibres running in a circular direction ; 
but the entire thickness of the crop wall does not exceed 0-01 mm. in 
many places. 


Stomach and Intestine-—The stomach is unusually complex, and 
may be regarded as being formed of no fewer than five divisions. 
The first division is comparatively small, and lies above the hinder end 
of the crop, from which it is not very clearly divided (Plate XXVIII, 
fig. 12; Plate XXIXc, fig. 44). It forms a short, broad passage lead- 
ing obliquely upwards and backwards from the crop into the main 
divisions of the stomach; but, inasmuch as the anterior division of 
the liver opens into it, it is probably correct to regard it as a part of 
the stomach itself. 

The principal part of the stomach is formed of three divisions lying 
one behind another, and may be seen near the upper surface of the 
visceral mass, a little behind the centre, when the body-cavity is 
opened from above (Plate X XVII, fig. 7). Of these three divisions 
the middle one forms a muscular gizzard, having on each side a great 
development of muscular tissue external to its epithelium (Plate 
XXVIII, figs. 12, 23). The muscular tissue attains a thickness of 
0-25 mm. in the middle of each side, with the result that when seen 
from the outside this division of the stomach appears to be considerably 
broader than high. The muscle-fibres have a dotted appearance when 
highly magnified, as in the case of those in the buccal mass. They 

* Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, pl. xiv, fig. 4; pl. xv, fig. 1. 

7 Plate, Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. viii, 1893, p. 112. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 271 


run chiefly in a circular direction, but alternating with the layers 
of circular fibres are thinner concentric layers of horizontal fibres, 
which run at right angles to the circular fibres but are also parallel 
to the outer surface of each muscular mass. Dorsally and ventrally 
these rounded masses of muscular tissue are united by much thinner 
bands of transverse muscle-fibres. Inside the muscular tissue there 
is a well-defined epithelium of fairly small columnar cells, with basal 
nuclei, and these cells secrete a remarkably thick cuticle, as will be 
seen from fig. 23. In both of the Cape species of Onchidella this 
cuticle attains in places a thickness of 0-025 mm.; but it does not show 
the radial structure that Plate found in the cuticular lining of the 
gizzard in Onchidium.* This division of the stomach doubtless forms 
an efficient organ for the complete crushing of the particles of food, being 
aided in its action by the grains of sand which the stomach contains. 

Immediately behind and in front of this muscular division of the 
stomach lie two other divisions, with thinner, internally folded walls 
(Plate XXVIII, fig. 12). The posterior one is semi-ovate, or almost 
hemispherical, and forms the hinder end of the stomach. Its epi- 
thelium is longitudinally folded, and consists of columnar cells bearing 
short inconspicuous cilia. This division of the stomach receives the 
hepatic duct from the posterior division of the liver. Apparently this 
part of the stomach is better developed in the Cape species of Onchi- 
della than in most members of the family, for in the anatomical 
descriptions which have hitherto been published it is not clearly 
described, and the posterior division of the liver is usually said to 
open into the muscular part of the stomach, which is certainly not 
the case in either of the present species. 

The division of the stomach immediately in front of the muscular 
part, or gizzard, is larger than that just described, being broad near 
its hinder end but becoming narrower anteriorly. The first division 
of the stomach, leading from the crop, opens upwards directly into 
the hinder part of this division (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12). Its walls have 
an external rather thin layer of muscle-fibres, most of which seem to 
run in a circular direction ; while internally they form a number of 
large longitudinal folds, covered by an epithelium composed of rather 
irregular columnar cells, which are strongly ciliated (Plate XXVIII, 
fig. 22). One specially large fold, with a slight groove along the top, 
runs along the left side of the floor of this part of the stomach, 
apparently passing up into it from the first division, where it seems 
to originate near the openings of the anterior division of the liver, 

* Op. cit., p. 115, pl. viii, fig. 28. 


272 Annals of the South African Museum. 


and continuing into the next part of the stomach, where it may be 
seen in section in Plate XXIXc, fig. 44. A similar fold has been 
found in other species, and probably serves to direct a part of the 
secretion of the liver towards the intestine. 

The part of the stomach just described leads forwards and down- 
wards into the final division of the stomach, which gives off from its 
posterior end a small conical caecum, directed backwards below the 
preceding division (Plate X XVIII, fig. 12). The caecum is lined by 
a ciliated columnar epithelium. This last division of the stomach is 
quite small, and leads directly forwards into the intestine, of which 
it might almost be regarded as the slightly swollen initial portion. 
Its epithelium seems to be intermediate in character between that of 
the last part of the stomach and that of the intestine, and is thrown 
into rather low longitudinal folds, in addition to the larger fold 
mentioned above (Plate XXIXc, fig. 44). 

The course of the intestine—and of the rectum, which 1s scarcely 
separable from. it—may be seen from Plate X XVII, fig. 7; Plate 
XXVIII, fig. 12; Plates XXIXpB and c, figs. 40-44; and Plates 
_XXXa and ps, figs. 46-50. The intestine passes forwards from the 
stomach, and then bends down on the right side of the anterior part 
of the crop, coming close to the right body-wall, and forms a loop 
through which the aorta passes. It bends up again, and then passes 
backwards on the nght side of the stomach and above the genital 
organs, until it finally curves down, at the extreme end of the body- 
cavity, towards the anus, which, it will be remembered, is situated in 
the hyponotum in the middle line just behind the posterior extremity 
of the foot. The part of the intestine behind the stomach and 
liver might perhaps be regarded as the rectum, but the last 0-5 mm., 
where it passes vertically down through the hyponotum, would be 
more correctly termed the cloaca, inasmuch as the ureter opens into 
the left side of the rectum a short distance above the anus. 

The walls of the intestine are thin. Externally there is a thin layer 
of muscle-fibres, mostly running in a circular direction. Internally 
there is an epithelium composed of short, rather irregular, columnar 
cells, which are often somewhat swollen with vacuoles, and bear rather 
short cilia (Plate XXVIII, fig. 21). In the rectum, however, 
the cilia seem to be slightly longer, although in other respects the 
structure of the rectum is very similar to that of the intestine in front 
of it. The walls of the intestine and rectum are folded internally, 
especially on the upper or outer side, the epithelium on the inner 
side being flatter and thinner. The folds are not exactly longitudinal, 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 273 


but slope shghtly downwards on each side, especially in the first half 
of the intestine, as shown in fig. 12. The diameter of the intestine 
and rectum measures between 0-2 and 0-25 mm. 


Inver.—The digestive gland or liver consists of two main divisions : 
a very large anterior division, which is subdivided into a right and a 
left portion, and a very small posterior division (Plate XX VII, fig. 7 ; 
the anterior division is shown in section in Plates XXIXB and ¢, figs. 
39-44, and Plate XX Xp, figs. 49,50; the posterior division in Plates 
XXXa and B, figs. 48, 49). The left anterior portion is somewhat 
larger than the right, and extends over the left side of the crop, to 
the left of the stomach and the intestine in front of it. The right 
anterior portion covers the right side of the crop, to the right of the 
stomach and the part of the intestine that leads forwards, but on both 
sides of the part that passes back again. Both portions are split up 
into separate lobes, which become subdivided peripherally into a large 
number of small lobules. 

The lobes of the liver are covered by a thin layer of connective 
tissue, within which can be seen in many sections a lining of very 
long, irregular, secretory cells, which converge towards the central 
cavities of the lobules (Plate XX Xx, fig. 51). Some of the largest of 
these hepatic cells attain a length of 0-05 mm.; they have oval nuclei. 
The liver also seems to contain three types of secretions: (1) a large 
quantity of a finely granular, lightly staining substance ; (2) rounded 
masses of very small refractory granules tinged with brown, which 
appear dark in the photomicrograph (fig. 51) ; these granules measure 
between 0-002 and 0-003 mm. in diameter, and are probably of a cal- 
careous nature ; and (3) scattered globules or concretions of a rather 
dark brown colour, varying in size, but having an average diameter 
of about 0-005 mm. These secretions usually give to the liver a light 
brown colour in specimens preserved in alcohol. 

The hepatic ducts from both the anterior portions of the liver 
open together into the front of the first division of the stomach, as 
shown in Plate XXVIII, fig. 12, and Plate XXIXc, fig. 44. The ducts 
are very broad and greatly branched. They are lined by an epithelium 
of strongly ciliated cells, which is folded in a longitudinal direction, 
the folds being high and narrow, and giving a characteristic appearance 
to the walls of the larger ducts when seen in transverse section 
(Plate XXVIII, fig. 24). 

The posterior division of the liver is similar in structure to the 
anterior division, but it is extremely small, as in most species of 


274 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Onchidella, except O. celtica (Cuv.) and O. pachyderma Plate. It is 
situated behind and a little to the left of the posterior division of the 
stomach. It opens towards the left side of the hinder end of this 
portion of the stomach by a short and simple duct (Plate XXVIII, 
fig. 12; Plate XX Xp, fig. 49). 


REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 


Hermaphrodite Gland and Duct, and Vesicula Seminalis.—With the 
exception of the penis and the greater part of the vas deferens, the 
genital organs, when fully developed, form a compact mass which 
almost entirely fills the posterior third of the body-cavity (Plate 
XXVII, fig. 7). The lower part of the left side of this region is 
occupied by the hermaphrodite gland or ovotestis (Plate XX VII, 
fig. 11; Plates XXXa and B, figs. 46-50). This organ consists of a 
bunch of six or seven rather large follicles, ovately conical in form, 
their broader ends being directed outwards. The walls of the follicles 
are very thin, and each of them contains both ova and spermatozoa, 
the ova being chiefly situated towards the outer ends of the follicles 
and giving a slightly dotted appearance to the outside of the 
hermaphrodite gland when seen through a lens. 

The unfertilised ova in the gland attain a diameter of 0-1 mm. in 
both of the Cape species of Onchidella. The spermatozoa, which 
occur in numerous clusters, have exceptionally small heads when they 
are fully developed; but their tails are very long, being probably 
about 0-2 mm. in length. 

The slender ducts leading from the inner ends of the follicles quickly 
unite with one another to form the common hermaphrodite duct. 
At first this duct is very narrow, but it soon becomes somewhat 
swollen and greatly convoluted, forming a mass of broad loops, as 
shown in Plate XXVII, fig. 11. The hermaphrodite duct then becomes 
very narrow again, and somewhat straighter, passing obliquely for- 
wards ; but eventually it bends inwards, thickening a second time 
as it does so, and on this thickened part it bears a small narrow diverti- 
culum, which is the vesicula seminalis. Beyond this the hermaphro- 
dite duct becomes slightly narrower again for a short distance, until 
it passes into the spermoviduct. The rather thin walls of the herma- 
phrodite duct are lined by an epithelium of cubical cells bearing 
remarkably long cilia. 


Spermoviduct and Adjacent Glands—The common duct, or sperm- 
oviduct, is broader and very much shorter than the hermaphrodite 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 275 


duct, of which it is the continuation. One side of the spermoviduct, 
that which is usually turned towards the left, has a thin wall lined 
by an epithelium of cubical or somewhat flattened, strongly ciliated 
cells. The other side has a thick glandular wall, which is expanded 
so as to form a kind of hollow longitudinal fold projecting towards 
the right. Here the epithelial cells become converted into narrow 
supporting cells, which, however, are broadened at their inner ends 
next to the cavity, where they are still strongly ciliated. Outside of 
these cells, and extending between them, there is a thick compact 
layer of large polygonal gland-cells, with homogeneous finely granular 
contents, apart from their rounded nuclei. Fig. 25 on Plate XXVIII 
shows the transition from the thin to the glandular side of the sperm- 
oviduct wall. It is from the thin-walled side that the vas deferens 
takes its origin at the lower end of this duct. 

The spermoviduct lies almost in the centre of the complex mass of 
genital organs in the hinder part of the body, and is hidden by various 
large glandular outgrowths which lie on the top of it (Plate XX Xx, fig. 
50). These accessory glands are closely pressed upon one another and 
upon the adjacent organs, and they are also very delicate and brittle ; 
it is therefore almost impossible to separate them without breaking 
them to pieces. Doubtless for this reason nearly every author who 
has attempted to describe the genital system of Onchidella has given 
an entirely different account of these organs. The present writer’s 
observations on the Cape species suggest that von Wissel’s description 
will prove to be the most nearly accurate of those which have hitherto 
been published.* 

The albumen glands are very large, especially in O. pulchella, and 
are situated above most of the other genital organs, though they 
extend forwards beneath part of the stomach and liver (Plate X XVII, 
fig. 11; Plates XX Xa and B, figs. 46-50). They open into the upper 
end of the spermoviduct, where the hermaphrodite gland passes into it, 
by means of ducts which are lined by an epithelium of strongly ciliated 
columnar cells. The albumen glands consist of a number of irregularly 
rounded or oval lobes, but they were so extremely brittle in the 
material available that it was impossible to make out with certainty 
the exact arrangement of these lobes; probably, however, they are 
arranged in two groups to form a pair of glands as described in other 
members of the family. The secretory cells of the albumen glands 
are very full of small globules of secretion ; indeed so full were they 
in the specimens examined that the precise form of the individual 

* Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, pp. 624-633. 


276 Annals of the South African Museum. 


cells could not be seen. Owing to this secretion the glands are of an 
opaque light-brownish colour. 

Lying close against the albumen glands, and also opening into the 
upper part of the spermoviduct, there is another pair of glands, not 
so large as the albumen glands, and distinguishable by their convoluted 
form and translucent gelatinous appearance (Plate XXVII, fig. 11; 
Plates XX Xa and B, figs. 48-50). Each of these two glands consists 
essentially of a closely convoluted tube, with thick glandular walls and 
a rather narrow sinuous lumen lined by long cilia. The complicated 
appearance of these glands, when seen in section, 1s shown in fig. 61 on 
Plate XX XI. Apart from the investing connective tissue, these glands 
are mainly formed of abundant secretory cells and ciliated supporting 
cells. The secretory cells are usually somewhat oval in form, but 
vary greatly in size; their nuclei are relatively rather small, and the 
greater part of their contents is only very faintly granular, so that 
these cells appear clearer than the secretory cells of the other genital | 
glands. Where the secretory cells are well developed the supporting 
cells are very narrow, only becoming broadened at their inner ciliated 
ends, and, to a less extent, at their centres where their nuclei are 
situated. But in those parts of the glands where the secretory cells 
are but little developed the supporting cells are much shorter and 
not so narrow, and they thus come to form a layer which in appearance 
approaches an ordinary ciliated epithelium (see the centre of fig. 61). 

These two glands are those which von Wissel named the sperm- 
oviduct glands, and he was probably right in suggesting that they 
may be nidamental in character. They appear to correspond to the 
so-called spiral ducts in Onchidiwm, and to the translucent and 
glandular, sacculated part of the spermoviduct in the majority of 
Pulmonates, the much greater length of the spermoviduct in most 
snails and slugs giving an area of glandular tissue little, if any, less 
than that which is afforded by these lateral outgrowths in Onchidella. 

In addition to the albumen and spermoviduct glands opening into 
the upper part of the short spermoviduct, and the glandular enlarge- 
ment of one side of the duct itself, a very large glandular sac opens 
into the dorsal side of the lower part of the spermoviduct (Plate 
XXVII, fig. 11). This large hollow gland has an opaque white appear- 
ance, and usually extends round the right side of the anterior part of the 
genital mass, its outer side lying against the right wall of the body- 
cavity (Plate XX VII, fig. 7); but it is often very irregular in shape, 
its expansion in various directions probably depending on where there 
is most room for it to extend. The wall of the gland is formed of a 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 277 


single layer of very large secretory cells, with slender supporting 
cells between them, surrounded by an extremely thin layer of flattened 
connective-tissue cells with discoidal nuclei (Plate XX VIII, fig. 27). 
The secretory cells are columnar in form, appearing oblong in longi- 
tudinal section and polygonal when the wall is cut tangentially, and 
are all very large, frequently attaining a length of 0:05 mm. They 
contain a granular secretion, the granules being somewhat coarser 
in the cells near the opening of the gland than in those situated else- 
where. They have rounded or oval, deeply staining nuclei, which 
are always situated at the outer or basal ends of the cells, and are of 
an unusually large size, being often as much as 0-13 mm. in diameter. 
Between these secretory cells there are very long and narrow support- 
ing cells, with small nuclei, which are usually, but not always, situated 
in a slight thickening at the cell’s inner end. Near the opening of the 
gland, and to some extent also elsewhere, the supporting cells bear 
very long cilia. 

This glandular sac opens into the lower end of the spermoviduct 
by a rather large orifice, without the interposition of any duct. The 
orifice takes the form of a longitudinal slit, of which the upper part 
opens into the dorsal side of the thin-walled portion of the sperm- 
oviduct above the beginning of the vas deferens (Plate XX XB, fig. 50), 
while the lower part of the slit extends below the internal separation 
of the male and female ducts, and thus opens into the initial portion 
of the vas deferens. According to von Wissel, in the South American 
species of Onchidella which he examined, this glandular appendix 
opens into the upper part of the spermoviduct, between the openings 
of the spermoviduct glands ;* but this is not the case in either of 
the Cape species. It would seem probable, therefore, that the South 
African and the South American species differ from each other in 
this respect, unless von Wissel mistook for the base of the glandular 
appendix what was really the hollow glandular fold of the spermovi- 
duct wall, a feature which he does not describe. 

This large gland, when it has been noticed at all, has usually been 
referred to merely as an appendix of the spermoviduct ; but it seems 
to be not improbable that it is homologous with the so-called prostate 
gland of other Pulmonates. In support of this view it may be urged 
that (1) it resembles the prostate gland in its opaque white appearance, 
and rather closely also in the microscopical structure of its walls ; 
(2) it opens partly into the male side of the spermoviduct and partly 
into the vas deferens itself ; and (3), while Onchzdella has a full com- 

* Op. cit., p. 628, pl. xxxvi, fig. 26. 


278 Annals of the South African Museum. 


plement of female glands, there is no gland apart from this one which 
could be regarded as in any way homologous with the prostate which 
is so generally found in the Pulmonata. On the other hand, this 
organ differs from the normal prostate gland in consisting of a single 
large sac, instead of being divided into a large number of small 
tubules. 


Oviduct, Receptaculum Seminis, and Vagina and its Gland.—The 
upper end of the oviduct, where the vas deferens is still closely 
attached to it and only separated from it internally, is very similar 
in structure to the spermoviduct, and has a continuation of the hollow 
glandular fold on its right side (Plate XX XB, fig. 49). A little further 
down, however, where the vas deferens becomes externally separated 
from it, the oviduct changes its character completely, and becomes” 
converted into a muscular duct with thick walls longitudinally folded 
inside (Plate XX Xa, figs. 47, 48). The walls are lined by an epithelium 
of strongly ciliated columnar cells, which is surrounded by a thick 
muscular layer of mixed circular and longitudinal fibres interspersed 
with connective-tissue cells (Plate XXVIII, fig. 26). The length of 
the free part of the oviduct as far as its union with the receptacular 
duct is about 0-75 mm. 

The receptacular duct is slightly longer and nearly twice as broad 
as the free oviduct, measuring about 0-3 mm. in breadth, except near 
its distal end where it becomes narrower, its external diameter being 
reduced to 0-2 mm. (Plate XX VII, fig. 11; Plate XX Xa, figs. 46-48). 
The walls are thick and muscular, and are furnished inside with very 
prominent longitudinal folds. It is lined by an epithelium of columnar 
cells, which appear to be without cilia except at the proximal end of 
the duct. Outside the epithelium there is a thick layer of circular 
muscle-fibres, with which are mingled some connective-tissue cells and 
a certain number of longitudinal muscle-fibres, the latter occurring 
chiefly near the outer surface. 

The receptacular duct ends distally in a large spherical receptaculum 
seminis or spermatheca, which is situated underneath most of the other 
genital organs (Plate XX VII, fig. 11; Plates XX Xa and B, figs. 48-50). 
The wall of the receptaculum seminis is not nearly so thick as that of 
the duct, the lining epithelium being surrounded by only a thin layer 
of connective tissue and muscle-fibres. The epithelium consists of a 
compact layer of rather large cells, which have a finely granular 
content and are possibly of a secretory nature. In two specimens 
of Onchidella pulchella, in which sections of the epithelium were 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 279 


examined microscopically, these cells were very long and narrow, as 
shown in fig. 28 on Plate XX VIII; whereas in a single specimen of 
O. capensis they proved to be much broader and shorter; but as 
the receptaculum seminis of the last example measured 1 mm. in 
diameter, while in the specimens of the other species its diameter was 
only about 0-5 mm., it is possible that this difference may have been 
chiefly due to the organ being in a more distended condition in the 
specimen of O. capensis than in the other two individuals. 

The spermoviduct and the free oviduct pass backwards beneath 
the albumen glands, etc., and only slope slightly downwards; but 
the vagina, that is to say, the part of the female duct below the 
opening of the receptacular duct, descends more nearly vertically to 
its external opening, just to the right and in front of the anus. The 
length of the vagina, including the part of it that penetrates the 
hyponotum, is about equal to that of the free oviduct, although the 
vagina is nearly twice as broad; and its structure also closely 
resembles that of the free oviduct, the walls being thick and muscular, 
with internal longitudinal folds and a ciliated columnar epithelium 
(Plate XX Xa, fig. 46). 

About half-way down the part of the vagina that lies within the 
body-cavity it bends outwards to one side, forming a kind of swelling, 
as shown in fig. 11 on Plate XX VII. The outer side of this pro- 
tuberance is formed by a great thickness of muscular tissue composed of 
unusually stout muscle-fibres, which run in a crescentic direction and 
have oval nuclei, together with a few vacuolated connective-tissue cells 
scattered among them. Fig. 47 on Plate XX Xa shows a section of 
this protuberance of the vagina. Possibly it may serve some purpose 
in the process of copulation ; or perhaps its function is to retain the 
eggs for a time as they pass down the vagina, while they receive 
some secretion from the vaginal gland. Von Wissel has described a 
somewhat similar muscular swelling on the vagina of O. nigricans 
(Q. and G.), the type species of Onchidella from New Zealand.* 

The vaginal gland takes the form of a loosely convoluted glandular 
tube, which opens into the vagina exactly opposite to the muscular 
swelling just described (Plate XX VII, fig. 11; Plate XX Xa, fig. 47). 
This tubular gland attains a diameter of about 0-1 mm. in both of the 
Cape species of Onchidella, except near its opening into the vagina, 
where it is slightly narrower. Sections show that this terminal portion 
has a ciliated cubical epithelium, which is surrounded by a muscular 

* Zoolog. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, p. 666, pl. xxv. 
figs. 73, 74. 


280 Annals of the South African Museum. 


layer chiefly composed of circular muscle-fibres mixed with some con- 
nective-tissue cells; this part thus forms the duct of the gland itself. A 
short distance above the opening, however, the structure changes rather 
abruptly, and the remainder of the organ is of a wholly glandular 
nature, having an epithelium of slightly irregular columnar secretory 
cells, which is only surrounded by quite a thin layer of connective 
tissue. The secretory cells are rather large, and have rounded nuclei 
situated close.to their outer ends, while the inner halves of the cells 
are filled with a very granular secretion (Plate XXVIII, fig. 33). 
No supporting cells were found, such as occur between the secretory 
cells in most of the other genital glands. 


Vas Deferens and Penis.—The vas deferens is at first closely united 
with the left side of the upper part of the oviduct, but it soon becomes 
free and follows an independent slightly sinuous course to the floor of 
the body-cavity, where it disappears just in front of the vagina. It 
passes straight through the greater part of the thickness of the body- 
wall, but before reaching the lower surface it bends almost at right 
angles, and passes to the right as far as a point only about 0-03 mm. 
above and to the right of the ciliated groove in the hyponotum that 
runs forward on the right side of the foot (Plate XX XI, fig. 60). The 
vas deferens then passes forward in the body-wall close beside this 
groove, until the latter curves to the left in front of the anterior end 
of the foot. At this point it leaves the side of the groove, and passes 
a short distance further forward in the skin of the right side of the 
head, until it almost reaches the opening of the penis, where it turns 
inwards and emerges again into the body-cavity. Here it becomes 
loosely convoluted, but after describing three or four loops below the 
penis, it passes backwards for nearly half the length of the animal in the 
right side of the lower part of the body-cavity (Plate XX VII, fig. 11). 
It then enters the perial retractor, bending round again as it does so, 
and finally runs forward in the retractor to the penis, into the side 
of which it enters a short distance in front of its hinder end. The 
total length of the vas deferens, from its separation from the sperm- 
oviduct to its entry into the penis, must be equal to at least twice the 
entire length of the animal. 

Very long cilia surround the opening of the spermoviduct into the 
vas deferens. The first part of the vas deferens, where it is united 
with the oviduct, is broader than the rest and oval in transverse 
section, measuring 0-15 x0-08 mm. in diameter, its greatest breadth 
being parallel to the adjacent wall of the oviduct. Its walls have 


The South African Species of Onchidella 281] 


internal longitudinal folds (Plate XX Xp, fig. 49), and they are lined 
by an epithelium of short columnar ciliated cells. 

Where the vas deferens becomes detached from the oviduct the 
internal longitudinal folds soon disappear, and the male duct becomes 
narrower and more nearly circular in section, measuring between 0-06 
and 0-07 mm. in diameter throughout the greater part of its length. 
It is lined by an epithelium of cubical or short columnar cells, which 
are strongly ciliated. Immediately external to the epithelium there 
is a zone of vacuolated connective tissue, and outside of this a muscular 
layer consisting mainly of muscle-fibres running in a circular direction. 
This structure scarcely changes until the vas deferens enters the penial 
retractor ; but in the part in the anterior half of the body-cavity the 
zone of vacuolated connective tissue between the epithelium and the 
muscular layer is usually broader, and the lumen is consequently 
narrower than in the posterior part of the vas deferens (Plate 
XXVIII, figs. 30, 31). 

On entering the penial retractor muscle to pass forward to the penis, 
the vas deferens undergoes a change in its structure. The cilia and 
the zone of vacuolated connective tissue disappear, the lumen becomes 
narrower, and the nuclei of the cubical epithelial cells stain darker 
with haematoxylin. A thin layer of circular muscle-fibres immediately 
surrounds the epithelium, and outside of it there is a thick layer of 
longitudinal muscle-fibres appertaining to the penial retractor 
(Plate XXVIII, fig. 35). A few connective-tissue cells are scattered 
among these longitudinal fibres, and in addition there is a thin, loose, 
outer sheath of connective tissue, which also extends round the 
posterior part of the preceding division of the vas deferens as it 
passes backwards. In this sheath may be found scattered clusters 
of minute granules, which are probably of a calcareous nature. 

The vas deferens lies approximately in the centre of the muscular 
tissue of the penial retractor until it arrives close to the hinder end 
of the penis. Here it passes towards the lower left side of the muscle, 
and at the same time a large number of vacuolated connective-tissue 
cells become intercalated between the longitudinal fibres of the 
muscle, which consequently becomes greatly enlarged above and to 
the right of the vas deferens, so as to form a mass of tissue on the end 
of the penis nearly as broad as the penis itself, and looking as if it 
were part of it when the organ is seen from the outside. (A part of 
this mass of vacuolated tissue at the end of the penis can be seen in 
section in Plate XX XI, fig. 62.) The vas deferens then passes forwards 
into the ventral wall of the penis, surrounded by a little of the vacuo- 


282 Annals of the South African Museum. 


lated connective tissue. At first it lies near the outer surface of the 
penis, but it soon curves inwards, becoming very narrow as it does so, 
and opens by a pore in the apex of a short penis-papilla, which projects 
obliquely into the cavity of the penis from its ventral wall, a short 
distance in front of its posterior end (Plates XXIXa and B, figs. 38, 39). 

The penis is a simple finger-shaped organ, without accessory glands, 
and lies on the right side of the buccal mass, sloping slightly upwards 
towards its hinder end, and opening in front on the side of the head 
behind the right tentacle. It measures about 1-4mm. long by 0-3 mm. 
broad, but it is slightly narrower in the second quarter than in the 
first, third, and fourth quarters of its length, counting from the pos- 
terior end(Plate XX VII, fig.11). It has thick muscular walls, lined by 
an epithelium of short columnar cells (Plate XX VIII, fig. 34). Except 
near the opening to the exterior, the inside of the wall of the penis is 
excavated into a number of pits, encircled by slightly projecting lips ; 
and in many of these pits concretions are found, which project into 
the cavity of the penis. These concretions may serve to roughen the 
outer surface of the penis when it is exserted, and Joyeux-Laffuie has 
shown that in Onchidella celtica (Cuv.) they are composed of uric acid.* 

The retractor muscle of the penis arises from the right side of the 
floor of the body-cavity towards the hinder end of the animal, about 
opposite to the posterior extremity of the pericardium (Plate XX VII, 
fig. 11). It runs straight forward to the posterior end of the penis 
in which it is inserted, its anterior half enclosing a part of the vas 
deferens, and its front end being much enlarged by the intercalation 
of vacuolated connective-tissue cells between its fibres, in the manner 
already described. 


DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF ONCHIDELLA FOUND 
AT THE CAPE. 


Onchidella pulchella, n. sp. 
(Plate XX VII, figs. 1-3; Plate XXVIII, figs. 15-35 ; 
Plates XXIX-XXXI.) 

Size about 5:8 mm. long, 3-6 mm. broad, and 2-5 mm. high in the 
middle. 

Form oval, but rather narrow, especially towards the anterior end. 
Back rather strongly arched, and bearing a number of scattered 
papillae, the larger of which are very prominent. Marginal glands 

* Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, p. 329. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 283 


usually about 22 in number, their positions being indicated by a series 
of prominent swellings round the mantle-edge. Hyponotum generally 
decidedly concave when the animal is contracted. 

Colour of back dark grey (in spirit), with conspicuous white patches, 
including an irregular band along the middle of the back, an irregular 
patch on the right side towards the hinder end, and usually some 
smaller white patches. The tops of the more prominent papillae, and 
the comparatively large marginal swellings, are also white. Foot 
slightly tinged with yellow ; hyponotum uniformly white. 

Internal structure differmg from that of O. capensis in that the 
skin is slightly thicker; the pulmonary network appears to be a 
little coarser ; the albumen glands in the specimens examined were 
rather larger, and the receptaculum seminis was smaller; the vagina 
seems to be slightly longer, with a more prominent lateral protuber- 
ance; the vaginal gland is probably shghtly more swollen distally ; 
and the central teeth of the radula are decidedly broader and shorter. 
The radula itself is relatively a little shorter than that of O. capensis, 
measuring about 1-8 x 0-85 mm. when flattened out, and has the follow- 
ing formula (average of three specimens) : (86-+-1-+-86) x 68. 

Habitat.—On rocks at St. James, Kalk Bay, in False Bay, where a 
number of specimens were found among barnacles, in January 1903, 
by Mr. R. M. Lightfoot, who states that the species was very local. 

Type in the South African Museum, Cape Town. 


Onchidella capensis, n. sp. 


(Plate XX VII, figs. 4-11; Plate XXVIII, figs. 12, 14; 
Plate XXXI, fig. 58.) 


Size of type specimen from Green Point, 7-5 mm. long, 5-9 mm. 
broad, and 3-5 mm. high in the middle. Specimens from Sea Point 
are slightly smaller, though full-grown. 

Form broadly oval. Back strongly arched—very much so in con- 
tracted specimens—and bearing numerous papillae, which are rather 
more crowded than in O. pulchella, but of which the larger are less 
prominent. Marginal glands usually about 24 in number, their 
positions being indicated by small swellings round the mantle-edge. 
Hyponotum rather broad and flat, usually becoming slightly concave 
when the animal is contracted, though not often so concave as in 
contracted specimens of the last species. 

Colour of back grey (in spirit), sometimes rather dark, but generally 
with somewhat paler, very irregular and ill-defined patches, chiefly 


284 Annals of the South African Museum. 


situated towards the middle of the back. The tops of the larger 
papillae and the small marginal swellings are also pale. Foot tinged 
with yellow ; hyponotum whitish, except at the hinder end near the 
opening of the mantle-cavity, where it is strongly tinged with grey 
in the typical form of this species. 

Internal structure differing from that of O. pulchella in that the 
skin is slightly thinner, notwithstanding the larger size of the animal ; 
the pulmonary network appears to be a little finer; the albumen 
glands in the specimens examined were rather smaller, and the 
receptaculum seminis was larger; the vagina seems to be slightly 
shorter relatively to the size of the animal, with a rather less promi- 
nent lateral protuberance ; the vaginal gland is probably slightly 
less swollen distally ; and the central teeth of the radula are decidedly 
longer and narrower. ‘The radula itself is longer than in O. pulchella, 
measuring, when flattened out, about 2:61 mm. in specimens of 
medium size; and it has the following formula (average of four 
specimens) : (110+1-+109) x80. 

Habitat.—Green Point, near Cape Town, where eight specimens 
were collected in June 1896 by Dr. W. F. Purcell.* This should be 
regarded as the type locality. A number of other specimens were 
found by Dr. K. H. Barnard, in April 1914, at Sea Point, near Cape 
Town, “ on the rocks above high-water mark (except exceptional spring 
tides) but within reach of the spray, and mostly on the shady and 
protected sides, which do not dry up between one tide and the next.” 

Type in the South African Museum, Cape Town. 


Onchidella capensis var. paucidentata, n. var. 


External features similar to those of the typical form of the species, 
except in the following particulars: the animal is slightly smaller, 
a somewhat contracted specimen measuring 5:8 mm. long, 4-9 mm. 
broad, and 3-5 mm. high in the middle; the papillae on the back 
are a little more prominent (though they are rather crowded, and the 
larger ones not quite so prominent as in O. pulchella) ; and the hypo- 
notum is uniformly whitish, without the grey area at the hinder end. 

Internal structure resembling that of the typical form of the species, 
except that in the radula, which measures about 2-3 0-9 mm. when 
flattened out, the central teeth, though not so short and broad as 
in O. pulchella, are a little shorter and broader than in the typical 


* These are the specimens that Collinge identified as Onchidiwm peront Cuv. 
(Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. ii, 1900, p. 7). 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 285 


form of O. capensis (Plate XXVIII, fig. 13), and the total number of 
teeth is smaller, the following being the radular formula (average of 
three specimens) : (78-+-1-++-77) x72. 

Habitat.—Buffels Bay, near Cape Point, in False Bay, where 
several specimens, some of which were immature, were found by Dr. 
K. H. Barnard, in March 1915, “ between and in empty barnacles 
(Tetraclita) at half-tide.” 

Type of the variety in the South African Museum, Cape Town. 


AFFINITIES BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF ONCHIDELLA FOUND AT 
THE CAPE AND IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. 


Mutual Relations of the Forms found at the Cape and in South-West 
Africa.—It will be noticed from the description given above that the 
slugs from Bufiels Bay are in some respects intermediate between 
the typical form of O. capensis from near Cape Town and O. pulchella 
from near Kalk Bay ; but while Buffels Bay is very much nearer to 
Kalk Bay than to Cape Town, the slugs from the first-mentioned 
locality resemble the typical O. capensis far more closely than they 
resemble O. pulchella. In fact, there can be little doubt that the 
Bufiels Bay specimens merely constitute a local race or variety of 
O. capensis, with which species they have so very much in common ; 
although the absence of the dark area at the hinder end of the hypo- 
notum renders this variety easy to distinguish when the animals are 
turned upside down, without it being necessary to extract their 
radulae and count the teeth. 

On the other hand, specimens of O. pulchella can be distinguished 
at a glance by their narrower form and much more conspicuous 
markings, and they also ‘differ from O. capensis and its variety in 
several other respects, internal as well as external, as may be seen 
from the description. Therefore there can be no reasonable doubt 
that this form, from St. James, Kalk Bay, should be regarded as 
a distinct species. Nevertheless, the anatomical differences that 
separate O. pulchella and O. capensis are by no means important, 
and the internal organs of the two species are in most respects remark- 
ably similar. It is therefore evident that O. pulchella and O. capensis 
are very closely related species. 

These two species, found within a comparatively short distance of 
each other on the shores of the Cape Peninsula, are the only members 
of the genus Onchidella at present known to occur in Africa south of 


the equator, with the exception of O. maculata Plate, from Angra 
VOL. XX, PART 4, 21 


286 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Pequena in South-West Africa, about 550 miles north-north-west of 
Cape Town. According to Plate’s description of this species,* it is 
somewhat larger than either of those from the Cape. In the colouring 
of the upper surface it seems to bear a considerable resemblance to 
O. pulchella ; but in its strongly arched back and flattened dorsal 
papillae, and in the colouring of its lower surface, it more nearly 
approaches O. capensis. Internally O. maculata differs from both of 
the Cape species in having no vesicula seminalis, and apparently also 
in the vaginal gland arising opposite the receptacular duct imstead 
_ of lower down on the vagina. But so far as it is possible to judge 
from Plate’s description, O. maculata agrees closely with the Cape 
species in many other features of its anatomy, and there can be little 
doubt that it is closely allied to O. pulchella and O. capensis. 


Resemblances and Differences between the Cape Species and those 
found elsewhere.—lf we compare the South African species of Onchidella 
with those from other parts of the world, described anatomically by 
Semper,y Plate,t von Wissel,§ and others, we find that, while O. reti- 
culata (Semper), from New South Wales, and O. coquimbensis Plate, 
from Chile, resemble O. maculata Plate in being without a vesicula 
seminalis, O. nigricans (Q. and G.), petalloides (Q. and G.), and 
obscura Plate, from New Zealand, O. accrensis Plate, from the Gold 
Coast, O. marginata (Couth. and Gould), and guan-fernandeziana Wiss., 
from South America, O. borealis Dall, from Alaska, and O. celtica (Cuv.), 
from Europe, all resemble O. pulchella and O. capensis in possessing 
this organ. In most of the better known species the vaginal gland 
is stated to arise opposite to the receptacular duct, as in O. maculata 
Plate ; but it arises lower down, as in the Cape species, in O. nigricans 
(Q. and G.), from New Zealand—in which the vagina is unusually 
long—and in O. coquimbensis Plate, from Chile. The penis is always 
a comparatively simple organ, but O. binneyi Stearns, from the Gulf 
of California, O. reticulata (Semper), from New South Wales, and 
O. nigricans (Q. and G.) and obscura Plate, from New Zealand, seem 
to differ slightly from most of the other species in having the 
hinder end of the part containing concretions bent to one side. In 


* Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 201. 

7 Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. i, 1882, pp. 278-286. 

t Op. cit., pp. 201-208. 

§ Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, pp. 583-633 ; 
Zool. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, pp. 662-669. References to the 
descriptions of the different species will be found on pp. 301-304 of the present work. 


The South African Species of Onchidella, 287 


O. accrensis Plate, from the Gold Coast, the penial retractor arises a 
little further forwards than in the other species that have been 
examined ; and in this form, as well as in O. nigricans (Q. and G.), 
from New Zealand, the radula-sac scarcely projects beyond the 
posterior end of the buccal mass. The hinder division of the liver 
is usually extremely small, as in the South African species; but it 
appears to be slightly larger in O. accrensis Plate, and in O. nigricans 
(Q. and G.), and perhaps also in O. borealis Dall, from Alaska ; while 
it is decidedly larger in O. celtsca (Cuv.), from Hurope, and in 
O. pachyderma Plate, which probably comes from West Africa. 
The number of the marginal glands seems to vary from a dozen in 
O. incisa (Q. and-G.), from Ascension Island, and about sixteen in 
O. reticulata (Semper), from New South Wales, to about thirty in 
O. campbelli Filhol, from near New Zealand, and O. marginata (Couth. 
and Gould), from Tierra del Fuego; but additional glands opening 
on the hyponotum have been described in some species, such as 
O. reticulata (Semper) and O. juan-fernandeziana Wiss. The inner 
surface of the body-wall is darkly pigmented in O. patelloides (Q. and G.), 
from New Zealand, O. celtica (Cuv.), from Europe, and O. borealis Dall, 
from Alaska; whereas O. nigricans (Q. and G.), obscura Plate, and 
flavescens Wiss., from New Zealand, O. reticulata (Semper), from New 
South Wales, and O. marginata (Couth. and Gould), coquimbensis 
Plate, and juan-fernandeziana Wiss., from South America, agree with 
all the known African species in that the body-wall has no inner 
layer of pigment. According to Plate, O. maculata Plate, from South- 
West Africa, and O. celteca (Cuv.), from Europe, differ from O. accrensis 
Plate, and pachyderma Plate, from tropical West Africa, O. borealis 
Dall, from Alaska, O. reticulata (Semper), from New South Wales, and 
O. obscura Plate, from New Zealand, in having a larger kidney, with 
fewer internal folds, and a less developed lung. In O. borealis, how 
ever, these organs seem to show some slight approach to the condi- 
tion found in O. maculata and O. celtica, and it is probable that further 
connecting links between the two types occur among the South 
American species described anatomically by von Wissel and the South 
African forms dealt with’ in the present paper. Moreover, it is 
evident that this difference must be influenced to some extent by the 
relative state of expansion of the kidney and of the lung when the 
animals were killed and preserved. 

Such is the character of the anatomical differences which separate 
the better known species of Onchidella. It will be noticed that these 
differences show very little correlation with one another, the Cape 


288 Annals of the South African Museum. 


forms agreeing most closely with different species according to the 
character which is taken as the criterion. Further, the differences 
show remarkably little relation to the geographical distribution of 
the various species. These facts, however, are less surprising when 
one observes how trivial most of these anatomical differences are, 
for not one of them can be regarded as having much systematic 
importance. 

It is true that a comparative study of some of the papers that 
have been published dealing with the anatomy of various species of 
Onchidella might lead one to suppose that far more important dif- 
ferences occurred within the genus, but these alleged differences seem 
to be due to errors of observation. For example, the strikingly 
different accounts of the mantle-cavity in this genus * are certainly 
due to mistakes made by various writers on the subject, and not to ~ 
any fundamental differences in the respiratory and excretory systems 
of the animals themselves. Similarly, the discrepancies between the 
various accounts of the accessory genital glands and the spermoviduct 
in the midst of them are probably chiefly due to the ease with which 
these organs can be misunderstood, owing to the great difficulties 
involved in their dissection. Again, a comparison of the figures 
which have been published of the radulae of various species of Onchi- 
della might lead one to suppose that great differences exist in this 
important organ, which is not the case. Von Wissel has given us 
much valuable information about the anatomy of Onchidella, but 
his figures of the radulae of the species with which his papers deal 
give a very inadequate idea of the true form of the teeth. Joyeux- 
Laffuie’s drawings of the radula of O. celtica (Cuv.) are even worse. 
Binney’s figures of the radulae of O. borealis Dall and floridana (Dall) 
are better in some respects, but they are seriously misleading in that 
they show the inner cusp of the lateral teeth to be very small, and the 
outer cusp to be very large. In the Onchidiidae it is always the inner 
cusp that is large, and the outer cusp that is very small, the former 
constituting the mesocone and the latter the ectocone, and specimens 
of the radulae of O. borealis and floridana, mounted by the late Professor 
Gwatkin, and given by him to the Cambridge University Museum of 
Zoology, show that neither of these species forms an exception to the 
rule. It is true that in these two slugs the teeth are slightly broader 
and rather less specialised in character than those of the species from 
South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, but they agree with them 
in all their more important features. From Binney’s description and 

* See p. 248. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 289 


figure of the jaw of O. borealis Dall, one might also suppose that this 
species differed considerably from the southern members of the genus 
in this organ; but Professor Gwatkin’s slide demonstrates that this 
is not the case, for although the jaw is apparently a little better 
developed in O. borealis than in most members of the genus, it is of 
the same general type that we find in the other species, being not 
very unlike that of O. patelloides (Q. and G.) as depicted by von 
Wissel,* though perhaps slightly more compact. It has often been 
stated that certain species of Onchidella do not possess a jaw, but this 
also is very probably an error of observation, as, owing to the fact 
that it is very small and usually extremely delicate, the jaw is excep- 
tionally difficult to find by the ordinary methods in this genus, 
although von Wissel was able to demonstrate its presence in all the 
species that he examined by means of serial sections, even when he 
could not discover it otherwise. The exact position of the external 
openings is rightly regarded as of considerable systematic importance 
in the Onchidiidae ; when, therefore, we notice that Stearns has twice 
stated that in O. binneyi—the form found by Fisher in the Gulf of 
California, and at first identified as O. carpenteri (Binney)—the respira- 
tory orifice is “‘ on the left-side . . . at a point about two-fifths of the 
total length from the posterior end,” and that the anus is on the right 
of the posterior extremity of the foot, his statements being confirmed 
by a figure,t we are apt to think that here at last is an important 
difference among the species of Onchidella, and that the South 
African forms cannot be at all nearly related to O. binneyr Stearns, 
whatever their affinities may be with other species. But it is 
not so; for Semper has already shown that the respiratory and 
other openings occupy their normal positions in this Californian 
species.{ Possibly Stearns examined an abnormal or damaged 
specimen. 

Very little is at present known about the anatomy of several species 
of Onchidella, and it is quite possible that when these forms have 
been investigated some of them may prove to differ in important 
respects from those that have been more adequately studied. It is 
clear, however, that there have not yet been discovered any dif- 
ferential characters of sufficient systematic importance to enable us 
to arrange the species of Onchidella in natural groups which might 
show their mutual genetic relations. 


* Zool. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, pl. xxv, fig. 77. 
+ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1878), 1879, pl. vii, fig. 7. 
t Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1882, p. 281, pl. xxi, fig. 26. 


290 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Dr. Dall’s Subdivision of ONCHIDELLA.—Notwithstanding the facts 
mentioned above, Dr. Dall of Washington, in his paper on the “ Land 
and Fresh-water Mollusks of Alaska,” proposed the new section 
Arctonchis for O. borealis, O. celtica, and possibly other small boreal 
species of Onchidella, designating O. borealis Dall, from the north-west 
coast of America, as the type species.* From Onchidella s.s.—of 
which the type is O. nagricans (Q. and G.), from New Zealand,} Dall 
states that Arctonchis differs in the animal being “ without muci- 
parous glands on the lower side of the mantle, without dorsal eyes, 
and with a jaw.” As both of the Cape species of Onchidella agree 
with Arctonchis in all three of these characters, it is evident that they 
must both be assigned to this section, if Dall’s classification is to be 
adopted. But if we consider the characters by which Dall states 
that Arctonchis is to be separated from Onchidella s.s., it will be clear 
that his classification is not well founded. 

First, as regards the absence of the glands that open on the lower 
surface of the mantle, or hyponotum. Whether these glands are 
present in O. nigricans (Q. and G.) appears to be uncertain ; but, in 
any case, von Wissel has shown that in those species in which they 
have been found their number varies so much, even in different 
specimens of the same species, that they can have but little systematic 
importance.{ For example, in one of the two specimens of O. coquim- 
bensis Plate which he examined only two of these glands were present, 
while the other example possessed only a single gland on the left side 
and none on the right; one-half of this slug might, therefore, be placed 
in Arctonchis and the other in Onchidella s.s., if the presence or absence 
of these glands is to be regarded as a distinguishing character. 

The second feature in which Dall states that Arctonchis differs 
from Onchidella s.s. is the absence of dorsal eyes. But no dorsal eyes 
have been found in O. nigricans (Q. and G.), or in any other species 
of Onchidella of which we know the anatomy. Indeed, Plate, 
Stantschinsky, and other competent writers affirm that dorsal eyes 


* “ Alaska,” vol. xiii, 1905 (republished in 1910 by the Smithsonian Institution), 
Pp. 112. 

+ Dall states that O. nigricans was “selected as type by Herrmannsen, Ind. 
Gen. Mal., Suppl., 1852.” But Herrmannsen merely says (on p. 96): “ Onchidella 
Gray 1850 Fig. iv. 117, g. Onchidiarum: Onchidium nigricans Q., etc.” ; and this 
scarcely amounts to the selection of a type according to the International Rules. 
O. nigricans (Q. & G.), however, was definitely stated to be the type of Onchidella 
by Fischer and Crosse (Mission Scient. Mexique et Amér. Centr., Zool., pt. 7, 
vol. i, 1878, p. 687). 

t Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 598. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 291 


never occur in this genus. It is true that Dall stated that dorsal eyes 
appeared to be present in O. floridana (Dall) ; * but Arey and Crozier 
say they have ascertained that “‘mantle eyes are absent in this 
species’; t and even if they had occurred it would not have altered 
the fact that there is no difference in this respect between O. borealis 
Dall—the type of Arctonchis—and the typical members of the genus 
Onchidella. 

Thirdly, Dall asserts that O. borealis differs from “all the other 
species of the family now known (except O. celticum) ”’ in possessing 
a thin and delicate jaw, the others being agnathous. Yet already, 
before Dall’s paper was first published, von Wissel had found a jaw 
in six other species of Onchidella, including the type O. nigricans 
(Q. and G.), and had further made the very reasonable suggestion 
that it was not unlikely that a jaw would be found in all the species 
of Onchidella when they came to be adequately studied by means of 
serial sections. 

Enough has been said to prove that Dall’s classification of these slugs 
is founded on ignorance of the true facts, and that it should be ignored. 
There is at present no good reason for supposing that the Cape species 
of Onchidella are in any way more nearly related to O. borealis Dall, 
from Alaska, than to the type of the genus from New Zealand. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS. 
(Plate XXXII.) 


Misconceptions caused by Narrow Views on Distribution.—It seems 
possible that when Dall suggested dividing the genus Onchidella in the 
manner just described, he allowed himself to be influenced by geo- 
graphical considerations; for it is very unusual for pulmonate 
Gastropods found in Alaska or in England to be at all nearly related 
to those indigenous to New Zealand or the Tropics. Snails and slugs 
occurring in widely separated regions generally prove to belong to 
different groups, even when they have some superficial resemblance 
to one another ; and certain writers appear to hold the view that this 
must always be the case. They then fall into the error of asserting 
that differences occur between such forms, when a little investigation 
would have shown them that these differences had never been dis- 
covered or were actually known not to exist. 


* Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. viii, 1885, p. 289. 

+ Journ. Gen. Physiol., vol. ii, 1919, p. 108; and Journ. Exper. Zodl., vol. 
xxxii, 1921, pp. 466, 498. 

t Zool. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, p. 669. 


292 Annals of the South African Museum. 


A single example will suffice to demonstrate that it is not only among 
American scientists that misconceptions of this kind have sometimes 
arisen. 

The fresh-water genus Jsedora (Ehrenberg)—or Bulinus (Miill.), as 
it should perhaps be more correctly named—will be familiar to all 
students of the South African Mollusca, and has recently acquired 
an unpleasant notoriety on account of its connection with the human 
parasite Bilharzia. Its distribution extends northwards from the 
Cape as far as the Mediterranean region, and eastwards not only 
to the island of Madagascar, but as far as the East Indies, 
Australia, and New Zealand, while in India some large fossil shells 
have been found which probably belong to the same genus. Kennard 
and Woodward, however, appear to think that it is “ misleading 
and mischievous ’’ to suppose that the genus can have so wide a- 
range, and they accordingly maintain that the species from Australia 
and New Zealand should be placed in separate genera from the 
African species.* They endeavour to justify this procedure by 
stating that a comparison of Jickeli’s figures of the radulae of the 
African forms with those that Dr. Cooke gave of several Australian 
species shows the existence of certain differences which they think 
might be considered sufficient to separate these forms generically. 
If, however, they had compared the radulae themselves they would 
have seen that Cooke was perfectly right when he said that the type 
of radula found in the Australian forms was so very like that found 
in the African species that “ the resemblance amounts to identity.” T 
Indeed, the radulae of the Australian species appear to differ more 
among themselves than they do from either the African or the New 
Zealand forms. The shells from the different regions show no essential 
differences; and Pelseneer has demonstrated that species from 
Tasmania and New Zealand possess the characteristic folded branchial 
lobe which he found in a form from Madagascar,t and which the 
present writer has found in various African species of Iszdora. There- 
fore, until the presence of important differences in some of the other 
organs has been demonstrated, there would seem to be no justification 
for dismembering the genus in the manner suggested. 

Instead of splitting up genera in accordance with preconceived 
theories on geographical distribution, and then trying to make the 
facts agree with this procedure by asserting that differences exist 

* Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. xiv, 1920, pp. 86, 88. 


+ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1889, p. 140. 
t~ Arch. de Biol., vol. xiv, 1896, pp. 365, 372. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 293 


which, on investigation, prove to be imaginary, it would seem better 
to accept the facts so far as they are known, and then to try to explain 
them by considering why some genera of Pulmonates, such as Onchi- 
della, should, apparently, be so very much more widely distributed 
than is usually the case. 


Factors Determining Distribution.—Much has been written on the 
factors which cause and control the geographical distribution of 
animals and plants. One recent writer has maintained that the-age 
of a group is the main factor which determines the size of the area 
over which it extends. Another would emphasise the importance of 
the struggle for existence between forms of similar habits, and the 
power which a dominant form may possess of expelling older and 
weaker species from the areas into which it spreads. A third sees 
in the gradual changes of climate which have taken place the main 
factor which has induced animals to wander far from their ancestral 
homes. Others again would lay stress on geological changes, and 
would explain the presence of a group of land animals on separate 
continents by assuming the existence of a former land-connection 
between them, which later became submerged beneath the sea ; 
or would even suggest that when the group was first evolved the 
continents were contiguous, and that they afterwards drifted apart, 
carrying the animals with them. 

This is not the place to discuss these theories in detail; suffice it 
to say that while many of them undoubtedly contain much truth, 
most of them seem to lay too much emphasis on one of the factors 
influencing the distribution of organisms, and pay too little attention 
to other important factors. For a little consideration will show that 
the geographical distribution of animals and plants must be deter- 
mined by the combined action of the following four distinct factors :— 

First.—Age. It is evident that, on an average, the older a species 
or group of species is, the more widely it will have become distri- 
buted ; for, obviously, it takes time for an animal or plant to spread. 
This important factor of age has recently been emphasised—perhaps 
over-emphasised—in a work by Dr. Willis.* 

Secondly.—Fitness, or, more precisely, the relative power of an 
animal or plant to thrive and multiply rapidly in varying environ- 
ments and in competition with other organisms. Every new form 
must possess a certain degree of fitness to become established at all. 
But one species, or group of species, may owe its survival merely to 

* Age and Area, 1922. 


294 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the fact that it is peculiarly adapted to the special environment in 
which it was evolved ; whereas another may have survived because 
of its superior powers of rapid growth and reproduction, which it can 
maintain under a variety of conditions. Clearly the distribution of 
the first of these forms is likely to remain comparatively restricted ; 
while the second will probably soon spread far and wide, and may 
drive out, or even exterminate, some of the older forms with which 
it competes. 

Thirdly.—Mobility. Other factors being equal, those organisms 
will be the most widely distributed that move rapidly from place to 
place during some stage in their life-history, either by means of their 
own exertions, or because they are adapted to being carried by the 
winds, flowing rivers, or ocean currents, or by other organisms with 
better powers of locomotion than they possess. Animals or plants: 
which are not endowed with the means of moving any distance, 
either actively or passively, at any stage in their development, will 
clearly have much difficulty in spreading. The great importance of 
this factor is so very obvious that it is surprising that it has not 
always received as much attention as it appears to deserve. 

Lastly.—The absence of isolation of the locality in which a group 
of animals or plants is evolved will favour the distribution of that 
group. The importance of climatic and other physical barriers, 
however, is recognised by nearly all writers on this subject, and little 
need therefore be said about it here. Obviously a group that has 
been evolved on a remote island, for example, or on a cold isolated 
mountain-top, will have greater difficulty in spreading than one that 
has arisen in the middle of an extensive belt of country with a uniform 
climate. But it should never be forgotten that we must take into 
consideration any changes in the geographical or climatic conditions 
which are lkely to have taken place at any time since the group 
was first evolved ; for there is, of course, good evidence that important 
physical barriers have been formed, and others have broken down, — 
within the time that has elapsed since many groups originated. 

It is well known that the extent to which each of these four factors 
is possessed by different groups of animals or plants may vary greatly, 
even among groups which are closely related. We should, therefore, 
expect to find an enormous variation in the size of the areas occupied 
by different genera. And ifit could be shown that the genus Onchidella 
possesses some of these factors in a higher degree than most genera 
of slugs, it would be surprising if it had not an-unusually wide 
distribution. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 295 


Probable Causes of the Wide Distribution of ONCHIDELLA.—AS we 
do not know in what quarter of the globe the genus Onchidella arose, 
we cannot judge whether it was evolved in a locality which would 
specially favour its wide dispersal. We must, therefore, confine our 
attention to considering to what extent the genus possesses the first 
three factors mentioned above. 

1. Age.—No fossil species of Onchidella are known to science, the genus 
being one which would not be at all likely to be preserved ina fossil state. 
We have, therefore, to rely on indirect evidence with regard to its age. 

In studying the anatomy of this genus, one cannot help noticing 
the scarcity of transitional characters such as are so commonly found 
in other genera of pulmonate slugs—that is to say, the comparative 
scarcity of organs which seem to be in the process of developing or 
degenerating, or of changing their form. For example, in Onchidella 
(when full-grown) there is no longer the slightest trace of the shell 
or shell-sac ; the detorsion of the alimentary canal and the respiratory 
organs has been completely effected, the anus and the respiratory 
orifice being always exactly in the middle at the hinder end of the 
animal; the characteristic marginal glands are probably as fully 
developed as they could be without interfering in any way with the 
other organs ; the fusion of the pleural and parietal nerve-ganglia is 
complete, and the nerve-ring could scarcely become any narrower 
without unduly constricting the oesophagus. Thus, while the structure 
of most ordinary genera of slugs suggests that they cannot be very 
ancient, as if they were they would have developed further along the 
lines already begun, a study of the anatomy of Onchidella conveys no 
such impression, but rather suggests that the organisation of this 
genus is in a comparatively stable condition which may have been 
attained a long time ago. And although the genus is in many ways 
highly specialised, it retains certain archaic or primitive features in 
its nervous and digestive systems, which seem to indicate that it has 
arisen from a very ancient stock. There are, therefore, good grounds 
for thinking that the genus Onchidella is very possibly much older 
than most genera of pulmonate slugs, in which case it would have 
had time to become much more widely distributed. 

2. Fitness.—It is very difficult to estimate to how great an extent 
an organism possesses the power to thrive and multiply under varying 
conditions, and to compete successfully with other organisms of 
similar habits. Yet the facts that the reproductive glands are very 
well developed in Onchidella, and the animals are usually very 
abundant where they occur at all, seem to indicate that the genus is 


296 Annals of the South African Museum. 


a prolific one.* Its power to live for a month or more under water, 
respiring through the skin, or for the same period in the air (if not 
too dry), breathing mainly through the lung, shows that it is quite 
exceptionally adaptable to a varying environment ; and the same fact 
is indicated by the occurrence of the genus both on the equator and 
in the Bering Sea, and in the power that these animals possess of 
resisting comparatively high temperatures.§ The large marginal 
glands, or “ poison glands” as they are sometimes termed, which 
are so characteristic of this genus, would seem to be well suited to 
protect the slugs from the attacks of other animals.|| They feed 
upon various small algae; and, as for any possible competition 
in the struggle for existence, the .Onchididae is the only family 
of pulmonate slugs inhabiting the seashore. The other mollusks 
that occur in exactly the same type of locality as that in which 
these slugs are found are all so very different that it is doubtful 
whether any of them could be justly regarded as their serious com- 
petitors. Possibly, however, the other genera of the Onchidudae 
might compete with Onchidella ; for although the slugs belonging to 
these genera are undoubtedly more primitive in some respects, many of 
them are larger than the species of Onchidella and more highly organised 
in other ways. It is therefore hardly likely to be a mere coincidence 
that the only really extensive area in the world in which the genus 
Onchidella is not known to occur is that in which the other genera of 
the Onchidiidae are found, namely, the Indo-Pacific Region (see map, 
Plate XXXII). 

The genus Onchidiwm (Buchanan)—including the subgenus Onevs 
(Plate)—is by far the largest and most widely distributed of the 
remaining genera of the Onchidiidae, the others being Peronina (Plate), 
from India, which is very closely related to Onchidium, and the rather 
more primitive genus Oncidina (Semper), from Queensland, New 

* According to Joyeux-Laffuie, in O. celtica (Cuv.), pairing takes place through- 
out the spring and summer, it is reciprocal, and as many as seventy or eighty 
eggs are usually laid at a time (Arch. de Zoolog. Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, 
pp. 330, 332). 

+ Ibid., p. 280. 

t Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, p. 809. According to Barnard, O. capensis is 
found above ordinary high-water mark (see p. 284). 

§ Arey and Crozier, Journ. Exper. Zoél., vol. xxii, 1921, pp. 474-476. 

|| The effective way in which an Onchidella can repel another animal by 
discharging the acid secretion of its marginal glands has been shown by the 
interesting observations and experiments of Arey and Crozier (Amer. Natural., 


vol. lili, 1919, pp. 422-426; and Journ. Exper. Zoél., vol. xxxii, 1921, pp. 
456-459). 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 297 


Caledonia, and the Fiji Islands. Onchidiwm occurs on the East coast 
of Africa, as well as elsewhere in the Indian Ocean, and its distri- 
bution extends in a south-westerly direction at least as far as Natal ; 
but it has not been found at the Cape or in tropical West Africa, 
where the genus Onchidella occurs. In Australia Onchidiwm extends 
down the east coast as far south as the neighbourhood of Sydney, 
which is the northerly limit of the known distribution of Onchidella 
in that region. Passing eastwards, Onchidiwm occurs in several of 
the islands in the Pacific, and not improbably extends as far as the 
Galapagos Islands, where it again appears to meet the genus Onchi- 
della; but more information is needed about the species from the 
Galapagos Islands before we can be certain of their generic relations. 
Outside of the Indo-Pacific Region, in the many areas where Onchidella 
is widely distributed, the genus Onchidiwm is not at present known to 
occur. It is true that Dall seems to regard O. schrammi (Bland and 
Binney), from Guadeloupe, as a typical Onchidium ;* but Binney’s 
original figure of the radula of this species agrees more nearly with the 
type of radula found in Onchidella,f and there is nothing in the descrip- 
tion of the animal to suggest that it does not belong to the latter 
genus.{ As regards Oris ferussaci Risso, from the South of France, 
a species which Bourguignat considered belonged to the Onchidiidae,§ 
it should be pointed out that Risso stated that this animal possesses 
four nearly equal tentacles, two mandibles, and other features which 
seem to show that it has no affinities with this family.|| 
On the other hand, not a single species of Onchidella is at present 
known to occur in the Indo-Pacific Region ; for although Tapparone- 
Canefri §] and others have assigned certain species from this area to 
the genus Onchidella, Fischer and Crosse are probably right in thinking 
that these forms really belong to the genus Onchidiwm.** For it must 
not be forgotten that Gray’s brief original description of Onchidella 
would apply to many species of Onchidiwm as well as Onchidella, and 
it was not until 1893 that the essential differences between the two 
genera were clearly set forth by Plate.+7 
It is true that in a paper written in 1915, and published so recently 
* «< Alaska,” vol. xiii, 1905, p. 114. 
+ Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. x, 1874, pl. xvi, figs. 3-5. 
t Ibid., pp. 339, 340. 
§ Etude Synonym. Moll. Alpes Marit. Risso, 1861, p. 27. 
|| Hist. Nat. de Europe Merid., vol. iv, 1826, p. 57. 
| Malac. in Zool. Viagg. Magenta (1865-68), 1874, p. 101, ete. 
** Mission Scient. Mexique et Amér. Centr., Zool., pt. 7, vol. i, 1878, p. 696. 
t+} Zoolog. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, pp. 164-167. 


298 Annals of the South African Museum. 


as 1920, Simroth described some new Onchidiidae from the Arru 
‘Islands in the Malay Archipelago, and regarded one of them as a 
species of Onchidella, naming it Oncidium (Oncidiella) Mertoni.* But 
he stated that the specimens were too hard for dissection, and his 
description and figures of their external features show none of the 
special characters by which the species of Onchidella can be dis- 
tinguished from those belonging to the other genera of the Onchidiidae. 
On the contrary, they seem to show that this species differs from 
Onchidella in several respects ; thus, the male opening appears to be 
further forward ; the ciliated groove on the right of the foot seems 
to end posteriorly just behind the anus, instead of in it ; the foot-sole 
is divided by numerous grooves into transverse ridges or “ soleolae”’ ; 
the hyponotum does not appear to be divided by a permanent hypo- 
notal line into an outer papillated area and an inner smooth area; - 
and the mantle-edge does not seem to show any outward indications 
of containing large marginal glands. It is therefore probable that 
Simroth was mistaken in regarding O. mertona as an Onchidella ; 
possibly it may prove to be a species of Onchidium. Consequently 
the occurrence of this species in the Arru Islands is not inconsistent 
with the statement that, although they are so widely distributed 
elsewhere, no species of Onchidella are known from the Indo-Pacific 
Region, where the other genera of the Onchidudae occur. 

It appears, therefore, that the wide dispersal of the genus Onchidella 
would be favoured not only by its probable age, but also because the 
animals seem to be prolific, exceptionally adaptable to varying condi- 
tions, with special means of protection from their enemies, and with no 
very close competitors within the extensive areas where they are found. 

3. Mobility.—According to Hemphill, Onchidella borealis Dall moves 
quite rapidly for so small an animal.t On the other hand, Huppé 
states that O. chilensis moves with excessive slowness.{ Arey 
and Crozier have shown that the rate of progression of O. floridana 
(Dall) is about 5 cm. per minute;§ but when the slugs leave 
the little clefts in the rocks which form their resting-places and 
move about, they afterwards return with a surprising regularity 
to the particular crannies whence they came,|! a fact which would 

* Abhandl. hrsg. v. d. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesells. Frankfurt, vol. xxxv, 
p- 294. 

7 Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xxii, 1892, p. 202. 

t Gay’s Historia de Chile, Zool., vol. viii, 1854, p. 121. 

§ Journ. Exper. Zoél., vol. xxxii, 1921, pp. 452, 471. 
| Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. iv, 1918, p. 319; and Journ. Exper. 
Zél., vol. x¥xii, 1921, pp. 447-450, 484-488, 498. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 299 


not lead to their rapid dispersal. Moreover, the supposition that 
the slugs belonging to this genus are not accustomed to wander 
far on the shore is confirmed by the fact that they are usually found 
in narrowly circumscribed colonies. On the whole, therefore, it 
seems improbable that these animals would become more widely 
distributed than most slugs on account of any superior powers of 
locomotion that they might possess. 

Joyeux-Laffuie has shown that in O. celtica (Cuv.) the young has 
the same general form as the adult when it emerges from the egg,* 
and it would therefore not be likely to have any greater mobility than 
the full-grown animal. But he has also shown that at an earlier 
stage in development the embryo assumes the form of a veliger larva, 
which moves about within the egg-shell ; and although this larva now 
changes into a little slug before the egg is hatched, it is almost certain 
that in the ancestors of these animals the eggs must at one time have 
hatched earlier so that the larvae swam freely in the sea. Indeed, it 
is conceivable that even now hatching may precede the metamorphosis 
in some species of Onchidella ; and if it does, or if it ever has done so 
since the genus was first evolved, it is obvious that it would favour 
the dispersal of the animals. Arey and Crozier state that in 
O. floridana (Dall) “the creature which emerges from the egg 
membrane has already the form of the adult,’ + as in O. celtica 
(Cuv.); but it is very desirable that we should know something of the 
ontogeny of other species of Onchidella, and it is greatly to be hoped 
that some day a South African zoologist, who has the opportunity 
of studying living specimens of O. pulchella and O. capensis, will 
publish an account of the development of these interesting slugs. 

But while it is very doubtful whether Onchidella is any more active 
than most snails and slugs, probably no other genus of pulmonate 
slugs is so well adapted to being carried across the sea by ocean currents 
in drift material, such as masses of empty barnacles, sponges, etc. 
It will be remembered that both of the Cape species have been found 
among barnacles,f and O. celtica (Cuv.) sometimes lays its eggs in 
empty barnacles according to Joyeux-Laffuie.§ On the other hand, 
Huppé states that O. lanuginosa—a minute, little known species from 
Chile—lives amongst sponges.|| The transit of the slugs would be 
favoured by their small size, and especially by their power to live 


* Arch. de Zool. Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, pp. 333-369, pls. Xx—xxii. 
+ Journ. Exper. ZoGl., 1921, vol. xxxii, p. 456. t See pp. 283, 285. 
§ Arch. de Zoologie Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 1882, p. 331. 

|| Gay’s Historia de Chile, Zool., vol. viii, 1854, p. 122. 


300 Annals of the South African Museum. 


either in damp air or entirely submerged in sea-water for weeks at a 
time. And the facts that they are strongly gregarious, hermaphro- 
dite, with possible powers of self-fertilisation, and apparently, as we 
have already seen, well fitted to thrive and multiply in many different 
localities, would increase their chances of establishing colonies on 
any rocky shores on which they might be stranded. The view that 
these slugs are easily carried across the sea is also supported by the 
fact that the genus has been found on so many remote islands, such 
as Ascension Island, Bermuda, the Galapagos Islands, Juan Fernandez, 
Campbell Island, Auckland Island, and the Chatham Islands beyond 
New Zealand. 

If these slugs are thus capable of being carried across the seas by 
the surface currents, aided by the accompanying winds blowing on 
the drifting material, the wide distribution of the genus can be easily — 
explained ; especially as it is very possible that the genus dates back 
to a time when some of the continents were more closely linked by 
islands than they are at present. From the east coast of Australia 
and Tasmania the animals would be carried at first southward by 
the East Australian Current, and then eastward by the West Wind 
Drift to New Zealand, Auckland Island, and Campbell Island. The 
same drift might then convey them by way of the Chatham Islands 
onwards to the coast of Chile. The Cape Horn Current would carry 
them to Tierra del Fuego, whence the West Wind Drift would again 
convey them eastwards as far as the Cape. They would spread 
northwards up the western coasts of both South America and Africa ; 
but when they arrived in the Tropics the South Equatorial Current 
would be likely to carry some of them westwards from South America 
to the Galapagos Islands, and from Africa to Ascension Island, and 
thence to Brazil, and north-westwards to the West Indies and Florida. 
From here the Gulf Stream might carry them eastwards again, by 
way of the Bermuda Islands, to Europe. 

Enough has been said to show that there are good reasons for 
supposing that the genus Onchidella possesses in a much higher degree 
than the majority of slugs most of those factors which favour a wide 
geographical distribution. It is, therefore, not at all surprising to find 
that the genus appears to have a wider natural distribution than any 
other genus of pulmonate slugs known to science. And it is in com- 
plete accord with the principles of geographical distribution as applied 
to this genus that undoubted species of Onchidella should have been 
discovered living in the neighbourhood of Cape Town by the zoologists 
of the South African Museum. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 301 


ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF ONCHIDELLA, 
WITH REFERENCES. 


The difficulty of compiling a list of the species of Onchidella is 
increased by the fact that many species of the Onchidiidae have not 
been described in a sufficiently precise manner to enable one to deter- 
mine in which genus they should be placed. Therefore, in the present 
state of our knowledge, it is impossible to affirm definitely that every 
one of the species included in the following list certainly belongs to 
the genus Onchidella, and that all of the named forms which have been 
excluded from the list undoubtedly belong to other genera. Moreover, 
it is possible, though by no means probable, that one or two other 
names besides those indicated in the footnotes may eventually prove 
to be synonyms. Only the more important references are given, 
minor references of little interest being usually omitted. 


O. accrensis, Plate, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 203, pl. xii, 
fig. 100. Hab.—Gold Coast, West Africa. 

O. armadilla (Moérch), Journ. de Conchyl., vol. xi, 1863, p. 43. Hab.—St. Thomas 
and other West Indian Islands. 

O. binneyt Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xvi (1893), 1894, p. 342, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 ; 
Stearns, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1878), 1879, p. 399, pl. vii, figs. 7, 8 
(as O. carpentert Bin.); Semper, Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1882, 
p- 281, pl. xxi, figs. 14, 25, 26 (as O. carpentert Bin.); Binney, Bull. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. xix, 1890, p. 214, pl. vi, figs. D, E (as O. carpenteri Bin.). 
Hab.—Gulf of California. 

O. borealis Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. vii, 1871, p. 135; Binney, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 184, pl. vi, figs. E, BB, EE; Binney, Bull. Mus. 
Comp. Zool., vol. iv, 1878, p. 179, figs. 87, 88, pl. v, fig. B; Semper, Reis. 
Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1882, p. 282, pl. xxi, fig. 13; Binney, Man. 
Amer. Land Shells, Bull. No. 28 U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 162, figs. 147-149 ; 
Hemphill, in Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xxii, 1892, p. 202; Plate, 
Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 206; Dall, ‘‘ Alaska,” vol. 
xiii, 1905, p. 112. Hab.—Alaska and west coast of Canada and United 
States. ; 

O. campbelli Filhol, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. xci, 1880, p. 1094; 
Filhol, Miss. Sci. & I’Ile Campbell, 1885, p. 521; Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, 
p- 809; atlas (1915), pl. xxxii, figs. 1, a. Hab.—Campbell I., Auckland I., and 
Stewart I., south of New Zealand. 

O. capensis Watson, n. sp., Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. xx, 1925, pp. 239, 283, 
pl. xxvii, figs. 4-11; pl. xxviii, figs. 12, 14; pl. xxxi, fig. 58; Collinge. 
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. ii, 1900, p. 7 (as Onchidiwm peront Cuv.). Hab.— 
Neighbourhood of Cape Town, South Africa. 

O. carpenterit Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 154; Binney, Land and 
Fresh-water Shells of N. Amer., vol. i, 1868, p. 307, fig. 544; Fischer and 
Crosse, Mission Scient. Mexique et Amér. Centr., Zool., pt. 7, vol. i, 1878, 

VOL. XX, PART 4, 22 


302 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


p. 697; Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, Bull. No. 28 U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 
p. 163, fig. 150. Hab.—Lower California and west coast of United States. 


O. celtica (Cuvier), Régne Animal, 1817, vol. ii, p. 411, and 1830, vol. iii, p. 46 (nomen 


nudum); Audouin and Milne-Edwards, Recherches Hist. Natur. du Littoral 
de la France, vol. i, 1832, p. 118; Forbes and Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll., 1853, 
vol. i, pl. FFF, fig. 6; vol. iv, p. 3; Recluz, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 
xxvii, 1869, p. 59; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. v, 1869, p. 95, pl. iii, fig. 5; 
Vaillant, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. Ixxiii, 1871, p. 1172, and Bull. 
Soc. Philom., vol. viii, 1871, p. 225, and vol. ix, 1872, p. 25; Fischer and Crosse, 
Mission Scient. Mexique et Amér. Centr., Zool., pt. 7, vol. i, 1878, p. 687, 
pl. xxxi, figs. 1-12; Joyeux-Laffuie, Arch. de Zool. Expér. et Génér., vol. x, 
1882, p. 225, pls. xiv-xxii; Semper, Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1882, 
p. 283, pl. xxi, fig. 21; Plate, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, 
p. 202, pl. vii, figs. llc, 22; pl. viii, fig. 32; pl. x, fig. 49a; Haller, Verhandl. 
‘Naturhist.-Medicin. Vereins Heidelberg, vol. v, 1894, p. 301; Boutan, Arch. 
de Zool. Expér. et Génér., ser. 3, vol. vii, 1899, p. 290, fig. 22; Vayssiére, _ 
Encycl. Scient., Bibl. de Zool., Moll. de la France, vol. i, 1913, p. 388, pl. xli, 
fig. 11; Germain, 2bid., vol. ii, 1913, p. 227.* Hab.—Brittany and Cornwall. 
chilensis (Huppé), Gay’s Historia de Chile, Zool., vol. viii, 1854, p. 120; 
Plate, Sitz.-ber. Akad. Wissens. Berlin, 1894, p. 219. Hab.—Chiloe Island, 
Chile. 


O. coquimbensis Plate,+ Sitz.-ber. Akad. Wissens. Berlin, 1894, p. 218; von Wissel, 


ie) 


io) 


0. 


S 


O 


Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 586, pl. xxxiv, 
figs. 3, 4, 10, lla, 12b; pl. xxxvi, fig. 28. Hab.—Coquimbo, Chile. 


. flavescens von Wissel, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, p. 668, 


pl. xxv, figs. 78, 79 ; Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, p. 810; atlas (1915), pl. xxxii, 
figs. 2,a. Hab.—Chatham Islands, and North Island, New Zealand. 


. floridana (Dall), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. viii, 1885, p. 288; Binney, Bull. 


Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xix, 1890, p. 203, pl. iu, fig. 10; pl. vi, figs. B, C; 
Pilsbry, Trans. Connect. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. x, 1900, p. 503; Dall 
and Simpson, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 1900, vol. xx, pt. 1, 1901, p. 371; 
Arey and Crozier, Proc. Nat. Acad, Sci. U.S.A., vol. iv, 1918, p. 319; 
Amer. Natural., vol. lini, 1919, p. 415; Journ. Gen. Physiol., vol. ii, 1919, 
p- 107; Journ. Exper. Zoél., vol. xxx, 1921, p. 443.4 Hab.—Florida, 
Bermuda, and Porto Rico. 


incisa (Quoy and Gaimard), Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Zool.. vol. ii, 1832, p. 211, 


pl. xv, figs. 19, 20. Hab.—Ascension Island. 


. indolens ((Couthouy) Gould), Wilkes U.S. Explor. Exped., vol. xii, Moll., 1852, 


p- 290; atlas (1856), pl. xxi, figs. .381-382a. Hab.—Brazil. 


trrorata (Gould),§ Wilkes U.S. Explor. Exped., vol. xii, Moll., 1852, p. 291; 


atlas (1856), pl. xxi, figs. 383-3835; Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, p. 811. 
Hab.—North Island, New Zealand. 


. juan-fernandeziana von Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, 


* See also under O. tuberculata ((Crouan) Taslé). 
+ It is possible that this form may not be specifically distinct from O. chilensis 


(Huppé). 


t See also under O. trans-atlantica (Heilprin). 
§ Perhaps not specifically distinct from O. petalloides (Q. and G. 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 303 


vol. ij, 1898, p. 586, pl. xxxiv, figs. 1, 5, 8, 9, 12c; pl. xxxv; pl. xxxvi, 
figs. 22-24, 26, 29, 30. Hab.—Juan Fernandez, near Chile. 

O. lanuginosa (Huppé), Gay’s Historia de Chile, Zool., vol. viii, 1854, p. 121. Hab.— 
Chiloe Island, Chile. 

O. maculata, Plate, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 201, pl. vii, 
fig. 4; pl. ix, figs. 43,44; pl. x, figs. 45-49, 52; pl. xi, fig. 68; pl. xii, fig. 101. 
Hab.—Angra Pequena, S.W. Africa. 

O. marginata ((Couthouy) Gould), Wilkes U.S. Explor. Exped., vol. xii, Moll., 1852, 
p- 292; atlas (1856), pl. xxii, figs. 386-386e ; von Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 
vol. iv (Fauna Chilensis, vol. i), 1898, p. 586, pl. xxxiv, figs. 2, 6, 7, 116, 12a; 
pl. xxxiv, figs. 25, 27. Hab.—Tierra del Fuego. 

O. nana (Philippi),* Fauna Molluscorum Siciliae, vol. ii, 1844, p. 101, pl. xx, fig. 6; 
Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. v, 1869, p. 96; Vayssiére, Encycl. Scient., Bibl. de 
Zool., Moll. de la France, vol. i, 1913, p. 388, pl. xli, fig. 9. Hab.—Sicily, 
Italy, and the South of France. 

O. nigricans (Quoy and Gaimard), Voyage de l’ Astrolabe, Zool., vol. ii, 1832, p. 214, 
pl. xv, figs. 24-26; Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., vol. iii, 1884, pl. cii, 
fig. 68 ; von Wissel, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, p. 662, 
pl. xxv, figs. 70-74; Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, p. 811; atlas (1915), pl. xxxii, 
fig. 3. Additional references will be found in Suter’s Manual (loc. cit.). Hab.— 
North and South Islands, New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. 

O. obscura Plate, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 207; Suter, 
Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, p. 812. Hab.—D’Urville Island and South Island, 
New Zealand. 

O. pachyderma Plate, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 204; Bretnall, 
Rec. Australian Mus., vol. xii, 1919, p. 328. Hab.—Victoria, Cameroon (?), 
West Africa. 

O. parthenopeia (delle Chiaje), Descrizione d. Animalis. Vert. d. Sicilia, vol. ii, 1841, 
p. 13, pl. xlvi; Mem. di Fisica Soc. Ital., vol. xxiii (1843), 1844, p. 211, pl. ili; 
Semper, Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1882, p. 285. Hab.—Italy. 

O. patelloides (Quoy and Gaimard), Voyage de |’ Astrolabe, Zool., vol. ii, 1832, p. 212, 
pl. xv, figs. 21-23; Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv, 1882, p. 155, pl. iv, 
figs. B, R; Pelseneer, Mém. de Acad. Roy. de Belg., vol. liv, 1901, Etudes 
Gastr. Pulmonés, p. 20, pl. v, figs. 45, 46; pl. vi, figs. 47, 48 ; von Wissel, Zool. 
Jahrb. (Syst., Geogr. u. Biol.), vol. xx, 1904, p. 667, pl. xxv, figs. 75-77; 
Pelseneer, Lankester’s Treatise on Zoology, pt. v, Moll., 1906, p. 78, fig. 59 3 
Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., 1913, p. 813; atlas (1915), pl. xxxii, fig. 4; Bretnall, 
Rec. Australian Mus., vol. xii, 1919, p. 324. For further references see the 
last two works. Hab.—North and South Islands, New Zealand, and Chatham 
Islands. 

O. pulchella Watson, n. sp., Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. xx, 1925, pp. 239, 282, 
pl. xxvii, figs. 1-3; pl. xxviii, figs. 15-35; pls. xxix-xxxi. Hab.—Kalk Bay, 
Cape of Good Hope. 

O. reticulata (Semper), Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1880, pl. xx, fig. 16; 

pl. xxiii, fig. 1; and 1882, p. 278, pl. xxi, figs. 16, 20, 23; Plate, Zool. Jahrb. 

(Anat. u. Ontog.), vol. vii, 1893, p. 205, pl. xi, figs. 69, 70; Bretnall, Rec. 


* Probably a synonym of O. parthenopeia (delle Chiaje). 
+ See also under O. nana (Philippi). 


304 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Australian Mus., vol. xii, 1919, p. 324.* Hab.—New South Wales, Tasmania, 
and North Island, New Zealand (?). 

O. schrammi (Bland and Binney), Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. x, 1874, 
p. 339, pl. xvi, figs. 3-5. Hab.—Guadeloupe, West Indies. 

O. steindachnert (Semper), Reis. Arch. Philipp., pt. 2, vol. iii, 1880, pl. xix, figs. 7, 8 ; 
pl. xxiii, fig. 14; and 1882, p. 280, pl. xxi, fig. 15; Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus., vol. xvi (1893), 1894, p. 384, pl. li, figs. 4,5. Hab.—Galapagos Islands. 

O. trans-atlantica (Heilprin),f Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1888), 1889, p. 327, 
pl. xvi, figs. 4, 4a ; Heilprin, “‘ Bermuda Islands,”’ 1893, p. 187, pl. xv, figs. 4, 4a; 
Pilsbry, Trans. Connect. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. x, 1900, p. 503. 
Hab.—Bermuda Islands. 

O. tuberculata ((Crouan) Taslé),t Faune Malac. Marine de l’Ouest de la France, 
Catal. Moll. Atlantique Frangais, Suppl., 1870, p. 49; Fischer, Journ. de 
Conchyl., vol. xix, 1871, p. 370. Hab.—Finisteére, Brittany. 


* T cannot agree with Bretnall in regarding O. reticulata (Semper) as synony- _ 
mous with O. patelloides (Q. and G.), because a comparison of Plate’s description of 
some of Semper’s original specimens of O. reticulata, from Sydney, with von Wissel’s 
account of examples of O. patelloides, from New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, 
shows that the two forms differ in their anatomy. Thus, O. reticulata is stated to 
have the inner surface of the body-wall unpigmented, and to be without a vesicula 
seminalis ; whereas in O. patelloides the inner surface of the body-wall is darkly 
pigmented, and the vesicula seminalis is well developed. It seems to be possible, 
however, that the specimens from New Zealand, which Semper also included in 
his species, may prove to be more correctly assigned to O. patelloides. Suter does 
not include O. reticulata among the species found in New Zealand. 

+ Now considered to be synonymous with O. floridana (Dall) (q.v.). It 
should be noted, however, that in addition to this species, another much smaller 
species of Onchidella also occurs abundantly at Bermuda, having been recorded, 
but not named, by Crozier and Arey (Amer. Natural., vol. liii, 1919, pp. 417, 
427; Journ. Exper. Zo6l., vol. xxxii, 1921, p. 446). 

t Almost certainly a synonym of O. celtica (Cuv.). 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 305 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


abd. gn.=abdominal ganglion. 

alb. gl.=albumen glands. 

ant. liver anterior division of liver. 

buc. cav.=buccal cavity. 

buc. com.=buccal commissure. 

buc. wall=wall of buccal mass. 

cer. com. =cerebral commissure. 

herm. d.=hermaphrodite duct. 

herm. gl.=hermaphrodite gland. 

int. (a)=first part of intestine passing forwards from the stomach. 

int. (b)=second part of intestine passing backwards to the rectum. 

. ant. b. protr.=left anterior buccal protractor. 

. buc. gn.=left buccal ganglion. 

. cer. gn.=left cerebral ganglion. 

. eye=left eye. 

. hep. d.=hepatic duct from left anterior portion of liver. 

. lab. palp.=left labial palp. 

. lat. sin. =left lateral sinus. 

. ped. gn.=left pedal ganglion. 

. pl.-par. gn.=left pleuro-parietal ganglion. 

. sal. d.=left salivary duct. 

. sal. gl. =left salivary gland. 

. tent.=left tentacle. 

. tent. retr.=left tentacular retractor muscle. 

long. vn.=lateral longitudinal vein passing backwards on each side dorsal to the 
lateral sinus. 

marg. gl.=marginal gland. 

marg. gl. d.=duct of marginal gland. 

odont. art.=odontophoral artery. 

odont. n.=odontophoral nerves. 

odont. swp.=odontophoral support. 

oesoph. =oesophagus. 

osphr.=vestigial osphradium. 

p. ped. com.=posterior pedal commissure. 

pap.=papilla projecting into the cavity of the buccal mass just behind the opening 
of the oesophagus. 

ped. gl.=pedal gland. 

pen. op.—=opening of penis. 

pen.-pap. =penis-papilla. 

pen. retr.—penial retractor. 

pericard. =pericardium. 

post. buc. m.=posterior ventral buccal muscles. 

post. hep. d.=opening of the posterior hepatic duct into the hinder end of the 
stomach. 


Sw nn nnn n we mene ww 


306 Annals of the South African Museum. 


post. liver—=posterior division of the liver. 

prost. ap. appendix of spermoviduct or prostate gland. 

prost. ap. (b)=proximal end of the same organ, showing its junction with the 
spermoviduct. 

. ant. b. protr.=right anterior buccal protractor. 

. buc. gn.=right buccal ganglion. 

. cer. gn. =right cerebral ganglion. 

. eye=right eye. 

. hep. d.=right hepatic duct. 

. lab. palp=right labial palp. 

. lat. sin. =right lateral sinus. 

. ped. gn.=right pedal ganglion. 

. pl.-par. gn.=right pleuro-parietal ganglion. 

. sal. d.=right salivary duct. 

. sal. gl.=right salivary gland. 

. spov. gl.=right spermoviduct gland. 

. tent. =right tentacle. 

r. tent. retr.=right tentacular retractor muscl 

rad. sac. =radula-sac. 

rad. retr.=radular retractor muscles. 

rec. sem. =receptaculum seminis. 

recept. d.=receptacular duct. 

resp. op.=opening of lung. 

sSpermov. =spermoviduct. 

stom. (f.)=first part of stomach. 


Sj te SS te SS Sy St 3 Sy Gy ays Sy 3 


stom. (l.)=last part of stomach. 
stom. (m.)=wall of muscular part of stomach. 
stom. (p.)=posterior part of stomach. 


subcer. com. =subcerebral commissure. 

vag. gl.=vaginal gland. 

vag. gl. d.=duct of vaginal gland. 

vag. op.=opening of vagina. 

vas def.—=vas deferens. 

ventr. rad. pkt.=ventral pocket containing anterior end of radula. 
ves. sem.—=vesicula seminalis. 

visc. art.=visceral artery to stomach, liver, etc. 


PuatEe XXVIII. 
Onchidella pulchella. 


FIG. 

1. Right side of animal. x6. 

2. Dorsal surface. x6. 

3. Ventral surface. x6. 

Onchidella capensis. 

4. Right side of animal. x6. 

5. Dorsal surface. x6. 

6. Ventral surface. x6. 

7. Dorsal view of viscera. 10. 


36- 


The South African Species of Onchidella. 307 


. Wall of oesophagus (stained), seen from within. x 60. 
. Ventral view of pedal ganglia. x 24. 

. Central nervous system. X30. 

. Genital organs. x18. 


Pratt XXVIII. 


Onchidella capensis. 


. Buccal mass, right salivary gland, oesophagus, crop, stomach, and intestine, 


seen from the right side after the removal of the rectum, liver, etc. 21. 


. Central tooth from the radula of the variety paucidentata. 875. 
. Representative teeth from the radula of a specimen from Sea Point. 875. 


Onchidella pulchella. 


. Representative teeth from the radula. x 875. 

. A single lateral tooth from the radula, seen from the side. 875. 

. Section of the epithelium lining of the buccal cavity. 350. 

. Section of the buccal epithelium near the opening of the oesophagus. 350. 
. Longitudinal section of the wall of the oesophagus. 350. 

. Transverse section of the wall of the crop. 350. 

. Transverse section of the wall of the intestine. 350. 

. Transverse section of the wall of the division of the stomach lying in front of 


the muscular portion. 350. 


. Transverse section of the lateral wall of the muscular part of thestomach. x 350. 
. Transverse section of the wall of one of the larger anterior hepatic ducts. 350. 
. Transverse section of the wall of the spermoviduct, showing the transition from 


the glandular to the non-glandular part. 350. 


. Transverse section of the wall of the free oviduct. 350. 
. Section of the wall of the appendix of the spermoviduct or prostate gland. 


x 350. 


. Section of wall of the receptaculum seminis. 350. 
. Transverse section through the vestigial osphradium, and the adjacent right 


posterior pallial nerve. 350. 


. Transverse section through the part of the vas deferens lying in the body- 


cavity near the penis. 350. 


. Transverse section of the wall of the vas deferens in the posterior part of the 


body-cavity near the oviduct. 350. 


. Transverse section of the wall of the aorta. 350. 

. Transverse section of the wall of the vaginal gland. 350. 

. Section of the wall of the penis. 350. 

. Transverse section through the last portion of the vas deferens embedded in 


the penial retractor muscle. 350. 


PuatEs XX1Xa, XXI]Xzs, XXI1Xc. 
Onchidella pulchella. 


44, Serial transverse sections through the anterior and middle parts of the 
animal. X24. The sections are arranged in order from before backwards, 
and are seen from the front, the right side of the animal being on the left 
side in the figures. | 


308 


FIG. 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


Pirates XXXa, XXXz. 
Onchidella pulchella. 


45-50. Serial transverse sections through the hinder part of the animal. x 24. 


51. 


52. 
53. 


o4. 


55. 


56. 


57. 


58. 


60. 


The sections are arranged in order from behind forwards, and are seen from 
behind, the right side of the animal being on the right in the figures. 

Transverse section through a part of the body-wall, showing one of the dorsal 
papillae, and through a small portion of the liver. 135. 

Transverse section through a part of the foot. 150. 

Section through a small part of the kidney and of the lung (on the left), showing 
the difference between the excretory epithelium of the kidney and the 
pavement epithelium lining the lung. 150. The cavity to the right of 
the small branch of the kidney is that of the outer pulmonary vein, containing 
the chief auricular muscle. 

Longitudinal section through the end of the retracted tentacle, with the right — 
eye. 195. 


PuatE XXXII. 
Onchidella pulchella. 


Transverse section through the anterior end of the radula-sac and the odonto- 
phoral support. 100. 

Transverse section through the middle of the radula-sac and the part of the 
odontophoral support beneath it. 100. 

Transverse section through the radula-sac towards the hinder end of the buccal 
mass. 100. 


Onchidella capensis. 


The middle part of the radula of a specimen from Green Point. 135. 


Onchidella pulchella. 


Section showing jaw and the adjacent buccal epithelium. x 120. 
Transverse section of the ciliated groove in the hyponotum close to the right 
side of the foot, with the vas deferens beside it. 150. 


. Section through a part of the right spermoviduct gland. 135. 
. Section through the right cerebral ganglion (seen from the front), showing the 


lateral lobe with its cavity. 130. The cerebral commissure passes off 
on the right of the figure, and the subcerebral commissure near the bottom. 
On the left the inner side of the enlarged anterior end of the penial retractor 
is seen in transverse section, with the terminal portion of the vas deferens 
embedded in its lower part. 


Puate XXXII. 


Map illustrating the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Onchidella. 


ene penis 


ant. liver:--¢.. 


crop nogdosn® £5 | 


ah int. (a) 


. ant. liver 


-. tnt (B) 
-- ventricle 


fen oe gyiduct 
salt a necept. a. 


L. pl-pargn;--3-~ =) -k---7 pl-par.gn. 
NV - .jivag. gt. 

4A (Rivas def 

= : wees ae VOAGLRA 


Plate XXVII. 


ONCHIDELLA. 


Ann, 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XXVIII. 


H. Waison, det. 


ONCHIDELLA 


buc. cay.--4:-—-fi--$-5S 
rPad.rete. “fof 


r. sal.gl: dipaaedicisas 
; x joveves acbee odont.su 
e lat. stn:--f-------- ~l.sal.g 
PETE OAD ONO NNO SS od n=) cecesconnnzae ee duc.wall 


vas def. oe 
pen.op. 
r.tent.retr 


: Ltent.ret. 
Post. buc.m. 


Ann. $. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


H, Watson, photo. 


ONCHIDELLA. 


Plate XXIXa. 


36 


37 


38 


rad. retr. 
ant. liver 
odont. sup. 
= sal. gl.~ cesoph 
DEMLS foreseen peer \ yf Ul WN FF... sees “L. sal. gl 


S aici. Sgn, | ™arg-gt- 
marg.gl. Croet Leer gn, i 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 


H, Watson, photo. 


ONCHIDELLA. 


Plate XXIXBs. 


39 


41 


ant. liver 


unt.(a) -..+.. 


tnt. (b) --~-f--- 


int.(a) ----- 


stom. (l) -- 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


Hl, Watson, photo. 
ONCHIDELLA 


Plate XXIXc. 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


48 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus, Vol. XX. 


H. Watson, photo. 


ONCHIDELLA. 


Plate 


XXXa. 


45 


46 


48 


rectum 
7 alb. gt. ovvduct 
2 wo lung 


or marg. gl 
i cn lung 
* pericard. 
! v . kidney 
herm. gl. rée. Sem. vas def 
ant. liver 
: dpe. z. 
LC) presto, oy 
stom. (p) rm os prost.ap.(bi 


» 
stom.(m) w” © spov.gl. 
? ope 
pericard. 


ie auricle 


: 4 kidney 
rec. sem. vas def 


49 


50 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XXXz. 


H, Watson, photo. 


ONCHIDELLA. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


Plate XX XI. 


—s 
a 


SS a 
— 
oS 


St 
a 
Sess 
SS 
ae ~~ — 
Ss <a = 
4 2! 
Im fe 
i‘ 


Seer 


ees 
es - 
SS 


=, 
= 


S\hy 


os 


H. Watson, photo. 


ONCHIDELLA., 


‘PITUUCTHONO SOND (hot WO NOTLOMTELSTIGC TVOTHdVEoOW) FAL ONILVELSOTT dV 


= SS  ———————— EE ————————————— re ei 92 wmpen a th 2 San a SESS Thi tT 
bj ) | | o ies | 
ee Se = \ a 
bd i } = + =e SS dns a < Yoo = =waloo pe SET BEST. a = =< =r 
: 1 “ala as 
® \ oT, 
8 | | ae (beer SHOLY SH AP 
as et — = +~+-— = r aS =a] = aoe Sass =~ NO Sp 4 
5 | THOM, THE 
o VLYNIDBVWWIO. 
imsasdwv> > NGA 
| wa ve 
| i f 
{ 2 a: 
| | >) | 6 G i 
_Suvarony vanasio ‘0 NY ie peNvenayaro “bwaosaaviaro 77 
eer IZ \ S301oTTaLva Wea = alt “I Se eee oo Lo Yee 
| | vawyo x) f ie b Ex 
wiv 1n91134) ° NG AVIZTONTNSSSNVNP ‘O : 
SISNABWINDOD 'O 


§ f 
\ Qoorutiy yo mdag] —_* i 
SN3TOQNI* 


VSIONI 


(YANHOVERISLS'O : 
aoronby. aa 


aoe 0. Dee | | 


Cal 


7. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South 
African Museum.—By J. R. ue B. Tomuin, M.A. 


J. Famity TURRITELLIDAE. 
(With three Text-figures.) 


THE series in this family that I have examined raise several interesting 
and important points, which are discussed under the various species. 
The discovery of the habitat of T. ferruginea Rve. is particularly 
satisfactory. 

The Turritellidae exhibit a certain amount of variability in the 
coiling of the shell, and this has even led to unnecessary specific 
segregation as in the case indicated below. This variability is only 
what one might be led to expect from a consideration of their affinity 
with the Vermetidae. 

I venture to suggest that the term scalarescence might be con- 
veniently employed to denote this tendency to looser coiling, so well 
exemplified in the form that has teen differentiated as T. excavata 
Sow. J. T. Marshall remarks of the British species T. communis 
Risso that “ the lower whorls are invariably more loosely coiled than 
the upper, with a deeper suture.” 

Some species in the family seem to have habitually a broader and 
a slenderer form, as, for instance, 7. communis Risso and its var. 
gracilis Jeff., and I am almost convinced that this dimorphism is 
likewise exemplified locally by T. carinifera Lam. and T. kowiensis 
Sow. 

The types of the new species are in the South African Museum. . 


Turritella ferruginea Reeve. 
Conch. Icon., v, pl. vii, fig. 32, May 1849. 
The rediscovery of this fine species enables us to assign it for the 


first time to a definite locality. Reeve described it from the Cuming 
99% 


310 Annals of the South African Museum. 


collection, with locality unknown. It is now a fair inference that 
Cuming’s specimens were dredged by the “‘Samarang” on the 
Agulhas Bank. 

It is, of course, well known that until the voyage of the “ Chal- 
lenger ’ no len was placed by government authorities on material 
collected by such expeditions : a report was usually published in due 
course and a certain number of new species described, but the actual 
material usually passed into the captain’s hands, and was by him 
sold, given away, or retained at will. In the case of the “ Samarang ”’ 
the captain was Sir Edward Belcher, and the cream of the material 
eventually passed into the hands of Cuming and Lombe Taylor. 
Belcher was a rough, roistering, old-style sailor, who bothered very 
little about localities and relied mainly on his memory. I have 
handled a good deal of material ex coll. Belcher in the British Museum 
(Natural History) and can testify to the absence of any sort of data, 
and Dr. Dall of Washington tells me that he heard much the same 
account of Belcher from Carpenter, who knew him personally. The 
monotonous repetition of “China Sea” or “ Eastern Seas” as a 
locality for new species in the Mollusca of the ““ Samarang ” seems to 
tell a similar tale. 

It may be wondered why such a splendid novelty was not described 
in the record of the voyage. It is now known that the Zoology of the 
‘“ Samarang ”’ appeared in parts, and that the approximate date of 
publication of part 7, which contained the genus Twurritella, was 
August 1850, though the title-page of the Mollusca bears the date 
1848. Turritella ferruginea had therefore been “ out” for fifteen 
months, and would not be included in the “‘ Samarang”’ volume, 
which only took cognisance of new species. 

It may be interesting to note that the ship returned to England in 
December 1846, and the first reference in print to its Mollusca* occurs 
in April 1847. 

Distribution.—T. ferruginea Rve. has been dredged from False 
Bay (juv.) to Algoa Bay, 30-54 fathoms; off Cape Point in 250 
fathoms (South African Museum). 

The freshest specimens are the young ones from False Bay and 
Agulhas Bank and an adult from Sebastian Bay: those from off 
Cape Point are dead and partly calcined. 

The largest example, which has lost the uppermost 4 or 5 whorls, 
measures 97 mm. in length and 26 mm. in breadth at the base, and its 
aperture 13x18 mm. 

* Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, Chiton sp. 54. 


Marine Mollusca vn the Collections of the South African Museum. 311 


Turritella sanguinea Reeve. 
Conch. Icon., v, pl. vi, fig. 27, May 1849. 


T. puncticulata Sowerby, P.Z.S., 1870, p. 253. 
T. punctulata, D. (by error), Marine Shells 8. Africa, p. 39, pl. v, 
fig. 102, 1892. 
Reeve described this species from California, but no such shell is 
known from that region. 
A comparison of the types, which came from the Belcher collection, 


Fie. 1.—T. sanguinea Rve. a-f, half nat. size; g, juvenile, enlarged ; 
h, portion of operculum, enlarged. 


with Sowerby’s type of puncticulata, shows that the two shells are 
identical, the former specimens being somewhat immature and 
slightly “doctored.” Probably Sowerby was misled by the false 
locality of sanguinea into describing it over again. In 1889 he 
recorded* a ““ somewhat doubtful”? specimen of 7. sanguinea Rve. 
from South Africa. 

This species is much subject to scalarescence, and two very different 
forms are figured by Martens} and Sowerby.t Iam able to illustrate 
this variation by a series of admirable drawings by Dr. Barnard of 
the South African Museum. 

The former author compares puncticulata with sanguinea, and 
concludes that they are nearly related but distinct, mainly owing to a 
difference in the number of spiral ribs. The comparison is, however, 
discounted by the fact that his only exponent of sanguinea was a 
specimen from the Paetel collection, which may possibly not have been 
sanguinea at all: moreover, both the character of the ribs and their 
number is variable even in examples dredged together ; small acces- 
sory riblets keep on developing between the larger ones; these 
riblets increase in size on subsequent whorls and become large ribs, 
but even on the last whorl small riblets continue to make their appear- 

* J. of C., vi, 152. 
+ Deutsch. Tief-See Exp., vii (1), pl. iv, fig. 9. 
{ Marine Shells 8. Africa, pl. v, fig. 102. 


312 Annals of the South African Museum. 


ance. Martens also mentions one or two other differences which 
seem of trivial importance, e.g. a slightly slower increase in the 
breadth of the whorls. 

Animal living in the last five whorls, which are shut off from the 
earlier ones by one or two partitions (Barnard). 

The operculum has scarious edges to each whorl, with beaded 


riblets radiating from the nucleus and projecting as short hair-like 


processes from the scarious edges. 

Dredged from False Bay and the Agulhas Bank eastwards to Cape 
St. Blaize, 18-45 fathoms (South African Museum): Algoa Bay 
(Tief-See Exp.). Live specimens were taken by the “‘ Pieter Faure ”’ 
off Cape Infanta and Struijs Point. 


The largest specimen, which lacks about ten of the early whorls, 


is 100 mm. in length with a maximum diameter of 23 mm. 


Turritella carinifera Lamarck. 


Anim. sans Vert., vu, p. 59, August 1822. 
Mossel Bay: off Cape Point, 130 fathoms; coast of Zululand 
13 fathoms (South African Museum). 


It is a shallow-water species, and the three from 130 fathoms had 
probably been washed down by currents. From a living example 
washed ashore in False Bay it was ascertained that the operculum 
has the margin of each whorl entire, not fimbriate, and has not the 
radiating riblets of sanguinea. 


Turritella kowiensis Sowerby. 
Proc. Malac. Soc., iv, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 12, 2nd April 1900. 


There is every probability that this will eventually prove to be 
a slender form of carinifera Lam. In addition to the consistently 
smaller diameter, the keel which runs round the middle of the whorls 
is but slight, whereas in carinifera it forms a very strong raised cord. 
Otherwise the sculpture in the two forms is identical. Up to the present 
no specimen has been found exceeding 23 mm. in length; adults are 
probably much larger, and their absence is probably due to the 
meagre amount of systematic dredging in suitable localities. Until 
the discovery of an adequate series of connecting links, it seems better 
to keep the two forms separate 


Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 313 


Turritella natalensis Smith. 


Ann. Natal Mus., 11 (2), 198, pl. vu, fig. 11, 20th December 1910. 


The type specimen of this in the British Museum is a much worn 
shell (Durban, Westcott) and lacks the apex, so that presumably 
Smith’s description primus anfractus laevis was taken from the 
Isezela specimen. One of the present has the apex absolutely perfect, 
and it appears under a 1-in. power to be bulbous, glassy white, smooth, 
but not polished: the next whorl has a single, central, obsolete keel, 
and the whorl after that has three. The protoconch seems to consist 
of four whorls, the fourth having three strong spirals and several sub- 
sidiary ones. On the basal whorls the general sculpture scheme 
consists of five or six stronger spirals with two or three finer threads 
between, and extremely fine oblique axial lines which very quickly 
disappear by abrasion. 

The coloration consists of very irregular zigzag axial streaks of 
reddish-brown on a white ground. The dotted effect of which Smith 
speaks is mainly due to beach-rolling. 

These specimens, which look as if they may have been taken alive, 
were dredged off the Umvoti River, Natal, in 27 fathoms. None of 
them is quite as large as the type. 


Turritella declhivis A. Adams and Reeve. 
Zool. Samarang, Moll., p. 48, pl. xu, fig. 10, 1850. 
T. excavata Sowerby, P.Z.8., 1870, p. 252. 


On the series now before me I have no hesitation in uniting the 
above two species. It is certainly a case of normal and scalarescent 
forms, and I am able to illustrate the transition with another admirable 
series of drawings by Dr. Barnard. 

The typical form has absolutely flat whorls increasing with com- 
plete regularity, each whorl being flush with the preceding one and the 
suture merely an impressed line. 

In the scalarescent form each whorl swells out considerably above 
the suture and projects noticeably beyond the upper half of the 
succeeding whorl, the suture itself forming quite a deep channel. 
The whole shell is broader throughout. 

The original description of declivis appears in the “‘ Samarang ”’ 
report, and the locality ‘‘ China Sea” must be rejected as erroneous. 
The types of declivis and excavata are now in the British Museum, 


314 Annals of the South African Museum. 


both acquired from the Lombe Taylor collection in 1874. It may be 
safely surmised that L. Taylor had them from Belcher, and that the 
locality “‘ China Sea ”’ was a product of his not very fertile memory. 
The type of excavata is labelled “‘ Agulhas Bank.” 
Distribution.—False Bay and Agulhas Bank to Hast London in 
from 30 to 124 fathoms, but hitherto not taken alive. There is a 


a b Cc d e€ 


\ \\\ 


Fic. 2.—T. declivis A. Ad. & Rve.+excavata Sow. series. a-g, half 
natural size; h, juvenile, enlarged. 


single specimen in the Cape Town Museum which is said to have 
been picked up in Hout Bay, on the west shore of the Cape Peninsula 
(South African Museum). 

The largest measures 89 mm. in length, with a basal diameter of 
16 mm.: the Hout Bay shell measures 70X17. Of the excavata 
form there is a specimen 69X19, and the “ Valdivia’ dredged one 
85x21. All these have lost some of the apical whorls. In some 
young shells from 49 fathoms off Great Fish Point the protoconch 
is nearly perfect, but much eroded; the whorls of the protoconch 
have a strong central carina throughout, and there are traces of spiral 
striations between the carina and the sutures. 


Turritella salisburyi, n. sp. 


Shell elongate, rather thin ; remaining whorls twelve (the apex being 
broken off in both examples), increasing rather rapidly ; the colour 
of the first six or seven whorls is whitish to yellowish, but gradually 
changes to a pinkish hue, which deepens to a dark flesh colour on the 
last two or three ; below the suture on the last six whorls is a regular 
series of alternate white and dark spots. The sculpture consists of 
rather fine, regular, spiral lirae, the spaces between the lirae being 
almost flat and varying considerably in breadth ; in the type speci- 
men there are twenty-four of these lirae on the penultimate, and the 


Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 315 


same number on the antepenultimate whorl; on the first five whorls 
there is a tendency for the alternate interspaces to be considerably 
raised and to form strong cords. ‘The sutures are rather shallow, 


Fie. 3.—a, Turritella chrysotoxa, n. sp. X 32; 6, Turritella 
salisburyt, n. sp. x 24. 


though the lower half of each whorl is distinctly tumid ; periphery 
rounded, very slightly angular ; aperture rotundate. 

Length, 34 mm.: max. diam., 10 mm. 

Hab., off East London in 30-50 fathoms, two specimens (South 
African Museum); Port Alfred on the beach (Turton). 

In general appearance this new species is much like a miniature 
T. sanguinea Rve., and in the type the interspaces are regularly 
spotted with darker colour as in that species. They differ, however, 
radically in sculpture ; this is unusually regular for a Turritella, and 
the equality in the size of the spirals on the later whorls is particularly 
noticeable. 


Turritella chrysotoxa, n. sp. 


This is a small glossy species, of a rather light yellow-brown 
colour, marked on the last five or six whorls with very numerous arcuate 
growth-lines. There are fourteen whorls remaining—the first is glassy 
white (all that is left of the protoconch) ; the next three are encircled 
with a strong keel on the lower third of the whorl ; each of the others 
has three conspicuous raised lines which are equidistant from one 
another and from the sutures ; in the spaces between these lines two 
or three weak spirals occur on the last few whorls. Sutures very 
slightly impressed, the whorls being much flattened. 


316 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Periphery bluntly right-angled with a raised line immediately 
above it in addition to the three already described. 

Aperture almost square. 

Length, 16 mm.: max. diam., 4 mm. 

Hab., off the Illovo River, Natal, in 27 fathoms, two specimens 
(South African Museum). 

The shells may not be quite adult, but are abundantly distinct 
from any other South African form. 

The specific name is derived from rogov, a bow, in allusion to the 
fine bow-shaped lines of growth. 


By Huserr Lyman 


CLARK, ‘Mente Be Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 
Se Ne Plate aad 


of South Africa. 
ne <), oH Pniranb: MA. D.Se., F.LS., Assistant 


Director. (With Plate XXXIV.) 


10. Contributions to the Cpudtlcecr Fauna 
By K. H., BARNARD, M.A, DSe., 
ae Cela (With 6 Text-figures.) 


Yu BS 
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of South Africa. 
F.LS., Assistant 


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TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM - 
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( 317 ) 


8. A New Clypeaster from Angola.—By Hupert Lyman Cuiark, 
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, U.S.A. 


(With Plate XX XIII.) 


THRouUGH the kindness of the Director of the South African Museum, 
the bare and somewhat waterworn test of a Clypeaster from the 
coast of Angola was sent to me for identification. As it proves to 
be quite distinct from any recent species hitherto described, and 
cannot be referred to any fossil species known to me, I venture to 
describe it as a new species, which may be called, because of the 
relatively small petaloid area, 


Clypeaster micropetalus.* 


Length 121 mm.; greatest width (across petals II and IV), 104 
mm.; greatest height (in interporiferous area of petal III), 31 mm. ; 
height at madreporite, less than 30 mm.; thickness of test margin 
about 13 mm. ‘Test stout, somewhat flattened at apex, but sloping 
upwards rather uniformly from the thick margin. Interporiferous 
areas conspicuously swollen, except basally, where the petals are quite 
flat. Petaloid area relatively small, only 70 mm. long by 64 mm. 
wide ; petal III, distinctly longest, 40 mm. long, by 21 mm. wide, 
widest at middle, with interporiferous area 14 mm. wide at that 
point, and poriferous areas widest near tip, where each is about 5 
mm. across; there are about 46 pore-pairs on each side of the petal, 
and the ridges between the pore-pairs, distally, carry 6-8 primary 
tubercles. Other petals quite similar, I and V about 36 mm. long 
and II and IV about 34 mm. All the petals tend to be closed, but 
petal III is open by 3-5 mm., petals I and V by 2:5 mm., and II and 
IV by less than 2 mm. ; in all, the interporiferous area is distinctly 
attenuate distally. Tuberculation of test rather fine, about 125 
primary tubercles to a square centimetre of the aboral surface ; orally 
the primary tubercles are larger, but are closer together near test 
margin and much more widely separated near mouth; in inter- 


* Mixpds =small+ réradov=a petal. 
VO lin PXXey PART 1): 


bo 
(5X) 


318 Annals of the South African Museum. 


ambulacrum 5 just distal to mouth there are only about 35 primary 
tubercles in a square centimetre. 

Oral surface flat near margin, but becoming rather suddenly 
deeply sunken at mouth, which is 11 mm. below the margin (when 
test is inverted). Ambulacral furrows conspicuous and considerably 
sunken. Periproct 6-5 mm. wide, 5-5 mm. long ; its posterior margin 
is 6 mm. from the edge of the test, so it is distinctly actinal and not 
submarginal in position. 

Colour, dirty white orally, but becoming gray aborally, especially 
on interporiferous areas. 

Elephant Bay, Angola, about 60 miles south of Benguela. One 
specimen. South African Museum, No. A 6456. 

This well-marked species finds its nearest ally in C. yaponicus of 
Japan, and in ochrus and speciosus of the west coast of Central America. 
It is easily distinguished from these species, however, by the small 
size of the petaloid area, the shape of the petals, particularly the 
attenuate interporiferous area, the finer tuberculation, and the 
distinctly actinal periproct. It is totally unlike the South African 
species, audouint and eurychorius. As Elephant Bay is north of 
Mossamedes, this new Clypeaster cannot be counted in the South 
African fauna, as defined in my “ Echinoderm Fauna of South 
Africa’ (1923, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. xi, p. 222), but it is not 
unlikely that it will ultimately be found at least on the northern 
part of the coast of South-West Africa. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol XX. Plate XX XIII. 


CLYPEASTER MICROPETALUS n.sp. 


( 319 ) 


9. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa.—By K. H. 
Barnarp, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director. 


No. 8. FurtHer ADDITIONS TO THE List or AMPHIPODA. 
(With Plate XXXIV.) 


THE final report on the Amphipods collected by the Cape Government 
trawler 8.8. “ Pieter Faure’ during the years 1897-1907 is presented 
in the following pages. 

This last portion of the collection has proved extremely interesting, 
as it contained a number of species from deep water off Cape Point, 
some of which were already known from the North Atlantic, while 
others appear new to science. 

With regard to the depths at which the specimens are stated to 
have been captured, it must be borne in mind that the “ Pieter 
Faure ” used no closing nets, so that while in the case of a particular 
species the correctness of the data may be gauged by analogy with 
records of the same species or other species of the same family in other 
parts of the world, the data cannot be used in a critical case to deter- 
mine whether a species (e.g. one of the Phronimidea) is benthic or 
pelagic. 

A small number of littoral species have been included which have 
come to hand since the publication of my last paper. 

Altogether 36 species and 1 variety are added to the local fauna 
list, bringing the total number up to about 207. Further collecting, 
both in littoral and deeper waters, will certainly bring still more 
additions. 

References to the literature on the families have not been included, 
as they are to be found in Stebbing’s General Catalogue, 1910, or my 
1916 paper, except where the family has not previously been recorded 
from South Africa, or where an important paper has appeared since 
1916. 

The types of all new species are in the South African Museum. 

My thanks are again due to my friend Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the 
British Museum, for tracings of figures; to Mr. H. e& Burnup of 


320 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Maritzburg, who submitted for identification a series of Natal Amphi- 
pods collected by him while pursuing his special favourites—the 
Mollusca; and to Mr. H. W. Bell-Marley, who has also sent many 
interesting specimens for identification. 


Trise GAMMARIDEA. 
Famity LYSIANNASIDAE. 


Gen. TRIScHIZOSTOMA Boeck. 


1861. Trischizostoma. Boeck, Forh. Skand. Naturf. Mode, 8, p. 637. 
1916. . Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, 
p. 106 (references). 


Trischizostoma paucispinosum Brurd. 


1916. Trischizostoma paucispinosum. Barnard, loc. cit., p. 107, 
ole xexaval pti oemlle 


Two further specimens of this species were found in a sponge 
(Cape Point, N.E. + N., distant 18 miles, 135 fathoms. S.S. “ Pieter 
Faure,” 27/2/02. S.A.M., No. A 4530). Both apparently are males, 
measuring 15 mm. The agreement with the original description is 
maintained. In the comparison with ZT. remipes, however, there 
was a rather ambiguous statement, namely, that none of the joints 
of the peraeopods except the 2nd joints in the 3rd—5th peraeopods 
were expanded. By this it might be understood that the 3rd—5th 
peraeopods resembled those of raschi and nicaeense. Such is not the 
case ; the 5th peraeopod is of the same type as in remzpes, but the 
5th and 6th joints are not so strongly expanded. Comparison of 
further examples has shown that the two species cannot be distin- 
guished on this character alone. 

The only reliable characters for distinguishing this species from 
remipes are the palmar armature of the lst gnathopod, feeble in the 
former, well developed in the latter species; and the side-plates, 
which are much deeper in proportion to their segments in pauci- 
spimosum than in remipes. 


Trischizostoma serratum vn. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 1.) 
Five specimens seem to deserve a separate name on account of 


the character of the lst gnathopod, although in other respects they 
are closely allied to remipes. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 321 


Hyes reniform, slightly widened above, nearly meeting on the top 
of the head. Rostrum short, deflexed. Side-plates and other 
characters, except the Ist gnathopod, as in remipes. 

First gnathopod, 6th joint transversely oval, palm straight or 
concave, defining angle rather strongly produced to a blunt point, 
with 1—2 stout blunt spines and 1 long falciform spine; palm quite 
entire, armed with 7 stout marginal and 5 stout submarginal spines ; 
finger strongly arcuate distally, closing over the long spine, but 
within the actual apex of the produced defining angle, inner 
margin with a series of about 16 conical denticles at regular 
distances apart. 

The structure of this gnathopod is very striking and quite distinct 
from those of the other species. The typical development is found 
in the 3 specimens (A 4531), measuring 8, 6, and 4 mm. respectively. 
But in specimen A 4532, 8 mm. in length, the defining angle is quadrate, 
only very slightly produced, and the long spine is straight and apically 
acute; the palmar spines also are more slender and acute; the 
finger is denticulate, but not so strongly. 

Further, in specimen A 4533, 7 mm. in length, the palmar spines 
are even more slender and the finger is very obscurely denticulate, 
the whole hand and finger bearing a strong likeness to that of pauci- 
spinosum. In other respects both these latter specimens agree with 
the three typical ones. 

None of the specimens seem to be sexually mature. No transitional 
forms were found amongst the examples of remzpes in the collection. 

Length.—Up to 8 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish, eyes dark red. 

Locality.—Umhloti River, N. by W. 4 W., distant 8 miles, 40 
fathoms, 3 specimens; Itongazi River, N.W. ? W., distant 3 miles, 
25 fathoms, | specimen; Port Shepstone, N., distant 8 miles, 36 
fathoms, 1 specimen. All localities on Natal coast. 8.8. “ Pieter 
Faure,” 18/12/00, 14/3/01, and 14/3/01. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4531-3.) 


Trischizostoma remupes Stebb. 


1908. Trischizostoma remipes. Stebbing, 8.A. Crust., pt. 4, p. 61, 
pl. xxxiv. 


1910. its > Ibid., Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 448. 
Between 50 and 60 specimens, excluding juveniles taken from the 


brood-pouch, have been examined. 
The characters enumerated by Stebbing are constant, except that 


322 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the 6th joint of 5th peraeopod is not always longer than the 5th 
joint, though it is never shorter. 

The eyes in juveniles from the brood-pouch and quite young 
specimens are oval or reniform. The approximation of the two 
eyes on the top of the head does not seem to follow parz passu with 
growth, nor can it be correlated with sex. In some specimens the 
eyes actually meet and coalesce in the middle dorsal line, but these 
are not the largest specimens. 

The minute serrulation of the palm of the 6th joint of the Ist 
gnathopod is very characteristic, and never absent except in the 
juveniles taken from the brood-pouch. In these the palm is quite 
smooth, with only a single spinule at the defining angle, as figured by 
Sexton (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1908, pt. 2, pl. xix, fig. 10) for 
T. rascht. 

Length.—Up to 20 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish or pinkish, eyes dark red. 

Locality.—Several localities from Cape Point to Cape Morgan, 
23-154 fathoms. 

Most of the specimens were loose in bottles containing various 
organisms, but in one case numerous specimens, ¢¢ and ovigerous 
29, were found in galleries in a sponge. These galleries had the 
appearance of having been excavated by the Amphipods. 

The northern species are usually found on fishes or star-fish, but 
also free-swimming (Sexton, loc. cit., p. 396). 


Gen. Actpostoma Lill}. 


1865. Acidostoma. Lilljeborg, N. Acta. Soc. Upsala, ser. 3, vol. vi, 
No. 1, pp. 18, 34. 

1890. e G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. 1, p. 37. 

1906. Bi Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, p. 14. 


Acidostoma obesum (Bate). 


1862. Anonyx obesus. Bate, Cat. Amph. Brit. Mus., p. 74, pl. xu, 


imo AL 
1865. Acidostoma obesum. Lilljeborg, loc. cii., p. 34, pl. v. 
1890. Ms m Sars, loc. cvt., p. 38, pla xiv.) meen: 
1906. 5 on Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 14. 


Agreeing entirely with Sars’ description and figures except in two 
details. The flagellum and accessory flagellum of the Ist antenna 
are respectively 5- and 4-jointed instead of 7- and 5-jointed. There 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 323 


is absolutely no trace of the rudimentary palp on the outer margin 
of the outer plate of the 1st maxilla. 

Length.—5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, pale pinkish, with numerous darker specks, as 
shown in Sars’ figure, eyes pinkish. 

Locality.—Duminy Point (off Saldanha Bay), E. by N. } N., distant 
8 miles, 87 fathoms, 2 specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 17/3/02. 
(S.A.M., No. A 6050.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—North Atlantic, West coast of Europe. 


PHOXOSTOMA n.g. 


Close to Acidostoma, but with well-developed 2-jointed palp on the 
1st maxilla ; inner plate of maxilliped elongate, gnathopod 2 minutely 
chelate, uropod 3 not very small and telson cleft. 


Phoxostoma algoense un. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 2.) 


2. Body moderately robust. Eyes large, reniform, meeting on the 
top of the head. Antero-lateral angles of head subacute. Peraeon 
and pleon dorsally and subdorsally with scattered setules. Side- 
plates deep, 1 concealing base of 2nd antenna, widened below, 2 not 
concealing lower front corner of 1, 2 and 3 scarcely widened below, 
4 deeper than its greatest length, lower margin quite even from lower 
front angle to hinder angle, which is subacute, hind margin deeply 
excavate. Postero-inferior angle of pleon segment 1 rounded, of 
segment 2 quadrate with sharp apex, of segment 3 also quadrate, 
but with the actual apex rounded off. None of the pleon segments 
dorsally carinate or impressed. 

Telson a little longer than broad, narrowing distally, the lateral 
margins straight or slightly convex, cleft or deeply insinuate nearly 
to the centre, apices rounded with a setule on each. 

First antenna, 2nd joint nearly half length of 1st, 3rd half 2nd, 
flagellum not equal to Ist peduncular joint, 7-jointed, accessory 
flagellum shorter than flagellum, 4-jointed. 

Second antenna slender, not longer than Ist, ultimate peduncular 
joint longer than penultimate, flagellum 8-jointed. 

Mouth-parts styliform, projecting below the anterior side-plates. 

Epistome and upper lip continuous, very narrow, boat-shaped, 
the keel in profile appearing evenly convex, as in Acizdostoma. 

Lower lip, lobes narrow, lanceolate, apically acute. 


324 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Mandible slender, cutting-edge feeble, molar obsolete, palp attached 
far back, 2nd joint much the longest, 3rd longer than Ist, somewhat 
faleate, 2nd and 3rd with apical setae only. 

First maxilla, outer plate narrow, tapering, apex with 6 denticulate 
spines and several setules, inner plate narrow, apex with 7 long 
setae, longer than the plate itself, palp slender, apex narrowed 
subacutely, extending to apex of outer plate, with a few minute 
setules, 2-jointed. 

Second maxilla, both lobes narrow, lanceolate, apex of outer plate 
setulose on outer margin, on inner margin with a row of rather stouter 
setae regularly and closely set, inner plate apically unarmed. 

Maxilliped, inner plate narrow elongate, extending almost to apex 
of outer plate, distally setulose, apex truncate, outer plate broad, 
inner apex rectangular, margin perfectly entire, palp extending very ~ 
little beyond outer plate, 4th joint rudimentary, stout, unguiform, 
apex minutely bifid. 

First gnathopod simple, 6th joint longer than 5th, tapering evenly, 
lower margin spinulose. 

Second gnathopod minutely chelate, 5th joint longer than 6th, 
6th oblong, lower apex shortly produced, 7th minute, unguiform, 
6th densely setose (cf. Sars’ figure of Ambasia danielssenit Boeck, 
Crust. Norw., vol. i, pl. xvii, fig. 1). 

First and second peraeopods moderately stout. 

Third to fifth peraeopods, 2nd joint broadly expanded, hind margin 
with scarcely visible serrulations, distal joints moderately stout. 

Uropod 3 well developed, biramous. All the uropods feebly armed 
with spinules. 

Length.—9 ram. 

Colour.—In spirit, pinkish, eyes dark red. 

Locality.—Algoa Bay, 36 fathoms. 1 ovigerous 9. S.S. “ Pieter 
Faure,” 25/9/01. (S.A.M., No. A 4541.) 


Gen. AMARYLLIS Hasw. 


1880. Amaryllis. Haswell, Tr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. iv, p. 253. 
1916. A Barnard, Ann. 8.A. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 114 
(references). 


Amaryllis conocephalus n. sp. 


Extremely close to A. rostrata Chevreux (1911, Bull. Inst. oc. 
Monaco, No. 204, p. 1, fig. 1) from the N. Atlantic, but clearly dis- 
tinguished by the following features : 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 325 


Head much more conical and produced, equal to the first 3 segments 
together, antero-lateral angles bevelled off. Side-plate 4 distinctly 
longer than deep, as in A. bathycephalus Stebb. Antenna 1 only twice 
the length of the head, 3rd peduncular joint a little more than 4 2nd, 
flagellum 7-jointed, 1st joint nearly as long as 3rd peduncular joint, 
nonsetose. Antenna 2 subequal to Ist, ultimate peduncular joint 
% penultimate, flagellum 8-jointed. No calceoli on either flagellum. 
Palp of maxilliped more robust than in Chevreux’s figure. Uropod 3, 
outer ramus a little longer than inner, no plumose setae. 

Other characters as in rostrata. 

The differences in the antennae and uropod 3 might well be due 
to sex, similar differences being found in A. tenwipes (Walker), 1904, 
and in A. macrophthalma Hasw., according to Stebbing and Barnard 
(loc. cit.). Chevreux’s specimen of rostrata was a male; the present 
specimen is probably a female, but is nonovigerous. But the two 
first-mentioned characters are not so easily attributed to sex, and, 
until further specimens are discovered, may well constitute a separate 
species. 

Length.—4-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
1 specimen. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4546.) 


Gen. CHEIRIMEDON Stebb. 


1888. Cheirimedon. Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, p. 638. 


1890. _ G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 34. 

1893. - Della Valle, F. u. Fl. Neapel, vol. xx, p. 837. 

1903. Bs Walker, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxix, p. 41. 

1906. 5 Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, pp. 66, 720. 

1912. i Chilton, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlviu, 
pt. 2, p. 467. 


Cheirimedon pectinipalma n. sp. 


3. Antero-lateral corners of head subacute. Eyes indistinguish- 
able. Side-plate 1 narrowed below to a subacute point, 2 not widened 
below, concealing the greater part of 1. Postero-inferior angle of 
pleon segment 3 slightly produced but rounded. Keel on pleon 
segment 4 not prominent. 


326 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Telson a little longer than broad, with a narrow cleft 4 of length, 
apices rounded, with 1 spinule on each. 

First antenna, 2nd and 3rd joints very short, flagellum 2-jointed, 
Ist long, densely setose, accessory flagellum 4-jointed, Ist nearly as 
long as Ist joint of flagellum. 

Second antenna elongate, upper margin of peduncle with numerous 
little tufts of setules, fiagellum ca. 33-jointed. 

Upper and lower lips normal. 

Mandible, molar rather more acuminate than in Sars’ figure of that 
of C. latimanus. 

First maxilla, outer plate with 8 denticulate spines, inner plate 
with 2 very stout, plumose setae, palp with 4 stout denticles at one 
end, and | spinule at the other end of the straight distal margin. 

Second maxilla, both plates considerably stouter than in Stebbing’s” 
figure of C. crenatipalmatus. 

Maxilliped, especially the margin of the outer plate, as figured for 
latimanus. 

First gnathopod, 5th joint proportionately larger than in the other 
species, the inferior apex broadly rounded, 6th twice as long as broad, 
slightly widening distally, inferior margin slightly concave, palm 
transverse, minutely pectinate, a spine at the defining angle, finger 
matching palm, its inner margin with 4 minute spinules. 

Second gnathopod as in latimanus. 

First and second peraeopods rather slender. 

Third to fifth peraeopods, 2nd joint expanded, hind margin entite, 
distal joints slender. 

Uropods | and 2, rami subequal. Uropod 3, outer ramus 2-jointed, 
slightly longer than inner ramus. 

Length.—7:5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, pinkish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N.E. ¢ N., distant 46 miles, 760 fathoms, 
1g. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 27/9/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4542.) 

This species is distinguished from the other species by the shape 
of the 5th and 6th joints of the 1st gnathopod, and the elongate 2nd 
antenna. The mouth-parts, except for one or two noteworthy 
details, agree with those figured for crenatipalmatus and latimanus 
by Stebbing and Sars respectively. 

The 6th joint of the 1st gnathopod is very like that of C. dentimanus 
(Chevreux, Exp. Ant. Franc., p. 6, fig. 3, C, 1907), which species, 
according to Chilton (1912), is synonymous with femoratus Piefter. 
The 5th joint, however, is distinctive. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 327 


Gen. Laxota Holmes. 


1908. Lakota. Holmes, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxxv [1909], 
p. 498. 


The two following species are assigned to this genus, in preference 
to Chironesimus Sars, on account of the narrow 6th joint of the 2nd 
gnathopod. This character and the relative widths of the 5th and 
6th joints of the 1st gnathopod constitute the only differences between 
the two genera, and it must be confessed that the need for Holmes’ 
genus is extremely doubtful. Moreover, Pearse (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. xlv, 1913, p. 572) has described a species of Chironesimus differing 
from the type species in exactly those characters on which Holmes 
relied in instituting Lakota. 

Therefore C. multiarticulatus Pearse must at least be transferred to 
Lakota, even if the latter genus be not sunk in Chironesimus. 


Lakota adversicola n. sp. 


Body rather compressed. Lateral lobes of head not much pro- 
duced, subacute. Eyes apparently large and elongate, but very 
faint. Side-plate 1 narrowed below, 4 considerably expanded below, 
strongly emarginate behind. Pleon segment 1 with antero-inferior 
angle produced forwards, subacute, segment 2 with antero-inferior 
angle rounded, postero-inferior angle quadrate, inferior margin 
straight, postero-inferior angle of 3rd segment strongly produced, 
subacute and somewhat upturned. 

Telson a little longer than broad, cleft extending scarcely beyond 
the centre, apices rounded with a terminal notch containing a spine, 
lateral margins without spines. 

First antenna, Ist joint stout, a little longer than broad, dorsally 
and ventrally carinate but not produced, flagellum longer than 
peduncle, 13-jointed, 1st joint nearly equal to lst peduncular joint, 
accessory flagellum not observed in either specimen. 

Second antenna, 4th and 5th joints subequal, flagellum in $ ca. 40-, 
in  12-jointed, not calceoliferous. 

Epistome not projecting, upper lip with a large compressed lobe 
in front. 

Lower lip, lobes stout, apices setose. 

Mandibles, cutting-edge convex, smooth with a small tooth at outer 
angle, secondary cutting-plate represented in left by a small elongate 


328 Annals of the South Africun Museum. 


process, apically enlarged and finely denticulate, spine-row with 
3 spines, molar not very prominent, oblique, palp elongate, arising 
opposite or a trifle behind molar, 2nd joint 24 times as long as 3rd, 
which is twice Ist. 

First maxilla, inner plate with 2 setae, outer plate with 2 spines, 
palp with 9 short, stout spine-teeth. 

Second maxilla, inner plate a good deal shorter than outer. 

Maxilliped, apex of inner plate truncate, concave, sloping inwards, 
with 3 small teeth, the largest on the inner apical angle, and 6 setae, 
outer plate reaching nearly to end of 2nd joint of palp, inner margin 
with ca. 12 closely set, low-rounded, knob-like denticles, apical margin 
with 2 longer, curved spines, 3rd joint of palp not quite as long as 2nd. 
(Cf. Stebbing’s figure of the maxilliped of Tryphosa antennipotens 
in Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, pl. vi.) 

First gnathopod, 6th joint not quite as long as 5th, both equally 
wide, 6th not expanding distally, palm transverse with several little 
fimbriate plates, defined by one stout spine and one shorter one, 
finger not overlapping palm, inner apex produced in an acute tooth 
lying close to, but not as long as, unguis. 

Second gnathopod, 6th joint scarcely more than $ length of 5th, 
a trifle wider but not expanded, palm transverse, its lower angle sub- 
acutely produced, finger short, curved. 

First and second peraeopods, 4th joint a little shorter than 6th, 
inner margin of 6th with 6 groups of spinules and 2 setae, finger 
scarcely 4 length of 6th. 

Third to fifth peraeopods, 2nd joint large, slightly tapering distally 
in peraeopods 3 and 4, not in 5, hind margin straight in 3 and 4, 
rather convex in 5, with very slight serrations, postero-inferior angle 
rounded, extending to end of 3rd joint, 4th not expanded, 5th a little 
longer than 4th in peraeopod 3, a good deal longer in 4 (lost in per- 
aeopod 5), in peraeopod 3 6th joint longer than 5th, inner margin with 
4 spinules, finger 4 length of 6th, rest of the joints in peraeopods 4 
and 5 lost. 

Branchial lamellae simple. 

First uropod, rami equal, feebly spinulose. 

Second uropod, outer ramus as in Ist uropod, inner ramus as long 
as but broader for 2 its length, then suddenly constricted, distal 
4 narrow, pointed, curved, inner distal angle of the broad portion with 
a long spine-seta, inner margin spinulose. 

Third uropod, rami subequal, lanceolate, outer ramus with small 
2nd joint, margins spinulose. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 329 


Length.—9 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish, semi-pellucid. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N.E., distant 40 miles, 560-700 fathoms, 
1 g, 1 nonovigerous 9. 8.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 17/9/03. (S.A.M., 
No. A 2812.) 


Lakota rotundatus n. sp. 


Body rather compressed. Side-plate 1 subtriangular, inferior 
angle subacute, concealed by side-plate 2, side-plates 2 and 3 of 
normal oblong shape. Antero-inferior angle of Ist pleon segment 
very slightly produced forward, antero- and postero-inferior angles 
of 2nd and 3rd rounded, inferior margin slightly convex. 

Telson twice as long as broad, cleft to centre, each apex with a 
notch containing a spine, 2 spines on lateral margin. 

First antenna, in ¢ Ist joint as long as wide, 3rd apically emarginate 
on inner side, so that Ist joint of flagellum almost touches 2nd pedun- 
cular joint, flagellum 2-jointed, Ist joint nearly equal to the remainder 
together, inner margin with numerous transverse rows of setae, 
accessory flagellum reaching to middle of flagellum, 5-jointed, Ist 
joint as long as the other 4; in similar but not so stout, accessory 
flagellum not observed. 

Second antenna, in ¢$ reaching to 2nd pleon segment, in 2 not 
much longer than Ist antenna, 4th and 5th joints subequal, flagellum 
in 3g 40-, in 2 10-jointed. 

Mouth-parts as in the preceding species. 

First gnathopod, 6th joint a little shorter than 5th, neither expanded, 
6th slightly narrower distally, palm a little oblique, convex, cut into 
several teeth and defined by 2 spines, finger equal to palm, with a 
tooth on inner apex. 

Second gnathopod, 5th joint a little longer than 3rd, slender, 
4th and 6th subequal, oblong, palm transverse, defined by a short 
stout spine, finger curved, scarcely equalling palm. 

First and second peraeopods, 4th joint not expanded, subequal 
to 6th, finger a trifle more than 4 6th. 

Third to fifth peraeopods, 2nd joint expanded, oblong, narrower 
distally except in peraeopod 5, anterior margin convex in 3 and 4, 
concave in 5, hind margin straight in 3 and 4, convex in 5, slightly 
serrate, postero-inferior angle rounded, reaching beyond end of 
ord, 4th not expanded, 5th in peraeopod 5 slender, 6th in all peraeopods 
slender, finger 4 6th, also slender. 

First uropod, rami equal, feebly spinulose. 


330 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Second uropod, inner ramus a little longer than outer, basal two- 
thirds broad, with a long spine-seta on rounded apex, then suddenly 
constricted, the distal one-third slender, curved, and pointed. 

Third uropod, rami lanceolate, outer slightly longer than inner, 
with slender 2nd joint, margins spinulose, the inner margin setulose 
in addition. 

Length.—9 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N.E. by E., distant 36 miles, 650 fathoms, 
1 3g, 1 ovigerous 9; Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 
fathoms, 1 g, 8 292; Cape Point, E. 4 N., distant 36 miles, 700-800 
fathoms, 1 g. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 15/7/03, 20/8/03, and 28/8/03. 
(S.A.M., Nos. A 2813, A 4545, and A 5910.) 

This species is exceedingly close to the preceding when the respec- . 
tive appendages are compared; but it is characterised by the shal- 
lower Ist side-plate and the rounded postero-inferior angle of the 
3rd pleon segment. This latter feature also separates it from Chir- 
onesimus debruyni (Hoek) and the other species of Lakota. 


Gen. ORCHOMENOPSIsS G. O. Sars. 


1891. Orchomenopsis. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. 1, p. 73. 


1893. oy Bonnier, Bull. Sci. Fr. Belg., vol. xxiv, p.174. 

1903. ns Chevreux, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., vol. xxviii, 
p: 92. 

1906. We Walker, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxix, 
p. 44. 

1912. By Chilton, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlviii, 
pt. 2, p. 473. 

1913. Hs Ibid., Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 
Xxx, p. 06. 


Orchomenopsis chilensis (Heller). 


5. Anonyx chilensis. Heller, Novara Crust., p. 129, pl. xi, fig. 5. 
888. Orchomene musculosus. Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, 
Pe Ollis, lewxex: 
"3 abyssorum. Id., ibid., p. 676, pl. xxi. 
888. is cavimanus. Id., ibid., p. 679, pl. xxi. 
91. Orchomenopsis obtusa. Sars, loc. cit., p. 74, pl. xxvi, fig. 2. 
03. proxima. Chevreux, loc. cit., p. 93, figs. 6a-c. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 331 


1903. Orchomenopsis rossi. Walker, loc. cit., p. 45, pl. vii, figs. 
18-23. 
1912. NS chilensis. Chilton, loc. cit., pp. 473-477 
_ (synonymy and references). 

Chilton, besides uniting all the above “ species”’ under the one 
name, was inclined to regard South African specimens as also belong- 
ing to this widely distributed species, though possibly as a distinct 
variety. He points out the main features of the specimens collected 
at Saldanha Bay by the “ Scotia,’ and in what respects they differ 
from the other “ varieties.” 

Chilton also noted the resemblance of the Ist gnathopod to that 
of O. nodimanus Walker (1903, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxix, p. 44, 
pl. vu, figs. 13-17). In view of the fact that some of the present 
specimens show an indication of the tubercle characteristic of that 
species (absent in Chilton’s specimens), there seems some reason for 
including also nodimanus in the above synonymy. 

For the sake of comparison I give the following detailed 
description : 

Head subequal to 2nd peraeon segment and shorter than Ist ; 
eyes long, oval, slightly larger below, in 3 larger than in 9, and occupy- 
ing the greater part of the head, nearly meeting on top. 

Side-plates 1-4 not more than 14 times as deep as their segments, 
widening distally, 5 a little deeper than long, 6 deeper than long, 
both bilobed, 7 longer than deep, postero-inferior angle rounded. 

Postero-inferior angle of lst pleon segment rounded, of 2nd and 
3rd quadrate, inferior margin of 2nd straight, of 3rd convex. 

Telson twice as long as broad, cleft to = its length, lobes not dehis- 
cent, 1 apical and 1 subapical spinule on each apex and 3 along 
each side-margin. 

First antenna as long as head plus Ist peraeon segment, 1st joint 
very stout, only a little longer than broad, 2nd and 3rd together 
equal to half the Ist, 3rd with dense tuft of stout setae, flagellum as 
long as peduncle, 10—12-jointed, 1st joint largest, accessory flagellum 
a little more than half the primary flagellum, 6-jointed. 

Second antenna in Y equal to head plus the first two peraeon 
segments, 3rd and 4th joints subequal and shorter than 5th, anterior 
margin of 4th and 5th with short dense setae, flagellum equal to 
peduncle, 15-jointed ; in g reaching almost or quite to the uropods. 

Epistome not projecting. 

Mandible, palp not longer than trunk. 

First maxilla, inner plate very slender, with 2 apical setae, outer 


332 Annals of the South African Museum. 


plate with 7 strong apical dentate spines, palp with a number of 
small apical teeth. 

Second maxilla slender, the two plates subequal in length (or 
inner a trifle shorter), but inner narrower, apices setose, Imner margin 
of inner plate setulose. 

Maxilliped, inner plate narrow, outer plate reaching almost to end 
of 3rd joint of palp, apex rounded, inner distal margin crenulate, 
4th joint of palp small. 

First gnathopod stout, greatly resembling that of nodimanus 
Wlkr., 2nd joint twice as long as broad, 3rd larger than 4th, 5th 
very sae hinder angle produced into a narrow, apically rounded 
lobe, 6th ? length of 2nd, narrowing distally, palm very short, 
transverse, fonmnine a right angle with the inferior margin and cut 
into 4-5 little teeth (sometimes obscure), inferior margin with 2-3. 
setae and sometimes a very slight indication of a little tubercle 
about in the middle, finger overlapping palm, 1-3 small spinules 
and 2-3 setae at junction of palm and inferior margin. 

Second gnathopod slender, 2nd joint equal to 4th—6th joints 
together, 3rd almost as long as 5th, 5th not greatly expanded, its 
lower distal surface scabrous, 6th equal to 4th, inferior apex 
produced in an acute “thumb,” finger straight, equal to and 
fitting closely to thumb, anterior apex of 6th with several long 
stout setae. 

No sexual differences in either gnathopod. 

First and second peraeopods, 2nd joint equal to 4th and 5th together, 
5th narrower than 4th and shorter than 35rd, 6th longer than 4th 
in lst peraeopod, subequal in 2nd, inner margin with 5 spinules, 
Tth not quite $ 6th. 

Third peraeopod, 2nd joint half as broad again as long, hind margin 
with very slight indents, anterior margin with ca. 12 spinules, 
3rd very short with 1 spinule on anterior apex, 4th rather strongly 
expanded on hind margin, 5th subequal to anterior margin of 4th, 
6th half as long again as 5th, anterior margin with 3 spinules, 7th 
nearly } 6th, curved. 

Fourth peraeopod, 2nd joint longer than broad, hind margin 
with very slight indents, anterior margin with ca. 9 spinules, 3rd 
very short, with 1 spine on anterior apex, anterior margin of 4th 
with 2 setae, of 5th with 2 spines, of 6th with 4 spines. 

Fifth peraeopod, 2nd joint as broad as long, hind margin with 
very slight indents, anterior margin with ca. 8 spines, 3rd short, 
1 spine on anterior margin and 1 on apex, 4th not so strongly expanded 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 333 


as in 3rd and 4th peraeopods, 4th and 5th subequal, 6th equal to 
4th and 5th together. 

First uropod very like that of O. cavimanus Stebb., peduncle with 
5-6 spines on upper margin, rami subequal, shorter than peduncle, 
upper margins of both with 3 spines. 

Second uropod, peduncle with 4 spines, rami subequal, shorter 
than peduncle, upper margins of both with 3 spines. 

Third uropod, peduncle shorter than inner ramus, outer ramus 
longer than inner, outer margin of outer ramus with 4 spines, inner 
margins of both rami with plumose setae. 

Length.—7 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish or pale pinkish, eyes black or dark 
red-brown. 

Locality.—Simons Bay, 10/3/96, and Somerset Strand, 28/4/98 
(Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist), gg and 99; Dyer’s Island, April 1915 (J. 
Drury), dd and 99; Fish Hoek, False Bay, 8 fathoms, 2 99. S.S. 
“Pieter Faure,” 24/12/02. (S.A.M., Nos. A 140-1, A 3384, and 
A 3806.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Chile (Heller, A. chilensis) ; South of Japan 
(Stebbing, O. musculosus); East of Buenos Aires, 1100 fathoms 
(Stebbing, O. abyssorum) ; Kerguelen Island (Stebbing, O. cavimanus) ; 
Norway, 100 fathoms (Sars, O. obtusa) ; Tropical Atlantic and Graham 
Land (Chreveux, O. proxima); Cape Adare, Antarctic (Walker, 
O. rossi) ; South Orkneys and Coats Land, 9-161 fathoms (Chilton) ; 
Saldanha Bay (Chilton). 

Strauss (Wiss. Ergebn. D. Tiefsee Exp., vol. xx, pt. 1, p. 6, pl. 1, 
figs. 1-4, pl. ii, fig. 12, 1909) has discussed the structure of the eye in 
O rossi Wlkr. 


Gen. Urnistes Dana. 


1849. Uristes. Dana, Amer. J. Sci., ser. 2, vol. vii, p. 136. 
1916. ee Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 126 
(references). 


Uristes induratus n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 3.) 


3. Body moderately stout, integument indurated. Head as long 
as lst peraeon segment, antero-lateral angles acute. Eyes not 
distinguishable. 

Peraeon and pleon segments dorsally rounded. Side-plate 1 
extremely small, subsemicircular, concealed by side-plate 2, which 

VOL. XX, PART D. 24 


334 Annals of the South African Museum. 


itself is half concealed by 3, 3 considerably deeper than 2, 4 twice as 
deep as greatest length, postero-inferior angle subacute, emargina- 
tion moderately deep, 5 as deep as long, subcircular with a very 
shallow indentation on inferior margin, 6 deeper than long, anterior 
margin straight, 7 considerably shallower, subsemicircular. 

Postero-inferior angle of pleon segment 1 quadrate, of segment 2 
quadrate with a small acute point, of 3 produced in a long acute 
slender point at least half the dorsal length of the segment. 

Telson lanceolate, twice as long as basal width, cleft 5 length, 
apices acute, contiguous. 

First antenna, 2nd and 3rd joints together equal to Ist, flagellum 
7-jointed, 1st joint long, setose, 6th and 7th elongate and very slender, 
accessory flagellum shorter than Ist flagellar joint, 2-jointed, both 
joints slender. 

Second antenna not greatly longer than Ist, ultimate peduncular 
joint shorter than penultimate, flagellum 2-jointed. 

Epistome and upper lip not projecting. 

Mandible, molar well-developed, palp affixed over molar, short and 
stout, 2nd joint scarcely, if at all, longer than 3rd. 

First maxilla, inner plate with 3 apical setae, outer plate with 8 
denticulate spines, palp of the one side with 4 apical spinules, of the 
other side with 4 stout spines and a spinule. 

Second maxilla, outer plate slightly wider than inner. 

Maxilliped, inner plate with 3 stout spines on apex, outer plate 
with 5 or 6 close-set stout, blunt, more or less chisel-shaped spines 
on inner distal margin, 4th joint of palp not quite equal to 3rd. 

First gnathopod, 2nd joint equal to rest of limb, 5th a little longer 
than 6th, subequal in width, palm oblique, spinose, 5th and 6th not 
very setose, finger matching palm. 

Second gnathopod, 5th and 6th joints subequal in width, 5th 
considerably longer than 6th, which narrows distally, no palm, the 
infero-distal angle rounded, finger small. 

First and second peraeopods slender, none of the joints expanded, 
7th nearly as long as 6th. 

Third peraeopod, 2nd joint much smaller than the side-plate, as 
broad as its anterior length, posteriorly expanded and produced in 
a distally rounded lobe reaching to middle of 4th joint, hind margin 
straight, entire, other joints slender. 

Fourth peraeopod, 2nd joint twice as long anteriorly as wide, 
posterior lobe reaching only to end of 3rd, hind margin straight, 
entire, other joints slender. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 335 


Fifth peraeopod, 2nd joint of same proportions as in 4th peraeopod 
but considerably larger, posterior lobe reaching end of 3rd, hind 
margin convex, with only 3 widely spaced and very obscure and 
shallow indents, other joints slender. 

First and second uropods slender, outer ramus distinctly shorter 
than inner. 

Third uropod stouter, outer ramus (including 2nd joint) a little 
longer than inner, both rami narrow lanceolate. 

Length.—7 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
1 3. SS. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4548.) 

In general appearance approximating to U. wmbonatus (Sars), 
but with the Ist side-plate much smaller. Distinguished from all the 
species in the genus by the produced postero-inferior angle of pleon 
segment 3, the small lst and large 5th side-plates, the 2nd joints 
of the 3rd-5th peraeopods, especially that of the 3rd, and the 
mandibular palp. 


Famity AMPELISCIDAE. 


Gen. AMPELISCA Kroyer. 


1842. Ampelisca. Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr., vol. iv, p. 154. 
LONG: rs Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 132 
(references). 


Ampelisca byblisoides n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 4.) 


Head equal to first two peraeon segments together, transversely 
truncate. Eyes apparently absent. Side-plate 1 concealing base of 
2nd antenna, 1-3 without a tooth at postero-inferior angle, 4 as deep 
as long, postero-inferior angle rounded. 

Posterior margin of pleon segment 4 raised dorsally into a kind of 
hood, but not projecting over 5th segment, margin setose. Postero- 
inferior angle of segment 3 rounded. 

Telson nearly half as long again as broad, apices acute with 2-3 
setules, dorsal surface with a very few setules on distal portion. 

First antenna scarcely more than 4 length of body, 2nd joint not 
twice length of 1st, 3rd shortest, flagellum 10-jointed. 

Second antenna nearly as long as body, ultimate and penultimate 
peduncular joints subequal, flagellum ca. 26-jointed. 


336 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Mandible, 2nd joint of palp linear, longer than 3rd. 

First gnathopod, 5th and 6th joints subequal, linear, palm of 6th 
a little oblique, with 6 short pectinate spine-setae. 

Second gnathopod, 5th joint longer than 6th, otherwise similar 
to Ist gnathopod. 

First and second peraeopods, 4th joint slightly expanded distally 
but scarcely produced, 6th 4 as long again as 5th, 7th not equal to 
5th plus 6th. 

Third and fourth peraeopods, 2nd joint with hind margin evenly 
rounded, 3rd and 4th almost without setae, 5th with setae on anterior 
margin, 2 groups of 3 spinules on posterior margin, a row of 5 spines 
and 3 long setae on posterior apex, 6th subequal to 5th, 7th simple. 

Fifth peraeopod, 2nd joint longer than rest of limb, widening to 
the transversely truncate distal margin, postero-inferior angle rounded, 
plumose setae on the distal margin, but none between its expansion 
and the 3rd joint, 4th wider than and half as long again as 3rd, 5th 
shorter than 4th but longer than 3rd, 6th scarcely half width of 5th, 
as long as 3rd, 7th minute, half as long as 6th. 

Uropods 1 and 2, peduncle a little longer than rami. 

Uropod 3, peduncle extending to apices of rami of uropod 2, rami 
equal, foliaceous, setose. 

Length.—8 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
8 specimens, but no ovigerous 9. S8.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. 
(S.A.M., No. A 4529.) - 

This species merits attention on account of its showing a transition 
between Ampelisca and Byblis. The 5th peraeopod is of the Byblis 
type, with small 7th joint, but without setae on the 2nd joint between 
its expansion and the 3rd joint. The 3rd and 4th peraeopods have 
2 groups and an apical row of spines on the posterior margin of the 
5th joint; this is more than Ampelisca has, but, on the other hand, 
does not reach the strong development of several transverse rows 
found in Byblis. 


Ampelisca excavata n. sp. 

(Plate XX XIV, figs. 5-7.) 
Head equal to first two peraeon segments together, transversely 
truncate. Eyes 3 on each side, the lower in the antero-lateral angle, 


the upper some distance within the anterior margin, the 3rd half 
the size of the other two, behind the upper, cornea not thickened. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 337 


Side-plate 1 concealing base of 2nd antenna, 1-3 not notched at 
postero-inferior angle, inferior margin of 1 but not of 2 and 3 
strongly convex, postero-inferior angle of 4 rounded, depth of 4 
twice length. 

Postero-inferior angle of 3rd pleon segment rounded-quadrate. 
Pleon without any keels or teeth. 

Telson oval, lobes narrow-ovate, apices separated, cleft scarcely 
extending beyond centre, 2-3 apical setae and 1 subapical on outer 
margin, none on dorsal surface. 

First antenna, } length of body, Ist and 2nd joints subequal but 
2nd a trifle more slender, 3rd 3 2nd, flagellum subequal to peduncle, 
8-jointed. 

Second antenna only a little longer than Ist, 4th and 5th joints 
subequal, each equal to 2nd plus 3rd, flagellum a little shorter 
than peduncle, 8-jointed. 

Mandible, 2nd joint of palp linear, 3rd $ 2nd. 

Maxilliped, inner margin of outer plate with 7 stout spines, the 
distal 2 elongate and linear, the others ovate, outer distal angle of 
4th joint of palp prominent. 

First gnathopod, 6th a little shorter and narrower than 5th, both 
joints with plumose setae on inferior margin, 6th in addition with 
serrate spines. 

Second gnathopod similar, but longer and more slender. 

First and second peraeopods, 4th joint widening slightly distally 
but not apically produced, inferior apex with 3-4 stout plumose — 
setae, 5th } 6th, 7th equal to 5th and 6th together. 

Third peraeopod, anterior margin of 2nd joint strongly bulging, 
3rd thrice as wide as long, anterior margin of 4th very convex, 5th 
shorter than 4th, posterior apex produced, posterior margin with 2 
pairs of very stout short spines with a single one proximal and another 
distal to them, apex with 1 stout spine and 2 stout serrulate setae, 
6th equal to 5th, posterior margin with | spinule, 7th with a spinule 
on anterior margin. 

Fourth peraeopod similar to 3rd, anterior distal margin of 2nd 
joint with 6 stout plumose setae, 5th joint as in 3rd peraeopod. 

Fifth peraeopod, anterior margin of 2nd joint concave proximally, 
hind margin convex, expanded, distal hind margin semicircularly 
excavate, postero-inferior apex bilobed and reaching to middle of 
5th joint, a few simple setae on hind margin, none between expansion 
and 3rd and 4th joints, 4th thrice as long as 3rd, 4 stout plumose 
setae on hind margin, 5th 4 4th with a short stout spine on hinder 


338 Annals of the South African Museum. 


apex, 6th a little longer than 5th, linear, 7th shorter than 5th, linear, 
apically blunt. 

First uropod, peduncle stout, outer ramus subequal to peduncle, 
curved, inner ramus shorter and more slender than outer. 

Second uropod stout, rami shorter than peduncle, outer a trifle 
longer than inner, apex bifid, upper margin with 3 stout short spines, 
inner ramus apically acute, with 1 spinule on upper margin. 

Third uropod stout, outer ramus narrow lanceolate, apex acute, 
entire, a small subapical notch on inner margin, inner and outer 
margins distally with a few short setae, inner ramus longer than outer, 
stout, tapering to a bifid apex, a strong subapical tooth on inner 
margin, and a subapical tuft of short setae on outer margin. 

Length.—7 mm. 

Colour.—Whitish, both antennae and the ocular pigment crimson. 

Locality.—Bufiels Bay (False Bay), 1/5/15 (K.H.B.), 1 immature 
specimen. (8.A.M., No. A 3289.) 

This species is remarkable for the stoutness of the 3rd and 4th 
peraeopods. The 5th peraeopod and the telson are also distinctive. 
Up to the present no further specimens have come to hand. 


Famity HAUSTORIIDAE. 


Gen. PLATyIScHNOPUS Stebb. 
See 1916. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 142. 


Platyischnopus capensis n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, figs. 13, 14.) 
1914. Platyischnopus mirabilis. Stebbing, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. 
xv. pt. 1, p. 32 (non-Stebbing, 
1888). 
1916. ‘ 5 Barnard, loc. cit., p. 142 (quotes 
Stebbing). 

Since the publication of the last-mentioned paper, the discovery 
of a male specimen has led me to examine the Saldanha Bay specimen 
identified by Stebbing as mirabilis. I regret that I cannot accept 
this determination. The specimens agree far more closely with 
P. herdmani Wikr., though there are features which in my opinion 
entitle them to be regarded as a new species. 

Head equal to first 3 peraeon segments, resembling mzrabilis. 
Eyes present. First 3 peraeon segments subequal, 4th—7th segments 
ncreasing in length. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 339 


Third pleon segment with 1 dorsal tooth flanked by 2 subdorsal 
teeth as in herdmani, but considerably smaller and easily overlooked. 
Postero-inferior angle of 2nd and 3rd segments acutely produced and 
upturned. 

Telson similar to that of mirabilis, but narrower in proportion to 
its length, the apical notch also narrower, but the lobes still divergent, 
not contiguous as in herdmani, each lobe with a small tooth on outer 
margin from which arises a seta, 2 groups of setae on the dorsal 
surface. 

First antenna in ¢ as described by Walker for herdmani, 1st joint 
swollen, twice as broad as long, 2nd twice as long as 3rd, which 
has a dense fringe of setae round the distal end, flagellum reaching to 
end of Ist uropods, very slender, Ist joint longest, accessory flagellum 
3-jointed ; in 2 2nd joint longer and stouter than 3rd, flagellum 
5-jointed, with apical setae, accessory flagellum 2-jointed. 

Second antenna more slender in ¢ than in 9, but otherwise similar, 
4th joint much the longest and stoutest, twice as long as 5th, more 
strongly setose than in hermani, with an apical tuft of long setae, 
flagellum slender, 3-jointed. 

First gnathopod, 3rd joint 4 length of 2nd, 5th equal to 3rd plus 
4th, 6th similar to that of mzrabilis, but not so produced, similar in 
the two sexes but a little more slender in ¢ than 9. 

Second gnathopod, 3rd joint 4 length of 2nd, 5th much longer than 
in lst gnathopod, twice length of 3rd, 6th 4 length of 5th, resembling 
that of herdmani, whole limb more slender in ¢ than 9. 

Peraeopods 1 and 2 similar to those of herdmani, 5th joint with 
apical tuft of setae, 6th with about 10 apical spine-setae, which are 
distinctly not so stout or so long as 7th joint. 

Peraeopod 3 resembling that of herdmanz, the 2nd joint not so stout 
as in morabilis. 

Peraeopod 4 as figured for mirabilis, but 2nd joint almost as broad 
as long. 

Peraeopod 5, 2nd joint distinctly longer than broad, resembling 
that of herdmani, but with 3 teeth on distal hind angle in addition to 
the actual postero-inferior angle, which is also acute. It may be 
remarked that in Walker’s figure the 3rd joint has been omitted ; 
it is let into the 2nd, appearing at first sight to be part of this joint, 
and is consequently easily overlooked. Remaining joints as in 
herdmanc. 

First and second uropods slender, Ist longer than 2nd, 2-3 stout 
curved spines on distal upper margins of the peduncles, rami of both 


340 Annals of the South African Museum. 


slightly longer than their peduncles, the outer ramus of both being 
slightly longer than the inner. Similar in both sexes. 

Third uropod in ¢ extending much beyond the other uropods, 
peduncle short, moderately stout, with long apical setae on lower 
margin, one ramus no longer than peduncle, ovate-lanceolate, apex 
acute, the other ramus nearly 4 times length of peduncle, narrow 
linear, with groups of short spines on outer margin and long plumose 
setae on inner margin, at the apex a long stout spine nearly 4 length 
of ramus. In Q similar to 3g, but not so elongate, the long ramus with 
groups of short spines on both margins and no plumose setae. 

With regard to the relative positions of these rami, Stebbing 
assumes that the long one is the outer, whereas Walker expects “ the 
inner ramus to be long and easily detached as in the case of some of 
the Gammaridae.” But in the Gammaridae it is the outer ramus 
which is the longer of the two, and such is also the case here. The 
two rami appear in profile to arise one above the other, the shorter 
one above ; but when viewed from above the shorter one is distinctly 
seen to be the inner, and converging slightly towards its fellow. 

Length.—6 mm. ; including 3rd uropods in 3, 7-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, pale yellowish. 

Locality.—Saldanha Bay, 10 fathoms, 1 2 (Stebbing) ; from stomach 
of White Stumpnose (Chrysophrys globiceps) caught in Table Bay, 
1906, 1g. (S.A.M., Nos. A 3895 and A 4389.) 

As remarked, this species is close to herdmani, the chief distinction 
being in the telson. Both agree in having dorsal teeth on the 3rd 
pleon segment and in the shape of the 5th peraeopod, which features 
separate them sharply from mirabilis. 


Famity PHOXOCEPHALIDAE. 
Gen. Harprnta Boeck. 


1876. Harpinia. Boeck, Skand. Arkt. Amphip., vol. u, p. 218. 
1910. A Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 452 
(references). 


Harpinia excavata Chevr. 


1887. Harpinia excavata. Chevreux, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr., vol. xii, 
p. 568. 

1908. - “ Stebbing, S.A. Crust., pt. 4, p. 73 
(references). 

1910. is * Id., loc. cit., p. 452. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 341 


A female specimen agrees with Chevreux’s figures, except that the 
hind margin of the 2nd joint of 5th peraeopod is perfectly entire ; 
a magnification of 450 diam. failed to disclose any crenulations. 

The inner ramus of 3rd uropod is as long as the 2-jointed outer 
ramus, as noted by Stebbing. 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, | 9. 
S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4522.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Bay of Biscay, 5110 metres, and off Cape 
Finisterre, 363-510 metres (Chevreux); off Cape Peninsula, 245 
fathoms (Stebbing). 


Famity AMPHILOCHIDAE. 


Gen. CyPROIDEA Hasw. 


1880. Cyproidea. Haswell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. v, 
Deals 

1880. Cyproidia (part). Id., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.8.W., vol. iv, p. 320. 

1900. Cyproidea. Chilton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. v, 
p. 243. 

1906. Ba Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, pp. 157, 723. 


Cyproidea ornata (Hasw.). 

1880. Cyproidea sp. (part). Haswell, loc. cit., p. 31. 

1880. Cyproidia ornata. Id., loc. cat., p. 320, pl. xviii, fig. 1. 

1906. Cyproidea _,, Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 158. 

These specimens agree exactly with Stebbing’s description in “ Das 
Tierreich.” 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish-white, tips of the antennae pink. 

Locality.—Port Shepstone, Natal, September 1916 (H. C. Burnup), 
16 specimens. (S.A.M., No. A 4191.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Australia. 


Gen. Giranopsis G. O. Sars. 
See 1916. Barnard, Ann. S.A. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 144. 


Gitanopsis pusilla Brurd. 


1916. Gitanopsis pusilla. Barnard, loc. cit., p. 144, pl. xxvi, 
iMfoass NS PA, 


342 Annals of the South African Museum. 


A single specimen from the “ Pieter Faure ” collection (Lion’s Head, 
Cape Town, 8.E. + E., distant 50 miles, 250 fathoms, 2/4/02) is in- 
separable from the specimens originally described from littoral waters. 
The process of the 5th joint of the 2nd gnathopod is not quite so long. 
There is no trace of eyes, but this might well be due to the method of 
preservation. The telson is exactly similar. 

As regards the bathymetrical range, it must be borne in mind that 
the “‘ Pieter Faure” used no closing nets of any kind, so that the 
possibility of the present specimen having been taken in surface 
waters near floating weed is not excluded. Since, however, the 
specimen was found in a bottle of mixed Starfish, Hydroids, Gas- 
teropods, etc., its deep-water origin is probable. 

Chilton (1923, Rec. Austr. Mus., xiv, 2, p. 82) considers this 
species to be a synonym of Amphilochus neapolitanus Della Valle, — 
a species found in Europe, Australasia, and India. As I have not had 
the same opportunities for comparison that Dr. Chilton has, I am not 
in a position to offer any further remarks on the question. The 
colour-pattern, however, appears to be different. 


Famity LEUCOTHOIDAKE. 
Gen. LeucotTHoE Leach. 


See 1916. Barnard, Ann. 8.A. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 148. 
1923. Chilton, Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. xiv, pt. 2, p. 85. 


Leucothoe ctenochir n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 8.) 


Antero-lateral angles of head rounded. Eyes moderately large, 
oval. Side-plate 1 scarcely widened below, 2 oblong, longer than 
deep, antero- and postero-inferior angles of both 1 and 2 quadrate, 
3 slightly deeper than 1 and 2, about as deep as long, angles rounded- 
quadrate, 4 deeper than long, deepest at rounded anterior angle, 
posterior emargination very shallow. 

Postero-inferior angles of pleon segments 2 and 3 sub-quadrate, 
3rd without sinus. 

Telson ovoid, only half as long again as broad, and only half as long 
as total length of 5rd uropod, apex broadly rounded. 

First antenna reaching end of 3rd peraeon segment, moderately 
stout, Ist and 2nd joints subequal in length, but Ist stouter than 2nd, 
drd + 2nd, flagellum equal to 2nd, 8-jointed, accessory flagellum 
indistinguishable. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 343 


Second antenna subequal to Ist, ultimate peduncular joint shorter 
than penultimate, slender, flagellum scarcely half length of last 
peduncular joint, 3-jointed. 

Mandibular palp moderately long, siender, 3rd joint longer than 
Ist, but shorter than 2nd. 

First gnathopod, 2nd joint stout, thrice as long as broad, 5th circular 
at the base, from which arises the very slender process, curving gently 
downwards and then turned sharply up at the extreme apex, inner 
margin smooth, 6th ovoid and stout at the base, narrowing into the 
slender distal portion, inner margin smooth, 7th scarcely } length of 
6th, slender, curved. 

Second gnathopod, 2nd joint stout as in Ist gnathopod, anterior 
apical angle slightly lobed, rounded, 3rd rather more prominently 
lobed on anterior margin, 5th produced in a narrow subulate process, 
apically acute, 6th ovate, palm longer than hind margin, with 6 strong 
and regular narrow teeth (including the one at the defining angle) re- 
sembling a comb, the tooth nearest the finger-hinge obscurely bifid at 
the apex, finger matching palm, slender, evenly curved. 

Peraeopods not very slender, very feebly armed with spines. 

First, 2nd, and 3rd uropods also nearly spineless, 3rd uropods ex- 
tending beyond the Ist and 2nd pairs. 

Length.—6:5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish, eyes dark red-brown. 

Locality.—Port Shepstone, N. distant 8 miles, 36 fathoms, | speci- 
men. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 14/3/01. (S.A.M., No. A 4404.) 

This species is easily distinguished by the beautiful comb-like 
armature of the palm of the 2nd gnathopod. 


Leucothoe dolichoceras Brnrd. 


1916. Leucothoe dolichoceras. Barnard, Ann. 8.A. Mus., vol. xv, 
Ptaes ps lols ple xexcvayios 14: 

The discovery of further specimens in the “ Pieter Faure ” collection 
enables me to confirm the original description, and to make one or two 
additions thereto. 

The better preserved specimens show well-developed eyes, moderate 
in size, ovoid, and black in colour. In some of the specimens, however, 
the eyes are only slightly darker than the rest of the animal: a differ- 
ence which is probably due to the method of preservation, although 
“3 per cent. formalin ”’ is given in the record book as the fluid used in 
all cases. 


344 Annals of the South African Museum. 


The 3rd uropods, like the Ist and 2nd pairs, are almost spineless. 

In adult specimens there is a characteristic bend or kink in the 5th 
joint of the 1st gnathopod, the distal process curving downwards away 
from the axis of the basal portion. 

A series of specimens of all ages shows that up to about 5-6 mm. 
in total length the palm of the 2nd gnathopod is practically smooth. 
At this size slight denticles begin to appear, chiefly visible near the 
finger-hinge. At about 8-10 mm. there are 3 clearly defined, 
flat-topped denticles, the one nearest the finger-hinge being bifid. 
After this the adult form is rapidly assumed, the hand becoming 
narrower and the palmar denticles stronger. 

Additional Localities—Umkomaas River mouth, N.W. by W. 4 W., 
distant 5 miles, 40 fathoms, 3 specimens; False Bay, 11-13 fathoms, 
3 lots of several specimens. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 31/12/00, 24/8/03, — 
and 19/11/03. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4409—A 4412.) 

Lives in the “ Cauliflower ” Alcyonarian Capsella rugosa Kiikenth. 


Famity STENOTHOIDAE. 


Gen. STENOTHOE Dana. 


See 1916. Barnard, Ann. 8.A. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 153. 
1923. Chilton, Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. xiv, pt. 2, p. 95 (dis- 
cussion of S. valida Dana and synonyms). 
1924. Id., Tr. N.Z. Inst., vol. lv, p. 270. 


Stenothoe gallensis Wlkr. 


1904. Stenothoe gallensis. Walker in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. 
Suppl. Rep., 17, p. 261, pl. i, fig. 19. 

1916. “s ¥ Barnard, loc. cit., p. 154. 

The identification of the Durban specimens, which rested on female 
specimens only, is now confirmed by a male forwarded to me by 
Mr. H. C. Burnup. 

The shape of the 2nd joint of the ramus of the 3rd uropod is quite 
distinctive, although in the present specimen it is not the same as in 
Walker’s figure, but corresponds exactly with Kunkel’s figure (Tr. 
Conn. Ac. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 17, fig. 5) of the same appendage in a 
Bermudan specimen of S. valida Dana. 

The line of demarcation between the distal joimt and its “ blunt 
projection ’” shown in Kunkel’s figure is here absent. Kunkel had 
a g and a 9 under examination, and, for aught he says to the contrary, 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 345 


the 2 shows the same peculiarity in the 3rd uropod as the g. This 
peculiar shape seems to be abnormal, to judge from Stebbing’s descrip- 
tion in “ Das Tierreich.” I have not seen Dana’s figures, but if his 
figure had shown a suddenly constricted 2nd joint, Stebbing would 
hardly have described it merely as “ longer than Ist.” 

It is therefore interesting to find the same peculiarity in the South 
African specimen, and at first it seemed that the specimen must be 
assigned to valida. But a glance at the 2nd joint of the 3rd peraeopod 
at once showed that this joint was narrow linear as in gallensis, instead 
of broadly oval as in valida. The specimen therefore must be regarded 
as belonging to gallensis, with the 3rd uropod abnormal, 7.e. different 
from that originally described by Walker. The need of very much 
more abundant material is here only too patent. 

Another question which also awaits solution is whether gallensis 
should not become a synonym of the Mediterranean species cattai 
Stebb., 1906, which has a geniculate 2nd joint to the ramus of the 3rd 
uropod, and a 2nd gnathopod similar to valida and gallensis. 

Length.—3 4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, white, eyes distinct. 

Locality.—Port Shepstone, Natal, September 1916 (H. C. Burnup), 
13. (S.A.M., No. A 4194.) 


Stenothoe assimilis Chevr. 


1908. Stenothoe assimilis. Chevreux, Bull. Inst. océan. Monaco, 
No. 113, p. 4, figs. 4-6. 


A male specimen agreeing with the description and figures, except 
in having the inferior margin of side-plate 2 scarcely concave, and the 
flagella of the antennae longer: that of antenna | being ca. 24-jointed, 
that of antenna 2 ca. 18-jointed. 

This species is distinguished from the preceding by the entire (not 
crenulate) inferior margin of the 4th joint of gnathopod 2 in ¢, the 
less developed gnathopod 2 in 9, the more quadrangular shape of side- 
plate 2, and the straight conical 2nd joint of the ramus of uropod 3. 

Length.—5 mm. 

Colour.—Ivory-white, semitransparent, with pink spots on back 
and at base of side-plates, eyes crimson. 

Locality.—Durban Harbour, 5 fathoms (H. W. Bell-Marley), 1 2, 
1/5/17 ; Cape Town Harbour, on floating boom (R. W. E. Tucker), 
3 $d, 2 ovigerous 99, 1 juv., April 1918. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4579 and 
A 5882.) 


346 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


Geogr. Distribution.—Monaco, Mediterranean. 
This species is considered by Chilton (1923, loc. cit., supra, p. 99) 
as a synonym of S. valida Dana. 


1906. 
1907. 
1909. 


LOO: 
1910. 


nO: 


Eyes 


Famity COLOMASTIGIDAE. 


. Colomastidae. Chevreux, C.R. Ass. franc. Sess., 27, vol. ii, 


p. 483. 


. Colomastigidae. Stebbing, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 


vol. iv, p. 211. 
» Id., Das Tierreich, 21, p. 206. 


. Colomastixidae. Chevreux, Mem. Soe. zool. Fr., vol. xxiii, 


p. 202. 


Gen. CoLOMASTIX Grube. 


. Colomastiz. Grube, Ausfl. Triest., p. 137. 
. Cratippus. Bate, Cat. Amph. Brit. Mus., p. 275. 
. Exunguwa. Norman, in Brady and Robertson, Ann. Mag. 


Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii, p. 359. 


. Colomastix. Della Valle, F. u. Fl. Neapel, vol. xx, p. 854. 


. Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 206. 
~ Chilton, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlvii, pt. 2, 
p. 484. 


Colomastix pusilla Grube. 


. Colomastiz pusilla. Grube, loc. cit., p. 137. 


- . Id., Arch. Naturg., vol. xxx, p. 206, 
pl. v, figs. 2, 2a—b. 

e 5 Della Valle, loc. cit., p. 854, pl. vi, 
fig. 2, pl. lxi, figs. 23-37. 

- . Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 207 (references). 

e % Walker, Nat. Ant. Exp., vol. i, p. 38. 

si crassimanus. Id., Tr. Linn. Soe. Lond., vol. xii, 

p- 332. 

We pusilla. Chevreux, loc. cit., p. 202. 

wi MI Kunkel, Tr. Conn. Ac. Sei., vol. xvi, 
TOs alley aber fe 

a c Pearse, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xliii, 


p- 370, fig. 2. 


rather large, consisting of 18-21 ommatidia. Serrulations 


on antenna 2 very obscure. Mouth-parts as in Della Valle’s figures. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 347 


Gnathopod 1 in ¢ atrophied, as in Della Valle’s figure. Uropod 3 
with rami subequal, or the outer very slightly longer; serrations 
on the rami of all the uropods extremely obscure. Telson suboval, 
apically rounded. 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish, eyes of same colour (A 4550), or red 
(A 4551). 

Locality.— Between Roman Rock and Cape Recife, 17 fathoms, 
2 33, 2 ovigerous 99, 3 juv. in sponges; Cape Point, N.E. i N., 
distant 18 miles, 135 fathoms, 1 9 ina sponge. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 
12/12/98 and 27/2/02. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4550 and A 4551.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—France, Great Britain, Mediterranean, 12-75 
metres (Stebbing, Chevreux, etc.); Red Sea (Walker); Bermuda 
(Kunkel); Gulf of Mexico, 25-27 fathoms (Pearse); McMurdo 
Sound, Antarctic (Walker). 

It is probable that C. brazieri Hasw. from Port Jackson (Haswell), 
Otago, New Zealand (Chilton), and the South Orkneys (Chilton) will 
eventually be united with puszlla. 


Famity *PARDALISCIDAKR. 


Gen. Hatice Boeck. 


1871. Halice. Boeck, Forh. Selsk. Christian., 1870, p. 152. 

1893. ey G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 411. 

1893. - Della Valle, F. u. Fl. Neapel, vol. xx, p. 661. 

1906. a Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, p. 228. 

1912. = Chevreux, Bull. Inst. océan. Monaco, No. 233, p. 1. 


Halice anacantha n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 12.) 


Body moderately stout. Rostrum small. Eyes absent. Peraeon 
and pleon without any dorsal teeth. Side-plate 1 with acute antero- 
inferior angle, the other side-plates rather deeper than in H. abyssi 
Boeck. Postero-inferior angle of pleon segment 3 subquadrate. 

Telson twice as long as broad, cleft nearly to base, lobes rather 
stout, not strongly dehiscent, apices bifid. 

First and second antennae as in H. abyssi, accessory flagellum of 
1st antenna in g with enlarged basal joint. 

Mandible, trunk normal, palp slender, 3rd joint almost as long as 
2nd, ending in a long seta. 


348 Annals of the South African Museum. 


The other mouth-parts as figured by Sars for abyssi. 

First gnathopod as in abyssz, but 5th and 6th joints less setose on 
lower margin. 

Second gnathopod, 5th joint subequal to 6th, both densely setose. 

First and second peraeopods stout, more so in female than in male, 
2nd joint elongate ovate, 4th subtriangular, wider than 2nd, 5th in 
S not quite as long or as wide as 4th, in 9 larger than 4th, 6th abruptly 
narrower, slender, longer than 4th, hind margins of 4th-6th with 
plumose setae. 

Peraeopods 3-5 as in abyssv. 

Uropods 1 and 2 normal; uropod 3 apparently also normal, but 
more or less mutilated in all the specimens. 

Length.—5-6 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. : 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
3 346,499. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4525.) 

This species is easily distinguished from H. abyssi and aculeata 
Chevr. by the absence of teeth on the pleon and the stout Ist and 2nd 
peraeopods. The mandibular palp is more like that of Pardaliscopsis 
tenuipalpa Chevr., 1911, than that of any of the other members of the 
family ; it is quite unlike that of H. abyssi—but then that of H. aculeata 
shows the transition between a very short and an elongate 3rd joint. 

It might be thought that in consequence of the elongate 3rd palpal 
joint of the mandible the species should be placed in Pardaliscella 
Sars; but all the other characters point to its relation with Halice, 
although it is to be regretted that the 3rd uropods are not better 
preserved. 


Famity OEDICEROTIDAE. 


Gen. OEDICEROIDES Stebb. 


1888. Oediceroides. Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, p. 843. 
1916. ss Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, 
p. 162 (references). 


Oediceroides plumicornis n. sp. 


Body compressed, slender. Rostrum slender, acute, slightly 
deflexed, extending to end of Ist joint of Ist antenna. Ocular 
pigment forming an obscure median longitudinal stripe on base of 
rostrum. Antero-lateral angles of head subacute. Peraeon dorsally 
smooth. Side-plate 1 produced forwards, 4 moderately excavate 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 349 


behind. Pleon segment 3 rather tumid dorsally above the base of the 
4th segment, postero-inferior angle rounded, setose. 

Telson oval, 2-3 setules on the broadly rounded apex. 

First antenna half length of 2nd, 2nd joint barely as long as 1st, 
more slender, with numerous long plumose setae on upper margin, 
3rd scarcely $ 2nd, flagellum not as long as peduncle, ca. 12-jointed. 

Second antenna, penultimate peduncular joint stout, widest at 
base, thence tapering evenly, ultimate joint distinctly more slender, 
2 length of penultimate, flagellum equal to last 2 peduncular joints 
together, multiarticulate, with calceoli on anterior margin. 

Mandible similar to that of O. cinderella Stebb. 

First gnathopod, 5th joint not as broad as 6th, which is somewhat 
similar to that of O. rostratus (Stebb.), but with a little longer hind 
margin, palm minutely, but very distinctly, pectinate (cf. O. proximus 
Bonn., but the denticles are more acute). 

Second gnathopod, 5th joint a little wider than 6th, which is more 
elongate than in Ist gnathopod, palm defined by 3 spines, pectinate 
as in Ist gnathopod. 

All the peraeopods slender ; 2nd joint of 5th peraeopod pyriform. 

Uropods 1 and 2, peduncle longer than the subequal rami. 

Uropod 3 shorter than the preceding, but in all the specimens 
either lost or damaged. 

Length.—7-8 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
3S and 99, some ovigerous. S.S8. ‘‘ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., 
No. A 4521.) 

Closely allied to O. proximus Bonn., but lacking the ornamentation 
on the lst-3rd pleon segments and differing in the shape of the 6th 
joint of Ist peraeopod. Distinguished from all the species by the 
plumose Ist antenna. 

The preservation of the specimens is not all that could be desired. 
In stained preparations the ocular pigment seems to extend to the 
apex of the rostrum, though in very limited amount. Attempts at 
further elucidation of this point by means of microtome sections were 
not successful. 


Gen. ACEROIDES G. O. Sars. 


1892. Aceroides. G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 340 (Aceropsis 

on plate 120. sed non Stuxberg). 

1906. Mm Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, p. 254. 
VOL. XX, PART 5. 


bo 
oy | 


350 Annals of the South African Museum. 


The following species does not quite fit in with Stebbing’s diagnosis, 
thus: the lower lip resembles that of Perioculodes, the inner plate of 
Ist maxilla has 6 setae instead of 1, as figured by Sars for A. latipes 
(loc. cit., pl. cxx), the antennae have much longer peduncles, and 
side-plate | is different in shape. 

But as there are already 10 monotypic genera, out of a total of 20, 
in the family, it does not seem advisable to multiply the number still 
more for the reception of the present species. 

The characters of Arrhinopsis Stappers, 1911, are unknown to me. 


Aceroides linucola n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, figs..9, 10.) 


Body moderately tumid. Head with a distinct though very small 
rostral projection, not extending as far forward as the subtruncate - 
lateral angles. Eyes absent. Peraeon and pleon smooth. Side- 
plates rather deep, inferior margins crenulate and setose, | expanded 
below, 2-4 increasing in size, inferior margin of 3 and 4 emarginate, 
lobes of 5 subequal, posterior lobe of 6 larger than the anterior. 

Telson oblong, very slightly longer than broad, postero-lateral 
angles rounded, distal margin very slightly emarginate. 

First antenna about } total length, lst joint considerably thicker 
than the following, 2nd joint longest, 3rd shortest, flagellum subequal 
to Ist peduncular joint, ca. 17-jointed, no accessory flagellum. 

Second antenna subequal to Ist, 4th and 5th joints subequal, 
flagellum slightly longer than ultimate peduncular joint, ca. 7-jointed. 
Calceoli not developed on either antenna. 

Upper lip broader than long, distal margin feebly convex. 

Lower lip, inner lobes completely coalesced. 

Mandibles closely resembling Stebbing’s figures of those of Oed- 
ceroides rostratus (Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, pl. lx), molar well de- 
veloped, palp elongate, slender, 2nd joint straight, 3rd equal to 2nd. 

First maxilla, inner plate with 5-6 plumose setae on inner distal 
margin, outer plate with 8 spines. 

Maxilliped, inner plate scarcely reaching more than half-way along 
Ist joint of palp, outer plate reaching ? along 2nd palpal joint. 

First gnathopod, 4th joint produced in a conical, apically subacute 
process nearly as long as that on the 5th jomt, which reaches the 
defining angle of palm, 6th widest across the middle, palm oblique, 
subequal to hind margin, convex, minutely and irregularly denti- 
culate, a submarginal row of spines with a stronger one at the defining 
angle, finger just overlapping palm. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 351 


Second gnathopod, 4th joint ending in a short conical point, not so 
produced as in Ist gnathopod, and not nearly so long as process of 
5th joint, which reaches defining angle of palm, 6th more elongate 
than in Ist gnathopod, with the palm distinctly shorter than hind 
margin, but otherwise similar. 

Peraeopods 1 and 2 stout, 2nd joint 24 times as long as broad, 
4th—6th distally expanded as in A. latipes, but 7th abruptly narrower 
than 6th, unguiform, not expanded, shorter than 6th, 4th—6th strongly 
armed with spine-setae. 

Peraeopods 3 and 4 also stout, 2nd joint ovate, scarcely twice as 
long as broad, anterior margin with dense fringe of simple setae, 
posterior margin crenulate, with plumose setae, 4th equal to 2nd, 
distally expanded, 5th not half as long as 4th, also expanded, but not 
as broad as 4th, 4th and 5th strongly armed with spine-setae, 6th 
considerably longer than 5th, but not equal to 4th, abruptly narrower 
than 5th, linear, gently curved, anterior margin with small spinules 
at regular intervals, posterior margin with 2-3 groups of setae, 7th 
about + length of 6th, stout. 

Peraeopod 5 as usual in the family, 2nd joint widest at base, pos- 
tero-basal angle rounded, 5th and 6th subequal, slightly shorter than 
4th, 7th lost. 

Uropods 1 and 2, rami subequal, slightly shorter than peduncle. 

Uropod 3 not extending beyond the others, rami subequal, longer 
than peduncle. 

Length.—15 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 
fathoms, 1 ¢. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. 
A 4419.) 

The particular features of this species are: the expansion of the 
2nd, 4th, and 5th joints, and the narrowness of the 6th joint of the 
3rd and 4th peraeopods; the production of the 4th joint of the Ist 
and 2nd gnathopods into a pointed process, nearly as long as that of 
the 5th joint in the 1st gnathopod, though considerably shorter in the 
2nd. 


Gen. PERIOCULODES Sars. 


1892. Perioculodes. G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 312. 

1904. “3 Walker in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. 
Suppl. Rep., 17, p. 262. 

1906. i Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, pp. 237, 726. 


302 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Perioculodes longimanus (Bate and Westw.). 


1868. Monoculodes longimanus. Bate and Westwood, Brit. Sess. 
Crust., vol. ii, p. 507. 


1892. Perioculodes . Sars, loc. cit., p. 313, pl. ex, fig. 2, 
plexi ties 
1893. Oediceros x (part). Della Valle, F. u. FI. 


Neapel, vol. xx, p. 547, pl. iv, 
fig. 9; pl. xxxiu, figs. 32-36. 
1906. Perioculodes a Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 237, fig. 61. 
1910. e re Chevreux, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 
vol. xxii, p. 205. 


Agreeing with the description and figures, except that there is 
no trace of eye pigment or lenses, and the processes of the 5th joint — 
in gnathopods 1 and 2 are not quite so slender as in Sars’ figures. 

A curious feature is that both the 3rd uropods appear to consist of 
a short peduncle only, which tapers to a blunt apex at the level of the 
telsonic apex. They have evidently not been mutilated in the course 
of capture. They are probably in process of regeneration. If this 
degenerate or simple form of uropod were the normal, the case would 
be unique in the family. As there is only the one specimen, there is 
no other course but to identify it with P. longimanus. 

Length.—5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish. 

Locality — Duminy Point (off Saldanha Bay), E. by N. 3 N., distant 
8 miles, 87 fathoms, 1 g. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 17/3/02. (S.A.M., 
No. A 5971.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—N orth ‘Atlantic, Mediterranean. Closely allied 
species (P. megapleon Giles, and P. serra Walker) in the Indian 
Ocean. 


Gen. SYNCHELIDIUM Sars. 


1892. Synchelidium. G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 317. 
1906. a Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, p. 241. 


Synchelidium (2? tenuamanum Norm.). 


See Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 248. 

As there is only a single specimen, and the species of this genus 
are so closely allied, it seems preferable not to identify the specimen 
definitely. 

One distinguishing character is the presence in two of the species 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 353 


of brown blotches, which Sars says are retained even after a long 
while in spirit (loc. cit., p. 319). As a general rule it is to be noted 
that colours are exceedingly fleeting in spirit, so that little importance 
can be attached to this point. 

The present specimen, after several years’ preservation, is perfectly 
pellucid. As far as structural characters are concerned it appears 
to agree best with tenwimanum Norman, 1895, having the very 
slender 6th joint of the second gnathopod found in this species. 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, pellucid, pale pinkish. 

Locality.—Vasco da Gama (Cape Peninsula), N. 40° E., distant 13 
miles, 120 fathoms, 1 specimen. S8.S8. ‘‘ Pieter Faure,” 4/5/00. 
(S.A.M., No. A 5970.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—The genus has been recorded from the North 
Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Ceylon. 


Famity TIRONIDAE. 


Gen. SYRRHOITES G. O. Sars. 


1893. Syrrhoites. G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 391. 
1906. 5 Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, p. 279. 


Syrrhoites tenellus n. sp. 


Body slender, deeper in 2 than in g. Rostrum extending nearly 
to the end of Ist joint of lst antenna, only slightly deflexed. In 3 
peraeon segments 6 and 7 and pleon segments 1-4 carinate, but not 
strongly, the posterior angles quadrate but not produced into upturned 
teeth; in Q similar, but keels a little stronger, and a small very slightly 
upturned tooth on pleon segment 6. Side-plate 3 scarcely widened 
below, 4th less deep, subacute below. Postero-inferior angle of 
pleon segment | rounded, of segments 2 and 3 quadrate, with a small 
shortly produced point, not upturned, margin above entire. Posterior 
margin of 6th segment not fimbriate. 

Telson elongate, cleft to the centre, apices acute. 

First antenna, Ist and 2nd joints subequal, 3rd shorter, flagellum 
7-jointed, 1st joint much longer than the other 6, subequal to peduncle, 
densely setose on front margin, accessory flagellum ? length of Ist 
flagellar joint, 2-jointed. 

Second antenna lost. 


354 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Mandible stout, cutting-edge obtuse, 5rd joint of palp subequal to 
Ist and } length of 2nd, tipped with 2 setae. 

Maxilliped, outer plate with 9 stout, obtuse spines on inner margin. 

First and second gnathopods similar to those of S. serratus (G. O. 
Sars). 

Peraeopods 1-5 as in S. walkert Bonn. 

Uropods 1-3 as in serratus. 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
1 3g, 1 ovigerous 9. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. 
A 4526.) 

Distinguished from the other species by the dorsal carination 
and postero-inferior angle of 3rd pleon segment. 


AUSTROSYRRHOE DN. g. 


Like Syrrhoe Goés, but body dorsally carinate, gnathopod 1 stout, 
more robust than gnathopod 2, with the 5th joint broad, both gnatho- 
pods simple, side-plate 1 widened below and side-plate 4 almost as 
deep as 3. 


Austrosyrrhoe crassipes i. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 11.) 


3. Body slender. Rostrum reaching nearly to end of Ist joimt of 
Ist antenna, slightly deflexed. Eyes absent. Peraeon segments 5-7 
slightly keeled, the keel on segment 7 with a quadrate, but not denti- 
form posterior angle. Side-plate 1 widened below, produced forwards 
subacutely, 3 widened below, antero-inferior angle acute, postero- 
inferior angle rounded, 4 nearly as deep as 3, rounded below. Pleon 
segments 1-4 slightly keeled, the keel on segments 1-3 ending in a 
short backwardly directed tooth, on 4 ending in a long slender spini- 
form tooth lying close to the dorsal surface of segment 5. 

Telson elongate, cleft not quite half-way, apices acute. 

First antenna, lst and 2nd joints subequal, the upper apex of 2nd 
produced into a tooth, 5rd short, flagellum ca. 9-jointed, Ist longer 
than all the rest and subequal to the peduncle, strongly setose on 
anterior margin, accessory flagellum # length of Ist flagellar joint, 
2-jointed, the Ist long. 

Second antenna longer than Ist, ultimate peduncular joint longer 
than penultimate, flagellum ca. 10-jointed. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 355 


Mouth-parts as figured by Sars for Syrrhoe (Crust. Norw., vol. i, 
pl. cxxxvi). 

First gnathopod stout, 2nd joint 4 times as long as broad, distal 
anterior margin setose, 3rd and 4th nearly as wide as 2nd, 5th oval, 
twice as wide as 4th, inferior margin with ca. 12 pectinate spines, 6th 
4 width and length of 5th, inferior margin setulose distally, with a 
stout pectinate spine in the middle, 7th shorter than 6th, with denticle 
on inner margin. 

Second gnathopod about equal to Ist in length, but much more 
slender, closely resembling that of Bruzelia typica Boeck, 5th joint 
subequal to 2nd, longer than 6th, which is setulose on distal inner 
margin, with a pectinate spine just proximal to the setules. 

Peraeopods | and 2 slender. 

Peraeopods 3-5 slender, 2nd joint oval, hind margin entire. 

Uropods 1-3 as in Syrrhoe crenulata Goés. 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish. 

Locality. —Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 1 3. 
S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4527.) 

The character of the first gnathopod is quite unique in the family. 


Gen. LEPECHINELLA Stebb. 


1908. Lepechinella. Stebbing, J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool., vol. xxx, 
Nowl93s pa lols 

1914. Dorbanella. Chevreux, Bull. Inst. océan. Monaco, No. 296, 
105 Il 

1924. a Schellenberg, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, xi, 2, 
p. 205. 


The fact that Stebbing placed his genus in the family Paramphi- 
thoidae, whereas Chevreux assigned his to the Tironidae, may account 
for the latter author overlooking Stebbing’s genus, in spite of the 
highly characteristic dorsal processes. 

The two forms clearly belong to the same genus, as may be seen by 
a comparison of the descriptions and figures of the mouth-parts, 
peraeopods, telson, and dorsal processes. 

Stebbing’s diagnosis holds good. Chevreux states that in echinata 
the “2nd and 3rd urosome segments ” (pleon segments 5 and 6) are 
fused together, but this is not the case in chrysotheras. 

Specifically, however, the two forms are easily distinguishable. 


356 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Chrysotheras Stebb. has no spines on the head besides the rostrum, 
a bifid Ist side-plate and a distinct palm on the 6th joint of the Ist 
and 2nd gnathopods; echinata (Chevr.), on the other hand, has an 
“ interantennal tooth ” on either side of the rostrum, the Ist side-plate 
with only a single pointed lobe, and scarcely any palm in the gnatho- 
pods. There are also differences in the length of the dorsal spines and 
the shape of the telson. 

It is more difficult to decide in what family the genus should be 
ranged. Stebbing’s decision would be quite satisfactory were it not 
for the presence of the well-defined inner lobes in the lower lip. For 
this reason it seems impossible to avoid placing the genus in the 
Tironidae. The two small deviations from the typical Tironid 
mouth-parts mentioned by Chevreux separate the genus equally 
from the Paramphithoidae. Perhaps later on a fusion of these two ~ 
families may be thought desirable. Schellenberg places the genus 
in the neighbourhood of the Atylidae. 

Up to the present echinata has only been found in the Gulf of 
Gascony, 46° 17’ N., 5° 42’ W., 4380 metres (Chevreux). 


Lepechinella chrysotheras Stebb. — 


1908. Lepechinella chrysotheras. Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 192, pl. xxvii. 


Stebbing apparently had only the single specimen, and that was an 
immature one, 5-6 mm. long. 

The present specimens agree with the original description and 
figures, except in the following details: posterior lobe of side-plates 
3-6 less strongly developed, or even nearly obsolete, never acute, 
posterior angle of side-plate 7 also scarcely acute ; postero-inferior 
angles of pleon segments 1-3 not always so acute or so much up- 
turned ; telson slightly longer proportionately to its breadth than in 
Stebbing’s figure, the lateral margins straight, with 3-6 setae; 
peduncle of 1st uropod with a strong spine on lower apex, as described 
by Chevreux in echinata, both rami with a row of regularly spaced 
spinules on inner margin. 

The lower lip has well-developed inner lobes, which are, however, 
closely united nearly to their apices. 

These characters are found in both sexes. There are, however, 
other characters which show sexual differences, namely, the 2nd 
antenna and 3rd uropod. In the 9 these appendages resemble the 
young as figured by Stebbing. In the 3 the 2nd antenna has a series 
of closely set tufts of short setules along the whole wpper margin of 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa, 357 


the 4th peduncular joint. The upper apex of the 3rd joint has a 
similar tuft. 

The 3rd uropod, which in the 9 scarcely exceeds the 2nd uropod, 
is considerably longer in the 3, reaching as far back as the 1st uropod ; 
the rami subequal or the outer a trifle longer than the inner, both 
margins of both rami fringed with rather long plumose setae. 

Length.—8 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish-white. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms. 
Several $4, ovigerous 99, and juv. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. 
(S.A.M., No. A 4421.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—59° 41’ N., 3° W., 850 metres (Stebbing). 


Famity EUSIRIDAE. 


Gen. Husrrus Kroyer. 


1845. Eusirus. Kroyer, Naturn. Tidsskr., ser. 2, vol. i, pp. 501, 


Sine 

1888. ‘ Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, p. 964. 

1893. i G. O. Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. 1, p. 415. 

1906. is Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, pp. 338, 729. 

IO x Walker, Nat. Ant. Exp., vol. iu, p. 30. 

1907. i Chevreux, Exp. Ant. Franc., p. 49. 

HOW: ne Id., Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, ser. 3, vol. xiv, 
p. 405. 

1912. bid Stephensen, Nath. Medd., vol. Ixiv, p. 94. 

1912. “i Chilton, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlviu, pt. 2, 
p. 489. 

NOUS: Chevreux, 2me. Exp. Ant. Franc., p. 163. 


Eusirus minutus G. O. Sars. 


1893. Eusirus minutus. G. O. Sars, loc. cit., p. 419, pl. exlvu, fig. 2. 
1906. 3 i Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 342. 


Seven typical specimens calling for no remark. 

Length.—5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, pale pinkish. 

Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 1 3, 
699. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4422.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Coast of Norway, 400 fathoms (Sars). 


308 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Famity GAMMARIDAE. 


Gen. KELAsMopus Costa. 


Elasmopus spinimanus Wlkr. 


1905. EHlasmopus spinimanus. Walker, in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl 
Fish. Suppl. Rep., 17, p. 277, 
pl. v, fig. 36. 

These specimens are very much larger than Walker’s, and evidently 
represent the adult form. In general they agree with Walker’s 
description. 

Pleon segment 4 dorsally with a low rounded median iongitudinal 
keel. The postero-inferior angle of pleon segment 3 has a minute 
acute point in the 3, but this is obsolete in the Q. 

Telson with 3 spines in the apical notch of each lobe. 

Accessory flagellum of Ist antenna 3-jointed. 

First gnathopod in 3, as described by Walker, but 6th joint not 
longer than 5th, upper margin of 5th and 6th with long setae, lower 
margin of 5th densely setose but the setae shorter; in @ similar, but 
without long setae on upper margin of 5th joint. 

Second gnathopod in g, 6th joint of the same general shape as 
described by Walker, but the spinigerous tubercle at the finger-hinge 
is stronger than in his figures, being better described as a rounded 
lobe, the spines also are stronger, there are no spines posterior to the 
lobe, the whole lower margin as well as the inner surface of the hand 
being densely clothed with long minutely pectinate setae as in E#. 
brasiliensis or pectenicrus; the finger closes within the spinigerous 
lobe and between the latter and a group of 3-4 short, stout spines, 
which are easily overlooked on account of the dense setose covering ; 
in 2 very like Walker’s figure of the 3, but without any projection near 
the hinge, there are 5-6 not very stout spines in this position, passing 
gradually into setae proximally, the proximal portion with fascicles 
of moderately long setae, setae on lower margin of 5th joint serrulate. 

Uropod 3, the outer ramus is distinctly, though not greatly, longer 
than the inner. 

Length.—14 mm. 

Colour.—Indigo-purple, deeper dorsally, with numerous whitish or 
pale yellowish dots, the most conspicuous being a transverse row on 
the posterior margin of each peraeon segment, a dorsal patch at the 
base of pleon segments 3 and 4 whitish, side-plates and 2nd joints of 
peraeopods 3-5 paler, with the whitish dots less conspicuous, antennae 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 359 


purple dotted with whitish, hand of 2nd gnathopod distally purplish, 
peraeopods and uropods banded with the same colour, telson light. 

Locality.— Durban, 28/5/17 (H. W. Bell-Marley), 1 3, 1 ovigerous @. 
(S.A.M., No. A 4573.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Ceylon (Walker). 

This species is closely allied to pectenicrus (of which serrula Wlkr. 
is a synonym), the chief resemblance being in the hand of the 2nd 
gnathopod in the 3. This resemblance is so close that at first sight 
one might be tempted to regard the two forms as varieties of one 
species, the presence or absence of spines on the lobe near the finger- 
hinge being certainly not of specific importance. 

But this feature is coupled with the difference in the hind margin 
of the 2nd joint of peraeopods 4 and 5, a difference which is found in 
both sexes: in spinimanus there are only slight serrations, whereas in 
pectenicrus there is a remarkable series of comb-like teeth. 

Moreover, in the living animals there is the not unimportant feature 
of a different colour-pattern. By comparing the above description 
of the colour of spinimanus with that given for pectenicrus in a former 
paper (Barnard, loc. cit., p. 199), it will be seen that in the latter 
the predominating or ground colour is white with purple markings, 
whereas in the former it is purple with white dots. 


Famity TALITRIDAE. 


Gen. PARHYALELLA Kunkel. 
1910. Parhyalella. Kunkel, Tr. Conn. Ac. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 74. 


Parhyalella natalensis (Stebb.). 


1917. Exhyalella natalensis. Stebbing, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 
vol. xx, p. 435. 

1918. 4, aS Id.,,Ann. Durban Mus., vol. ii, pt. 2, 
js OU, Jol Sat, 


Up to the present this genus has contained only the single species 
F.. batesoni Kunkel, an inhabitant of the Bermuda Islands. 

Length.—3 10 mm., 9 13 mm. 

Colour.—Ground-colour, pale yellow or ochraceous, closely reticu- 
lated and spotted with red, which may vary in tint from a brick-red 
to a crimson-red, antennae and hand of 2nd gnathopod tinged with 
the same colour, 2nd joint of peraeopods 3-5 spotted like the rest of 
body, the terminal joints of these 3 peraeopods, and of the uropods, 
white ; eye blackish-brown. 


360 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Locality Durban, 28/5/17 (H. W. Bell-Marley), $3, ovigerous 99, 
and juv. Whether taken between tide-marks or at low-tide not stated 
by the collector. (S.A.M., No. A 4574.) 

Easily distinguished from batesoni by the 1st and 2nd gnathopods, 
and the details of the antennae. 


Gen. OrncHESTIA Leach. 
1813-14. Orchestia. Leach, Edinb. Encycl., vol. vu, p. 402. 


1890. he Sars, Crust. Norw., vol. i, p. 24. 

1906. in Stebbing, Das Tierreich, 21, pp. 530, 735. 
1907. . Chevreux, Mem. Soe. Zool. Fr., vol. xx, p. 491. 
1909. 5, Chilton, Subantarctic Is, New Zealand, 


vol. ii, p. 632. 


Orchestia excavata Chevr. 


1902. Orchestia excavata. Chevreux, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 
1902, No. 7, p. 521. 

1908. Fs hs Id., Res. Sci. Voy. en Afr. d’ Edouard 
Foa, p. 570, fig. (redescribed). 

‘““ Male.—Body strongly compressed. First two side-plates a little 
deeper than their segments. Fifth side-plate much longer than deep. 
Pleon segments 1-3 ending in a small acute point, posterior margin 
crenulate. Fifth segment projecting strongly over the 6th. Eyes 
large, oval. First antennae more or less injured in all the specimens. 
Second antennae scarcely equal to one-third length of body. Ultimate 
peduncular joint much longer than penultimate. Flagellum shorter 
than last two peduncular joints together, 13-jomted. First gnathopod 
almost as in the type species, O. littorea (Mont), but much more robust. 
Palm slightly concave. Finger as long as palm. Sixth joint of 
2nd gnathopod oval, palm separated from the posterior margin 
only by a small notch. Finger strongly curved, much longer than 
palm. Peraeopods armed with numerous small spines. Posterior 
margin of 2nd joints of peraeopods 3-5 crenulate. Ramus of uropod 
3 as long as peduncle. Telson slightly emarginate, armed with 12 
unequal spines. 

** Female.—Second antennae a little shorter than those of male, 
flagellum only 12-jomted. Sixth joint of Ist gnathopod much 
shorter than 5th. Palm very small, strongly excavate. Finger 
3 times as long as palm. Sixth joint of posterior gnathopod produced 
well beyond extremity of finger. 

“ Longeur.—7 mm. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 361 


* Haute-Zambéze, without more precise locality.” (Chevreux, 1902.) 
Chevreux remarks that no other Orchestia has yet been found at so 
great a distance from the sea coast. 


Famity PHOTIDAE. 


2 Gen. EURYSTHEUS Bate. 


? Hurystheus scissimanus 0. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 15.) 


As there is, unfortunately, only one specimen of this form, and as 
it is in some respects defective, a brief description must suffice. From 
the character of the hand of the 2nd gnathopod it is, however, easily 
recognised. 

The absence of the antennae and the 9 leaves it uncertain whether 
this form should be assigned to Eurystheus or Podoceropsis. 

Body slender. Head with antero-lateral angles quadrate and 
occupied by the rather large subtrigonal or subrotund eyes. Gnatho- 
pod 1 simple, 6th joint scarcely as large as 5th, both joints setose in 
the inferior margin. 

Gnathopod 2, 5th joint short and triangular, 6th oblong, widest 
across the transverse palm, which has a deep and narrow incision in 
the middle, defining angle with a short but strong tooth, inferior 
margin setose, finger matching palm, its inner margin with a few 
fine serrations. 

Second joint of posterior peraeopods with hind margin feebly serrate. 

Telson apically subtruncate, with a spine at each postero-lateral angle. 

Length.—4 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, pale pinkish, eyes reddish. 

Locality.— Vasco da Gama (Cape Peninsula), N. 40° E., distant 13 
miles, 120 fathoms, 1 specimen. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 4/5/00. 
(S.A.M., No. A 6042.) 


Famity AMPITHOIDAE. 


Gen. AMPITHOE Leach. 


See 1916. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 253. 
Ampithoe africana n. sp. 


Antero-lateral angles of head obtuse. Eyes subrotund. Side- 
plate 1 produced forwards. Postero-inferior angle of 3rd_pleon 


362 Annals of the South African Museum. 


segment rounded-quadrate. Telson broader than long, with 2 setae 
at each lateral angle. 

First antenna not reaching beyond end of 5rd peraeon segment, 
2nd joint slightly shorter than Ist, 3rd $ length of 2nd, all with rather 
long apical setae, flagellum longer than peduncle, ca. 20-jointed, each 
joint with a distinct whorl of setae. 

Second antenna equal to Ist in 3, not quite so long in Q, stout, 
ultimate peduncular joint not as long as penultimate, both joints 
in ¢ with a dense fringe of setae along lower margin, in 2 with several 
tufts of setae but not so dense as in 3, flagellum subequal to peduncle 
ca. 16-jointed, each joint with a whorl of setae which are more numer- 
ous on the lower than the upper surface, especially in 3. 

Inner plate of 1st maxilla very small, with 1 seta. 

First gnathopod in 3, 2nd and 3rd joints apically lobed, 5th shorter 
than 6th and a little wider than base of 6th, 6th ovate, widest at 
base, hind margin shorter than the oblique sinuous palm, which is 
convex distally and concave proximally, defining angle obtuse, with 
a stout spine, lower surface of 6th sparsely setose, finger matching 
palm, inner margin serrulate ; in Q similar but smaller, hind margin 
subequal to palm, which is convex throughout, except for a small 
shallow indent where the palmar spine is situated. 

Second gnathopod in ¢ larger than Ist, 2nd and 3rd joints apically 
lobed, 6th wider than and considerably longer than 5th, ovate-oblong, 
the slightly sinuous hind margin longer than the palm, which is 
oblique, straight or very slightly concave, defining angle obtuse 
(ca. 130°), with a short stout spine, palm and hind margin sparsely 
setose, finger slightly overlapping palm, inner margin serrulate; in 
2 similar but smaller, 6th more oval, hind margin only slightly longer 
than palm, which is slightly convex, defining angle obtuse with a 
moderately long spine. 

Peraeopods | and 2 stout, 2nd joint twice as long as broad. 

Peraeopods 3-5 stout, 6th joint with 3 very prominent outstanding 
spines on distal anterior margin, and a 4th recurved immediately 
before the finger-hinge. 

Uropod 3 with 4 spines and a tuft of setae on distal margin, outer 
ramus longer than inner, with 2 hooked spines. 

Length.—9 mm. 

Colour.—Pinkish-red, closely speckled with a deeper tint, eyes deep 
crimson. 

Locality.—EKast London (R. M. Lightfoot), 1 3, 3 ovigerous 99. 
(S.A.M., No. A 4415.) 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 363 


Judging from Bate’s figure, this species bears considerable resem- 
blance to A. brasiliensis Dana in the strongly setose antennae. Bate 
also represents some strong spines on the 5th and 6th joints of peraeo- 
pod 4, but the whole figure is very crude, and a comparison with the 
present specimens in this respect is impossible. 

The 2nd gnathopod of the ¢ is very similar to that of the 2 of A. 
kerquelent Stebb. (1888, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, pl. cxvii), but the 
2 of the present species has the palm of this gnathopod convex 
instead of concave. 

EXAMPITHOE 0. g. 


Side-plates shallow, not deeper than long, 5 only a little deeper 
than 4. First antenna without accessory flagellum. Mandible 
with molar greatly reduced ; palp very slender, 3rd joint shortest, 
tipped with 2 setae only. First maxilla with very stout palp, 2nd 
joint being ovate-lanceolate, not linear and curved. Maxilliped as 
in Ampithoe, but with a very stout spine-tooth on apex of inner plate. 
First gnathopod stouter, though shorter, than 2nd, both subchelate. 
First and 2nd peraeopods glandular. Third peraeopod not 
reverted, longer than 2nd. Peraeopods 3-5 with 6th joint apically 
expanded. Outer ramus of 3rd uropod with 2 hooks. Telson simple, 
not uncinate, lateral angles obsolete. 

From the above diagnosis it will be seen that a new genus is un- 
avoidably necessary. The mandibular palp is even more slender than 
in Paragrubia Chevr., 1901. The tooth on the inner plate of the 
maxilliped appears to be unique in the family, although in itself it 
is not a very important point. 

Biancolina Della Valle, 1893, is closely allied in the shape of the 
side-plates and the length and non-reverted position of the 3rd peraeo- 
pod. ‘The new genus, however, is easily separated by the 2nd antenna 
being almost as long as the Ist, and the stout gnathopods. 


Ezxampithoe natalensis n. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, figs. 16, 17.) 


Body rather slender, moderately compressed. Integument sparsely 
and shallowly pitted, the pits most numerous on the side-plates. 
Head equal in length to first 2 segments together. Hyes small, oval. 
Side-plate 1 rhomboidal, longer than deep, antero-inferior angle a 
little less than a right angle ; 2 and 3 longer than deep, antero-inferior 
angles rounded ; 4 almost as deep as long, otherwise similar to 2 and 
3; 5a little deeper than 4, but longer than deep, posterior lobe small, 


364 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the anterior one rounded below; 6 and 7 very shallow, semicircular, 
6 very slightly bilobed. Pleon segments 1-3 with postero-inferior 
angles rounded. 

Telson semicircular, broader than long, lateral angles obsolete, 
apex with a few setae. 

First antenna half length of body, 1st joint stouter and a little 
longer than 2nd, 3rd short, ¢ length of 2nd, flagellum ca. 28-jointed, 
each joint with an apical whorl of setae and a sensory filament on 
lower side. 

Second antenna nearly as long as Ist, ultimate peduncular joint 
shorter than penultimate, flagellum about equal to peduncle, ca. 
22-jointed. 

Upper lip entire rounded, margin setulose. 

Lower lip similar to Della Valle’s figure of that of Biancolina. 

Mandibles, cutting-edge 8-dentate in left, 10-dentate in right, 
teeth blunter in right, secondary cutting-edge in left 6-dentate, 
obsolete in right, spine-row with 4 slender spines in left, obsolete in 
right, molar much reduced, palp very slender, 2nd joint a little 
longer than Ist, 3rd $ length of 2nd, tipped with 2 fine setae, no setae 
on the other joints. 

First maxilla, inner plate small, tipped with | seta, outer plate 
with 10 strong, minutely denticulate spines, palp stout, 2nd joint 
ovate-lanceolate, inner margin and apex setose, a few setae also on 
the outer margin. 

Second maxilla, plates equal in length, but outer broader than 
inner, inner margin of inner and apices of both setose. 

Maxilliped, inner plate with a large very stout spine-tooth on apex, 
outer plate reaching to middle of 35rd joint of palp, inner margin with 
ca. 13 unserrated spines, changing gradually into the apical setae. 

First gnathopod, 2nd joint strongly lobed on anterior apex, 5th 
and 6th subequal in length, 6th with palm oblique, concave, longer 
than hind margin, defining angle rounded-quadrate, with a strong 
spine, a smaller spine at the finger-hinge, finger gently curved, closing 
within defining angle, lower margins of 4th—6th joints and the palm 
thickly clothed with very finely plumose setae. 

Second gnathopod longer, but not quite as stout as Ist, 2nd joint 
apically lobed, 5th and 6th similar to those of Ist gnathopod but 
more elongate, palm only a little longer than hind margin of. 6th, 
concave, defining about 160°, with a stout spine, finger as long as 
palm, lower margins of 4th-6th and the palm setose as in IJst 
gnathopod. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 365 


First and second peraeopods, 2nd joint ovate, twice as long as 
broad, glandular. 

Third peraeopod longer than the preceding, not reverted, 2nd 
joint twice as long as broad, 4th longer than 5th, 6th longer than 4th, 
apically expanded, anterior margin with 4 spines, 2 spines at angle of 
palm and another curved one at finger-hinge, finger overlapping palm. 

Fourth and fifth peraeopods longer, 2nd joint narrower than in 
3rd peraeopod, but proportions of the 4th—6th joints as in that peraeo- 
pod, only more elongate, armature of spines also the same. 

First uropod, peduncle longer than rami, which are subequal. 

Second uropod, peduncle and inner ramus subequal, outer shorter. 

Third uropod reaching a little beyond the others, stout, peduncle 
with apical whorl of setae and 1 spine on upper apical margin, inner 
ramus as long as broad, apically rounded, with 2 spines and some 
setae, outer ramus as long as and much wider than inner, with 2 
apical recurved hooks, upper margin without setules. 

Length.—14 mm. 

Colour.—lIn spirit, pale yellowish-white, eyes black. 

Locality.—Port Shepstone, Natal, September 1916 (H. C. Burnup), 
l specimen. (S.A.M., No. A 4192.) 


Famity COROPHIIDAE. 


Gen. SIPHONOECETES Kroyer. 


1845. Siphonoecetes. Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr., ser. 2, vol. i, 
pp. 481, 491. 

1916. A Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, 
p. 269 (references). 


Siphonoecetes dellavaller Stebb. 


1893. Siphonoecetes typrcus (part). Della Valle, F. u. Fl. Neapel, 
VOli xxn eo D 6.) plenvenios: 
11-13; pl. vu, figs. 23-28. 


1899. " dellavaller. Stebbing, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
ser. 7, vol. i, pp. 241, 350. 
1906. a 4 Id., Das Tierreich, 21, p. 684. 
Rather small specimens, differing in no other respects from Stebbing’s 
diagnosis. 
Length.—4 mm. 


VOL. XX, PART 9. 26 


366 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Colour.—In spirit, pale yellowish, eyes pale brown. 

Locality.—From stomach of a White Stumpnose (Chrysophrys 
globiceps) caught in Table Bay, 1906 (Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist), 10 
specimens. (S.A.M., No. A 4366.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Bay of Naples, 10-20 metres. On fine sand, 
constructing free tubes (Stebbing). 

Two other specimens, which, so far as their hardened condition 
allows of examination, do not seem separable from the above species, 
were taken in the shrimp trawl, Cape Point, N.E. ? N., distant 39 
miles, 310-560 fathoms, 17/9/03. (S.A.M., No. A 5912.) 


Famity PODOCERIDAE. 


Gen. PopocErus Leach. 
See Barnard, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 274. 


In “ Aus Namaland und Kalahari” (Jena, 1907), Dr. L. Schultze 
has given an interesting account, illustrated by a text-figure (p. 34), 
of the habits of a species of Podocerus inhabiting the shores of South- 
West Africa. The animals are 2 mm. long, with brown transverse 
bands across the back. They burrow in the soft mud, and build small 
upright tubes projecting about 4 mm. above the surface of the mud. 
These tubes are sometimes solitary, sometimes in groups; they are 
attached to some firm object in the mud, and are composed of grains 
of mud and sand, together with sponge spicules and Diatom tests. 

The species has not yet been identified or described. 


Podocerus brasiliensis (Dana). 


1853-55. Platophium brasiliense. Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xiii, 
2, p. 838, pl. lv, figs. 9a—l. 


1904. »  synaptochir. Walker in Herdman’s Ceylon 
Pearl Fish. Suppl Rep:; 17; 
p- 296, pl. vii, fig. 52. 

1916. Podocerus 4 Barnard, loc. cit., p. 279. 

1917. fs brasiliensis. Stebbing, Ann. Durban Mus., 


vol. i, pt. 5, p. 447. 


Since the publication of my paper, in which the Durban specimens 
were identified with Walker’s synaptochir, my friend Mr. F. W. 
Edwards of the British Museum has sent me tracings of Dana’s 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 367 


figures. From a comparison of the figures, it is evident that Walker’s 
name must become a synonym of Dana’s. 
Geogr. Distribution.—Tropical Atlantic. 


Podocerus africanus Brnrd. 


1916. Podocerus africanus. Barnard, loc. cit., p. 278, pl. xxvii, 
figs. 24, 25. 


Since describing this species very briefly, I have seen tracings of 
Dana’s figures of brasiliensis, and find that it is very much more 
distinct from this latter species than I formerly thought. 

Apart from the 2nd joints of the peraeopods, both gnathopods in 
both sexes show well-marked differentiating features. In gnathopod | 
the 5th joint is as long as the 6th, the latter more broadly oval. In 
gnathopod 2 both sexes lack the bundles of spines on the front margin 
of the hand, and there is only a small stretch of short plumose setae 
on the palm in the ¢ around the 2 teeth. The finger meets the acute 
process of 4th joint, thus forming a kind of chela. This latter feature 
clearly distinguishes this species from both variegatus Leach and 
brasiliensis (Dana). 

The Natal specimens agree in structural details with the Cape 
specimens, but are a trifle larger and more robustly built. Thus the 
2nd antenna in both sexes is stouter, and in the 3 possesses a dense 
fringe of setae on the lower margins of 4th and 5th peduncular joints 
and Ist flagellar joint. 

Also the 2nd gnathopod in the 3 is more strongly developed ; 4th 
joint very strongly produced, front and hind margins of 6th parallel, 
the latter therefore concave, with the 2 palmar teeth near the hinge, 
but without any fringe of hairs. 

Length.—6 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish with minute black pigment specks. 

Locality.—Port Shepstone, Natal, September 1916 (H. C. Burnup), 
2 $3, 2 ovigerous 99. (S.A.M., No. A 4193.) 


Podocerus multispinis 0. sp. 
(Plate XXXIV, fig. 18.) 


3 and juv.—Head with a blunt median point and rounded antero- 
lateral angles, in which the prominent eyes are situated ; a median 
spiniform tubercle somewhat behind the level of the eyes. 

Peraeon broad and elliptical in both sexes, not keeled, with spiniform 


368 Annals of the South African Museum. 


tubercles arranged as follows: a transverse row of 3 on both the 
anterior and posterior margins of segment 1, a single transverse row 
of 3 on the posterior margins of segments 2-7, those on the last 
segment larger than the preceding. These spines project straight 
upwards, though the anterior and posterior ones curve a little respec- 
tively forwards and backwards. In the young they are shorter and 
less spiniform. No other projections on the peraeon; the lateral 
margins produced slightly over the insertions of the side-plates, but 
not thickened. Side-plate 1 produced forwards nearly to the level 
of the eye, inferior margin entire ; side-plates 2-4 notched on inferior 
margin ; 5 and 6 with the anterior lobe much deeper than the posterior ; 
7 produced backwards in a bluntly rounded lobe. All the side-plates 
with stiff outstanding sétae. 

Pleon segments 1 and 2 both with a transverse row of 3 spines on 
posterior margin ; segment 3 and the following ones smooth. 

Telson apically rounded, with 2-3 setae on the dorsal projection. 

First antenna, 2nd and 3rd joints subequal, flagellum 8-jointed, 
the 1st joint much the longest, accessory flagellum 1-jointed, equal 
to 4 1st joint of flagellum ; flagellum and peduncle fringed on lower 
surface with long setae. 

Second antenna longer than Ist, ultimate joint longer than pen- 
ultimate, flagellum equal to penultimate peduncular joint, 3-jointed, 
the joints successively decreasing in length. 

Mandible with 3rd joint of palp longer than Ist, but shorter than 
2nd, twice as long as broad. Other mouth-parts without particular 
features. 

First gnathopod in g, 2nd, 5th, and 6th joints subequal to one 
another, 6th broader than 5th, increasing in width to the transverse 
palm, defining angle rounded-quadrate with a spine, lower margins 
of 4th—6th joints, the palm and the inner surface of 6th with long 
setae, finger matching palm. 

Second gnathopod in ¢, 2nd joint strongly keeled on both inner and 
outer margins, both keels ending apically in a rounded setiferous lobe ; 
when the limb is flexed the 5th joint rests within these keels ; 3rd very 
slightly keeled on the same margins as in 2nd, 4th apically rounded, 
5th small but distinct from 6th, which is elongate oval, palm 2 length 
of the joint, forming the lower margin but defined by a strong conical 
tooth, a square-topped tooth near the finger-hinge, and between this 
and the defining tooth a conical, obscurely bifid tooth, inferior margins 
of 4th and 6th joints rather densely setose, anterior margin of 6th with 
tufts of setae, finger not quite as long as palm. In immature speci- 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 369 


mens the 6th joint is less elongate, the defining tooth not so strong, 
and the oblique, convex palm with 2 little indents. 

Peraeopods 1 and 2, 2nd joint twice as long as broad, anterior 
margin fringed with long setae. 

Peraeopods 3-5, 2nd joint becoming successively stouter, in 5th 
peraeopod half as long as broad. 

All the peraeopods rather strongly setose. 

Uropods 1 and 2, inner ramus longer than outer, inner margin of 
peduncle and of inner ramus with a row of closely set spines like 
a comb. 

Uropod 3 scarcely as long as peduncle of 2nd, with 1-2 setae on 
rounded apex. 

Length.—10 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish-white, eyes slightly darker. 

Locality.—Cape St. Francis, N.HE. by E. 4 E., distant 36 miles, 
70 fathoms, 1 g, 3 juv. on a club-shaped siliceous sponge ; Constable 
Hill, N.N.E., distant 7 miles (near Saldanha Bay), 45 fathoms, 2 3d, 
9 juv. on and inside a tubular Leuconia-like sponge. 8.8. “ Pieter 
Faure,” 19/2/02 and 11/3/02. (8.A.M., Nos. A 4416 and A 4417.) 

This species is easily recognised by the ornamentation of the body, 
the 2nd gnathopod, and the row of closely set spines on the Ist and 
2nd uropods. 


Podocerus multispinis var. levis n. 


Body oval, broader in 2 than g. Head smooth, with the exception 
of a tiny acute tubercle between the eyes, scarcely visible in the Q. 
Peraeon segments 1-3 transversely grooved. From about the 4th 
segment a very slight medio-dorsal keel begins, extending on to 3rd 
pleon segment, and produced on the posterior margins of segments 
5-7 into a small backwardly projecting acute tooth. On pleon 
segment 1 there is a similar tooth, but on segments 2 and 3 the keel 
is merely rounded in profile. These teeth are present in the Q also, 
but even less prominent than in g. 

The side-plates are not joined directly on to the lateral margins of 
the segments, but just below, so that the lateral margins project 
freely and give the appearance of there being two series of side-plates ; 
their postero-lateral angles are bluntly pointed. The side-plates 
are shallow, the lst acutely produced forwards, 2nd-4th with a 
notch on inferior margin, 5th with the anterior lobe twice as deep 
as the posterior; margins of each side-plate with stiff outstanding 
setae. 


370 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Telson with 2 setae on the moderately prominent dorsal conical 
process. 

First antenna about $ length of body, 2nd joint slightly longer than 
3rd, flagellum slightly longer than 2nd, ca. 9-jointed, accessory 
flagellum 1-jointed, lower margin of whole antenna fringed with long 
setae in both sexes. 

Second antenna as long as body, ultimate peduncular joint shghtly 
longer than penultimate, flagellum { length of ultimate joint, 
3-jointed, with a minute apical 4th joint. 

Mouth-parts normal. 

First gnathopod in 3g, 2nd joint slightly expanded on distal front 
margin, 5th equal to 2nd and longer than 6th, which is ovoid, hind 
margin slightly longer than the minutely crenulate palm, finger stout, 
with spinules on inner distal margin; in Q2 smaller, but otherwise 
similar. 

Second gnathopod in 3, 2nd joint stout, strongly expanded on both 
inner and outer anterior margins, distal anterior angles rounded, 
setiferous, 4th not produced, bluntly rounded distally, 6th broadly 
oval, palm about twice length of hind margin, defined by a strong 
conical tooth, near the finger-hinge a denticulated lobe followed by a 
conical tooth, lower margins of 4th and 6th with dense fringe of 
plumose setae, front margin of 6th with groups of setae, finger curved, 
not reaching defining tooth; in 9 of the same general shape, but 
smaller, 2nd joint not so expanded on front margins, 4th apically 
bluntly rounded, 6th with the same armature on the palm, but not 
so well developed, fringe of setae on 4th and 6th sparse, front margin 
of 6th with groups of setae. 

Peraeopods 1-5 furnished with rather numerous stiff, outstanding 
setae, 2nd joint oval-oblong, not strongly expanded. 

Uropods 1 and 2, inner ramus longer than outer, inner margins of 
peduncle and inner ramus with numerous close-set spines. 

Uropod 3 elongate-ovoid, with apical setae. 

Length— 3 7 mm., 25 mm.; breadth, 3 and 9, 2 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish, eyes slightly deeper. 

Locality.—Exact locality not recorded. Several $3 and ovigerous 
92 on a branching Halichondrine sponge. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure.” 
(S.A.M., No. A 4386.) 

Although at first sight quite distinct from the typical multispinis, 
the only real difference separating the two forms is the almost com- 
plete absence of the dorsal spiniform tubercles in the variety. This 
cannot be regarded as of specific importance in the face of such a close 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 371 


agreement as is found in the appendages and side-plates. Moreover, 
it is quite possible that intermediate forms exist which have not 
yet been discovered. For the present a varietal name seems justi- 
fiable. The description of the variety has been left exactly as it stood 
in my MSS. some while before the typical specimens were found 
amongst the “Pieter Faure” collections. The two descriptions, 
written thus quite independently of one another, will show how much 
alike the two forms are. 


Trine CYAMIDEA. 


Famity CAPRELLIDAE. 


Gen. CAPRELLA Lam. 


See 1916. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, pt. 3, p. 280. 


Caprella scaura Templeton. 


1836. Caprella scaura. Templeton, Tr. Entom. Soc. Lond., vol. i, 
[Olds Wy Oo ISI, Tol Sexe ankey, 
1836. a OOo.” Mths, Boniles Ws USA, Tolls sex, ler, (URYa))c 


1852. , attenuata. Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xi, pt. 2, 
pa oli, pl: liv, figs. la=9. 

21855. ,  solitaria. Stimpson, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. 11, 
p- 393. 

1882. , scaura. Mayer, Caprelliden, F. u. Fl. Neapel, p. 65. 

1888. % be Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, p. 1257, 
pl. exliv (9). 

1890. = ne Mayer, Nachtrag Caprelliden, F. u. Fl. 


Neapel, p. 70, pl. iv, figs. 40-51 ; pl. vi, 
fig. 41; pl. vu, figs. 2, 35, 36. 


1903. i Id., Siboga Exp. monogr., 34, p. 117, pl. v, 
figs. 13-18; pl. x, fig. 11. 

1903. Be laevipes. Id., ibid., p. 108, pl. v, fig. 2; pl. vii, figs. 
14-16. 


Two male specimens and one young one are referable to this species. 
The tooth on the head is strong. Segments 3-5 each with a pair ot 
small subdorsal tubercles, segment 6 with a single median one. In 
the young specimen only the latter single tubercle is present. No 
ventral spine between bases of the 2nd gnathopods. 

Flagellum of Ist antenna 14-jointed. 


372 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Second gnathopod with the hand most resembling Mayer’s figure 
47 on pl. iv of his “‘ Nachtrag.” 

The head plus 1st segment and the 2nd segment are neither very 
elongate, scarcely longer than the 3rd segment. 

Length.—11 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish, eyes darker. 

Locality.— Off Malagass Island (Saldanha Bay), 20 fathoms, 2 3d, 
1 juv. on a Sea-urchin. §.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 13/3/02. (8.A.M., 
No. A 4395.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Mauritius (Templeton, scaura and nodosa) ; 
Rio Janeiro (Dana, attenuata) ; Japan, 50 fathoms (Stebbing) ; Japan 
and China Sea, 25-80 fathoms; California, 1-15 fathoms; W. Indies, 
Chile (Mayer) ; Port Natal and Kalk Bay (Mayer, laevipes). 

Although Mayer states that Stimpson’s solitaria is quite unrecognis- — 
able, I think there is great probability of its belonging here. The 
present species is the only Cape Caprellid which has a_ strong 
cephalic tooth ; but, on the other hand, Stimpson describes the 2nd — 
gnathopod as having only “‘ 2 spines within,” which does not quite 
agree with scaura. 

With regard to laevipes, although it forms a very distinct dwarf 
variety, it cannot in my opinion be separated from the larger forms. 
Mayer himself notes the resemblance of the 2nd gnathopod to that 
of scaura; and one has only to compare figures 2 and 18 on pl. v of his 
Siboga monograph to feel convinced that laevipes should not be raised 
to specific rank. Besides its small size, it is characterised by not 
having the anterior segments specially elongate in the g, a feature 
which it shares with the 2 33 above described, and which are un- 
doubtedly examples of scaura. 


Gen. ORTHOPROTELLA Mayer. 


1903. Orthoprotella. Mayer, Siboga Exp. monogr., 34, p. 35. 


Ortho protella mayert Brurd. 
1903. Orthoprotella sp. Mayer, loc. cit., p. 36, pl. 1, figs. 25, 26; 
pl. vi, figs. 43, 44, 46; pl. ix, fig. 15. 
2 mayert. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xv, 
pt. 3, p. 284. 
Further specimens have come to light, which enable me to give 
some account of the variability in the ornamentation. 
Young specimens up to 8 or 10 mm. are quite smooth, after which 


1916. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 373 


the spines begin to develop. When well-developed there is a lateral 
spine on the anterior margin of segment 2 and another above the 
base of 2nd gnathopod, also a dorsal pair inclined somewhat forwards. 
On segment 3 there is a similar antero-lateral spine and a pair of 
dorsal tubercles, always low and blunt and frequently obsolete. 

Some, or even, in the case of one 3 specimen 14 mm. long, all of these 
spines and tubercles may be very feebly developed, the greatest 
development not necessarily occurring in the largest specimens. In 
the present collection the 29 are more strongly spinose than the 3d. 

The 4th segment may also exceptionally have 2 very small dorsal 
tubercles. 

Segments 1, 2, and 3, but more often 2 and 3 only, have the pos- 
terior portion raised into a medio-dorsal keel, which, however, is 
never apically acute or tooth-like. 

One of the specimens was stated in my original description to have 
a single dorsal spine on segment 2; on re-examination I find that its 
fellow had been broken off. 

The 2nd gnathopod of the 9 is similar to that of the g and is almost 
equally strongly developed. The notch, which in my previous 
description was stated to lie between the venom-tooth and the inferior 
margin, in reality lies between the tooth and the palm. 

Peraeopod 3 slender. Peraeopods 4 and 5 moderately stout, 6th 
joint elongate, palm slightly concave, with 2 spines at proximal end. 

Length.—3 up to 20 mm., 2 up to 14 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish or yellowish, eyes red-brown. 

Locality.—Algoa Bay, 100 fathoms, 1 2, 1 juv. on Melitodes ; Cove 
Rock, N.W. 2 W., distant 13 miles, 80-130 fathoms, 2 99, 1 juv. on 
the Aleyonarian Ceratoisis ramosus; Cape St. Francis, N.E. by E., 
distant 32 miles, 74 fathoms, 2 $3, 2 99; Cape Seal, N. by H. 2? E., 
distant 37 miles, 80 fathoms, 2 $3, 4 juv.; Cape Point, N. 16 E., 
distant 10 miles, 85 fathoms, 1 g. S.S. “ Pieter Faure,’ 1/11/98, 
30/7/01, 19/2/02, 20/2/02, and 5/9/02. (S.A.M., Nos. A 4398—A 4402.) 


Trine PHRONIMIDEA. 


Famity HYPERIIDAE. 


Gen. EutHemisto Bov. 


1825. Themisto. Guérin, Encycl. Méth., t. 10 (nom. preocc.). 
1887. EHuthemisto. Bovallius, Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., Bd. 11, 
No. 16, p. 21. 


374 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1888. Euthemisto. Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, p. 1407. 
1889. “A Bovallius, K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., Bd. 22, No. 
7, p. 299. 


Euthemisto gaudichaudii (Guérin). 
1828. Themisto gaudichaudw. Guérin, Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. 
Paris, vol. iv, pl. xxi. 


1879. »  antarcica. Thomson, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst) vole us 
p. 243, pl. x, D, figs. 2, 3 (non 
Dana). 


1888. Huthemisto gaudichaudw. Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 1410, pls. 


elxxii, elxxiil. 


1888. a thomsont. Id., loc. cit., p. 1414, pls. clxxiv, 
clxxv. 

1889. o gaudichaudit. Bovallius, loc. cit., p. 299, pl. xi, 
figs. 44-46. 

1901. compressa. Vosseler, Plankton Exp., vol. ui, 
Cis Gey [Oo lle 

1907. os gaudichaudu. Walker, Nat. Ant. Exp., vol. ii, 
Deo: 

1910. ie thomsont. Stebbing, Sci. Res. “ Thetis,” pt. 12, 
p- 655. 

1912. _ x5 Chilton, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. 


xlvin, pt. 2, p. 514. 

As Stebbing (1910) remarks, Vosseler and Bovallius are not quite 
in agreement as to the synonymy, except in refusing thomsonz specific 
validity. Whether gaudichaudi should be united with compressa 
or spinosa remains an open question until more abundant material 
is available. 

Both specimens are non-ovigerous 99, and have the head shorter 
than the first 3 peraeon segments together, the peraeon about equal 
to the pleon, uropod 1 reaching almost to apex of 2nd, and the telson 
+ length of peduncle of 3rd uropod. 

Length (to end of 5rd uroped).—13 mm. 

Colour.—Dull red. 

Locality.—Cape Town Harbour, 1 specimen entangled in Hydroids, 
etc., growing on the harbour bocm, 10/5/18 (R. W. E. Tucker) ; 
Lion’s Head, 8.E., 22 miles, 95 fathoms. 1 specimen. 8.8. “ Pieter 
Faure.” (S.A.M., Nos. A 5914 and A 5972.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Southern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, 
Antarctic. 


Q} 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 375 


Famity PHROSINIDAE. 


Gen. Primno Guér-Mén. 


1836. Primno. Guérin-Méneville, Mag. de Zool., tom. 6, classe 7, p. 2. 
1888. ‘a Stebbing, Challeng. Rep., vol. xxix, p. 1440 
(references). 


Primno macropa Guér-Mén. 


1836. Primno macropa. Guérin-Méneville, loc. cit., p. 4, pl. xvi, 


figs. la-f. 
1862. ‘ ia Bate, Cat. Amph. Brit. Mus., p. 322, pl. 
liver 8: 
1888. ee . Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 1441, pl. clxxvii 
(references). 


The 5th joint of peraeopod 3 has 3 small teeth between the 4th and 
5th long teeth, instead of 2, but otherwise there is no difference from 
Stebbing’s figures and description. 

Length.—8 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, semi-transparent, muscles and eyes dull pinkish. 
Locality.—Cape Point, N. 89° E., distant 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 
1 ovigerous 9. 8.8. “‘ Pieter Faure,” 20/8/03. (S.A.M., No. A 4420.) 
Geogr. Distribution.—Chile (Guérin), 36° 32’ 8., 132° 52’ W., South 
Pacific (Stebbing). 


Famity VIBILIIDAE. 
1910. Vibilidae. Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 474. 


1912. i Behning, Zoologica, vol. Ixvu, p. 211 (revision). 
Gen. Vipitia M. Edw. 


1830. Vibilea. M. Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. xx, p. 386. 
1887. 6 Bovallius, K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., vol. xxi, No. 5, 


p- 43. 

1910. s Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 474. 

1913. a Stewart, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xii, 
p. 246. 

1918. % Stephensen, Rep. Dan. Oceanogr. Exp., vol. ii, 
D. 2, p. 33. 


Vibilia armata Bov. 
1887. Vibilia armata. Bovallius, Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl., 
Bd pare Nolo lO: 
1887. “A Me Id., loc. cit., p. 69, pl. x, figs. 15-22. 


376 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1901. Vibilia armata. Vosseler, Plankton Exp., vol. ii, G. e., p. 125. 


1903. ie 5 Walker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 
Xu, p. 232. 

1904. oe ms Stebbing, Tr. Linn. Soe. Lond. Zool., vol. 
x, Pura) pa oll. 

1906. - Ke Tattersall, Fish. Irel. Sci. Inv., 1905, vol. 
LV Ds aL 

1911. i = Sexton, J. Mar. Biol. Ass., vol. ix, pt. 2, 
p- 222. 

1913. ss a Stewart, loc. cit., p. 250. 

1918. Ms 5 Stephensen, loc. cit., p. 46, figs. 15, 16. 


A single ¢ specimen agreeing with Bovallius’ description and 
figures except in one particular. The eyes are very much larger, 
being about as large as in V. macropis Bov. (loc. cit., pl. viii, fig. 1), 
but composed of considerably fewer ommatidia than in the latter 
species. 

Terminal joints of the 1st antenna quite obsolete; 2nd antenna 
8-jointed. 

Length.—7 mum. 

Colour.—tIn spirit, dull pinkish, eyes deep red-brown. 

Locality.—Lion’s Head (Cape Town), 8.E. } E., distant 50 miles, 
250 fathoms, 1 ¢g. S.S. “Pieter Faure,” 2/4/02. (S.A.M., No. 
A 4392.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Tropical and South Atlantic (Bovallius) ; 
Bay of Biscay, 0-50 fathoms (Stebbing and Sexton) ; North Atlantic, 
510-790 fathoms (Walker); West Coast of Ireland, 30-750 fathoms 
(Tattersall) ; 36° 32’ S., 12° 502’ E., and 35° 1417’ S., 15° 112’ E. 
(Stewart) ; a long list of stations in Mediterranean and Atlantic is 
given by Stephensen. 

Miss Stewart adds in brackets after the last locality, “ near 
Tristan da Cunha.” It is, however, much nearer to the Cape than 
to that island. 


Vibilia hodqsoni Stewart. 
1913. Vibelia hodgsont. Stewart, loc. cit., p. 251, pl. vi, figs. 1-6. 
Locality.— 36° 32’ S., 12° 502’ E. (Stewart). 


Vibilia gracilenta Bov. 
1887. Vibilia gracilenta. Bovallius, loc. cit., p. 67, pl. x, figs. 1-14. 
1901. - 7 Vosseler, Plankton Exp., vol. u, G. e., 
p- 125. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 377 


1909. Vibilia gracilenta. Walker, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool., 
vol. xin, pt. I, p. 53. 

TOMS: < x Stewart, loc. cit., p. 250. 

Locality.—35° 144’ 8., 15° 114’ E. (Stewart). 

Geogr. Distribution.—Atlantic (Bovallius) ; Gulf of Florida, N. and 
S. Equatorial currents (Vosseler) ; Indian Ocean, 200-600 fathoms 
(Walker). 

This species is included under V. armata by Stephensen, 1918. 


378 


A 


abyssorum (Orchomene) 
Aceroides 5 
Acidostoma : 
adversicola (Lakota) . 
africana (Ampithoe) . 
africanus (Podocerus) 
algoense (Phoxostoma) 
Amaryllis 

Ampelisca 
AMPELISCIDAE 
AMPHILOCHIDAE . 
Amphilochus 
Ampithoe 
AMPITHOIDAE 
anacantha (Halice) 
Anonyx ; : 
antarctica (Themisto) 
armata (Vibilia) 
assimilis (Stenothoe) 
attenuata (Caprella) 


Austrosyrrhoe (Tironidae) . 


B 


brasiliensis (Podocerus) 
byblisoides (Ampelisca) 
C 
capensis (Platyischnopus) 
Caprella : 
CAPRELLIDAE 
cavimanus (Orchomene) 
Cheirimedon 
chilensis (Orchomenopsis) 
chrysotheras (Lepechinella) 
COLOMASTIGAE 
Colomastix ; : 
compressa (Euthemisto) 
conocephalus (Amaryllis) 
COROPHITDAE 
crassimanus (Colomastix) 
crassipes (Austrosyrrhoe) 
Cratippus 
ctenochir (Leucothoe) 
CYAMIDEA 
Cyproidea 


D 


dellavallei (Siphonoecetes) . 


dolichoceras (Leucothoe) 
Dorbanella 


INDEX. 
PAGE E 

330 | Elasmopus 

349 | Eurystheus 

322 | EUSIRIDAE 

327 | Eusirus 

361 | Euthemisto : 

367 | Exampithoe (Ampithoidae), 

323 | excavata (Ampelisca). 

324 | excavata(Harpinia) . 

335 | excavata (Orchestia) . 

335 | Exhyalella 

341 | ELxunguia 

342 

361 rat 

ie gallensis (Stenothoe) 

330 GAMMARIDAE 

374 GAMMARIDEA E 

375 | gaudichaudii (Euthemisto) 

345 Gitanopsis : : 

37] | gracilenta (Vibilia) 

354 

H 
Halice 

2366 Harpinia ; 

335 HAUSTORIIDAE 
hodgsoni (Vibilia) 
HYPERIIDAE 

338 I 

371 : a 

37] induratus (Uristes) 

330 

325 L 

330 | laevipes (Caprella) 

356 Lakota : 

346 | Lepechinella 

346 Leucothoe : 

374 | LEUCOTHOIDAE 

324 | levis (Podocerus multispinis var. ) 

365 | limicola (Aceroides) : 

346 | longimanus (Perioculodes) . 

354 | LYSIANNASIDAE 

346 

342 ; 

371 u 

34] | macropa(Primno)  . 
mayeri (Orthoprotella) 
minutus (Eusirus) 
mirabilis (Platyischnopus) . 

365 | Monoculodes 

343 | multispinis ( Podocerus) 

355 | musculosus (Orchomene) 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 


N 


natalensis (Exampithoe) 
natalensis (Parhyalella) 
neapolitanus (Amphilochus) 
nodosa (Caprella) : 


O 
obesum (Acidostoma) 
obtusa (Orchomenopsis) 
Oediceroides 
Oediceros . : ; 
OEDICEROTIDAE . 
Orchestia . ‘ 
Orchomenopsis . 
ornata (Cyproidea) 
Orthoprotella 


iP 


PARDALISCIDAE 
Parhyalella é : 


paucispinosum (Trischizostoma) . 


pectinipalma (Cheirimedon) 
Perioculodes 

PHOTIDAE . , 
PHOXOCEPHALIDAE 
Phoxostoma (Lysiannasidae) 
PHRONIMIDEA 
PHROSINIDAE 
Platyischnopus . : 5 
plumicornis (Oediceroides) . 
PODOCERIDAE 
Podocerus 

Primno : : 
proxima (Orchomenopsis) 
pusilla (Colonastix) 

pusilla (Gitanopsis) 


PAGE 
363 
359 
342 
371 


322 
330 
348 
352 
348 
360 
330 
341 
372 


347 
359 
320 
325 
351 
361 
340 
323 
373 
375 
338 
348 
366 
366 
375 
330 
346 
341 


R 


remipes (Trischizostoma) 
rossi (Orchomenopsis) 
rotundatus (Lakota) . 


S 
scaura (Caprella) 
scissimanus (Eurystheus) 
serratum (Trischizostoma) . 
Siphonoecetes 
solitaria (Caprella) 
spinimanus (EKlasmopus) 
Stenothoe. ; 
STENOTHOIDAE 
synaptochir (Podocerus) 
Synchelidium 
Syrrhoites 


T 


TALITRIDAE : 
teneJlus (Syrrhoites) . 
tenuimanum (Synchelidium) 
Themisto . : ; 
thomsoni (Kuthemisto) 
TIRONIDAE 
Trischizostoma . : 
typicus (Siphonoecetes) 


U 
Uristes 

V 
valida (Stenothoe) 
Walbilia! =): 
VIBILIIDAE 


3719 


PAGE 
321 
330 
329 


371 
361 
320 
365 
371 
358 
344 
344 
366 
352 


393 


359 
352 
373 
374 
3903 
320 
365 


333 


344 
375 
375 


380 


nD OLR Ww bo 


aio 
— S © o 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


. Trischizostoma serratum n. sp. Ist gnathopod. 


Phoxostoma algoense n. g. et sp. Mavxilliped. 


. Uristes induratus n. sp. Ist gnathopod. 
. Ampelisca byblisoides n. sp. 5th peraeopod. 


excavata n. sp. Telson and 3rd uropod. 
4th peraeopod. 
5th peraeopod. 


39 


99 99 


99 29 


. Leucothoe ctenochir n. sp. 2nd gnathopod. 
. Aceroides limicolan. sp. Ist gnathopod. 


3rd peraeopod. 


9° 39 


. Austrosyrrhoe crassipes n. g. et sp. 1st gnathopod 
. Halice anacantha n. sp. 1st peraeopod. 
. Platyischnopus capensis n. sp. Telson. 


3rd uropod. 


33 3° 


. Hurystheus scissimanus n. sp. 2nd gnathopod. 
. Exampithoe natalensis n. g. et sp. Mandible. 


Ist gnathopod. 


3:9 ” 


. Podocerus multispinis n. sp. 2nd gnathopod. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


Plate XXXIV. 


del, UG, lek, dBc 
SOUTH AFRICAN AMPHIPOD CRUSTACEA. 


(381 ) 


10. Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa.—By K. H. 
BaRNARD, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director. 


No. 9. FurtHER ADDITIONS To THE List oF ISoPpoDA. 
(With 6 Text-figs.) 


SHORTLY after the publication of my last paper on 8. African Isopods 
(Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., xvii, 5, 1920) I was able to consult Vanhdéffen’s 
paper on the Isopods of the German South Polar Expedition. Un- 
fortunately, in many cases this author seems to have been only partly 
conversant with the literature of the subject, and several of his 
descriptions are entirely superficial and inadequate (e.g. those of the 
interesting Anthurid genus Hisothistos). 

The following notes on the 8. African species mentioned by 
Vanhoffen are offered :— 


Tanais gracilis Heller. Simonstown. My spongicola 1914 is considered by 
Vanhéffen to be Heller’s species. This seems quite likely, and I would he 
disposed to put gracilis on the fauna list, making spongicola a synonym. That 
the female has only one marsupial pouch is, however, not correct. 

Heterotanais (?) capensis Vanh. The suggestion in my 1920 paper that my 
Paraianais euelpis might be this species is not valid. The number of joints 
in the uropods show that these two species are distinct. 

Leptanthura laevigata (Stmpsn.). Vanhdffen is, I think, correct in his 
identification of Stimpson’s species. L. fawret 1914 is synonymous. 

Eurydice latistylis Dana. The statement that Dana’s species has never been 
found again is quite incorrect ; see Stebbing in Fauna Flora Laccad. Maldive, 
1904, p. 702, and records there quoted. The species is apparently a true 
Cirolana and not an Hurydice. 

Eurydice natalensis Vanh. This is not an Hurydice, but belongs to my genus 
Pontogeloides 1914. The Ist antenna is of exactly the same character, as is 
likewise the uropod. With the exception of the number of joints in the 
antennae, the only specific difference between natalensis and latipes is the 
notch on the outer margin of inner uropodal ramus in the latter. Vanhdéffen’s 
description, however, lacks all mention of the frontal lamina, the mouth- 
parts, and the peraeopods, 

Astacilla setosa Vanh. This is one of the several varietal forms of Arctwrella 
corniger (Stebb.) ; see my 1920 paper, p. 391. 

Antias uncinatus Vanh. Found at Simonstown. An Antarctic genus, 
whose occurrence here is somewhat unexpected. 

VOL. XX, PART 5. 27 


382 


Annals of the South African Museum. 


Austrofilius furcatus Hodgson. This species first described from M‘Murdo 
Sound (Antarctic) was discovered by the “‘ Gauss” at Kerguelen and Simons- 
town. According to Vanhéffen there are no essential differences between his 
material and the type, which he apparently examined. 

Paramunna capensis Vanh. Easily distinguished from the other two Cape 
species, laevifrons Stebb. and concavifrons Brnrd., by its serrate pleon. 


Famity TANAIDAKE. 


Leptochelia savignyt (Kroyer). 


1842. Tanais savignyr. Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr., vol. iv, p. 168, 


29 


be) 


pl. 11, figs. 1-12 (9). 


dubwus. Id., ibid., p. 178, pl. u1, figs..20-22. 
edwardsi. Id., vbid., p. 181, pl. ii, figs. 13-19 (3). 


. Leptochelia savignyt. G. O. Sars, Archiv. Math. Naturwid., 


99 


Christiania, vol. ii, p. 326, pli in 
figs. 4-8 (g and 9). 

lifuensis. Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 616, pl. liv, C 
(2), D (3), and pl. lv, B (6). 

sp. Borradaile, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1900, 
p. 197, pl. li, figs. 2—2c. 

savignyt. Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
No. 54, p. 26, text-figs. 26-28. 
(References and synonymy.) 

dubia. Id., cbid., p. 28, text-fig. 29. 

lifuensis. Stebbing, loc. cit., p. 7, pl. i, C (3 Q). 

a Td:, J. Linn. Soc:, vols xxxiy pe 2G 

dubius. Id., Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 11, pt. 2, 
P2025 pl. 1x Ae 

savignyv. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xvii, 5 
p- 332. 


5] 


According to Miss Richardson dubia is distinguished from savignyt 


by a constant difference in the number of joints in the inner ramus 
of the uropod, the former having 5, while the latter has 6. 

But in his report on Herdman’s Ceylon collection Stebbing has given 
details of several specimens, which he assigns to lfuensis Stebb., 
showing that the presence of one joint more or less either in the outer 
or the inner ramus is a variable feature, and one, moreover, entirely 


independent of sex. 


Read in conjunction with the original descrip- 


tion this fact becomes even clearer. 
In my MSS. (1917) I had identified the Cape and Natal specimens 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 383 


as lifuensis, but Mr. Stebbing’s 1918 determination of the Durban 
specimens as dubius caused me to revise my identification. Thus I 
find myself unable to separate lifwensis from savignyi in view of the 
similarity in the lst peraeopods (gnathopods) and the variability in 
the rami of the uropods. The flagellum of the lst antenna in 3 varies 
from 6—8-jointed. 

It may be noted that in 1918 Stebbing has by a slip written 
“ finger ’’ instead of “ thumb,” and that the thumb is represented in 
the figure as only unidentate instead of bidentate on the inner margin, 
as stated in the text. 

Geogr. Distribution.—L. savignyt has a wide distribution on both 
sides of the North Atlantic as far south as Senegal and Madeira, 
and the Azores, and including the Mediterranean (see Richardson) ; 
dubia is recorded from the W. Indies and Brazil (see Richardson) ; 
and lifuensis is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific, being recorded 
by Stebbing from the Loyalty Islands and Isle of Pines, Ceylon, and 
the Red Sea. 


Famity GNATHIIDAE. 
Gnathia cryptopars Brurd. 


1925. Gnathia cryptopars. Barnard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) 15 
p. 417. 


Male.—Head smooth, dorsally concave in front, anterior margin 
with a large median semicircular crenulate lobe. Antero-lateral angles, 
shortly but acutely produced. Eyes not very prominent. 

Peraeon segments 2 and 3 subequal in length, a short constriction 
between segments 3 and 4; segments 4-6 subequal in length, with 
only shallow grooves separating them, lateral margins and postero- 
lateral angles of segment 6 rounded, no median longitudinal depressions. 

Pleon shorter than peraeon segments 4-6 together. 

Telson with lateral margins slightly concave, apex acute. 

Lateral margins of peraeon and pleon segments with moderately 
numerous outstanding setae. 

First antenna, 3rd joint of peduncle longest, flagellum 4-jointed. 

Second antenna subequal to Ist, ultimate peduncular joint longest, 
flagellum 5-jointed. 

Mandible narrow, apex acute, outer margin with a very indistinct 
tooth, inner margin biconcave, the basal concavity matching the 
median lobe of head when the mandible is closed. 

Maxilliped, 2nd joint strongly produced on inner distal margin, 
exceeding the 1st palpal joint, 4th palpal joint not incurved. 


b) 


384 Annals of the South African Museum. 


First peraeopod broadly subtrigonal, inner and outer margins both 
convex. 

Second to sixth peraeopods very feebly tuberculate. 

Pleopods with 2 hooked setae on peduncle, rami narrow and subequal. 

Uropod, outer ramus narrower and shorter than inner, both with 
simple setae. 

Length.—2 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish, eyes reddish. 

Locality.—Duminy Point (off Saldanha Bay), E. by N. 4 N., distant 
8 miles, 87 fathoms, 1g, ljuv. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 17/3/02. (S.A.M., 
No. A 6051.) 

This species is very closely allied to G. cerina Stimps. judging by 
Miss Richardson’s figures in the Monograph of N. American Isopods, 
1905, p. 60. The present species, however, is perfectly smooth, not ~ 
granulate as in fig. 43 copied from Harger, and there is no longitudinal 
groove on segment 5. The mandible also is distinctly biconcave, 
not as in Miss Richardson’s figure concave only in the distal half of 
the inner margin. The Cape species, therefore, may claim for the 
present specific distinctness. 

It is distinguished also from G. richardi Dollf., 1901, by its broader 
head and peraeon and by the presence of the acute antero-lateral angles 
of the head. The frontal lobe is more prominent and semi-circular. 
The mandibles, however, of the two species are very similar. 

An interesting point about the larva is that it is completely en- 
closed, except the mouth-parts and front part of the head, in a covering 
of monaxonid sponge spicules, the pleon being doubled up under the 
peraeon in Brachyuran fashion. This coating seems to have been 
constructed by the animal, as it does not have the appearance of being 
a self-grown sponge. The specific name refers to this peculiarity. 


Gnathia aureola Stebb. 


1900. Gnathia aureola. Stebbing, in Willey’s Zoo. Res., pt. 5, p. 627, 
pls. Ixvi, A and Ixxiv, E (juv.). 
1906. os = Nobili, Mem. R. Ac. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 
lvui, p. 419, pl. u1, fig. 7, pl. iu, fig. 7 (juv.). 
A specimen of a larval Gnathia which was found in the gills of an 
Aetobatis narinart Kuphrasen from the coast of Natal, and which agrees 
with Stebbing’s and Nobili’s accounts, may be assigned to aureola, 
seeing that both these authors record it from the same species of fish. 
Other specimens, not differing apparently from the first specimen, 
were found in the gills of Dasybatus pastinaca, also from the Natal coast. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 385 


As in Stebbing’s specimens the body has become much darkened in 
the preservative without any indications of golden spots or rings. 

Length.—6 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, the head, anterior part of peraeon, and the pleon 
light brown, swollen part of the peraeon dark blue-grey. 

Locality.—Natal coast, from gills of Aetobatis narinari and Dasy- 
batus pastinaca. (S.A.M., Nos. A 6287 and A 6288.) 

Geogr. Distribution.—Loyalty Islands (Stebbing); Mangareva, 
Polynesia (Nobili). In gills of Aetobatis narinarc. 

The relation between this species and the earlier Anceus rhinobatis 
Kossmann, 1880, from the Red Sea, A. torpedinis Walter, 1885, from 
Ceylon, and G. aldabrensis Schoen, 1908, has yet to be studied. It is 
probable that all will eventually prove to be the same species, which 
will then be known as G. rhinobatis Kossm. 


Famity ANTHURIDAE. 


For revision of family see: 1925. Barnard, J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 
Wola xexxavlne nel OO: 


Gen. HaLiopHAsMA Hasw. 


1925. Barnard, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxxvi, p. 131. 


Haliophasma tricarinata Brnrd. 
1925. Barnard, loc. cit., p. 132, pl. iv, fig. 2. 


Immature (? 3).—Body narrow, smooth. Head very slightly 
longer than broad, with median point and rounded antero-lateral 
angles. Hyes well developed but not bulging. 

Peraeon segments plano-convex dorsally, broadly rounded ventrally 
(except segment 1, which is strongly keeled), with a lateral groove on 
each but no keel, a section through middle of body being thus almost 
square with the angles slightly rounded off. A shallow oval pit in 
anterior half of segments 4-6. Segments 1-3 and 6 subequal, 4 and 5 
a little longer, 7 considerably shorter. 

Pleon segments 1—5 together subequal to 7th peraeon segment, the 
sutures indistinct, especially dorsally. 

Telson elongate linguiform, apex rounded, sparsely setose, dorsal 
surface with 3 raised longitudinal ridges reaching apex but not the 
base, interstices between the ridges, and between the ridges and the 
lateral margins shallowly pitted, ventral surface with a median 
longitudinal rounded ridge from apex to near base. 


386 Annals of the South African Museum. 


First antenna, Ist joint largest, 2nd and 3rd smaller and subequal, 
flagellum of 1 distinct and | rudimentary terminal setiferous joint. 

Second antenna, 2nd joint largest, grooved, 3rd—5th increasing 
slightly in length, flagellum shorter than 5th joint, consisting of 1 
distinct and 3-4 rudimentary terminal setiferous joints. 

Mandible, cutting plate with few and feeble denticulations, lst and 
3rd palpal joints subequal. 

Maxilliped with small but distinct inner plate, 3rd joimt with in- 
distinct suture near base and distinct apical oblique suture, whole 
appendage therefore 5- or 4-jointed, according as the partial suture is 
considered to delimit a joint or not. 

Peraeopod 1 stout, 3rd joint unusually long, apically lobed, 4th 
transverse, lobed on upper margin, 5th apically subacute, not project- 
ing, 6th broadly oblong with rounded posterior margin, palm nearly — 
transverse owing to its being expanded into a convex place, finely and 
regularly serrulate, finger stout, matching palm, inner margin smooth. 

Peraeopods 2 and 3 arising from under a short lateral keel, 5th joint 
underriding the elongate-oblong 6th. 

Peraeopods 4-7, 5th joimt not underriding 6th. Peraeopod 7 
slightly more slender than preceding ones. 

Pleopod 1, outer ramus opercular but not indurated, outer surface 
shallowly and sparsely pitted, inner ramus half width of outer. 

Pleopod 2, without trace of stylet on inner ramus. 

Uropod, inner ramus not reaching telsonic apex, Ist joint deeply 
grooved for reception of outer ramus, 2nd joint as wide as Ist, longer 
than wide, apex rounded, outer and apical margins denticulate and 
fringed with simple setae, outer ramus ovate with strongly excavate 
outer distal margin, apex acute, outer margin denticulate and fringed 
with plumose setae. 

Length.—15 mm. ; breadth, | mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish, eyes dark red-brown. 

Locality.— Cape St. Blaize, N., distant 12 miles, 42 fathoms, 1 
specimen, posterior portion only ; Cape St. Blaize, N.E. by N. $ N., 
distant 11 miles, 40 fathoms, 1 immature (3). S.S. “ Pieter Faure,” 
22/10/00 and 24/10/00. (S.A.M., Nos. A 5967-8.) 


Haliophasma coronicauda Brurd. 
1925. Barnard, loc. cit.. p. 132. 


Immature 3.—Body narrow, smooth. Head a little longer than 
broad, with median point and rounded antero-lateral angles. EHyes 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 387 


well developed but not bulging. Peraeon segments plano-convex 
dorsally, keeled laterally and ventrally, decreasing slightly in length 
posteriorly to the 6th; 7th considerably shorter than 6th. 

Pleon segments 1-5 together equal to or very slightly longer than 
7th peraeon segment, sutures distinguishable but not deep. 

Telson ovate with rounded apex bearing a few setae, dorsal surface 
with an oval raised central portion like the crown of a hat surrounded 
by a flat rim. 

First antenna, Ist joint largest, 2nd and 3rd smaller and subequal, 
flagellum a little shorter than peduncle, 5-jointed. 

Second antenna, 2nd joint largest, grooved, 3rd and 4th subequal, 
5th rather longer, flagellum longer than 5th but shorter than 4th plus 
5th, 5-jointed. 

Mandible, 1st and 3rd palpal joints subequal. 

Maxilliped resembling that of a 2 specimen of A. gracilis, as figured 
by Sexton (1914, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. x, No. 2, p. 241, fig. 8), but 
with a distinct transverse suture across the widest portion of the 2nd 
(in the figure) jomt, and another oblique suture from the apical group 
of setae to the outer margin. Counting the fused basal joint the 
appendage is therefore 5-jointed. Epipod oval. 

Paraeopod 1 stout, 5th joint with blunt apex, 6th elongate-ovate, 
projecting backwards to posterior margin of 4th, palm gently convex, 
setose, finger plus unguis matching palm but a little longer, inner 
margin smooth. 

Peraeopods 2 and 3 not stout, 5th jot underriding the elongate- 
oblong 6th. 

Peraeopods 4-7, 5th joint not underriding 6th. Peraeopod 7 rather 
more slender than preceding ones. 

Pleopod 1, outer ramus opercular but not indurated, outer (ventral) 
surface with a longitudinal groove from base to near apex, nearer 
inner than outer margin, rest of surface smooth, inner ramus half 
width of outer. 

Pleopod 2 without any trace of a stylet on inner ramus. 

Uropod, inner ramus reaching telsonic apex, Ist joint obliquely 
grooved for reception of inner margin of outer ramus, 2nd joint as wide 
as lst and a little longer than wide, subtrigonal with rounded apex, 
outer ramus not meeting its fellow in middle line, narrow-ovate with 
concave outer distal margin and subacute apex, margins of both rami 
fringed with setae. 

Length.—16 mm.; breadth, 1-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, dull pinkish, eyes dark brown. 


388 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Locality.—Duminy Point (off Saldanha Bay), E. by N. 4 N., distant 
8 miles, 87 fathoms, 2 immature ($3). 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 17/3/02. 
(S.A.M., No. A 5962.) 


MaLacantTHura Brnrd. 
1925. Barnard, J. Linn., Soc. Lond., vol. xxxvi, p. 133. 


Malacanthura linguicauda (Brnrd.). 
1920. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xvu, 5, p. 338. 


An additional specimen has come to hand in which the Ist antenna 
is not elongate, Ist joint largest, 3rd longer than 2nd, flagellum equal 
to 3rd joint, consisting of one joint with a minute apical joint bearing 
a tuft of long setae. 

The finger (7th joint) of 1st peraeopod bears 4 rounded denticles, 
of which the distal one is largest. Pleopod 2 without stylet. 

Length.—10-5 mm. 

Locality.—Lion’s Head (Cape Peninsula), 8.E., distant 22 miles, 
95 fathoms, 1 immature (? 3). 8.8. “‘ Pieter Faure,” 6/3/00. (S.A.M., 
No. A 5966.) 


Gen. EXANTHURA Brnrd. 


Exzanthura filiformis (Lucas). 
1920. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., xvi, 5, p. 340. 
1925. Id., J. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxxvi, p. 131, pl. iv, fig. 22. 


Further specimens from the following localities have come to hand 
since the above-quoted description was published. 

Lion’s Head (Cape Peninsula), 8.E., distant 22 miles, 95 fathoms, 
1 3; Cape Infanta, N.H. by N.3N., distant 13 miles, 43 fathoms, 1 3. 
S.S. “* Pieter Faure,” 6/3/00 and 1/7/00. (S.A.M., No. A 5964-5.) 

The second specimen resembles the 3 described in 1920 in every 
respect, including length (283 mm.). But the first specimen is interest- 
ing as being only 16 mm. long, and yet showing the greatly elongate 
and swollen lst antennae characteristic of breeding males. 

The lst antenna reaches back to the middle of 2nd segment; it is 
cylindrical and of equal width throughout until near the apex, where it 
tapers gently ; its width equal to half that of the head. Three basal 
joints can be distinguished, nearly as long as wide, followed by about 
23 joints twice as wide as long ; the last 2 joints are small and conical, 
the apical one bearing a small tuft of setae. With the exception of this 
apical tuft the whole antenna is devoid of setae. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 389 


The 2nd antenna shows the following differences from that of the 
specimen already described. The 2nd joint is more flattened dorso- 
ventrally so as to form a bed for the base of the swollen Ist antenna ; 
in other words, the upper ridge, which is well developed in the non- 
breeding male, is here obsolete. Further, there is a subacute tooth 
pointing forwards developed on the outer margin of the lst or 2nd 
joint ; as the suture is indistinct a little uncertainty exists as to which 
joint really bears the tooth. The flagellum is scarcely more than half 
the length of 5th peduncular joint, instead of being only a little shorter, 
and consists of 2 joints, the terminal one small and conical with a 
small tuft of setules. 

No trace of a stylet on inner ramus of 2nd pleopod. 

In spite of the considerable changes, in particular the disappearance 
of the recurved process on Ist joint of Ist antenna, which thus seem to 
take place in the breeding male, it is quite clear that we are dealing 
with the same species ; for in every other morphological feature there 
is complete agreement. The absence of whorls of long setae is 
paralleled in Normanand Stebbing’s figure of Anthura gracilis (1886, Tr. 
Zool. Soe., vol. xii. p. 123, pl. xxv, III, Dg). On the following page (124) 
these authors remark that the specimen described and figured was 
probably immature, and that “‘ after the exuviation which should bring 
it to its perfect state, the upper antennae would have a plumose 
flagellum.” The adult male with plumose antennae was described and 
figured by Sexton (1914, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. x, 2, p. 237). 


Famity AEGIDAE. 


Gen. AEGA Leach. 


Aega antillensis Sch. and M. 


1879. Aega antillensis. Schiddte and Meinert, Naturh Tidsskr., ser. 3, 
vol. xii, p. 361, pl. vin, figs. 10-13. 


IG OD see 5 ie Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54, 
p. 170, figs. 149, 150. 
ONO % Thienemann, Abh. Ak. Wiss., II, Suppl. Bd. 3 


Abh., p. 26, pl. 1, figs 1, 2. ; 

This specimen appears to agree exactly with Thienemann’s speci- 
mens from Japan, which he identified as antillensis. I am inclined to 
think that a comparison with Schiddte and Meinert’s type would show 
that a new name should be applied to the Japanese and 8. African 
specimens. 


390 Annals of the South African Museum. 


The shape of the frontal lamina especially seems distinctive. In 
Schiddte and Meinert’s figure it is rounded posteriorly, with a straight 
or slightly concave anterior margin. In the present specimen, as also 
in the Japanese ones, so far as can be judged from Thienemann’s photo- 
eraphs, these features are exactly reversed. 

In other respects there seem no differences worth recording. 

Length.—40 mm. 

Colour.—Dirty greenish-white. 

Locality.—Oft Umvoti River, Natal, 130 fathoms. S.S. “‘ Meikle,” 
per H. W. Bell-Marley, 1923. (8.A.M., No. A 6597.) 

Distribution.—West Indies, 163-231 fathoms (Schiédte and Meinert, 
Richardson) ; Japan, 50 fathoms (Thienemann). 


Famity CYMOTHOIDAE. 


Gen. Nerociua Leach. 


References after 1914 are as follows :— 
1915. Nierstrasz, Zool. Medel.,1i, pt. 1, p. 72. 
1918! fd, ubid., iv, pt. 2, p. LO8: 


Nerocila armata Dana. 


1853. Nerocila armata. Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xii, p. 761, 
pl. 1, figs. 10, a-d. 


1879 us rhabdota. Koelbel, 8.B. Ak. Wiss. Wien., Bd. 78, 
Abt. 1. 

1881. $ ns Schiddte and Meinert, Naturh. Tidsskr., 
ser. 3, svol. oxi, p..395l eesti 
figs. 5, 6. 

1881. “3 cephalotes. Id., ibid., p. 60, pl. iv, figs. 16, 17. 

1902. 5 a Stebbing, 8.A. Crustacea, pt. 2, p. 55. 

1914. Fe rhabdota. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. x, pt. 11, 
[de oTAll. 

1921. »  armatus. Stebbing, Ann. Durb. Mus., vol. iui, pt. 1, 
p. 23. 

1924. Se cephalotes and rhabdota. Monod, Parasit. Mauritan. 


Isop., pp. 75, 79, figs. 

In the 1914 paper I have recorded two examples of rhabdota from 
S. Africa, one of which had the inner ramus of the uropods shaped as 
in cephalotes. 

I have now come to the conclusion, based on abundant material 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 391 


collected by myself in 1922 during a trawling expedition on the 
Agulhas Bank, that these two species cannot really be separated 
specifically. 

A comparison of the descriptions of the two forms given by Schiddte 
and Meinert shows that, with the exception of the lateral angles of the 
peraeon segments and the epimera, there is scarcely any difference 
between them ; they are, in fact, almost word for word the same. 

The rhabdota form has the postero-lateral angles of the posterior 
peraeon segments considerably produced, that of the 7th segment 
extending to the lateral angles of the 4th or 5th pleon segment, to 
which level the inferior angles of pleon segments | and 2 also extend. 
The 3 anterior epimera are posteriorly acute. 

The cephalotes form has the postero-lateral angles of the posterior 
peraeon segments much shorter, that of the 7th segment not reaching 
as far as inferior angles of pleon segments 1 and 2, which scarcely 
reach the angles of the 4th pleon segment. The 5 anterior epimera are 
posteriorly obtuse. 

Between these two extreme forms [ have a series exhibiting a com- 
plete gradation, in view of which it seems impossible to maintain both 
specific names. Monod, however, is of opinion that they can and 
should be maintained as distinct species. 

The typical cephalotes form is more abundant at the Cape than the 
rhabdota form, as Monod also found in N. Africa. 

The shape of the inner ramus of the uropod varies considerably. 
The typical shape is described by Schiddte and Meinert. The most 
aberrant form I have seen is falcate, tapering from the rather swollen 
base to an acute apex, similar to that figured by the joint authors for 
japonica (loc. cit., pl. 1, fig. 1). The tooth on the inner margin is usually 
present, but, as in the last-mentioned variation, may be entirely 
absent. 

Stebbing has recently identified cephalotes with Dana’s armata. 

In life the colour is uniform cream, the eyes dark but very indistinct. 
I have seen no specimens exceeding Schiddte and Meinert’s measure- 
ment of 36-5 mm. 

The animals are found clinging to the skin and especially the fins of 
various kinds of fishes: Silver-fish (Dentex), Panga (Pagrus), White 
Stumpnose (Chrysophrys), and Sole (Synaptura). There is one speci- 
men in the collection from Algoa Bay, received from a correspondent 
who stated on the accompanying label that it was “ from mouth of 
Trachynotus.” So far as my own experience goes it is exclusively 
an ectoparasitic form. 


392 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Nerocila serra Sch. and M. 


1881. Nerocila serra. Schiddte and Meinert, Naturh. Tidsskr., ser. 3, 
vol. xii, p. 17, pl. i, figs. 12-14. 

19M. S . Nierstrasz, Zool. Medel., i, 1, p. 74. 

One typical specimen agreeing with the original description. 

Length.—20 mm. 

Colour.—Pale horn-colour, with a median and one lateral orange 
longitudinal stripe, the lateral stripe continued on to the outer ramus 
of uropod, eyes inconspicuous. 

Locality.—Delagoa Bay (H. W. Bell-Marley, 1923), 1 ovig. 2 on tail 
of a Sargus sp. (S.A.M., No. A 6600.) 

Geogr. Distribution.— Bankes Straits ; Java Sea. 


Nerocila phaeopleura Bikr. 
1857. Nerocila phaeopleura. Bleeker, Crust. Ind. Archip., p. 25, 


Jolley, 10 a), 

1881. . a. Schiddte and Meinert, loc. cit., p. 13, 
pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. 

1915. Fe - Nierstrasz; loc. cit.; p: (5; )7oleaeue 
figs. 15 2. 

1918. " A Id: loc jert.; ps V3; pliax, figssomie 


A typical example, a young (?), 21 mm. long, from the tail of Chirocen 
trus dorab, Natal coast. (H. W. Bell-Marley. S.A.M., No. A 6310.) 
Geogr. Distribution.—East Indies. 


Gen. ANILOCRA Leach. 


Anilocra leptosoma Blkr. 


1875. Anilocra leptosoma. Bleeker, Verh. Nat. Ver. Nederl. Ind., 
v, 2, No. 5; p- 30) pla, feswiGsangos 


1879. ,,  alloceraea. Koelbel, Neu. Cym., p. 7, pl. u, figs. 
1, a-e. 

1881. .,  leptosoma. Schiddte and Meinert, Naturh. Tidsskr., 
ser. 3, vol. xiii, p. 108, pl. vin, figs. 2, 3. 

MOD: yi s Nierstrasz, Zool. Medel., i, 1, p. 87. 


Typical specimens agreeing with the descriptions. 
Length. 34 mm. 
Colour.—Grey, speckled at the sides and on telson, eyes black. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 393 


Locality.—Delagoa Bay (H. W. Bell-Marley, 1923), 2 3g,2 99 (1 ovig.). 
(S.A.M., No. A 6599.) 


Geogr. Distribution.—Sumatra, Java, Philippine Islands. 


Gen. CTEATESSA Sch. and M. 


1883. Cteatessa. Schiddte and Meinert, Naturh. Tidsskr., ser. 3, 
VOlaexiit ps 29 Os 


Cteatessa retusa Sch. and M. 


1883. Cteatessa retusa. Schiddte and Meinert, loc. cit., p. 297, pl. ii, 
figs. 11-13. 

1910. c »  Stebbing, Gen. Cat. S.A. Crust., p. 424. 

A fine ovigerous 2, together with a 3, sent by Mr. H. W. Bell-Marley, 

who found it in the mouth of a Hemirhamphus far in Durban Bay. 

As this species does not seem to have been met with since Schiddte and 

Meinert described it, and as the ¢ and young still remain unknown, 

a few notes may be useful. 

The original description applies well to the present 9. The head is 

a little more sharply pointed in front than in Schiddte and Meinert’s 

figure. 

Male.—Head similar to that of the 2. Eyes distinct and moderately 

large. 1st peraeon segment without the lateral keel of the 2. Posterior 

side-plates not so deep as in 9. Telson with only a slight distal 

emargination. Two stout penial processes on 7th peraeon segment. 

Second pleopod apparently without stylet. Pitting on dorsal surface 


not visible. 


Young.—Specimens 4 mm. in length have the ungues of the anterior 
3 pairs of peraeopods denticulate. 
Length.—3 12 mm., 2 33 mm. ; breadth, § 3-5 mm., 9 12 mm. 


Famity IDOTEIDAE. 


Gen. CLEANTIS Dana. 


1826. Zenobia. Risso, Hist. Nat. Hur. Merid., vol. v, p. 110. 
1849. Cleantis. Dana, Amer. J. Sci., ser. 2, vol. viii, p. 427. 


1853 ~ Toe MUeSaiixplor xp pps 09, WOT. 
1881. - Miers, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xvi, p. 76 (part). 
1893. a Stebbing, Hist. Crust., p. 375. 


1895. Zenobiana. Id., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. xv, p. 24. 
1904. 43 Norman, 2bid., ser. 7, vol. xiv, p. 4438. 


394 Annals of the South African Museum. 


1905. Cleantis. Richardson, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 54, p. 404. 
IOI IE : Tattersall, Nord. Plankton. Isopod., p. 231. 
1912. ie Richardson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xii, 


1s “ile 

ONS: ss Issel, Ann. Mus. Zool. Napoli, p. 1. 

1917. Zenobiana. Collinge., Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. li, pt. 3, 
p. 749. 


1921. Cleantis. Tattersall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. vi, p. 425 
(discussion of synonymy of genus). 


Cleantis natalensis n. sp. 


Very close to the West Indian C. planicauda Bened. 

The peduncle of 2nd antenna is closely similar to Miss Richardson’s 
description of that of C. japonica 1912, but Benedict does not fully 
describe this appendage, and consequently a comparison is not 
feasible. 

Second and third joints of peduncle of 2nd antenna produced on 
inner ventral side, the projection of the 2nd joint, when viewed 
from below, apically bifid, that on 3rd joint apically subacute ; both 
joints as well as the 4th joimt with the inner ventral margin keeled. 
Flagellum of a single joint. 

The 3 joints of the peduncle of the ist antenna triquetral in section. 

Maxilliped with 5-jointed palp. 

Fourth peraeopod without anguis. 

Uropod with plumose seta at outer apical angle of peduncle repre- 
senting outer ramus. 

Colour.—* Dark brown” in life; the spirit specimens show 6 
dorsal longitudinal dark lines as in planicauda and japonica (the latter 
is said to have 5 lines, the mid-dorsal one being apparently counted as 
one instead of two) ; the epimera also are darker than the rest of the 
body. 

Length.—11-5 mm. 

Locality—Durban Bay, “im sea-weed”’ (H. W. Bell-Marley coll., 
Oct. 1918), 2 immature apparently 99. (8.A.M., No. A 6308.) 


Famity ASTACILLIDAE. 


Gen. ANTARCTURUS zur Strassen. 


See Stebbing, $.A. Crust., pt. 4, p. 52, 1908. 


Including the species described below, two species of this genus 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 395 


have now been recorded from South Africa. The first species was 
A. kladophoros, Stebb., loc. cit., p. 53, pl. xxxii. 

This species was founded on a female only. In 1914 I described 
what I considered to be the male (Ann. 8.A. Mus., vol. x, pt. 7, p. 212, 
pl. xviii, B), the reasons for this correlation being the general con- 
formity in size, the number of the cephalic spines, the presence of the 
2 hooked spines on the posterior margin of 4th segment, and the 
similarity in the armature of the peduncles of Ist pleopods. 

The most striking difference in the sculpture, 7.e. the greater number 
and complexity of the spines on the body, 2nd antennae and legs, 
may well be merely sexual and not specific. The following species 
exhibits in some @ specimens much more pointed tubercles than the 
males. 

There remains the fact that in the supposed male of kladophoros the 
4th segment is elongated, though not exceedingly. This feature is 
decidedly unusual, both in this genus and in Arcturus, although as a 
large number of the species are known only from females it cannot 
yet be decided whether it might be utilised as a generic character. It 
is thought advisable, however, to remark on this feature here, seeing 
that the two South African species differ so conspicuously in this 
respect. 

Another feature which badly needs investigating in the species 
already described is the shape of the lst pleopod in g, which will 
probably be found to be of value in specific differentiation. The male 
penial process should also be examined.* 


Antarcturus sumilis n. sp. 


Body granular, the granules often pointed but not subspiniform. 

Head in ¢ with 2 large submedian blunt tubercles behind the level 
of the hind margin of eyes, in 2 with 2 smaller tubercles in the same 
position followed by 2 more of nearly equal size. Occasionally 2 
smaller tubercles on front margin. Eyes large, suboval. 

Peraeon segments, each with a pair of submedian granules larger 
than the rest, and thus forming 2 longitudinal ridges down the body, 
more prominent in 2 than 3, those on 4th segment being the most 
prominent in the g ; in 2 also a lateral ridge is similarly indicated but 
not distinctly, except on segments 4 (5) to 7. 


* Since this was written, Tattersall has drawn attention to the specialisation 
of the Ist pleopods as accessory copulatory organs (1921, Terra Nova Reports 
Zool., III, 8, p. 193). 


396 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Segment 1 not downwardly produced so as to hide mouth-parts. 
In $ the segments decrease in breadth slightly towards the posterior 
end; in 2 segments 2 and 3 are angularly produced at the sides, being 
considerably wider than Ist, the succeeding segments decreasing in 
width. Fourth segment not longer than 3rd in either sex. Epimera 
very small and shallow. 

Pleon of 3 segments in advance of the telson, each with the 2 sub- 
median larger granules forming ridges in continuation of those on the 
peraeon, more distinct in 9, in which also the lateral ridges occur. 


oe — 


pen. \ 


a . 


Fic. 1.—Antarcturus similis n. sp. Penis, first and second pleopods of male: 
the setz on the inner ramus of the first pleopod are all plumose, though 
shown as simple in the above figure. 


plp. 1. plp. 2. 


Telson not greatly longer than broad, with a tooth on lateral margin 
near base and another less well marked (especially in 2) distally, apex 
subacute, not strongly produced, in 3 a large median blunt or sometimes 
pointed tubercle at base, and 3 pairs of granules larger than the others, 
forming 2 ridges distally ; both these features usually absent in 9, 
in which surface is merely finely granular, but the median tubercle is 
sometimes well marked in young 92; it may even be absent in the 3 
(see specimen No. A 5953). 

Thus the development of the granules varies, as may also their 
shape ; insome young 99 all the granules are sharply pointed, in other 
specimens they are all blunt, so that at first sight one would suspect 
there to be two species. 

No ventral knobs or processes on peraeon segments. 

First antenna reaching to middle of 3rd joint of 2nd antenna, 1st 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 397 


joint stout, 2nd and 3rd much more slender, 3rd shorter than 2nd, 
flagellum equal to 2nd plus 3rd, apex blunt, lower margin sparsely 
setose. 

Second antenna reaching back to 5th segment, 2nd and 3rd joints 
obscurely (especially in 9) granular, 5th slightly shorter than 4th, 
flagellum shorter than 5th, composed of 2 joints plus a terminal unguis. 
Both peduncle and flagellum sparsely setose, the setae short. 

First peraeopod stout, 3rd joint shorter than 2nd, 4th and 5th 
broader than long, inner apex of 5th ending in a short acute point, 
6th ovate, scarcely twice as long as broad, inner margins of 5th and 
6th with dense (especially in g) fringe of doubly pectinate setae, 
7th plus unguis nearly equal to 6th. 

Second to fourth peraeopods slender, increasing in length, fringed 
with long setae. 

Fifth to seventh peraeopods stout, with strong 7th joints and 
ungues. 

Second joint in all the peraeopods obscurely granulate. 

Four pairs of marsupial plates. 

A single male appendage on Ist pleon segment, tapering distally 
and then dividing into two diverging arms, which are apically blunt. 
The vasa deferentia run contiguous along the whole length and then 
separate to open at the ends of the arms. 

First pleopod in 3 modified, peduncle elongate, strong and indurated, 
outer margin with ca. 9 denticles, inner margin with 5 hooked setae, 
outer ramus indurated, with a groove on its surface running to the 
apex ; inner margin finely setulose, distal portion with long plumose 
setae, the apex acute and curved outwards, outer margin bisinuate, 
the distal excavation the deeper, margin with stout spines, inner 
ramus smaller, thin, margins with plumose setae; in 2 not modified 
or indurated, peduncle with numerous denticles on outer and 4 hooked 
setae on inner margin, rami subequal, thin, margins with plumose setae. 

Second pleopod in 3, peduncle short, rami subequal, stylet, arising 
from base of inner ramus and equalling it in length, tapering, distal 
portion like one-half of a tube divided longitudinally, with a series 
of fine serrations along each margin. 

Uropod apically pointed, setose, no internal ramus visible, outer 
surface granular with, in g, a median longitudinal keel and the inner 
and outer margins thickened, in 2 smooth or only very slightly 
granular. 

Length 3 9 mm., 9 6 mm.; breadth, § 1:75 mm., 9 (across 2nd 
peraeon segment) 2 mm. 

VOL. XX, PART 5. 28 


398 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Colour.—In spirit, yellowish, eyes brown. 

Locality.—Cape St. Blaize, N., distant 12 miles, 42 fathoms, 2 33, 
2 992, 4 juv.; Vasco da Gama (Cape Peninsula), N. 40° E., distant 
13 miles, 120 fathoms, 1 3; Cape Infanta, N.E. by N. 3 N., distant 
13 miles, 43 fathoms, 1 ¢; Cape St. Blaize, N.E. by N.iN., distant 
11 miles, 40 fathoms, 2 juv. 92; Duminy Point (off Saldanha Bay), 
E. by N. 3 N., distant 8 miles, 87 fathoms, 1 g. S.S. “‘ Pieter Faure,” 
22/10/00, 4/5/00, 1/7/00, 24/10/00, and 17/3/02. (S.A.M., Nos. 
A 5951-5.) 

This species is exceedingly close to A. semplicissimus Whitelegge, 
1904. The only appreciable difference in the body sculpturing is the 
absence in Whitelegge’s species of the median tubercle at the base of 
telson. But this may be absent also in the present species. The other 
slight differences might well be ascribed to variation, individual or local. _ 

But added to the above difference is the very distinct difference in 
the 2nd antennae, and the different proportion of length to breadth 
in the 6th joint of lst peraeopod. In simplicissimus the antennae are 
remarkably short for a member of this genus, or, indeed, family, and had 
Whitelegge not had 3 specimens one would have suspected a case of 
regeneration after an injury. The 6th joint of Ist peraeopod in the 
Australian species is 3 times as long as broad, whereas in the Cape 
species it is scarcely twice as long as broad. 

There is a general superficial resemblance in the body sculpturing 
to A. stebbingi (Beddard), 1886. 


Gen. ArcTURINA Koehler. 


1911. Arcturina. Koehler, Bull. Inst. oc. Monaco, No. 214, p. 53. 


This genus has hitherto contained only the type species, A. rhom- 
boidalis Koehler, 1911, from the neighbourhood of Cape Verde. The 
discovery of a second species necessitates some remarks on the diag- 
nostic characters of the genus. 

The first point to be noticed concerns the anterior peraeopods. 
Koehler states that there is a “ difference of structure’ between the 
2nd and 3rd peraeopods on the one hand, and the 4th peraeopod on the 
other. But his figures and description show that although there is 
a marked difference in size between the said peraeopods, the real 
difference of structure occurs between the first and the succeeding 
peraeopods. This is confirmed in the present species. 

The Ist peraeopod is a normal 7-jointed (counting the Ist free joint 
as the 2nd) peraeopod with terminal unguis. In the 2nd—4th peraeo- 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 399 


pods, however, the 7th joint is degenerate and the unguis has entirely 
disappeared. It is to be noted that Koehler has described the 2nd 
joint or basipodite in the 2nd—4th peraeopods as the ischiopodite, 
having apparently overlooked the real ischiopodite or 3rd joint. 
This is not surprising if in rhomboidalis, as in the present species, the 
3rd and 4th joints are obscurely separated, although from its length 
the first free joint is obviously the 2nd joint. 

The degeneration of the unguis, and also of the lst peraeopod, may 
be observed in Arcturus, as pointed out by zur Strassen (Zool. Anz., 
vol. xxv, 1902, pp. 684, 685, fig. 1). This author remarks that the 
degenerate 1st peraeopod forms structurally, and probably also 
functionally, a transition to the maxilliped. In the present species, 
although this appendage is structurally a typical “leg,” yet there is 
no doubt that functionally it serves as a maxilliped, because it is 
enclosed within what may be called a buccal chamber. 

This buccal chamber seems to be quite unique in the family. It is 
not referred to by Koehler, unless he had it in mind when he wrote 
that the 4 anterior pairs of peraeopods form a compact mass “* qui 
se termine en avant par un bord vertical au niveau de l’extrémité 
postérieure de l’ceil ” (loc. cit., p. 60). From this statement I strongly 
suspect that rhomboidalis agrees with hexagonalis in possessing this 
same feature. But this feature deserves a more explicit description. 

The buccal chamber is an extreme development of the downward 
projections of the lst peraeon segment and the “ cheeks ”’ of the head 
which are seen in Arcturus, and is formed as follows:—The ventral 
margins of the head and Ist peraeon segment project ventrally as a 
raised rim, which is interrupted anteriorly in the middle line. This 
gap is filled, however, and the rim thus rendered continuous, by the 
epistomal portion of the head; it appears to be somewhat mobile, 
and rises to the same height as the rest of the rim. To it is movably 
articulated the upper lip, which projects horizontally into the chamber, 
z.e. at right angles to the epistome. 

The chamber is closed ventrally by the closely imbricated 2nd—4th 
pairs of peraeopods with their fringes of long setae. Laterally the 
upper margins of the 2nd peraeopods are accurately apposed to the 
margins of the rim. 

Within the chamber lie wholly concealed the 1st pair of peraeopods 
and the mouth-parts. The function of the lst peraeopods as maxillipeds 
is therefore fairly certain, though the full biological significance of the 
whole structure may not become apparent until the opportunity 
occurs of watching living specimens in an aquarium. 


400 Annals of the South African Museum. 


It is to be regretted that no males of the South African species were 
collected, though, of course, the structure may be expected to be the 
same in both sexes. 

The genus may be diagnosed as follows :—Body cylindrical, strongly 
bent between 4th and 5th segments, mouth-parts and lst peraeopods 
concealed in a buccal chamber, formed laterally and anteriorly by the 
rim-like ventral margins of the head and lst peraeon segment, and 
closed ventrally by the closely imbricated 2nd—4th peraeopods; Ist 
peraeopod with well-developed 7th joint and unguis, 2nd—4th peraeo- 
pods with rudimentary 7th joint bent inwards against 6th joint and no 
unguis, 4th segment elongate, more so in ¢ than in Q, antero-laterally 
expanded in Q, side-plates small or obscurely separated, 3 pairs of 
marsupial plates, that on 4th segment with inset-piece posteriorly, 
pleon with 3 segments in advance of telson, 3rd segment and telson- 
somewhat indistinctly separated, pleopod 1 in ¢ with modified outer 
ramus. 


Arcturina hexagonalis n. sp. 


2.—Body with thickly furry ridges but no granules, tubercles, or 
spines, strongly bent between 4th and 5th segments. 

Head with short straight front margin with minute median point, 
antero-lateral angles reaching to base of 2nd joints of 2nd antennae, 
apically blunt, 2 submedian ridges from the level of eyes to posterior 
margin. Eyes prominent, subrotund. 

First peraeon segment fused with head dorsally and dorso-laterally, 
with only a groove to mark the limits of the two. Ventrally the two 
are separated by an incision, though the margins are contiguous. 

The ventral margins of the head and Ist peraeon segment form a 
raised rim surrounding the mouth-parts and concealing them when 
viewed from the side. This rim is discontinuous in front, but the gap 
is filled by the epistomal portion which bears the upper lip. 

Second and third peraeon segments very short, increasing in width, 
like the lst segment without dorsal ridges, the lateral portions nodular 
but without distinct epimeral sutures. 

Fourth segment nearly half as long again as head plus segments 1-3, 
wider in front than 3rd segment, but width not equalling length, 
margins straight, converging to posterior end, which is only half the 
anterior width, antero-lateral angles nodular with shallow epimeral 
grooves. The thickened ridge-like margins and 2 submedian longi- 
tudinal parallel ridges densely furry. 

Posterior margin of 4th segment indented, but the postero-lateral 


Ta Gre 2700 chen nrerearssaas 


parp of xf. 


Lip 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 401 


angles not so prominently overlapping the 5th segment as represented 
in A. rhomboidalis. Segments 5-7 short and diminishing slightly in 
width posteriorly, each with a medio-dorsal furry ridge. 

Pleon of 3 segments in front of telson, the 3rd indistinctly separated, 
each with 2 submedian furry ridges. Telson with basal tooth on 
lateral margin, and another slight one before the distal narrowing, 
apex rather more strongly and acutely produced than in rhomboidalis, 
with the margins slightly concave. 

First antenna reaching to middle of 3rd joint of 2nd antenna, Ist 


Fic. 2.—Arcturina hexagonalis n. sp. Ventral and lateral views of 
head and anterior peraeon segments. Enlarged. 


joint not very stout, 2nd and 3rd more slender, 5rd shorter than 2nd, 
flagellum slender, as long as 2nd joint, with 2 long filiform and 3 
sensory filamentous setae on apex. 

Second antenna nearly as long as head plus segments 1-4, peduncle 
stout especially when viewed laterally, 4th joint longest, 5th longer 
than 3rd but more slender, upper and lower margins densely furry 
with a few longer setae, flagellum considerably more slender than 5th, 
also shorter, composed of 3 joints, the last with slender unguiform 
apex, the lower margins with regularly arranged minute bunches of 
setules. 

Upper lip slightly asymmetrically bilobed. 

Mandible with tridentate cutting edge, accessory cutting plate, 
spine-row, and strongly developed molar. 

First maxilla with 3 plumose setae on inner plate ; second mavxilla 
with middle and outer plates together only half width of inner plate. 


402 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Maxilliped, inner plate almost as long as and quite as broad as 2nd 
joint, with | strong coupling-hook, distal margin truncate and slightly 
concave, palp with its 3rd joint longest, terminal joint well developed, 
setose, epipod large, subtrigonal, the basal granular portion not much 
larger than 2nd joint, but the rest formed of a perfectly transparent 
wide margin bearing a few setules on its edge, vibratory plate not 
greatly larger than 2nd joint, transversely oval, with a few setae on 
its transparent margin. 

First peraeopod, 2nd joint longest, 4th a little longer than 3rd, 
its outer margin slightly expanded, 5th ovate longer than 6th, 7th 
half length of 6th, with slender unguis longer than itself, inner 
margins of 5th and 6th and outer distal margin of 6th with long 
spine-setae. 

Second to fourth peraeopods increasing slightly in length, 2nd joint 
subequal to 5th, 3rd and 4th very short and indistinctly separated, 
6th shorter than 5th, 7th bent inwards against and shorter than 6th, 
without unguis, inner margins of 5th, 6th, and especially 7th with very 
long setae. 

The anterior four pairs of peraeopods form an imbricated series, 
lying closely packed one over the other. The first pair he within the 
raised rim which forms a kind of buccal chamber; the 2nd pair lies 
with the upper (outer) margin contiguous with the margin of the rim, 
the sinuous curve of which corresponds with the curve of the jointed 
peraeopod. The 3rd and 4th pairs complete the closing in of the 
chamber so that the mouth-parts and 1st peraeopods are completely 
hidden from view. 

Three pairs of marsupial plates. Careful search failed to reveal a 
pair on the lst peraeopods. The plate on the 4th peraeopod is large, 
subrectangular, with small oval inset-piece, which does not, however, 
form the posterior apex of the plate as in rhomboidalis, lower margin 
densely setulose, a longitudinal furry ridge running along the middle 
of the plate. 

A transverse section through the 4th segment with the marsupial 
plates is thus hexagonal in outline, whence the specific name, the 2 
dorsal ridges, the lateral ones, and the two on the marsupial plates 
forming the angles. 

Peraeopods 5-7 strong, a small accessory tooth at base of unguis, 
lower margins of all the joints densely furry. 

Pleopod 1 very slender, peduncle with 3 hooked setae. 

Uropod narrow, tapering to a fine point, concealed ramus with 1 
terminal seta, outer distal margin setose. 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 403 


Length.—7 mm.; breadth, 1-8 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, yellowish. 

Locality.—Cape St. Blaize, N., distant 12 miles, 42 fathoms, 4 
ovigerous 99. 8.8. “ Pieter Faure,” 22/10/00. (S.A.M., No. A 5957.) 


Gen. ARCTURELLA Sars. 


Arcturella lobulata n. sp. 


Female.—Body glabrous, shagreened, strongly depressed. Head 
wider than long, antero-lateral processes rounded, with a small point 
laterally. Eyes large, oval. Peraeon segment 1 with antero-lateral 
angles acutely pointed; segments 2 and 3 increasing in width, the 
antero-lateral angles bevelled off obliquely ; segment 4 widest, twice 
as wide (anteriorly) as long, width across anterior margin almost equal 
to length of head and segments 1—4 together, each antero-lateral angle 
with two lobe-like processes, the anterior one being more ventral than 
the posterior one, middle of lateral margin with a shorter lobe; seg- 


Fie. 3.—Arcturella lobulata n. sp. 


ment 5 much wider than posterior margin of 4, lobate, with an incision 
on postero-lateral margin; segment 6 similar but smaller; segment 
7 with lateral margins quadrate. 

Pleon segments 1-3 increasing in width, 3 projecting laterally, 
dorsal sutures very indistinct. Telson tapering to a subacute notched 
apex, with a tooth on each lateral margin. 

Antenna 2, 2nd joint with 2 acute teeth on outer margin, 5th joint 
smooth, flagellum of a single joint, its lower margin with 2 rows of 
fine setules. 

Peraeopods 2-4 moderate, 5th joint of peraeopod 4 reaching a 
little beyond the eyes. 

Peraeopod 5, 2nd joint equal in length to length of peraeon seg- 
ment 4, but shorter than the rest of the joints together. 

Three pairs of marsupial plates. 

Length.—10-5 mm. 


404 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Colour.—White with fine stellate pmk specks over whole body and 
appendages, eyes dark red. 

Locality.— Natal coast, 40 fathoms (H. W. Bell-Marley, 1925), 
1 ovigerous 9. (S.A.M., No. A 6622.) 

This pretty species is easily distinguished from all the other species 
of this genus by its lobulate lateral margins. 


Arcturella corniger (Stebb.), var. subglaber Brnrd. 
1914. Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. x, pt. 7, p. 211; and 1920, 
ibid., vol. xvii, pt. 5, p. 392. 

A very fine ovigerous 2 of this form allows me to add some further 
details to the original description. 

The development of the tubercles is much stronger than in the type 
and corresponds with the greatest development of the tubercles in © 
the typical form of corniger (loc. cit., p. 391). There are 4 acute 
tubercles on the head, one median one on each of the peraeon segments 
1-3, of which that on the Ist segment is the largest. The 4th segment 
has an anterior boss bearing 3 large and 2 small rounded tubercles ; 
2 acute tubercles on the posterior margin and immediately in front of 
them a large median obtuse knob. Segments 5-7 each with a single 
median tubercle. 

Length.—1\7 mm. 

Locality.—Mossel Bay, 20 fathoms. (S.A.M., No. A 6624.) 

As this locality is situated on the South coast in the warm Agulhas 
current, my remarks at the end of the original description are beside 
the point. 

I still do not feel justified in raising this form to full specific rank. 


Famity JAERIDAK. 


Gen. JAERA Leach. 


See Barnard, Ann. §8.A. Mus., vol. x, pt. 11, p. 483, 1914. 


Jaera pusilla n. sp. 

3$.—Body nearly parallel-sided, inclined to be slightly narrower at 
the middle of body, with a few scattered setae, chiefly on the lateral 
margins. 

Head without rostrum, anterior margin nearly straight, antero- 
lateral angles acute, lateral margins minutely serrulate. Eyes oval, 
composed of 7 ocelli. 

Peraeon segments equal, without marked gap between the anterior 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa, 405 


and posterior series, without distinct epimera, lateral margins not 
laciniate, minutely and obscurely serrulate, antero-lateral angles of 
lst without strong spines. 

Pleon a little longer than broad and longer than last 3 segments, 
oval, lateral margins minutely serrulate, distal margin slightly convex 
without median point, postero-lateral angles short and acute. 

First antenna with very stout Ist joint, followed by 4 much more 
slender and gradually diminishing joints. 

Second antennae lost. 

Mandible and maxilliped as in J. serrata Brnrd. (1914, Ann. S.A. 
Mus., vol. x, pt. 11, p. 433, pl. xxxvii, A), 7.e. the former with strong 
molar, the latter with epipod angular on outer margin. 

Peraeopods all similar, biunguiculate. 

First pleopods stout, lateral margins of peduncles slightly indented, 


i 


plp. 1. plp. 2. tels. +-urop. 


Fig. 4.—Jaera pusilla n. sp. First and second pleopods of male : 
apex of pleon with uropods. 


outer apical angles shortly produced in a sharp point, rami broader 
than long, with setulose apical margins. 

Second pleopods small in comparison, peduncle lanceolate, apex 
acute, setulose, inner ramus situate unusually near apex of peduncle, 
bulbous, (apparently) without distal filamentous portion, no visible 
outer ramus. 

Uropods small, inserted within the distal margin of pleon, inner rami 
contiguous, projecting slightly beyond pleon, outer rami smaller. 
peduncles not distinguishable. 

Length.—1-75 mm. ; breadth, 0-5 mm. 

Colour.—In spirit, whitish, eyes brown. 

Locality.—Lion’s Head (Cape Peninsula), 8.E., distant 22 miles, 
95 fathoms, 1 3, 6/3/00. S.S. “ Pieter Faure.” (S.A.M., No. A 5947.) 

This species is closely allied to J. serrata Brnrd., and is provisionally 
assigned to the genus Jaera on account of the Ist antennae, mandibles, 
and uropods. The Ist pleopods bear considerable resemblance to 
those of J. marina. 


406 Annals of the South African Museum. 


PSEUDOJANIRA g. 0. 


Similar to Janira but with well-developed rostral process (? a pro- 
jection of the epistome), subchelate lst peraeopods formed by enlarge- 
ment of the 6th (not the 5th) joint with nearly transverse palm, eyes 
well within the lateral margins of the head, and epimera absent. 

Although at first sight apparently belonging to the genus Stenetriwm, 
and although there is only the one 2 specimen, the large opercular 
1st pleopods show beyond a doubt that this form must be placed in 
the Jaeridae. The expansion of the 6th joint of the Ist peraeopods, 
instead of the 5th as in Janira, necessitates a new genus. 

I was not able to satisfy myself whether the rostral process was a 
projection of the frontal margin proper or of the epistome, but it 
appeared to be the latter. 


Pseudojanira stenetrioides n. sp. 


Body rather broad in proportion to length, moderately convex, 
quite smooth and nonsetose. 

Head broader than long, antero-lateral angles sharply sointed and 
curved forwards but not produced. Frontal margin (? or epistome) 
produced into a prominent rostrum, apically rounded and set with 
about 10 spiny points. 

Peraeon segments subequal in length, divided though not sharply 
into an anterior and posterior series, antero-lateral angles of segment 1 
pointed but not produced, of segments 2—4 quadrate but not pointed. 
Postero-lateral angles of segments 5-7 also quadrate. All the peraeo- 
pods can be completely withdrawn under the margins of the 
peraeon. 

Pleon subcircular, not longer than broad, side and distal margins 
evenly rounded and entire. . 

Antenna | with short flagellum of 3 (possibly 4 joints). 

Antenna 2 with distinct scale on outer margin of 3rd joint, distal 
joints and flagellum lost. 

Mandibles normal, cutting edge 3-4-dentate, secondary cutting 
edge in left 3-dentate, spine row with 5 spines in left, 8 in right, molar 
well developed. 

Maxilliped, 2nd joint not elongate (thus different from Stenetriwm), 
inner plate about as broad as long, 2nd and 3rd joints of palp only very 
moderately expanded, not as wide as inner plate, epipod reaching 2nd 
joint of palp, outer margin not very angular. 

Peraeopod 1 resembling that of a Stenetriwm, 4th joint with upper 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa, 407 


apex produced into a spine, 5th short and triangular, 6th subovate, 
broad, palm straight and nearly transverse, defined by a strong spine 
and set with several spine-setae, finger matching palm, unguis just 
overlapping spine at angle of palm. 

Peraeopods 2-7 all similar, normal and biunguiculate. 

Operculum (first pleopods) subcircular, margin nonsetose. 

Uropods inserted on ventral surface of pleon, well within margin, 


a 


Fie. 5.—Pseudojanira stenetrioides n.g. et sp. a, Dorsal view of 
whole animal; 6, maxilliped ; c, first peraeopod. 


peduncle not visible from above, about as broad as long, rami short, 
stout, apices obtuse, outer ramus slightly shorter than inner. 

Length.—3 mm. ; breadth, 1-3 mm. 

Colour.—Whitish. 

Locality. Zululand coast, in a coral (H. W. Bell-Marley, 1920). 1 °. 
(S.A.M., No. A 6295.) 


Famity BOPYRIDAE. 


Gen. EprpENAEON Nobili. 


1906. Epipenaeon. Nobili, Atti. Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. xh, p. 3. 
1910. Thielemann, Abh. K. Ak. Wiss. Miinchen, 
II, Suppl., Bd. 3 Abh., p. 79. 


408 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Epipenaeon yaponicum Thielemann. 


1910. Epipenaeon japonica. Thielemann, loc. cit., p. 79, pl. ui, fig. 31, 
text-figs. 86, 87. 

A male and female agreeing in all essentials with Thielemann’s 
description. 

The front margin of the head and the outer margins of the epimeral 
plates (2 on the left and the anterior 4 on the right side) irregularly 
crenulate. The 6th pleon segment is quite obsolete in dorsal view. 

Length. 2 16 mm., 5 4:25 mm.; breadth, 212 mm., ¢ 1-5 mm. 

Locality.—Delagoa Bay (Dr. Gilchrist, July 1919). In the right 
branchial cavity of Penaeopsis monoceros Fabr. 

Geogr. Distribution.—Japan, on Penaeus sp. (Thielemann). 


Famity CABIROPSIDAE. 


1895. Cabiropsidae. Giard and Bonnier, Bull. Sei. Fr., vol. xxv, 
pp. 421, 441, 443. 


1920. i Caullery and Mesnil, Bull. Biol., vol. liv, fase. 1, 
pe 1: 

1920. Kp Barnard, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xvu, pt. 5, 
p. 431. 


Sars (1899, Crust. Norw., vol. u, p. 231) and Hansen (1916, Dan. 
Ingolf. Exp. Crust. Malac., vol. 111, No. 5, p. 212) do not separate this 
family from the Cryptoniscidae. Hansen (loc. cit., pp. 214, 216) 
describes two new genera and Caullery and Mesnil have recently 


described another. 
This family, all the members of which are parasitic on other Isopods, 


comprises the following genera :— 


Cabirops Kossm., 1884, parasitic on Bopyridae. 


Clypeoniscus G. & B., 1895, t Idoteidae and Stenetridae. 
Munnoniscus G. & B., 1895, a Munnopsidae. 
Seroloniscus G. & B., 1895, “ Serolidae. 
Gnomoniscus G. & B., 1895, (3 Podascon, a parasite on 
Amphipods. 
Arcturocheres Hans., 1916, 3 Astacillidae. 
Astacilloechus Hans., 1916, BA 5 
Ancyroniscus C. & M., 1920, E Sphaeromidae. 


To these it is now necessary to add a ninth genus parasitic on 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 409 


another family of Isopods: the Aegidae. It is regrettable that the 
male is unknown, but the form of the adult female is sufficiently 
distinctive. 


AEGONISCUS n. g. 


Body of adult female ovoid, the lateral portions swollen into 6 
large bilobulate ovigerous lobes, extending nearly from the medio- 
dorsal line to the medio-ventral line, completely hiding the ventral 
surface with its 6 pairs of valvular lamellae. No caudal projection. 
No fixing apparatus. 


Aegoniscus gigas Nn. sp. 


Ovoid nearly symmetrical, 23 mm. long, 16 mm. broad, and 10 mm. 
deep. Dorsal surface mutilated so that the shape and position of the 
opaque area is not discernible, the lateral ovigerous lobes, however, 
nearly reaching the middle line. Ventral surface completely hidden 
by the lower divisions of the lateral lobes, with 6 pairs of valvular 
lamellae. At the anterior end, hidden under the Ist pair of lateral 
lobes, is a pair of low bilobulate projections probably representing the 


yy) 
b 


Fic. 6.—Aegoniscus gigas n.g. et sp. a, Ventral view, x 2; 
b, first peraeopod, left side. 


2 pairs of antennae, and behind these the short, papilliform, unjointed, 
and apically acute lst paraeopods. 

The specimen was found in the brood-pouch of an Aega semicarinata 
Miers (described in Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. x, pt. 11, 1914, as wrotoma 
Brnrd.; determination emended, id., ibid., vol. xv, pt. 3, 1916), 
measuring 53 mm. in length. The parasite almost completely filled 


410 Annals of the South African Museum. 


up the brood-pouch in which a few shrivelled eggs of the host still 
remained (cf. Caullery and Mesnil, loc. cit., pp. 34, 35). 
The eggs of the parasite measure } mm., so that when the lateral 
lobes are full the number of eggs produced must be enormous. 
Locality —Ofi Cape Point, 180 fathoms. (S8.A.M., No. A 6313, 
No. of host, 150971.) 


Contributions to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. 


A 


Aega : 
AEGIDAE 


Aegoniscus (Cabiropsidae) 


alloceraea (Anilocra) . 
Anilocra . 
Antarcturus. 
ANTHURIDAE 
Antias 3 
antillensis (Aega) 
Arcturella 
Arcturina : 
armata (Nerocila) 
Astacilla . ; 
ASTACILLIDAE 
aureola (Gnathia) 
Austrofilius 


BOPYRIDAE . 


C 
CABIROPSIDAE 


capensis (Heterotanais) 
capensis (Paramunna) 

cephalotes (Nerocila) . 

Cleantis 


concavifrons (Paramunna) . 


corniger (Arcturella) . 


coronicauda (Haliophasma). 


eryptopais (Gnathia) . 
Cteatessa . : : 
CYMOTHOIDAE 


D 
dubius (Leptochelia) . 


E 


edwardsi (Leptochelia) 
Epipenaeon : 
euelpis (Paratanais) 
Eurydice . 
Exanthura 


F 


faurei (Leptanthura) . 
filiformis (Exanthura) 
furcatus (Austrofilius) 


381, 


INDEX 
PAGE G 
389 | gigas (Aegoniscus) 
389 | Gnathia : 
409 | GNATHITDAE 
392 | gracilis (‘Tanais) 
392 
2 " 
Sel Haliophasma 
3g9 | Heterotanais : 
403 | bexagonalis (Arcturina) 
398 
390 iL 
381 
304 IDOTEIDAE 
384 
382 y 
Jaera 
JAERIDAE 
407 japonicum (Epipenaeon) 
L 
408 | laevifrons (Paramunna) 
381 | laevigata (Leptanthura) 
382 | latipes (Pontogeloides) 
390 | latistylis (Cirolana) 
393 | Leptanthura 
382 | Leptochelia : 
404 | leptosoma (Anilocra) . 
386 | lifuensis (Leptochelia) 
383 | linguicauda (Malacanthura) 
393 | lobulata(Arcturella) . 
390 
M 
Malacanthura 
382 
N 
natalensis (Cleantis) . ‘ 
382 | natalensis (Pontogeloides) . 
407 | Nerocila . 
381 
381 P 
388 
Paramunna ; 
Paratanais : ; 
phaeopleura (Nerocila) 
381 | Pontogeloides ‘ 
388 | Pseudojanira (Jaeridae) 
382 | pusilla (Jaera) . 


411 


PAGE 
409 
383 
383 


381 


385 
381 
398 


393 


yo 


Agere of the South vinci Hinge. 


R a PAGE ath T 


retusa (Cteatessa) : . 393 | TANAIDAE 
rhabdota (Nerocila)  . : . 390 | Tanais 


tricarinata (Haliophasma) 
8 
savignyi (Leptochelia) : i U 
serra (Nerocila) : : : | uncinatus (Antias) . 
setosa (Arcturella) ; a 
similis (Antarcturus) . 
spongicola (Tanais) : 
stenetrioides (Pseudojanira) 406 | Zenobia . 
subglaber (Arcturella corniger var. r.) 404 | Zenobiana 


pa 


TO ANNALE: | 
SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 


PART VI, containing :— 


at Descriptions of New .and Little-known Inzards and 
Batrachians from South Africa. By Joun HeEwrrv. 
(With Plates XXXV-XXXVII, and 9 Text-figures.) 


12. Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Penin- 
sula. .By WALTER Rose, L.D.S.,R.C.S.Eng. (With Plate 
XXXVI, and 8 Text-figures.): 


13. A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps, with 
Distribution Records and Descriptions of New Species. 
By J. H. Powzr, F.Z.S. (With Plates XXXIX-XLIT) 


14. Some New or Lnttle-known Reptiles and Batrachians from 
South Africa. By JoHn Hewitt. (With Plates XLIV 
and XLV.) 


1. Some Notes on the Lizards of the Cape Peninsula. By 
Wa ter Rosg, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng. 


Title Page and Index to Volume XX.- / 


ISSUED JULY 1926. PRICE 4s. 6d. 


PRINTED FOR THE 
TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 
BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., 


212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH. 


r 


( 413 ) 


11. Descriptions of New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from 
South Africa.—By Joun Hewirr. 


(With Plates XXXV-XXXVII and 9 Text-figures.) 


Rhoptropus barnardi sp. nov. 
(Plate XX XV.) 


Types.—Four adult specimens and two juveniles in the collection of 
the South African Museum (No. 16639), taken near Eriksson’s Drift, 
Kunene River, by Messrs. K. H. Barnard and R. F. Lawrence, 1923. 
The species is appropriately named after Dr. K. H. Barnard, widely 
known through his important works on the Crustacean fauna of South 
Africa. 

This species is nearly related to R. afer Ptrs., which was collected 
somewhere in Damaraland by Wahlberg, but is at once distinguished 
therefrom by the pointed snout, the well-marked row of chin-shields, 
and probably also by the segmented tail. 

Head a little flattened, shallowly concave between the orbits; 
snout elongate and depressed but rather sharply pointed, canthus 
rostralis absent, nostril pierced in the centre of a rounded swelling 
formed by three nasal scutes, the two swellings only a granule apart ; 
behind this swelling the side of the snout presents a distinct depression ; 
rostral scale with upper margin shaped like an inverted flattened V, 
having a short median prolongation between the nasal swellings ; 
scales on the snout larger than those on the middle of the back, and 
considerably larger than those on the occiput ; the largest scales are 
situated immediately in front of the orbit superiorly, and they are 
keeled ; about 12 upper labials and about 8 lower labials; mental 
and first two lower labials on each side much elongated, and adjoining 
these in a transverse line are 6 chin-shields which are considerably 
larger than the granules following them posteriorly, the line of enlarged 
shields extending also for some little distance obliquely backwards 
on each side of the gular region ; eyelid incomplete as a granular fold, 
ventrally and postero-ventrally, its scales being granular dorsally 
but larger and flattened anteriorly. Dorsal surface of body with 

VOL. XX, PART 6. 29 


3 
0 493 
gut 


414 Annals of the South African Museum. 


more or less rounded granular scales, which are often very faintly 
- keeled or tubercled ; ventral surfaces with flattened scales which for 
the most part are not imbricate, but on the throat and sternal region 
are more or less sub-imbricate; the larger ventral scales are sub- 
hexagonal, and their posterior borders are very faintly crenulated 
(when examined under a compound microscope), this crenulation - 
being traceable even in some of the gular scales ; in front of the vent, 
two groups of 3 preanal pores with a single simple scale intervening, 
or 7 pores in a continuous line. 

Tail depressed and segmented, the first segment being well dis- 
tinguished by a deep lateral constriction at its junction with the 
second; weaker lateral constrictions are also traceable between 
the several immediately succeeding segments, but more distally the 
segmentation is only conspicuous ventrally ; along the greater portion 
of the mid-ventral region there is a double row of enlarged scales, each 
segment, except towards the base of the tail, having 3 pairs of such 
scales, the hindermost pair of each segment being the largest ; dorsally 
all the caudal scales are granular, arranged in transverse lines. Thir- 
teen segments occur in one specimen, the remaining third of the total 
length being probably reproduced ; it is thin and slender, tapering to 
a fine point. One specimen has a reproduced tail, the break having 
taken place at the junction of the second and third segments. In this 
specimen the new tail is unsegmented, having granular scales above 
but ventrally along the midline a single row of enlarged scales which 
are much elongated transversely. 

Digits free, first toe well developed, third extending a little beyond 
the fourth. An enlarged flat nail-like distal scale on each digit 
superiorly, but no retractile claw; instead of the claw, a small 
triangular scale immediately succeeds the above-mentioned nail-like 
scale. Upper surface of each digit otherwise with small scales, which 
enlarge somewhat over the digital expansion. Hight transverse 
lamellae below the expansion of the digit, or 6-7 on the shorter toes. 
The most distal lamella divided in the middle. A row of enlarged 
scales along the midline of the digit inferiorly, 8 or 9 on the longer 
toes, the basal scales being largest, only 4 or 5 on the shortest toe. 

Colour of Spirit Specumens.—Above greyish with black spots 
sparsely arranged; these spots are absent or very small on the head ; 
lower parts whitish. 

Measurements of No. 16639.—Total length, 84-5 mm. ; from snout 
to vent, 41 mm.; from snout to ear-opening, 11 mm.; fore-limb, 
17 mm.; hind-limb, 23 mm. 


New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 415 


Another specimen, very slightly larger but lacking the tail, measures 
10-5 mm. across the throat at the angles of the jaw; from orbit to 
tip of snout, 5-5 mm.; from snout to vent, 43 mm. 

Only two other species were recognised by Boulenger in his Revised 
List (1910), one of which, ocellatus Blgr., was recorded from Cape- 
town, no doubt erroneously. A third form seems to me worthy of 
recognition, braconniert Thom., judging from the description. The 
3 chin-shields and the back covered with small hexagonal scales seem 
to indicate a well-marked form. 

Since writing the above, I have seen further specimens from 
Kamanyab, Kaokoveld, 8.W.A. (R. F. Lawrence, 1925, 8.A.M., 
No. 17262). These agree with the types in the shape of the 
snout, of the mental shield and lower labials; but in one immature 
example the chin-shields are only a little bigger than the adjoining 
scales; and in the largest example the small triangular scale at the 
distal end of the digit superiorly is not in any way marked out from 
the neighbouring scales. The measurements of the latter specimen 
are: from snout to vent, 61 mm.; from end of snout to ear-opening, 
17 mm.; breadth of head, 15 mm. 


Oedura tembulica sp. nov. 


This new species, first discovered by Mr. Robert Essex, is described 
from a series of specimens collected at Cofimvaba, in Tembuland, by 
Mr. C. W. Wilmot (May 1925). The species is entirely rupicolous, 
inhabiting the cracks between sun-split rocks on a hillside. 

It is a stout form, closely related to O. amatolica mihi (Records 
Albany Museum, vol. in, p. 350, 1925), but distinguished therefrom by 
the following characters :— 

(a) Digits inferiorly without very broad scales along the median 
line, excepting the most distal scale, which is greatly elongated trans- 
versely. In a large female the condition is as follows: The first toe 
(shortest) has two pairs of adhesive plates at the distal end of the 
basal portion, but on this toe one of them is ill developed ;_ besides 
the distal scale—which adjoins the smaller adhesive plate—there is 
only one other enlarged scale inferiorly. The second toe has 2 en- 
larged scales in addition to the distal one, these two being broader 
than long. The third has 4 or 5 enlarged scales besides the distal one, 
and the fourth 3-5 oval scales; these toes are more slender than the 
rest. Fifth toe with infero-median scales quite like those on the outer 
Side of the toe. Toes II-IV with small scales inferiorly in their basal 


416 Annals of the South African Museum. 


portions. In the male there is a similar condition, but the enlarged 
subdigital scales are rounded rather than oval, the distal one 
excepted. 

(b) Males with 6-9 preanal pores in a curved line, and an oblique row 
of 3 tubercles at the base of the tail on each side of the vent, the 
uppermost much the largest. 

(c) Dorsal scales of body granular, sometimes rather pointed, not 
well flattened and imbricate as in amatolica. 

Chin-shields small. The mental shield is rather elongated and 
narrows much towards the apex, where it is considerably narrower 
than the adjoining first labial. The first labial is also elongated, being 
longer than broad (in amatolica as broad as long). In one adult male 
specimen the rostral is separated from the left nostril by a small 
granule, but enters the right nostril. The supraciliary scales in the 
postero-dorsal part of the orbit are elongated and sharply pointed ; 
there are generally 5 or 6 such scales, the most posterior one largest. 
The other scales belonging to the same row are small. 

The tail is somewhat flattened and segmented by faint lateral con- 
strictions throughout its length ; about 20 segments are recognisable 
in the tail of an immature specimen, but in most adults the tail is 
reproduced. This segmentation is not, or hardly, noticeable in dorsal 
view, and the dark markings on the upper surface have no relation 
with the segmentation. Neither is there any modification in the size 
or shape of the scales at the junction of the segments above or below. 
Dorsally, a segment includes 7 rows of scales, but ventrally only 4 
LOWS. 

Colour of Spirit Specomens.—Above greyish, with indefinite blackish 
markings. Sometimes there are indications of irregular cross-bands 
on the back, but generally the markings on the back, if present at all, 
are irregular mottlings ; on the tail there are dark cross-markings and 
spots at intervals. 

Length from snout to vent, 56 mm.; breadth of head, 13 mm. 

The genus Oedura has been regarded as a great rarity in South 
Africa, and undoubtedly such is actually the case in most parts of the 
country. However, recent explorations, especially by Mr. R. Essex, 
have served to reveal it as common at certain isolated spots. These 
are usually, but not always, on inland mountains at high elevation. 
Each of these haunts seems to be the home of a peculiar form, and 
there is at present no evidence that any one form is widely distri- 
buted, as is the case in the genus Pachydactylus and various other 
geckoes. 


New and Littile-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 417 


Tetradactylus bilineatus sp. nov. 


Type.—A single specimen taken in the Burghersdorp district, C.P., 
by Dr. R. Broom, who presented it to the Albany Museum. 

The species is related to 7. tetradactylus Lacep., but is distinguished 
therefrom on the following characters :— 

(a) The nostril is bordered only by 3 nasal scales, the lowest one of 
which is elongated. Thus the first labial does not enter the nostril, 
as is the case in tetradactylus, and indeed in all known species, 2 nasals 
being the rule in this genus. 

(b) The frontal scute is broader, being about twice as long as broad, 
whereas in tetradactylus it is 2} times as long as broad, or even longer. 

(c) Third finger considerably longer than the second: in fetra- 
dactylus it is only slightly longer than the second, or subequal thereto. 

(d) Hind-limbs relatively longer, extending backwards as far as the 
ninth row of caudal scales ; in tetradactylus only extending as far as the 
sixth or seventh row. The fore-limb extends backwards over 9 rows 
of ventral scales: in tetradactylus over 8 ventral rows. 

There are 63 rows of scales from the occiput to the base of the tail. 
Femoral pores 4-5. On each side of the vent is a pointed claw-like 
scale. 

Head scales with dark brown spots. A conspicuous dark brown 
dorso-lateral stripe on each side of the body. These stripes are three 
scales apart, the two middle scales of each transverse row on the back 
being devoid of pigment, but the scale lateral thereto being pigmented 
in its outer half. 

Length from snout to vent, 53 mm.; hind-limb, 9 mm.; fore-limb, 
7 mm.; tail incomplete. 


Bufo rosei sp. nov. 


(Plate XX XVII.) 


This species is based on a series of specimens collected by Mr. Walter 
Rose on Muizenberg Mountain during March 1925. It is a very small 
form, which has hitherto been overlooked, perhaps owing to confusion 
with the young of angusticeps. 

The characters of rosez are: head broad, snout short, rounded, and 
not projecting; interorbital space a trifle narrower than the upper 
eyelid or subequal thereto; vertebral line absent or extremely 
indistinct ; tympanum absent ; pupil horizontal, but short outgrowths 
of the iris in the middle make it somewhat dumb-bell shaped ; paro- 
toids not prominent but easily distinguished on account of their 


418 Annals of the South African Museum. 


reddish tinge, sometimes much flattened and nearly obsolete, usually 
separated from the orbit by a considerable space. Dorsal surfaces 
throughout often quite smooth, without granules, asperities, or warts ; 
sometimes with fairly numerous flattened smooth blister-like warts 
dorsally and laterally, but such blisters do not generally extend to 
the head; they are best developed on the sides of the body, several 
larger ones more or less in a line with the parotoids being faintly 
tinged with red. Just behind the angle of the mouth there are one or 
several such excrescences, which also may be red-tinged, and are 
essentially similar to the parotoids in structure. Throat and belly 
quite smooth. In front of the vent there is a large subcircular area 
over the fat bodies, where the skin is strongly corrugated. First 
finger subequal to the second, or even very slightly longer. Toes 
without web ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle, outer one very weak ; ~ 
subarticular tubercles rather weakly or moderately developed, showing 
signs of doubling on the longer digits; toes slender, cylindric, and rather 
long, the first being well developed ; tarsal fold wanting. The hind- 
limb being carried forwards along the body, the tarso-metatarsal 
articulation reaches to a point between the parotoid and the orbit, 
or to the middle of the eye. 

Dorsally dark grey, with more or less distinct indications of three pale 
stripes ; the mid-dorsal stripe may extend from the tip of the snout 
to the vent ; the lateral stripes extend backwards from the red-tinged 
parotoids to the inguinal region; besides, the dorsal surface has 
numerous inconspicuous black spots or blotches of varying shape and 
size, more or less symmetrically disposed ; sides of body marbled with 
black and pale grey, sometimes with white spots below; throat 
white, belly dirty white and sometimes with faint dark markings, 
the corrugated area over the fat-gland tinged with yellow. Some- 
times the three dorsal stripes are broken up or obsolete, at other 
times conspicuous. . 

Length from snout to vent, 25 mm. 

This small toad, though differing greatly from a typical Bufo in its 
soft skin and dorsal striping, is clearly referable to the group of Cape 
species including angusticeps, amatolica, and gariepensis. These all 
have the belly skin more or less smooth, but the dorsal surface may be 
nearly smooth or covered with asperities even in specimens from the 
same locality (gariepensis at Victoria West). A peculiar character 
of all of them, but only feebly represented in regularis, is the projection 
of the iris at its middle point above and below, producing a dumbbell- 
shaped pupil. 


New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 419 


The absence of the tympanum is a special character of rosei, which 
separates it from any of these species, although angusticeps may have 
an indistinct tympanum. The latter species has the inner metatarsal 
tubercle much more strongly developed, and the toes are all more or 
less fringed with web, so that they are characteristically flattened over 
the greater portion of their length and pointed at the tip; the inner- 
most toe is thus subtriangular rather than cylindric, as in rosez. 

In the soft skin and comparatively feeble development of the pedal 
tubercles, rosez resembles the Cameroon species, B. prewssi Matschie, 
but perhaps only superficially ; and the latter seems easily distinguish- 
able on the webbing of the feet (see F. Nieden’s detailed account of the 
genus in his work, Anura I, Das Tierreich (46), Berlin and Leipzig, 
1923). 

Three species of Bufo are now known from the neighbourhood of the 
Cape Peninsula—regularis, angusticeps, and rosev; a fourth (granti) 
was once recorded from Durban Road by Mr. Boulenger; but this 
record may be regarded with suspicion, inasmuch as the species has 
not been taken by the local collectors in that district and is, moreover, 
essentially a Karroo type. When expressing his suspicion of that 
record, Mr. Rose wrote to me as follows: “ We live within gunshot 
of the Durban Road, and have gone over that region with a fine comb, 
day and night, wet and dry, and have probably turned over every log, 
stone, or tin within miles. I think it is reasonable to suppose that 
B. grants is not found in our neighbourhood at all. I am inclined to 
think that the same applies to Rappia marmorata and Megalizalus 
spinifrons, of both of which a solitary specimen is reported from near 
our home.” 

I have drawn attention to these doubtful records from the Cape 
Peninsula on a previous occasion, but published records are apt to 
survive a long time, stultifying our distribution studies.* 


* T take this opportunity of referring to Dr, Noble’s most useful check-list of 
the Amphibia of Africa,} the first that has been published, at any rate within recent 
decades. Most workers on the South African fauna will understand that the 
stated range of many frogs and toads as ‘“‘ South Africa” is not to be taken too 
literally, for actually not a single species can be said to occur throughout our 
region, with the possible exception of Xenopus laevis. Some species of very wide 
distribution in the warmest parts of Africa, such as Rana angolensis and Bufo 
regularis, range throughout all the northern half of our region, and southwards far 
into the Eastern Cape Province, but are replaced by other species throughout the 
greater portion of the western half of the Cape. Other widespreading species, 
such as Rana adspersa, R. oxyrhynchus, Phrynomantis bifasciata, and Hemisus 


+ Bulletin, American Museum Nat. Hist., vol. xlix, pp. 147-347, 1924. 


420 Annals of the South African Museum. 


The absence or weak development of the tympanum is a character 
peculiar to various species of Batrachians inhabiting the Cape Penin- 
sula, e.g. Bufo rosei, Microbatrachus capensis, Arthroleptella lightfoott, 
Cacosternum capense, Breviceps gibbosus, Rappia horstocku, and 
Heleophryne rosei. This seems best interpreted as a primitive con- 
dition, and that of Rana, etc., as secondary. 


MIcROBATRACHUS gen. nov. 


Related to Cacosternum Blgr. and Anhydrophryne Hwtt., but 
differing therefrom in the presence of precoracoid and omosternum. 
Sacral diapophyses strongly dilated, definitely of the Engystomatid 
type. Cranium without frontoparietal fontanelle; maxillary and 
premaxillary teeth present, but no vomerine teeth; outer meta- 
tarsals slightly separated by web distally. Pupil horizontal. 

Genotype.—Phrynobatrachus capensis Bler. 


Microbatrachus capensis (Blgt.). 
(Plate XXXVI, figs. 5 and 6. Text-fig. 3.) 
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. v, p. 538, 1910. 


Mr. Rose has taken a series of specimens of this interesting species, 
which at present is only known from shallow pools on the Cape Flats. 
The distribution is apparently very restricted, although the species 
is quite abundant in those pools. 

The degree of dilation of the sacral diapophyses is a character of 
doubtful importance in the separation of families, yet there is 
good generic value therein; and on this character alone capensis 
cannot be included in the same genus with Phrynobatrachus or with 


guttatum, are altogether unrepresented in the Western Province. The two last 
mentioned are recorded respectively in the check-list as “ South Africa northward 
to Angola in the west, to northern Kenya Colony in the east,” and “ South Africa 
north to Southern Angola and Zululand.’ I have mentioned these facts in order 
to emphasise that we think it no longer sufficient to treat South Africa as a homo- 
geneous area. It is preferable to list each of the various provinces separately, as 
in the recently published ‘“‘ Systema Avium Ethiopicarum”’ of W. L. Sclater, or at 
least to indicate the southern limits of each species. This would reveal the 
peculiarities of the western Cape fauna; even in the well-watered regions of the 
southern coast, this part of South Africa has a very small Amphibian fauna com- 
pared with that of Natal, for instance. In actual size it is certainly an insignificant 
portion of the great continent, but its fauna has a very special interest to students 
of zoogeography. 


Corragendum, p. 420 et seq. 


For MtcrRoBpatracuus read MICROBATRACHELLA, the former name 
being preoccupied (Roux, 1910). 


Annals S.A. Museum, Vol. XX, Part 6. 


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‘8-1 ‘SOIT 


422 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Natalobatrachus, which are of the Ranid type. The diapophyses of 
capensis are more enlarged than those of Anhydrophryne. 

The shoulder girdle (text-fig. 3) also differs from that of Phryno- 
batrachus ; the omosternum and precoracoid seem to be in process of 
degeneration, the former being only feebly ossified and the latter 
being purely cartilaginous in its ventral portion; the expanded 
ventral end of the coracoid has a weakly ossified area in the middle, 
and thus it appears to be double-headed, as in Cacosternum capense 
mihi(Records Albany Mus., vol. 111, p. 367, pl. xv): the metasternum is 
a strong bony rod and carries a broadly expanded cartilaginous plate. 

In the pedal characters there is only superficial resemblance to 
Phrynobatrachus. No trace of a tarsal tubercle occurs, and there is 
only one metatarsal tubercle. The outer metatarsals are only slightly 
separated by web, rather less so than in P. natalensis. ‘The digits are 
long, slender, and finely tapering. Terminal phalanx rather long 
and slender, but swollen at the tip, and tending to become anchor- 
shaped. Tongue bifid behind. Tarso-metatarsal articulation of 
adpressed hind-limb reaching the eye in females, midway between the 
eye and end of snout in adult males. Surfaces without warts, granu- 
lations, or asperities; no granulation under or behind the thighs. 
Body not depressed, snout short, rounded, or slightly pointed in 
male; latter paler than female, third finger as in female or a trifle 
longer, first finger swollen and modified as in Cacosternum, a sub- 
gular vocal sac. 

The colour pattern is distinctive: a black and white reticulation on 
the belly ; throat either pale, or dark with irregular white spots; a 
few very fine white spots may also occur on the lower surfaces of the 
limbs, but generally not so; dorsal surface with small dark spots 
and sometimes a continuous white mid-dorsal streak; an oblique 
dark stripe from the eye to the base of the fore-limb. In life “ the 
colouring shows an unlimited range, greens and olives predominating, 
and even red ones occurring; the power of colour-changing seems 
ereat, the rest colour being olive brown ” (W. Rose). 

The characteristic ventral coloration has considerable resemblance 
to that of Anhydrophryne, and, to a less extent, to Cacosternum. 

Microbatrachus is of much phylogenetic interest. Firstly, it 
represents the progenitor of the two more specialised genera just 
mentioned. It is, moreover, the simplest of all the African Engy- 
stomatids, occupying a position comparable to that of Heleophryne 
amongst the Bufonids. These three allied genera constitute an 
isolated group not directly connected with typical Engystomatids 


New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 423 


such as Phrynomantis, but possibly ancestral thereto. On the other 
hand, the variation of the sacral diapophysis character is such that 
this group is easily connected up through Anhydrophryne with 
primitive Ranids, so that there may even be remote relationship 
with Phrynobatrachus. The affinity with Anhydrophryne is also note- 
worthy as a further instance of connection between the faunas of the 
South-west Cape and of the Amatola region. 

Several very young frogs and tadpoles supplied by Mr. Rose enable 
me to give some notes on the larval characters. The two oldest tad- 
poles (text-fig. 9, b) are in the stage with the hind-limbs well emerged 
and fore-limbs still hidden. There is a pair of well-developed and 


es 
Qa 
Fic. 9.—Microbatrachus capensis (Blgr.). a, early tadpole in side view, enlarged. 


b, oral apparatus of late tadpole: it is stretched out antero-posteriorly to 
expose the jaws. In earlier stages the lateral papillae are longer. 


black horny jaws; they are rather widely extended, and the cutting 
margin of the upper jaw is sinuous, with a broad convexity in the 
middle as a beak. Three upper and three lower tooth-rows, all 
conspicuous but single; in the upper series, only the outermost one 
is complete and the innermost one is much reduced ; the lower series 
has three well-developed rows, all somewhat sinuous or folded into 
curves, and the inner one is incomplete mesially. Mouth disc large, 
transversely elongated and ventral. Lateral lobes edged with 
papillae, two rows of which are more or less developed. Nostrils 
rather large, their distance apart about 24-3 times the long diameter 
of a nostril. 

Body of moderate proportions, neither very deep nor depressed. 
Tail crests not deep, the margin above and below only lightly curved, 
tapering gradually to the end, which is acute; greatest depth of tail at 
any point scarcely, if at all, exceeds that of the body. Spiracle not 
distinctly traceable in the specimens. Left fore-limb emerges before 
the right one. Upper surfaces generally rather feebly infuscated ; 


424 Annals of the South African Museum. 


no dark spots on tail or body. Sometimes a white mid-dorsal streak 
on head and body. Lower surfaces of body and limbs whitish, the 
coils of the intestine being invisible through the opaque belly skin. 

Total length, 25 mm.; tail, 18 mm. 

At a somewhat later stage the dorsal surface of the juvenile frog 
shows numerous characteristic ocelli with small white centres and 
broader blackish margins; the ventral surfaces remain an opaque 
white without blackish markings. 

In tadpoles at an earlier stage (text-fig. 9, a), with the hind-limb just 
protruding, the spiracle is easily seen; it is situated ventro-laterally, 
the elongated tube being directed straight backwards but not dorsal- 
wards. The tooth-rows are much like those of older specimens, but 
are not so much folded ; the innermost row of the upper series may be 
entirely obsolete, but, on the other hand, the innermost row of the 
lower series may be unbroken mesially ; the outermost lower row may 
be less than 4, and at any rate is not more than 3, the length of the 
middle lower row. Eyes rather large. Nostrils prominent, their 
distance apart being about half that between the orbits. Anus 
opening on right side of base of caudal fin, close to its lower edge. 
Breadth of body greater than its depth. Seen from above, the 
outline of head and body is ovate. Integument transparent, the few 
coils of the intestine clearly visible. No black spots or streaks, but 
there are innumerable very minute granules of melanin in the skin ; 
these are fairly generally distributed, but are absent or ili developed 
over the otic region on each side of the head, over the hinder part of 
the belly mesially, and over the throat region. Upper caudal crest 
commencing at a point only slightly anterior to the vertical of the vent, 
considerably posterior to the vertical of the spiracle. Tail tapering 
towards the tip, where it is pointed but not acutely so; in shape it is 
more or less elongate hastate, being about 14-12 times the length of 
head and body combined; the exact shape varies, being sometimes 
tapering more or less uniformly from base to tip, at other times deepest 
about the middle of its length. 

The dentition of the tadpole has considerable resemblance to that of 
Cacosternum ; however, in the latter, the whole of the lower lip is 
fringed with papillae as at the sides, there may be traces of a fourth 
upper row of teeth, the outermost lower row is better developed, also 
the oral disc is smaller than that of Microbatrachus. The spiracle in 
Cacosternum is not quite so ventrally situated and its tube is directed 
obliquely upwards. 

In the arrangement of the tooth-rows and of the fringing papillae, 


New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 425 


Microbatrachus tadpoles resemble Bufo. This, however, is possibly a 
result of convergence, for in the position of the anus the two seem well 
separated. The anal character is suspected to be of importance 
because of a certain constancy in genera which show considerable 
variation in the dentition arrangement ; on this character, Bufo and 
Heleophryne agree together, although differing greatly in the mouth 
parts. 

In an important paper on Indian tadpoles (Records of the Indian 
Museum, vol. xv, pt. i), Annandale and Narayan Rao state that it 
does not seem possible (except in the case of Oxyglossus) to distinguish 
the larvae of the different genera of this family, the Ranidae. To 
realise the great diversity in structure that may occur amongst 
tadpoles of the same genus, Rana, it is only necessary to consult 
Annandale’s previous paper on South Indian tadpoles (see Records of 
the Indian Museum, vol. xv, pl. 1). 

Nevertheless, the above-mentioned authors indicated certain 
family differences amongst the tadpoles of the Indian plains. In the 
Engystomatidae of India there is no mouth-disc, no horny teeth or 
beak, and the spiracle is in the midventral line. On the characters 
given by these authorities, Cacosternum and Microbatrachus would 
exactly fit in with the Ranidae. 


Natalobatrachus bonebergi Hewitt and Methuen. 
diranss Hoy.is0C, 9, Ate. viol. 11, ps l0g, 1913: 


Dr. G. K. Noble has on several occasions pronounced this species 
to be nothing more than a Phrynobatrachus. A relationship to that 
genus was indeed indicated by Methuen and myself when we proposed 
the new generic name of Natalobatrachus. At that time we were 
chiefly impressed by the T-shaped distal phalanges as a distinguishing 
character from Phrynobatrachus. A recent investigation of the 
pectoral girdle (see text-fig. 8) has again satisfied me that generic 
separation is well justified. The metasternum of bonebergi is quite 
different from that of P. natalensis; the bony portion is a long rod 
greatly widened in front and tapering behind. The precoracoid is 
strong and bony. Here I may remark that Noble’s figures of the 
pectoral girdle of this species, and probably of others, do not correctly 
represent some of the characters concerned, presumably because of 
alteration in the skeletonising process. The drawings I now give 
are based on simple dissections. 

It is clear, as Noble points out, that bonebergz is closely related to 


426 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the Congo species described by Boulenger as Arthroleptis dendrobates, 
and now called Phrynobatrachus dendrobates by Noble. But I cannot 
agree that it is also closely allied to Phrynobatrachus plicatus, as he 
asserts. The metasternum of plicatus (text-fig. 7) is definitely of the 
Phrynobatrachus type. In some genera the metasternum is certainly 
very variable, but at least an occasional importance of this character 
is revealed by an examination of the metasternum in various South 
African species of Rana. These prove to be essentially similar, 
although there are specific differences. Even such widely different 
frogs as Rana delalandi and R. fasciata, which are still referred to 
distinct genera by eminent authorities, show much resemblance in 
their metasterna. 

For the present therefore, and until intermediate conditions are 
discovered, Natalobatrachus should be employed for the reception of 
the two species, bonebergi and dendrobates. Externally, it consider- 
ably resembles those species of Phrynobatrachus which have discs at 
the tips of the digits, but its discs are broader, the body more slender, 
and the tarsal tubercle obsolete or indistinct ; also, the males are quite 
devoid of external subgular vocal sacs. 

It seems probable that the presence of an elongated median papilla 
on the tongue is also of generic importance; it occurs in natalensis, 
perpalmatus, and plicatus, but is wanting in bonebergi. It may be 
added that in the most recent revision of the genus Phrynobatrachus, 
that by de Witte (Revue Zoologique Africaine, vol. vi, fase. 2, 1919), 
bonebergi and dendrobates are not included; on the other hand, 
capensis is admitted, the author remarking that this is the only species 
of Phrynobatrachus that lacks a tarsal tubercle, his notes on capensis 
being based solely on the original description, which we now know to 
be very incomplete. 


ARTHROLEPTELLA gen. nov. 


Resembling Arthroleptis (Smith) in most of its characters, but 
differing in the characters of the pectoral girdle. In Arthroleptis the 
omosternum is A-shaped and well developed, being much larger than 
the metasternum, which is cartilaginous: in Arthroleptella the omo- 
sternum is entire, and somewhat smaller than the metasternum, which 
has a well-developed bony rod. Sacral diapophyses typically Ranid, 
scarcely dilated at the apex. 

Genotype.—Arthroleptis lightfooti Blgr. 

The shoulder girdle of Arthroleptis and related genera has been 
studied by Dr. G. K. Noble, who furnished a useful series of illustra- 


New and Luttle-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 427 


tions in his paper on the Herpetology of the Belgian Congo (Bulletin 
American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. xlix, pp. 143-347, 1924). His account, 
however, somewhat discredits the value of this character as a basis 
for generic distinction. He even tells us that the girdles of A. wahl- 
bergi and P. natalensis, the type species of Arthroleptis and Phryno- 
batrachus respectively, are identical. Now, such is by no means the 
case. A. wahlbergr (text-fig. 1) has a distinctly A-shaped omo- 
sternum, and the short cartilaginous metasternum tapers behind ; 
the precoracoid is a strong bony rod. There is no bony style to the 
sternum, as is wrongly asserted in the Brit. Mus. Cat. P. natalensis 
(text-fig. 2) has also a long well-developed omosternum, triangularly 
expanded at the base, but not definitely A-shaped; it has a broad 
and strong, but rather short, bony metasternum, a little constricted in 
the middle, and sometimes broadest distally, and there is a bifid carti- 
laginous xiphisternum; the precoracoid is very slender and carti- 
laginous or feebly ossified. These two girdles are easily distinguishable, 
and it is quite clear from Noble’s figures that the two types are of 
considerable stability ; A. wahlbergi of Natal seems indistinguishable 
in its girdle from A. batesia of Cameroon, from A. variabilis of 
Cameroon, and from A. xenodactylus of Tanganyika. P. natalensis 
again is matched precisely in its pectoral girdle by P. perpalmatus of 
Lake Moero. 


Arthroleptella lightfooti (Blegr.). 
(Plate XXXVI, figs. 1-4, 8, and text-figs. 5 and 6.) 
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. v, p. 538, 1910. 


Mr. Rose has collected this species at various localities in the Cape 
Peninsula, viz. from Skeleton Gorge and Devil’s Peak Gorge on Table 
Mountain, from Muizenberg Mountain, and from Silvermyn Valley 
near Fish Hoek. As I learnt five years ago from Mr. Barnard, and 
more recently from Mr. Rose, this little frog dispenses with the 
free-swimming tadpole stage, like Anhydrophryne and Breviceps. 
‘““ During November I found several small clusters of eggs, about five 
eggs in each cluster. These had been deposited in damp moss near a 
small waterfall. All stages were present, the comparatively extremely 
large ege with white nucleus, the embryo with yolk-sac, the active 
and fully tailed tadpole, and the matured animal. The fall being 
nearly perpendicular, no swimming stage was possible ; and, in fact, 
some of the tailed tadpoles were drowned on the way home in the 
water at the bottom of the receptacle used. . . . The vocal note isa 
very high-pitched chirp, like that of a cricket ” (W. Rose). 


428 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Externally, this species differs considerably from Arthroleptis 
wahlbergi (Plate XXXVI, fig. 7). The latter has a very distinct 
tympanum ; males without any indication of external vocal sac ; first 
and second fingers subequal; subarticular tubercles of digits well 
developed, and the single inner metatarsal tubercle is strong ; canthus 
rostralis fairly well defined; a dark streak from the eye above the 
tympanum towards the fore-limb, and in front this is continued from 
the eye to the nostril. On the other hand, lightfooti has a very in- 
distinct tympanum ; males with slit-like invaginations of unmodified 
integument on each side of the throat, these slits being not deep; 
first finger shorter than the second; subarticular tubercles of 
digits rather weak, inner metatarsal tubercle very small and, 
in addition, a still smaller outer metatarsal tubercle (not mentioned 
in the original description); canthus rostralis not defined. The 
omosternum has its cartilaginous portion nearly as long as the bony 
portion. 

I have no doubt but that lightfooti is more nearly related to Avthro- 
leptis schebeni Nieden (Sitz. Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, 1913, 
No. 10), which is based on four examples from Klein Nauas in the 
Kalahari, other specimens being recorded from Rehoboth. Dr. F. 
Werner (in Beitr. zur Kenntnis d. Land- und Siisswasserfaune Deutsch- 
Siidwestafrikas, Reptilia u. Amphibia, Hamburg, 1915) gave other 
records from the neighbourhood of Windhoek, and added somewhat 
to the description ; but neither of these authors gave any information 
on the shoulder-girdle characters. In Noble’s key to the genus, 
schebent is placed in the section characterised by the single meta- 
tarsal tubercle, no tarsal tubercle, third finger of male greatly elon- 
gated ; and it is distinguished from all other members of that section 
from the fact that the tympanum is hidden. However, from the 
accounts of Nieden and Werner, it seems clear that there are two 
small metatarsal tubercles. It is chiefly on the indication of the 
tympanum and the metatarsal tubercles that I place schebeni pro- 
visionally in the genus Avthroleptella. 

It is possible that several races of lightfooti occur in the Cape 
Peninsula and neighbourhood. The type specimen, an adult female 
recorded from Newlands, is somewhat faded, but apparently was only 
sparingly infuscated when fresh, the lower parts of head and body 
being quite devoid of dark pigmentation : there is a broad dark stripe 
from the orbit, passing through the tympanum towards the base of 
the fore-limb, and in front there is a dark streak from the orbit to 
the nostril. There are also dark patches and spots on the upper lip, 


New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 429 


and on each side of the body dorsally is an irregular row of indistinct 
ocelli, which are rather distinctive of the species. 

Concerning the living colours of some specimens taken at Skeleton 
Gorge, Mr. Rose wrote as follows: “‘ The dorsal colour ranges from 
dark oak or russet brown to black, the same individual at times being 
any of these colours, the change being induced probably by light and 
emotion. The ventral surface at times is quite white, though many 
were found with ventral surface almost black, especially on the 
throat.” . 

Preserved male specimens from Skeleton Gorge all have the throat 
and breast strongly infuscated, sometimes quite black; the hind half 
of abdomen is finely speckled black and white, the latter generally 
predominating ; thighs and legs ventrally dark brown with small or 
minute white spots. The dorsal coloration is very variable ; often a 
reddish tinge is present on the arms and back; there is sometimes a 
white mid-dorsal line and a series of dark ocelli with white centres 
on each side of it, several such ocelli being occasionally present on the 
upper surface of the thighs and tarsi and over the eye. These ocelli 
may be longitudinally elongated and partially fused into dark dorso- 
lateral stripes. 

The total length is 16 mm. 

Preserved specimens from Devil’s Peak are appreciably larger, the 
total length being 20 mm. Also, the adult males are more strongly 
infuscated, very little white persisting on the abdomen. Young 
specimens, however, have the whole ventral surface of the body 
white, with or without a fine black reticulation. 

Specimens from Muizenberg Mountain are small, total length 
16 mm., and the ventral surface is not so deeply pigmented. An 
adult female is quite white throughout the ventral surfaces of head and 
body, but the lower lip is blackish, and the lower surfaces of thighs and 
legs are white with blackish reticulation, sides of body with blackish 
reticulation ; however, another female has a fine blackish reticulation 
extending over the white of the lower surface throughout. An adult 
male has infuscated throat and breast, and the greater part of the 
abdomen is whitish, but finely marked and speckled with black. 


Arthroleptella bicolor sp. nov. 
(Plate XXXVI, figs. 9 and 10. Text-fig. 4.) 


This new species is based on a series of specimens collected at 
Wellington, C.P., by K. H. Barnard and R. F. Lawrence in 1922 ; 
WO XexXe, SPAR TO: 30 


430 Annals of the South African Museum. 


types in the collection of the South African Museum. The species is 
closely related to lightfooti, and possibly a range of intermediates 
between the two will be found. However, it differs from its Cape 
Peninsula ally in the form of the xiphisternum (see fig. 4), which in 
bicolor is bifid, but in lightfoott is more or less anchor-shaped, not 
divided posteriorly. It is also larger and more robust than lightfoote 
and is differently coloured. 

Postero-ventral portion of the thigh with conspicuous scale-like 
corrugation of the skin extending rather more than half the length of 
the thigh. 

Tongue with deep median incision posteriorly ; in laghtfooti with a 
broader, more shallow, median incision. Dorsal skin with slight 
tendency to wartiness, especially over the snout, and also posteriorly ; 
but this is not traceable in some states of preservation. From the 
angle of the mouth a slight skin fold passes towards base of fore-limb. 
Interorbital space broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum indistinct. 
Fingers and toes with slightly swollen tips: toes without web: sub- 
articular tubercles all small ; two metatarsal tubercles, but outer one 
minute and inner one small: no tubercles on palms or on soles. 
Adpressed hind-limb with tarsal tubercles reaching to anterior border 
of eye in females, to the end of the snout or a trifle beyond in males. 

Colour of Spirit Specomens.—Upper parts of body and limbs black ; 
female with whole ventral surface of head and body white, one or 
several white patches on a black background on the thigh, and smaller 
white markings on the toes, fingers, arm, and fore-arm; male with 
black throat and white belly, limbs with conspicuous white markings 
throughout their length, a conspicuous white patch on the chin in one 
specimen, which in a second example is practically obsolete. 

Measurements.—Total length, male 17 mm.; female 21-5 mm. 


New and Little-known Lizards and Batrachians from South Africa. 431 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PuaTE XXXYV. 
FIG. 
1. Rhoptropus barnardi sp. nov. Ventral view, showing characteristic mental and 
chin-shields, etc., enlarged. 
2. Rhoptropus barnardi sp. nov. Ventral view of anal region and tail of male. 
3. - ie sp. nov. Ventral view of specimen with reproduced tail. 


PLATE XXXVI. 


1. Arthroleptella lightfooti (Blgr.). Dorsal view of male from Skeleton Gorge, 
Table Mountain. 

2 and 4. Females of same species from Muizenberg, ventral view. 

3. Male from Muizenberg, ventral view. 

5 and 6. Wicrobatrachus capensis (Blgr.). Two females in ventral view. 

7. Arthroleptis wahlbergi (Smith). Dorsal view, specimen from Mariannhill, Natal. 

8. Arthroleptella lightfooti (Blgr.). Ventral view, male from Skeleton Gorge, 
Table Mountain. 

9 and 10. Arthroleptella bicolor sp. nov. Female and male, ventral view. 


PuateE XXXVI. 


Bufo rosei. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XXXYV. 


RHOPTROPUS BARNARDI sp. nov. 


Neill & Co., Ind. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XXXVI. 


9 


SOUTH AFRICAN BATRACHIA. 
Neill & Co., Lia. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XX XVIT. 


BUFO ROSET sp. nov. 


Neill & Co., Lid. 


12. Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 
By Watrter Ross, L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng. 


(With Plate XX XVIII and 8 Text-figures.) 


WHEN nearly two years ago I commenced the study of the local 
Batrachia, I was struck by the paucity of the accessible literature 
thereon. Since then the field observations, from which the following 
notes are drawn, have formed a fascinating and healthful week-end 
hobby, in which the sharp eyes of my sons have materially helped. 
These notes are now offered, not as an exhaustive treatise, but as a 
small contribution to South African natural history. The fact that 
we have been lucky enough to come across several hitherto unrecorded 
species, and those within fifteen miles of Cape Town, may be taken as 
an indication of the enormous field for the amateur, as well as for the 
trained investigator, that lies in the sub-continent. That such a tiny 
district as the Cape Peninsula should contain almost the same number 
of species as the whole of Europe is an indication of the immense 
possibilities of South Africa. 

Anatomical data of the species cited are on record elsewhere, and 
precise details of the tadpoles are outside the scope of this paper, 
and only details personally observed are included. The term 
Peninsula, except when used in contradistinction to the Flats, is 
taken to include the latter up to five miles from the mountains. 

Rana grayi, Smith, shows a great variety of colours and markings, 
and is found everywhere in this district where there is grass, only 
resorting to water at the mating season. During dry seasons I have 
found it in earth-cracks two feet down. | Voice, a sharp click, in con- 
course almost deafening. The male is much smaller than the female. 
Embrace axillary. Eggs deposited in temporary vleis and puddles in 
May and June: 1200 have been counted. The semilunar embryo is 
whitish ; the tadpole at first is black, later of shades to some extent 
harmonising with environment. They vary a good deal in the size 
at which metamorphosis takes place, sometimes reaching 75 mm., at 
times changing at half that size. Colour changes appear to be 


434 Annals of the South African Museum. 


induced by light. A bright brown specimen kept in the dark for a 
time changed to a light fawn. 

Rana fasciata, Boie, frequents long grass by running water, usually 
on hillsides, but is very numerous in a marsh near the shore at 
Witsands. Tadpole long and narrow, with yellow vertebral stripe. 
No voice noticed. Only a moderate swimmer. Has a habit of diving 
through the long grass rather than jumping over it. 

Rana fuscigula, Dum. and Bibr. More aquatic, seldom noted except 
in pools or streams or on the banks thereof; highly cannibalistic. 
Voice, a harsh croak. The sticky spawn is found adhering to stones 
in streams, often in rapid torrents. The tadpoles may remain as 
such for two or more seasons. The largest I found was 112 mm. 
long, but metamorphosis may take place at less than half that size. 
I have often found them in mountain trickles barely deep enough to 
float them, metamorphosis then being very quick, complete froglets 
found in September being only 15 mm. from nose to vent. 

Pyzicephalus delalandiw (Tschudi) is found on sandy soil. Noc- 
turnal, especially during hot weather. Buries itself by kicking 
backwards into the sand. Male voice a rapid tinkling cluck, *“‘ Tuckle- 
uckle-uckle,” the female reply resembling nothing so much as the 
whine of a door-hinge. Embrace axillary. The small eggs number 
about 2500. The tadpole is shaped like a conventional heart, the 
small tail filling the notch. P. delalandw is second only to Breviceps 
gibbosus in distensibility. Changes colour similarly to R. gray. 

Rappia horstockw, Schleg., is rather plentiful in strictly localised 
areas: Retreat, Hout Bay, Strandfontein. Generally found in arums 
or amongst reeds by sluggish rivers ; though, as I have found speci- 
mens soon after the commencement of the rains, miles of sandy ground 
from the nearest permanent surface water, and later on by the beds of 
recently dried pools, I suspect it can aestivate in the damper subsoil. 

In my notebook, under 14th December 1924, I find the following : 
“ Four Rappia, two on bushes by a sluggish ditch, and two on Restio 
about half a mile distant from the nearest surface water, sand dunes 
intervening. The day was scorching hot and they were in an entirely 
exposed position, but were quite moist and cool.” 

Its favourite site is in the arum bloom, at times two or even three 
together, the frogs being then an ivory-white colour ; hands, feet, and 
inner parts of thighs bright pink. In other surroundings various shades 
of brown to mahogany are assumed; the changes, which may occupy a 
few minutes only, appearing to bea sight reflex. One specimen, when 
captured, was dark amber with bright green spots and green stripes 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 435 


above and below the dark lateral stripe. When taken from specimen 
case it was dark mahogany with light spots, and after some time in the 
light was very light yellow-brown with no spots. Voice a low croak ; 
chief activity at night. Itis very active, leaping upwards of 24 inches 
and alighting with certainty and precision. A favourite habit isto leap 
with hind legs wide spread and, when even a single toe touches a reed 
or the edge of a bloom, to twirl round to the opposite side thereof, out 
of sight. When perched on even the thinnest grass-stalk, Rappia has 
its feet against and never clutching it. On a flat surface the normal 
rest position is as shown in the sketch, the hands 
and feet outlining the stomach and forming a chamber 
which probably assists adhesion. The male vocal sac 
is only noticeable at the breeding season, and is 
protected by a disc of thickened skin, of which, in 
over 200 living specimens, no suctorial function has 
been noted. It will be seen that the fingers pass 
across the vocal sac. The fingers show a vestige of 
web, the toes being half-webbed. It catches insects 
with extensile tongue, often leaping a considerable pie. 1, — Rappia 
distance and catching them in its mid-flight. These horstockii. 
. eit Natural size. 

frogs have a habit of sitting on top of one another 

for hours or even days at a time, sometimes three deep and always 
exactly dressed and centred. This position, which has nothing 
whatever to do with mating, is often taken up even when the lower 


one is in a vertical position, and has only been observed in the case of 
captive specimens.* 

I do not consider that either R. marmorata or R. undulata occur in 
the Peninsula, and would similarly exclude Megalixalus spinifrons. 

Cassina senegalensis, Dum. and Bibr., is secretive, inactive, and 
nocturnal; does not hop, crawls rather slowly, climbs a little, and is 
only a moderate swimmer, the feet being about 4 webbed. I have 
obtained most of my specimens by breaking up the decaying roots of 
Restio, so common on the Flats, or by rearing from tadpoles. For 
such a slow, non-aquatic frog the tadpole is remarkable. It has a 
long and very broad and powerful tail, the membrane of which 
extends half-way up the body, dorsally and ventrally, which makes 
the swimming action very rapid and fish-like. There is a golden or 
silvery stripe 3 mm. wide along the axis of the tail, on either side. 
The tadpole grows to a considerable size, and all four imbs and body 
shape are fully developed before the tail shows the slightest sign of 


* See Addendum on spawning, p. 450. 


436 Annals of the South African Museum. 


shrinking. When once the shrinkage commences it is very rapid, 
considering the amount of 
material to be absorbed. A 
tadpole that had a tail 43 mm. 
ee a long on 27th December showed 
Fie. 2.—Tadpole of Cassina senegalensis. only the barest stump on 30th 
Pe aaa scmiras December, the body being per- 
ceptibly fatter, though no food was taken in the interval. I have 
noted the following weights and measurements :— 


Measurements— 

Length of adult . : ; 29mm: 

Tadpole, total length . : Busia (Ath a, 
Ae body length . : : ee Se 
ie taillength . : : SA iene 
- depth of tail . , ; oe tae 

W eights— 

Tadpole with four legs and full tail - 29sgrm. 
mA io = » half tail Bde KS ba soe 
oe practically tailless . : Cae a ees 

Adult . ; 3 : : : ia | 


The specimen described as adult was at least three years old, 
having been nearly two years in my vivarium, and was the largest 
of some twenty caught. A dead and dried specimen was found 
measuring 35 mm. nose to vent. The eggs are probably laid in 
October, as the first small tadpoles were found in mid-November and 
metamorphosis is complete about New Year. The vocal sound is a 
creak like that made by a basket. Embrace axillary. On the throat 
of the male all the year round is an ovate suction disc 7 mm. by 6 mm. 
I have noted an application of this when the frog is clinging to the 
side of a glass vessel, and suggest that it is used when mating, as 
accessory to the rather weak arms. 

Muicrobatrachus capensis (Blgr.) may be found in small numbers in 
several places on the Flats, in one locality at least being very plentiful. 
Generally found round the edges of temporary vleis, but a few have 
been found in summer in decaying Restio roots. Great variety in 
colour is displayed and considerable individual change. Specimens 
coloured pale, bright, or dark green, grey, fawn, light or dark brown, 
russet or black, may all be found in the same pool. Some are uni- 
formly coloured, in others a narrow vertebral stripe is constant; at 
times broad lateral stripes are seen. I have found a few speckled like - 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 487 


granite, and many have warty backs. Members of a large series may 
have nothing in common but size and shape. Bright light appears to 
induce the brighter shades. The belly also shows a great variety of 
mottling, marbling, blotching, or speckling, and is at times a plain 
brownish white. The feet show varying degrees of webbing up to 3. 
Voice, a sharp “ tschik, tschik,” the male vocal sac being continued 
over at least half the ventral surface, practically doubling the body 
size, being comparable in this respect to Hyla arborea of Kurope. The 
tiny eggs are deposited in June and July in clusters of about twenty, 
attached to grasses in shallow pools. 

The embryo is semilunar and black. Tadpoles are proportionately 
large, the converted froglet which I have found on 7th December being 
little smaller than the adults. 

Cacosternum boettgert (Blgr.). Specimens referable to this species, 
though, as Mr. Hewitt informs me, not typical boettgerz, are only 
occasionally found on the Flats; generally in close association with 
M. capensis, from which a close scrutiny is required to distinguish 
them. On the largest specimens I have taken (19 mm. nose to vent, 
35 mm. nose to toe) I could detect no trace of web. The stomach 
is white and is edged with small dark spots. C. boettgeri appears 
smoother and sits flatter than MZ. capensis, and the head is capable of 
—for a frog—a large extent of lateral movement. Only specimens 
of brownish colours have been found, the shades of which vary from 
time to time in the same individual. A broad dorsal stripe with a 
lighter vertebral streak is usually present. The breeding habits—. 
practically identical with those of M. capensis—have been fully 
described (Hewitt and Power, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Afr., vol. i, p. 171). 

Cacosternum capense, Hewitt. This species was described from one 
adult and one juvenile specimen only.* The advent of the rains, 10th 
June, and with them the breeding season of most of the Peninsula 
Batrachia, enabled me to secure a number of specimens in the type 
locality (Rondebosch Golf Links) and to make some notes thereon. On 
every occasion the numbers of males secured outnumbered the females 
by at least 6to 1. The largest female was 38} mm. from nose to vent, 
the largest male 32 mm. The male has a very conspicuous vocal sac 
which is quite black at this season. The voice varies, being at times 
a metallic “* Tock, Tock,” at times “‘ Cree, Cree,’ more like a slate- 
pencil drawn perpendicularly across a slate. After the mating period 
little sound was made. The embrace was axillary, the male's nose 
being pressed hard down on to the female’s head. 


* Records of the Albany Museum, vol. iii, p. 367. 


438 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Nine mating pairs were isolated, the eggs numbering 140, 190, 141, 
375, 209, 177, 57, 184, 400. The capsules measured 3 mm. across, 
and, though separate, were very sticky. The nucleus was white on 
one hemisphere and black on the other, and 1 mm. across. The 
embryo is quite white and semilunar. First froglets seen on 7th 
September. The gait is a series of short hops or rather flops, with 
now and again a short quick run. Swimming action not very strong, 
as they only enter the water at the breeding season. They sit very 
flat. Kept in a vivarium, with shallow water over sand, they lay for 
hours buried in the sand with the tip of the nose showing sometimes 
above, but more often below, the surface of the water. This habit, 
coupled with the fact that during the dry season they remain almost 
entirely underground, may account for their having escaped discovery 
until lately (July 1924). In living specimens the dorsal surface is - 
distinctly warty, and in the changing tadpole and froglet these warts 
are brightly coloured, either green or orange. Above the sacrum 
appear two small soft tuberosities which, Mr. Hewitt informs me, are 
skin glands. 

Cacosternum capense appears to emit a poisonous secretion, as on 
one occasion a Rana grayi and a dozen M. capensis, and on another, 
19 out of 25 Bufo roser, placed in the same vivarium, were found 
dead within a few hours. 

Arthroleptella lightfooti, Blgr. Found in several gorges on the 
Peninsula mountains and, under entirely different circumstances, in a 
small marsh above St James. Probably at least two types occur. 
Considerable variety in colour and marked individual change was 
observed. The voice is a high-pitched chirp like that of a cricket. 
The largest specimen measured 21 mm. from nose to vent. The 
breeding habit is of interest. At the beginning of November, in damp 
moss beside a small waterfall—the favourite habitat—I found several 
small clusters of eggs, each consisting of five or six closely adherent 
globules of jelly with large white nuclei. The globules were large— 
8 mm. diameter—the nucleus being 44mm. In some clusters could be 
seen tailed embryos that wriggled freely in the jelly when it was 
touched, whilst others showed an intermediate stage. Some were 
brought home and kept under observation. The embryos, at first 
white, soon turned darker, except the tail, which remained a trans- 
lucent white throughout. At the time the hind limbs were appearing, 
the little larvae left the capsule and wriggled about in the moss. They 
were quite unable to swim, and died when left in water. Development 
proceeded very rapidly, the appearance of the fore-limbs and the 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 439 
Pp 


absorption of the tail taking place in a matter of hours. The whole 
time taken for the complete metamorphosis was from a week to ten 
days. No food was taken and no mouth could be seen, and the 
complete froglet was little, if any, bigger than the egg nucleus. 

Although the little frog only kicked convulsively when placed in 
water, two left therein completely submerged were alive twelve hours 
later, the mouth, though then visible, appearing to be sealed up. The 
next day the froglets were, like the adults, extremely active, and 
commenced to feed on tiny insects. 

Breviceps gibbosus, Linn., is found on the mountains and Flats, 
generally underground ; often under termite or ant-heaps. Burrows 
by kicking outwards with hind legs and gradually turning round, 


©O 8 O¢ ik 


Fic. 3.—Stages in the development of Arthroleptella. All natural size. 


always clockwise. It is generally supposed that members of this 
genus omit the tadpole stage, and doubtless the breeding habit of 
B. gibbosus resembles that of B. mossambicus, of which Mr. G. van 
Dam of Pretoria has kindly given the following details: “ The eggs 
are large and comparatively few in number. These are deposited by 
the female in a small chamber, excavated under a stone, not neces- 
sarily anywhere near water. The complete metamorphosis takes 
place within the egg capsule, and the young Breviceps eventually 
emerge completely developed. The female parent remains in the 
vicinity throughout the period of incubation.” I have lately found a 
specimen, on the Flats, of a Breviceps that appears to be well distinct 
from gibbosus in skin-surface, markings, subarticular and metatarsal 
tubercles, by the mouth being more ventral, by the width of the head 
being less than 25 per cent. of the body-length compared with 40 per 
cent. of gibbosus, and in being much more active.* 

Bufo angusticeps, Smith. Very common in sandy localities from 
June to New Year, when it disappears. The eggs are deposited in 
strings during June and July, in puddles and temporary vleis ; 650 and 
850 have been counted. First complete toadlets, 10 mm. nose to vent, 


* This specimen has been sent to Mr. Power, who pronounces it as deserving of 
specific rank. Descriptions of this and still another new species from Table Moun- 
tain are given in his paper on the genus which appears in this volume. The 
Peninsula will thus contain three species of Breviceps. 


440 Annals of the South African Museum. 


were seen on 30th August. In one taken on 29th July 1925 the 
stomach was found to contain 8 univalve molluscs, Succinea delalandii, 
and nothing else, a surprising diet for a toad that only frequents water 
at breeding season. Embrace axillary. Voice, “Gaa, Gaa, Gaa,” 
slowly. Male throat not darker. 

They are moderate swimmers; hop, or run, when alarmed, but 
the usual gait is a walk. In general appearance, habitat, and habits 
B. angusticeps much resembles Bufo calamita of England. Inner side 
of hind limbs is yellow. 

Bufo rvegularis (Reuss), as found in the Peninsula, is a brilliantly 
coloured toad of large size. The upper surface is golden brown, 
olive green, or, occasionally, a vivid wine colour, with a_ bright 
yellow reticulation, more or less symmetrical, on either side of a verte- 
bral stripe. The paratoid glands and the skin above the eyes and 
nose are brick-red. The yellow reticulation and stripe are constant, 
and though broader in juveniles (which could be described as yellow 
with patches of the colours mentioned above) are persistent. Speci- 
mens collected in the Paarl district differed so much in appearance 
from the Peninsula type that for some time I regarded them as 
specifically different. Juveniles dorsally were silvery grey with grey- 
brown patches. The upper surface of the nose between the eyes, the 
upper edge and anterior half of the eyelids, the paratoids, and a 
triangular patch on the back—the size of the nose, and forming 
therewith, as it were, opposite corners of a square—were brick-red. 
The adults, whose warts, as compared with the Peninsula type, were 
large and relatively few, were all a uniform brownish grey, the very 
slightly darker patches being barely discernible. The largest found 
was 82 mm. from nose to vent. A pair were taken spawning in the 
fairly rapid Berg River in January. The strings of spawn were 
drifting down-stream amongst the stones, no effort being made to 
entwine them amongst the reeds. Our local reqularis spawns in August 
in vleis. The embrace is axillary. Last year I found a pair flagrante 
delicto, and secured the whole family. The male was 98 mm., and the 
female 137 mm., from nose to vent. The eggs in strings, which were 
only very slightly involved in the weeds, numbered 24,400, the last 
section—passed at home—having a club-shaped end. The tadpoles 
do not grow to any size, and the complete toadlets, found in mid- 
December, were only 12 mm. long. Some juveniles taken 84 months 
later were from 27 mm. in length. Despite the numerous progeny, 
this toad is comparatively rare compared with angusticeps. This is 
probably due to its longer larval life subjecting it to the attacks of 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 441 


numerous enemies, notably dragon-fly and other insect larvae; and 
perhaps in part to the cannibalistic habits of the species, young and 
old. I have seen a large specimen devour full-sized R. gray and 
B. angusticeps, and its own kind as large as 70 mm. body-length, and 
on one occasion a 7-inch Mabuwia trivittata. In taking this larger prey, 
regularis stands right over it and strikes down with open mouth and no 
noticeable tongue-extension. The male vocal sac distends to the size 
of a walnut, the voice being a harsh “‘ Waak, waak.”” The usual gait is 
a walk or a surprisingly long jump, neverarun. A moderate swimmer. 

Bufo rosei, Hewitt. I have found these little toads in a small 
marshy area at an altitude of about 1500 feet above Muizenberg ; in 
close association were found Rana fuscigula, R. grayr, R. fasciata, and a 
small irog of the Arthroleptella genus (gen. nov. Hewitt). The sur- 
rounding hillside was bare and rocky, and no toads were found more 
than a few feet from the marsh. 

A fair number of specimens was obtained, chiefly under overhanging 
grass tufts ; in all sizes from 5 mm. to 26 mm., which latter I consider 
the full adult size. They exhibit all the typical characteristics of 
toads as to gait, swimming action, and habits; and live well in a 
small vivarium, feeding freely on flies, which they catch with extensile 
tongue. | 

In colour dorsally they are dark grey with three light grey longi- 
tudinal stripes, the parotid glands being dark orange. At times the 
whole dorsal aspect is black, the markings being then either invisible 
or barely discernible. The belly is greyish white. Compared with 
most other toads, B. rosei has quite a defined neck, and the head is 
capable of a fair degree of lateral movement. 

I have also found this toad in some numbers by small streams at 
Jackals Drift, a second locality. No spawn definitely attributable 
thereto has so far been found, though I refer to this species some 
thick (4 mm.) non-indented ropes of spawn with large nuclei 
(2 mm. diameter and four to the centimetre) found in the vicinity. 
I suggest that careful search of the mountains of the mainland 
will prove that this little toad has a fairly wide range at altitudes 
above 1000 feet. 

Heleophryne roser (Hewitt) was fully described by Mr. Hewitt.* In all, — 
we have caught 6 adults and 15 juveniles in Skeleton Gorge on Table 
Mountain. All were found under stones in or beside the rushing 
stream. Tadpoles, which are distinguished by a remarkable suction 
disc around the mouth, were plentiful under rocks, to which they 


* Records of the Aibany Museum, vol. ili, p. 363. 


442 Annals of the South African Museum. 


closely adhered; and a number were induced to complete their 
metamorphosis in an irrigated aquarium. It is certain that they 
may, and probably always do, pass at least two seasons as tadpoles. 
They are never observed swimming unless disturbed, when a quick 
dart is made to another anchorage. In the aquarium the suction 
dise could be well observed through the glass, the tadpole moving 
forwards from time to time as it devoured the algae. The colour 
dorsally is dark green. The skin on the ventral surface is so thin 
that the gills and viscera show clearly, red and black respectively. 
The spiracle is sinistral and very conspicuous. The maximum length 
is 47 mm., of which the head is 10 mm. and the body 94 mm., the 
head being 94 mm. wide. Tadpoles taken on the opposite side of 
‘Table Mountain and referred to this species were of a light amber 


Fic. 4.—Heleophryne rosei tadpole. 


colour, very young ones being transparent. Large yellow eggs dissected 
from a female resembled those obtained similarly from a Breviceps, 
and though I have never actually found eggs, I suspect that they 
are deposited in a hole in the river bank and—judging by the date 
the tiny tadpoles were found—early in June. The adults, of which 
the largest males and females were 41 mm. and 63 mm. respectively, 
are nocturnal, and I consider decidedly aquatic. They remained for 
hours submerged in the tank of a vivarium, taking no interest in an 
aloe—despiked—growing beside it; though later they hid in hollows 
at the roots. Ihave noticed that, when sloughing, the skin is allowed 
to float away piecemeal, the frog making no effort to hasten the 
process. When under water the eye is covered by a thin trans- 
parent membrane. The iris is green, the pupil diamond-shaped. 
On one occasion a H. rosei was heard to give a chirp, but no other 
vocal sound has been heard. I could not induce them to eat insects, 
and suspect that their food is aquatic crustacea and larvae. Some 
H. purcelli, captured in a similar locale near Groot Drakenstein and 
kept in the same vivarium, though remaining under stones in the 
tank for three days after capture, later on were often found perched 
ona horizontal branch. They jumped readily at flies, and are perhaps 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 443 


more arboreal than rosez, as the thicker-skinned granular belly 
suggests ; but they certainly did not display anything of that grace 
and agility in leaping and climbing which is seen to such advantage 
in the European tree-frogs and our local Rappia. The dorsal colours 
of roser are dark green reticulated with dark brick-red, the ventral 
surface whitish, the abdominal viscera showing through the smooth 
skin. In purcelli the dark green is more extensive, the reddish 
markings appearing only as spots. Purcelli tadpoles are light amber 
spotted with black, stomachs quite white. 

Xenopus laevis (Daud.). A good deal has been written about this 
frog and its tadpole, but most accounts appear to emphasise its 
essentially aquatic habits and predilection for deep rivers, ponds, and 


x4 Sy” 


CQOHOOO_ ©OQOQOQOOO©®@ 


Natural size. 


Fic. 5.—Eggs and tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. 


dams. Large stretches of the Cape Flats consist of rolling sand 
dunes, the hollows between which—for half the year dry sand—the 
June rains convert into small pools a few inches deep. It is hardly con- 
ceivable that any Plathander, even if it so desired, could reach these 
pools from permanent water which may be several sandy miles away, 
yet in mid-July well-grown tadpoles can be found. Also I have found 
hundreds of juveniles huddled together in the last remains of a nearly 
dried vlei, so close that scores were caught by pulling a small bag 
through the water. The situation was such as to make migration 
out of the question. My notes state: “ April 6th, about 200 Plat- 
handers caught in a pool about 6 square feet in size, as many more 
being left.” This year, just before the rains, I dug up a Xenopus from 
the same locality. Apropos of this specimen, I suggest with all 
reserve the possibility of there being another species of Xenopus on 
the Flats. This specimen—and a dozen others found since—in my 
opinion differed from the normal on the following points: Nose 


444 Annals of the South African Museum. 


sharper, teeth much longer, hind limbs proportionately longer, feet 
not quite so fully webbed, eyes smaller, and tentacles not apparent, 
having in the mouth a peculiar organ that could most appropriately 
be described as having the appearance of a posteriorly attached 
tongue or a deflated air-sac. The stomach was brownish. Length, 
nose to vent 56 mm., nose to toe 120 mm. 

The eggs, which continue to be deposited until August, are 3 mm. 
across. Nucleus 2mm. They are attached in single file, touching, 
along one side of stalks of grass or water-weed. The tadpole is com- 
plete in a week and for another week remains absolutely motionless, 
head upwards, at or near the surface. Later they are always seen 


——— 
<a Dors. —— x5 
€S) Vent. = - 


Fia. 6.—Tadpoles described on p. 445. 


vertically, head downwards, maintaining position by movement of the 
very tip of the tail, the wide soft mouth apparently sucking in minute 
animalcules. The first complete froglets were found on 28th October, 
but in deeper water the tadpoles may be found till much later. 

The Plathander has a peculiar habit of forking its food into its 
tongueless mouth with its long fingers, at times actually grasping the 
prey therewith before seizing it with the mouth. The diet is worms, 
insects, small frogs, tadpoles, and small fish. When under water the 
eye is often covered from below by a transparent nictitating mem- 
brane. By keeping Xenopus in glass jars surrounded by black and 
by white paper I have induced marked corresponding colour changes. 
It is, I think, known that the Plathander can survive in brackish 
water. A half-grown specimen was placed in 623 ounces of water 
and 60 grains of sodium chloride was added each day. It was not 
until 360 grains had been added that the frog showed signs of dis- 
comfort, the altered density of the water preventing it from leaving 
the surface except by an effort. No more salt was added, but death 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 445 


ensued four days later. The body had a stiff leathery feel and the 
skin was quite devoid of slime. I have frequently found Xenopus 
in close association with M. capensis, which is surprising in view of 
the former’s habits. In or by one small sand-dune vlei, a few inches 
deep, on one day lately I found Xenopus, R. grayi, Rk. fuscigula, 
B. regularis, B. angusticeps, R. horstocku, C. boettgerr, M. capensis, 
P. delalandii, and a Breviceps. 

Recently (21st June 1925) I found near Jackals Drift several 
clusters of frogs’ eggs of a type that I cannot refer to any known 
species, except by presumption of an aberrant habit. These eggs, 
which were not in any degree adherent, were deposited to the 
number of 100 or so in small cup-shaped depressions in grass tufts 
or between them, which had the appearance of having been formed 
by the parents. A hundred or more eggs—diameter 3-4 mm., 
nucleus 2 mm.—were in each cluster, in some cases 50 per cent. being 
unfertile and of a milky opacity. A very transient puddle containing 
some toad spawn was near at hand. Most of the eggs in these clusters, 
which could never have been in water, contained a fully developed 
tadpole which wriggled slightly within a transparent capsule, which 
offered considerable resistance to pressure, and reminded one of a 
fortune-teller’s crystal. Some were placed in water and some kept 
on damp earth. In both cases a tadpole—7 mm., of which the tail 
was 4 mm.—emerged in a few days, swimming strongly or wriggling 
in the mud, leaving a distinct empty envelope. After a few days, 
owing to the difficulty of keeping the mud in the vessel uniformly 
moist, I transferred all to water. In the capsule, and for some days 
later, no mouth could be discovered with a x 20 lens, though two small 
circular spots, on the ventral aspect, that I took to be gill orifices, 
could be seen. The iris was golden and the pupilround. Surrounding 
the whole body, a transparent envelope could be detected. 

In a few days more the usual tadpole mouth appeared, and up to the 
present the tadpoles are not very distinctive. Identification must 
await complete metamorphosis ;* but I may mention that as the result 
of a thorough search, including digging, only Rana grayi were found, 
but no normal spawn nor tadpoles thereof, though in other localities 
every puddle swarmed with the latter. 


* Since the above was written a number of tadpoles have completed their 
metamorphosis, but no difference can be detected between them and normal 
Rk. grayi; the conclusion being that certain of this species have developed an 
egregious metamorphosis. The only vlei in the vicinity, though some miles from 
the sea, was strongly saline. 

VOL. XxXo| PART6. 31 


inireh Ze 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 447 


EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURE 7. 


Under-surface of left hands and feet of Peninsula Batrachia. All of the 
natural size except two. 


1. Bufo regularis, mainland type. 10. Cassina senegalensis. 

Pasian ns Peninsula type. 11. Microbatrachus capensis. x 2.* 
3. Rappia horstockii. 12. Arthroleptella lightfooti. x 2. 
4. Pyxicephalus delalandit. 13. Rana grayi. 

5. Breviceps gibbosus. 14. ,, fasciata. 

6. a sp. LD ss uscegula: 

7. Bufo rosei. 16. Xenopus laevis. 

8. ,, angusticeps. 17. Heleophryne roset. 

9. Cacosternum capense. 


To summarise : the local Batrachia that resort to water for breeding 
only are Rana grayi, Cassina senegalensis, Pyxicephalus delalandii, 
Cacosternum capense, Bufo regularis, Rappia horstocki, and, remaining 
in water somewhat longer, Microbatrachus capensis and Cacosternum 
boettgert. Except R. grayi, the above practically disappear during 
dry months. Found by permanent streams are Rana fasciata, Bufo 
rosei, Rana fuscigula, Arthroleptella lightfooti, and Heleophryne rosei, 
the last being confined to mountain gorges. Xenopus frequents 
sluggish rivers and vleis, both temporary and permanent. 

In Pyzxicephalus delalandu, Cacosternum capense, Cassina senegal- 
ensis, Arthroleptella lightfooti, and Muicrobatrachus capensis the male 
throat is very dark, especially during breeding season. In Rana grayi, 
Rappia horstockiw, Bufo regularis, and R. fuscigula less but noticeably 
so; in the others [ have not observed any difference. 

Individual colour changes are very marked in Mvcrobatrachus 
capensis, Xenopus laevis, Arthroleptella lightfooti, Rappia horstockii, 
Pysxicephalus delalandu, Cassina senegalensis; somewhat less so in Bufo 
angusticeps, Bufo roser, Rana fuscigula, and Rana grayi; and little or 
none noted in Bufo reqularis, Breviceps gibbosus, or Heleophryne roset. 

I have found free-swimming tadpoles of all except Arthroleptella 
lightfoott, Breviceps gibbosus, Rappia horstocki,t and, to be positive, 
Bufo vosei ; and spawn of all except the last three and Rana fasciata, 
Heleophryne, and Cassina senegalensis. I do not think, however, that 
any but the first two, and probably Heleophryne rosei, depart from 
the usual habit. 

The local distribution, based on a very thorough search and in most 
cases many scores of captures, may be given as follows :— 

Flats and low-lying parts of the Peninsula only: Xenopus laevis, 


* Feet of Cacosternum boettgert practically identical but lack the web. 
+ See Addendum, p. 450. 


448 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Cassina senegalensis, Rappia horstockii, Microbatrachus capensis, 
Cacosternum boettgert, Cacosternum capense, Pyxicephalus delalandii, 
and Bufo angusticeps. 

On high ground only: Bufo roser, Arthroleptella lightfooti, and 
Heleophryne rosetv. 

On both: Bufo regularis (one only from the mountain), the three 
Ranae, and Breviceps gibbosus. 

Markedly cannibalistic are Bufo regularis, Xenopus laevis, and Rana 
fuscigula ; the others seldom depart from the usual Batrachian diet 
of insects. 

There is no Peninsula species the spawn of which floats in water 
like that of Rana temporaria of Europe. 

I think only approximate times can be assigned to the various stages 
of the free-swimming tadpoles, and only minimum times are worth 
recording, food-supply, light, depth, and temperature of the water 
being determinative factors ; but, as would be expected, species such 
as Rana grayi, Pyxicephalus delalandii, Bufo angusticeps, and Caco- 
sternum capense, which spawn in the nearest puddle, have the shortest 
larval life (except Arthroleptella lightfooti). Bufo regularis, Micro- 
batrachus capensis, and Cassina senegalensis, which choose the 
larger temporary vleis, come next, and so on. I believe that, 
under a certain maintained condition of the above factors, the tad- 
poles of many species could be kept almost indefinitely as such. 
Observers up-country should bear in mind the reversal of the rainy 
seasons, our rains commencing in June. 

A point that I have noted as persisting in a large number of widely 
separated South African species is a dark mark shaped like a boomer- 
ang on the head, concavity forwards, and ends extending over the 
eyes, and sometimes divided in the centre. Its significance may or 
may not be protective concealment, but its frequent occurrence 
is remarkable. 

On the opposite page are drawings of the left eyes of the Peninsula 
Batrachia, made from living specimens. The eyes of preserved 
specimens often show an unnatural shape, as was brought to my 
notice in the case of Bufo angusticeps by Mr. Hewitt. All the 
drawings were made under the same light conditions, but it should be 
remembered that the irides of the more nocturnal species may show a 
disproportionate contraction. 

Sizes of the various species in millimetres, mostly maximum (nose to 
vent and nose to toe respectively), are as follows: Rana grayi 42 and 
115; R. fasciata 47 and 142; R. fusciqula 95 and 245; Py. delalandu 


Some Field Notes on the Batrachia of the Cape Peninsula. 449 


48 and 113; Rappia horstockw 35 and 84; Cassina senegalensis 29 
and 67 ; Arthroleptella lightfooti 20 and 41 ; Microbatrachus capensis 20 
and 37; Cacosternum capense 38 and 75; C. boettgeri 19 and 35; 
Breviceps gibbosus 48 and 65; Breviceps sp. 38 and 68; Heleophryne 


Fig. 8.—Left eyes of Peninsula Batrachia. 


1. Cacosternum capense. x2. 9. Rana grayt. x2. 

2. Bufo roset. x3. 10. Bufo angusticeps. x2. 

3. Breviceps sp. x2. ll. Cassina senegalensis. x2. 

4. Pyxicephalus delalandii. x2. 12. Rana fuscigula. Natural size. 
5. Xenopus laevis. Natural size. 13. Arthroleptella lightfooti. x5. 
6. Rappia horstocki. x3. 14. Rana fasciata. x2. 

7. Microbatrachus capensis. x65. 15. Heleophryne rosei. x2. 

8. Bufo regularis. Natural size. 


rosev 60 and 165; Bufo angusticeps 68 and 110; B. regularis 137 and 
260; B. rose, 26 and 50; Xenopus laevis 105 and 198. 

In conclusion, I wish to record my great appreciation of the helpful 
advice and encouragement given to me by Dr. K. H. Barnard, Mr. 
J. Hewitt, and Mr. J. H. Power, without which these few notes could 
never have been attempted. 


450 Annals of the South African Museum. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII. 


Left above: Cacosternum capense (male above). 

Left below: Bufo regularis (Paarl type). x3. 

Right above: Bufo regularis (Peninsula type), young. 
Right below: Bufo reyularis (Peninsula type). x4. 


ADDENDUM to p. 447: spawning of Rappia horstockw. 


Early in November, captive specimens deposited spawn in clusters 
of from 10 to 30 eggs attached to the roots of water-weeds (Canadian 
Water Hyacinth). The jelly capsule was 4 mm. in diameter, and the 
nucleus, which was white on one hemisphere and russet-brown on the 
other, was 2 mm. across. The tadpoles, which were not successfully 
reared, were translucent, with a decided brown pigmentation. 


CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA. 


Rappia horstockiw, p. 434, near foot, should read “‘ appearing to 
be a skin, rather than a sight, reflex.” 

Cassina senegalensis, p. 435. Mr. Hewitt considers the 
Peninsula type to be deserving of a distinctive name, and has 
suggested Cassina wealt quinquevittata. 

Microbatrachus capensis, p. 436. The name Microbatrachus 
proving to be preoccupied, Mr. Hewitt has changed this to 
Microbatrachella. 

Distinctive Xenopus, pp. 443-4. This has now been described 
as Xenopus gilli in paper read to Royal Society of South Africa 
in August, 1926. (Hewitt & Rose.) 

Xenopus in saline, pp. 444-5. This is not a personal note; 
but I have not been able to trace the reference. 

Rana grayt, pp. 433 and 445. I find that I have been guilty 
of an error regarding the breeding habit of this. When making 
notes thereon, I accepted too readily the current idea; and 
attributed to R. grayi clusters of the spawn of Cacosternum capense, 
this species being then unknown. I have since found out that the 
habit described on p. 445 and figured on p. 444, as possibly egregious, 
is the normal habit of R. grayi; though elsewhere the eggs were 
found scattered promiscuously. This rather unusual habit would 
seem to have its explanation in the extremely variable and pre- 
carious nature of the early rain-pools so favoured by this frog. 
The deletion of the words “‘ The semilunar embryo is whitish’ on 
p. 433, will leave the account of R. gray: correct, with that on p. 445 


as amplification. 
W. R. 7/9/26. 
i 


vr. on 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XX XVIII. 


— 


SOUTH AFRICAN BATRACHIA. 
Photos: WALTER ROSE. Neill & Co., Lid. 


( 451 ) 


13. A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps, with Distribution 
Records and Descriptions of New Species.—By J. H. Powsmr, F.Z.S. 


(With Plates XXXIX-XLIIL) 


In working through certain of the frogs and toads some time ago, I 
was surprised at the very unsatisfactory state of the synonymy of 
this genus. 

It may be well at the outset to give a résumé of the history of the 
genus. 

The attention of scientists was first drawn to this peculiarly South 
African toad by Linné in 1758,* when he described a specimen from 
the Cape under the name of Rana gibbosa. Sixty-two years later, in 
1820, the genus Breviceps was made by Merrem + with Linné’s species 
as the type. - 

Next B. verrucosus was described by Rapp,t in 1842, from material 
collected in Natal. 

In 1855, Peters described § B. mossambicus from a collection made 
on the island of Mozambique and at Sena. The same author in 1882 || 
referred to another form in a more or less passing sort of way. He 
says: “ Another not yet described variety is B. adspersus, Peters, 
which I obtained between the 25° and 26° Lat. S., from the Transvaal 
as well as from Damaraland, 8.W. Africa. On the back, but especially 
on the sides, of the body are scattered granules, whereas the belly is 
smooth.” 

Werner described 4 another new form, from 
town,” under the name B. pentheri, in 1899. 

B. macrops was described from Namaqualand by Boulenger ** in 
1907, and quite recently (January 1925) Hewitt tf has described three 
new species under the names B. fuscus, B. tympanifer, and B. parvus. 


‘ 


‘perhaps Grahams- 


* Systema Naturae (10th edition), vol. i, p. 211. 
7 Trent. Syst. Amph., p. 177. 

{ Arch. Naturg., vol. viii, pt. i, p. 291. 

§ Ibid., vol. xxi, pt. i, p. 58. 

|| Reise nach. Mossamb., vol. iii, p. 177. 

§| Zool. Anz., No. 581, p. 116. 

** Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), vol. xx, p. 46. 
+t Ann. Natal Mus., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 189. 


452 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Later still, in a paper read before the Zoological Society of London, 
on 21st April 1925, Mr. Loveridge describes another new species which 
he calls Breviceps uluguruensis. 

From the description and figure given of this specimen, taken in 
the Uluguru Mountains, Tanganyika Territory, it is clearly not a 
member of the genus Breviceps. 

As already stated, Werner described B. pentherz, in 1899, from what 
was evidently an immature specimen (15 mm. long), but afterwards 
reduced it to a synonym of B. verrucosus ; while Boulenger,* in 1910, 
put both as synonyms of B. gibbosus, so that in his revised list + he 
recognises only four species, B. gibbosus, B. adspersus, B. mossambicus, 
and B. macrops. There is no doubt that the species named adspersus 
by Peters, and that so named by Boulenger, are quite different — 
forms. So obvious a distinction as the larger eye-opening, by which 
Boulenger separates it from gibbosus, would certainly have been 
noticed and mentioned by Peters. Most probably Peters’ adspersus 
is the same as the specimens in the Transvaal Museum from Kastrol 
Nek, which I refer to Hewitt’s recently described parvus, though 
Hewitt considers the Grahamstown examples of the species as possibly 
the same as B. pentherv. 

Again, Hewitt sayst: “It seems very probable that pentherv, 
Wern., and adspersus, Pet., are the same, and I cannot separate them 
from mossambicus, Pet. 

“The Kimberley species, which I provisionally referred to pentherz, 
is presumably the same as adspersus, Pet.” 

The form occurring at Kimberley is now definitely known to be 
mossambicus. 

As regards verrucosus, Rapp, Hewitt says§: “ Recently I have 
compared Rapp’s description with material in the British Museum 
collection, and though unable to identify it with any known species, 
am content to believe that verrucosus is really based on material from 
Natal (coll. Krauss), as stated in his description, the illustration 
apparently representing a species in which the fourth finger is much 
shorter than the second; in any case, Rapp’s figure is unlike the 
Knysna specimens in pigmentation and in the nature of granulation.” 

At one time Boulenger put specimens from Knysna under verrucosus, 
but, as stated above, afterwards put the species as a synonym of 


* Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. v, pt. 9, p. 534. 
7 Boulenger, loc. cit. 

t Ann. Trans. Mus., vol. iii, No. 1, p. 54. 
§ Ann. Natal Mus., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 192. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 453 


gibbosus. Hewitt * has now described the Knysna form under the 
name b. fuscus, and in the concluding sentence of his description of 
B. tympanifer, he says: “ This species I might perhaps have referred 
to verrucosus, Rapp, but for the fact that the description thereof 
includes ‘ Das Trommelfell verdeckt.’ ” 

Such then, in brief, is the history of the systematics of the genus. 
In the present paper four new species are being added. 

Thanks to the directors of the various museums, the author has been 
able to examine a large series of specimens from all parts of the 
Union, Rhodesia, and Portuguese East Africa. 

The relative lengths of the second and fourth fingers were taken 
as a primary means of separating the various species, but as the work 
of examination proceeded, it was found that many specimens grouped 
according to this definition with B. gibbosus were in other respects 
near mossambicus. 

Hach of the diagnostic characters given in Boulenger’s revised list 
was then taken separately, tested through a large series of specimens, 
and the results tabulated. These showed such variation, and in 
many cases overlapping, that it became evident that averages only 
could show the true state of things. The averages, therefore, in 
addition to the ranges of variation, are given on page 459. 

Other characters described hereafter were then explored as possible 
means of separating the different forms. 


Snout Into Bopy. 


When typical specimens of each of the existing species were put 
side by side, the difference in the appearance of the snout was so 
striking that it was examined as a possible source of diagnosis (see 
Plate XX XIX, figs. 1, 4, and 8). The proportions between the lengths 
of snout and body of ten specimens of B. gibbosus (Cape), twelve of 
B. mossambicus (various localities), four of B. macrops (Namaqualand), 
were taken with the following remarkable results :— 


Length of Snout 7 
into Length of Body.t 


B. gibbosus : : 4 : 8 to 82 times. 
B. mossambicus : : pe eA ee Seo a 
B. macrops 3 : ; ‘ 38 ,, 44s, 


* Hewitt, loc. cit., p. 191. 

{} Measured from a line joining the posterior corners of the eye-openings to the 
tip of the snout between the nostrils. 

t Measured from snout to vent. 


454 Annals of the South African Museum. 


It was now clear that this was an important character apparently 
overlooked by previous authors. The work of testing it through a 
large series of specimens was then undertaken. The results will be 
found in the table on page 459. (See also Plate XX XIX, figs. 1 to 10.) 


Bopy. 


In two specimens from Table Mountain, and one from Hottentot’s 
Holland, Caledon Div., the body is extremely rough throughout, even 
to the upper surface of the hands, arms, legs, and feet. In the 
Hottentot’s Holland specimen the dorsal tubercles are comparatively 
large and crater-like, and in the Table Mountain specimen they are 
small and granular. 

Specimens from St. John’s, Transkei, have the body thickly covered 
throughout with small flat, pitted tubercles. In those from Knysna 
the body is very rough, especially the dorsal surface, and all round the 
head. There may be no distinct tubercles, but pits or ruts going in all 
directions, or there may be raised, warty tubercles scattered rather 
sparsely over the dorsal surface. Under the head they are very 
rough, but not so rough on the abdomen; the ventral tubercles may 
be rather small and flattened, or they may be quite smooth on the 
abdomen. Sometimes the posterior third of the dorsal surface, the 
sides, and the whole ventral surface except the chin are smooth. 

Those from the Cape Peninsula, the home of typical gibbosus, are 
very rough throughout, covered with large flat tubercles or small 
pitted ones, which give them a crater-like appearance ; occasionally 
the posterior quarter of the dorsal surface, the sides, and the whole 
ventral surface are quite smooth. 

Certain specimens from Mariannhill and Umbilo, Natal, have the 
body above, together with the arms and legs, covered with small 
prominent tubercles. Ventrally, the centre of the abdomen is fairly 
smooth, the remainder having flattened tubercles, save under the 
head, which is covered with small tubercles as dorsally. 

Typical specimens of macrops from Namaqualand are perfectly 
smooth throughout; the head, legs, feet, arms, and hands have a 
high polish. A very occasional specimen may be slightly rough 
above, through numerous tiny skin folds. 

Of two specimens from Port Nolloth, one has the latter third 
dorsally, the sides, under the head, and the abdomen, finely granular. 
The other is perfectly smooth throughout, except under the head, 
where the skin is wrinkled, giving it a rough appearance. The upper 
surface is highly polished. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 455 


Specimens from various localities in the Cape Province, Natal, 
Transvaal, Rhodesia, and Portuguese Hast Africa I have placed as 
B. mossambicus ; they show the following variations : Above, rough, 
with large flattened or small raised tubercles pitted all over with 
pores; below, smooth or slightly granular; or smooth throughout ; 
or posterior half of body covered with flat tubercles ; or with soft 
folds of the skin giving them a warty-looking appearance ; or granular 
on the sides only. 

A large series from Kastrol Nek, and specimens from Bindura, 
Barberton, Lourengo Marques, Masiene, and Komatipoort, were 
quite smooth above, pitted or with large flat tubercles; the skin at 
the sides slightly granular or folded irregularly, transverse folds in 
the region of the abdomen; below, smooth or slightly granular on 
the chin. 


CHARACTER OF TUBERCLES UNDER FINGERS AND TOES. 


In typical specimens of B. gibbosus (Plate XL, fig. b, 1 and 2) from 
the Cape Peninsula there is a large flat tubercle at the origin of each 
finger and toe, also under the middle joint of the longest finger and 
toe, but rather indistinct on the toes ; sometimes the fingers and toes 
granulated or having a corrugated appearance. The palms of the 
hands and soles of the feet usually have the skin folded, giving them a 
wrinkled appearance, but they may have faint tubercles, or they may 
be smooth. 

In specimens from Table Mountain (Plate XL, fig. c, 1 and 2), and 
one individual from Hottentot’s Holland, Caledon Div., the palms of 
the hands and soles of the feet are extremely rough and granular, 
being thickly studded with prominent, small, rounded, or sub-conical 
rather hard tubercles. Specimens from St. John’s (Plate XL, fig. h, 
1 and 2), Transkei; Umbilo, Natal; and one from Mariannhill, have 
a large, flat, oval or round tubercle at the origin of each finger and toe, 
smaller ones on the palms of the hands ; the soles of the feet studded 
with a mixture of small and large irregular ones. The individuals 
which occur at Knysna and George (Plate XU, fig. d, 1 and 2) may have 
a large flat tubercle at the beginning of each finger and toe, rather 
indistinct on the toes; or fingers and toes corrugated inferiorly, or a 
double sub-conical tubercle at the origin of each finger and toe and at 
the middle joint of the longest. The skin in folds on the palms of the 
hands and soles of the feet gives them a rugged appearance. 

Specimens from Kastrol Nek (Plate XL, fig. a, 1 and 2), Barberton, 
Louw’s Creek, Komatipoort, Lourengo Marques, Masiene, Inseleni, 


456 Annals of the South African Museum. 


have a large subconical tubercle at the origin of each finger and toe, 
also large rounded ones on the palms of the hands; or the whole 
surface of the hands finely granular; soles of the feet smooth. In 
the case of two specimens from Port Nolloth (Plate XL, fig. g, 1 and 2) 
the hands and feet are much the same, as regards roughness, as in 
those from Kastrol Nek, except that the tubercles are much smaller. 
As a rule the feet and hands in B. macrops (Plate XL, fig. e, 1 and 2) 
are perfectly smooth throughout ; very occasionally a few indistinct 
tubercles may be found under both hands and feet. 

It may be mentioned here that the fingers and toes of this species 
are very short and stumpy, the first, second, and fifth toes often being 
mere buds. 

In B. mossambicus (Plate XL, fig. f, 1 and 2) there is a large chisel- 
shaped, rounded or flat tubercle under each joint of the fingers and 
the longest toe, also on the palms of the hands; soles of the feet 
smooth, or with a large flat tubercle at the base of each toe; some- 
times palms of hands, fingers, and toes finely granular, or palms of 
hands smooth. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that the genus reaches its 
maximum of roughness in B. montanus, giving a complete range of 
degrees through gibbosus, fuscus, tympanifer, namaquensis, mossambi- 
cus to macrops, which is more or less smooth throughout. 


INNER AND OvuTER METATARSAL TUBERCLES. 


The differences in these characters among the typical forms are 
worthy of note. They consist of : the size and shape of the tubercles, 
the relationship between the base of the inner metatarsal tubercle 
and the axis of the longest toe, and whether or not it extends beyond 
the side of the foot. 

In typical mossambicus (Plate XL, fig. f, 2) the inner metatarsal is 
large, with a rather blunt, or sometimes sharp, digging edge; not 
extending beyond the side of the foot; at right angles to the sole 
of the foot or directed inwards towards it. Base at from 40° to 45° to 
axis of longest toe. Outer metatarsal small, distinct from the inner, 
or hardly so. 

The Kastrol Nek specimens (Plate XL, fig. a, 2) have a compara- 
tively large inner metatarsal tubercle with a sharp digging edge at 
right angles to the sole of the foot, or directed inwards towards it ; not 
reaching beyond the side of the foot ; base at from 30° to 45° to axis of 
longest toe. Outer metatarsal small, scarcely distinct from the inner. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 457 


In typical gibbosus from the Cape (Plate XL, fig. b, 2) the inner 
metatarsal tubercle is large and thick, very blunt, practically no 
digging edge; projecting beyond the side of the foot ; axis of base 
at {rom 50° to 60° to axis of longest toe. Outer metatarsal large and 
scarcely distinct from the inner. 

In Knysna and George specimens the inner metatarsal tubercle is 
rounded and pebble-like; scarcely any digging edge; projecting 
beyond the side of the foot ; axis of base at 60° to axis of longest toe. 
Outer metatarsal about half as large, united to or distinct from the 
inner. 

Three specimens from Table Mountain (Plate XL, fig. ¢, 2) have a 
comparatively large, oval, pebble-like inner metatarsal; not pro- 
jecting beyond the side of the foot; surface rounded, no digging 
edge; base at 30° to 40° to axis of longest toe. Outer metatarsal 
quite distinct from the inner ; prominent. 

In B. macrops (Plate XL, fig. e, 2) the inner metatarsal is long and 
narrow, rather indistinct, sharp cutting edge ; not projecting beyond 
the side of the foot ; axis of base 30° to axis of longest toe, or parallel 
thereto. Outer metatarsal absent, or very indistinct. 

In the case of two specimens from Port Nolloth (Plate XL, fig. g, 2) 
the inner metatarsal is long and narrow, with sharp digging edge at 
right angles to the sole of the foot ; base 30° to 50° to axis of longest 
toe. Outer metatarsal comparatively large, prominent, and having a 
slight indication of a digging edge continuous with that of the inner. 

When all the available material had been examined, it was found 
that certain specimens from the Cape Flats, Table Mountain, Port 
Nolloth, Mariannhill, and Robben Island could not be placed under 
any of the existing definitions. One specimen in the 8. African 
Museum from the Hottentot’s Holland Mountains, Caledon Div. 
(Plate XLII, figs. 5 and 6), resembles tympanifer except that the 
tympanum is less distinct, being practically hidden by granules; the 
mid-dorsal region is as thickly granulated with porous, crater-like 
tubercles as the sides, and the ventral surface is more distinctly 
granulated. There is a distinct swelling on either side behind the eyes, 
in the region of the parotoid glands. 

This specimen seemed to suit the description of pentheri, Wern., 
but for the fact that it says, “ Unterseite dicht durch Querfalten 
gerunzelt, aber nicht granuliert.” 

On the other hand, it may be the same as that named verrucosus by 
Rapp, notwithstanding that he says “ Das Trommelfell verdeckt,”’ 
for it would be quite easy in this case to overlook the tympanum. 


458 Annals of the South African Museum. 


Systematics, if scientific, must take into consideration exceptional 
specimens even if they differ but slightly from existing forms, for 
such exceptions are of great importance from a taxonomic, evolu- 
tionary, and distributional point of view. Our aim should be to 
depict the true state of things in Nature, even if thereby our definitions 
are obscured. 

To the six previously described species four new species are now 
being added. One, for which the name B. montanus is proposed, is a 
small gibbose race nearly related to B. mossambicus, but differing 
principally in the length of the fourth finger, and the more granular 
appearance. 

Another, for which the name B. rosei is suggested, resembles 
B. gibbosus in many respects, but differs from it in the more slender » 
habit, in the smoothness of the skin, and, principally, in the dimensions 
of the pelvis, the length and breadth of which in gibbosus are as 4: 5, 
whereas in vosei the proportions are as 3: 4-5 (see Plate XLITI, figs. 
land 2). A third form, from Port Nolloth, Namaqualand, is being 
called B. namaquensis. This species is close to B. macrops, but differs 
principally in the longer fourth finger and the longer toes. A fourth, 
which resembles tympanifer in having a distinct tympanum, is being 
named B. rugosus. 

The author recognises three distinct groups arranged according to 
snout and eye characters :-— 


I. The Gibbosus Group—gzibbosus, rosei, fuscus, tympanifer, 
and rugosus. 
II. The Mossambicus Group—mossambicus, parvus, and 
montanus. 
Ill. The Macrops Group—macrops and namaquensis. 


The following are the tabulated results of the examination of all 
the available material :— 


459 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 


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460 Annals of the South African Museum. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES. 


BREVICEPS. 
Merrem, Trent. Syst. Amph., p. 178. 


Pupil horizontal. Tongue elongate, oval, entire, free behind, tip 
frequently recurved either superiorly or inferiorly. Palate papillose. 
Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united. 
Coracoids very much dilated; precoracoids well developed; no 
omosternum ; sternum very small, cartilaginous. Sacral vertebrae 
with very strongly dilated diapophyses, confluent with coccygeal 
style. Limbs very short, terminal phalanges simple. An oblique, 
dark-coloured, fairly broad streak extending from below the eye 
towards the base of the fore-limb invariably present. 


Breviceps gibbosus (Plate XLI, fig. C). 
Linné, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 211 (1758). 


Habit extremely stout. Head very short, scarcely distinct from body; 
snout truncate (Plate XX XIX, fig. 4), sometimes on a level with a 
line joining the anterior angles of the eyes, 74 to 10§ times into length 
of body. Eyes comparatively small, directed forward, diameter of 
cleft 9 to 14> times into length of body; inter-orbital space about 
equal to the width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum hidden. Fingers 
and toes rather thickset; fourth finger from 3? to § as long as the 
second ; fifth toe fairly well developed ; a large, flat, oval tubercle at 
the origin of each finger and toe, usually a rather indistinct one under 
the centre joint of the longest toe; palms of hands and soles of feet 
wrinkled into large folds. Inner metatarsal tubercle very large, 
thick, and blunt, axis 50° to 60° to that of the longest toe; outer 
metatarsal large, prominent, scarcely distinct from the inner. Body 
very rough throughout, covered with rather small tubercles, which 
are deeply pitted, giving them a crater-like appearance. Ventral 
surface sometimes finely granular, extremely so submentally, or 
wrinkled into horizontal folds. 

Colour.—Above, olive or a brown sand colour with a mixture of 
dark and whitish speckles, sometimes with rather indistinct dorsal 
and lateral stripes ; below, a plain dull ochre yellow, sometimes feebly 
speckled with light brown or vermiculated with reddish brown. 


Average length of males 44-75 mm., females 53-66 mm. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 461 


DIsTRIBUTION :— 
Cape Peninsula.—Newlands, Rondebosch, Wynberg and Clare- 
mont, Camps Bay, Cape Town. 


Breviceps mossambicus (Plate XLI, fig. A). 
Peters, Arch. Naturg., vol xxi, pt. 1, p. 58 (1855). 


Habit very stout. Head moderately large, quite distinct ; snout 
fairly prominent (Plate XX XIX, fig. 8), measuring 4 to 6 times into 
length of body. Eye small, diameter of cleft 62 to 112 into length 
of body ; inter-orbital space much greater than the width of the upper 
eyelid. Tympanum hidden. Fingers and toes rather thickset ; fourth 
finger from } to 2 as long as the second; fifth toe rudimentary. A 
large wedge-shaped tubercle at the origin of each finger, a few 
scattered, rounded, or flat ones on the palms of the hands, rather 
indistinct subconical ones on the inner sides of the toes; soles of feet 
smooth. Inner metatarsal tubercle large with long, rather blunt, 
digging edge at right angles to the sole of the foot, or turned in towards 
it ; base at 40° to 45° to axis of longest toe. Outer metatarsal small 
and distinct, or fairly large and scarcely distinct from the inner. 
Body above, quite smooth but porous throughout, or latter half with 
flat tubercles or granules; sides granular; or whole dorsal surface 
and sides covered with hard rounded granules or with soft blister-like ex- 
_crescences. Below, quite smooth, or granular on the abdomen and sides. 

Colour variable, but markings fairly constant. The ground colour 
above may be brown, very dark grey, reddish brown, or light pink, 
with a large irregular spot on either side of the vertebral line between 
the arms, two indistinct spots on the centre of the back, four or five 
irregular lateral spots; these may be light yellow, whitish, pink, or 
vermilion according to the body colour. A light vertebral line may 
or may not be present. Below, ochre yellow with spots or vermicula- 
tions on the sides of the body and on either side submentally. 
Occasionally, especially in the males, the whole under-surface of the 
head is thickly vermiculated. 


Average length of males 33-62 mm., females 46-25 mm. 


DISTRIBUTION :— 
Cape Province.—Kimberley, Grahamstown; Kuruman ; 
Qacu Forest, near Cathcart. 
Natal.—Mariannhill ; Weenen. 
Zululand.—Umlatuzi River. 
Portuguese East Africa.—Delagoa Bay ; Rikatla. 
VOL. XX, PART 6. 


Oo 
bo 


462 Annals of the South African Museum. 


-Transvaal.—Jericho, Pretoria Dist.; Clearwater, Haenerts- 
burg; Shilowane, Zoutpansberg; Barberton; Shahole, 
near Gravelotte ; Hectorspruit, Louw’s Creek, Komati- 
poort ; Barberton Dist.; Pietersburg; Mokoetsi River ; 
Rustenburg ; White River; Dientje, P.O. Valhoek. 

Bechuanaland Pretectorate—Mochudi; Serowe. 

South-west Africa.—Kaoko Otavi, Feb. 1926. 

Southern Rhodesia.—Hunyain ; Bulawayo ; Salisbury ; Insiza ; 
Mazoe; Bindura, Mazoe Dist. ; Eldorado ; Empandeni. 


Breviceps macrops (Plate XLII, fig. 4). 
Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), vol. xx, p. 46 (1907). 


Habit comparatively slender. Head large; snout comparatively 
long (Plate XX XIX, fig. 1), 32 to 44 times into length of body. Hye 
large, diameter of cleft 474 to 5* times into length of body ; inter-orbital 
space narrow, barely half the width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum 
hidden. Fingers and toes shorter and thicker than in any other species 
of the genus; fourth finger, and first, second, third, and fifth toes 
often merely rudimentary stumps; fourth finger from 4 to 4 as long 
as the second. Palms of hands and soles of feet perfectly smooth or 
with small, tapering, very soft tubercles at the base, and at each joint 
of the second and third fingers. Inner metatarsal tubercle feebly 
prominent, long and narrow, not projecting beyond the side of the 
foot, parallel to, or at 30° to axis of longest toe; outer metatarsal 
absent or very indistinct. 

Body above, smooth, the head, legs, and arms having a high polish, 
or latter 3 of the body covered with small, flat, pitted tubercles ; 
below, smooth or skin folded slightly on the abdomen and sides. 

Colour above, sandy brown with dark markings, or whitish with 
faint reddish-brown irregular blotches. A semicircular reddish- 
brown band passing over each eyebrow and across the forehead in 
front of the eyes; an irregular curved band from one eyelid to the 
other across the back of the head ; arms, legs, and lower parts white. 


Average length 32-25 mm. 


DistRiBuTION.—Port Nolloth, Namaqualand. 


Breviceps fuscus (Plate X LI, fig. D). 
Hewitt, Ann. Natal Mus., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 191 (1925). 
Habit extremely stout. Head very short; snout (Plate XX XIX, fig. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 463 


3) very short, 6 to 105 times into length of body, not projecting beyond 
the lower lip, which is vertical. Eyes small, directed forward, diameter 
of cleft 7? to 124+ times into length of body ; inter-orbital width about 
equal to the width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum hidden. Fingers 
and toes short and thickset; feet comparatively short; fourth 
finger 2 to ¢ as long as the second ; fifth toe well developed. A large 
flat or subconical tubercle at the base of each finger and toe, this 
sometimes semidivided, sometimes very faint, occasionally an 
indistinct tubercle at the middle articulation of the third finger and 
fourth toe; palms of the hands with skin folds, giving them a rough 
appearance ; soles of feet smooth, or with very faint, tiny granules. 
Inner metatarsal tubercle large, very blunt, sometimes quite oval and 
pebble-like, with no digging edge and having a flat patch worn in the 
centre. Outer metatarsal a large subcircular pad, more or less 
distinct from the inner. 

Body above, very granular and pitted, especially the top, sides, and 
under-part of the head; the granules not so thick and more or less 
regularly spaced mid-dorsally ; thickly granular on the sides, upper 
arms, and legs; chest more or less smooth; granules indistinct on 
the abdomen. 

Colour above, uniform very dark brown, paler on the sides ; below, 
a dull, reddish yellow, except the submental region, which is coloured 
like the dorsal surface. 


Average size: males 31-77 mm., females 45-66 mm. 


DIsTRIBUTION.—Knysna ; George. 


Breviceps tympanifer (Plate XLI, fig. E). 
Hewitt, Ann. Natal Mus., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 190 (1925). 


Habit fairly long and stout. Head broad; snout (Plate XXXIX, 
fig. 5) very short, 63 to 84 into length of body, not projecting beyond 
the lower lip, which is vertical. Eye small, diameter of cleft 10 to 114 
times into body. Inter-orbital width greater than the width of the 
upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, vertically oval; diameter about 
= of the eye opening. Body above, porous throughout, densely 
granulated, but without asperities or warts; below, distinctly 
granulated but much weaker than on the dorsal surface. Fingers 
and toes with a large flat, oval or round, rather indistinct pad at the 
base of each, also an indistinct tubercle at each articulation ; palms of 
hands and soles of feet wrinkled into folds. Inner metatarsal tubercle 
very thick, short, and blunt, sometimes almost merging into the outer ; 


464 Annals of the South African Museum. 


projecting beyond the side of the foot ; no digging edge ; axis of base 
at from 50° to 60° to that of longest toe. Outer metatarsal a large 
subcircular pad distinct from the inner. Fourth finger 2 to ? as long 
as the second ; fifth toe fairly well developed. 

Colour.—Above, brown, thickly speckled with dull yellow. Over a 
broad mid-dorsal area in the anterior half of the body, yellow pre- 
dominates. A distinct mid-dorsal stripe on the posterior quarter of 
the body; this divides into two, just above the vent, which pass 
along the backs of the legs to the base of the fifth toe. Below, a 
reddish-yellow or smoky colour, particularly on the abdomen ;_ sub- 
mental region pale yellow. 

Average length: males 33-0 mm., females 48-0 mm. 


DISsTRIBUTION.—Pirie, near Kingwilliamstown ; Hogsback, Ama- 
tola Range ; Port St. Johns. 


Breviceps parvus (Plate XLI, fig. B). 
Hewitt, Ann. Natal Mus., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 192 (1925). 


Habit short and stout; head moderately large; snout (Plate 
XXXIX, fig. 7) projecting, rather prominent, 44 to 6 times into length 
of body. Eye small, diameter 74 to 11 times into length of body, much 
greater than the distance between the nostril and the anterior angle 
of the orbit ; interorbital width about equal to the width of the upper 
eyelid. Above, quite smooth or with large flat tubercles; slightly 
granular laterally. Below, quite smooth or with transverse folds in 
the abdominal region, slightly granular on the chin; skin sometimes 
folded irregularly at the sides; arms and legs smooth. Fingers and 
toes slender, bluntly pointed at the tips, a large rounded tubercle at 
the origin of each finger and toe, a smaller one at each articulation ; 
fourth finger from 2 to = as long as the second; palmar tubercles 
large and rounded or finely granular; soles of feet smooth. Inner 
metatarsal tubercle kidney-shaped, standing at right angles to, or 
directed inwards towards, the sole of the foot ; not extending beyond 
the side of the foot, digging edge rather sharper than in B. mossambicus, 
its axis from 30° to 45° to that of the longest toe. 

Colour, slaty grey dorsally with lighter grey spots and blotches 
at either side of the mid-dorsal line and at the sides. Whitish be- 
neath, often spotted or marbled with slaty grey or greyish black ; 
a dark oblique streak on the cheek below the eye; throat and 
chin dark grey, sometimes almost black, in others speckled with grey. 


Total length 28 mm. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 465 


DISTRIBUTION :— 

Cape Province.—Grahamstown ; Stone Hill, Brok Kloof, Cold- 
spring, near Grahamstown; Alicedale; Port St. Johns. 

Zululand.—Mseleni. 

Portuguese East Africa.—Lourenco Marques; Masiene, near 
Chai Chai. 

Transvaal.—Barberton ; Worcester Mine, Barberton Dist. ; 
Kastrol Nek, Wakkerstroom Dist.; Louw’s Creek; 
Komatipoort. 


Breviceps namaquensis, sp. nov. (Plate XLII, fig. 3). 


This species is founded on two specimens, in the South African 
Museum, from Port Nolloth, collected by C. L. Biden and W. C. 
Scully. 

Habit comparatively slender. Head large; snout (Plate XX XIX, 
fig. 2) comparatively long, 44 to 54 times into length of body, pro- 
jecting slightly beyond the lower lip, which is obtusely pointed. 

Hye large, diameter of cleft 64 to 65 times into length of body; 
interorbital space about half the width of the upper eyelid. Tym- 
panum hidden. Fingers and toes fairly slender; fourth finger from 
3 to 4 as long as the second ; fifth toe fairly well developed ; fingers 
and palms of hands thickly granulated with small conical tubercles ; 
third and fourth toes with a small conical tubercle under each articula- 
tion; soles of feet perfectly smooth. Inner metatarsal tubercle 
distinct but not well developed, having a sharp digging edge, making 
an angle of 30° to 50° with axis of longest toe; outer metatarsal 
narrow and in line with the inner, having a slight indication of a 
digging edge. Body smooth throughout, or the latter third of the dor- 
sal surface, the sides, abdomen, and submental region finely granular. 

Colour above, black or dark reddish brown with a light brown or 
whitish patch on either side of the vertebral line behind the head, 
sometimes a whitish bar across the forehead. ‘Two spots on either 
side mid-dorsally, sometimes followed by a T-shaped mark, and a 
spot on either side of the vertebral line in the sacral region. The two 
spots just behind the head sometimes elongate and joined in the 
centre, forming an H-shaped mark. 

The body may be highly polished throughout the whole dorsal 
surface. Below, uniformly yellowish. 


Average length 40 mm. 


DistRiBuTION.—Port Nolloth, Namaqualand. 


466 Annals of the South African Museum. 


This species resembles B. macrops in size and general appearance. 
It differs from it, however, in very essential characters, such as the 
rough hands and longer fourth finger. 


Breviceps montanus sp. nov. (Plate XLIII, figs. 3 and 4). 


The types of this species are two specimens in the South African 
Museum, Cape Town, and one in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, 
all from Table Mountain, collected by H. W. Oakley, W. L. Sclater, 
and F. Cruden. 

The characters are: Habit short and very stout. Head small ; 
snout (Plate XX XIX, fig. 9) short, but longer than in gibbosus, 5 to 7 
times into length of body, projecting beyond the lower lip. Eye- 
opening comparatively large, diameter 83 to 94 times into length of © 
body, more than twice the distance from its anterior angle to the nostril ; 
interorbital width about equal to the width of the upper eyelid. 
Tympanum hidden. Body, arms, legs, hands, and feet densely 
granular throughout (see figs. 3 and 4, Plate XLII); those on the 
dorsal surface being very small, and rather scattered in the mid- 
dorsal region. Skin without folds. Fingers and toes rather slender, 
bluntly pointed ; the fourth finger 5 as long as the second; fifth toe 
a mere bud. Inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, oval, and pebble- 
like, no digging edge; projecting beyond the side of the foot; axis 
of base 30° to 40° to axis of longest toe; outer metatarsal compara- 
tively large, distinct, or hardly so, from the inner. 

Colour, black above with indistinct brownish-grey markings; below, 
and on the sides, dark ochre yellow; or grey speckled with dark 
brown on the sides and ventral surface, save the posterior third; or 
vermiculated with black, thickly so submentally. Specimens a long 
time in spirit become a uniform yellowish colour. 


Average length 30-5 mm. 
DIsTRIBUTION.—Table Mountain. 


This species is near mossambicus, from which it differs in the length 
of the fifth toe and the granulation of the body. 


Breviceps rosei sp. nov. (Plate XLII, figs. 1 and 2). 


This species is based on a specimen collected on the Cape Flats, at 
Lakeside, by Mr. Walter Rose. The type is preserved in the 
M‘Gregor Museum, Kimberley. 

Habit short and fairly slender. Head moderately large; snout 


A Monographie Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 467 


(Plate XX XIX, fig. 10) rather prominent, 7 times into length of body ; 
chin obtusely pointed. Eye small, 112 times into length of body, greater 
than the distance between its anterior angle and the nostril. Inter- 
orbital space about equal to the width of the upper eyelid. Fingers 
and toes slender, tapering towards the tips ; fourth finger 2 as long as 
the second; fifth toe but slightly shorter than the second. Inner 
metatarsal large with blunt digging edge at 30° to axis of longest toe ; 
outer metatarsal forming a large, hard, subcircular pad, distinct 
from the inner. Body above more or less smooth with large, very 
flat, and indistinct blister-like excrescences ; the forehead, subocular 
region, sides of the head behind the eyes, sides of the body and 
abdominal region finely granular ; upper surface of the arms and the 
chin faintly granular; upper surface of legs and feet quite smooth. 
Palms of the hands covered with large rounded tubercles, also one 
at the base of each finger and toe ; soles of feet wrinkled. 

Colour, dark above with indistinct brown markings ; a brown patch 
on the forehead between the eyes, also on the side of the head behind 
the eyes. Below, whitish, speckled with black on the sides and belly ; 
submental region and chest thickly vermiculated with black. 

Total length 35-5 mm. 

DistRIBUTION.—Lakeside, Cape Peninsula. 


This species differs from gzbbosus in the longer snout, smaller size, 
angle of metatarsal tubercle, the comparatively slender and smooth 
body, and the comparative dimensions of the pelvic arch (see Plate 
XLII, figs. 1 and 2). 

Two specimens from Robben Island in the South African Museum 
might be referred to this species. The bodies of these latter were so 
dense that they proved impervious to the X-ray. 


Breviceps rugosus sp. nov. (Plate XLII, figs. 8 and 9). 


The type of this species is a specimen from Mariannhill, Natal, 
preserved in the Kimberley Museum. Collected by Br. Felix. Two 
others from Umbilo, Natal, in the Durban Museum, and two from 
Maxambuli, Transkei, in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, also 
belong to this species. 

This species resembles tympanifer, Hewitt, in having a distinct 
tympanum, but the differences between the two forms are considerable. 

The characters are: Habit short and extremely stout. Head very 
small; snout (Plate XX XIX, fig. 6) fairly prominent, 575 to 65 times 
into length of body ; projecting beyond the lower lip, which is nearly 


468 Annals of the South African Museum. 


vertical. Eye very small, diameter 11 to 13 times into length of 
body ; interorbital width about equal to the width of the upper 
eyelid. Tympanum distinct, subcircular, diameter two-thirds that of 
the eye-opening. Dorsally, arms and legs with scattered granules, 
some of which are pitted, sometimes arranged in more or less longi- 
tudinal series. Ventrally, with flattened or rounded tubercles 
distributed throughout, usually small and granular under the head, 
sometimes fairly smooth on the centre of the abdomen. Skin without 
folds. Fingers and toes slender, bluntly pointed at the tips; a large 
blister-like, oval or rounded pad at the base of each finger, smaller 
and less distinct ones at the base of each toe ; a very small tubercle at 
each articulation of fingers and toes. Palms of hands with large 
blister-like folds ; soles of feet with small, rounded, rather indistinct 
granules. Fourth finger from # to ? as long as the second ; fifth toe 
fairly well developed. A large and prominent inner metatarsal 
tubercle, pebble-like, not projecting beyond the side of the foot; no 
digging edge; lying flat on the sole of the foot or projecting slightly 
beyond it ; a small oval patch sometimes worn flat on the otherwise 
rounded surface. Outer metatarsal comparatively large, semi-oval, 
distinct from the inner. Axis of base of inner metatarsal 40° to 45° 
to that of longest toe. 

Colour, a very light brownish yellow or dark grey dorsally, many of 
the granules being tipped with brown, giving a spotted effect ; ven- 
trally, whitish, with sometimes grey vermiculations. 

Average length 33-0 mm. 

DIsTRIBUTION.—Mariannhill, Umbilo, Natal; Maxambuli, 
Transkei. 

Key to the Species. 
I. Snout truncate or very short, averages 6 to 8 times into body. 
Eye very small, averages 10 or 11 times into body. 


a. Tympanum hidden; extremely stout; skin porous 
throughout and distinctly granular. Average size 


of 9 53 mm. F : : ; , gibbosus. 
Tympanum hidden ; extremely stout ; skin very rough 
throughout. Average size of 9 45 mm. fuscus. 


Tympanum hidden ; comparatively slender; skin al- 
most smooth dorsally. Size of 9 35 mm. : ; TOSet. 

b. Tympanum distinct; extremely stout; skin porous 
throughout, densely granular but not rough. Aver- 

age 9 48 mm. : : ‘ ; : : tympanifer. 
Tympanum distinct; extremely stout; skin with 
rough scattered granules. Average 2 33 mm. : TUGOSUS. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 469 


II. Snout fairly prominent, averages 5 times into body. Eye 
fairly small, averages 8 times into body. 
Fourth finger } to $ times as long as the second. Smooth 


ventrally. sycrage 946-25mm. . .  mossambicus. 
Fourth finger 3 to $ times as long as the Seond Bicol 

ventrally. Average 2 28:0 mm. c : ¢ PATVUs. 
Fourth finger $ times as long as the second. Batromely 

rough ventrally. Average 9 30-5 mm. . : é montanus. 


III. Snout fairly prominent, 3 or 4 times into body. Eye large, 
averages 5 or 6 times into body. 
Fourth finger } to $ times as long as the second. Palmar 


region smooth : : ¢ MAcrops. 
Fourth finger $ to 4 times as feud as the ndoona: Palenat 
region very rough . : ’ : ; F .  namaquensis. 
CoNCLUSION. 


Although there are several instances, in the records given, of closely 
allied forms occurring in the same locality, e.g. mossambicus and 
rugosus from Mariannhill, macrops and namaquensis from Port 
Nolloth, they may be separated topographically. The late Dr. 
L. Péringuey, writing on one occasion to the author, describes the 
latter locality as follows: “ From Port Nolloth to a distance of 12 
miles there is nothing but sandhills or sand: hummocks ad infinitum, 
and during the dry season they become carpeted with flowers after the 
first rains. Ograbies, 15 miles north from Port Nolloth, is partly 
rocky, partly sandy. From Ograbies the sand ceases, and is replaced 
to Anenous railway station (50 miles from Port Nolloth), where the 
heavy ascent of the mountain begins, by rocky, grassy, or bushy 
ground.” It is very probable that B. namaquensis will be found to 
prefer the rocky ground inland from Port Nolloth, while B. macrops 
will show a preference for the sandy ground near the coast. The 
insufficient localisation of their captures by collectors is notorious, 
consequently records are not always trustworthy. 

Agama atra, in the neighbourhood of Kimberley, is confined to the 
kopjes, while Agama aculeata prefers the open veld. This preference 
for a peculiar type of environment is shared by many other reptiles, 
batrachians, and mammals. 

Dr. Broom,* in a paper entitled “ A Contribution to the Knowledge 
of the Cape Golden Moles,” says: “ At Stellenbosch they apparently 
keep certaim regions to themselves. Thus, in my garden C. hottentota 
is the species commonly met with, while across the road in the college 


* Trans. 8. Afr. Phil. Soc., vol. xviii, p. 296 (1907). 


470 Annals of the South African Museum. 


quadrangle C. asiatica most commonly occurs. It appears probable 
that C. aszatica prefers the drier and sandier soil, and C. hottentota the 
rich garden soil.” 

Again, Dr. Duerden,* writing of the tortoises of the geometric 
group, says: “If one were able to study the peculiarities of the 
environment closely, there is little doubt that the variations would 
be found to be largely adaptative.” Even in very limited areas, such 
as the Cape Peninsula, one may find a number of quite different 
environments and climates. An intensive study of such a locality 
as this, from which closely allied species are recorded, is very desirable. 
It is probable that B. montanus will not be found below certain 
altitudes of the mountain, B. rosev may prove to be confined to the 
Flats, while B. gibbosus would occupy the intermediate area. 


* §. Afr. Assoc. for Adv. Se., Kimb., 1906, p. 205. 


A Monographic Revision of the Genus Breviceps. 471 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PuatTE XXXIX. 


FIG. 
i. Profile of Breviceps macrops. 
2. a 3 namaquensis. 
3. 9 5 fuscus. 
4. oe Be gibbosus. 
5. > As tympanifer. 
6. 90 5 TUGOSUS. 
7. 5 os parvus. 
8. Fe aS mossambicus. 
oF Fh f montanus. 
10. 99 op roset. 
PLATE XL. 
a. Ventral aspect of hand and foot of Breviceps parvus. 
b. > os op 6 ; gibbosus 
C. ” ”» 2p Dp — montanus. 
d. > 39 5% 55 3 fuscus. 
é. >» ” ” 39 os macrops. 
J- > > 96 on a5 mossambicus. 
gy. >» > * 2D .5 namaquensis. 
h. 9 2p Bi 35 ne TUGOSUS. 
i 5 5s ie ie - rosei. 
d) > ” 9» , 5D tympanifer. 
Puate XLI. 
A. Both sexes of Breviceps mossambicus. 
B. 99 50 a parvus. 
C. 9» 5p Pf gibbosus. 
D. Bs s a fuscus. 
E. > 9p 5 tympanifer. 
Puate XLII. 


1 and 2. Dorsal and ventral views of Breviceps roset sp.nov. Photos by W. Rose. 

3. Breviceps namaquensis sp. nov., ventral view. 

4. oe macrops Bouleng., ventral view. 

5 and 6. Dorsal and ventral views of a specimen from Hottentot’s Holland 
Mountains, eastern side. 

T7and 8. Breviceps tympanifer Hewitt, and Breviceps rugosus sp. nov., photo- 
graphed side by side for comparison. 

9. Breviceps rugosus sp. nov., ventral aspect. 


Prats XLII. 


1. X-ray of Breviceps gibbosus by W. Rose. 
2) 33 5 roset by W. Rose. 
3 and 4. ee montanus sp. nov., dorsal and ventral views. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XX XIX. 


©) By 


SS 


. LEN 


1 


XL. 


Plate 


XX. 


S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 


Ann. 


Neill & Co., Lid. 


Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XLL. 


Neill & Co , Ltd. 


Plate X LIL. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. 


Neill d Co.. Lid. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XLITI. 


Nel & Co., Ltd. 


( 473 ) 


14. Some New or Lattle-known Reptiles and Batrachians from 
South Africa.—By Joun Hewitt. 


(With Plates XLIV-XLV.) 


OPHIDIA. 
Xenocalamus pernasuta (Werner). 


Beitr. z. K. Land- wu. Sitsswasserfauna Deutsch-Siidwestafrikas. 
Reptilia and Amphibia. Hamburg, 1915, p. 358. 


T have no doubt but that Werner’s genus Micaela is opisthoglyphous. 
A specimen from Warmbad, near Sesfontein, in the collection of the 
South African Museum, has 4 solid maxillary teeth, the first smallest, 
and 1| larger grooved tooth a little separated from the last solid tooth ; 
palatine teeth absent ; lower jaw with about 8 teeth on each side. 
Body scales in 17 rows; subcaudals 26, ventrals 223. A small 
supraocular, triangular in shape; a minute postocular in contact 
with labials 4 and 5. Upper labials 5, the last much the largest, 
3 and 4 entering the eye. Nasal completely divided. Rostral flat 
below. Parietals forming a short median suture which is not so long 
as the scale immediately behind it: this character affords a ready 
means of distinction from bicolor. © 

Upper surface of head and body with slaty infuscation ; over the 
neck and body there are indefinite whitish markings forming obscure 
cross stripes. Upper lip whitish; 4 outer rows of scales along body 
on each side whitish, like the ventral surfaces. Rostral dark below. 
Length 510 mm. 

This specimen is therefore not so strongly infuscated as the type of 
pernasuta ; also, it has more ventral and subcaudal scales. However, 
there can be no doubt of the close relationship of the two specimens, 
and the differences are not likely to be of specific importance. 

It may be remarked further that X. mechovia has been recorded by 
F, Nieden from Grootfontein. In the number of ventral and 
subcaudal scales, the specimen above described is more or less 
intermediate between mechovw and pernasuta. 

Mr. Lawrence’s note on the Warmbad specimen is: “ Found under 
a log in a shallow tunnel only a little wider than the animal, and in 


474 Annals of the South African Museum. 


which it seemed able to move backwards or forwards with equal ease. 
It was rather sluggish, and showed no signs of annoyance on being 
captured. Living colours, light greenish yellow with brownish-purple 
markings.” 

LACERTILIA. 


Mabuia homalocephala smithi Gray. 
Zoology of Southern Africa: Reptilia, by A. Smith, pl. xxxi, fig. 2. 


This form, recorded from “ arid districts to the north-east of the 
Cape Colony,” is well distinct from that found near Cape Town, and the 
habits are different. As stated by Smith, it seeks ‘‘ concealment 
under rocks and stones, which generally abound in the places to which 
they resort’’; in the neighbourhood of Grahamstown, smithi is 
decidedly a rupicolous form. It thus differs from the Cape Peninsula 
form which, as I learn from Mr. Rose, is quite common on the sandy 
flats near Cape Town, occurring along with Scaptewra knoxi, but is 
rare on the mountains. 

Smith’s specimen is known to me from Dordrecht (R. Essex), 
Grahamstown (J. Hewitt), Pirie (R. Godfrey), and Gleniffer, Ke1 Road 
(G. Ranger). In all these specimens there is a very characteristic broad 
blackish lateral band, quite uninterrupted by spots; this band starts 
on the lores and extends to the base of the tail or beyond. The dorsal 
coloration is not so constant: in Pirie specimens there is no distinct 
dorsal striping, but all the scales are black-edged: specimens from 
Dordrecht, Gleniffer, and Grahamstown agree with the type in the 
presence of seven blackish dorsal stripes—three, however, obsolete in 
the Dordrecht specimen. Besides, there is a conspicuous pale dorso- 
lateral stripe and a still more conspicuous lateral one—reddish in life— 
which passes through the ear. Dorsal scales 3-keeled and likewise 
the scales on upper surface of tail, but on the tail these keels soon 
become feeble and even near the base are not very strong, the scales 
being broader than long, with rounded free margins and not mucronate, 
the tail itself being somewhat depressed basally. The body also is 
slightly depressed, the dorsal and lateral surfaces being well demar- 
cated through the characteristic colour pattern. 

The Cape Peninsula form referred by Boulenger to homalocephala, 
but evidently that described by Gray as subrufa, is not depressed 
either in body or tail. The upper and lateral surfaces are not demar- 
cated in any way. There is no conspicuous dark lateral band and no 
dorso-lateral pale band, but the upper and lateral surfaces above the 
reddish lateral streak present four series of irregular dark spots or 


New or Little-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 475 


blotches on a brown or olive background. Each dark blotch has one 
or two pale spots near the hind margin, or in the centre, and the 
blotches sometimes tend to fuse into broad stripes. Otherwise there 
are no dorsal streaks, nor are the individual scales dark-margined. 
The tail is rounded, only slightly depressed near the base, where all the 
superior caudal scales are strongly keeled, more or less hexagonal in 
shape, and distinctly mucronate; and strong keels persist up to the 
terminal third of the tail. 

The typical form of homalocephala is unknown to me. It may be 
the same as smithi, but the original description omits reference to the 
blackish lateral band which is one of the most characteristic features 
of smithi, and includes a character—abdomine albido lineis plumbeis 
picto—not found in that species. 


Pachydactylus mentalis sp. nov. 
(Plate XLIV, fig. 1.) 


Types.—Two specimens in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, 
collected at Longhope, on the Great Fish river, by Miss D. Cotton. 

The species is closely related to capensis Smith, which occurs almost 
throughout the central districts of the Cape and extends far over the 
high-veld, but is not known from the eastern districts of the Cape 
Province, where its place is taken by maculatus Smith. It is dis- 
tinguishable at a glance from capensis on account of the markings of 
the dorsal surface, which considerably resemble those of maculatus, 
but are not quite the same. The most conspicuous structural 
character of the species is, however, the well-defined row of 5 or 6 
chin-shields, which, though not large, are well separated in size from 
the scales succeeding them. Such chin-shields are not known to occur 
in any other species of the genus. 

Other characters are: Head stout, snout rather obtuse and not 
depressed ; behind the chin-shields are small flattened scales which 
gradually diminish in size towards the throat ; naso-rostrals separated 
by a single fairly large flattened scale; all the scales over the snout 
and between the orbits are comparatively large and flattened, but on 
the occiput are some low tubercles; along a straight line from the 
naso-rostral scale to the small scales immediately adjoining the orbit 
about 5 larger scales occur; rostral scale a little broader than deep ; 
keeled tubercles on the back fairly well developed, and between them 
are small, flattened scales ; digits short, the terminal portion not ex- 
panded or only very faintly so; subdigital lamellae 3, but im addition 


476 Annals of the South African Museum. 


is a smaller divided terminal lamella; scales along middle of toes 
inferiorly not enlarged, except distally, about 9 such scales being 
present on the middle toe from its base up to the first lamella ; tail 
elongate and tapering, more or less distinctly ringed, some of the 
larger scales on the upper surface near the base of the tail being 
slightly keeled. 

On each side of the head a curved dark band, starting in front from 
the nostril and extending back to the occiput, where it nearly meets its 
fellow. Dorsal surfaces of neck and body with dark blotches; these 
are arranged somewhat indefinitely, but can be referred to four rows, 
the two median rows largest, and the blotches of these rows more or 
less merging on the hinder half of the body. Tail with irregular spots. 

Length from snout to vent 36 mm. 

The possibility of these specimens being merely hybrids between — 
capensis and maculatus has been considered. On the colour pattern 
this might seem not improbable, but some of the structural characters 
are against such interpretation. In maculatus all the head scales are 
granular, and likewise those of the gular region, the granules nearest 
the mental scale being smaller than those a little posterior thereto. 
In capensis the scales adjoining the mental and first labial are small 
and flattish, but a little larger than scales more posteriorly situated : 
thus, in this respect, capensis is intermediate between maculatus and 
the species now described. On the other hand, capensis is by no means 
constant in its characters throughout the wide area of its range ; in a 
specimen from the White River, Eastern Transvaal, the scales on the 
snout and the gular scales are decidedly smaller than in typical 
specimens from Kimberley, thus approaching a little towards the 
maculatus condition. This White River specimen is perhaps referable 
to the form described by Boulenger from the Rustenburg district as 
affinis (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, pt. 17, p. 21), from which again I 
think it will be difficult to distinguish the Zoutpansberg form, tigrinus, 
van Dam (Ann. Transvaal Mus., vol. vu, pt. 4, 1921): I do not know 
what are the characters of affinis in this respect, but in specimens of 
tigrinus from Njelele River the scales adjoining the mental and first 
labial are finely granular. Probably the distinction of this latter form 
rests mainly on the naso-rostral character, for in the type of affinis the 
naso-rostrals are said to be separated by a granule. I may add that 
in young and immature specimens from Njelele the dorsal surfaces are 
nearly homogeneously scaled, the tubercles being not much bigger 
than the scales that accompany them, and not raised up, though 
keeled to some extent. 


New or Lnttle-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 477 


Pachydactylus punctatus subsp. nov. bicolor. 
(Plate XLIV, fig. 4.) 


Types.—Two specimens in the collection of the South African 
Museum (No. 17297), collected at Kaross, in the Kaokoveld, 8.W.A., 
by Mr. R. F. Lawrence. These specimens are possibly immature 
and their characters a little uncertain, but the very striking colour 
pattern seems to warrant a distinctive name for the form, especially 
as there are minor structural peculiarities—the number of labials, etc. 

The characters are as follows: Nasorostrals in contact, nostril well 
separated from rostral and first labial, rostral twice as broad as high, 
8 upper labials, 7 quite distinct lower labials, snout scarcely more 
than 14 times as long as the eye; scales on the snout twice as large 
as those on occiput ; a swelling above the loreal region on each side 
of the snout ; symphysial shield nearly twice as long as broad ; ventral 
scales larger than the dorsals; a circular area just in front of the vent 
with considerably enlarged scales, which are separated by much 
smaller scales from the strip of enlarged scales under each thigh ; 
dorsal scales not very strongly flattened ; distal expansion of digits 
with 5 adhesive lamellae, the most distal lamella smallest and divided 
in the middle; scales along the middle of the digit inferiorly all trans- 
versely enlarged. 

Colour.—Head above greyish white, with some dark mottlings, and 
surrounded by an elliptical blackish stripe which arises at the nostril 
and passes backwards through the eye on each side and around the 
back of the occiput; this stripe is bordered behind by a white stripe 
arising on the upper lip and broadening a little over the neck ; fore- 
limbs and greater portion of dorsal surface of body quite black, but 
changing suddenly to greyish white over the lumbar region; a dark 
transverse patch or band between the hind-limbs dorsally; hind- 
limbs and base of tail greyish white, the tail with faint dark cross 
stripes. 

Length from snout to vent 25 mm. ; tail imperfect. 

Mr. Lawrence informs me that he noticed this gecko at other 
localities (Warmbad and Caimaeis), and that all specimens seen were 
similar in colour and size to those above described. They were found 
under logs or amongst decaying leaves. 

Dr. Werner has given some notes on the coloration of the young of 
the related species, brunnthalert, from which it is evident that the form 
now described cannot be referred to that species. It is, however, 
possible that fully adult specimens may be differently marked from 

VOL. xoxen PAR TAO: 3) 


478 Annals of the South African Museum. 


the types : that such is the case in purcelli was pointed out by Methuen 
and myself in Annals Transvaal Museum, vol. iv, p. 132, fig. 15, 1918. 
P. serval Wern., from Chamis in Great Namaqualand, seems to differ 
in the higher rostral and the greater number of subdigital lamellae (6), 
as well as in coloration, but the characters of immature specimens 
are unknown. 

Lastly, P. pardus Sternf., from Warmbad, the only other western 
species of this group, differs in the greater number of labial shields 
(10-11 and 9) and in the rostral entering the nostril. Although the 
type locality is not more fully indicated, I presume that the particular 
Warmbad is that in the south of Great Namaqualand. 


Pachydactylus punctatus brunnthaleri Wern. 


Three specimens from Narebis, 40 kilos. west of Otjiwarongo. I 
do not hesitate to refer these specimens to the same species as that 
found at Serowe and near Bulawayo, although the eye is a trifle larger. 
Werner himself has recorded brunnthaleri from Grootfontein and 
Okahandja. I believe that this form is best regarded as a long- 
snouted subspecies of punctatus Ptrs. 


Lygodactylus lawrencet sp. nov. 


Type.—A single specimen in the collection of the South African 
Museum (No. 17289), collected at Otjitambi, Kaokoveld, S.W.A. 
This species is perhaps related to L. ocellatus Roux, which is fairly 
common in the Eastern Transvaal. In both the mental scute is entire. 

L. lawrence has the following characters: Three well-developed 
pairs of subdigital lamellae, and a smaller fourth pair distal thereto ; 
snout rather stout and broadly rounded, the canthus rostralis quite 
lacking (in ocellatus it is pointed); supraorbital region well raised ; 
nostril well separated from rostral, the scales surrounding the nostril 
all comparatively small, comprising 3 nasals and the first labial, which 
is much smaller than the second labial (larger than the second labial in 
ocellatus) ; anterior nasals separated by two scales; rostral hardly 
14 times as broad as deep (at least twice as broad as deep in ocellatus) ; 
mental not so large as in ocellatus, and in contact posteriorly with 
two scales, which, like the scales adjoining them laterally, are only a 
little larger than the scales immediately posterior to them, and in 
diameter are only about twice that of the smallest scales on the throat 
(in ocellatus diameter of a chin-shield is quite four times that of a 
small scale on the throat) ; a single pair of rather large preanal pores. 


New or Lattle-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 479 


Tail with only base remaining, but apparently none of the inferior 
caudal scales are much larger than the rest. 

Colour.—Dorsal surfaces ashy grey with a number of thin blackish 
streaks, most of which are more or less brokenup. The best developed 
is one which starts from the eye and passes backwards well above the 
ear-opening, gradually thickening towards the shoulder, where it ends 
abruptly ; another blackish streak arises from the eye a little 
superiorly, and passes backwards without thickening along the 
dorsolateral region of the body. Another thin streak arises from the 
gape, passes backwards through the eye-opening to the base of the 
fore-limb ; another streak arises along the mid-line of the occiput 
and over the neck bifurcates, the two continuing along the length of 
the body in broken condition. A thin V-shaped streak across the 
head between the orbits anteriorly. A streak from the nostril to the 
eye. Two V-shaped streaks on the throat, and a streak along the 
lower lip on each side which is continued backwards to a point below 
and slightly beyond the ear-opening. There are infuscated patches 
also on ventral surfaces of thighs, and in front of the anus around the 
preanal pores, but the pore-bearing scales are whitish and thus at 
once visible to the naked eye. 

Length from snout to vent 26-5 mm. 


Eremias namaquensis subsp. nov. quadrangularis. 


Type.—A specimen from Kalkfontein (South), S.W.A., in the 
South African Museum (No. 16128), collected by Mr. J. 8. Brown. 
It is characterised by a long slender snout; dorsal surfaces with 5 
continuous white stripes, the central one bifurcating on the nape, and 
posteriorly passing into the median pale area over the base of the tail ; 
this mid-dorsal stripe is a trifle broader than the stripe on each side 
of it, from which it is only narrowly separated ; interparietal shield 
4-sided, broad in front, nearly as broad as the frontal, its anterior 
angle obtuse; parietals in short contact; prefrontals in contact. 
Length from snout to vent 50 mm., length of head 10-4 mm. 

Two other specimens from Warmbad, near Sesfontein, are similar, 
but the dorsal stripes are lacking ; 1n one of them, the prefrontals are 
separated by a small azygos scale which is longer than broad ; in the 
other, the parietals are separated ; in both, the interparietal is broad 
in front, narrowing greatly behind. 

The same form is also known to me from the Kalahari-Kyky and 
Lower Molopo north of Zwart Modder (Miss M. Wilman). In these 
specimens, the prefrontals may be separated or in contact ; the parietals 


480 Annals of the South African Museum. 


are usually separated ; but the interparietal seems distinctive, being 
very broad in front and narrow behind, the anterior width being not 
much less than that of the frontals. 

The typical form of namaquensis, as inferred from the descriptions 
of Smith and Boulenger, has four white stripes down the back, the 
interparietal is not nearly so broad as the frontal, and its anterior 
angle is generally less than a right angle, the parietals are not in 
contact, the prefrontals are separated by an azygos scale, and the 
snout is not so strongly pointed as in the form just described. The 
V-shaped anterior portion of the mid-dorsal stripe is present im- 
mediately behind the head, and in young specimens a trace of it 
may continue along the back. 

In a baby specimen from De Aar, both prefrontals and parietals 
form median sutures: another juvenile specimen (16146 S.A.M.) 
has the prefrontals in contact. 

This typical form is known to me from Graaff Reinet, Victoria West, 
Middleburg C.P., Beaufort West, Hanover, and Cradock. The 
Cradock specimen is peculiar in possessing 5 pale dorsal stripes, the 
middle one a trifle narrower than its neighbours ; the head-scaling is 
quite typical, however. 

According to Boulenger, another western form to be included under 
namaquensis 1s breviceps Sternf. from Walfish Bay (Mit. a.d. Zool. Mus. 
Berlin, vol. v, p. 404, 1911): this form is only known to me from Stern- 
feld’s description, which seems to indicate a distinct species if only on 
the characters of the tympanic scale. It is in any case well distinct 
from the form now described. 


Eremias burchelli D.B. 


In distinguishing this species from its ally EH. capensis, the following 
characters seem to me of importance : Snout comparatively elongated, 
frontonasal separated from rostral or occasionally only just touching 
the rostral, this frontonasal scute being always broader than long; 
whereas in capensis it is as long as broad or even longer than broad ; 
four pairs of chin-shields ; back with granular scales of uniform size. 
It is a common species on the Zuurberg Mountains near Grahamstown, 
and is also known to me from mountains or mountainous regions near - 
Indwe, Dordrecht, Queenstown, Majuba Nek (Herschel district), and 
Maclear. Our material agrees sufficiently well with Smith’s figure 
and description, although his specimens were said ‘to come from 
“ Karroo flats on the south-west coast of Africa, particularly Little 
Namaqualand.” I think there must be a mistake in this locality 


New or Little-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 481 


record, for it seems very unlikely that the same form can occur both 
on the eastern mountains and on the flats of Namaqualand. Smith’s 
figure almost exactly matches an adult male from Queenstown 
recently collected by Mr. R. Essex; a male from Maclear is similar, 
but the two lateral thin white stripes are obsolete except in the neck 
region. 

The dark markings of the upper surfaces are referable to 6 longi- 
tudinal series, the median pair being very narrow; there is also the 
commencement of a seventh blackish stripe immediately behind the 
occiput mesially, and a ventral dark stripe on each side below the lower 
white stripe. In adults these stripes and bands more or less break up, 
especially in the males; but in juveniles they are all very distinct 
and the coloration pattern presents 7 thin white stripes on a blackish 
background, the median white stripe bifurcating on the nape and 
fading somewhat on the hinder part of the back, whilst the stripes on 
either side of it remain as widely separated from each other as from 
the dorsolateral stripes. In adults the dark pigmentation may dis- 
appear over the mesial region of the back, and sometimes, as in a female 
from Queenstown, the upper surfaces are quite devoid of black; in 
this specimen the colour above is uniformly dull brown with 5 very 
faint thin pale streaks, the middle one, though much broken up, 
extending the whole length of the body and bifurcating on the nape, 
whilst along the flanks is a continuous and conspicuous thin white 
streak which commences below the eye and extends to the hind-limb, 
the under-surface of the tail tinged with pink. In all specimens from 
the eastern districts of the Cape the two median black stripes, when 
present, remain separate from each other throughout the length of the 
back, or they may fuse above the pelvic region. Two immature 
specimens from Nemahedi Camp, Basutoland (J. Cottrell) can also be 
referred to the Eastern subspecies. 


There is a distinct form of this species in the Western Province of 
the Cape which I now describe as Eremias burchelli quinque-vittata 
subsp. nov. (Plate XLV, figs. 1, 2, and 4.) 

Type.—A single sub-adult female specimen in the South African 
Museum, Cape Town (No. 14342), collected on the Matroosberg by the 
late R. M. Lightfoot. 

The chief distinguishing feature lies in the two black mid-dorsai 
stripes which are not parallel over any part of their length, but gradu- 
ally converge until they meet just behind the shoulders; the single 
stripe then continues unbroken to the base of the tail, where it ends 


482 Annals of the South African Museum. 


abruptly. The other two bands on each side are well defined, but 
contain numerous white spots which tend to fuse together, so that 
each band has a white centre much broken up, and black margins. 
The two lateral white stripes on each side are well developed through- 
out their length, the more dorsal one extending backwards well on to 
the tail. Thus, over the middle of the back, the dorsal and lateral 
surfaces present 6 white streaks, the two middle ones rather near 
together, as they are throughout the hinder half of the body. Limbs 
with conspicuous white spots above. About 63 scales across the 
middle of the body. These are all flat and not quite uniform, for those 
over the white stripes are slightly but distinctly larger than the 
adjoining scales; on the back, the largest scales are those over the 
dorsolateral white stripes. Only three scales in a line between loreal 
and first supraocular. Four pairs of chin-shields. Ventral plates in 
14 longitudinal series. 

Measurements.—Snout to vent 54 mm., fore-limb 20 mm., hind- 
limb 32 mm., snout to tympanum 12:5 mm., breadth of head 9 mm. 

An adult male (Plate XLV, fig. 4) of larger size from the same 
locality is coloured as follows: Dorsal surfaces grey with irregular 
blackish markings on the back, the most conspicuous of which border 
on the dorsolateral pale streak; over the neck are 5 inconspicuous 
thin pale streaks all black-margined ; the median one is very short, 
ending on the neck ; the next pair, also rather short, converge through- 
out their length, but end abruptly without actually fusing just behind 
the shoulders ; the dorsolateral streak on each side persists through- 
out the length of the body and extends a short distance along the tail. 
Faint traces of a pale lateral streak also occur. 

Limbs with black and white ocelli. Five pairs of chin-shields. 
Femoral pores 15. Length from snout to vent 58 mm.; length of 
tail 117 mm. Scales all of uniform size on the back ; about 64 in a 
transverse line across the middle. 

A young male (Plate XLV, fig. 1) has 5 white streaks on a blackish 
background dorsally; the median streak ends just behind the 
shoulders; the next pair converge very gradually, running close 
together for some distance and ultimately fusing just above the pelvic 
region; the dorsolateral pair continue well into the tail. The black 
bands adjoining the dorsolateral white streak on both sides contain 
numerous small white spots. A white lateral streak is also present. 
Limbs conspicuously spotted with white. 

The colour pattern of this specimen is uncommonly like that of 
juvenile capensis from Victoria West. In all three specimens the 


New or Little-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 483 


anterior supraocular is large, being almost as long as broad, and the 
scales between it and the loreal not broken up into small granules 
as in typical burchelli or capensis. The prefrontals in the adult male 
form a moderately long suture: in the female, they are separated by 
a small azygos shield ; in the young male, the frontal and frontonasal 
are just in contact. 


Lacerta australis sp. nov. 
(Plate XLV, fig. 3.) 


Type.—A single specimen collected on the Matroosberg by the late 
R. M. Lightfoot : No. 14741 in coll. South African Museum. 

Head somewhat depressed, body scarcely so. Depth of head 
slightly exceeding the distance from end of snout to anterior border 
of eye. Occipital region flat ; snout pointed, but shorter than post- 
ocular part of head; length of pileus very slightly exceeding twice 
the width. Neck as broad as head. Adpressed hind-limb reaching 
the collar. Foot about as long as head. Nostril pierced between the 
nasal and postnasal, and scarcely separated from first labial ; on the 
left side there are two incomplete postnasals. Nasals forming a 
suture behind the rostral; frontonasal broader than long; frontal 
about as long as its distance from the end of the snout, broader in 
front, about 13 times as long as broad, posteriorly decidedly narrower 
than the supraoculars, the two long sides almost straight ; parietals 
about 14 times as long as broad, outer border for the most part 
straight, in front forming a good contact with the small fourth supra- 
ocular but not meeting any of the small postoculars. First supra- 
ocular smallest, not in contact with the frontal. Of the two major 
supraoculars the first is longer; 6 supraciliaries, the suture between 
first and second oblique; a series of 9 granules between supra- 
oculars and supraciliaries. No foramen in the interparietal. Occipital 
broader than the interparietal, and hardly more than 4 as long. 
Rostral not entering the nostril. Two loreals, first shorter than 
second. Four upper labials anterior to the subocular, the lower 
border of which is considerably shorter than the upper. Lower eyelid 
pigmented over an extensive area, and some of the scales thereon 
more or less vertically enlarged, but irregularly so. Temple covered 
with granular scales similar to the dorsals; an elongated upper 
temporal scale followed by three smaller ones; an elongated tym- 
panic scale ; 5 or 6 postocular scales, the largest being that adjoining 
the subocular; no masseteric shield. EHar-opening large. No 
pterygoid teeth. Collar even-edged, composed of 8 plates, in contact 


484 Annals of the South African Museum. 


with which is a row of about 6 enlarged scales ; from this row to the 
symphysis of the chin-shields a straight line includes about 30 scales ; 
a gular fold present. 

Dorsal scales all granular and smooth like the laterals, about 68 mm. 
across the middle of the body. Ventral plates with rectilinear border, 
feebly imbricate, in 6 longitudinal series, the second series on each 
side from the median line a little broader than the outer series, 
especially anteriorly, the median series narrowest; 28 transverse 
series are present, counting from the row of obliquely elongated scales 
just behind the collar. 

A large preanal plate, in front of which are several other enlarged 
scales of smaller size ; two of these mesially situated are larger than 
their fellows, so that the condition might be described as a longitudinal 
series of 3 preanal scales, the hindermost largest. Scales on upper 
surface of hind-limb all granular, but along the anterior surface of the 
thigh is a row of about 7 much enlarged and vertically elongate scales 
which are quite smooth ; adjoining these above and below are scales 
of smaller size. Fore-limb with enlarged smooth scales on upper and 
anterior surface of humerus. Strongly enlarged scales also occur on 
anterior surface of fore-arm, and on ventral surface of leg; small 
scales considerably larger than the dorsal granular scales occur on 
ventral surface of thigh anterior to the line of femoral pores. Other- 
wise, the scaling of the limbs resembles that of the dorsal surface. 

16-19 femoral pores on each side. 

Under the fourth toe about 23 scales. 

Tail with enlarged scales ; dorsally, near the base of the tail, these 
are all long, narrow, and smooth or faintly keeled, but more distally 
they become definitely keeled ; this is also the case ventrally, but the 
keeling is more pronounced and the posterior border of each keeled 
scale is pointed, though not acutely so, and the broader smooth scales 
near the base of the tail have quite straight posterior borders. The 
caudal whorls are, on the whole, uniform in length; near the base of 
the tail the scales become gradually shorter, the dorsal ones merging 
into those of the back. 

Colour (preserved specimen).—Dorsal and lateral surfaces of body 
and limbs blackish, with numerous regularly arranged small pale-green 
spots; upper surface of head freckled with pale green; temporal 
region with indication of vertical pale-green stripes; tail obscurely 
spotted. Lower surfaces blue-green ; upper and lower lips, chin- 
shields, and throat pale green with small black spots. The spots of 
the dorsal surface are more or less in longitudinal lines, and over the 


New or Lnttle-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 485 


neck and shoulders those mesially situated form a thin broken median 
streak. 

Length from snout to vent 41 mm., length of head 10 mm., width of 
head 6-5 mm., depth of head 5 mm., length of fore-limb 13 mm., of 
hind-limb 22 mm. 

This species can be arranged in the Podarcis group as defined by 
Boulenger, and is apparently related to danfordi of Asia Minor and 
Greece. It resembles the three other African species in the absence 
of the parietal foramen, but is at once distinguished by the small size 
and greater number of the dorsal scales ; these three species differ so 
much from each other that Boulenger referred them to three distinct 
sections of the genus. In the future revision of the genus it is 
probable that the African species will be recognised as belonging to 
one natural group. 

L. australis seems to be the first record of this genus as endemic 
south of the tropic of Capricorn. The other African species are only 
known from the equatorial region. There is, however, a record of 
L. dugeswi from Table Mountain (R. Sternfeld in Mit. a. d. Zool. Mus. 
Berlin, vol. v, p. 403, 1911); but this was suspected to be an acci- 
dental importation from Madeira. 


Tropidosaura montana subsp. nov. rangert. 
(Plate XLIV, fig. 3.) 


Type.—A single adult male example in the collection of the Albany 
Museum, taken on the farm Gleniffer, near Kei Road, by Mr. Gordon 
Ranger, November 1925. The habitat is grass-veld. 

It closely resembles the typical form of montana in the head-scaling, 
but differs as follows: Frontal scute 5-sided, the posterior transverse 
edge being only slightly curved ; interparietal 4-sided, broad in front, 
1§ times as long as broad; occipital of moderate size, quite half as 
long as the interparietal. In montana the frontal is 6-sided, inter- 
parietal 5-sided and elongated, occipital small, not half as long as the 
interparietal. 

Colour.—Fore-part of head blackish, parietal scutes brown, dorsal 
surface of body brown with faint traces of darker mid-dorsal stripe. 
A continuous and conspicuous cream-coloured dorsolateral stripe 
arising immediately behind the head, flanks blackish, divided by a 
second cream-coloured stripe, which arises on the upper lip just below 
the eye, is broken in the axillary region, and not sharply defined on 
the flanks; a conspicuous ventrolateral stripe of orange spots on 


486 Annals of the South African Museum. 


each side of the body; ventral scales creamy white with blackish 
edges, mental region blackish. 

From snout to vent 50 mm., tail 113 mm. 

Rangert may be considered a brachycephalic form of montana ; 
geographically it is the extreme eastern form. In the matter of 
altitude there is nothing to distinguish them, for montana has a great 
altitudinal range. I have recently taken it on low hills near the sea 
at Hamburg, C.P. 


BaATRACHIA. 
Bufo tradouwi sp. nov. 


Types.—A series of specimens in the collection of the South African 
Museum, taken on the Swellenden Mountains and in Tradouw Pass at 
3500-5500 feet altitude by Dr. K. H. Barnard, 1925. 

This species is closely related to B. rose, differing therefrom chiefly 
in the presence of a well-developed tympanum, which, even in juvenile 
specimens, is quite distinct ; it 1s also larger than rosev. 

Toes long, not distinctly pointed, without web at the base and 
without lateral fringe ; subarticular tubercles moderate, more distal 
ones on two longer toes double, or with indication of doubling ; 
metatarsal tubercles not strongly developed. No tarsal fold; tarsal 
region with several weak tubercles. First and second fingers subequal. 
Tympanum well developed, about 2 the diameter of the eye. Paro- 
toids generally prominent, tapering in front and behind, with com- 
paratively few and large pores; also along the dorsolateral white 
stripe are one or two much smaller parotoid-like skin glands near the 
lumbar region, but these are sometimes ill-developed ; further, just 
behind the angle of the mouth, is a parotoid-like skin-gland. Dorsal 
surface of body with numerous rather small, mostly rounded, smooth 
warts ; these extend to the head, but are absent over the snout. No 
asperities except occasionally in the coccygeal region. A few smooth 
warts on outer side of hind-limb. Vertebral line distinct or other- 
wise ; absent over the head. Abdomen smooth or nearly so. Huind- 
limb pressed forward ; the tarso-metatarsal joint reaches the middle 
of the eye, or to front of orbit in smaller specimens. 

Colowr.—Dorsally blackish or dark brown, with 3 conspicuous pale 
stripes. The lateral stripes commence at the parotoids and extend 
back to the inguinal region ; the median stripe commences on a level 
with the anterior margin of the orbits. Parotoids generally with 
reddish tinge, which also characterises the small glands more pos- 
teriorly situated. Ventrolateral region and upper lip with black and 


New or Little-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 487 


grey reticulation. Ventral surfaces whitish with fine blackish reticu- 
lation over the belly ; this, however, is variable. 

Length from snout to vent 31-5 mm. ; breadth of head 11 mm. 

I have also a single specimen of this same species from George 
Mountain (Mr. J. E. H. Mylne). 

This species agrees with rosez in that the parotoids are situated on 
the sides of the neck rather than on the upper surface, as in angusticeps ; 
thus, these glands are somewhat laterally compressed rather than 
depressed. 


Key to S. African species of Bufo, group angusticeps Smith. 


1. Toes pointed, generally well webbed at the base and nar- 

- rowly fringed with web almost up to the tip (sometimes 

fringe along toes obsolete) ; parotoids elongated ; belly 
smooth. [Coastal region from Cape Town to Mossel Bay.] angusticeps Smith. 

2. A more slender form; toes longer, not so well pointed, 

webbed at the base, but less distinctly fringed with web ; 

tubercles under digits and on soles not strongly developed ; 

tarsal fold present though ill-developed. [Amatola 
Mountains | : ; i % 2 : : .  amatolica Hewitt. 

3. Toes not pointed, only slightly webbed at the base, and not 

or scarcely fringed with web; tubercles on soles and tarsi 

all well developed, and likewise also the tarsal fold ; 

parotoids usually broad. (Young considerably resem- 

bling amatolica, but distinguishable on the webbing of 

the feet and in the stronger development of the foot 

tubercles ; in smaller specimens, subarticular tubercles 

may be entirely single as in amatolica, but in half-grown 

examples some of the tubercles are doubled ; chest with 

numerous irregular black spots and sometimes a few on 

the throat.) [Occurs in all the central districts of the 
Cape Province from Steinkopf to Queenstown.]  . .  gariepensis Smith. 

4. Toes long, not webbed ; foot tubercles not strongly devel- 

oped, and no tarsal fold, some of subarticular tubercles 

double or with indication of doubling ; parotoids pointed 

behind and in front; surfaces generally free from 


asperities. [Swellendam Mountains and George.] . .  tradouwi sp. nov. 
5. Similar to tradouwi, but tympanum quite absent. {Muizen- 
berg. | : : : : : ‘ : : , roset Hewitt. 


Bufo dombensis Boc. 


Three specimens from Outjo and Sesfontein. These are much 
smoother dorsally than either vertebralis or fenoulheti. One specimen 
is quite free from dorsal asperities ; in two of them there are scattered 
asperities over the back, but in all the head is entirely smooth above. 


488 Annals of the South African Museum. 


There is a continuous vertebral line. Parotoids flattened, in one 
example divided almost as in vertebralis. 
Length 36 mm. 


Phrynomantis nasuta Hewitt and Methuen. 


Two specimens from Outjo: ‘ Found lying in little round hollows 
in the sand beneath stones.” 

These agree in most respects with the type and only known specimen 
from the Great Karas Mountains, but there are minor differences. 
Tympanum rather indistinct. Fingers slightly more dilated at the 
tips. Throat more or less infuscated. The markings over the middle 
of the back take the form of two irregular ocelli instead of two irregular 
longitudinal bands. Inner metatarsal tubercle fairly prominent but 
not shovel-shaped. Total length 33-5 mm. 

The relationship of this species to annectans Wern. must remain 
doubtful until adult topotypes of the latter become available. 


Cassina wealw Bler. 
Brit. Mus. Cat. Batrachia, p. 131, pl. x1, fig. 7, 1882. 


Mr. G. A. Ranger has recently sent to me three specimens from 
Gleniffer, Kei Road, which agree well with Boulenger’s description. 
All recent authors, including Boulenger himself, have regarded this 
species as a synonym of senegalensis D.B., and Noble, who has 
examined a large series of Cassinas, remarks: “‘I can find no dis- 
tinguishing character of wealzi which is not present in our series of 
senegalensis, and I have not hesitated in uniting these two species. .. . 
I have compared a specimen of senegalensis from Cape Colony with our 
large series from Niangara and can find no differences of any kind.” 

The following characters seem to warrant specific recognition for 
wealii: Belly entirely granular—in senegalensis only the hinder por- 
tion is granular; adult male with a round or transversely oval pro- 
minent disc on the throat, well defined posteriorly as well as laterally, 
and with no regular plaits on the throat—in senegalensis the disc is 
longitudinally elongate, its posterior margin is ill-defined, and behind 
it the throat is strongly and regularly plaited; outer metatarsal 
tubercle rather large but flattened and not sharply defined—in 
senegalensis very small but well defined. 

C. wealit is known to me from Gleniffer, near Kei Road, and from 
Grahamstown, where also senegalensis occurs. The local distribution 
of the two species near Grahamstown has not been worked out, but 


New or Little-known Reptiles and Batrachians from South Africa. 489 


it is known that senegalensis inhabits the drier open flats above the 
town, whilst weal has been taken on the humid mountain slopes 
south of Grahamstown near Stones’ Hill. 

C. senegalensis is known to me from Grahamstown, Mariannhill, 
Natal, Port St. Johns (N. Gould), Zululand (H. W. Bell Marley), 
Matoppos (J. Cockcroft). The Grahamstown form is _ possibly 
worthy of separation as a distinct subspecies, for the ventral surfaces 
are less strongly granulated than in the other specimens examined ; 
it is moreover larger in body. 


490 Annals of the South African Museum. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PuatTeE XLIV. 


. Pachydactylus mentalis sp. nov. Type specimen a little enlarged. 
. Tropidosaura montana. Head and neck of specimen from George, C.P., 


enlarged. 


. Tropidosaura montana rangeri subsp. nov. Head and neck of type, enlarged. 
. Pachydactylus punctatus bicolor subsp. nov. Type specimen, a little enlarged. 


PLATE XLV. 


. Hremias burchelli quinquevittata subsp. nov. Young male, enlarged. 


” » ° subsp. nov. Type, female. 


. Lacerta ausiralis sp. nov. Type specimen, enlarged. 
. Eremias burchelli quinquevittata subsp. nov. Adult male, enlarged. 


Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XLIV. 


SOUTH AFRICAN LACERTILIA. 


Neill & Co., Ltd. 


Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XX. Plate XLV. 


SOUTH AFRICAN LACERTILIA. 


Neill & Co., Lid. 


( 491 ) 


15. Some Notes on the Lizards of the Cape Peninsula. 
By WaAuteR Rose. 


Some personal observations of the Lizards of the Cape Peninsula 
are summarised in the following notes. 

Notes of occurrence and frequency relate only to the Cape Peninsula, 
which has been fairly systematically searched. To Robben Island 
only two brief visits have been paid. The measurements given are 
those of the largest specimens collected. 

Phyllodactylus porphyreus (Daud.) is very common on many parts 
of the mountains and on Robben Island. One specimen had a distinct 
vertebral stripe. Eggs, 10}x8 mm., are deposited under stones at 
intervals, several females often sharing the same “ nest.”’ Under one 
stone twenty eggs were found. As a rule the young, 14-14 inches in 
length, emerge during February, covered with a thin white membrane 
which gradually sloughs away piecemeal. In this gecko the tail- 
relinquishing faculty appears to have reached its acme. Length 34 
inches, half of which is tail. 

Pachydactylus ocellatus (Cuv.) is sometimes found on the mountains 
associated with the above, but appears to be rare. On Robben Island 
near the shore are numerous small heaps of fist-sized stones, and in 
these this gecko may be found in large numbers, closely associated 
with Zonurus cordylus, Phyllodactylus porphyreus, and an occasional 
Acontias meleagris. P. ocellatus is far less depressed than Ph. por- 
phyreus, and has a habit of standing on stiffened fore-limbs with the 
head raised on an almost vertical neck, and is also prone to curl up 
the rounded velvety body after the manner of a cat. The tail is 
unusually fat and undoubtedly forms a reserve of nutriment for lean 
times. The eye is large and limpid. The eggs are 94X7 mm. 
Length 3 inches, of which 14 is tail. 

Agama atra (Daud.) is common on rocky parts of the Peninsula, 
from the highest peaks to the sea-level. Similar in habits and habitat 
to Z. cordylus. Leathery-cased white eggs, 15 x 12 mm., seven or eight 
in number, are deposited, October to April, in a hole about 5 inches 
deep, scratched by the female on the sunny side of a boulder. It 


492 Annals of the South African Museum. 


was observed that the male remained close at hand during the opera- 
tion, taking a great interest therein, and apparently acting as a decoy, 
his brighter colouring rendering him a far more conspicuous object 
than his stone-coloured mate. Hither from reliance on this immunity 
or from the engrossing nature of her occupation, the latter was only 
temporarily diverted therefrom by close observation from a distance 
of less than 2 feet. Length, body 34 inches, tail 44 inches. 

Agama hispida (Linn.) appears to be confined to the sandy lowlands 
and is not at all common, the writer’s observation being of one 
specimen only from Goodwood. It is said to frequent vineyards, and 
is far less agile than A. atra and less prone to bite. The tail is pro- 
portionately shorter, accounting for 3 inches of a total length of 64 
inches. 

Zonurus cordylus (Linn.) might with advantage be divided into two 
varieties, niger and flavus. It is very common on the mountains 
amongst rocks, in the clefts of which it hides. Of many hundreds 
seen, all have been black except for a few yellow-brown ones on 
Lion’s Head, where the types appear to be equally represented. On 
Robben Island yellow-brown ones are extremely numerous in the 
stone heaps, associated as referred to above, but no black ones were 
seen. The young, usually a single one, is born alive, and 3 inches in 
length. Dorsally, the young of niger are a uniform black; those of 
flavus are sprinkled with white dots. A considerable pull is required 
to detach the tail, the armoured nature thereof being probably the 
balancing factor. In captivity Zonurus feeds readily on small 
locusts, and one was seen to devour a small Mabuia. Length, body 
31 inches, tail 4 inches. , 

Pseudocordylus microlepidotus (Cuv.). This splendid lizard appears 
to be rare and confined to the steeper crags, from the deep clefts of 
which it can only be secured by a noose at the end of a long wire. In 
captivity it becomes moderately docile. Length 11 inches, of which 
the tail accounts for 64 inches. 

Mabwia trivittata (Cuv.) is very common on the Cape Flats and 
moderately so on the mountain. The young, eight to ten in number, 
and measuring 24 inches, are born in February. This lizard becomes 
very docile in captivity, feeding on locusts. Length of body 4 inches, 
of tail 6 inches. | 

Mabuia homalocephala * (Wiegm.), though held to be strictly rupi- 
colous, is far more common on the sandy dunes of the Flats than on 
the mountain, being especially numerous between Muizenberg and 


* See Hewitt, preceding paper, p. 474. 


Some Notes on the Lizards of the Cape Peninsula. 493 
p 


Zeekoe Vlei. The sharp nose, smooth scaling, streamline contour, and 
behaviour when pursued, strongly suggest that the typical habitat 
of homalocephala is in sandy regions, and its natural retreat under- 
ground. Its favourite haunt is under a small bush, from which it 
makes rapid sorties to secure the small locusts which are its main diet. 
Length 84 inches, of which the body is 31. 

Scaptira knox (M.-Kdw.) is very plentiful on the dunes and sandy 
uplands. Inthe very young the dorsal markings have the appearance 
of stripes. The body accounts for only 2 of the 5 inches of total 
length. A gravid female, taken 24th January, was found to contain 
three leathery eggs, 138 mm., which showed no sign of incubation. 

Tropidosaura montana (Dum. & Bibr.) is occasionally found on the 
mountain slopes, and resembles M. trivittata in habits. Body 2 inches, 
tail 3 inches. 

Tetradactylus seps (Linn.). Moderately common on mountain and 
Flats. Movements quick and decidedly serpentine, the feet at times 
appear to play only a minor part in locomotion. Length 7 inches, of 
which the tail constitutes just under 5 inches. 

Tetradactylus tetradactylus (Lacép.). One from Lion’s Head, four 
from grassy mountain slopes above Hout Bay. Exceedingly quick 
and hard to catch, locomotion being entirely serpentine. Only in the 
slowest movements can the tiny legs be of any use. Length 16 inches, 
of which no less than 13 inches is tail. 

Chamaesaura anguina (Linn.). Several from Schoonster’s Drift, 
others from Muizenberg Plateau, where it is very numerous in the long 
grass. The four or five young, 6 inches long, are born in February. 
It is second only to the last named in agility and elusiveness. No 
use of the limbs has been noted even in the slowest movements, the 
anterior half of the body being as a rule raised clear of the ground. 
Length 20 inches, the tail being 75 per cent. of this. 

Scelotes bipes (Linn.) may be found under stones on the hillsides or 
burrowing in the sand on the Flats ; also on Robben Island. In soft 
sand it is extremely elusive, disappearing as rapidly as if in a liquid 
element. Length 5% inches, of which the tail constitutes 24 inches. 
Two young, 2} inches long, born in March. 

Acontias meleagris (Linn.) is found in the same localities and under 
the same conditions as the last, but is far stiffer in nature and less agile 
in its movements. Locomotion is serpentine, retiral being facilitated 
by a recurving of the hard tail-tip. Whilst many specimens are a 
uniform semi-translucent amber colour with rows of diamond-shaped 
black spots dorsally, in others these spots have coalesced, giving a 

VOL. XX, PART 6. 3 


E oo 


494 Annals of the South African Museum. 


continuous purple-black coloration to the whole upper part. Length 
10 inches, 80 per cent. of which is body. 

Lophosaura pumilis, Daud., is very common on bushes and often 
found on reeds and grass stalks. The young, about 10 in number 
and 14 inches long, are born near Christmas, the process lasting upwards 
of an hour. Kach infant is deposited on a branch, to which it adheres 
by the sticky transparent envelope in which it is encased. Within a 
minute it ruptures this envelope and emerges, active and able to 
climb with agility. Length just over 6 inches, half of this being tail. 

The following have also been recorded from the Cape Peninsula, 
but so far have not come within the writer’s observation, and it is 
possible that some at least are accidental importees. In each case the 
collector’s name is given in square brackets. Pachydactylus bibroni, 
Smith [R. Smith]; Pachydactylus maculatus, Smith [French] ; 
Rhoptropus ocellatus, Bouleng. [Layard]; Zonurus polyzonus, Smith 
[French]; Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, Wiegm. [De Souza]; Mabuia 
sulcata, Peters [Layard]; Lophosaura ventralis, Gray | Butler]. 


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