AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA
PART II. THE LAFOEIDAE, SYNTHECIIDAE

N. A. H. MILLARD

THE HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH

AND SERTULARIIDAE

February 1964 Februarie
Volume 48 Band

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THE HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF
SOUTH AFRICA

PART II. THE LAFOEIDAE, SYNTHECIIDAE AND SERTULARIIDAE
By
N. A. H. Mittarp

Koology Department, University of Cape Town
(With 16 figures in the text)

CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction . : ‘ : I
Station list . : : Bane}
Mist ofispeciesiay sy tiene a O
Fam. Lafoeidae . 5 le a7)
Fam. Syntheciidae . . 22
Fam. Sertulariidae . . 25
Summarys eo ne 54:
References . 6 5 » 55
INTRODUCTION

This paper represents the second part of a systematic account of the
hydroids of the south and west coasts of South Africa. The first part, dealing
with the Plumulariidae, appeared in these Annals, vol. 46, 1962. The scope of
the work and the source of the material were detailed in the introduction to
Part I, and need not be repeated here.

As before the details of the collecting stations are given in the station list
which follows, and only the catalogue numbers are quoted in the systematic
account. Occasional records which do not come from the south or west coast,
but which have been mentioned for some special reason, have been put between
brackets.

The author wishes to acknowledge the help of all those bodies or individuals
who have helped materially or financially to build up the very extensive
collection now present in the University of Cape Town, and also the South
African Museum for access to the material dredged by the s.s. Pieter Faure.
Acknowledgements are also due to the British Museum of Natural History for
permission to examine material housed there, and to the Munich Museum for
the loan of mounted slides.

Type specimens of new species have been deposited in the South African
Museum and have been given a Museum registered number in addition to the
University catalogue number.

The Trustees of the South African Museum acknowledge with thanks
receipt of grants from the University of Cape Town and the Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research towards the cost of publication.

I

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 48 (1), 1964: 1-56, 16 figs.

2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

STATION LIST

A. Littoral material from Oudekraal on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula.
Position: 33°58°5'S/18°22-2’E.

Date
A 123 15-3-34
A 381 25.8.34
A 382 13.5.34

A 384 25.38.34
AFR. Material dredged by the government research vessel, r.s. Africana.

Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom
AFR 736 17.8.47 30°42°4’8/15°59°2’E 201 co gn S, Sh
AFR 743 21.8.47 30°2’S/15°2’E 364 gns
AFR 835 20.11.47 ?35°9’S/19°2’E 188
AFR 866 9.1.48 34°36°8’S/19°16-4’E 38 Ss, R
AFR 945 19.3.48 36°25’S/21°8’E 177 s,R
AFR 1028.0 15.5.48 28°28’S/32°25-8’E 27 £S,R

B, BB. Littoral material from Lambert’s Bay on the west coast. Position:
32°5'S/18°14’E.

Date
B 105 ~~ 28.7.38
B 114 ~~ 29.7.38

Big7 31-7238
BBirg)-18-1-57
BMR. Bushman’s River Estuary, on sand and muddy banks. Date: September,
1950. Position: 33°41'S/26°40’E. Depth: 2-44m.
BRE. Breede River Estuary, littoral. Date: 7.7.51. Position: 34°25’'S/20°51°5’E.

CP. Littoral material from various localities on the west coast of the Cape
Peninsula.

Date Locality Position
CP 336 12.5.49 Oudekraal 33°58-5'S/18°22-2’E
CP 379 15.4.53 Sea Point 33°55°2'S/18°22-6’E

CP 650 1.2.61 Bakoven 33°57°6'S/18°22-3’E
CPR. Material from various localities in the Cape Province.
Date Locality Position Depth (m.)
CPR 7 15.1.50 The Haven 32°15'S/28°57’E littoral
CPR 9 30.4.50 Glentana Strand 34°4'S/22°20’E littoral
CPR 46 20.6.59 Umgazi Bay 31°43°S/29°26’E 27

E. Littoral material from Port Elizabeth on the south coast. Date: 9.7.36.
Position: 33°56'S/25°36’E.
KNY. Knysna Estuary, on the south coast. Date: July, 1947. Position:
34°5'S/23°4’E (average).
Depth (m.) Bottom
M

KNY 22 1-4

KNY 30 5-7 S,M
KNY 57 II°5 R
KNY 70 2-6 S

KNY 71 7 Sh, S, M

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA

L. Littoral material from East London, on the south coast. Date:

Position: 33°1'S/27°54’E.

LAM. Dredged in Lambert’s Bay, west coast. _

Date
LAM 2 16.1.57
LAM 7 18.1.57
LAM 9 T7al5i7
LAM 13 19.1.57
LAM 14 18.1.57
LAM 18 18.1.57
LAM 23 WUT)
LAM 30 19.1.57
LAM 35 1Q.1.57
LAM 40 1Q.1.57
LAM 41 Q1.1.57
LAM 45 Q1.1.57
LAM 46 22.17.57
LAM 59 23.1.57

LIZ. Dredged in Algoa Bay,

Date
LIZ 2 5.4.54
BIZ 7 6.4.54
LIZ 11 6.4.54
LIZ 13 6.4.54
LIZ 16 7.4.54
LIZ 27-40 11.4.54

Position
32°4°5'S/18°18-3’E
32°5’S/18°17-9’E
32°4°7'S/18°17-7'E
32°4/S/18°18-1’E
32°5/S/18°17-7’E
32°4.°8'S/18°17-8’E
32°4°1/S/18°18-6’E
32°5:1'S8/18°17°7'E
32°5°5'S/18°17-7'E
32°5°5'S/18°17-6’E
32°5'S/18°17-7'E
32°5/S/18°18-2’E
32°4°45/18°17-7’ E
32°9'S/18°18’E

Depth (m.)
17
23
23
18
17
17
15
20
27°5
28
20

8
23
16

Port Elizabeth, south coast.

Position
33°55°7'9/25°37°2'E
33°58°1'S/25°38-9'E
33°57°2'S/25°38’E
33°58-2'S/25°38-8’E
33°58°4'S/25°40°5’E
34°0°8'S/25°42°4’E

MB. Dredged in Mossel Bay, south coast.

Date
MB 8-12 12.1.56
MB 15 13.1.56
MB 24 13.1.56
MB 26 13.1.56
MB 39 16.1.56
MB 47 17.1.56
MB 52 17.1.56
MB 58 18.1.56
MB 59 18.1.56
MB 64 18.1.56
MB 69 19.1.56
MB 72 19.1.56
MB 84 21.1.56
MB 88 18.1.56

Position
34°4°3/S/22°13-9’E
34°1E-1’S/22°10°1 EB
34°11-1'S/22°9-9’E
34°11-1’S/22°10-1’E
34°10°1’S/22°8-0’E
34°11 :3’S/22°10-0’E
34°11-0'S/22°9:9’E
34°4°3'S/22°13°5’E
34°4°1'S/22°13-9'E
34.°4°8/S/22°13°1’E
34°8-6'S/22°7:3’E
34°9°1'S/22°7-2'E
34°11 -4’S/22°10'1’E
34°4°8'S/22°13-°1’E

NAD. Dredged off Natal, east coast.

PP. Littoral material from Paternoster, west coast. Date:

Date

INA) rin 17.5.58

NAD 22 12.8.58
32°43'5/17°55'E.

S. Littoral material from Still Bay, south coast. Date:

34°23'S/21°26’E.

Position
30°47°1'S/30°29'1’E
29°58’S/31°2’E

Depth (m.)
955

Depth (m.)
44
49

HOW ESE

BUN N BAD RNa
a Peo

g@

Bottom
M
St, R
R, Clay
iS)

St
R

Bottom

r)

S ARPA RER ND
nN

°

n
WM
i
rs

mM
=F

v

SAAN
nA nw
”
=
es

Bottom
St

24.9.57. Position:

10.1.32. Position:

4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

SAMH. Material from the South African Museum. Specimens 146-350 and
374-382 were dredged by the s.s. Preter Faure. Their positions were given
in the original records as compass bearings off salient points on the coast,
and were probably not very accurate. These have been converted into
latitude and longitude and are given to the nearest minute.

Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom
SAMH 146 23.6.1898 South of Mossel Bay
SAMH 151-156 15.7-1898 34°8’S/22°16’E St
SAMH 171-172 II.1I.1898 33°40'S/25°56’E
SAMH 173-178 19.11.1898 33°45'S/26°44’E 73-78°5 M
SAMH 181 22.12.1898 32°52’S/28°12’E
SAMH 182-192 28.12.1898 33°9’S/28°3’E 86 S; shy R
SAME 204-209 7.3.1899 33°59'S/25°51’E 24-27
SAMH 213 24.3.1899 33°50'S/26°35’E gI M
SAMH 216-220 19.6.1899 34°26’S/21°42’E {S$
SAMHE 228-232 20.9.1899 34°15'S/22°10°5’/E M
SAMH 234-237 5-7-1900 34°27’S/20°58’E 51 Crl
SAMH 246 II.10.1900 34°8’S/22°59°5’E 73 SP ShaGrl
SAMH 251-252 15.7-1901 33°13°5/S/27°58’E 89 brk Sh
SAMH 256-272 17.7-1901 33°7'S/27°47°5/E £S
SAMH 281-282 25.7-I19OI 32°50'S/28°18-5’E 86 brk Sh
SAMH 288-294 13.8.190I 32°45'S/28°26’E 53 brk Sh, St
SAMH 295 13.8.1901 32°47'S/28°28’E 82 brk Sh
SAMH 301 15.38.1901 32°42’S/28°26’E 31 R
SAMH 310-314 10.9.190I 33°54’S/26°51’E 120 brk Sh, St
SAMH 316-318 23.9.1901 34°5’S/26°34’E 115 S, Sh, bk Spks
SAMH 321 19.2.1902 34°32’S/24°27°5’E 137 S, Sh, R
SAMH 325 22.9.1904 34°12'S/22°15°5’E 51 {S$
SAMH 334 4.10.1904 34°12’S/22°15-5’E 51 £S
SAMH 348 19.10.1904. 34°15°5/S/22°14’E 64 M
SAMH 350 22.8.1905 33°52’S/26°9’E M
SAMH 358-359 19.6.1914 33°55'S/18°27’E
SAMH 374-382 15.3-1899 33°47'S/26°19’E 18-29 S, Sh, St
SAMH 403 —.4.1962 28°37’S/16°25’E 10-20
SAMH 409 —.10.1962 28°37’S/16°25’E 10-20
SB. Saldanha Bay, west coast.

Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom
SB 150-168 —.9.57 33°2°5'S/18°2’E littoral R
SB 194 1.5.59 33°3°5'S/17°59°2’E 20 R,S
SB 253 22.4.62 33°3’S/17°56-6’E 35 fkh§

SCD. Dredged off the south coast.

Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom
SCD 3 18.4.58 34°30'S/24°40’E 102 R
SCD 5 19.4.58 34°15'S/25°5’E II R, Sh
SCD 29 22.6.58 33°38-6’S/26°54-7’E 56 R
SCD 33 21.5.58 35°3'S/27°56-2’E 65 S, Sh
SCD 36-37 19.5.58 32°15-2’S/28°57-7’E 49°5 R
SCD 50 18.5.58 31°38-8’S/29°34-4’E 33 R
SCD 52 20.8.58 34°1’S/25°45°5’E 46 R
SCD 56 19.8.58 33°37’S/26°56-6’E 46
SCD 60 16.8.58 33°2'S/27°56-2’E 46
SCD 61 15.8.58 32°17-7'S/28°54:5’E 49
SCD 75 16.7.59 32°33’S/28°38’E 55 S;
SCD 79 16.7.59 32°43’S/28°28’E 58 St, Sh

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA

SCD 82
SCD 84-85
SCD 94
SCD 96
SCD tor
SCD 103
SCD 104
SCD 106
SCD 108
SCD 112
SCD 113
SCD 114
SCD 115
SCD 117-118
SCD 119
SCD 122
SCD 126
SCD 138
SCD 141
SCD 145
SCD 153-154
SCD 169
SCD 175
SCD 179
SCD 184
SCD 1g!
SCD 206
SCD 219-239
SCD 250
SCD 254
SCD 258
SCD 265
SCD 276
SCD 284
SCD 290
SCD 296-297
SCD 301
SCD 304-305
SCD 320-322
SCD 324
SCD 330
SCD 345
SCD 354

Date
17-7-59
17-7-59
20.7.59
20.7.59
21.7.59
22.7.59
23-7-59
23-7-59
23-7-59
20.7.59

26.11.59
26.11.59
26.11.59
14.2.60
14.2.60
14.2.60
3.6.60
23.8.60
28.8.60
28.8.60
25.11.60
24.11.60
30.11.60
24.11.60
25.11.60
29.11.60
30.11.60
29.11.60
30.11.60
16.7.61
14.7.61
14.7.61
14.7.61

6.2.62

6.2.62

6.2.62

6.2.62

8.2.62

9.2.62
9.2.62
11.2.62
12.2.62
11.10.62

Position
33°3°7'S/27°54:7'E
33°3'S/27°55'E
33°55°5/9/25°51'E
34°21'S/25°41’E
34°33'S/24°1E
35°7'S/22°15/E
34°33'S/21°28'E
34°35'S/21°10’E
34°35’S/21°11’E
33°55°5'9/25°51E
34°24'S/21°45’E
34°29'S/21°49°5’E
34°54°4.°9/22°12°2’E
34°24’S/21°46’E
34°33 'S/21°52’E
34°40°5'S/22°0’E
34.°26-5'S/21°48’E
34°35'S/21°56’E
34°46'S/22°5’E
34°46'S/22°5’E
34°3'S/25°59’E
33°58-9/S/25°41°4’E
34°20'S/23°31’E
33°58-9/S/25°41°4’E
34.°23'S/26°1 “EB
34°4°3'S/23°25:°8’E
34°51'S/23°41’E
34.°2'8/23°28-4’E
34°48'S/23°39’E
33°7°3'S/28°1’E
33°53°8'S/25°42°5/E
33°48'S/25°47'E
33°53°8'S/25°42°5/E
33°1'S/27°55'E
33°4'S/27°57'E
33°9'5/28°2’E
33°39'S/27°15'E
34°0'S/25°53'E
34°15/S/25°50°5'E
34°27'S/25°57'E
34°3°5/S/23°23’E
34°16/S/22°17’E
32°8’S/29°12’E

Depth (m.)
51

TB. Material dredged from Table Bay, Cape Town.

TESBY at
TB 10
ASS sai
TB 12
TB a1

TRA. Material collected by commercial trawlers.

TRA 23
RA 33
TRA 35

Date

11.2.47
11.2.47
25.10.46
11.2.47
15.12.57

Date

Q-11.47
20.7.49
21.1.50

Position
33°47°5'S/18°24-3E
33°50°5'S/18°25-8’E
33°52’S/18°28’E
33°47°5'S/18°24’E
33°48:°6'8/18°24:-6’E

Position
34°49'S/20°21°5’E
34°55'S/21°10’E
34°34'S/20°50'E

Depth (m.)
19-20

27

15°5
19-20

15

Depth (m.)
Cc. Q1°5
Cc. 90

7O

Bottom
br 5S, Sh
R
bk M,S
Sh

ve

S
co S, brk Sh

COS; She St
bk M,S
Saitasial
gr-gn M
co 8, Sh

R

kh S$

kh §

bk M
co&fSs
kh §$

kh $

R

R

Re khis

R

co S, brk Sh
gn M

kh S$

S, R, M

Sh, St
St, brk Sh, S

Bottom

S,R
M, S

TRA 159

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Date
—-7-50
—.7.50
=.7-51
28.11.52
26.11.52

—.1.54
6.3.58

Position
34.°30'S/20°50’E
34°30'S/20°56’E
34°30'S/20°55'E
34°40'S/21°35’E
34°28'8/21°45/E
35°3°9/21°50’E
34°51'S/19°55'E
34°12’8S/18°29’E
33°56'S/25°36'E

WCD. Dredged off west coast.

Wie Dear
WG 7
WCD 12
WCD 18
WCD 30
WCD 34
WCD 56
WCD 81
WCD 100

Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877)
Filellum antarcticum (Hartlaub, 1904)

Date

25.2.59
243-99)
24-3-59
29-4-59
15.12.59
15.12.59
21.9.60
15-9-49

2.7.61

Hebella furax Millard, 1957
Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888)
Hebella urceolata n. sp.

Lafoea fruticosa M. Sars, 1851

1786)

Salacia articulata (Pallas, 1766)

Salacia disjuncta n. sp.

Sertularella africana Stechow, 1919

Position
34°9°8’S/18°16°5’E
34°9°3/8/18°17-5’E
34°9°4'S/18°16-5’E
33°5°6'S/17°54°5'E
34°10°5/S/18°14°3’E
34°11:2’8S/18°20-2’E
32°4°6'S/18°18’E
34°5/S/18°21’E
32°5-5/S/18°17-3’E

LIsT OF SPECIES

Family Lafoeidae

FPP AEZES
PLnnoan

DDD oS os ed ee
peed Fe

Scandia mutabilis (Richie, 1907)
A ygophylax africana Stechow, 1923

Kygophylax armata (Ritchie, 1907)
Kygophylax cornucopia Millard, 1955
Kygophylax enigmatica n. sp.
Kygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918

Family Syntheciidae
Hincksella cylindrica (Bale, 1888)

Synthecium dentigerum Jarvis, 1922

Family Sertulariidae
Amphisbetia bidens (Bale, 1884)
Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879)
Amphisbetia operculata (Linn., 1758)
Crateritheca acanthostoma (Bale, 1882)
Dictyocladium coactum Stechow, 1923
Diphasia tetraglochina Billard, 1907
Dynamena cornicina McCrady, 1858
Dynamena crisioides Lamx., 1824.
Dynamena quadridentata (Ell. & Sol.,

Synthecium ?elegans Allman, 1872
Synthectum hians Millard, 1957

Sertularella agulhensis n. sp.
Sertularella arbuscula (Lamx., 1816)
Sertularella capensis Millard, 1957
Sertularella congregata n. sp.
Sertularella dubia Billard, 1907
Sertularella falsa Millard, 1957
Sertularella flabellum (Allman, 1886)
Sertularella fusiformis (Hincks, 1861)

Sertularella gilchristt n. sp.

Sertularella goliathus Stechow, 1923

Sertularella mediterranea Hartlaub, 1901

Sertularella megista Stechow, 1923

Sertularella polyzonias (Linn., 1758)

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 7

Sertularella pulchra Stechow, 1923 Sertularia turbinata (Lamx., 1816)
Sertularella striata Stechow, 1923 Symplectoscyphus arboriformis (Markt.,
Sertularella xantha Stechow, 1923 1890) :

Sertularia distans (Lamx., 1816) Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (‘Treb., 1928)
Sertularia marginata (Kirch., 1864) Thyroscyphus aequalis Warren, 1908

Family Lafoeidae
Acryptolaria conferta conferta (Allman, 1877)
Fiee AC. Bly

Cryptolaria conferta Allman, 1877: 17, pl 12 (figs. 6-10).
Acryptolaria conferta: Totton, 1930: fig. 19a. Leloup, 1937: 29, fig. 19.

Records. West coast: AFR 736Y. South Coast: SCD 1o1G.

Description. Colonies reaching a maximum height of 3:9 cm. Stem fascicled
except for the terminal branches, but slender and flexible; branching in a
roughly alternate manner and roughly in one plane, but on the whole very
irregular in appearance.

Hydrotheca adnate to stem or branch for over half height; adcauline
wall approximately straight and parallel with axis of stem in lower part of
adnate section, curving outwards in upper part of adnate section and in free
section ; abcauline wall usually slightly convex opposite base of adcauline wall,
curving evenly outwards beyond this; margin slightly everted. Base of adcauline
wall of hydrotheca always above level of top of adnate part of the one below.
Diameter at margin approximately 14 to 24 times that at base.

Free, solitary hydrothecae also present, arising separately from hydrorhiza
or from epizootic stolons creeping over the surface of mature stems. These
hydrothecae erect, at right angles to stolon, widening to margin which is
slightly everted, quite symmetrical or (more often) somewhat irregular in
shape.

No coppiniae.

Measurements. See under subspecies australis.

Remarks. Both these colonies are growing on the surface of worm-tubes, and
include stems in various stages of development. Certain observations on the
method of growth were thus possible.

The hydrorhiza forms a branching reticulum giving off solitary hydrothecae
and upright stems. In a young upright stem the first hydrotheca and the
hydrocaulus arise separately and side by side from the hydrorhiza (fig. 1C).
It appears thus that in the development of the colony a solitary hydrotheca
is produced first, and that this is followed by the growth of a separate tube of
the hydrorhiza past it, and in contact with it, to become the hydrocaulus of
the stem. The development of the rest of the stem proceeds by a method of

8 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

(Hn en EA

Fic. 1. Acryptolaria conferta (Allman).
. Part of the stem from AFR 736Y, to show branching. Portions of the peripheral tubes in
position.
. Solitary hydrothecae from AFR 736Y.
. Solitary hydrotheca and young stem from AFR 736Y, to show origin.
. Subsp. australis, solitary hydrothecae from SCD 175N.
E.G. A few hydrothecae from SCD 101G, SCD 1o1F and SCD 175N respectively. The last
two are included in subsp. australis.

Dow p>

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 9

sympodial growth. At a later stage the superficial tubes are developed as
branches from the hydrocaulus arising opposite the top of the adnate part of
the hydrothecae, and remaining in communication with it by a series of
connexions in this position. Branches arise in the same position as the accessory
tubes and are in cytoplasmic continuity with both the coenosarc of the stem
and that of the accessory tube.

The free hydrothecae which are often present on the surface of older
stems appear to belong mostly to young epizootic colonies growing on the
surface of older ones.

These solitary hydrothecae are similar to those produced by various
species of Lafoea (e.g. L. dumosa (Fleming), L. gracillima (Alder) and L. fruticosa
M. Sars) and are almost identical with them. They also resemble hydrothecae
of the creeping L. tenellula Allman, which is included by some authorities in
L. dumosa. It is evident, thus, that extreme care should be taken in assigning
such stolonic colonies to a particular species unless the branching form is
present as well. For example, the L. tenellula described by Stechow in 1925
(p- 453, fig. 23) was growing on a colony of Acryptolaria humilis Allman and is
probably the creeping form of that species.

The general appearance of the colonies described above resembles Allman’s
figure (pl. 12, fig. 6), and the shape of the hydrotheca resembles that illustrated
by Totton (fig. 19a) from Madeira and by Leloup (fig. 19B) from French
Indo-China. The measurements are in range of those quoted by most authors.

This is the first record of the species from South Africa.

Acryptolaria conferta australis Ritchie, 1911
sreey, 11D). Le E:

Cryptolaria conferta var. australis Ritchie, 1911: 826, pl. 84 (fig. 2), pl. 87 (fig. 1).
Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Totton, 1930: 163, fig. 19 c-e. Ralph, 1958: 315, fig. 4 a-g.

Records. South coast: AFR 835E. SCD r1o1F, 103F, 175N.

Description. Several colonies, the largest reaching a height of 11 cm. Stem
fascicled, stiff and rather woody; branching alternate and always in one plane;
branches variable in length, generally arising next to every third hydrotheca of
the stem and often rebranching, those on the same side being separated by a
distance of 3-4 mm. Branches often anastomosing. ‘

Hydrotheca adnate to stem or branch for over half height; adcauline
wall convex throughout; abcauline wall curved gracefully outwards, the
curvature being more marked in the distal half. Hydrothecae overlapping,
with base of adcauline wall always below level of top of adnate part of the
hydrotheca below. Diameter at margin approximately 14 to 2} times that at
base.

Free hydrothecae also present in SCD 175N, arising from epizootic
stolons.

No coppiniae.

16) ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Measurements (mam.) A. conferta australis A. conferta conferta

AFR 835E SCD175N AFR 736Y SCD 101G
Hydrotheca, length adcauline, adnate

part She a aS ». 0°75-0°905 0:67-0°85 0°37-0'49 0°33-0°45
*length adcauline, free part BE Os20—01072 0°27-0°55 0°24-0°55 O°12-0°75
diameter at base .. x .. O'II-0'13 O'IlI-O°I4 0:065-0-10 0:06-0:09
diameter at margin ae .. O*'IQ-0:23 0:23-0:26 §=0°135-0'16 = 0-13-05
diameter, margin/base .. .. 1:54-1:92 1°64-2°18 1°40-2°29 ~=—- 167-233
Solitary hydrotheca,} length .. ox 0:71-1:27 0°43-0°82 0°57-0-61
diameter at margin be be O'16-0°20. -OIT5—O'I5, =O" 1 2-0" 5

*Including rejuvenated margins.

7 Without rejuvenated margins.

Remarks. This material shows the distinctive characters of subspecies australis,
namely the overlapping hydrothecae and the characteristic thecal shape. It
differs markedly from the material which has been assigned to the nominal
subspecies in its growth-form, which is stiffer and more regular, and in the
measurements of its component parts, which are larger, though the proportions
are similar. Neither of the last two characters are necessarily of systematic
value, but it is difficult to assess the variability until more material is available.

Filellum antarcticum (Hartlaub, 1904)

Filellum ?antarcticum: Millard, 1958: 175.

Records. South coast: PAFR 835Z. MB 69C. ?SCD 175R.

Description. The second sample, growing on a polyzoan, bears the remains of a

coppinia in a somewhat dilapidated condition. However, the accessory tubes

are clearly visible; they are usually forked at the end (in one case twice),

occasionally simply truncated, but never curved as in F. serpens. The other

samples bear no coppiniae.

Measurements (mm., in MB 69C).

Hydrotheca, length of free part, without reduplications . . a 0-18-0°30
diameter at margin... ae se 5 2. i O-10—-0'12

Remarks. The structure of the accessory coppinial tubes in MB 60C establishes
with certainty the presence of this species in South Africa for the first time.
The identity of unfertile samples is doubtful. Stechow (1925, p. 458) has
reported the presence of the closely related F. serpens in South Africa, but
since his specimens were unfertile, these records are also subject to doubt.

Hebella furax Millard, 1957
Fig. 2B—D
Hebella furax Millard, 1957: 200, fig. 8.

Records. South coast: MB 15B, 24T, 26E, 39W, 47K, 72G. SAMH 256, 301.
SCD 37U, 84Z, 117R, 179B.

Description. Colonies epizootic on Lytocarpus filamentosus (Lamarck), Thecocarpus

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA oT

formosus (Busk) and T. flexuosus solidus Millard. Very few parasitic hydrothecae
present among these samples.

Hydrothecae similar to those previously described, though a few are a
little shorter and thus the proportion of length/diameter is less.

Gonothecae (described for the first time) borne on hydrorhiza, not sharply
demarcated from pedicel, widening towards distal end, often curved towards
one side, with smooth or slightly corrugated walls. Pedicel with 2-5 spiral
annulations. Containing several medusa-buds in various stages of development.
The young gonotheca is closed distally by a slightly convex operculum, which
tends to crumple in microscopic preparations, but has no valves. In the ripe
gonotheca the operculum is absent and the margin usually everted.

Oldest medusa about 0-4 mm. deep and 0:25 mm. wide, with at least
2 long, spirally coiled, marginal tentacles and a 4-lipped mouth.

Length of gonotheca, including pedicel ae wie .. 1°64-2-52 mm.
maximum diameter : 0:50-0°81 mm.

Remarks. The examination of numerous samples of this species shows that the
epizootic form is far more common than the parasitic one. It is possible that
H. furax is conspecific with H. parasitica (Ciamician), but the gonophores of
the latter have not so far been described.

Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888)

Hebella scandens: Millard, 1957: 202. Millard, 1958: 176. Vervoort, 1959: 237, fig. 12.
Hebella calcarata: Ralph, 1958: 306, fig. 1 a-s.

Records. West coast: WCD 18V, 34K. South coast: MB 8M, 64M. SAMH 183,
229, 237, 289, 382. SCD 377, 527, 75F, 79Q, 84Y, 108H, 118L, 154J, 175M,
179A. TRA 92R, 151H.

Hebella urceolata n. sp.
Fig. 2A

Holotype: SCD 154H (South African Museum registered number, SAMH 410).

Description. Colony epizootic on Halecium beani (Johnston). Hydrorhiza unseg-
mented, giving rise to hydrothecal pedicels at irregular intervals.

Hydrotheca about three times as long as wide, distinctly demarcated
from pedicel, gibbous below and narrowing above to just below margin.
Margin smooth, everted, straight or slightly oblique, sometimes rejuvenated.
Pedicel short, not annulated, widening distally. Hydrotheca separated from
pedicel by an annular thickening of the wall, to the distal region of which is
affixed a delicate diaphragm.

Most hydrothecae show a tendency to be asymmetrical with the margin
more strongly everted and the basal region more gibbous on the surface
directed towards the distal end of the host colony, while the annular thecal
thickening is more strongly developed on the opposite side.

Gonophores absent.

12 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

yg o@

f

Fic. 2. Hebella spp.
A. Hebella urceolata n. sp. Various hydrothecae from the holotype.
B.-D. Hebella furax Millard. B and C, gonothecae containing young medusae from SCD 84Z.
D, a young gonotheca and a hydrotheca from MB 72G.

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 13
Measurements (mm.)
Hydrorhiza, diameter 0:07—-0'10
Pedicel, height, to diaphragm Or I—O-17
Hydrotheca, height, from diaphragm 0-81—-0°93
diameter, near base 0°31-0°35
diameter, at margin 0°25-0°33

Lafoea fruticosa M. Sars, 1851
Rise

Lafoea fruticosa: Allman, 1888: 34, pl. 16 (fig. 2, 2a). Broch, 1918: 12. Stechow, 1925: 456,
fig. 24B. ae 1930: 157, fig. 13. Fraser, 1944: 223, pl. 46 (fig. 206). Vervoort, 1946: 201,
fig. 83 c,d

Records. West coast: WCD 1L. South coast: SCD 175Q.

Description. Branching colonies reaching a maximum height of 9:0 cm. Stems
fascicled, branching mainly in one plane but growing together in clusters and
anastomosing with each other to produce a shrubby effect.

Hydrothecae arising from all sides of the stem and branches, forming an
angle of about 40—-60° with branch. Asymmetrical in shape, generally with a
double curvature on the adcauline side and a more or less straight abcauline
wall. Margin slightly everted. Pedicel short and slightly twisted.

An epizootic colony present on the surface of WCD IL, giving rise to
upright stems and solitary hydrothecae. The latter generally more slender and
with thinner perisarc than those borne by upright stems.

Coppinia present in WCD IL, consisting of closely packed, more-or-less
hexagonal gonothecae surmounted by acrocysts, which are loosely attached
and come away easily on handling. Gonotheca approximately 0-4 mm. in
height and 0-15 mm. in diameter at the shoulder, with a short mouth-funnel of
approximately 0-05 mm. in height and 0-05 mm. in diameter at the everted
margin. Tubular hydrothecae long (well over 3 mm.) and much coiled.

WCD 1L SCD 175Q

Measurements (mm.)

Pedicel, height . O-10—0'19 0-14-0-22
Hydrotheca, hent ; 0:42-0:66 0:°34-0°59
Pedicel ++ hydrotheca, ene 0:52-0°77 0:46-0°77
Hydrotheca, diameter at margin O'14-O0'19 0*14-0°16
Height of hydrotheca + pedicel
diameter at margin DEEDS
Hydrotheca height/pedicel height 2:63-6:00 1°55-3:28
Solitary hydrotheca + pedicel, aces 0°41—-0°73
diameter at margin O:10-0'14

Remarks. It was difficult to assign this material to a species, as it has features
which resemble both L. fruticosa and L. dumosa. It has been assigned to the former
partly because of the appearance of the coppinia, which resembles that illus-

14 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fic. 3. Lafoea fruticosa M. Sars.
A. Part of a fascicled stem, to show branching.
B and C. Hydrothecae.

D. An epizootic colony with solitary hydrothecae and an upright stem growing on the surface
of an older colony.

E. Part of a section through a coppinia, showing gonothecae (one with an acrocyst) and tubular
hydrothecae.

F. Surface view of part of a coppinia.
(A and B from SCD 175Q, C-F from WCD 1L.)

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 15

trated by Fraser and Vervoort, and partly because of the shape of the
hydrotheca, which resembles more that illustrated by Stechow, who has
described both species from South Africa. The shape and proportions of the
hydrotheca are intermediate between those described and illustrated by Totton
for L. dumosa and L. fruticosa.

Since the branches arise from the accessory tubes in this species it 1s
often difficult to distinguish epizootic colonies from the accessory tubes and
branches. However, the accessory tubes always run strictly parallel to the
axial tube and are in cytoplasmic connexion with the coenosarc of the latter,
whereas the epizootic hydrorhiza wanders at will over the surface of the stem,
with which it has no communication, and gives off both upright stems and
solitary hydrothecae.

Scandia mutabilis (Ritchie, 1907)
Scandia mutabilis: Millard, 1957: 202. Millard, 1958: 176.
Records. South coast: KNY 30U.

LK ygophylax africana Stechow, 1923
Fiss 4A
Ajygophylax africana: Stechow, 1925: 445, fig. 18.
Records. West coast: AFR 743H. South Coast: SAMH gar.

Description. Hydrorhiza growing over the surface of worm-tubes, bearing
nematothecae, solitary hydrothecae and upright stems in all stages of develop-
ment, the latter reaching a maximum height of 9:5 cm. Stem and main branches
thickly fascicled with some of the accompanying tubes extending on to the
basal part of practically all the smaller branches. Stem bearing alternate
hydrothecae and alternate branches given off at the base of every third and
fourth hydrotheca. Branches often rebranching in the same manner, or
according to a different scheme in which subbranches arise at the base of every
third hydrotheca alternately to the right and the left. The hydrotheca at the
origin of each branch is not strictly in the axil but shifted slightly onto the
branch itself. All branches in one plane, many of the larger ones anastomosing
with other parts of the colony.

Smaller branches (Stechow’s ‘cladia’) unsegmented, but often with one
or two corrugations close to the base; bearing alternate hydrothecae, of which
the two rows are in one plane.

Hydrothecal pedicel short (and covered by the accompanying tubes on
the thick part of the stem), sometimes with a distinct indentation on the adcauline
side. Hydrotheca long, tubular, curved away from branch, of equal diameter
throughout from just above the level of the diaphragm (SAMH 321, fig. 4F), or
widening slightly towards margin (AFR 743H, fig. 4E). Margin slightly
everted. Hydrotheca set at a varying angle to stem or branch—the angle may
be as large as 50° (more common in AFR 743H), or very small so that the

16 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

adcauline wall is almost in contact with the axial tube (more common in
SAMH 321). Diaphragm in form of annular thickening, set obliquely, with
adcauline side lower than abcauline.

Nematotheca tubular and of equal diameter throughout, borne on a very
short and narrow pedicel, and separated from it by a delicate diaphragm.
Nematothecae borne irregularly on the peripheral tubes of the stem, and one
on the base of each hydrothecal pedicel. The nematotheca of the first hydro-
theca of a branch, however, is situated on the branch itself immediately
beyond the hydrotheca instead of on its pedicel. Both hydrothecae and nemato-
thecae often with reduplicated margins.

Coppiniae present around the stem and larger branches, and also borne
on the substratum by the hydrorhiza, reaching about 10 mm. in length and
4 mm. in diameter. Consisting of adpressed gonothecae (about 9-12 visible
in cross-section), and numerous branching nematophores. Gonotheca penta-
gonal or hexagonal in surface view; in lateral view widening from base to
top of adpressed part, bearing a free tubular neck surmounted by 2 divergent
sharply pointed horns. Each with 2 apertures situated on opposite sides of the
distal end of the neck immediately below the horns. Male and female gonothecae
borne in separate coppiniae, but exactly the same in appearance, female
containing a cluster of planula larvae. Nematothecae borne on branching
perisarcal tubes which arise from the peripheral tubes of the stem and penetrate
between the gonothecae, continuing beyond them to reach a total height of
14 to 24 mm.

Solitary hydrothecae borne by hydrorhiza and also by young epizootic
colonies growing on the surface of the larger ones. Usually smaller than normal
hydrothecae and with longer pedicels. Shape variable; quite symmetrical and
straight, irregular, or curved as in the normal type.

Measurements (mm., without reduplications) AFR 743H SAMH 321
Final branches, distance between two hydrothecae .. 0°34—-0°48 0:21-0:38
diameter, above hydrotheca st PP .. 0°05-0°09 0:05-0:07
Pedicel, length adcauline 0°03—0:095 0:02-0:05
Hydrotheca, length adcauline .. 0:26-0°33 0°24-0°30
length abcauline 0°23-0:28 0-19—-0-25
diameter at mouth 0-09-0'10 0:07-0:08
diameter across diaphragm : 0:04-0:06 0:05-0:07
Nematotheca, length, including pedicel 0-07—0-12 0-09-0-17
diameter at margin 0°025—-0°04 0°02—0:025

Remarks. Although there are slight differences in the appearance of the hydrothe-
cae in these two colonies (e.g. the hydrothecae in SAMH 321 have narrower
mouths and shorter pedicels and are more closely set than those in AFR 743H)
I can see no reason for specific distinction. Both bear coppiniae (male in
SAMH 321, female in AFR 743H) which are exactly alike in construction.
Although the branching in general conforms to the scheme outlined above,

1

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 167 /

28
Fic. 4. <ygophylax spp.

A-F. Zygophylax africana Stechow. A, part of a fascicled stem to show branching (branches
cut off short). B, part of a section through a female coppinia, showing gonothecae and
branching nematothecae. C, surface view of part of coppinia (horns of gonothecae
displaced by pressure of coverslip). D, solitary hydrothecae from epizootic colony.
E and F, portions of branches, to show hydrothecae and nematothecae.

G. Kygophylax armata (Ritchie). Part of a branch.

(A and F from SAMH 321, B-E from AFR 743H, G from SCD 254P.)

18 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

there are many irregularities, and the branches differ greatly in thickness and
in the degree to which they subdivide. The general effect is far from regular.

The species has only once been reported, by Stechow in 1923b, off Cape
Town. Stechow described a smaller sterile colony reaching only 1:8 cm.
in height, and less heavily fascicled. I have seen a slide of Stechow’s material
loaned by the Munich Museum, and there is no doubt that it is the same species.
The coppiniae are described here for the first time.

The coppiniae of this species are strikingly similar to those of Cryptolaria
pectinata (Allman) (cf. Stechow, 1925, fig. 20). The latter, however, are dioecious,
and the female gonotheca has a relatively shorter neck and horns. The two
species are also similar in the general appearance of the colony and in the
subopposite method of branching. This emphasizes the close relationship
between the genus Crypiolaria and certain species of < ygophylax. In fact, Crypto-
laria, by the presence and nature of its diaphragm, its nematothecae, subopposite
branching and coppinial structure, is more closely related to certain species
of <ygophylax than the various species of <ygophylax are to one another.
Cryptolaria differs only in the adherent hydrothecae, which as Stechow has
shown (1925, p. 450) is a matter of degree only and does not occur in the
young stems. I cannot help but feel that the adherent nature of the hydrotheca
is not a character of high systematic value, and that it will be necessary in the
future to unite Cryptolaria with <ygophylax, and possibly Acryptolaria with
Lafoea. I hesitate to do so at this stage as my knowledge of the variability of the
species in these genera is insufficient.

Kygophylax armata (Ritchie, 1907)
Fig. 4G
Brucella armata Ritchie, 1907: 533, pl. 2 (fig. 2-2c).
Records. South coast: SCD 254P, 297X.

Description. Two colonies, the larger reaching a height of 3-0 cm., with stem
and larger branches fascicled. Branching at the base rather irregular, but
larger branches and their subdivisions in one plane. The 2 rows of hydrothecae
not always in one plane, but with a tendency to shift on to the anterior surface
of a branch. Further details of hydrothecae and nematothecae as described by
Ritchie, except that the individual measurements are somewhat smaller.

Solitary hydrothecae present on hydrorhiza and in epizootic colonies,
with the same proportions as those on branched stem, but less curved, and
sometimes completely symmetrical.

Coppiniae absent.

Measurements (mm., without reduplications).

SCD 254P
Hydrocladium, diameter above hydrotheca A As .. 0'07—0°09
distance between 2 consecutive hydrothecae .. Fr .. 0°23-0'35

Hydrothecal pedicel, length adcauline se i As .. 0:03-0:06

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 19

Hydrotheca, length adcauline ve Be ae Bie -. O°19—0°26
length abcauline. . $e au a ae at .. 0°18—0:26
diameter at mouth af we oe He ko Ha Ost I_Oane
diameter at level of diaphragm ae Bee as .. 0:06—-0:075

Nematotheca, length, including pedicel... ii, on .. 0'05-0:07
diameter at mouth Si 2 ae a ae .. 0:03-0:04

Remarks. This species has only been recorded once before, from off Gough
Island in 100 fathoms, and is a new record from South Africa. It can be
distinguished from <. biarmata Billard by the nature of the coppinia; and as
far as I can determine, the trophosomes of the two species can also be distin-
guished by the closer approximation of the hydrothecae in Z. armata and their
more pronounced asymmetry.

LKygophylax cornucopia Millard, 1955
Apgophylax cornucopia Millard, 1955: 219, fig. 3. Millard, 1957: 203.

Records. West coast: TB 1B (reported by Millard, 1955). TRA 156F. South
coast: CPR 46K. LIZ 27L, MB 59U. SAMH 1o2. SCD 36V, 153P.

Description. Colonies epizootic on Antennella africana Broch, A. secundaria
(Gmelin) and Monostaechas natalensis Millard.

Kygophylax enigmatica n. sp.
Fig. 5A-F

Holotype: WCD 12E (South African Museum registered number, SAMH 411).

Description. Colony epizootic on Nemertesia ramosa Lamx. and reaching a height
of 2-3 mm.

Hydrorhiza adherent to stem of host, unsegmented, branching irregularly.

Stem upright and pinnate, divided by straight nodes into long internodes,
each of which gives off a hydrocladial apophysis near the distal end. Apophysis
with a large mamelon on the upper surface. The first few internodes of the
stem sometimes much shorter than the others, and occasionally without
hydrocladia. An internodal ridge sometimes present near base of stem internode.

Hydrocladia alternate, the two rows in the same plane. Hydrocladium
forming an angle of about 30°—40° with stem. Consisting of one basal internode,
followed by a pedicel and hydrotheca which form one unit and are not exter-
nally demarcated from one another. Pedicel and hydrotheca expanding evenly
towards margin. Thecal margin even, not everted. Pedicel and hydrotheca
separated internally by a diaphragm. Diaphragm bilaterally symmetrical,
with aperture close to adcauline side, and abcauline section sloping obliquely
towards distal end of hydrocladium. Pedicel sometimes with a low inter moe
ridge near base, and sometimes showing evidence of regeneration.

One -nematotheca on each hydrothecal pedicel, seated about midway
along adcauline surface, 2-chambered, moveable.

20 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ie OH Fis

rs

SE | 0:5 mm.

ad
G
ss 0-5 mm.

H

Fic. 5. <ygophylax spp.
AF. <ygophylax enigmatica, n. sp., from the holotype. A, an upright stem. B, two hydrocladia
on a larger scale. C-F, gonothecae in various stages of development.
G.-H. Zygophylax sibogae Billard, from SCD 301H. G, ventral view of part of a branch. H,

anterior view.

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 21

Hydranth completely retractable into hydrotheca, hypostome conical
when contracted but capable of great distension.

Gonothecae borne on hydrocladial apophyses, very large in comparison
with size of hydrothecae. Each gonotheca laterally compressed in a plane at
right angles to the axis of the stem, flask-shaped, and tapering to a slender neck.
Neck sometimes curved to one side, with margin obliquely set. Containing
about 8-10 eggs which develop zn sztu to planula larvae.

Measurements (mm.)

Hydrorhiza, diameter ae ce os i ~. 0:04-0:08
Stem internode, or a the fee 2) a oe He a O-20-0-311
diameter .. - a: sy .. 0°04-0°07
Hydrocladium, Baal segment, lenech as ae uh .. 0°03-0°07
pedicel, length to diaphragm .. oie a i .. O*10—-0-20
hydrotheca, height from cea we an rs 1 OLO7—O-10
diameter at margin #3 wn bs de .. 0°095-0°11
Nematotheca, length ot of ne Pa, ss .. 0°035-0:05
Gonotheca, length .. ae ‘a ae as oo .. 0°60-0°71
diameter .. oe = 2 ae ee ah -. 0-22-0-38

Remarks. This minute species is obviously closely related to %. cornucopia Millard,
particularly in the structure and proportions of the hydrotheca and its pedicel
and in the absence of a coppinia, but differs from it in the presence of an upright,
pinnate stem.

Both species show tendencies towards the Plumulariidae, but cannot be
included in that family since the hydrothecae are not sessile, but borne on a
pedicel from which they are separated by a diaphragm. The continuity of
pedicel and hydrotheca is characteristic of other species of < ygophylax.

Kygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918
Fig. 5G-H
Kygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918: 21, fig. 1. Totton, 1930: 167, fig. 21. Ralph, 1958: 311, fig. 2,
e-1.

Records. South coast: SCD go1H.

Description. A number of fascicled stems reaching a maximum height of 3-1 cm.,
branching pinnately and in one plane. Branches generally arising below every
third and fourth hydrotheca, the lower ones fascicled at base and often
rebranching in a similar manner.

Hydrothecae borne in two longitudinal rows on the anterior surface of stem
and branches, with a sharp angle between the rows, and with the members of
one row twisted slightly away from those of the other row. Hydrotheca strongly
curved towards distal end of branch, widening to circular aperture which faces
towards branch and slightly to one side. Borne on long pedicel of approximately
the same length. Diaphragm well developed, often funnel-shaped. Pedicel
usually separated from stem apophysis by distinct node,

22 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Nematothecae borne on peripheral tubes and one on the lateral surface of
each hydrothecal apophysis, tubular and narrowing slightly to margin, normally
about 0:07 mm. in length, but often abnormally lengthened by regeneration.

Gonophores absent.

Measurements (mm.)

Hydrocladium, distance between 2 pedicels ss a A OOS 7
diameter .. Be ae oe He us ae . + 0°05-0-07
Pedicel, length (without apophysis) a a Es .. 0*20—-0°26
Hydrotheca, length adcauline a ss as oe .. 0*16—0-20
maximum length ae a 2: Ne by .. 0°26-0°30
diameter at mouth O-11-0'13
diameter at diaphragm of: re Si A .. 0°045-0°05
Nematotheca, length 0°07—0°32
maximum diameter... ae - Rs. ir .. 0°025-0°035
diameter at mouth ie s: ar a ee .. O°015—0°03

Remarks. The hydrothecae in this colony have a beautifully regular arrangement,
more so than those figured by Ralph, and in appearance are exactly like
Billard’s diagram. The measurements of hydrothecal length and pedicel length
are slightly less than those given by Totton and Ralph, but there is no doubt
about the identification of the material.

This species is closely related to <. infundibulum Millard, 1958, differing
from it in the greater length of the pedicel and the more marked curvature of
the hydrotheca.

XK. Sibogae is known from the East Indies and New Zealand. This is the
first record from South Africa.

Family Syntheciidae

FAiincksella cylindrica pusilla Ritchie, 1910
Fig. 6A—D
Sertularella cylindrica var. pusilla Ritchie, 1910: 817, pl. 77 (fig. 9).

Hincksella cylindrica var. pusilla: Billard, 1925: 124. Vervoort, 1959: 247, fig. 19 b, c.
Synthecium cylindricum var. pusilla: Leloup, 1935: 31, fig. 14.

Records. South coast: SCD 297Y.

Description. A single colony of about 6 unfascicled and unbranched stems reaching

a maximum height of 0-7 cm. Internodes of irregular length, separated by

slightly oblique nodes, and each bearing a hydrotheca near the distal end.
Hydrothecae very delicate, and most of them crumpled, adnate for about

¢ adcauline side, then bent outwards. Margin slightly everted, often regenerated.
Gonothecae absent.

Measurements (mm., without reduplications)

Internode length bie 5 i aif ge si .. 0°29-0°54.
diameter at node = ee ie or és: .. 0*°05-0°09

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 23

Fic. 6. Syntheciidae.
A.-D. Hincksella cylindrica pusilla Ritchie. Hydrothecae from SCD 297Y.
E.—J. Synthecium dentigerum Jarvis, from SCD 84G. E and F, portions of hydrocladia. G and H,
2 gonothecae viewed from the distal Baty (adcauline surface indicated by x). J, gonotheca
in side view.

24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Hydrotheca, total length in centre .. ae oe ae .. 0°49-0:60
length adcauline, adnate part He E2 a .. O°15-0-18
length adcauline, free part a oe ee a .. 0°44-0°47

adnate part/adcauline length a a5 Re < 56) OWU=0)G)
diameter at margin of e HS - A .. O°14-0°17

Remarks. This is the first record of the species from South Africa. Subspecies
pusilla has previously been recorded from the Mergui Archipelago, East
Indies, Japan, tropical West Africa and the West Indies.

Synthecium dentigerum Jarvis, 1922
Fig. 6E-J

Synthecium dentigerum Jarvis, 1922: 344, pl. 25 (fig. 15 a, b). Totton, 1930: 172.
Records. South coast: SAMH 375. SCD 52G, 84G, 112F. TRA 151G.

Description. A number of colonies reaching a maximum height of 4-0 cm. Stem
unfascicled, pinnate, divided into internodes by straight nodes, which are
sometimes obscure. Arrangement on internodes variable, common arrangements
including 2 pairs of hydrothecae with a pair of opposite hydrocladia arising
between them, and one pair of opposite hydrocladia followed by one pair of
hydrothecae.

Hydrotheca as described and figured by Jarvis, with one large, adcauline,
internal tooth, but the presence of this tooth is by no means constant and is
sometimes found on only a few hydrothecae of a colony. Occasional hydrothecae
with a small triangular thickening in the centre of the abcauline wall.

Gonothecae (not previously described) borne on stem or hydrocladia,
arising within hydrothecae; generally pentagonal when viewed from above,
though sometimes two of the angles are smoothed out resulting in a rather
flattened triangle; with 5-6 transverse folds on the flat surfaces, which may
peter out on the angles or continue over them, but do not produce a definite
zigzag line of junction; tapering distally to a small circular opening. Sex not
determinable.

Measurements (mm.)

Hydrocladium, internode length .. Ee a wv .. 0°58-0°76

Hydrotheca, length abcauline a a: ie ae .. 0°34-0'41
length adcauline, adnate part .. ie se ne .. 0°38-0°48 ©
length adcauline, free part Be i Ay at .. 0°08-0°17
adnate part/adcauline length .. ue ae 5 .. 0°69-0°85
diameter near base 4 oF. - et a .. O*°I4-0°17
diameter at margin =e a Bee se. Ee .. 0°16-0-20

Gonotheca, length .. ff a ve es a8 .. I-*OI-1-40
maximum diameter... ae ae at or .. 0°56-0-77

Remarks. The dimensions of this material are slightly less than those given by
Totton for S. dentigerum, but are closer than to S. carinatum Totton, a closely

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 215

related species with internal teeth. The gonotheca of the latter is also
different.

S. dentigerum has only been reported once, from Chagos in the Indian
Ocean by Jarvis. This is the first record from South Africa.

Synthecium Pelegans Allman, 1872
Synthecium ?elegans: Millard, 1957: 203, fig. 9D. Millard, 1958: 182.
Records. South coast: MB 8U, 64N.

Remarks. As the gonothecae of this species have still not been found in South
Africa, the identification must remain uncertain.

Syntheccum hians Millard, 1957
Synthecium hians Millard, 1957: 204, fig. 9 A-C.

Records. South coast: MB 12Y, 64L. SAMH 151, 188, 281, 374. SCD 37L,
52F, 84H, 119N, 250K, 254N, 296F. TRA 38G.

Family Sertulariidae
Amphisbetia bidens (Bale, 1884)

Thuiaria bidens: Day, Millard & Harrison, 1952: 404 (listed).

Amphisbetia bidens: Millard, 1957: 220. Millard, 1958: 182.

Records. South coast: BMR 23M. KNY 30K, 70D (recorded by Day et al.
1952). LIZ 7P, 11H. MB 15F, 24N, 47L, 88M. SAMH 261, 378. SCD 60A,
84K, 153V, 330E.

Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879)
Amphisbetia minima: Millard, 1957: 221. Millard, 1958: 183. Ralph, 1961: 774, figs. 8 a—h.

Records. West coast: B 114F. CP 650A. TRA 156J. WCD 34], 81F. South
coast: MB 24Q.

Description. Stems reaching a maximum height of 0-5 cm., and bearing up to
15 pairs of hydrothecae. Male and female gonothecae present, similar in
structure, usually arising below the first pair of hydrothecae, but occasionally
below the second or third pair.

Amphisbetia operculata (Linn., 1758)

?Sertularia aperta Allman, 1886: 138, pl. 13 (figs. 1, 2).

Sertularia operculata: Day, Millard & Harrison, 1952: 404 (listed).

Amphisbetia operculata: Millard, 1957: 221. Millard, 1958: 183. Millard, 1961: 204. Ralph, 1961:

775, fig. 8 i-k.

Records. West coast: B 137. LAM 14T, 45Y. SAMH 403. SB 194M. TB 21E.
TRA 156H. WCD 34G, 81C. South coast: BMR 9M. CPR 9C. KNY 22G,
30L, 57H, 70A (recorded by Day et al. 1952). LIZ 2F, 7Q, 11G. MB 24P,
52A. SAMH 232, 358, 376. SCD 84L, 284A, 304H.

26 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. Many of these colonies show a form of branching approaching that of
A. fasciculata (Kirch.), and similar to that figured by Allman, 1886, pl. 14, for
Sertularia crinis (considered by Billard, 1910, who examined the types, to
be conspecific with A. operculata), with an elongated ‘main stem’ and subsidiary
branches which may subdivide once or twice. There is sometimes, but not
always, a difference in internode length and thickness between the smaller
branches and ‘main stem’ (where the length may be almost twice as great), but
the difference is never so marked as described by Ralph, 1961, for A. fasciculata.
Since this and the normal form may occur in the same colony, it is not possible
to distinguish two species. The height of the colony never exceeds about 14 cm.

Sertularia aperta Allman, 1886, from the Cape of Good Hope is almost
certainly a growth-form of the same species.

Crateritheca acanthostoma (Bale, 1882)
Biss 7

?Dynamena pluridentata Kirchenpauer, 1864: 14, fig. 10.

Sertularia acanthostoma: Bale, 1884: 85, pl. 4 (figs. 7-8). Billard, 1907: 352. Warren, 1908: 303,
pl. 46 (figs. 23-26), fig. 7. Bale, 1913: 1931.

Stereotheca acanthostoma: Millard, 1958: 199.

Crateritheca acanthostoma: Ralph, 1961: 756, fig. 2c.

Records. South coast: SCD 50A.

Description. Several pinnate stems reaching a maximum height of 2-4 cm.
Arrangement of hydrocladia, internodes and hydrothecae as in previous
descriptions.

Hydrotheca adnate for a little over half adcauline length, with no external

ridges or furrows, but with 3 intrathecal septa. These include (fig. 7A, C, D):

(a) an adcauline septum about half-way up the hydrotheca in the form
of a horizontal shelf bearing 2 or 3 minute denticles on the free inner
edge,

(b) a lower abcauline septum about a quarter of the way up, in the form
of a horizontal shelf behind which is an opening for the passage of a
strand of ectoderm, and below which is situated the abcauline blind
pouch of the hydranth,

(c) an upper abcauline septum about three-quarters of the way up in
the form of a narrow horizontal shelf forming the base of a longitudinal
trough communicating with the cavity of the hydrotheca and
extending to the margin. This trough contains a cluster of large
nematocysts embedded in ectoderm which is continuous with the
strand passing behind septum b.

Hydropore surrounded by a raised funnel-shaped ridge. Operculum of a single
membranous plate filling complete orifice. Marginal teeth and soft parts as
described by Warren.

Gonothecae absent.

Remarks. The genus Crateritheca is recognized here on the basis of remarks by

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 27

Totton, 1930, p. 207, and Ralph, 1961, although the diagnosis of the latter
author will need modification to include C. acanthostoma.

Stechow in 1919 included Warren’s material from Natal and Billard’s
material from Madagascar in Kirchenpauer’s species ‘Dynamena’ pluridentata
from the Cape of Good Hope, although in 1925 he kept them separate. As
Kirchenpauer’s species is inadequately described and illustrated, and might
from the diagrams equally well be Stereotheca elongata, no certainty can be
reached on this matter.

The South African material of the species differs in certain respects from
the Australian material as shown by dissections of hydrothecae made under a
high-power dissecting microscope. Thus, the hydrotheca has a smaller propor-

0:2 mm.

C

Fic. 7. Crateritheca acanthostoma (Bale).

A. A single hydrotheca in side view. Adcauline surface on right.

B.-D. Free-hand diagrams drawn from dissections of hydrothecae. B, distal view of complete
hydrotheca with operculum in position. C, distal view of cross-section through abcauline
wall taken near distal end. D, distal view of cross-section through hydrotheca at a slightly
deeper level.

a, the adcauline septum; b, the lower abcauline septum; c, the upper abcauline septum.

28 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

tion of the adcauline wall adnate, the adcauline intrathecal ridge is not
continued round the complete diameter of the hydrotheca, and the lower
abcauline intrathecal ridge is perforated. These differences, however, are not
considered sufficient basis for the separation of another species, although they
may prove to be of subspecific value. Further material from both countries is
needed to show the degree of variation possible.

Dictyocladium coactum Stechow, 1923.
Dictyocladium coactum: Stechow, 1925: 466, fig. 27. Millard, 1957: 206.

Records. South coast: AFR 866.0.A. SAMH 264, 314. SCD 3C, 36Z, 52P,
Op Re RCAC TESTI:
Diphasia tetraglochina Billard, 1907
Fig. 8
Diphasia tetraglochina Billard, 1907: 358, fig. 7. Billard, 1925: 139.
Records. South coast: SAMH 267.

Description. Small unbranched stems growing on algae and reaching a maximum
height of 0-25 cm. Hydrorhiza with internal thickenings of perisarc. Nodes
markedly oblique, resembling hinge-joints. Each internode bearing one pair
of opposite hydrothecae.

Hydrothecae asymmetrical, with both members of a pair twisted and
tilted towards one surface of the stem (here termed the anterior surface),
and sometimes contiguous with one another on the opposite surface (in the
distal region of some stems only). See figure 8B. Hydrotheca adnate for 2 to 3
of adcauline length, bent outwards, widening towards margin. Perisarc usually
thickened in centre part of abcauline wall and often around margin as well.
Margin with 4 small, pointed teeth: 2 latero-adcauline and 2 latero-abcauline,
but displaced towards the anterior surface of the stem by the twisting of the
hydrotheca. Operculum of 1 adcauline valve. Hydranth with no abcauline
blind pouch.

Gonotheca (not previously described) borne on anterior surface of stem
immediately below first pair of hydrothecae, resembling a prickly pear in
appearance, with a variable number of small spines in distal half and a small
terminal aperture at the end of a short neck.

Measurements (mm.)

Internode length re a oe re bs ka -. 0°30-0"°54
Hydrotheca, length abcauline sh se 1 ri .. 0°27-0°41
length adcauline, contiguous part oe Sy Rs |= 0-00OmNy
length adcauline, adnate part a es 2 .. O°24-0°31
length adcauline, free part a ae i = .. 0°09—0°15
adnate part/adcauline length .. aps a a0: .. 0'65-0°74
diameter at margin Sp ap ve he co .. O1G-O 5
Gonotheca, length .. oe ye = We 3) 0° 78-Or7 7

maximum diameter af at sa ci 2 .. 0°38-0°45

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 29

E

A, C-E

(ee eee yas

Fic. 8. Diphasia tetraglochina Billard.
. Astem with 3 pairs of hydrothecae.
. Sketch of distal view of a pair of hydrothecae to show asymmetry. Operculum in place in
right hydrotheca.
. The distal pair of hydrothecae from a stem with 5 pairs.
. The proximal pair from another stem.
. The gonotheca.

HOQ we

Remarks. This rare species has only been recorded once before, from Madagascar.
It was not possible to determine the sex of the gonothecae.

Dynamena cornicina McCrady, 1858

Fig. 9
Sertularia densa Stechow, 1919: 93, fig. J}.
Sertularia cornicina: Jarvis, 1922: 338.
Dynamena cornicina: Billard, 1925: 188, pl. 7 (fig. 23), fig. 40. Broch, 1933: 86, fig. 36. Vervoort,
1941: 206, fig. 3.

Records. South coast: LIZ 16C, 4of.

Description. Two colonies, one very rich, growing on coralline algae. Only
simple stems present, reaching a maximum height of 0-9 cm. Stem with short,
proximal, athecate region terminated by a hinge-joint, and a long thecate
region divided into regular internodes by constricted nodes. Each internode
bearing a pair of opposite hydrothecae. Consecutive pairs of hydrothecae close,

30 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

separated by a distance less than the height of a hydrotheca. Members of a
pair of hydrothecae contiguous with one another on anterior surface in distal
region of stem, but completely separate in proximal region.

Hydrotheca tubular, adnate for over half adcauline length, smoothly
bent out in distal half. Margin with two large, but delicate, lateral teeth and a
short median adcauline tooth. Abcauline wall thickened just below margin.
No internal teeth. Operculum of 2 valves: one large abcauline, and one small
adcauline divided into 2 by a median line.

0-5 mm.

A-B

A D bos 30-5mm.

Fic. 9. Dynamena cornicina McCrady.
A. and B. The upper 3, and the lower 3, pairs of hydrothecae respectively from a stem bearing
12 pairs in all (anterior view).
C. The margin of a hydrotheca showing the operculum. (Abcauline valve in thick broken line.)

D. The gonotheca.
(All from LIZ 16C.)

Gonothecae abundant, borne on hydrorhiza, ovoid, distinctly annulated
throughout, with a broad, operculate aperture.

Measurements (mm.)

Internode length Bs oe ie Be ue =i .. 0°54-0°65
diameter at node 3 Ss Ag if or .. 0°07—0°14
Hydrotheca, length abcauline bl ve - xe .. 0'29-0°45

length adcauline, contiguous part ei ais sis .. 0:00-0:26

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 31

length adcauline, adnate part .. ae He we -. 0°35-0°46
length adcauline, free part .. a ae Me .. O°14-0°25
adnate part/adcauline length .. oe ne Be .. 0*59-0°76
diameter at margin or ue oi iB As -. O0°13-0°175
Gonotheca, length .. a n, a on ae .. 1:06-1:38
maximum diameter... Ae ot Se et .. 0:76-0-88

Remarks. In this material the pairs of hydrothecae are closely set on the stem,
thus resembling that illustrated by Stechow, 1919.

The species has been reported by Jarvis, 1922, from tropical East Africa,
but this is the first record from South Africa.

Dynamena crisioides cristoides Lamouroux, 1824.
Dynamena crisioides: Millard, 1958: 183. Vervoort, 1959: 260, fig. 27 a, b.
Records. South coast: CPR 7A.

Dynamena quadridentata nodosa Hargitt, 1908

Dynamena quadridentata var. nodosa: Billard, 1925: 197, fig. 43D. Millard, 1958: 186, fig. 6B.
Pasythea quadridentata: Warren, 1908: 312, fig. 11.
Dynamena gibbosa Billard, 1925: 199, fig. 45.

Records. South coast: SCD 50P.

Remarks. The South African material of this species appears to be intermediate
between D. quadridentata nodosa and D. gibbosa, which is included here as a
synonym.
Salacia articulata (Pallas, 1766)
Fig. 10G

Salacia articulata: Millard, 1957: 208 (synonymy). Millard, 1958: 186. Millard, 1961: 205.

Records. West coast: LAM 7N, 30N. SB 153R, 168E. WCD 12C, 81E. South
coast: L 452B. MB 47X, 84B. SAMH 152, 262, 295, 377. SCD 36X, 52N,
50R, 84M, 138J, 153Q, 296G, 330D. TRA g2L.

Salacia disjuncta nov. sp.
Fig. 1oA-F

Types. Holotype: SCD 37K (South African Museum registered number,
SAMH 412). Paratype: SCD 296H. (Both from South coast.)

Description of Holotype. A single rooted stem 1:4 cm. in height. Stem upright,
moderately stiff, not zigzag, pinnate, divided by straight nodes into distinct
internodes each of which bears 3 pairs of hydrothecae and 1 pair of opposite
hydrocladia arising between the first and second pairs of hydrothecae. First
internode of stem with 2 pairs of hydrothecae only. Stem constricted at nodes.
Members of a pair of hydrothecae opposite or subopposite, not in contact with
one another. The two rows of hydrothecae in 1 plane and on opposite sides of the
stem. Consecutive pairs of hydrothecae on an internode separated by a short

32 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

F-G Jaen ioe

Fic. 10. Salacia spp.

AF. Salacia disjuncta n. sp. A, whole colony. B, 2 hydrothecae of a group. C-E, various views
of the margin, C showing the operculum (in broken line). F, part of stem and
hydrocladia.

G. Salacia articulata (Pallas). Part of stem and hydrocladium as a comparison with S§. disjuncta.

(A-C, F from SCD 37K; D-E from SCD 296H; G from F 254.)

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 33

interval or slightly overlapping; the group on one internode well separated
from that on the next. Hydrocladia arising from the stem at right angles, the
2 rows in one plane.

Hydrocladium borne on a stem apophysis of variable length, divided into
distinct internodes of variable length by constricted nodes. Each internode
consisting of a slender proximal region without hydrothecae occupying up to
half its length, and a wider distal region bearing 2 or 3 pairs of hydrothecae
arranged in a close and overlapping group reminiscent of the genus Dynamena.
Members of a pair of hydrothecae opposite or subopposite, not in contact with
each other; the 2 rows in one plane.

Hydrotheca tubular, narrowing slightly to margin, slightly turbinate in
proximal region, smoothly bent outwards in distal region, adnate for most of
adcauline length, but with at least 1/10 free. Margin more or less parallel to
axis of stem in cauline hydrothecae, but variable in hydrocladial hydrothecae
(facing slightly downwards in the proximal pair of a group and slightly upwards
in the distal pair). Aperture widened transversely, with no marginal teeth or
occasionally with 2 low, rounded, lateral lobes. Operculum of 1 large abcauline
valve. Hydranth with no abcauline blind pouch.

Gonothecae absent.

Measurements (mm., exclusive of regenerations). Helsivic e Barkiyte

Stem, normal internode, length - ot: .. 1:86-2:16 2:06-2:34
diameter at node .. se 2 a ». 0°22-0°30 0°15-0°25
Hydrocladium, internode length sie fe POLO I Ne7.2) le 2017 O
diameter at node .. dis a at. .. 0°09-0°12 0:0Q-0°11
Hydrotheca, length abcauline (cauline only) .. 0°29-0°36 0:30-0:42
*length adcauline, adnate part .. a .. 0°30-0°46 0:30-0:47
*length adcauline, free part kis as -. 0:08-0:25 0:08—-0-21
*adnate part/adcauline length .. . .. 0°55-0°85 0:61-0:85
diameter at margin a i Ma .. O°10-O'14. 0-10-0712

*Including cauline hydrothecae and those on the distal ends of hydrocladial groups.

Remarks. This species is very distinct and easily recognized by its strictly
opposite hydrocladia and marked grouping of the hydrothecae on the hydro-
cladia. Although quite different in appearance from S. articulata, it resembles this
species in many details of construction and is closely related to it. It can be
distinguished by:
(a) the position of the hydrocladium which forms a right angle with
the stem,
(b) the more slender stem internodes,
(c) the nature of the hydrocladial internodes, with their slender proximal
region and marked bunching of hydrothecae in the distal region,
(d) the hydrothecae, which are more bent outwards and are not
completely adnate.

34 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The paratype consists of 2 stems, the larger 1-9 cm. in height, in which
certain irregularities occur; thus 2 of the stem internodes bear but one
hydrotheca each, and there is a tendency towards stolon formation from the
tips of the hydrocladia.

Genus SERTULARELLA
Remarks on the diagnosis of species

As has been indicated by Picard (1956) and Millard (1958), the shape of
the hydrotheca is sometimes used as a basis for specific differentiation in
Sertularella. Thus, Picard distinguishes between species in which the margin is
tilted towards the distal end of the colony, and those in which the margin is
tilted towards the base.

However, it has been found in practice that the category is not always
obvious, due to variations in the curvature of the walls and elongation of one
or other marginal tooth, and if such categories are to be used it is necessary
that they should be more accurately defined. It is proposed, therefore, to
distinguish three hydrothecal types, which are defined as follows (fig. 11):

Fic. 11. Sertularella.

The three categories of hydrothecal shape. Types a and c could be converted to b by
the enlargement of the abcauline marginal tooth (dotted lines). See text for description.

(a) Hydrothecal margin perpendicular to axis. Forms with a hydrotheca which
is obviously symmetrical in lateral view, and in which a line drawn
at right angles to the margin and passing through the lateral marginal
tooth, will bisect the perisarcal thickening at the base of the adcauline
wall, e.g. typical examples of S. fusiformis and S. capensis.

(b) Hydrothecal margin tilted towards adcauline side. Forms in which a line
drawn at right angles to the margin and passing through the lateral
marginal tooth will pass through the abcauline wall outside the

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 35

base of the hydrotheca (e.g. S. mediterranea), or in less extreme examples
through the hydropore (e.g. S. africana).

(c) Hydrothecal margin tilted towards abcauline side. Forms in which a line
drawn at right angles to the margin and passing through the lateral
marginal tooth will pass through the adcauline wall (distal to the
perisarcal thickening at its base), e.g. S. arbuscula, S. xantha.

In the following descriptions the categories will be used in this sense. It
will be seen that some species belong strictly to one particular category, but
that others can vary from one to another.

Measurements

Measurements of adcauline and abcauline hydrothecal lengths are taken
from the base of the hydrotheca to the tip of the respective marginal tooth
across any curvature which may be present. Adcauline measurements include
the perisarcal thickening at the base of the adcauline wall. All measurements are
exclusive of marginal regenerations. The diameter of the internode is measured
diagonally across the node.

Sertularella africana Stechow, 1919

Sertularella fusiformis: Warren, 1908: 295, fig. 5C, D.
Sertularella tenella: Stephenson, Stephenson & du Toit, 1937: 374 (listed).
Sertularella africana: Millard, 1957: 207, figs. rol, 11F.

Records. West coast: A 382. LAM 2H, 9U. PP 1T. SB 168F. South coast:
CPR 7B. E134. S 65D (recorded by Stephenson eé al. 1937). SAMH 208, 218.
TRA 159C.

Remarks. Examination of Warren’s material from Park Rynie, Natal, in the
British Museum (reg. no. 22.3.6.20) confirms the identity of the above material.

Sertularella agulhensis, nov. sp.

Pigs to

Holotype: TRA 151F, from south coast, (South African Museum registered
number, SAMH 413). -

Description. Stem stiff, fascicled, reaching a maximum height of 3-2 cm.,
branching (and often rebranching) in a pinnate fashion, normally with 3
hydrothecae between the origins of successive branches. All branches in one
plane. Nodes oblique and distinct in terminal regions, often indistinct in older
parts of colony. Hydrothecae fairly closely set with the margin of one usually
overlapping the base of the next, one to each internode, the two rows in one
plane. Perisarc thick.

Hydrotheca adnate for about half adcauline length, distinctly annulated
for most of length (about 6 annulations), with convex adcauline wall and
straight or slightly concave abcauline wall. Abcauline side of margin produced
more than the rest. Margin perpendicular to axis of hydrotheca or tilted slightly

36 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fic. 12. Sertularella spp.
A. Sertularella agulhensis n. sp.
B.—D. Sertularella capensis delicata n. subsp. B and C, solitary hydrothecae. D, an upright stem
and a solitary hydrotheca.
F. Sertularella capensis capensis Millard, gonotheca.
E, G, H. Sertularella gilchristi n. sp.
(A from TRA 151F, B from SAMH 294, C from SCD 50Q, D from NAD 22F, E and G from
the holotype, F from SCD 37G, H from SCD 153X.)

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 37

towards adcauline side. 3 internal teeth: 1 abcauline, 2 latero-adcauline, the
latter often quite small.
Gonothecae absent.

Measurements (mm.)

Internode length oe an a bs re a .. 0°40—0°59
diameter across node .. oe Le ie ae .. 0°24-0°33
Hydrotheca, length abcauline Es a as ay .. 0°52—-0°67
length adcauline, adnate part hs ae “ie .. 0°30-0°37
length adcauline, free part a cs ee Bs -. 0°34-0°44
adnate part/adcauline length .. oie a aie .. O'41I-0°51
diameter at mouth 2k th oe ai as OL 22-020
maximum diameter we oi ae ie ade So) OO]

Remarks. This species resembles S. mediterranea in the shape of the hydrotheca
and in the presence of 3 internal teeth, but differs from it in the fascicled stem
and annulated hydrotheca.

The structure of the hydrotheca strongly resembles that of S. richardsoni
Ralph, 1961, but S. agulhensis differs from it in the smaller size of the parts
and in the fascicled stem.

Sertularella arbuscula (Lamx., 1816)

Sertularia polyzonias: Busk, 1851: 118 (pp.)

Sertularia arbuscula? : Busk, 1851: 118.

Sertularella tumida Warren, 1908: 297, fig. 6A-—C. Jarvis, 1922: 342.

Sertularella arbuscula var. quinquelaminata Leloup, 1934: 1, figs. 1-3.

Sertularella arbuscula: Millard, 1957: 208, figs. 10B, 11C.. Millard, 1958: 188. Millard, 1961: 204.

Records. West coast: A 381. SB 194K. WCD 34H, 81D. South coast: KNY 30N,
71E (reported by Day et al. 1952). LIZ 16D. MB 8L, 15C, 64H. SAMH 155,
182, 204, 213, 216, 228, 234, 288, 318. SCD 37C, 61B, 75D, 85D, 117H, 153U,
169Z, 175H, 184P, 354E. TRA 35F, 38F, 42F, 92S, 156G.

Remarks. 1 have examined specimens of Jarvis’s material of S. tumida from the
Indian Ocean and Warren’s materia] of S. tumida from Algoa Bay in the British
Museum of Natural History, and can confirm their identity as typical S.
arbuscula. Unfortunately Warren’s material from Park Rynie, Natal, (Warren,
1908, fig. 6B) was not available, but I feel that Stechow (1925, p. 485) was
wrong in assigning it to S. pulchra, which species is easily distinguished by the
adcauline annulations and 4 internal teeth. I have seen unmistakable material
of S. arbuscula in which some of the hydrothecae are very little bent out as in
Warren’s diagram, and I have also seen gonothecae which are corrugated in
the distal region.

The presence of 2 extra internal teeth (var. quinquelaminata of Leloup) is a
common variation (found also in S. mediterranea), but usually occurs only in
some hydrothecae of a colony.

38 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Sertularella capensis capensis Maillard, 1957
Jara) als

Sertularella capensis Millard, 1957: 210, fig. 10H.
Records. South coast: SAMH 272. SCD 37G, 79K.

Description. Three colonies similar to holotype.

Female gonothecae (not previously described) borne on front of stem,
each arising just below the base of a hydrotheca. Spindle-shaped, distinctly
annulated throughout, with 4 (or occasionally more) marginal spines. No
external marsupium and eggs released within the gonotheca.

Remarks. See under subspecies delicata.

Sertularella capensis delicata nov. subsp.

Fig. 12B-D
Sertularella tenella: Hartlaub, 1901: 64, pl. 5 (fig. 24), (material from Algoa Bay).

Types and Records. Holotype: (NAD 22F) (South African Museum registered
number, SAMH 414). Other records: SAMH 294, SCD 50Q.

Description of holotype. Stem short, slender and geniculate; unbranched; bearing
a small number of hydrothecae (up to 8 observed) and sometimes only one;
usually annulated at base and in the region of nodes.

Hydrotheca similar in shape and appearance to the nominate subspecies,
but with a smaller proportion of the adcauline wall adnate (less than half);
with one or two distinct ridged annulations; mouth rounded in section.

Gonophores absent.

Measurements (mm.) Holotype SAMH 294

Internode length a A =: she .. 0°49-0°97
diameter across node ae ie ae ae) 102 TO—-Onns

Hydrotheca, length abcauline .. ul vid .. 0°34-0°45 0°40—0°45
length adcauline, adnate part .. oH .- 0°20-0°24. 0°20—-0:22
length adcauline, free part a ae .. 0°25-0°34 0°34-0°35
adnate part/adcauline length... sie .. 0°37-0'46 0-36-0°39
diameter at mouth a am a .. 0°25-0:29 0:28-0°30
maximum diameter +f we of: .- 0°30—-0°37) (OPA T—O4g

Remarks. The samples other than the holotype consist almost entirely of solitary
hydrothecae, and stems bearing more than one hydrotheca are rare. Such
specimens are similar to the material from Algoa Bay described and figured
by Hartlaub in rgor and ascribed by him to S. tenella. With this diagnosis
I do not agree, as the hydrotheca of S. tenella has more annulations, a smaller
proportion of the adcauline wall adnate to the stem and a narrower, squared
mouth. The proportion between the diameter at the mouth and the abcauline
length is 0-59-0-79 mm. in the holotype of S. capensis delicata, as against 0°39
mm. in typical §. tenella (from Stechow’s measurements, 1923c, p. 186).

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 39

That the solitary hydrotheca is merely a young stage of an upright stem
is shown by the presence of both on the same hydrorhiza. Moreover, in the
solitary hydrotheca there is an extension of the internode along one wall
containing a bud of coenosarc, which will obviously form the continuation of
the stem at a later stage. This extension is visible in Hartlaub’s diagram, and
also in Leloup’s diagram of Thyroscyphus intermedius f. peculiaris (1935, fig. 15)
indicating that the latter is merely a young Sertularella. Sertularella campanulata
Warren, 1908, however, has no such extension and can justifiably be included
in a separate genus, i.e. Calamphora.

The subspecies delicata differs from the young stems and branches of the
nominate subspecies in the more slender stem with annulations and a hydrotheca
which has a smaller proportion adnate to the internode.

S. capensis shows some resemblances to S. gayi var. annulata Allman, 1888,
as revised by Billard, 1910, p. 10, fig. 3, but differs from it in the growth-form.

Sertularella congregata nov. sp.

Fig. 13A—D

Types. Holotype: SCD 254Q (South African Museum registered number,
SAMH 415). Paratype: SAMH 185. Both from South coast.

Description. Colonies reaching a maximum height of 6-7 cm. Stem stiff, thick
and fascicled, giving off alternate hydrocladia, which are all in one plane.
Long, fascicled branches, similar to the stem in structure, often replacing
hydrocladia. Segmentation not visible in fascicled part of stem and branches,
but oblique nodes usually visible in the distal, unfascicled parts (faint in
holotype, distinct in paratype). One hydrotheca to each internode and one
hydrocladium normally arising at the base of every third hydrotheca. Hydrothe-
cae on stem moderately closely set, the margin of each just overlapping the
base of the next on the opposite side.

Hydrocladia with nodes invisible in distal regions. Hydrothecae crowded,
the margin of one often reaching half-way up the length of the next on the
opposite side, and sometimes even to the base of the next on the same side. The
two rows of hydrothecae in the same plane. The hydrocladium usually starts
with several well-spaced hydrothecae separated by oblique nodes, and the
crowding and disappearance of nodes becomes more pronounced towards the
distal end.

Hydrotheca adnate for half or more of adcauline length, then bent smoothly
outwards with margin tilted towards abcauline side. The sides parallel for
almost entire length, though usually narrowing very slightly near margin.
Marginal teeth low. No internal teeth. A pronounced perisarcal thickening
present on abcauline wall below margin, and continued as an annular ridge
for about half-way round hydrotheca. Margin often regenerated.

Gonotheca borne on hydrocladium and flattened against its surface, with
about 8 low annulations in distal region, and with 5 short, conical, marginal
spines.

40 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

F

Fic. 13. Sertularella spp.
A.D. Sertularella congregata n. sp. A, gonotheca. B, portion of stem and hydrocladium. C and
D, a few hydrothecae from hydrocladium.
E.-G. Sertularella pulchra Stechow. .
(A-C from holotype, D from SAMH 185, E-F from SCD 37H, G from SAMH 219.)

3

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 4I

Measurements (mm.)

Holotype Paratype
Internode length (stem) 0°40-0°42 0:35-0-46
Hydrotheca, length abcauline . 0°39-0°46 0:37-0°45
length adcauline, adnate part 0°35-0'41 0:°38-0°43
length adcauline, free part 0:28-0:36 0:26-0:33
adnate part/adcauline length 0:49-0°58 0:°54-0-62
diameter at mouth O-I19Q-0'21 0:*20-0:22
maximum diameter ee .. 0°24-0°27 0°25-0°27
Gonotheca (2 only), length... i ae Be 2°88
maximum diameter bee ce oe ee Teno

Remarks. This species shows a superficial resemblance to S. diaphana, S. lata,
S. quadridens and others, where the nodes on the hydrocladia occur at irregular
intervals, and where the nodes on the stem occur after every third hydrotheca.
The fundamental difference in S. congregata is that the nodes, when visible,
occur after every bydrotheca, both on the stem and hydrocladia, but on the
distal parts of the hydrocladia the nodes seem to be eliminated by the crowding
of the hydrothecae. S. congregata also differs from S. diaphana in the nature of
the gonotheca.

Sertularella dubia magna Millard, 1958
Fig. 14A—F

Sertularella dubia var. magna Millard, 1958: 189, fig. 7A.

Records. West coast: ?LAM 30L (young colony). South coast: SAMH 186,
252, 282. SCD 7oJ, 82L, 85C, 108G, 112C, 320K.

Description. A number of colonies, all (except LAM 30L, which is unbranched)
with stiff, fascicled stems branching in one plane and in a pinnate manner.

Hydrothecae rather variable in structure and appearance—some are
comparatively short and fat with well-marked abcauline thickenings as
illustrated by Billard, 1907, fig. 3 and Millard, 1958, fig. 7A; others are more
slender with distinct corrugations on the adcauline wall and poorly developed
abcauline thickenings; and still others show a tendency for an elongation of
the abcauline marginal tooth so that the margin becomes tilted towards the
adcauline side. Internal bydrothecal teeth never present.

Gonotheca (not previously described) distinctly annulated in distal
region, with a short terminal neck bearing 2-7 small spines (usually 5-6).
Arising opposite the base of a hydrotheca. All female where the sex could be
definitely ascertained. One colony (part of SCD 112C) with practically smooth
gonothecae (possibly male).

Measurements (mm., excluding LAM 30L, which is a doubtful record)

Internode length Pi by he Me 3 at: iO :40-O.72
diameter across node .. ue ai Mey ae .. 0*20-0°39

42 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Hydrotheca, length abcauline oe as be oe .. 0°48-0°65
length adcauline, adnate part .. of: 3 es 2 OLS 2 Oras
length adcauline, free part... se a a “-) (O23 O74
adnate part/adcauline length .. aye oh Af .. 0°45-0°58
diameter at mouth A ae x: se a J: 0220220
maximum diameter... Ss ae Ap ae .. O°31-0:43

Gonotheca, length .. ye Use ae Ht she .. 2:67-3:94
maximum diameter... Ss : : 1-06-1°48

Remarks. The variability of the shape of the ue in this species has been
the cause of some hesitation in identification, and there appear to be 3 common
forms: (i) the short, fat hydrotheca with the margin tilted towards the abcauline
side and a well-developed abcauline thickening, as originally described (fig.
14A, B), (ii) a longer hydrotheca with thinner perisarc and distinct adcauline
corrugations (fig. 14C), and (ii) a hydrotheca with the margin tilted towards
the adcauline side due to elongation of the abcauline marginal tooth (fig. 14F).
These forms cannot be separated as distinct species or subspecies, as inter-
grading forms occur, and specimens in the same sample may vary from form (1)
to form (11), or from form (ii) to form (iii). The macroscopic appearance of the
colony and the structure of the gonotheca is identical in all cases.

All the specimens described have greater dimensions than those quoted
by Billard, 1907, for the nominate subspecies, and can thus be included in
the subspecies magna. So far no overlap has been observed.

The form with adcauline thecal corrugations shows resemblances to
S. gayi var. robusta Allman, 1874, but the gonothecae are different (those of
S. gayt possessing a bilabiate aperture) and the measurements are not so great
as those quoted by Billard in 1906 (p. 185) for var. robusta.

Some of the specimens also show resemblances to S. crassicaulis (Heller),
but the latter species has a dichotomously branched stem.

Sertularella falsa Millard, 1957

Sertularella ?tumida: Day, Millard & Harrison, 1952: 404 (listed).
Sertularella falsa Millard, 1957: 211, figs. 10F, 11D.

Records. South coast: KNY 70F (reported by Day et al. 1952).

Sertularella flabellum (Allman, 1886)
Sertularella flabellum: Millard, 1957: 212, figs. 10G, 11G. Millard, 1958: 190.

Records. West coast: TB 21D. WCD 12B. South coast: MB 47U. SAMH 171,
178, 205, 217, 263, 312. SCD 5B, 29M, 36Y, 52Q, 56S, 85E, 106P, 112B;
1539, 175J, 206N, 265K, 290S, 320J. TRA 59S, g2P, 151J.

Sertularella fusiformis (Hincks, 1861)

Sertularella ellisii f. ellisii: Picard, 1956: 264, fig. 3d, e.
Sertularella fusiformis: Millard, 1957: 213, figs. 1oC—D, 11E.

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 43

Fic. 14. Sertularella dubia magna Millard.
A.-D., F. Hydrothecae from various colonies to show variation in shape.
E. Gonotheca.
(A from PF 12308H (False Bay), B from SAMH 252, C and E from SAMH 282, D from SCD
112C, F from SCD 85C.)

ol
a
t
<

poner ane AE Ges

44 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Records. West coast: B 105, 114B. CP 336B. PP 1S, 4M. South coast: MB 24W.
SAMH 231, 271. SCD 37F, 61E, 75E. ’
Remarks. Picard in 1956 has included S. fuszformis in S. ellistz, but does not seem
to have considered the question of the number and position of internal hydro-
thecal teeth. In his diagrams he shows internal teeth situated immediately
below the marginal teeth, which is certainly not the case in South African
material allocated to S. fusiformis, where internal teeth alternate with the
marginal teeth. Stechow, 1923¢, described S. ellzsiz as possessing 3 small internal
teeth (thus differing from S. mediterranea where the teeth are large), and until
more work has been done on the variability of this character. I prefer to retain
S. fusiformis as a separate species. The number of internal teeth in the latter is
known to be variable, but as has been pointed out before (Millard, 1957, p. 214;
1958, p. 187) the position in South African material at any rate is constant,
and differs from that in S. ellzsiz.

Sertularella gilchristt nov. sp.
Bigg 12 Gaye:
Types and Records. Holotype: SCD 85J (South African Museum registered
number SAMH 416). Other records: SCD 153X. Both from south coast.

Description of holotype. Stem thick, fascicled, reaching 5-0 cm. in height, branch-
ing and rebranching profusely in an irregular pinnate fashion, but not necessarily
in one plane. General effect bushy. Terminal branches not geniculate, with
distinct oblique nodes and sometimes an annulation above each node. Inter-
nodes of variable length, each with one hydrotheca.

Hydrotheca swollen below and narrowing very markedly to margin;
adnate for a little less than half adcauline height; symmetrical, or (more
commonly) bent outwards with margin tilted towards abcauline side; annu-
lated, with 3 or more annulations passing all round hydrotheca or (less
commonly) with annulations indistinct or confined to adcauline surface. Margin
with 4 teeth, of which the abcauline one may project slightly more than the
others. 3 well-developed internal teeth, 1 abcauline and 2 latero-adcauline.

Gonotheca fusiform, annulated in distal region, with 3 or 4 spines at the
distal end of the slender terminal region.

Measurements (mm.) Holotype SCD 153X

Internode length 0°28-0°45 0°39-0°53
diameter across node 0-13-0°22 0°15—-0°23

Hydrotheca, length abcauline .. 0°33-0°41 0:36-0-41
length adcauline, adnate part 0°22-0°27 0°23-0°27
length adcauline, free part 0:24-0°34 0:26-0°35
adnate part/adcauline length 0-40-0°48 0:40-0:49
diameter at mouth O-lI-O°I4 O°12—-0°13
maximum diameter O°21-0'24. 0°22—-0°25

Gonotheca, length 1-84-1-86

maximum diameter

O597

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 45

Remarks. This species shows strong resemblances to S. robusta Coughtrey, 1875
(see Trebilcock, 1928: 16, and Ralph, 1961: 824), but differs from it in the
fascicled and freely branching stem, and also to a lesser extent in the shape
of the hydrotheca which has a decidedly narrower mouth.

Sertularella goliathus Stechow, 1923
Sertularella goliathus: Millard, 1957: 215, figs. r1oA, 11A.
Records. West coast: WCD 7P. South coast: SCD 106Q. TRA 37N.

Sertularella mediterranea mediterranea Hartlaub, 1go1

Sertularella mediterranea: Millard, 1957: 215, figs. 10K, 11B. Hamond, 1957: 316, fig. 24. Millard,
1958: 190. Vervoort, 1959: 272, fig. 33a.

Sertularella ?gaudichaudi: Day, Millard & Harrison, 1952: 404 (listed).

Sertularella ellisit f£. mediterranea: Picard, 1956: 264, fig. 3b.

Records. South coast: A 123, 384B. KNY 57J (recorded by Day et al. 1952).

SAMH 206.

Sertularella mediterranea asymmetrica Millard, 1958

Sertularella mediterranea Hartlaub var. asymmetrica Millard, 1958: 191, fig. 7B.
Records. South coast: CPR gD. SAMH 270. SCD 60Y.

Sertularella megista Stechow, 1923

Sertularella polyzonias f. robusta Kirchenpauer, 1884: 38.

Sertularella polyzonias var. robusta: Hartlaub, 1901: 88, pl. 5 (fig. 1). Stechow, 1925: 479.
Sertularella megista: Stechow, 1925: 480, fig. 36. Millard, 1957: 217, figs. 1oL, 11].

Records. West coast: WCD 12A, 56L. South coast: AFR 945M. MB 47V, 52H,
64J. SAMH 181, 246, 310, 316. SCD 5D, 37E, 52R, 85F, 96C, 108E, 153T,
175K, 239C, 254R, 265C, 290R, 320).

Description. Numerous colonies from all round the coast, the tallest reaching a
height of 10-3 cm. Most colonies are unfascicled and sparsely branched, and
individual stems may reach a length of over 7 cm. without branching. Only the
sturdiest colonies are fascicled, and these only to a small extent and in the basal
region. The stems, thus, usually have a flexuous appearance, surprisingly so
for a species with so thick a perisarc.

With the abundant material available it is apparent that there is great
variation in length of internode and size of hydrotheca. New measurements
are thus included to illustrate the range of variation in the species.

The hydrotheca is characterized by a sharp bend in the adcauline wall
at the point where it separates from the stem, but the angle of the margin 1s
influenced by the amount of bending and the length of the abcauline marginal
tooth, which may be produced. Normally the margin is perpendicular to the
axis, but when the bend is marked (and the angle within the hydrotheca lies
between 110° and 120°) it is tilted towards the abcauline side, and when the

46 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

bend is less marked (with the internal angle over 125°) and the abcauline tooth
produced it is tilted towards the adcauline side.

Measurements (mm., complete range, including False Bay material described
in 1957).

Internode length “e Hi one i ste as =. Ose
diameter across node .. me a Ses a .. 0°40-0°82
Hydrotheca, length abcauline a a Ae Ale .. 0°80-1-28
length adcauline, adnate part i a or .. 0:67-1:08
length adcauline, free part He mn un si - +) | O894 One
adnate part/adcauline length .. bs a: a .. O°55-0°71
diameter at mouth in “ae ae a .. 0°33-0°52
maximum diameter... ey oA Ae me .. 0°47-0°72
Mature gonotheca, length .. Me ie st ae So SPRL
maximum diameter... =i oe se ie .. 0°85-1-90

Remarks. I have included in the synonymy of this species Kirchenpauer’s
material of S. polyzonzas f. robusta from the Cape of Good Hope. Kirchenpauer’s
type material unfortunately no longer exists, but was examined and illustrated
by Hartlaub in igor, and I agree with the latter author that it should be
removed from S. polyzonias. The hydrotheca has the typical angle in the
adcauline wall characteristic of S$. megista, and the size is within range.

Sertularella polyzonias (Linn., 1758)
Sertularella polyzonias: Millard, 1957: 217, figs. 1oJ, 11H. Millard, 1958: 191. Millard, 1961: 205.

Records. West coast: TB 10, 12A, 21G. South Coast: MB 47W. SAMH 175.
SCD 37J, 85G, 112D, 153W, 175L.

Sertularella pulchra Stechow, 1923
Fig. 13E-G

Sertularella pulchra Stechow, 1923b: 113. Stechow, 1925: 485, fig. 39.
Records. South coast: SAMH 219, 313. SCD 37H, 154L, 2906].

Description. Fascicled stems reaching a maximum height of 4:8 cm. and bearing
alternate hydrocladia, which are usually very regular in arrangement, one
arising below the base of every third hydrotheca. The 2 rows of hydrocladia
in one plane.

Hydrothecae generally as described by Stechow, though in most colonies
a few of the hydrothecae are bent gently away from the stem, with the adcauline
wall slightly convex and the abcauline wall slightly concave (fig. 13 F). As a
result the margin is perpendicular to the axis or tilted towards the abcauline
side. Adcauline striations very obvious, and only rarely absent. 4 internal teeth,
alternating with the marginal teeth, sometimes incomplete in young parts of
the colony.

Gonothecae of 2 types. Empty ones, presumably male, as described by

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 47

Stechow, with narrow distal end and 4 marginal spines. Female similar, but
with wider distal end and 5-6 short marginal spines (fig. 13 E).

Stechow’s

material from

Measurements (mm.) Stmon’s Bay
Internode length .. 0°43-0°82 0°49-0°63
diameter across node 0°20-0°42 0-16—0-34
Hydrotheca, length abcauline 0°58-0°78 05 8-0°72
length adcauline, adnate part 0°32-0°46 =0°35-0°44
length adcauline, free part .. 0:36-0°46 0:39-0'56
adnate part/adcauline length 0°44-0°55 0°40-0°53
diameter at mouth .. 0°21-0:28 0-21-0:28
maximum diameter 0:29-0:38 0°31-0°36
Gonotheca, length 2°95-3°42 2°33-2°84
maximum diameter 0:99-1°63 0°93-1°31

Remarks. 1 have seen two mounted slides of Stechow’s material from Simon’s
Bay (loaned by the Munich Museum) which confirm the identity of this
material. Measurements taken from Stechow’s material are included above for
comparison.

Stechow includes in S$. pulchra part of Warren’s material described under
the name of S. tumida (material from Park Rynie, 1908 fig. 6B). With this I
do not agree, as Warren shows no striations on the hydrothecae and only 3
internal teeth. His material can probably be included in S. arbuscula.

Sertularella striata Stechow, 1923
Fig. 15
Sertularella striata Stechow, 1923: 10. Stechow, 1925: 470, fig. 30.

Records. South coast: LIZ 7Z. MB 64K. SCD 85H.

Description. Stems reaching a maximum height of 1-1 cm., usually unbranched,
but occasionally giving off 1 or 2 small branches which arise immediately
below a hydrotheca. Details of structure and measurements as described by
Stechow.

Gonotheca (not previously described) arising from stem opposite the base
of a hydrotheca, annulated throughout, or with annulations becoming indistinct
in basal third. Margin with 3 or 4 minute spines. Female with external
marsupium.

Present Stechow’s

Measurements (mm.) material material

Internode length Ms ss a Lis -. 0°30-0:76) 0°45-0°77
diameter across node si ie Ne .. O°10-0°16 O-*10-0'15

Hydrotheca, length abcauline .. Le be 1.) 0:30-0:48) (0:41-0:47

length adcauline, adnate part .. ue 5b CHCA #2 1-0°26

48 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

length adcauline, free part a oe .. O°18-0-31 0:25-0:34

adnate part/adcauline length A aif .. 0°39-0°56 0-40-0°49

diameter at mouth de ce at .. Ot15-O-21 O-°17—-0°23

maximum diameter ot; bp ue ... 0'23-0°30 0-23-0°30
Gonotheca, length ay ay ane au 2. 135-1 -79

maximum diameter By: fa a .. 0°86-0°95

Remarks. The identity of this material was confirmed by comparison with a
mounted slide of Stechow’s material from the Agulhas Bank, kindly loaned by
the Munich Museum. The measurements of the latter are included above for
comparison.

NASA eR ere ER LAS

Fic. 15. Sertularella striata Stechow.
A. and C. Hydrothecae from different colonies.
B. The gonotheca.
(A and B from SCD 85H, C from LIZ 7Z.)

The species shows variability in the length of internode, which may be
shorter or longer than that illustrated by Stechow; in the degree of annulation
on the hydrothecal walls, which may be less marked; in the proportion of the
adcauline thecal wall adnate to the stem; and in the angle of the thecal margin.
The latter may be perpendicular to the axis as illustrated by Stechow, but
may also be tilted towards the adcauline side. This is the case in some of the
hydrothecae on Stechow’s slide, and in most of the hydrothecae in the present
material.

This species is closely related to S. africana, differing from it in the greater
number of more distinct annulations which extend over the full length of the
hydrotheca.

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 49

Sertularella xantha Stechow, 1923
Sertularella xantha: Millard, 1957: 218, figs. 10K, 111.

Records. West coast: TB 12B. WCD 30U. South coast: SAMH 146, 154, 220,
325, 334, 348. SCD 33C, 103K, 104E, 108F, 113F, 114F, 115N, 122W, 126K,
141J, 145B, 184Q, 191R, 219W, 239D, 258P, 276T, 290Q, 322G, 324], 345A.
TRA 331, 395A, 38B, 42E, 56V, 92T.

Sertularia distans gracilis Hassall, 1848

Sertularta heterodonta Ritchie, 1909: 79, fig. 4. Jarvis, 1922: 339.

Sertularia distans var. gracilis: Billard, 1925: 175, fig. 33. Leloup, 1935: 47, figs. 28, 29. Millard,
1957: 221, fig. 12. Millard, 1958: 193. Pennycuik, 1959: 197.

Records. South coast: BRE 60R. CPR 7C. LIZ 13E. MB 24R. SAMH 266.

SCD 37Y, 50M, 85Q, 112E.

Description. A number of colonies, none taller than 0-8 cm., all with unbranched
stems, except in a few instances where side-branches arise from within hydrothe-
cae. Distance between consecutive pairs of hydrothecae very variable, and
internodes sometimes very long and slender, as illustrated by Ritchie, 1909, for
S. heterodonta. Interna] pegs of perisarc in lower part of hydrotheca very charac-
teristic, and internal teeth in distal region below margin also common—1
abcauline (fairly common), or 1 abcauline and 2 latero-adcauline (more rare
and in occasional hydrothecae only).

Gonothecae present in 2 colonies, as illustrated by Leloup, 1935; female
with external marsupium.

Remarks. Examination of Ritchie’s type material of S. heterodonta (on loan to
the British Museum) showed that this species is distinguished from the common
form of S. distans gracilis only by the presence of 3 internal hydrothecal teeth,
longer and more slender internodes, and slightly smaller hydrothecae. The last
2 characters can be attributed to variations in growth-form which are paralleled
in the South African material. The presence of a single abcauline internal
tooth has been reported in S. distans gracilis by a number of authors, and the
presence of 2 extra latero-adcauline internal teeth (which were not present
in all the hydrothecae of the type material) is here reported in South Africa.
I therefore include S. heterodonta Ritchie as a synonym for S. distans gracilis.

Sertularia marginata (Kirch., 1864)
Sertularia marginata: Millard, 1957: 224, fig. 13. Ralph, 1961: 785, fig. 12a-g (synonymy).
Records. South coast: SCD 305D.

Description. A young colony consisting of 5 stems reaching a maximum height
of 0-6 cm., of which one bears 1 branch, another 2, and the rest are simple.

Sertularia turbinata (Lamx., 1816)

Sertularia loculosa: Bale, 1884: pl. 4 (figs. 5, 6), pl. 9 (fig. 12), pl. 19 (fig. 9). Bale, 1913: 121,
pl. 12 (figs. 7, 8). Warren, 1908: 306, fig. 8. Jarvis, 1922: 340.

50 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Sertularia brevicyathus: Nutting, 1904: 60, pl. 6 (figs. 1, 2). Jarvis, 1922: 338, pl. 24 (fig. 6).

Tridentata acuta Stechow, 1921: 231. Stechow, 1923c: 207.

Sertularia turbinata: Billard, 1925: 177, fig. 34. Millard, 1958: 197, fig. 8B. Vervoort, 1959: 275,
figs. 35, 36.

Sertularia restricta Totton, 1930: 205.

Sertularia acuta: Millard, 1958: 192, figs. 8A, F.

Records. South coast: MB 58E. SCD 85S.

Description. Two smali colonies reaching a maximum height of 0:7 cm. One of
them (MB 58E) is an old colony with thick perisarc and smoothly worn hydro-
thecal margins; the whole surface is thickly overgrown with epiphytes. In both
colonies the nodes tend to be indistinct, particularly near the proximal end of a
stem.
Remarks. Up to the present time S$. acuta (Stechow) has been held to be separate
from S$. turbinata (Lamx.), although Billard (1925: 178), was dubious about
the matter, remarking that the former species differs from the latter only in
the shorter internodes, and in the shorter hydrothecae which narrow more
abruptly to the margin. |
The two samples in this collection are intermediate between the material
of S. acuta and S. turbinata previously described (Millard, 1958) in internode
length and abcauline thecal length, and the 4 samples together form a perfect
gradation from one extreme to the other. It is thus no longer possible to keep
the two species separate, and S. acuta must be considered as a somewhat stunted
growth-form of S. turbinata. Selected measurements (in mm.) of the 4 samples
are included for comparison:

HA ydrotheca, Hydrotheca,
Internode length diameter at

length abcauline margin
RHB 52C 0°39-0°54 0-16-0-21 0:09—-0-12
SCD 85S 0+52-0°62 O-19—-0°22 0-09-0'TI
MB 58E 0°55-0°76 0°22-0°32 0-13-0'°16
| Aa 3 8 0:66-0°85 0°25-0°31 One — Only

In all 4 samples the hydrotheca is very similar in appearance, and grades
evenly from the form illustrated for S. acuta (Millard, 1958: fig. 8A) to that of
S. turbinata (Millard, 1958: fig. 8B).

The gonothecae of S. turbinata have now been described by Vervoort
(1959: fig. 36 b, c) and are exactly similar to those of S. acuta (Millard, 1958:
fig. 8F; Warren, 1908: fig. 8D), except for the presence of 2 minute distal
spines in the former.

It was previously thought (Millard, 1958: 198) that the nature of the
nodes was a distinguishing character between S. acuta (straight) and S. turbinata
(oblique). But the new material has shown that this is a variable character
and the nodes may be straight, oblique or invisible, and further that both
straight and oblique nodes may occur on the same stem. This is discounting the
hinge-joits, which always form the termination of an extra athecate internode
and which occur quite irregularly.

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 51

S. turbinata is closely related to S. ligulata Thornely, and the difference
between them is largely one of shape, which is obvious to the eye, but which is
not shown up at all clearly by the measurements, due mainly to the tendency
for variation between the proximal and distal regions of a stem in both species.
In S. ligulata the members of a pair of hydrothecae are more erect and tend
to diverge at a higher level than in S. turbinata. As a result the hydrothecae
of the former are in general contiguous and adnate for a greater length, and
the maximum diameter across a pair tends to be less. S. ligulata also has a
slightly wider thecal mouth and lower marginal teeth (Millard, 1958: figs.
8B, 9A, B). If these 2 species are to be kept separate, the presence of a ligula
in §. ligulata cannot be used as a specific character, as it is also clearly evident in
a mounted specimen of S. turbinata (MB 58E). As a rule specimens are nct
sufficiently well preserved to determine the presence or absence of this character.

Symplectoscyphus arboriformis (Markt., 1890)

Sertularella arboriformis Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890: 228, pl. 4 (fig. 5). Stechow, 1912: 358,
fig. C.

Records. West coast: SAMH 409. WCD 81L. South coast: SAMH 156, 172, 184,

POI U7 OO 5G. 971). O1G,75C) 198K. 2ooill.) TRA o2@:

Description. Colonies reaching a maximum height of 11-0 cm., some with

gonothecae. Structure agreeing perfectly with Marktanner’s description.

Stechow’s

_ Measurements (mm.) material —
Internode length 0:60-0:80 0:51-0:78
diameter across node 0'1'7-0°33 O-19—-0'42
Hydrotheca, length abcauline . 0:34-0'47 0:46-0-63
length adcauline, adnate part 0:31-0°40 0:28-0°43
length adcauline, free part 0:38-0°46 0:35-0:50
adnate part/adcauline length 0'42-0'51 0°36-0°53
diameter at mouth 0:28-0:38 0:25-0°35
Gonotheca, length 1°35-1:92 1:46-1°75
maximum diameter 0:71-0:96 0:81-0:96

Remarks. Two slides of Stechow’s material from Algoa Bay were examined by
courtesy of the Munich Museum. The measurements are included above for
comparison.

Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (‘Treb., 1928)

Sertularella macrogona Trebilcock, 1928: 11, pl. 1 (fig. 4).

Symplectoscyphus macrogonus: Millard, 1957: 219. Ralph, 1961: 798, fig. 14 a, b.

Records. West coast: BB 13P. CP 379, 650B. LAM 2G, 7M, oT, 13J, 148, 18L,
23M, 30K, 35E, 40P, 41G, 46M, 59B. PP 1U. SB 150D, 161Y, 194L, 253D.
TB 11, 21F. WCD 81J, 100T. South coast: BMR 23N. SAMH 265. SCD
179C.

52 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Thyroscyphus aequalis Warren, 1908
Fig. 16
Thyroscyphus ramosus: Billard, 1907: 342.
Thyroscyphus aequalis Warren, 1908: 344, pl. 48 (figs. 38-40), fig. 23. Jarvis, 1922: 337. Millard,
1958: 199.
Thyroscyphus regularis : Ritchie, 1910: 811, pl. 77 (fig. 7). Jaderholm, 1923: 5. Stechow, 1925: 463.
Cnidoscyphus aequalis: Splettstésser, 1929: 82, 124, figs. 78-82. Kramp, 1947: 13.
Records. South coast: SAMH 173, 251, 268, 350, 379. SCD 29L, 37A, 61D,
79L, 84J, 94F, 117J, 153R, 169X, 2548, 265D. TRA 23B, 35D, 38D, 56T,
g2A.

Description. Numerous samples, some consisting of a few fragments only, the
largest reaching 40 cm. in height. Stem weakly fascicled at base in larger
colonies only, branching in an irregularly alternate manner. Nodes distinct or
only faintly indicated. Hydrotheca-bearing apophysis without basal septum.
Hydrothecal pedicel about half width of apophysis, spirally annulated to a
varying degree, often regenerated.

Hydrotheca of rather variable shape and size, usually expanding to margin
and practically symmetrical, but often with narrower mouth and slightly
bulging adcauline wall. Margin with 4 teeth and perisarcal thickening below
edge. Diaphragm in form of annular thickening of perisarc, which is better
developed on adcauline side and often invisible on abcauline side. An internal
ridge of perisarc sometimes present about one-third of height of hydrotheca for
attachment of annular fold of hydranth. Two batteries of large rod-shaped
nematocysts present in ectodermal lining of hydrotheca in adcauline and
abcauline position respectively.

Gonotheca (male) elongated, widening towards distal extremity, which is
obliquely truncated, smooth or roughly corrugated. Containing one large
gonophore, which is extruded into an external marsupium when mature.

Measurements of hydrothecae (mm.). Samples in which typical nematocyst batteries
could be recognized indicated by *.
Height Diameter

Diameter
from at a
diaphragm mouth Nee
TRA 35D* i Be ae -. I°O5-1-21 0-Q0—0-99 0:74-0:92
TRATSSDI T=. Bhs a ae .. I'O5-I'21 0:76-0:99 0°72-0°82
(AFR 1028.0.A .. fe a .. 0'78-1:01 0:65-0:77 0:69-0°86)
SERWAROO Beene ass fe my .. 1:07-1:28 0:80-1:13 0:68-0:98
SAMH 173* A; ns nf: .. I‘OI-1:28 0:83-0:93 0-68-0-92
SAMH 350* a Bos BY .. 0°92-1'25 0:76-0:90 0:62-0:93
(NAD 1W* oe sf ey .. 1:00-1:02 0-61-0-74 0°61—-0°73)
SCD soi... ie aa Me .. O°7Q-I'00 0°55-0°75 0°58-0°93
ECDs 7Be e te Se .. 0°83-1:05 0°44-0°64 0°47-0-°64
From Jarvis. . ae, es 3s .. 0°85-0°9 0°75 0:83-0:88

From Jaderholm .. e oe BN et 9) i 0-9 0°75-0°82

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 53

M
(Arr nner) ats

Fic. 16. Thyroscyphus aequalis Warren.

A.-K. Hydrothecae and pedicels from various colonies to show variation.

L.—M. Male gonothecae, M with an external marsupium.

(A from TRA 35D; B and C from AFR 1028.0.A (Natal); D and E from TRA 23B; F and L
from SAMH 173; G from SAMH 350; H, I and M from SCD 29L; J and K from SCD 37A.)

54 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

From Splettstdsser .. oy: Se .. O0°8-1-15 0°75-0-92

From Warren 2s ae ae Lé 1-18 0-79 0-67
From Ritchie ae te: vt Le. 0:96 0:63 0-66
From Stechow i 2: oe ne 0-96 0:60 0-62

Remarks. T. aequalis is closely related to TY. torresi (Busk) and according to
Splettstésser and Kramp the latter is distinguished from the former by (i) the
presence of a perisarcal septum at the base of the hydrothecal apophysis, (ii) the
presence of a single battery of large nematocysts situated in the “Deckelplatte’
rather than in the ectodermal lining of the hydrotheca, (ii) the shape of the
hydrotheca which has a narrower mouth and somewhat protruberant adcauline
wall, and (iv) the hydrothecal pedicel which is not annulated.

In none of the South African material-is there a septum at the base of the
apophysis, and in all specimens where nematocysts are preserved the batteries
are arranged as described by Warren, apparently indicating that all the material
is conspecific. Yet there is so much variation in the shape and size of the
hydrotheca and in the nature of the pedicel that it appears that characters
(iii) and (iv) are of less systematic value than previously supposed (see fig. 16).

The shape of the hydrotheca varies from a large form with a wide mouth
and practically symmetrical sides to a smaller form with a narrower mouth
and protruberant adcauline wall (see diameter/height ratios above), but all
intermediate stages are present and nowhere can a definite dividing line be
placed between the two forms. Sometimes both forms occur in the same sample.
A similar variation is evident in the literature among records assigned by
Splettstésser to Cnidoscyphus aequalis; thus, the material of Jarvis and Jaderholm
belongs near the top of the series and that of Stechow near the bottom.

The hydrothecal pedicel in 7. aequalis is said to be ‘annulated’. This
annulation, when well developed, is due to the presence of a groove running
spirally around the pedicel and completing a maximum of 24 turns, usually
with half a turn more on the abcauline than on the adcauline side. However,
the development of this groove varies considerably (and often within the same
colony), and many pedicels would come into the category of ‘not annulated’
(fig. 16 C). The amount of annulation bears no relation to the size and shape
of the hydrotheca, but may possibly be related to the age, as there is a tendency
for more distinct annulation in older parts of the colony. In old colonies, how-
ever, the spiral grooving is usually obscured by successive regenerations of
the pedicel which are marked by deep transverse septa across its width.

The gonotheca, of which only the male has been observed, is similar to
that described by Ritchie, and is unique among male hydroids for the extrusion
of the sexual products into an external marsupium.

SUMMARY

In the three families of hydroids considered here, a tota] of 50 species is
recorded from the south and west coasts of South Africa. Of these 12 belong
to the family Lafoeidae, 4 to the Syntheciidae and 34 to the Sertularidae.

HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 55

6 new species are described, namely Hebella urceolata, Zygophylax enigmatica,
Salacia disjuncta, Sertularella agulhensis, Sertularella congregata and Sertularella
gilchristi, and one new subspecies, namely Sertularella capensis delicata. 7 of the
other records are new to South Africa.

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STEPHENSON, T. A., STEPHENSON, A. & bu Tort, C. A. 1937. The South African intertidal zone
and its relation to ocean currents. I. A temperate Indian Ocean shore. Trans. roy. Soc.
S. Afr. 242 341-382.

Torron, A. K. 1930. Coelenterata. Part V.—Hydroida. Nat. Hist. Rep. Terra Nova Exped. 5:
131-252.

Tresitcock, R. E. 1928. Notes on New Zealand Hydroida. Proc. roy. Soc. Victoria (n.s.) 41 I-31.

VeERvooRT, W. 1941. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition. XI. The Hydroida of the
Snellius Expedition (Milleporidae and Stylasteridae excluded). Temminckia 6: 186-240.

VERVOORT, W. 1946. Fauna van Nederland. Aflevering XIV. Hydrozoa (C1). A. Hydropolypen. Leiden:
A. W. Sijthoff.

VeERvooRT, W. 1959. The Hydroida of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Rep. 5: 211-325.

Warren, E. 1908. On a collection of Hydroids, mostly from the Natal coast. Ann. Natal Mus. 1:

269-355.

+

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

MANUSCRIPTS

In duplicate (one set of illustrations), type-written, double spaced with good margins,
including TaBLe oF ConTENTS and Summary. Position of text-figures and tables must be
indicated.

ILLUSTRATIONS

So proportioned that when reduced they will occupy not more than 42 in. x 7 in. (7$ in.
including the caption). A scale (metric) must appear with all photographs.

REFERENCES

Authors’ names and dates of publication given in text; full references at end of paper in
alphabetical order of authors’ names (Harvard system). References at end of paper must be
given in this order:

Name of author, in capitals, followed by initials; names of joint authors connected by &,
not ‘and’. Year of publication; several papers by the same author in one year designated by
suffixes a, b, etc. Full title of paper; initial capital letters only for first word and for proper
names (except in German). Title of journal, abbreviated according to World list of scientific
periodicals and underlined (italics). Series number, if any, in parenthesis, e.g. (3), (n.s.), (B).
Volume number in arabic numerals (without prefix ‘vol.’), with wavy underlining (black type).
Part number, only if separate parts of one volume are independently numbered. Page numbers,
first and last, preceded by a colon (without prefix ‘p’). Thus:

SmitH, A. B. 1956. New Plonia species from South Africa. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 9: 937-945.

When reference is made to a separate book, give in this order: Author’s name; his initials;
date of publication; title, underlined; edition, if any; volume number, if any, in arabic numerals,
with wavy underlining; place of publication; name of publisher. Thus:

Brown, X. Y. 1953. Marine faunas. 2nd ed. 2. London: Green.

When reference is made to a paper forming a distinct part of another book, give: Name of
author of paper, his initials; date of publication; title of paper; ‘In’, underlined; name of
author of book; his initials; title of book, underlined; edition, if any; volume number, if any,
in arabic numerals, with wavy underlining; pagination of paper; place of publication; name
of publisher. Thus:

SmitH, C. D. 1954. South African plonias. In Brown, X. Y. Marine faunas. and ed. 3: 63-95.
London: Green.

SYNONYMY

Arranged according to chronology of names. Published scientific names by which a species
has been previously designated (subsequent to 1758) are listed in chronological order, with
abbreviated bibliographic references to descriptions or citations following in chronological
order after each name. Full references must be given at the end of the paper. Articles and
recommendations of the International code of zoological nomenclature adopted by the XV International
congress of zoology, London, July 1958, are to be observed (particularly articles 22 and 51).

Examples: Plonia capensis Smith, 1954: 86, pl. 27, fig. 3. Green, 1955: 23, fig. 2.

When transferred to another genus:
Euplonia capensis (Smith) Brown, 1955: 259.
When misidentified as another species:
Plonia natalensis (non West), Jones, 1956: 18.
When another species has been called by the same name:
[non] Plonia capensis: Jones, 1957: 27 (= natalensis West).

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