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FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY
A continuation of the GEOLOGICAL SERIES of
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 18
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE 1. Annotated Bibliography of Lower Paleozoic Sponges of North America. Byaeeeith Rigby, and.) Matthew) He Niteckiaae.. me see areiee el
2. Mammalian masticatory apparatus. By William D. Turnbull........ 147
3. New and little known genera and species of vertebrates from the Lower Rermiany of Oklahoma. =By Hverett Ciy@lsena.....s95-5 05> oun oe 357
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LOWER PALEOZOIC
SPONGES OF NORTH AMERICA
J. KEITH RIGBY
AND
MATTHEW H. NITECKI
The Library of the
MAY 15 1972
University of 11) at Urbana-Champaigy
FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1 Published by FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OCTOBER 25, 1968
Maia GEOLOGY LIBRARY
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LOWER PALEOZOIC
SPONGES OF NORTH AMERICA
Jo KEP BiG Bx Brigham Young University
AND
MATTHEW H. NITECKI
Assistant Curator of Fossil Invertebrates Field Museum of Natural History
FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1 Published by FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OCTOBER 25, 1968
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-56088
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
INTRODUCTION
This paper consists of an annotated bibliography of North Ameri- ean literature on sponges of Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian ages. It also includes works dealing with organisms which may not be sponges but that have been placed in the phylum Porifera by various authors. Although we do not consider receptaculitids to be related organisms, we have included references dealing with these forms, because they have been traditionally considered as sponges, or as related sponge-like forms. The taxonomic position of receptaculitids, and other problematic organisms will be considered in a later paper.
This work is a part of a larger compilation which will cover all Paleozoic sponges. The next part, synonymy of Lower Paleozoic Sponges of North America is almost completed. Work on an an- notated bibliography and synonymy of Upper Paleozoic sponges is in progress.
It is intended to terminate the series with a bibliography and synonymy of Paleozoic sponges other than those of North America.
The authors would welcome any help and suggestions that could insure the completeness of these works. The spelling of taxonomic names is the original citation of individual authors. Many system- atic entries have been brought up to date, however, all will be re- vised and updated in the synonymy list.
The compilation of the bibliography was supported in part by grants GI7988 and GB1303 from the National Science Foundation to the senior author.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbott, George
1914. Is “Atekokania lawsoni’’ a concretion? Nature, 94, pp. 477-478.
Atikokania lawsoni was described by Walcott from the Steeprock Limestone of Lake Ontario region, but similar structures are also present in the Magnesian Limestone of Fulwell Hill, Sunderland and are considered by Abbott to be inorganic, as is the specimen described by Walcott.
Agnew, A. F.
1963. Geology of the Platteville quadrangle, Wisconsin. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1123-E, pp. 245-277, pl. 19, text-figs. 38-42, 1 table.
Receptaculites sp. is used to help subdivide the cherty unit of the Galena Dolomite.
Agnew, A. F., Heyl, A. V. Jr., Behre, C. H. Jr., and Lyons, E. J.
1956. Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician rocks in the Zine-Lead districts of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 274-K, pp. 251-312, 24 text-figs.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is abundant in the cherty part of the Galena Dolomite. Ischadites sp. occurs, but is less common.
Aitken, J. D. and Norford, B. S.,
1967. Lower Ordovician Survey Peak and Outram Formations, Southern Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 15, no. 2, pp. 150-207, 3 pls., 7 text-figs.
Sponges are mentioned as occurring in the Survey Peak Forma- tion and in a single locality in the Outram Formation on Mount Wilson, the type section of the formation.
4
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES
or
Allen, A. T. and Lester, J. G.
1954. Contributions to the paleontology of northwest Georgia. Bull. Georgia Geol. Surv., 62, 166 pp., 42 pls. Two specimens of Hindia parva Ulrich are illustrated and re- ported from a locality on U.S. Highway 11, south of Chattanooga, from Upper Ordovician rocks.
1957. Zonation of the Middle and Upper Ordovician strata in northwestern Georgia. Bull. Georgia Geol. Surv., 66, 110 pp.
Lists Stromatocerium sp., S. pustulosum Safford, S. rugosum Hall, and Cryptophragmus antiquatus (Raymond) as sponges in Trentonian rocks. All of these fossils are stromatoporids, or related to stroma- toporids, and are not sponges. No undoubted sponges are listed in the paper.
Allingham, J. W.
1963. Geology of the Dodgeville and Mineral Point quadrangles, Wisconsin. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1123-D, pp. 169-244, pls. 12-18, text-figs. 25-27, 3 tables.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported as a characteristic fossil in the cherty part of the Galena Dolomite.
Ami, H. M.
1894. Notes on fossils from Quebec City, Quebec. Ottawa Nat., 8, pp. 82-90.
Notes the first occurrence of Nidulites favus Salter in Canada as an imperfect specimen collected from the Ordovician Quebec Group. Lists and briefly describes in addition several corals, bryo- zoans, brachiopods, gastropods, trilobites, and other arthropods.
1896. Note on some of the fossil organic remains comprised in the geological formations and outliers of the Ottawa Paleozoic basin. Proc. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad., ser. 2, 2, sec. 4: pp. 151-158.
Notes the occurrence of Receptaculites occidentalis Salter from the Black River Limestone; Astylospongia (now Caryomanon) parvula Billings, Steliella billingsi Hinde, S. crassa Hinde, Pasceolus globosus Billings, and Receptaculites (now Ischadites) cowensis Billings from the Trenton Limestone, all from the Ottawa Valley.
1899. Appendix II. Onsome Cambro-Silurian and Silurian fossils from Lake Temiscaming, Lake Nipissing and Mattawa outliers.
6 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Canad., new ser., 10, Rept. I, 1897,
pp. 289-I-302-I.
Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is listed from the Black River Mattawa outlier, and Pasceolus globosus Billings is listed from the Black River beds at Lake Nipissing.
1902. Appendix. Lists of fossils to accompany report by R. W. Ells on the city of Ottawa Map. Geol. Surv. Canad., Ann. Rept. 1899, new ser., 12, pp. 51G-77G.
Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) is listed from the Trenton For-
mation from Wright’s new quarries in Hull, and Pasceolus globosus Billings is listed from the shore of Ottawa River in Ottawa City.
Amsden, T. W.
1949. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Brownsport Forma- tion (Silurian) of Western Tennessee. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 5, 138 pp., 34 pls., 30 text-figs.
Stratigraphy of the beds in which the famous western Tennessee sponge accumulations occur is described. Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) is listed from the Brownsport and Lowville Formations of Tennessee.
1957. Catalog of fossils from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Surv., Cire. 48, 41 pp. Ischadites towensis (Owen) is listed as occuring in the Bromide Formation, as mentioned by Decker and Merritt (1931).
Ardley, Edmond
1916. A list of type fossils in the Peter Redpath Museum (McGill
University). Canad. Ree. Sci., 9, pp. 464-482
The type specimens of Dawson’s Gaspe Ordovician (?) sponges are housed in the museum. These include: Acanthodictya hispida Dawson, Cyathophycus quebecense Dawson, Halichondrites confusus Dawson and Hinde, Hyalostelia (now Kiwetinokia) metissica Daw- son, Lasiothrix curvicosata Dawson and Hinde, Palaeosaccus dawsoni Hinde, Protospongia delicatula Dawson and Hinde, P. mononema Dawson and Hinde, P. polynema Dawson and Hinde, P. tetranema Dawson and Hinde, P. (now Diagonella) coronata Dawson and Hinde, and P. (now Diagonella) cyathiformis, as well as Stephanella hindii Dawson and Trachyum vestatus Dawson from other localities.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES A
Ball, J. R. and Greacen, K. F.
1946. Catalog of the Egan collection of Silurian invertebrate fossils at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Chicago Acad. Sci., Spec. Pub. no. 7, 55 pp.
Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) is reported from the Silurian of Indiana, Tennessee, and from a drift boulder in Illinois. Caryospongia juglans nuxmoschata (Hall) is reported from Silurian rocks of Illinois Indiana, Tennessee, and Ontario, and Palaeomanon cratera Roemer and Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) are reported from Silurian rocks of Tennessee. Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall is reported from Wisconsin, and R. tessellatus Winchell and Marcy (now Ischa- dites infundibulum (Hall) ) and Ischadites iowensis Owen from Illinois. Cerionites dactyloides (Owen) is reported from Iowa.
Barlow, A. E.
1899. Report on the geology and natural resources of the area included by the Nipissing and Temascaming map sheets, com- prising portions of the district of Nipissing, Ontario, and the county of Pontiac, Quebec. Ann. Rept. 1897, Geol. Surv.Can- ad-. n. ser., 10, Rept. I, 287 pp.
Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is reported from the Lower Tren- ton Ordovician rocks of the district. Coscinopora (?) sp. is also re- ported. This reference is probably to Receptaculites, as now under- stood. Coscinopora, as the genus in now used, is included within the bryozoans.
Bass, N. W. and Northrop, S. A.
1955. Lower Paleozoic rocks of the White River Uplift, Colorado. In Guidebook to the geology of Northwest Colorado. 6th Ann. Field Conf. Intermtn. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., and Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 3-9, 2 text-figs.
Sponge spicules are mentioned, along with other faunal elements, in collections of fossils from the Manitou Formation near Glenwood Canyon.
Bassler, R. S. 1909. The cement resources of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge. Bull. Virginia Geol. Surv., 2-A, 309 pp., 30 pls., 30 text-figs. Describes and figures the new species Receptaculites biconstrictus and notes its occurrence in the Ordovician Holston Marble, where it
8 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
is abundant and characteristic. Nzdulites cf. favus Salter occurs in northwestern Virginia and the genus is prominent in the Chambers- burg Formation. The problematic genus Strepochetus, probably an alga, is noted in the Chambersburg Formation as well.
1915. Bibliographic index of American Ordovician and Silurian fossils. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 92, 1 and 2, 1521 pp.
Most of the publication is a bibliographic list of genera and species, with synonymies up to 1914, in alphabetical order. The remainder is an index of specific names, a biological classification, an alphabetical list of genera, and an alphabetical list of American Ordovician and Silurian geological formations, with correlation tables.
Many sponges are treated throughout the work, and their tax- onomy updated. The publication is an important reference. The new species Nidulites pyriformis is named.
1919. Maryland Geological Survey Cambrian and Ordovician. 424 pp., 58 pls., 27 text-figs., tables.
Nidulites pyriformis Bassler and Receptaculites occidentalis Salter are described, illustrated, and placed with doubt in calcareous algae. Both are from Chambersburg Limestone. Inaddition, N. pyriformis Bassler is listed from Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and R. occidentalis Salter is listed from Maryland, New Jersey, Kentucky, Canada, Arctic America and southern Pennsylvania.
Rhabdopora fragilis (Billings) is described from the Beekmantown Limestone of Maryland and is also reported from Pennsylvania.
Camarocladia rugosa Ulrich is described and illustrated from the Chambersburg Limestone of Maryland and is reported from Penn- sylvania, Minnesota, and Kentucky.
Hindia parva Ulrich is deseribed and illustrated from the Mar- tinsburg Shale of Maryland, and reported from Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey.
1927. A new Early Ordovician sponge fauna. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 17, no. 15: pp. 390-394.
Chazyan sponges from the Pogonip Group are described from collections taken from McMonigal Canyon in the Toquima Range of central Nevada. The new genera proposed include: Nevadocoelia, Lissocoelia, Calycocoelia, Patellispongia, Hesperocoelia, and the new species proposed are: N. wistae, N. traini, N. grandis, N. pulchra, C. typicalis, P. oculata, P. clintoni, P. minutipora, H. typicalis, and H. undulata. In addition, Anthaspidella clintoni n. sp., Anthaspidella
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 9
trainin. sp., and Streptosolen occidentalis n. sp. were proposed. None of the above was figured. These species were better described and all were figured in a later paper by Bassler (1941).
1932. The stratigraphy of the Central Basin of Tennessee. Bull. Tenn. Div. Geol., 38, 268 pp., 49 pls., 4 text-figs., 4 geol. maps.
Figures, but does not describe the following new forms: Camaro- cladia implicatum, C. gracilis, Saccospongia laxata, and S. massalis from Upper Ordovician rocks. In addition, Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett, Hindia sphaeroi- dalis Duncan, and Saccospongia danvillensis Ulrich are figured. Fig- ured, but not described, species above were later described (Bassler, 1935).
Zittelella varzans (Billings) is listed from the Murfreesboro Lime- stone and the Ridley Limestone; and Zittelella sp. from the Catheys Formation. Camarocladia implicatum Bassler occurs in the Lebanon Limestone and C. gracilis Bassler in the Tyrone Limestone. Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan occurs in the Hermitage Formation, Bigby Limestone, Catheys Formation, Leipers Formation, and in the Arn- heim Formation. Dystactospongia sp. is reported from the Hermi- tage Formation, and Dystactospongia insolens Miller is reported from the Leipers Formation. Several species of Dystactospongia are re- ported from the Arnheim Formation, along with Heterospongia sub- ramosa Ulrich. Hindia parva Ulrich is reported from the Cannon Limestone, along with Saccospongia laxata Bassler, S. massalis Bass- ler, and S. danvillensis Ulrich.
1935. Descriptions of Paleozoic fossils from the Central Basin of Tennessee. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 25, no. 9: pp. 403-409.
Camarocladia gracilis Bassler, C. implicatum Bassler, Saccospongia massalis Bassler, and S. laxata Bassler are described from the Ordo- vician Black Riveran and Trentonian rocks of Tennessee. These forms were illustrated earlier in a paper on the stratigraphy of the region, but were not described then (Bassler, 1932). There is some question about the sponge nature of Camarocladia. Both species of Saccospongia occur in the Cannon Limestone. Camarocladia gra- cilis occurs in the Tyrone Limestone and C. implicatum in the Leba- non Limestone.
1941. The Nevada Early Ordovician (Pogonip) sponge fauna. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 91, no. 3126: pp. 91-102, pls. 19-24.
A sponge fauna, preliminarily reported by Bassler (1927), from
the Pogonip Group of the Toquima Range is described and illus-
10 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
trated. All the species were earlier partially described and this is an expansion of those descriptions, along with figured specimens.
Nevadocoelia wistae, N. traini, N. grandis, N. pulchra, Lissocoelia ramosa, Calycocoelia typicalis, Patellispongia oculata, P. clintoni, P. minutipora, P. magnipora, Hesperocoelia typicalis, H. undulata, An- thaspidella clintoni, A. traini, and Streptosolen occidentalis were pro- posed by Bassler and are described and figured. Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings) is also described and figured, but from eastern North American material.
This fauna is now known to come from Zone N of Hintze (1951, 1952), high in the Pogonip Group, and is one of the better described Ordovician faunas of North America.
Bayer, T. N. 1967. Repetitive benthonic community in the Maquoketa For- mation (Ordovician) of Minnesota. Jour. Paleontol., 41, no. 2, pp. 417-422, pl. 51, 2 text-figs.
Microspongia fibrosa (Roemer), Astylospongia cf. A. praemorsa (Goldfuss), and Caryospongia sp. are reported from the Elgin Mem- ber of the formation in southern Minnesota, as part of an extensive benthonie fauna.
Beecher, C. E. 1889. Brachiospongidae: a memoir on a group of Silurian sponges; with six plates. Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., 2, pt. 1:28 pp., 6 pls., 4 text-figs.
Work of earlier workers is summarized and the genus Strob7- lospongia (now Pattersonia Miller, 1882) and the new species S. (now Pattersonia) tuberosa Beecher and S. (now Pattersonia) aurita Beecher are described and illustrated. Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) is also well described and illustrated. A summary of geologic occur- rences of Paleozoic hexactinellids, to 1889, is also given, listing 23 genera. Described specimens of Brachiospongia and Pattersonia are from Trentonian and Maysvillian rocks of Tennessee and Kentucky.
Beerbower, J. R. 1960. Search for the past, an introduction to paleontology. Pren- tice-Hall Inc., New York. 562 pp., 225 text-figs. Treats the morphology and evolution of sponges in a light manner and figures Hydnoceras, Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, Astraeospongia, and Microspongia (now Hindia) from the Paleozoic.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 11
Bell, Robert 1886. Observations on the Geology, Zoology and Botany of Hud- son’s Strait and Bay, made in 1885. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Canad. Jn Geol. Surv. Canad. Ann. Rept. (new ser.),v. 1 for 1884-5, p. 27-DD. Receptaculites owent Hall is reported from limestone fragments on ice-pans of field ice off Big Island.
Billings, Elkanah
1857. Report for the year 1856. Jn Geol. Surv. Canad., Report of Progress for the years 1853—54—55-56, pp. 247-345.
Under Class Uncertain the new genus Pasceolus is described. It is compared with Jschadites koenigi Hinde and with tunicates. Two new species are proposed but not illustrated, P. halli, from White Cliff, Gamache Bay: and P. globosus from the Trenton Limestone, at Ottawa.
1859. Fossils of the Calciferous sandrock, including some of the deposit of white limestone at Mingan, supposed to belong to the formation. Canad. Nat. Geol. and Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Montreal, 4, Art. 27, pp. 345-346
Described Petraia minganensis (now Archaeoscyphia minganensis) from the Mingan Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the ‘‘Cal- ciferous sandrock’’ (the Romaine Formation), of Ordovician age.
1861. New species of Lower Silurian fossils; Geol. Surv. Canad. Pamphlet, 21, 24 pp.
This pamphlet forms the first 24 pages of the ‘‘Palaeozoic Fossils,”’ 1865, therefore it is the date of publication of the following new genera and species: Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganen- sis; Eospongia roemeri; Hospongia (now Zittelella) varians; and Astylo- spongia (now Caryomanon) parvula.
See also Billings 1861, ‘““Appendix’’ to the Geology of Vermont.
1861. On some new or little known species of Lower Silurian fossils from the Potsdam Group—‘‘Primordial Zone.”’ Rept. Geol. Vermont, 2, pp. 942-945.
This paper contains descriptions covered by the first 18 pages of the pamphlet published by the Geological Survey of Canada, 1861, and is also included as the first 18 pages in ‘‘Palaeozoic Fossils’’ published by the Survey in 1865.
2 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1861. On some new species of fossils from the Calciferous, Chazy, Black River, and Trenton Formations. Rept. Geol. Vermont,
2, pp. 955-960. This paper contains descriptions covered by pages 18-24 of a pamphlet published by Geological Survey of Canada, 1861, and later as part of “Palaeozoic Fossils,’’published in 1865 by the Survey.
1863. Catalogue of Lower Silurian fossils. Jn Rept. of Progress from Commencement to 1868, Geol. Surv. Canad., pp. 986-954.
Under Amorphozoa, Hospongia roemeri Billings and Eospongia (now Zittelella) varians Billings are reported from Chazyan rocks. Astylospongia (now Caryomanon) parvula Billings is listed from the Trentonian. Under Protozoa, Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is reported from Trentonian rocks. R. (now Ischadites) cowensis Owen is listed from Utica age rocks, and R. calciferus Billings from the Calciferous beds.
1865. New species of Lower Silurian fossils. Geol. Surv. Canad. Pamphlet, pp. 169-344.
This is the fourth part of ‘‘Palaeozoic Fossils’ as it was ulti- mately bound. In this pamphlet the following new genera and spe- cies of fossils are described: Calathium formosum, C. affine, C. ansted1, C. fittoni, C. (?) pannosum, C. anstedi (?), Trachyum cyathiforme, and T. rugosum.
1865. Notes on some of the more remarkable genera of Silurian and Devonian fossils. Canad. Nat., ser. 2, 2, pp. 184-198, text- figs. 1-14.
See Billings, 1865, Palaeozoic Fossils, Geol. Surv. Canad., 1.
1865. Palaeozoic fossils, containing descriptions and figures of new or little known species of organic remains from the Silurian rocks, 1861-1865. Geol. Surv. Canad., 1, 426 pp.
I. On some new or little-known species of Lower Silurian fossils from Potsdam Group (Primordial Zone).
These fossils were collected from two main localities, both of the age of the Potsdam Group. The first is on the north shore of the Straits of Belle Isle, and the other is about three miles east of Phillipsburgh in the County of Missisquoi, and extends south into Vermont.
Genera described: Archeocyathus n. gen.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 13
A. atlanticus n. sp., Potsdam, Anse au Loup, on the north shore of the Straits of Belle Isle.
A. profundus n. sp., Potsdam, Anse au Loup, on the north shore of the Straits of Belle Isle. (In a later work he says he separated A. minganensis from A. profundus).
II. Onsome new species of fossils from the Caleiferous Chazy, Black River, and Trenton formations.
Hospongia n. gen., this genus was separated from the similar genus Astylospongia Roemer.
E. roemeri n. sp., Mingan Islands, Chazy limestone. E. varians n. sp., Mingan Islands, Chazy limestone.
Astylospongia parvula n. sp., similar to A. znciso-lobota Roemer, City of Ottawa, Trenton limestone.
III. On some new species of fossils from the Quebec Group.
Collected in the limestones of the Quebec Group in the northern part of Newfoundland.
Calathium n. gen.
C. formosum n. sp., Quebec Group, G, Cape Norman, New- foundland.
C. affine n. sp., Quebec Group, G, Cape Norman, Newfound- land.
C. anstedi n. sp., Quebec Group, H, Pistolet Bay on Schooner Island, Newfoundland.
C. fittoni, Quebec Group, K, Point Rich, Newfoundland. Trachyum n. gen.
T. cyathiforme n. sp., Quebec Group, G, Cape Norman, New- foundland.
T. rugosum n. sp., similar to 7. cyathiforme, provisional name.
IV. New species of fossils from different parts of the Lower, Middle, and Upper Silurian rocks of Canada.
Calathium? pannosum n. sp., Quebec Group, Point Lévis, in the upper part of limestone number 2.
C. anstedi?, Quebec Group, H, Pistolet Bay, Newfoundland. (If it turns out to be a distinct species he will call it C. crassum.)
14 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
V. New species of fossils from the limestones of the Quebec Group from Point Lévis and other localities in Canada East. Archeocyathus (ante, p. 3) A. minganensis, Potsdam, Anse au Loup, Straits of Belle Isle. Trichospongia n. gen. T. sericea n. sp., Calciferous formation, Mingan Islands, Quebec. Rhabdaria n. gen. R. fragilis,Mingan Islands, Quebec. R. furcata, Mingan Islands, Quebec.
Calathium? paradoxicum n. sp., Calciferous formation, Mingan Islands. Quebec.
Receptaculites calciferous n. sp., Calciferous formation, Mingan Islands, Quebec.
Also mentions R. occidentalis (Salter), Black River limestone. Re- ceptaculites? elegantulus n. sp., Calciferous formation, Mingan Is- lands, Quebec.
VI. New species of fossils from the Quebec Group in the northern part of Newfoundland.
Fossils from various formations in the Silurian Devonian systems. Calathium canadense, Chazy limestone, Mingan Islands, Quebec. Astylospongia praemorsa, Chazy limestone, Mingan Islands, Que- bec.
Receptaculites DeFrance R. occidentalis see R. neptuni. R. calciferous, Calciferous formation, Mingan Islands, Quebec. R. owent (Hall), Lower Silurian, Illinois. Tetragonis murchisonii (Kichwald) ef. Ischadites koenigii Murchison and R. canadensis. R. canadensis (Billings) R. jonesi R. wowensis (Owen)
R. jonesi n. sp., upper part of the Lower Helderberg Group, Cape Gasp?.
VII. New species of fossils from the Quebec Group in eastern Can- ada with some others previously described and some other forma- tions.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 15
Class uncertain Pasceolus Billings P. halli, middle Silurian, Anticosti. P. globosus, Trenton limestone, Ottawa.
The parts which appeared as volume 1 were published separately in the following manner as pamphlets of Geological Survey of Can- ada: pp. 1-24 in November 1861 (text altered in 1865); pp. 25-26 in January 1862; pp. 57-168 in June 1862, pp. 57-72 reprinted or altered in 1865); pp. 169-344 in February 1865; pp. 345-426 with the com- plete volume in October 1865.
The volume is divided into 11 sub-headings that do not corres- pond to sections in pamphlet form. Date of publication of species therefore is that of individual part.
1856. Report for the year 1865; Rept. Progress 1853—18£6, Geol. Surv. Canad., pp. 247-346. The receptaculitid Pasceolus is compared to Ischadites, and Pas- ceolus globosus Billings and P. halli Billings are briefly described and discussed. This is also published in a French version.
1865. Rapport de l’annee 1865; Rept. Progress pendant les Années 1853-1856, Exploration geologique du Canada, pp. 261— 360.
The receptaculitid Pasceolus is compared to Ischadites and the species Pasceolus globosus Billings and P. halli Billings are briefly described and discussed. Thisis also published as an English version.
1866. Catalogues of the Silurian fossils of the Island of Anticosti, with descriptions of some new genera and species. Geol. Surv. Canad. Special Report, 99 pp., figs.
The new species Receptaculites (?) (now Ischadites) insularis is described from the lower part of the Anticosti Group at Gamache Bay. Billings pointed out that this species belongs to a quite dif- ferent genus than Receptaculites, possibly Tetragonis if T. sulcata were the type of that genus, but still referred the species to Re- ceptaculites because of the situation in taxonomy at the time.
This report contains five papers, the ‘‘Protozoa’’ are described in the second part, “Catalogue of the Fossils of the Anticosti Group with descriptions of some of the species,’ on pages 29-72, with 11 text-figs.
Under incerte sedis the genus Pasceolus is redescribed, and the following species are discussed at length: P. halli Billings, P. globosus
16 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Billings, P. (now Nidulites) gregarius Billings, and P. (now Nidulites) intermedius Billings.
1874. On some new or little known fossils from the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Ontario. Canad. Natur., ser. 2, 7, pp. 230- 240, text-figs. 1, 2.
The new genus Aulocopina and the new species A. granti are described and illustrated. The described material came from the “Niagara Formation’? at Hamilton, Ontario, possibly out of what is now the Ancaster chert bed of the Lockport Formation.
Bolton, T. E.
1953. Silurian formations of the Niagara escarpment in Ontario (Preliminary Account). Canad. Dept. Mines Tech. Ser., paper 53-23, 19 pp., fig. 1.
Lists Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) and Aulocopina granti Billings from the Goat Island Member of the Lockport Formation. The fauna is concentrated principally in the Ancaster Chert.
1957. Silurian stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Niagara escarpment in Ontario. Geol. Surv. Canad. Memoir 289, 145 pp.
13 pls., 2 text-figs., 12 tables. Astylospongia cf. praemorsa (Goldfuss) and Hindia sp. are re- ported from the Ancaster chert bed of the Lockport Formation, as is Aulocopina granti Billings, in the vicinity of Hamilton, Ontario.
1960. Catalogue of type invertebrate fossils of the Geological Survey of Canada. Geol. Surv. Canad., 1, 215 pp.
Type specimens of 30 species of Ordovician and Silurian sponges are housed in the collection, including forms described by Billings, Wilson, Rauff, Ulrich, and Whiteaves. Genera and species listed include: Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings), Astylospongia (?) per- plexa Wilson, Aulocopella winnipegensis Rauff, Aulocopina granti Billings, Brachiospongia hullensis Wilson, Calathium affine Billings, C. anstedi Billings, C. crassum Billings, C. fittoni Billings, C. formosum Billings, Caryomanon editum punctatum Wilson, C. parvulum (Bill- ings), Hindia parva Ulrich, Hudsonospongia irregularis Raymond and Okulitch, H. minganensis Raymond and Okulitch, H. duplicata Raymond and Okulitch, Okulitchina magna Wilson, O. parva Wilson, Rhabdaria fragilis Billings, R. furcata Billings, Steliella billingsi Hinde S. crassa Hinde, S. ottawaensis Wilson, Stephanella sancta Hinde, Trachyum cyathiforme Billings, Trichospongia hystrix Whiteaves, T.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 17
sericea Billings, Nipterella paradoxica Hinde, Zittelella varians (Bill- ings.)
1966. Catalogue of type invertebrate fossils of the Geological Survey of Canada. Geol. Surv. Canad., 3, 203 pp.
Type specimens of Cyclocrinus intermedius (Billings), Ischadites canadensis Billings, J. ottawaensis Wilson, Pasceolus globosus Billings, P. (now Nidulites) gregarius Billings, P. hallc Billings, P. (now Nidulites) intermedius Billings, Receptaculites cf. arcticus Etheridge, R. calciferous Billings, R. (?) elegantulus Billings, R. (?) (now Ischa- dites) insularis Billings, R. (now Ischadites) iowensis (Owen), R. (now Ischadites) jonesi Billings, R. occidentalis Salter, R. oweni Hall, and Receptaculites sp. are listed as housed in the collection of Geolo- ical Survey of Canada. All these are placed in zncertae sedis, except the genera Cyclocrinus and Pasceolus, which are listed as algae.
Bourcart, J. and Le Villain, G.
1931. La faune des Calcaires de Sidi Mouca D’Aglou. Notes Mem. Service Mines Carte Geol., 44 pp.
This is a general discussion of the geology of Cambrian rocks of the Anti Atlas of Morroco, but included is a general discussion of archaeocyathids, including mention of Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings) which was originally included with archaeocyathids. A. minganensis is found in the maritime region of Canada.
Bradley, J. H.
1925. Stratigraphy of the Kimmswick Limestone, Missouri and Illinois. Jour. Geol., 33, no. 1, pp. 49-74.
Receptaculites oweni (Hall), I[schadites cowensis (Owen), and a new form, Receptaculites cornutiformis, occur in the Kimmswick Lime- stone. The latter form is described later by Bradley (1930).
1930. Fauna of the Kimmswick Limestone of Missouri and IIli- nois. Contrib. Univ. Chicago Walker Mus., 2, no. 6, pp. 219- 290; dapl;
Receptaculites cornutiformis is described from the Kimmswick Limestone near Glen Park, Missouri, but was earlier reported as well (Bradley 1925). It is similar to Receptaculites oweni (Hall).
18 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Branson, E. B. 1941. Central and Northeastern Missouri and adjoining areas in Illinois. Guidebook 15th Ann. Field Conf. Kansas Geol. Soc., 120) pp:,-59 pls: Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from two localities in north- eastern Missouri from the Kimmswick Limestone.
1944. The geology of Missouri. Univ. Missouri Studies, 19, no. By Bet) 10]0e4 ke) ONS
Chancelloria aurora Lochman is noted and figured from the Upper Cambrian Bonneterre Dolomite, and Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett, and Hindia parva Ulrich are listed from the Middle Ordovician Plattin Formation. Calathiwm sp. is noted from the Lower Ordovician Jefferson City Formation, and Receptaculites cor- nutiformis Bradley and R. oweni (Hall) are noted from the Kimms- wick Limestone. Hindia fibrosa (Roemer) is reported from the Devonian and Hindia (?) sp. from the Mississippian.
Bretz, J. H. 1939. Geology of the Chicago region. Part 1—General. Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv. 65, 118 pp., 7 pls., 91 figs. Calathium sp. is reported from the Silurian of the region, but this is probably a receptaculitid rather than related to the form described by Billings (see Toomey and Ingles, 1964).
Brown, C. E. and Whitlow, J. W. 1960. Geology of the Dubuque South quadrangle, Iowa-Illinois. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1128-A, pp. 1-98, pls. 1-7, 18 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported as a common fossil in the Galena Dolomite and occurs in three zones within the formation.
Bucher, W. H. and Caster, K. E.
1939. Elementary description of Cincinnatian fossils and strata and plates of commoner fossils in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. Univ. Cincinnati. 13 pp., 10 pls.
An introductory discussion of sponges is given, pointing out that articulated spicule skeletons are rare. Stromatoceriwm huronense is cited as a possible sponge, but this form is now considered a stroma- toporid.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 19
Buckley, E. R.
1909. Geology of the disseminated lead deposits of St. Francois and Washington Counties, Missouri. Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, Spt. 1; 259 pp., 39 pls., 10 text-figs.
The Kimmswick Dolomite is characterized by abundant remains of the ‘Sunflower coral” in the Receptaculites horizon, which makes it one of the most easily recognized in the Ordovician sequence.
Buehler, H. A. and Leighton, M. M. 1939. Southwestern Illinois and southeastern Missouri. 13th Ann. Field Conf., Kansas Geol. Soc., 176 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Kimmswick Limestone in localities in Illinois and Missouri in areas covered by the conference.
Burbank, W. S. 1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Bonanza mining district, Colorado. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 169, 166 pp., 35 pls., 47 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported as a common fossil from the lower part of the upper Tomichi Limestone.
Burke, FE. J., Jr.
1965. Reply (to discussion by A. J. Boucot and by W. B. N. Berry on Silurian stratigraphy of Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec). Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 49, pp. 2305-2316, 2 text-figs., 1 table.
The sponge Hindia fibrosa (Roemer) is reported from a list by Clarke (1908) as from the Cape Bon Ami Formation at Forillon Peninsula, and Hindia sp. is reported from a list of Cooper (1959) as from the Roncelles Formation at the Forillon Peninsula. Burke interprets the Cape Bon Ami Formation as Devonian, and the St. Leon and older Ronecelles Formations as Silurian.
Butler, P. E.
1961. Morphologie classification of sponge spicules with descrip- tions of siliceous spicules from the Lower Ordovician Bellefonte Dolomite in central Pennsylvania. Jour. Paleontol., 35, no. 1, pp. 191-200, pl. 39, 7 text-figs.
Describes the new species Hyalostelia clinopentactinoides, from 940 feet below the top of the Bellefonte Dolomite, from isolated spicules etched from the dolomite. Butler concludes that Hyalostelia
20 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
and Tholiasterella should not be included in the same family as was done by De Laubenfels (1955), because of structural dissimilarity.
An outlined and keyed classification of isolated sponge spicules is presented, with sketches of spicules in seven text-figures.
Butts, Charles
1940. Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia. Part 1, Geologic text and illustrations; Part 2, Fossil plates and expla- nations. Bull. Virginia Geol. Surv., 52, pt. 1, 568 pp., pls. 1-63, 10 text-figs., 10 tables; pt. 2, 271 pp., pls. 64-135. Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan is listed from the Murfreesboro
Limestone, and also occurs with Anthaspidella (?) or Zittelella (?) sp., Hindia parva Ulrich, Nidulites ovoides Butts, and Receptaculites sp. in the Lenoir Limestone. Anthaspidella? sp., Dystactospongia sp., Hindia parva Ulrich, Receptaculites sp., R. cf. R. elegantulus Billings. and Zittelella cf. Z. varians Billings are reported from the Ottosee Formation. Receptaculites sp. also occurs in the Athens and Whits- bury Formations, and with Nidulites pyriformis Bassler in the Cham- bersburg Limestone. A short comparative description is given of the new species Nidulites ovoides Butts.
Anthaspidella(?) or Zittelella(?) sp., Hindia ef. parva Ulrich, and Nidulites ovoides Butts are figured from the Lenoir Limestone. Dys- tactospongia(?) sp., Receptaculites and two undetermined sponges are figured from the Ottosee Formation, and Nidulites pyriformis Bassler is figured from Chambersburg and Ottosee Formations.
Caley, J. F.
1940. Palaeozoic geology of the Toronto-Hamilton area, Ontario. Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem. 224, 284 pp., 2 maps, numerous tables.
Notes the occurrence of Receptaculites (now Ischadites) canadensis Billings in the Cabot Head member of the Medina Sandstone and Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) from the Lockport Formation, both of which are Silurian, from southern Ontario.
Calvin, Samuel 1893. On the structure and probable affinities of Cerionites dac- tyliordes Owen. Amer. Geol., 12, pp. 538-57, 1 text-fig. (also in Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 8, pp. 13-15). The receptaculitid Cerionztes dactylioides Owen is illustrated and described from the Niagaran limestones near Maquoketa, Iowa. It is considered a colonial organism, related to Protozoa.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 21
Campbell, C. D. 1947. Cambrian rocks of Northeastern Stevens County, Washing- ton. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 58, pp. 597-612. Archaeocyathus sp. is reported from the Lower Cambrian argillite of the district, but no mention is made of sponges.
Carlson, J. E.
1961. Geology of the Montfort and Linden quadrangles, Wis- consin. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1123-B, pp. 95-138, pls. 8, 9, text-figs. 19-21.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported to be common in the Galena Dolomite, within the Receptaculites zone.
Carozzi, A. V. and Textoris, D. A.
1965. Atlas of Paleozoic carbonate microfacies of the eastern Stable Interior (abstr.). Program, Ann. Meet. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1965, p. 28.
The carbonates are divided into two general facies, one includes Upper Cambrian, Ordovician, Upper Devonian, Upper Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks, and the other Silurian, Lower and Middle Devonian, and Lower and Middle Mississippian. Sponges are cited in the first group, among other organisms, as a major contributor.
Chamberlin, T. C. 1878. Part II. Geology of Eastern Wisconsin. Jn Geology of Wisconsin, Survey of 1873-1877, 2: pp. 1-48, pls. 2-13A. Receptaculites globularis (now Ischadites iowensis) Hall, R. (now Ischadites) iowensis (Owen), and R. oweni Hall are listed from the Galena beds, and Astylospongia sp. from both the Trenton and Ga- lena beds. Niagaran Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall and R. (now Ischadites) infundibuliformis Hall are listed from the Waukesha and Racine beds.
Chamberlin, T. C. and Salisbury, R. D. 1907. Geology (8 vols.). Vol. 2, Earth history, second ed., Henry Holt and Company, New York. 692 pp.
The following sponges are discussed and illustrated in this his- torical textbook: Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) and Astylospon- gia praemorsa (Goldfuss) from the Silurian; Brachiospongia digitata
22 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
(Owen) and Strotospongia maculosa Miller and Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings from the Ordovician. Recep- taculitids include Ischadites sp. and Receptaculites occidentalis Salter from the Ordovician which are also discussed and illustrated.
1909. A college text-book of geology. Henry Holt and Co., New York. xvi + 978 pp., 608 text-figs. Cambrian sponges are reported as abundant, but no illustrations or faunal list are given.
The following Ordovician sponges and receptaculitids are figured: Receptaculites occidentalis Salter, Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), Ar- cheocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis (Billings), Stroto- spongia maculosa Ulrich and Everett, and Ischadites sp.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed and figured.
Chavan, A. and Cailleux, A. 1957. Détermination pratique des Fossiles. Masson et. Cie., Paris. 386 pp., 586 text-figs. Only the genus Astylospongia is mentioned in the brief discussion on Paleozoic sponges.
Chronic, John
1961. Early and Middle Paleozoic index fossils of Colorado. In Symposium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic rocks of Colorado. 12th Field Conf., Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 91-100, 3 pls.
Sponges are reported from the Manitou Formation, along with other elements of the fauna. Specimens of Receptaculites owenz Hall are illustrated from the Fremont Formation and a sponge-like organ- ism, Dictyorhabdus priscus Walcott, is illustrated from the Harding Formation.
Chronic, J. and Ferris, C. S., Jr.
1961. Early Paleozoic outlier in southeastern Wyoming. JnSym- posium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic rocks of Colorado. 12th Field Conf., Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 148-146, 4 text-figs.
Ischadites cf. I. iowensis (Owen) and Receptaculites cf. R. owenr
Hall are reported from Ordovician limestones of the Ferris outlier in Sec. 9, T.12N., R.72W., Albany Co., Wyoming.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 23
Clark, T. H. and Stearn, C. W.
1960. The geological evolution of North America, A regional approach to historical geology. The Ronald Press Company, New York. 434 pp., 285 text-figs.
Sponges are mentioned as minor elements of the fauna through geologic time, but which became locally important in some reef lime- stones. Sponge morphology is summarized as an appendix. Pre- cambrian, Cambrian, and Permian sponge localities are cited.
Clarke, J. M.
1905. Catalogue of type specimens of Paleozoic fossils in New York State Museum. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 65, pp. 11-34; 769-772.
Most of the fossil sponges cited are from the Devonian and Mississippian, but the types of Cyathophycus reticulatus Walcott, and of Cyathophycus subsphaericus (now Teganium subsphaericum) Walcott, both from the Ordovician Utica Shale of New York State are in the museum collections.
1920. The great glass-sponge colonies of the Devonian; their origin, rise, and disappearance. Jour. Geol., 28, no. 1, pp. 25-37, 19 text-figs.
This article is a short history of the Dictyospongidae, in which occurrence, habitat, abundance, and ontogeny of the Devonian spon- ges are discussed. Dictyospongia danbyi McCoy, is reported from Westmoreland, England, from the Silurian.
Clarke, J. M. and Ruedemann, R.
1903. Catalogue of type specimens of Paleozoic fossils in the New York State Museum. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 65, pp. 1-847.
Cyathophycus reticulatus Walcott and C. (now Teganium) sub- sphaericus Walcott are cited from the Utica Slate, Holland Patent, New York. Several archaeocyathids are also cited, all from Cam- brian beds at Troy, New York.
Cloud, P. E., Jr. and Barnes, V. E. 1948. The Ellenburger Group of Central Texas. Texas Univ. Pub. 4621, 473 pp., 45 pls., 3 tables, 8 text-figs. Calathium, Archaeoscyphia and hexactinellid sponge spicules are listed from the Ellenburger group in Central Texas and the El Paso Formation in West Texas.
24 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1957. Early Ordovician sea in central Texas. Jn Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, vol. 2, Paleoecology. Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer., 67, 2: pp. 163-214, 3 text-figs.
Archaeoscyphia sp. is reported as locally common in the Honeycut and Gorman Formations. This form may have been widely distrib- uted as a sponge “‘roller,’’ somewhat like recent forms in the Bahama Islands, and accumulated with chert ‘“‘cannonballs.’’ Archaeoscyphia annulata is the only sponge species recognized.
Collinson, C. W.
1959. Guide for beginning fossil hunters. Ill. State Geol. Surv., Edue. ser., 4, 39 pp., illus.
The following sponges and receptaculitids from Illinois are illus- trated: Sphaerospongia sp. = (Cyclocrinites dactyloides (Owen)), Isch- adites sp., Astraeospongia sp., Hindia sp., Receptaculites sp., and Astylospongia sp.
Cooper, B. N. and Cooper, G. A.
1946. Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 57, no. 1, pp. 35-114, Dlee2 itso. 4.
Nidulites pyriformis Bassler occurs in the Chambersburg and Athens Formations of Virginia and in the Ottosee Formation in Clinch Mountain, Virginia. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Cham- bersburg, Athens, and Whitesburg Formations of Virginia, and Re- ceptaculites cf. R. occidentalis Billings occurs in the Ottosee Forma- tion in Clinch Mountain, Virginia, along with Dystactospongia sp.
Cooper, B. N. and Prouty, C. E. 1943. Stratigraphy of the Lower Middle Ordovician of Tazewell
County, Virginia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 54, no. 6, pp. 819- 886.
Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett, Dystactospongia sp., Hospongia roemeri Billings, H. (now Zittelella) varians Billings, E. ef. E.. (now Zittelella) varians Billings, Hospongia sp., Nidulites pyriformis Bassler, Nidulites sp., Receptaculites biconstrictus Ulrich, and Re- ceptaculites sp. are reported from various formations in the district. Nidulites sp. is sufficiently abundant that it characterizes beds in the Ottosee Formation, though it ranges higher and lower.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 2
Or
Craig, J., Devine, J., McGill, P., and Memeley, R.
1967. Chinchaga and Keg River Formations of Slave River area, northern Alberta. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 15, no. 2, p. 125- 137, 1 pl., 8 text-figs.
The receptaculitid Sphaerospongia tesselata (Phillips) is reported as one of the diagnostic fossils from the arctica Zone of Givetian age from the Keg River Formation.
Crawford, R. D.
1913. Geology and ore deposits of the Monarch and Tomichi dis- tricts, Colorado. Bull. Colo. Geol. Surv., 4, 317 pp., 25 pls., 15 text-figs.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported from an upper limestone above the ‘“‘parting quartzite’ of the Tomichi Limestone. Crawford suggests a correlation of this unit with the Fremont Limestone, and cites the occurrence of R. oweni Hall in the lower part of that unit in the Canyon City area, as collected by Walcott (1892).
Crawford, R. D. and Worcester, P. G. 1916. Geology and ore deposits of the Gold Brick district, Colo- rado. Bull. Colo. Geol. Surv., 10, 116 pp., 9 pls., 4 text-figs.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from the Upper Ordovician upper Yule Limestone (now Fremont Limestone) from the Gold Brick district.
Croneis, C. and Krumbein, W. C. 1936. Down to earth, an introduction to geology. Univ. Chicago Press. 501 pp., 64 pls., 336 text-figs.
Sponges are reported as ranging from Precambrian to Recent in this introductory physical and historical geology text.
Croneis, C. G. and Grubbs, D. M. 1939. Silurian sea balls. Jour. Geol., 47, no. 6, pp. 598-612, 6 text-figs.
Siliceous nodules from the Niagaran dolomite in the Chicago area contain isolated hexactinellid and astraeospongid spicules. The “sea balls’”’ with spicules are considered to be the result of accretion on a storm-swept bottom.
26 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Cullison, J. S.
1944. The stratigraphy of some Lower Ordovician formations of the Ozark Uplift. Bull. Univ. Missouri School Mines Metal., tech ser:, 15, no. 2, 112) ppav35 pls:
The new sponges Ozarkocoelia irregularis and Archaeoscyphia an- nulata are described and figured from the Rich Fountain Formation the former from the School Mine Ledge of the formation. Archaeo- scyphia annulata Cullison is also possibly present in the lower part of the Lutie member of the Theodosia Formation.
Cummings, E. R.
1908. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cincinnati series of Indiana. Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., Rept. 32, pp. 605— 1188, 55 pls., 12 text-figs., 6 maps and charts.
Strepochetus richmondensis Miller is described as a possible sponge, but this form, now Stromatocerium richmondensis (Miller), is now considered a stromatoporid.
Cummings, E. R. and Shrock, R. R.
1928. The geology of the Silurian Rocks of northern Indiana. Indiana Div. Geol., Conserv. Comm. pub. 75, 226 pp., 78 text- figs.
Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Silurian Huntington Dolomite from northern Indiana.
Dake, C. L. and Bridge, Josiah.
1932. Faunal correlation of the Ellenburger Limestone of Texas. Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., 43, pp. 725-748, pl. 12, 2 text-figs.
Calathium sp. is reported and figured as the principle fossil in the Jefferson City equivalent within the Ellenburger Limestone. The form is reported to be conspecific with those in the Jefferson City Dolomite of Missouri. This form is not a Calathiwm, but prob- ably Archaeoscyphia.
Dallas, W. S.
1877. Studies on fossil sponges I, Hexactinellidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 20, pp. 257-278, 405-424, 501-517 (English trans. of K. A. Zittel).
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 27
Affinities of hexactinellid sponges and the basis of their classi- fication is discussed, along with types of preservation and the use of a petrographic microscope on spicules.
A classification is presented and involves, among others, Astylo- spongia, Palaeomanon, Hospongia, ?Protospongia, Calathium, ?Tra- chyum, Acanthospongia, Protachilleum, and Acestra (now Opeamor- phus). Most of these are now considered lithistid demosponges, but Protospongia, Acanthospongia, and Opeamorphus are still included in the hexactinellids.
1878. Studies on fossil sponges II, Lithistidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 2, pp. 118-135, 235-248, 324-341, 385-394, 467- 482, pl. 8 (English trans. of K. A. Zittel.)
Early work on lithistid sponges is discussed, along with previous classifications, and a key to genera. The only Lower Palaeozoic sponge considered is Aulocopium from the Silurian of Europe.
1884. On Astylospongidae and Anomocladina. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 14, pp. 271-276 (English trans. from K. A. Zittel).
Characteristics of Astylospongia and Palaeomanon are contrasted with typical hexactinellids, with the conclusion that Astylospongidae do not belong to the Hexactinellida. Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, Protachilleum, ?7Eospongia, Melonella, Cylindrophyma, Mastosia, and Vetulina are included in the family Anomocladina.
Dana, J. D.
1871. Manual of Geology: treating of the principles of science with special reference to American Geological history, for the use of colleges, academies, and schools of science. 2nd rev. ed., Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co., New York and Chicago. 800 pp., 986 text-figs.
Archeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings is listed from the Potsdam of the Straits of Belle Isle.
Hospongia roemeri Billings and EH. (now Zittelella) varians Billings are listed from the Chazyan rocks of Mingan Islands, and Astylo- spongia (now Caryomanon) parvula Billings is listed from Trentonian rocks from near Ottawa.
1880. Manual of geology: treating of the principles of science with special reference to American geological history. 3rd ed. American Book Company, New York. xvi + 911 pp., 12 pls. 1 map, 1162 text-figs.
28 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The following species are listed:
Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings and Tri- chospongia sericea Billings from Mingan Islands (Calciferous) ; Cala- thium (?) pannosum Billings, C. anstedi Billings, and Trachyum cyathi- forme Billings from Newfoundland (Quebec Group); Eospongia roe- mer? Billings, E. (now Zittelella) varians Billings from Mingan Island (Chazy), and Receptaculites sp. from Tennessee (Chazy); Astylospon- gia (now Caryomanon) parvula Billings from Trenton near Ottawa; Receptaculites globularis Hall (now Ischadites cowensis (Owen)); and R. owent Hall from Galena beds of Illinois and Wisconsin; and the genera Astraeospongia, Astylospongia, and Palaeomanon in Niagaran rocks of Tennessee; of these, Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) is the most common.
1895. Manual of geology treating of the principles of science with special reference to American geological history, 4th ed. Ameri- ean Book Co., New York. 1087 pp., 1575 text-figs.
The Cambrian sponges Leptomitus zitteli Walcott and Protospon- gia fenestrata Salter are figured, as are the Ordovician sponges: Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings), Protospongia tetranema Daw- son, P. mononema Dawson and Hinde, P. (now Diagonella) cyathifor- mis Dawson and Hinde, P. (now Diagonella) coronata Dawson and Hinde, P. quebecensis Dawson and Hinde are figured. Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) is figured from the Trentonian rocks of Tennessee, and Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), Astylospongia sp., and Pal- aeomanon sp. are cited from the Silurian of Tennessee.
Darton, N. H.
1917. A comparison of Paleozoic sections in southern New Mex- ico. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 108-C, pp. 31-55, pls. 18-21, text-figs. 8-15.
Calathium cf. C. anstedi Billings is listed from the E] Paso Lime- stone in Alamo Canyon of the Sacramento Mountains and from the San Andres Mountains as well. Calathiwm anstedi Billings is cited in collections from the El Paso Limestone in the Silver City region.
Receptaculites, near R. oweni Hall, are reported from the Montoya Limestone in the Franklin Mountains, at El Paso, and from the Sacramento Mountains to the north.
Davies, A. M.
1920. An Introduction to Paleontology. Thomas Murby and Co., London, pp. 316-829, 5 figs.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 29 There is a short generalized textbook discussion of sponges.
Dawson, J. W.
1865. On the structure of certain organic remains in the Lauren- tian limestones of Canada. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 21, pp. 51-59, pls. 6-7. (reprinted in Canad. Natur., n. s., 2: pp. 99-111, 127-128, 2 pls.)
Receptaculites 12 inches in diameter are mentioned and the eozoén of Dawson is compared with Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings from the Calciferous beds of the Mingan Islands.
1875. Life’s dawn on earth; Being the history of the oldest known fossil remains, etc., London, 239 pp.
Archaeocyathids are discussed as close to proto-foraminifera as described by Billings. Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) min- ganensis Billings is figured, along with some archaeocyathids.
1880. The chain of life in geological time. Religious Tract Soc., Picadilly. 272 pp. (2nd ed., 1885; 3rd ed., 1888).
A non-scientific treatment of the morphology of various groups of organisms among other things, including illustrations of Astylo- spongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) and Protospongia fenestrata Salter.
1888. Preliminary note on new species of sponges from the Quebec Group at Little Métis. Canad. Rec. Sci., 3, no. 2, pp. 49-50 (reprinted as: New species of fossil sponges, from Little Métis, Province of Quebec, Canada. Peter Redpath Mus., McGill University, Montreal, Notes on Specimens, April, 1888, pp. 49-50, 1 text-fig.).
Describes the new species Protospongia tetranema, Hyalonema (now Kiwetinokia) metissica, Cyathophycus quebecense, and other forms, and includes a note on Cyathophycus reticulatus Walcott, describing specimens from the Utica Shale, and relating them to the reticulate dictyosponges. The Little Métis sponges are from pyritic black shales, associated with fucoids, and the inarticulate brachiopod Obolella.
1889. On fossil sponges from beds of the Quebec Group of Sir William Logan, at Little Métis (abstr.). Canad. Rec. Sci., 3, no. 7, pp. 429-480.
Six new species of Protospongia, one new species of Cyathospongia (now Cyathophycus), and five new genera were described in an oral presentation. The fossils were collected from Little Métis, Quebec.
30 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Dawson, J. W. and Hinde, G. J.
1889. New species of fossil sponges from the Siluro-Cambrian at Little Métis on the Lower St. Lawrence. Trans. Roy. Soe. Canad., 7, sec. 4, pp. 31-55, 3 pls., 27 text figs., 1 geol. map.
A varied siliceous sponge fauna is described from black, pyritic, siliceous shale at Little Métis, Quebec. Protospongia mononema, P. polynema, P. delicatula, P. (now Diagonella) coronata, P. (now Diagonella) cyathiformis, Lasiothrix flabellata, and Halichondrites con- fusus are described for the first time. Expanded descriptions are given for Protospongia tetranema Dawson, Cyathophycus quebecense (Dawson), Acanthodictya hispida Hinde, Hyalostelia (now Kiweti- nokia) metissica Dawson, and miscellaneous unnamed spicule masses. Each species is illustrated with drawings, and photographs, heavily inked, of Protospongia, Diagonella, Cyathophycus, and Acanthodictya. This paper concerns the most prolific protosponge fauna known from North America.
Decker, C. E. and Merritt, C. A.
1931. The stratigraphy and physical characteristics of the Simp- son Group. Bull. Okla. Geol. Surv., 55, 112 pp., 15 pls., 2 text-figs.
A thin variety of Receptaculites sp. is reported from the middle Oil Creek Formation, and several different sponges, some of them cf. Zittelella sp., are reported from above the basal sandstone of the McLish Formation. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is reported from the top of the Bromide Formation at several localities, and Ischadites iowensis (Owen) is reported from several localities in the upper Bromide and middle Viola Formations. Receptaculites sp. is reported to also range up to the middle Viola Formation.
DeLaubenfels, M. W.
1955. Porifera. Jn Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geol. Soc. Amer., Univ. of Kansas Press, pt. E, pp. 21-112, text-figs. 14-89.
This is the one of the most important compilations of paleon- tologic data on sponge genera to date. Each valid genus is summar- ized and many geno-type species illustrated with drawings. Nomen- clature is brought up to a consistent level throughout the phylum. The work is incomplete, however, and the systematic part contains omissions and errors, and here its usefulness is reduced.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 31
1957. Marinesponges. Jn Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleo- ecology, v.1, Ecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 67, 1, pp. 1083— 1086.
A summary review of papers dealing mainly with Recent marine and brackish-water sponges. A paper by A. Hyatt (1877) on Paleo- zoic sponges was reviewed for ecologic information.
1958. Nomenclature of Porifera, especially concerning the so- called ‘‘glass sponges” or Hyalospongea. Jour. Paleontol., 32, no. 3, pp. 611-616.
The view that the preferable name for the glass sponges is Hyalo- sponge, as originally designated by Claus in 1872, is defended. This article was specifically written to rebut R. E. G. Reid’s view that the name Hexactinellida be substituted. A summary is given of the names of the phylum Porifera and its classes. The Paleozoic genera Leptomitus, Halichondrites, and Lasiothrix are mentioned as being Hyalospongea, according to this author.
Dietrich, C. W.
1874. From die Silurische Fauna des Westlichen Tennessee. Cin- cinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., 1, pp. 247-253 (English trans. of part of F. Roemer’s work).
Translated descriptions of Palaeomanon, Astraeospongia, and A. meniscus Roemer, and comparison with related genera and species. Also includes descriptions of Orthis fissiplica Roemer and Thecoste- gites hemisphaericus Roemer.
Dowling, D. B.
1900. Report on the geology of the west shore and islands of Lake Winnipeg. Geol. Surv. Canad. Ann. Rept. 1898, n. ser., 11, pt. F, 100-F pp., figs.
The following fossils are listed from the Trenton (Galena) rocks from around Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba: Receptaculites oweni Hall, Ischadites iowensis (Owen), Pasceolus (now Nidulites) gregarius Bill- ings, Aulocopella winnipegensis Rauff, and Trichospongia hystrix Whiteaves.
Dresser, J. A. and Denis, T. C.
1941. Geology of Quebec,Vol. II, Descriptive Geology. Quebec Bur. Mines Geol. Rept. 20, 2, 544 pp., 44 pls., 41 text-figs, 3 maps.
32 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The sponges Hospongia (now Zittelella) varians Billings, from the Mingan Formation of the Mingan Islands, and Hyalostelia anti- costiana Twenhofel, from the Jupiter River of Anticosti, are figured, as is the receptaculitid, Cyclocrinites (now Nidulites) intermedius (Billings) from the Gun River Formation of Anticosti.
Astylospongia sp. and Hindia cf. fibrosa (now sphaeroidalis) (Roe- mer) are reported from the Ordovician Whitehead Formation of eastern Gaspe, and Hindia fibrosa (now sphaeroidalis) (Roemer) is reported from the Silurian Chaleur series of southern Gaspe. Zttel- ella sp. is reported from the Hastings Creek and Naylor Ledge Formations, and Hindia sp. and Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), and receptaculitid, Receptaculites occidentalis Salter are reported from the Trenton Limestone at Quebec. Feceptaculites occidentalis (?) Salter and R. neptuni DeFrance are reported from Trenton Lime- stone near Lake St. Jean and Saguenay.
Drewes, Harald 1963. Geology of the Funeral Peak Quadrangle, California, on the east flank of Death Valley. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper Als-%8 pp. 2 pls, 14 figss, iZiraples: Fragments of supposed Receptaculites are reported from the east flank of Death Valley in the Funeral Peak Quadrangle.
Duncan, P. M.
1879. On some spheroidal lithistid spongida from the Upper Silu- rian formation of New Brunswick. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 4, pp. 84-91, pl. 9.
The genus Hindia and the species H. sphaeroidalis are proposed in the paper, along with an adequate illustration of the gross and microscopic characters of the form. The lithistid sponge origin of the fossil is clearly demonstrated. Specimens came from the cal- careous shale of Lower Helderberg or Upper Silurian age in New Brunswick.
1886. On the genus Hindia and its species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 18, pp. 226-228.
Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan is considered the valid name for what Hinde termed H. fibrosa (Roemer), largely because the descrip- tion of Roemer is so inadequate. Duncan considers the spicules to be calcareous because of the apparent penetration of algae into the
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 33
spicules, a relation virtually impossible if the spicules were originally siliceous.
1887. Areply to Dr. G. J. Hinde’s communication “On the genus Hindia Dunc., and the name of its typical species.”’ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 19, pp. 260-264.
A continuation of the feud between Duncan and Hinde on the matter whether Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan or H. fibrosa (Roemer) is the type species of the genus. Duncan reaffirms his position that his species is the correct type since H. fibrosa is so poorly described, and was described by Roemer as a coral.
Eardley, A. J.
1965. General college geology. Harper and Row, Publishers, New York. 499 pp., 5 pls., 547 text-figs.
Receptaculites sp. and Astraeospongia sp. are illustrated, and a general treatment of faunas through time is presented. A super- ficial discussion of morphology of sponges is also given.
Hast, E. H.
1966. Structure and stratigraphy of San Francisco Mountains, Western Utah. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 50, no. 5, pp. 901-920, 10 figs.
Lists Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott from the Ordovician Pogonip Group.
Easton, W. H.
1960. Invertebrate Paleontology. Harper Brothers, New York, 701 pp., 297 text-figs.
A generalized text-book treatment of sponges is presented, with the following forms either figured or discussed, or both: Astraeospong- ium, Astylospongia, Caryomanon, Microspongia (now Hindia) fibrosa (Roemer) from the Silurian and Chancelloria, Choia ridleyi Walcott, Eiffelia, Protospongia fenestrata Salter, and P. mononema Dawson and Hinde from the Cambrian.
Receptaculitids similarly treated include: Ischadites iowensis (Owen), Receptaculites iowensis (now Ischadites ohioensis Hall and Whitfield), R. mammillaris Walcott, R. neptunt De France, R. occi- dentalis Salter, and R. oweni Hall.
34 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Ells, R. W. 1905. The district around Kingston, Ontario. Jn Part A. Sum- mary Rept. Geol. Surv. Dept. for 1901. Geol. Surv. Canad. Ann. Rept. 1901, new ser., 14, pp. 172A—185A.
Lists Receptaculites in Trenton limestone in the bed of Sucker Creek near Deseronto Junction, near Kingston, Ontario.
Emmons, Ebenezer 1855. American geology, containing a statement of the principles of the science with full illustrations of the characteristic Ameri- can fossils, pt. 2. Albany, N. Y. 251 pp., 84 text-figs., 18 pls.
Receptaculites (now Ischadites) circularis is described and illus- trated as a new species and is compared to R. neptuni DeFrance, which is also figured and briefly described.
Part 2 of volume 1 was published in 1855 and part 1 was reprinted at the same time. Another edition was published in Albany in 1875 and included not only both parts of volume 1, but another part as well.
Erwin, R. B.
1957. The geology of the limestone of Isle La Motte and South Hero Islands, Vermont. Bull. Vermont Geol. Surv. 9, 94 pp., 20 pls., 3 tables.
Zittelella varians (Billings) is reported from the ‘‘Upper Lime- stone’ beds of the Crown Point Limestone at Fisk Point and from the Valcour Limestone, both on Isle La Motte, and from the same formations on South Hero Island.
Ethridge, Robert
1878. Paleontology of the coasts of the Arctic lands (visited by the late British expedition under Captain Sir George Nares R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S.). Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Londonws4: pp. 568-6386, pls. 25-29.
The new receptaculitid Receptaculites arcticus is described from Ordovician rocks at Cape Louis Napoleon and Cape Frazer, Arctic Archipelago, Grinnell Land. In addition, several fragments of R. occidentalis Salter are described from the same beds at Cape Louis Napoleon.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 35
Fenton, C. L.
1928. Thestratigraphy and larger fossils of the Plattin Formation in Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri. Amer. Midl. Nat., 11, no. 2, pp. 125-148, 7 pls.
A specimen of Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett is de- scribed, but not figured, from the Platteville Limestone at Dixon, Illinois, and from the Plattin Formation of Ste. Genevieve Co., Missouri.
Fenton, C. L., and Fenton, M. A.
1958. The fossil book and record of prehistoric life. Doubleday & Co., Inc., Garden City, New York. xiii + 482 pp.
A general text-book review of sponges, including illustrations of Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Strobilospongia (now Patter- sonia) tuberosa Beecher, Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), Astraeospon- gia meniscus (Roemer), Ischadites iowensis (Owen), Receptaculites owent (Hall), and Vauxia dignata (misspelling of digitata) Walcott.
Finks, R. M.
1960. Late Paleozoic sponge faunas of the Texas region, The siliceous sponges. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 120, art. 1, 160 pp., 50 pls., 77 text-figs.
Although this paper concerns primarily the Late Paleozoic sponges of Texas and the Midcontinent region, Early Paleozoic sponges are included in the discussion of evolution of Paleozoic siliceous sponges, in discussion of the Anthaspidellidae and Chiastoclonellidae in the Tetracladina, and of the new superfamilies Protospongioidea and Brachiospongioidea in the Lyssakida. This paper is a primary ref- erence for Late Paleozoic sponges.
1967. S. A. Miller’s Paleozoic sponge families of 1889. Jour. Paleont., 41, no. 3, pp. 803-807.
The families: Anthaspidellidae, Astraeospongiidae, Dystacto- spongiidae, Leptomitidae, Microspongiidae, and Pattersoniidae were proposed by Miller, although some have been ascribed to other authors. In addition, the receptaculitid family, Pasceolidae, was proposed by Miller. Lists of genera included in the various families are given.
The genera: Anthaspidella, Camarocladia, Edriospongia, Strepto- solen, Strotospongia, and Zittelella are considered to have been taken
36 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
by Miller from proofs of Ulrich and Everett’s paper, and are there- fore to be cited as genera of Ulrich and Everett, in Miller, since Miller’s paper predates the publication of the major paper by Ulrich and Everett.
Fisher, D. J.
1925. Geology and mineral resources of the Joliet Quadrangle. Bull. Ill. State Geol. Surv., 51, 160 pp., 6 pls. 47 text-figs., 9 tables.
Calathium sp. is illustrated from Niagaran dolomite from Joliet, Illinois. This is the same specimen later illustrated by Bretz. (See also Toomey and Ingels, 1964).
Flower, R. H.
1952. Cephalopods from the Harding and Manitou Formations of Colorado. Jour. Paleontol., 26, no. 3, pp. 505-518, pls. 60-61.
Dictyorhabdus priscus Walcott was originally described as part of a chimaeroid fish and was later referred to the cephalopods, but is here classed as a hexactinellid sponge. Specimens are described and figured from the Harding Sandstone near Canyon City, Colorado.
... ‘There is little to support its vertebrate nature. . . ornament
. was external in position .. . appearance of a budding, colonial organism. In... section ... it shows only a fine lamination as pointed by Stromer (1920, p. 10). Flower (1952, p. 506) apparently interpreted a figure published by Dean (1906, fig. 114) as a thin- section, which it is not. His ... misinterpretation ... led him to identify Dictyorhabdus as a glass sponge, which is surely far from the truth. Dean (1906, p. 135) suggested that it might be fragments of the shells of mollusks ... the shell ... is not calcium carbonate, but probably phosphatic. Therefore, it ... must remain for now among the problematica’”’ (Denison, 1967, Fieldiana, Geology, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 186).
Foerste, A. F.
1903. The Cincinnati Group in western Tennessee, between the Tennessee River and the Central Basin. Jour. Geol., 11, pp. 29-45.
A sponge species related to Hindia gregaria Bassler is reported as abundant in lower layers of the Saltillo Limestone of the Cincin- nati Group at Clifton, Tennessee.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 37
1903. Silurian and Devonian limestones of Western Tennessee. Jour. Geol., 11, pp. 554-583; 679-715, 10 figs.
The following sponges are listed from the Silurian of western Tennessee: Chiastoclonella headi Rauff, Dendroclonella rugosa Rauf, Anomoclonella zitteli Rauff, Astylomanon (now Palaeomanon) cratera (Roemer), A. (now Palaeomanon) pluriexcavatum (Rauff), A. (now Palaeomanon) verrucosum (Rauff), A. (now Palaeomanon) verrucosum bulbifera (Rauff), Astylospongia imbricato-articulata Roemer, A. prae- morsa (Goldfuss), A. praemorsa pusilla, Carpomanon glandulosum Rauff, Caryomanon incisolobatum Rauff, C. roemer (Hinde), C. stella- tim-sulcatum (Roemer) and C. stellatim-sulcatum distorta Rauff, Pyc- nopegma callosum Rauff, P. pileum Rauff, and P. stromatoporoides Rauff. Astraeaspongia meniscus (Roemer) and Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan.
1909. Fossils from the Silurian formations of Tennessee, Indiana, and Kentucky. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., 14, pp. 61-116, 4 pls. Caryomanon patei, a new species, is described and illustrated from the Brownsport Formation near the A. B. Gant place, northeast of Martins Mills, Tennessee.
1909. Preliminary notes on Cincinnatian and Lexington fossils. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., 14, pp. 289-324, pls. 7-11. Brachiospongia laevis and Dystactospongia madisonensis are two new species described from Kentucky and Indiana, respectively. Brachiospongia occurs in the Mount Hope bed and Dystactospongia is reported from the lower Saluda beds. Heterospongia sp. is reported from the Liberty beds near Lebanon, Kentucky.
1910. Preliminary notes on Cincinnatian and Lexington fossils of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., 16: pp. 17-87, 6 pls.
The new species Pasceolus camdenensis is described from Camden, Ohio, and is superficially similar to cystoids. The sponge Dystacto- spongia madisonensis Foerste is also reported from the lower part of the Saluda Formation, but is not described here.
1916. Notes on Cincinnatian fossil types. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison University, 18, pp. 285-355, pls. 1-8.
The new genus Caliculospongia and the new species C. pauper and Dystactospongia (?) cavernosa are described and figured from the Cincinnatian near Lexington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio, re- spectively. The label was lost on D. (?) cavernosa, but it was prob-
38 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
ably collected from the Maysville Group. C. pauper was collected from the Cynthiana Formation in northeast Lexington.
In addition, specimens of Dystactospongia madisonensis Foerste and Leptopoterion faberi (Miller) are described and figured, along with the receptaculitids Pasceolus claudei Miller and P. tumidus (James). Foerste suggests that P. darwini Miller, P. claudei Miller, and P. tumidus (James) might all belong to the same species.
1916. Upper Ordovician formations in Ontario and Quebec. Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem., 83, 279 pp., 8 figs. Cyathophycus reticulatus Walcott is reported as a characteristic fossil of the Utica Shale in New York.
1920. The Kimmswick and Plattin Limestone of northeastern Missouri. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., 19: pp. 175-224, pls. 21-23.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is widespread in the Kimmswick Lime- stone, but is not reported in this paper from the Plattin Limestone. Hindia parva Ulrich is reported from the Auburn Chert in Lincoln County, Missouri, from rocks equivalent to the upper Plattin Lime- stone.
Ford, S. W. 1878. Descriptions of two new species of Primordial fossils. Amer. Jour. Sci., Arts., ser. 3, 15, no. 86, art. 16, pp. 124-127, 1 text-fig. This paper deals with archaeocyathids, but Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings is considered a sponge because of the presence of branched spicules.
Fortier, Y. O.
1963. General geology and systematic stratigraphy, chap. 2. In Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem., 320, pp. 15-100, tables 1-7.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from talus of the Middle Ordovician Croker Bay Formation at Dundas Harbour on Devon Island.
Fredrickson, E. A.
1961. Pre-Pennsylvanian rocks of the Canon City area. In Sym- posium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic rocks of Colorado. 12th Field Conf. Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 1383-142, 2 text-figs.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 39
Faintly spicular (?) chert is noted in a measured section of the Manitou Formation in Fantom Canyon, Fremont County, and Re- ceptaculites (?) sp. is reported in the lower and middle part of the Fremont Formation in Priest Canyon. Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported from the Fremont Formation on Paradise Ridge.
Fritz, M. A.
1941. Catalogue of types in the Royal Ontario Museum of Palae- ontology. Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Palaeontol., no. 5, pt. 1, pp. 1-50.
The holotype of Aulocopium (Aulocopella?) gigantea Parks, co- types of Hocoryne geminum Matthew, and topotypes of Eocoryne geminum Matthew and Protospongia (?) minor Matthew are in the collection. Alsoincluded are diplotypes of Gaspespongia basalis Parks and Matthewcyathus pavanoides (Matthew), the latter an archaeo- eyathid.
Garrels, R. M. 1951. A textbook of geology. Harper & Brothers, New York. 511 pp., 298 text-figs.
A very general discussion of sponges is given, with Hydnoceras from the Devonian illustrated.
iGirey, G. H.
1895. A revision of the sponges and coelenterates of the lower Helderberg Group of New York. 14th Ann. Rept. New York State Geol., 1894, pp. 259-309, 7 pls.
Hindia fibrosa Roemer is described from the Lower Pentamerus beds and from the Lower Helderberg Group in New York. Re- ceptaculites is discussed and specimens of Receptaculites oweni Hall are described. The new genus Lysactinella is also proposed.
Glenister, B. F.
1963. Burnett Inlet. Jn Geology of the northcentral part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem., 320, pp. 179-184.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from 100 to 350 feet above the base of the Limestone Member of the Middle and Upper Ordovician Cornwallis Formation at Burnett Inlet on Devon Island.
40 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Glenister, B. F. and Thorsteinsson, R.
1963. Herschel Bay and Rigby Bay. Jn Geology of the north- central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem., 320, pp. 195- 201, text-fig. 5.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from the middle unit of the Ordo- vician Cornwallis Formation at Herschel Bay, Devon Island.
Goldring, W.
1943. Geology of the Coxsackie Quadrangle, N. Y. N. Y. State Mus. Bull., 332, 374 pp., 71 text-figs.
The sponges Pyritonema (now Hyalostelia) rigidiwm (Ruedemann) and Teganium merino Ruedemann are reported from the Mount Merino beds at Mount Merino. Archaeocyathids are also reported with the sponges.
Goldstein, A., Jr. and Hendricks, T. A.
19538. Siliceous sediments of Ouachita facies in Oklahoma. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 64, pp. 421-442, 2 figs., 4 pls.
Partially silicified calcareous sponge spicules (some apparently originally siliceous) are reported from Ordovician rocks on Black Knob Ridge in Oklahoma.
Grabau, A. W.
1921. A textbook of geology, Part II. Historical geology. D. C. Heslter and Co., N. Y., viii + 976 pp., 1980 figs.
Sponges are treated in the stratigraphic context. Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) and Receptaculites oweni Hall are illustrated and dis- cussed from Ordovician rocks. The Silurian sponges Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) and Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) are sim- ilarly treated.
In the systematic section the following sponges are illustrated and discussed: Chota carteri Walcott, Protospongia hicksi Hinde, Vauxia hindi, V. gracilenta Walcott, Eiffelia globosa Walcott, Chan- celloria eros Walcott, Takakkawia lineata Walcott, Chancelloria libo Walcott, and Receptaculites sp.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 41
Grabau, A. W. and Shimer, H. W.
1906. North American index fossils. Part 1, Protozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa. New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. 106 pp., 175 text-figs.
The following genera and species of sponges are mentioned and briefly described: Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer,) Astylospongia (now Caryomanon) inciso-lobata Roemer, A. praemorsa (Goldfuss), Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), Hindia fibrosa Hinde (now H. sphae- roidalis Duncan), in addition to other later forms. Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) and Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) are also figured.
Receptaculitids included in the descriptions include: R. hemz- sphericus Hall, R. mammillaris Walcott, R. (now Ischadites) ohioensis Hall and Whitfield, R. owenz Hall, and Ischadites iowensis (Owen). The latter three species are also figured.
Grant, C. C.
1895. Palaeozoic Sponges. Jour. Proc. Hamilton Assoc. 1894—95, no. 11, p. 84.
Protospongia fenestrata Salter is mentioned in this paper which relates to the range of hexactinellid sponges.
Grant, R. E.
1965. Faunas and stratigraphy of the Snowy Range Formation (Upper Cambrian) in southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming. Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer., 96, 171 pp., 15 pls., 1 text-fig.
Multivasculatus ovatus Howell and Van Houten is described and figured as two isolated hexactinellid spicules. It is concluded that the Protospongia sp. described by Lochman (1950) are of this species since the spicules are hexacts rather than tetracts such as typify Protospongia. The hexacts are a good local guide to Trempealeauan rocks for they are rare in Franconian units.
Greacen, K. F. and Ball, J. R.
1944. Studies of Silurian fossils in the Thomas A. Greene Col- lection at Milwaukee-Downer College. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci.,
36, pp. 415-419. Sponges are listed by genus only and include the following forms: Receptaculites, Ischadites, Cerionites, and ‘‘an undetermined ‘rare’
42 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
form.’’ Much of the paper concerns the historical background of T. A. Greene and his collection.
1946. Silurian invertebrate fossils from Illinois in the Thomas A. Greene Memorial Museum at Milwaukee-Downer College. Bull. Milwaukee-Downer Coll., 61 pp.
Ischadites or Receptaculites sp., Cerionites dactyloides (Owen), Cer- tonites sp., and an undetermined form are reported from Illinois, and Receptaculites hemisphericus (Hall), R. tesselatus (Winchell and Marcy) (now Ischadites infundibulum (Hall)), and Receptaculites sp. are reported from Illinois and Wisconsin. Most specimens came from near Bridgeport and Hawthorne, Illinois and from Racine, Wisconsin.
Greife, J. L. and Langenheim, R. L. 1963. Sponges and brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Ma-
zourka Formation, Independence Quadrangle, California. Jour. Paleontol., 37, pp. 564-574, pls. 63-65, text-figs. 1, 2.
A fauna of brachiopods and sponges is summarized from the Mazourka Formation in the Independence quadrangle of southeast- ern California. The new species Nevadocoelia mazourkensis and Calycocoelia inyoensis are described and figured, and the following previously described species are described and figured: Nevadocoelia ef. N. pulchra Bassler, Lissocoelia ramosa Bassler, Calycocoelia typi- calis Bassler, Patellispongia cf. P. oculata Bassler, Hesperocoelia undulata Bassler, and Streptosolen sp.
Greiner, H. R. 1968. Haughton Dome and area southwest of Thomas Lee Inlet. In Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago,
Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem., 320, pp. 208-216, text-fig. 7.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from a unit which may include top beds of the Ordovician Cornwallis Formation or lower beds of the Ordovician and Silurian Allen Bay Formation from the flank of Haughton Dome, on Devon Island.
1963. Boat Point. Jn Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Mem. Geol. Surv. Canad., 320, pp. 216-219, text-fig. 8.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 43
Astraeospongia sp. and Receptaculites sp. are reported from talus of either the Lower or Upper Dolomite of the Ordovician and Silurian Allen Bay Formation south of Boat Point, Devon Island.
Giimbel, C. W.
1865. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Organisation und systematischen Stellung von Receptaculites. Trans. Roy. Bayerisch Acad. Sci., Math-Phys. Chem. (Abh. d. k. bayer. akad. d. Wiss.), 12, pt. 1, 49 pp., 1 pl. (pp. 168-215).
The synonymy of receptaculitids, bibliography, and history is given. Receptaculitids are assigned to Foraminifera.
Gutschick, R. C.
1954. A new species of Astraeospongia from the Middle Ordovi- cian of northern Illinois. Jour. Paleontol., 28, no. 4, pp. 430— 433, 2 text-figs.
The new species Astraeospongia dixonensis is proposed on the basis of 11 octactinellid spicules recovered in an acetic acid residue from the Mifflin Formation, Briton Member, near Dixon, Illinois. All 11 spicules are figured by bleached photographs, and one photo- graph is shown.
Hague, Arnold 1892. Geology of the Eureka district, Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 20, 419 pp., 8 pls.
Protospongia fenestrata Salter is listed from the Hamburg Lime- stone of the district. Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, and R. mammillaris Walcott are reported from the Pogonip rocks of the Eureka area, as well as from Lone Mountain to the northwest and the Fish Springs Range to the south.
Hall, C. W. and Sardeson, F. W.
1892. Paleozoic formations of southwestern Minnesota. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 3, pp. 331-868, pls. 10-12.
The questionable forms Raufella (sic) filosa Ulrich and R. pal- mipes Ulrich are listed from the Stictopora beds of the Trentonian limestone and shales.
Receptaculites (now Ischadites) iowensis Owen and R. oweni Hall are listed from the Orthisian bed, and R. oweni from the Maclurea bed of the Galena beds.
44 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Hall, James 1847. Descriptions of the organic remains of the lower division of the New York system. Palaeontology of New York, New York Geol. Surv., 1, 388 pp., 87 pls.
A receptaculitid, designated as an undetermined genus but a new species, cyathiformis, is described and illustrated from the Trenton Limestone at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. This is now considered Ischa- dites cyathiformis (Hall). Receptaculites neptunt (now R. oweni Hall) is described and illustrated from the Trenton Limestone at Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
1859. Descriptions and figures of the organic remains of the lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone. Palaeontology of New York, N. Y. Geol. Surv., 3, 523 pp. (with accompanying volume of 120 plates)
The new species Dictyocrinus (now Ischadites) squamifer is de- scribed and figured, from the Lower Helderberg Group at Schoharie, New York.
1861. Descriptions of new species of fossils. Jn Report of the superintendent of the Geological Survey, exhibiting the progress of the work, January 1, 1861. E. A. Calkins & Co., Madison, Wise. Pp. 9-52.
Description of the genus Solenoides (now Receptaculites) of Owen (1852) is given, along with the description of S. cowensis. Hall places this form in Receptaculites, and also gives short descriptions of the new species R. fungoswm (now Ischadites iowensis), R. globulare (now I. iowensis), R. (now Ischadites) infundibulum, and R. hemi- sphericum.
1862. Note on the geologic range of the genus Receptaculites in American Palaeozoic strata. 16th Ann. Rept. Regents of the Univ. of the State of New York on the condition of the State Cabinet of Nat. Hist., App. D, Contr. Paleontol., pp. 67—69.
The genus Receptaculites is discussed and the relation of the genotype R. neptuni Murchison to Coscinopora sulcata (now R. owent) Owen and Orbiculites (?) reticulata (now Ischadites iowensis) Owen are described. The following species are mentioned in the discussion: Receptaculites fungosus (now I. iowensis) Hall, R. hemisphericus (Hall), R. infundibuliformis (now I. infundibulum) Eaton, R. (now I.) in- fundibulum Hall, R. iowensis (now I. iowensis) Billings, R. neptwni (now R. occidentalis Salter) Murchison, R. oweni (Hall), R. occiden- talis Salter, R. orbicularis, and R. (now I.) subturbinatus Hall.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 45
Receptaculites neptuni DeFrance is reported from the Trenton limestone, along with R. occidentalis Salter, a form which also occurs in the Galena Limestone with: R. owen Hall, R. (now Ischadites) iowensis (Hall), R. fungosis (now Ischadites vowensis), and R. orbi- cularia. Niagaran Receptaculites includes R. infundibulum (Hall) (now I. infundibulum), R. hemisphericus Hall, and R. (now Ischa- dites) subturbinatus (Hall). Receptaculites infundibuliformis (now I. infundibulum) (Hall) occurs in the Lower Helderberg, along with the sponges Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, and Astraeospongium.
1868. Note on the occurrence of Astylospongia in the lower Helder- berg rocks. 16th Ann. Rept. Regents Univ. of State of New York on the condition of the State Cabinet of Nat. History, and the antiquarian and historical collection annexed thereto, Appen- dix D, Contributions of Paleontology; principally from investi- gations made during the years 1861 and 1862, pp. 69-70.
This description of the Lower Helderberg (now Silurian) fauna of Tennessee includes Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), Astylospongia imbricato-articulata Roemer, A. inciso-lobata (now Caryomanon in- cisolobatum) Roemer, A. inornata (now Hindia sphaeroidalis) Hall, A. praemorsa (Goldfuss), A. stellatim-sulcata (now Carpomanon stel- latim-sulcatum) Roemer.
1863. Notice of some new species of fossils from a locality of the Niagara group, in Indiana; with a list of identified species from the same place. Issued in advance of Trans. Albany Inst. (Advance sheet), 34 pp.
Receptaculites (now Ischadites) subturbinatus, a new species, is described from the Niagaran of Indiana, and is compared to Rh. hemisphericus Hall.
Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) is also identified from the same beds.
1864. Notice of some new species of fossils from a locality of the Niagara Group, in Indiana with a list of identified species from the same place. Trans. Albany Inst., 4, art. 12, pp. 195-228. Numerous specimens of Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), smaller than related forms in Hall’s collections from Tennessee, occur at the locality. Receptaculites subturbinatus (Hall) is also a small species of the genus and is compared with R. hemisphericus Hall from Wisconsin. Most of the paper deals with the abundant echino- derm, brachiopod, and arthropod fauna.
46 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1867. Account of some new or little known species of fossils from rocks of the age of the Niagaran Group. 20th Ann. Rept. State Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 805-401, 12 pls. (Revised edition 1870, and also originally printed in advance, for the 18th Rept. on the New York State Cabinet).
Ischadites (now Receptaculites) tesselatus Winchell and Marcy and Receptaculites infundibulus (now I. infundibulum) Hall are reported as being identical in form and character.
1868. Index and list of fossils. Jn 20th Ann. Rept. Regents Univ. State N. Y. on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Nat. Hist., (first edition), pp. 395-401.
Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall and R. (now Ischadites) infundi- bulus Hall are listed as occurring in Niagaran rocks in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa.
1870. Descriptions of new or little known species of fossils from rocks of the age of the Niagara group. Jn 20th Ann. Rept. Regents of the Univ. State N. Y. on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Nat. Hist., (revised edition) pp. 347-488.
Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall and R. (now Ischadites) infundi- bulus Hall are listed as occurring in Niagaran rocks in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa.
1871. Organic remains of the Niagara group and associated lime- stones. Geol. Surv. State Wisc., 1859-1863, Palaeontol., 94 pp., pls. 1-25.
Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall and R. (now Ischadites) infundi- bulus Hall are listed as occurring in Niagaran rocks in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa.
1875. The fauna of the Niagara Group in central Indiana (doc. ed. without text); 28th Ann. Rept., N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 32 pls. and explanations.
Receptaculites (now Ischadites) subturbinatus (Hall), Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), and A. ? (Palaeomanon) bursa Hall are figured on Plate3. The latter form is a new species, illustrated and described in the plate explanation here for the first time. All three forms occur at Waldron, Indiana.
1879. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Niagara Formation at Waldron, Indiana. Adv. Sheet, printed by J. Munsell, Albany, N. Y., 20 pp.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 47
The new species Receptaculites sacculus is described, but not illustrated, from the Waldron Shale at Waldron, Indiana.
1879. The fauna of the Niagara Group in central Indiana. 28th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 99-203, pls. 3-34. Specimens of Receptaculites (now Ischadites) subturbinatus Hall, Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Astylospongia praemorsa var. nuxmoschata (now Caryospongia juglans nuxmoschata) Hall, Astylo- spongia (Palaeomanon) bursa (now P. bursa) Hall are described and figured. A single specimen of Astylospongia imbricato-articulata Roe- mer is also mentioned from the same locality, Waldron Shale at Waldron, Indiana.
1882. Paleontology, descriptions of the species of fossils found in the Niagara Group at Waldron, Indiana. Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist., 11th Ann. Report, 1881, pp. 217-3845.
The following sponges are described and illustrated with a syn- onomy for each: Astylospongia (Palaeomanon) bursa (now P. bursa) Hall is compared to Palaeomanon cratera (Roemer), A. imbricato- articulata (Roemer), (not figured), A. praemorsa (now A. praemorsa pusilla) Hall, and A. praemorsa var. nuxmoschata (now Caryospongia juglans nuxmoschata) Hall. The receptaculitids, R. sacculus Hall and R. (now Ischadites) subturbinatus Hall are also described and figured.
1882. Notes on the family Dictyospongidae, plates 17-20, with explanations. Issued in advance of the 35th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1884.
This paper is composed of plates and explanations. It is included in the 35th Ann. Report. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1884.
1883. List of Niagara fossils from Waldron, Indiana. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist. 36th Ann. Rept., App. A., pp. 21-25. Receptaculites (now Ischadites) subturbinatus (Hall), R. sacculus
Hall, Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), and other sponges which are unidentified are listed from the Silurian at Waldron, Indiana.
1883. Van Cleves Fossil Corals. 12th Rept. State Geol., Indiana Geol. Nat. Hist., Paleontol., pp. 234-384. Receptaculites oweni (Hall) is illustrated and described and com- pared to R. occidentalis Salter and Coscinopora sulcata (now Receptac- ulites oweni) Owen.
1884. (First Annual) Report of the State Geologist of New York for 1882. N. Y. Assembly Doc. 32, 15 pp., plates 17-21.
48 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The following species of Receptaculites are figured: R. squamifer Hall and the new species R. monticulatus from the Lower Helderberg of Schoharie and Clarkesville, N. Y., respectively; and R. infundib- uliformis (now Ischadites infundibulum (Hall) and the new species R. bursiformis Hall from Schoharie, New York, on the advanced printing of plate 24.
1884. Descriptions of the species of fossil reticulate sponges, con- stituting the family Dictyospongidae. 35th Ann. Rept., N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 465-481, pls. 17-21.
Several new genera and species are proposed for Devonian and Mississippian sponges, along with expanded or supplementary de- scriptions of forms previously described. The only Ordovician sponges reported and described are Cyathophycus reticulatus Walcott and C. subsphericus Walcott, now considered Teganiwm subsphericum Rauff, both from the Utica Shale. C. reticulatus is illustrated.
This part was issued twice, separately, as extracts. One part under the same title without plates, consisting of 19 pages (pp. 1-19), and the second part with plates (pp. 465-481, pls. 18-20 (21)). The dates on both are 1884.
1884. Fossil corals of the Niagara Group. 35th Ann. Rept., N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 409-420, pls. 28-30. The new genus Cyathospongia and the new species C. excrescens are described from the ‘‘Niagara’”’ limestone at the Falls of the Ohio River.
1885. On the fossil reticulate sponges constituting the family Dictyospongidae (abstr.). Rept. 54th Meet. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Montreal, 1884, pp. 725-726; and in Geol. Mag., ser. 3, 1, pp. 557-558.
Mentions six foreign species and 37 American species of dictyo- sponges described under the genera: Cyathophycus, Dictyophyton, Ectenodictya, Lyrodictya, and Physospongia by Hall and Uphantaenia Vanuxem. All are Mississippian and Devonian except Cyathophycus which is reported from the Ordovician Utica Slate of New York.
1887. Note on the occurrence of the Dictyospongidae in the state of New York. Ann. Rept., New York State Geol., 6, pp. 36-88.
Cyathophycus reticulatus Walcott and C. (now Teganium) subspher- icus Walcott are reported from the Utica Shale; and Rhombodictyon discum Whitfield and R. reniforme Whitfield occur in the Hudson River Slate.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 49
1890. On new genera and species of the family Dictyospongidae. New forms of Dictyospongidae from the rocks of the Chemung Group. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1, pp. 22-23.
Most of the forms described and discussed are from the Devonian Chemung Group, but comments are also made on Protospongia, Cyathophycus, and Acanthodictya from older rocks.
Hall, James and Clarke, J. M.
1898. A memoir on the Palaeozoic reticulate sponges constituting the family Dictyospongidae. Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 2, 350 pp., 70 pls., 45 figs.
Most of this classic monograph consists of description and il- lustration of the famed Devonian and Mississippian glass sponges, but some Ordovician and Silurian representatives of the family are described and illustrated. Cyathophycus reticulatum (Walcott) and Sphaerodictya (now Teganium) subsphaerica (Rauff) are both reported from the Utica Shale, and Dictyospongia danbyi (M’Coy) is reported from the Silurian of Great Britain. Cyathophycus reticulata and Sphaerodictya subsphaerica are figured. The new genus Dictyospongia is proposed for Tetragonis (= Dictyophyton) danbyi (M’Coy).
The memoir was issued later in two parts. Part one was published twice under the same title.
(1) N. Y. Geol. Surv., 15th Ann. Rept., 2: pp. 753-890, 47 pls., 17 figs.
(2) N. Y. State Mus., 49th Ann. Rept., 3: pp. 748-894, 67 pls., 17 figs.
Hall, James and Simpson, G. B.
1887. Corals and Bryozoa; text and plates containing descrip- tions and figures of species from the Lower Helderberg, Upper Helderberg, and Hamilton Groups. Palaeontology of New York N. Y. State Geol. Surv., 6, 298 pp., 66 pls.
Receptaculites infundibuliformis Hall (now Ischadites infundibul- um) and Ischadites squamifer Hall are described and figured from the Lower Helderberg, and I. bursiformis Hall and Simpson is described and illustrated from the Schoharie Grit from Albany and Schoharie counties, New York.
50 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Hall, James and Whitfield, R. P.
1875. Fossils of the Niagara Group. Jn Descriptions of inver- tebrate fossils, mainly from the Silurian System. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Palaeontol., 2, Pt. 2, sec. 1, pp. 121-157, pls. 6-9.
The new Niagaran receptaculitid, Receptaculites (now Ischadites) ohioensis, is described and figured from near Yellow Springs, Ohio.
Hall, James and Whitney, J. D.
1862. Report on the geological survey of the state of Wisconsin., 1, 455 pp., plates, maps and figures.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is illustrated from the Galena Lime- stone. Receptaculites fungosus Hall (now Ischadites iowensis (Owen)) R. globularis Hall (now I. zowensis (Owen)), R. (now Ischadites) iowensis Owen, and R. oweni Hall are listed from the Galena Lime- stone and R. hemisphericus Hall, and R. (now Ischadites) infundi- bulus Hall from the Racine Limestone.
Hall, J. W. and Fritz-Gaertner, R.
1879. On the structure of Astraeospongia meniscus. 30th Ann. Rept., N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 111-116, pl. 3.
The external form is described as per Roemer, and internal “‘tubes”’ are described as seen in longitudinal section. The convex side shows a slight depression, often marked by a star. A yellowish substance, “‘mostly alumina, surrounds the stars and seems to have been a skin or epitheca.’’ Methods of study of this film are discussed, along with the method of growth of the organism. Illustrations are lithographs. All specimens described are from western Tennessee.
The 30th Annual Report of the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History was transmitted to the legislature on April 13, 1877. The title page is dated 1878, however, the date on the paper jacket, which we have before us, is 1879. Therefore, we assume, the date of publication to be 1879 (or at least 1878)—but not 1877.
Harrington, J. W. 1940. Some new features of the internal structure of Recepta- culiies (abstr.). Va: Jour. Sei., 1, pp. 244-245. Based on internal structure, the receptaculitids are considered
closely related to the sponges. Detail of significant structures is not given.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 51
Hector, James
1861. On the geology of the country between Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean (between the 48th and 54th parallels of latitude), by the government exploring expeditions under the command of Captain J. Palliser (1857-60). Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 17, pp. 388-445, 1 plate, 18 text-figs.
Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is cited from Lower Fort Garry on the Red River.
Henbest, L. G.
1936. Radiolarians in the Arkansas Novaculite, Caballos Nova- culite, and Bigfork Chert. Jour. Paleontol., 10, no. 1, pp. 76—78.
Isolated monaxons and polyaxons of sponges are reported from the Ordovician Bigfork Chert of the Atoka Quadrangle in Oklahoma.
Hinde, G. J.
1883. Catalogue of the fossil sponges in the Geological Depart- ment of the British Museum (Natural History). London. 248 pp., 38 pls.
The new genus Climacospongia and the new species C. radiata Hinde are described from the Silurian of Perry County, Tennessee. From the Silurian of Tennessee also are reported: Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Astylospongia (now Carpomanon) stellatim- sulcata (Roemer), Astylospongia (now Caryomanon) inciso-lobata (Roemer), Astylospongia imbricato-articulata Roemer, and Palaeo- manon cratera (Roemer). The new species Astylospongia? (now Cary- omanon) roemeri is described and figured from an unknown locality but is similar in preservation to the other Astylospongia from North America.
Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) is reported from the Cincinnatian rocks of Kentucky, and Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) is re- ported and described from the Niagaran rocks of Perry County, Tennessee. Hyalostellia parallela M’Coy is described from Trento- nian Limestone at Ottawa, Ontario, and Hindia fibrosa (Roemer) is described from the “Silurian (Lower Helderberg Group)”’ near Dal- housie, New Brunswick, from the Silurian of Perry County, Ten- nessee, and from the Lower Helderberg at Schoharie, New York.
Several other Paleozoic sponges and numerous Mesozoic and Cenozoic sponges are described in the volume. This is a standard reference work.
or to
FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1884. On the structure and affinities of the family of the Receptac- ulitidae, including therein the genera Ischadites, Murch. (Te- tragonis, Eichw.); Sphaerospongia, Pengelly; Acanthochonia, gen. nov.; and Receptaculites, DeFrance. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 40, pp. 795-849, pls. 36-37.
The receptaculitids are regarded as siliceous hexactinellids in which one ray of the spicule is modified into the rhomboidal to hexa- gonal plate of the outer wall. The history and stratigraphic dis- tribution of the various genera are given, along with some revision of the various species and an extensive review of the literature deal- ing with receptaculitids.
One section deals with characteristics of the genera: Ischadites, Sphaerospongia, Receptaculites, and the new genus Acanthochonia, which is described in some detail.
Earlier workers have placed various forms with the Receptac- ulitidae, but Hinde concludes the following should not be included in the family: Mastopora, Escharipora, Nidulites (which may be equivalent toEH'scharipora and Cyclocrinus), Pasceolus, Sphaerospongia hospitalis Salter, S. melliflua Salter, and Archaeocyathus. Hinde is uncertain about the position of Goniolina D’Orbigny.
Description and a synonymy are given for Ischadites koenigit (Murchison); J. murchisonii (Eichwald); I. lindstroemi Hinde, a new species; I. tessellatus Winchell and Marcy; J. ? inosculans Salter; Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips); Acanthochonia barrandei Hinde, a new species; Receptaculites neptuni DeFrance; R. occidentalis Salter ; R. orbis Eichwald; R. australis, Salter; R. ? canadensis Billings; R. calceiferus Billings; R. arcticus Etheridge; R. carbonarius Romer; and R. ? rhombifer (Romer). Of these, only Ischadites koenigit (now part I. cowensis and part I. subturbinatus) (Murchison), from Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, and Quebec; J. tessellatus Winchell and Marcy, from Illinois; Receptaculites occidentalis Salter, from Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Ontario; R. ? (now Ischadites) canadensis Billings, from Ontario; R. calciferus Billings, from Mingan Islands, Quebec; and
R. arcticus Etheridge, from Arctic Canada are reported from North America.
1887. A monograph of the British fossil sponges, Part I, Sponges of Palaeozoic and Jurassic strata. Palaeontol. Soc., London,
40, pp. 1-92, pls. 1-8. In addition to description of the currently known British fossil sponges, the paper summarizes the general character of sponges,
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 53
presents a classification of fossil sponges, and lists an extensive biblio- graphy. The paper is a standard reference for fossil sponges and describes several species also known from North America. Included are: Protospongia fenestrata Salter, P. hicksi Hinde, Astylospongia (now Caryomanon) incisolobata (Roemer), Ischadites koenigii (now part. I. zowensis) (Hinde), and possibly some species of Hyalostelia.
Other parts of the same series were published as follows: Part II, pp. 93-188, pl. 9, in 41, 1888; Part III, pp. 189-254, pls. 10-19, in 47, 1893; and Part IV, Title Page and Index, pp. 255-264, in 65, 1912. No early Paleozoic forms from North America were de- scribed in these latter parts.
1887. On the genus Hindia Duncan, and the name of the typical specimen. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 19, no. 8: pp. 67-79, 2 text-figs.
The microscopic structure of the tetracladine sponge is described, and the siliceous nature of the spicules established. Hinde dis- counts the evidence of boring by a plant as proving a calcareous nature of Hindia spicules, for, according to Hinde, the organism apparently bored siliceous material too. Hindia fibrosa (now. ? H. sphaeroidalis Duncan) Hinde is illustrated.
1888. Notes on sponges from the Quebee Group at Métis, and from the Utica Slate. Jn New species of fossil sponges from Little Métis, Province of Quebec, Canada. Notes on Specimens, Canad. Ree. Sci., 3: pp. 59-68, (reprint, 1888, Peter Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Notes on Specimens, pp. 59-68).
Protospongia tetranema Dawson and Cyathophycus reticulatus Wal- cott are described from specimens loaned by Dawson. All are com- pared with protosponges from Great Britain and with the Devonian dictyosponges from New York.
1888. Note on the spicules described by Billings in connection with the structure of Archaeocyathus minganensis. Geol. Mag., ser. 3, 5: pp. 226-228, 1 text-fig.
Hinde concludes that the spicules described by Billings as from Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings are broken portions of the outer wall, and not spicules at all. Archaeoscyphia has an anthaspidellid spicule, and the current thought is that the spicules described by Dawson may have been related to this species.
54 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1889. On Archaeocyathus Billings, and on other genera, allied to or associated with it, from the Cambrian strata of North Amer- ica, Spain, Sardinia, and Scotland. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 45: pp. 125-148, pl. 5.
Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings and Calathium? (now Nipterella) paradoxica (Billings) are considered to be lithistid sponges by Hinde and are described. Calathium and Trichospongia are considered to be siliceous sponges and are also described and figured.
1889. On a new genus of siliceous sponge from the Trenton Formation at Ottawa. Canad. Ree. Sci., 3: pp. 895-398, 1 pl. The new genus Steliella and the new species S. billingst and S. crassa are described from specimens collected by Billings in Ottawa. Minute structures are lost in each because of preservation, but spicule structure is considered to be lithistid.
1891. Notes on anew fossil sponge from the Utica Shale formation (Ordovician) at Ottawa, Canada. Geol. Mag., ser. 3, 8: pp. 22-24, 1 text-fig.
The new genus Stephanella and the new species S. sancta are erected for a sponge with radiating spicules. Hinde was not certain if they were hexactinellids, related in some way to the forms at Métis, Quebec described by Dawson, or if they were monactinellids.
1893. On Palaeosaccus dawsoni, Hinde, a new genus and species of hexactinellid sponge from the Quebec Group (Ordovician) at Little Métis, Quebec, Canada. Geol. Mag., ser. 3, 10, no. 344, pp. 56-58, pl. 4.
The general background of Dawson’s discovery of the Little Métis sponge fauna is given, and the new sponge, Palaeosaccus dawsoni Hinde, is described and illustrated from a specimen Dawson sent to Hinde for description.
Hintze, L. F.
1951. Lower Ordovician detailed stratigraphic sections for west- ern Utah. Bull. Utah Geol. Min. Surv. 39: 100 pp., 11 text-figs.
Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott is reported from the Kanosh Shale in the southern Confusion Range, at Desert Range Experi- ment Station, and in the San Francisco Mountains, and from equiva- lent shale in the lower Swan Peak Quartzite on Promontory Range in northeentral Utah. R. elongatus Walcott (now Calathium sp.)
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 55
occurs in the upper part of the Fillmore Limestone in the Confusion Range.
Zittelella cf. Z. clarae Howell, and Zittelella? sp. are reported from the Fillmore and Wahwah Limestones, in the Confusion Range.
1951. Ordovician stratigraphy of Central Utah. Jn Guidebook to the geology of Utah, no. 6, Geology of the Canyon, House and Confusion Ranges, Millard County, Utah. Intermtn. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., pp. 38-48, text-figs. 8, 9.
Receptaculitids are reported as occurring in the Pogonip Group, in unit V, within the Chazyan. No genera are listed.
1952. Lower Ordovician trilobites from western Utah and eastern Nevada. Bull. Utah Geol. Min. Surv. 48: 249 pp., 28 pls. Questionable sponges are reported from trilobite zones H and I; Zittelella cf. Z. clarae Howell is reported from zone J., and Receptac- ulites mammillaris Walcott and R. elongatus Walcott occur in zone M. R. mammillaris Walcott occurs in the southern Snake Range, Pioche District, Egan Range, and in the White Pine Range. R. elongatus Walcott is reported from the Egan and White Pine Ranges.
1960. Ordovician of the Utah-Nevada Great Basin. In Guide- book to the geology of East Central Nevada 1960. 11th Ann. Field Conf., Intermtn. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., pp. 59-62, 1 text-fig.
Receptaculites sp. is listed from Kanosh Shale of the Pogonip Group in the southern Egan Range in eastern Nevada.
Hoernes, R.
1906. Paldontologie. G. J. Gdschen’sche Verlagshandlung, Leip- zig. 206 pp., 87 text-figs.
A general text-book of paleontology in which the following genera are mentioned: Astylospongia sp., Astraeospongia sp., Aulocopium sp., Dictyophyton sp., Palaeomanon sp., and Protospongia sp.
Holtedahl, Olaf
1912. On some Ordovician fossils from Boothia, Felix, and King William Land. Collected during the Norwegian Expedition of the Gjga, Captain Amundsen, through the North-west Passage. Videnskabs-Selks Christiania, Skrift, I. Math-Naturv. KI. 1912, no. 9, 11 pp., 4 pls., 1 text-fig.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is described and illustrated from King William Land in the Arctic.
56 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Hopper, R. H.
1947. Geologic section from the Sierra Nevada to Death Valley, California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 58: no. 5: pp. 393-432. Receptaculites sp. is cited from both the Pogonip-age rocks, in a unit designated as Cambrian and Lower Ordovician dolomite and limestone, and the Upper Ordovician Ely Spring Dolomite in the Panamint Range. Hunt and Mabey (1966, p. 35) conclude that the Ely Spring occurrence may be within a block of dolomitized Pogonip rocks since Receptaculites is not known from elsewhere with- in the district from Ely Spring-age material.
Hovey, H. C.
1874. OnBrachiospongia. Trans Kansas Acad. Sci., 3: pp. 10-11, figs. 1, 2 (reprint: 1875, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Ann. Rept., 3: pp. 344-845, figs. 1, 2: reprint: 1875, Sci. Amer., 32: pp. 387; reprint: 1896, Trans. Kansas Acad. Serj 7aiapp: t= 13> fiess 15.2).
Owen, in the Second Report of the Geology of Kentucky, called this genus amorphozoon and named it Scyphia (now Brachiospongia) digitata. He later redescribed it and changed the name to Syphonia (now Brachiospongia) digitata (Owen) recognizing it as a sponge.
Hovey and others re-examined the specimen and named it Brachio- spongia roemerana (now Brachiospongia digitata) Marsh. The speci- men is from Ordovician rocks from Franklin County, Kentucky. Specimens have also been found in the same geologic horizon in Tennessee. It is now considered as B. digitata (Owen).
Howell, B. F.
1937. Two new sponges from the Silurian of Tennessee. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 12, no. 4: pp. 31-84, 1 pl.
The new sponges Palaeomanon incisum and Carpomanon verru- cosum are described from the Brownsport Formation of Perry County, Tennessee. They are closely related to Palaeomanon cratera balan- teum Rauff, P. cratera lecythium Rauff, and to Carpomanon stellatim- sulcatum (Roemer).
1938. The sponge “Zittelella varians’’ from the Ordovician of Vermont. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 13, no. 4: pp. 31-88,
1 pl: A specimen of Zittelella varians (Billings) is figured and described from the Chazy Limestone of Isle La Motte, Vermont, and taxonomic
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 57
position of species is summarized and comparison is made between the genera Hospongia and Zittelella. The species Z. varians is com- pared with Z. typicalis Ulrich and Everett and Z. inosculata Ulrich and Everett.
1940. A new Silurian sponge from Tennessee. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 15, no. 4: pp. 45-48, 1 pl.
The new species Microspongia (now Hindia) cylindrica is de- scribed from the Middle Silurian of Tennessee, probably from the Beech River Formation of the Brownsport Group, at Clifton, in Wayne county. Nomenclature of Microspongia and Hindia is dis- cussed and even though the description is captioned Microspongia cylindrica, illustrations are designated as Hindia cylindrica for the same specimen.
1941. A new sponge from the Ordovician of Nevada. Bull. Wag- ner Free Inst. Sci., 16, no. 1: pp. 1-3, 1 pl.
Zittelella clarae, a new species, is described from the Tank Hill limestone of the Ely Springs Range, southeastern Nevada. Two partial sections of the species occur in a block of limestone.
1941. Receptaculites mammillaris from the Ordovician Tank Hill Formation of Nevada. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 16, no. 4: pp. 35-88, 2 pls.
Additional detail and excellent illustrations are given to the sketchy description of Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott. The spe- cies occurs in the Tank Hill Formation of the Ely Springs Range and in the Pogonip (?) Formation of the Eureka District, both in Nevada. Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott and Zittelelia clarae Howell occur with other fossils in the same beds.
1942. New Silurian astylospongid from Tennessee. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 17, no. 4: pp. 37-88, 1 pl.
The new species Palaeomanon elongatum is reported from the Brownsport Formation near Perryville, Decatur County, Tennessee. It is compared to the closely related P. cratera (Roemer) from which it differs in being more elongate and having a more constricted osculum. Both species are figured for comparison.
1942. The age of the sponge beds at Little Métis, Quebec (abstr.). Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 53, no. 12, pt. 2: p. 1830.
1943. New records of Receptaculitidae from the Mississippi Val- ley. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 18, no. 4: pp. 35-42, 1 pl.
58 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The occurrence of Ischadites infundibulum (Hall) is noted for the first time from the Gowan Formation (Niagaran) of Iowa, and type specimens of the species are illustrated from photographs for the first time. In addition, photographs of Ischadites reticulatus (Owen) and Cerionites dactyloides (Owen) are also included. Taxo- nomic status of these species and their generic placement is discussed.
1944. The age of the Sponge beds at Little Métis, Quebec. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 19, no. 1: pp. 1-16, 1 pl. The different sponges discovered at Little Métis are discussed in an attempt to definitely assign the beds to a particular age. Sponge genera mentioned include: Halichondrites, Choia, Proto- spongia, Diagonella, Kiwetinokia, Acanthodictya, Cyathophycus, Pal- aeosaccus, and Lasiothriz. The plate is of brachiopods.
Howell, B. F. and Landes, R. W.
1936. New monactinellid sponges from the Ordovician of Wis- consin (abstr.). Proce. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1935: pp. 364-865.
1936. New monactinellid sponges from the Ordovician of Wis- consin. Jour. Paleontol., 10, no. 1: pp. 538-59, 21 figs.
The genus Halichondrites is discussed and the new species H. ? actiniformis and H. ? robustus, are proposed, along with the new genus Petrosites, and the new species P. humilis, P. tenuis, and P. variabilis.
Descriptions of the above are based on isolated spicules from acid residues of the Oneota Dolomite collected on U. S. Highway 12, three or four miles south of Springfield Corners, Wisconsin. The spicules are illustrated by line drawings.
Howell, B. F. and Van Houten, F. B. 1940. A new sponge from the Cambrian of Wyoming. Bull. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., 15, no. 1: pp. 1-8, 3 pls.
The new genus of lyssakinid sponge Multivasculatus and its single species, M. ovatus, are described and figured from the Gallatin For- mation in the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming. The new genus is compared to Pyritonema and the mode of growth is described as similar to modern Halichondria, that is with a basal encrusting layer from which rise vase-shaped branches.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 59
Humphrey, F. L. 1960. Geology of the White Pine Mining District, White Pine County, Nevada. Bull. Nev. Bureau Mines, 57: 119 pp., 2 pls., 25 text-figs.
Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott is reported from the Mitro- spira-zone of the Pogonip Formation, along with R. elongatus Wal- cott from the crest of Pogonip Ridge, west of the old townsite of Hamilton. These forms are locally abundant approximately 30 feet above the base of a massive limestone member in the formation.
Hunt, C. B. and Mabey, D. R.
1966. Stratigraphy and structure of Death Valley, California. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 494-A, 162 pp., 3 pls., 120 text- figs., 26 tables.
Abundant siliceous spicules are reported from the Nopah For- mation. Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Pogonip Group, but the presence of Receptaculites sp. in the Ely Springs Dolomite of the region, as noted by Hopper (1947), is questioned since the species is not known from that horizon from any other locality in the region.
Ingels, J. J. C.
1963. Geometry, paleontology, and petrography of Thornton reef complex, Silurian of northeastern Illinois. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 47: pp. 405-440.
Calathiwm? sp. is reported in flank deposits of the Thornton reef complex. A later paper by Toomey and Ingels (1964) indicates that these structures are probably tabulate corals and not sponges or Calathium.
ives, R. L. 1946. Stansbury Island, Utah. Rocks and Minerals, 21, no. 5: pp. 265-271, 5 text-figs. “Sponges?” are reported in Early Paleozoic limestones of the Stansbury Island.
1946. The Granite Peak area, Utah. Rocks and Minerals, 21, no. 6: pp. 339-344, 6 text-figs. The occurrence of ‘‘barrel sponges (?)’’ is noted in the limestone of Sapphire Mountain.
1946. Minerals of Kelly’s Hole, Utah. Rocks and Minerals, 21, no. 12: pp. 839-844, 7 text-figs.
60 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Poorly preserved sponges are reported in Paleozoic rocks of the Dugway Range, Utah.
James, J. F.
1885. Remarks on the genera Lepidolites, Anomaloides, Ischadites, and Receptaculites from the Cincinnati Group. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist , 8: pp. 163-166.
Lepidolites and Pasceolus are proposed to belong to the Receptac- ulitidae of the sponges, and James states that species of Lepzdolites are like Ischadites and should be included there. Anomaloides is also placed as a junior synonym of FReceptaculites, but recent work recognizes all the above mentioned genera as distinct from each other in the Receptaculitidae.
1887. Protozoa of the Cincinnati Group. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: pp. 244-252.
Brief descriptions of sponges are included with other organisms in the Order Spongida. Sponge species described include: Astylo- spongia (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer, A. (now Pasceolus darwini) tumida U. P. James, Pattersonia difficilis Miller, Brachio- spongia digitata (Owen), B. tuberculata (now B. digitata) U. P. James, and Stromatopora (now Dystactospongia) insolens Miller. Also in- cluded are the receptaculitids, Pasceolus globosus Billings, P. darwini Miller, Ischadites (now Lepidolites) dickhauti Ulrich, and Receptac- ulites (now Anomaloides) reticulatus Ulrich.
1891. Manual of the paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. Cin- cinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 14, no. 1: pp. 45-72, 6 text-figs.
The following genera of sponges and receptaculitids are described with brief discussion of some species: Astylospongia, A. tumidus (now Pasceolus darwini) James, A. (now Hindia) subrotundus James, and relates to Pasceolus, and Hindia.
Leptopoterion, L. mammiferum Miller; Microspongia, M. (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer, mentioning the probable synonym of Hindia parva Ulrich and the differences of H. sphaeroidalis Dun- can, M. subrotundus (now H. subrotundus); Hindia, H. parva Ulrich and its relation to Microspongia (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer; Cylindrocoelia, C. covingtonensis Ulrich; Rhombodictyon, R. globosus James; Pasceolus, P. globosus Billings, P. darwini Miller, P. claudi Miller, P. (?) tumidus (now P. darwini) James; Receptac- ulites, and its relation to Anomaloides, Ischadites, and Lepidolites, R. reticulata (now I. iowensis) Hall, R. (now I.) circularis Emmons;
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 61
Cyathophycus, C. (now Trichophycus) siluriana James; Chirospongia, C. wenti (now Pattersonia aurita) Miller, C. faberz (now Leptopoterion mammiferum) Miller; Brachiospongia, B. digitata Marsh—relates to Scyphia (now Brachiospongia) digitata Owen, B. lyoni (now B. digitata) Marsh, B. roemerana (now B. digitata) Marsh, B. hoveyi (now B. digitata) Marsh, B. tuberculata James; Pattersonia, (possible synonym with Strobilospongia and Chirospongia), P. difficilis Miller, P. tuberosa Miller; Dystactospongia, D. insolens Miller, D. minima Ulrich; Heter- ospongia, as related to Dystactospongia, H. subramosa Ulrich syno- nym with H. knotti Ulrich, H. aspera Ulrich.
Poor illustrations of Microspongia subrotundus U. P. James, Rhom- bodictyon globosus James, Pasceolus (?) tumidus U. P. James, Anoma- loides sp., Receptaculites sp., Cyathophycus siluriana James, and Brach- iospongia digitata (Owen) are included.
1895. Sponges, recent and fossil. Amer. Nat., 29: pp. 5386-545, 7 text-figs. This is a general article on characteristics of sponges. Leptomtus, Protospongia, Brachiospongia, Cyathophycus, ?Dictyospongidae, and Astylospongia are mentioned.
1895. The first fauna of the earth (part 2). Amer. Nat., 29: pp. 979-985, text-figs. 4-12.
Four species of sponges are reported as known from the Cambrian.
James, U. P.
1871. Catalogue of the Lower Silurian fossils, Cincinnati Group, found at Cincinnati and vicinity—within a range of forty or fifty miles. Cincinnati, 14 pp.
The first part of the catalogue apparently contained no listed sponges or receptaculitids but additions published in 1873 did contain listings (see James, 1873), as did the second edition (James, 1875, 1879).
1873. Additions to catalogue of Lower Silurian fossils, Cincinnati Group. Paleontology, 4 pp. Astylospongia sp. and Pasceolus sp. are added to the list of fossils collected from the Cincinnatian rocks, published in 1871, but which apparently did not include any sponges.
1875. Catalogue of the Lower Silurian fossils of the Cincinnati Group, found at Cincinnati, Ohio and vicinity—within a range of forty or fifty miles, with descriptions of some new species of corals and polyzoa. Cincinnati, Ohio. 8 pp.
62 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Pasceolus claudii Miller, P. darwina Miller, and Pasceolus sp. are listed.
1878. Descriptions of newly discovered species of fossils from the Lower Silurian formation—Cincinnati Group. Paleontology,
no, Lapp; 1% The sponge Astylospongia tumidus James (now Pasceolus darwint Miller) is described as part of a fauna from Cincinnatian rocks.
1878. Descriptions of newly discovered species of fossils and re- marks on others, from the Lower and Upper Silurian rocks of Ohio. Paleontologist, no. 2, pp. 9-18.
The new sponge species Trachyum undosum is described from Clintonian rocks near Clinton, Ohio.
The new species Chaetetes subrotundus is described, a designation later changed to Astylospongia (now Hindia) subrotundus (James, 1881).
1879. Descriptions of newly discovered fossils—On geological no- menclature—And supplement to catalogue. Paleontology., no. 4, pp. 25-34.
The new species Brachiospongia tuberculata is described and com- pared to B. digitata (Owen), B. roemerana Marsh (now B. digitata (Owen)), and B. lyont Marsh (now B. digitata (Owen)). The latter two species are now considered with B. digitata.
In the supplement, Astylospongia tumidus James (now Pasceolus darwint Miller), Brachiospongia tuberculata James, Microspongia (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer, and Astylospongia subrotundus James (now Hindia subrotunda) are listed as occurring in the Cin- cinnatian rocks.
1881. Contributions to paleontology: fossils of the Lower Silurian Formation: Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. Paleontologist, no. 5, pp. 33-44.
Astylospongia (now Hindia) subrotundus James is proposed for Chaetetes subrotundus James, 1878.
Jicka, H. L. Jr.
1954. Geology and mineral deposits of Lake Valley quadrangle, Grant, Luna, and Sierra counties, New Mexico. New Mexico Inst. Mining Technol., Bull. State Bur. Mines Min. Resources, 37: 93 pp., 5 pls., 13 text-figs., 8 tables.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 63
Calathium sp. and Archaeoscyphia sp. are reported in a measured section of the Bat Cave Formation of the E] Paso Group in the Cooks Range, and Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Cable Canyon Sandstone of the Montoya Group in the same region.
Jillson, W. R.
1931. The paleontology of Kentucky. Ky. Geol. Surv., 469 pp., 78 pls., figs. Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) is illustrated from the Brannon Limestone of Franklin County, Kentucky.
1953. Brachiospongia minimus, a new species of digitate sponge from the Upper Eden Shale of northern Robertson County, Kentucky. Roberts Printing Co., Frankfort, Ky., 14 pp.
The new species B. minimus is proposed from small species col- lected from the upper Eden Shale.
1961. Brachiospongia bifurcata. A new species of digitate sponge from the Upper Middle Ordovician of Franklin County, Ken- tucky. Perry Publ. Co., Frankfort, Ky., 10 pp., 5 figs.
New species Brachiospongia bifurcata (now digitata) is described and illustrated from the Upper Middle Ordovician of Franklin County, Kentucky.
Johnson, J. H.
1934. Paleozoic formations of the Mosquito Range, Colorado. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 185-B, pp. 15-48, pls. 1-7, text- figs. 2: Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Upper Ordovician Fremont Limestone of the district.
1944. Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sawatch Range, Colorado. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 55: pp. 303-878, 11 pls.
Johnson cites the occurrence of Receptaculites oweni Hall, noted by Crawford (1913), from the Upper Ordovician Fremont Limestone. Receptaculites sp. was noted by Johnson in Deadman Creek, Gunni- son County, from the Fremont Limestone.
1945. A resume of the Paleozoic stratigraphy of Colorado. Colo. School Mines Quart., 40, no. 3: 109 pp.
An unidentified sponge is reported from the Manitou Formation in the Bonanza District quadrangle. Receptaculites oweni Hall is
64 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
reported from the Fremont Formation at Harding Quarry near Can- yon City, and Receptaculites sp. from the same unit in the Salida region and the Bonanza District.
1952. Ordovician rock—building algae. Quart. Colo. School Mines, 47, no. 2: pp. 29-56, 12 pls., 3 tables.
Abbreviated, uncritical translation of Pia’s 1927 discussion on caleareous algae, with reproduction of Pia’s original illustrations. Pasceolus species are placed in Cyclocrinus Eichwald and Nidulites pyriformis Bassler is included in Mastopora. Types of Mastopora pyriformis (Bassler) are shown in photograph.
Johnson, W. A.
1912. Geology of Lake Simcoe area, Ontario, Brechin and Kirk: field sheets. Sessional paper 26, Summary Rept. Geol. Surv. Canad., Dept. Mines 1911, pp. 253-261.
Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is listed from the Coboconk and Kirkfield Limestone at Carden, Ontario and from the Kirkfield Lime- stone at Feneton Falls, Ontario. Ischadites sp. is reported from 21% miles south of Brechin, Ontario, from the Prasopora beds of the Kirk- field Limestone.
Jones, T. R.
1882. Catalogue of the fossil foraminifers in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road. S. W. Taylor and Francis, London. 100 pp.
Receptaculites are referred to the Foraminifera and a number of North American specimens are listed as housed with the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). These include receptac- ulitids cited in Etheridge’s 1878 memoir in Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe. London, 34: pp. 576-577.
Kay, G. M. 1937. Stratigraphy of the Trenton Group. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 48, no. 2: pp. 2838-302, pls. 1-10, 13 text-figs.
Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is reported from the Isle La Motte Limestone at lower Rockland, Glenn Falls, N. Y.
Pasceolus globosus Billings (‘‘Ischadites’”’ sp.) is noted as locally abundant at the base of the Cobourg Formation in northwest N. Y. and in Prince Edward Co., Ontario. It has been considered to mark the top of the Sherman Fall Limestonein Trenton Falls Gorge, N. Y.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 65
Pasceolus globosus Billings occurs in the Hallowell Member of the Cobourg Formation in Hallowell township, Prince Edward Co., Ontario.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is noted from the Liskeard Formation at New Liskeard, Lake Timiskaming, Ontario.
1942. Ottawa-Bonnecherre Graben and Lake Ontario homocline. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 53: pp. 585-646, 7 pls., 7 text-figs., 13 tables.
Eospongia (?) sp. is reported from the lower Chaumont beds at Fourth Chute on the Bonnechere River. The questionable sponge Camarocladia sp. is reported from the Hull beds of Ontario. Re- ceptaculites occidentalis Salter is listed from the Rockland Limestone at several localities, including Paquette Rapids at Allumette Island, Quebec; at Meath Station; and at Fourth Chute, Renfrew County, Ontario.
Kay, G. M. and Crawford, J. P.
1964. Paleozoic facies from the miogeosynclinal to the eugeo- synclinal belt in thrust slices, Central Nevada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 75, no. 5: pp. 425-454, 6 pls., 9 figs., 6 tables. The occurrence of the Antelope Valley sponge fauna reported by
Bassler (1927, 1941) from the McMoningal Creek region in the Toquima Range is mentioned from Ikes Canyon. Geologic maps accompany the report and are the first available for the locality.
Kayser, Emanuel 1875. Ueber die Billings’sche Gattung Pasceolus und ihre verbreit- ung in paliozoischen Ablagerungen. Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gessell., 27: pp. 776-788, pl. 20.
Pasceolus globosus Billings is listed from the Upper Silurian of Ottawa, and P. halli, P. gregarius, and P. intermedius are listed from the Middle Silurian of Anticosti. Other forms listed occur in the European Silurian and Devonian sections.
The genus Pasceolus is described and its taxonomic position and relationships are discussed.
Keefer, W. R. and Van Lieu, J. A.
1966. Paleozoic formations in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Geology of the Wind River Basin, Central Wyoming. U. 8S.
66 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 495-B, 60 pp., 6 pls., 23 text-figs., 8 tables.
Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge is listed from Sinks Canyon, as reported by Miller (19382), and Receptaculites sp. from Sweetwater Canyon, as reported by Bell (1955, unpublished PhD. dissertation, Univ. Wyoming), both in the Bighorn Dolomite of northwestern Wyoming.
Kerr, J. W.
1967. New nomenclature for Ordovician rock units of the eastern and southern Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Canada. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 15, no. 1: pp. 91-118, 5 text-figs.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from Unit 4 of the Cornwallis For- mation (Thorsteinsson, 1963, p. 392) from Copes Bay in eastern Ellesmere Island, and is reported as a sporadic fossil throughout the new Edenian Thumb Mountain Formation in the Cornwallis Group, particularly near the head of Strathcona Fiord in southern Ellesmere Island. Receptaculites sp. is also reported from the overlying Irene Bay Formation, the youngest of the Cornwallis Group, from Copes Bay, and Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island.
Kesling, R. V. and Graham, A. 1962. Ischadites is a dasycladacean alga. Jour. Paleontol., 36, no. 5: pp. 948-952, pls. 135, 136, 2 text-figs.
Undoubted gametocysts are reported on a Trentonian [schadites from Michigan, and are interpreted to show this genus is a dasy- cladacean alga. A description of the gametocysts and a history of classification of Ischadites are given.
Keyes, C. R. 1890. Review of the progress of American invertebrate paleon- tology for the year 1889. Amer. Nat., 24, no. 278: pp. 131-138. Keyes reviewed papers published in paleontology in the previous year, and in relation to sponges, reviews articles by Dawson, Lesley, Beecher, Miller, Walcott, and Ulrich.
1894. Paleontology of Missouri, Part I (including stratigraphic catalogue of Missouri fossils and state geological map). Mis- souri Geol. Surv., ser. 1, 4, 103 pp. 12 pls.
A list of the orders of Porifera is given in a table on page 91. Receptaculites owent is reported from the Trenton limestone of Jef- ferson, Pike and St. Louis counties.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 67
Kilfoyle, C. F.
1954. Catalog of type specimens of fossils in the New York State Museum. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 348, Supp. 4, 719 pp. Early Paleozoic sponges listed are: Cyathodictya (?) pyriformis Ruedemann, Upper Utica shales, in Ouisa Creek, Newvilles, N. Y. C. reticulata (Walcott), Upper Utica shale, Holland Patent, N. Y.; and C. ? tabularis Ruedemann, Canajoharie shale, Canajoharie, N. Y. Foerstella flabellata Ruedemann, Upper Utica shale, Holland Patent, N. Y.; F. rotunda Ruedemann, Upper Utica shale, Holland Patent, N. Y.; and Graptospongia pusilla Ruedemann, Normanskill shale, Schuylerville, Saratoga Co., N. Y.
King, P. B. 1937. Geology of the Marathon region, Texas. U. 8S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 187, 148 pp., 24 pls., 33 text-figs. At least three species of sponges, including Calathiwm cf. C. formo- sum Billings are reported as present in the Lower Ordovician Monu- ment Spring Member of the Marathon Limestone. A sketch shows
masses of limestone where sponges occur within the member on Alsate Creek.
1965. Geology of the Sierra Diablo Region, Texas. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 480, 185 pp., 16 pls., 8 text-figs., 14 tables.
Calathium sp. is reported from the Lower Ordovician E] Paso Limestone, Division B, on Beach Mountain, and Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Upham Member of the Montoya Dolomite from the same area.
Archaeoscyphia is reported from Division A of the Lower Ordo- vician E] Paso Limestone.
Kirk, Edwin 1934. The Lower Ordovician E] Paso Limestone of Texas and its correlatives. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, 28, no. 168: pp. 443 - 463. Sponges are reported to be associated with cephalopods in the El Paso Limestone of the Franklin Mountains. Calathiwm cf. C. anstedi Billings is listed from the lower part of the formation. The Piloceras-Calathium assemblage is used to distinguish a faunal zone. Calathium sp. is reported from the Ordovician of the Pioche district, Nevada, and the Receptaculites fauna is noted as occurring in the Tank Hill Formation of the same region.
68 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The identification by Dake and Bridge of Archaeoscyphia as a species of Calathium from the Ellenburger Limestone of Texas is corrected.
Klemic, H. and West, W. S.
1964. Geology of the Belmont and Calamine quadrangles, Wis- consin. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1123-G, pp. 361—435, pls. 22-24, text-figs. 47-50.
Receptaculites owent Hall is reported to be common in both the cherty and noncherty portions of the Galena Dolomite.
Koening, J. W., Martin, J. A. and Collinson, C. W.
1961. Northeastern Missouri and West-Central Illinois Guide Book, Twenty-sixth regional field conference, The Kansas Geo- logical Society. Missouri Geol. Surv. Rept. Invest. 27, 168 pp., and illustrations.
Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Kimmswick Limestone in the Hannibal Quadrangle, Roth County, Missouri.
Astraeospongia hamiltonensis Meek and Worthen is reported from the Devonian Cedar Valley Formation and is said to be indistinguish- able from the Silurian A. meniscus (Roemer).
Kottlowski, F. E., Flower, R. H., Thompson, M. L., and Foster, R. W. 1956. Stratigraphic studies of the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Inst. Mining Tech., Bur. Mines Min. Resources Mem. 1, 132 pp., 5 pls., 15 text-figs., 6 tables.
Sponges are reported from the Lower Ordovician E] Paso Group of the San Andres Mountains, Big Hatchet Mountains, and Cooks Range. Archaeoscyphia sp. is reported in a summary of Cloud and Barnes section at El Paso, and Calathium sp. is reported from the upper Canadian part of the group in Rhodes Canyon in the San Andres Mountains. Unidentified spheroidal sponges are reported from the Upper Ordovician Aleman Dolomite in Rhodes Canyon.
Receptaculites sp. is reported as common in the Middle Ordovician Upham Dolomite in Rhodes Canyon, Hembrillo Canyon, and Ash Canyon, and in the Middle Ordovician Cable Canyon Sandstone in Rhodes Canyon.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 69
Ladd, H. S.
1929. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Maquoketa Shale of Iowa, pt. 1. Iowa Geol. Surv., 34, pp. 305-448, pls. 4-17, text-figs. 64-76.
Hindia parva (?) Ulrich is shown in lists as occurring at many localities from the Depauperate Zone of the lower part of the Ma- quoketa Shale, as well as the overlying Elgin Member. Astylo- spongia sp. is listed from the Elgin Member, as well.
Langenheim, R. L., Barnes, J. A., Delise, K. C., Ross, W. A. and Stanton, J. L. 1956. Middle and Upper(?) Ordovician rocks of Independence Quadrangle, California. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 40: pp. 2081-2097, 4 text-figs.
A varied sponge fauna is reported from the Middle Ordovician Mazourka Formation, including: Allosaccus(?) sp., Calycocoelia typi- calis Bassler, Lissocoelia ramosa Bassler, Nevadocoelia pulchra(?) Bassler, Nevadocoelia (?) sp., Patellispongia oculata Bassler, and Strep- tosolen occidentalis (?) Bassler. The sponge Anthaspidella cf. A. scutula is reported from the upper Eureka Group. Receptaculites sp. is also reported from the Mazourka Formation.
Langenheim, R. L., Jr., Barr, F. T., Shank, S. E., Stensaas, L. J., and Wilson, E. C.
1960. Preliminary report on the geology of the Ely No. 3 quad- rangle, White Pine County, Nevada. In Guidebook to the geo- logy of east central Nevada, 1960; Intermtn. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 11th Ann. Field Conf., pp. 148-156, 3 text-figs.
Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott is reported from lower and middle Lehman Formation in White Pine County, Nevada.
LeConte, Joseph
1877. Elements of Geology. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 588 pp., 1002 text-figs.
The sponge Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) and the receptaculitids Receptaculites formosus Meek and Worthen (now J. infundibulum) and Receptaculites sp. are illustrated in this general introductory textbook.
70 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Lesley, J. P.
1889-1890. A dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania and neigh- boring states named in the reports and catalogues of the survey. Penn. Geol. Surv. Rept. P 4, 3 vols., 1288 pp., 1, pp. 1-487, covers A-M; 2, pp. 438-914, covers N-R; 3, pp. 915-1288, covers S-Z.
Ethmophyllum (now Archaeoscyphia) minganense Billings is figured and listed from the Mingan Islands Ordovician. Protospongia (now Diagonella) coronata Dawson and Hinde, P. mononema Dawson and Hinde, and P. tetranema Dawson are listed, and P. delicatula Dawson and Hinde, P. polynema Dawson and Hinde, and P. (now Diagonella) cyathiformis Dawson and Hinde are listed and figured from the Lower Silurian (Ordovician) Quebec Group along the St. Lawrence River (at Little Métis, Quebec). Additional sponges listed from the same Quebec locality include the genera; Lasiothrix, Hyalostelia, Cyathospongia (now Cyathophycus), and Acanthodictya.
Questionable sponges are reported from the Cambrian slates of Middle Granville, New York, and from the St. John’s series of New Brunswick. Rhombodictya discum Whitfield and R. reniforme Whit- field are reported from the Utica Slate of New York. These latter structures are now considered inorganic.
Receptaculitids listed include the following: Receptaculites (now Ischadites) circularis Emmons from the Hudson River Formation; R. (now Ischadites) iowensis (Owen) from Turkey River, Iowa; R. (now Ischadites) infundibuliformis Hall from the Lower Helderberg at Clarkesville, New York; R. neptuni Hall (now R. occidentalis Salter) from the Trenton Formation; R. (now Ischadites) ohioensis Hall and Whitfield from the Niagara Limestone; R. owenz Hall from the Niagara Formation of Indiana, and R. (now Ischadites (?) cowensis (Owen) ) reticulatus Hall, from the Niagaran; R. sacculus Hall from the Niagaran Limestone of Indiana; R. (now Ischadites) subturbinatus) Hall from the Niagaran of Wisconsin, and Pasceolus halli Billings from the Anticosti Group in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Lochman, Christina
1940. Fauna of the basal Bonneterre Dolomite (Upper Cam- brian) of southeastern Missouri. Jour. Paleontol., 14, no. 1: pp. 1-53, 6 pls., 1 text-fig.
The new species Chancelloria aurora is described from the Upper Cambrian Bonneterre Dolomite (Cedaria zone) from Missouri. The
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 71
spicules in this area are abundant, but are, on the whole, smaller than those in the Crepicephalus horizon of Texas and Montana.
1950. Upper Cambrian faunas of the Little Rocky Mountains, Montana. Jour. Paleontol., 24, no. 3: pp. 8322-349, pls. 46-51.
A large number of stauractine sponge spicules were found embed- ded in clay from the Upper Cambrian, Pilgrim Formation, Montana. They are tentatively assigned to Protospongia? sp.
1952. Trilobites. Jn Cooper, G. A., etal. Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology near Caborca, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Smithson. Misc. Coll., 119, no. 1: pp. 60-161, pl. 15-81, text- NS 5,99.
A specimen of Chancelloria eros Walcott is described from the Middle Cambrian Arrojos Formation west-southwest of Caborca, but other specimens occur in lenticular limestones in the lower part of the formation.
1966. Lower Ordovician (Arenig) faunas from the Williston Basin, Montana and North Dakota. Jour. Paleontol., 40: pp. 512- 548, pls. 61-65, 2 text-figs.
Several caleareous astraeospongid spicules were recovered from cores within Zone E of the Deadwood Formation, from the Shell Oil Company no. 32-33B N.P. Unit, McCone County, Montana.
Lochman-Balk, Christina, and Wilson, J. L.
1967. Stratigraphy of Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician sub- surface sequence in Williston Basin. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 51, no. 6, pp. 883-917, 14 text-figs., 9 tables.
Hexactinellid sponge spicules are reported from Zone G and F in a well in the Pine Field, Wibaux County, Montana, from Ross (1957).
Longwell, C. R., Pampeyan, E. H., Bower, B., and Roberts, ie is 1965. Geology and mineral deposits of Clark County, Nevada. Bull. Nevada Bur. Mines, 62: 218 pp., 16 pls., 22 text-figs., 18 tables.
Receptaculites sp. is reported as a distinctive sponge from the upper 200 to 300 feet of the Pogonip Group, equivalent to the Ante- lope Valley Limestone in the Eureka District to the west.
12 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Lord, C. S. 1963. Snare River and Ingray Lake Map-Areas, Northwest Ter- ritories. Mem. Geol. Surv. Canad., 235: 55 pp., 2 geol. maps. Calathium sp. is reported from Upper Ordovician (Richmond) dolomite on La Martre River about 11 miles from its mouth, in association with numerous other fossils. This is above the normal stratigraphic range of Calathium.
Loswell, T. J. 1957. Geology of the Bowling Green Quadrangle, Missouri. Mis- souri Geol. Surv. Rept. Invest. 22, 64 pp., 1 pl., 4 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from many localities of Kimms- wick Limestone in the Bowling Green Quadrangle, Missouri.
Love, J. D. 1939. Geology along the southern margin of the Absoroka Range, Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Amer., Special Paper 20, 134 pp., 17 pls., 3 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. is cited from Windy Gap, Absoroka Range, from the Upper Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite.
Lowenstam, H. A.
1942. Facies relation and origin of some Niagaran cherts (abstr.). Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 53, no. 12: pp. 1805-1806.
Chert, found in interbioherm or flank facies of Niagaran reefs, is considered to be the result of localized solution of isolated spicules and redeposition as silicified fossils or as chert nodules. Zones now devoid of sponges would have been the source.
1948. Biostratigraphic studies of the Niagaran inter-reef forma- tions in northeastern Illinois. Papers Ill. State Mus. Sci., 4: 146 pp., 7 pls., 1 text-fig.
The sponges Astraeospongia sp., represented by isolated spicules, Hindia fibrosa Hinde (now H. sphaeroidalis Duncan), ? Palaeomanon cratera (Roemer), and other astylospongids are reported as “‘south- ern’ elements of the Joliet Formation fauna. Sponges are usually rare, but are important elements of the cherty fauna.
Astraeospongia n. sp., Hindia fibrosa (now H. sphaeroidalis Dun- can), and Astylospongidae are reported from the cherty upper dolo- mite of the Waukesha beds near Joliet. Dissociated sponges occur
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 73
in the same unit near Lermont, and show relatively slow rates of sedimentation, particularly in the muddy still-water bottoms where sponge colonies were extensive.
Sponges are common in the upper part of the Waukesha beds exposed in Ludwig’s Quarry in Des Plaines Valley. These include: Astraeospongia n. sp., Carpomanon incisolobatum (Roemer), Carpo- spongia castanae Lowenstam, Caryospongia juglans (Quenstedt), and unidentified astylospongids.
At Elmhurst, the following sponges are noted from inter-reef facies: Astraeospongia sp., Hindia fibrosa (now H. sphaeroidalis), Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Paleaomanon verrucosum (Rauff), P. cratera (Roemer), Carpospongia castanae Lowenstam, Caryospongia juglans (Quenstedt), Carpomanon incisolobatum (Roemer), C. stel- latimsulcatum (Rauff), and additional indeterminate sponges. Prior to this, all but Astraeospongia, were known only from the Brownsport Formation in Tennessee.
It is concluded that sponges faunas are characteristic features of the still-water, inter-reef faunas.
Astraeospongia sp., Hindia fibrosa (now H. sphaeroidalis Dun- can), and various astylospongids occur in the type section of the Waukesha Formation near Bellwood, and Pyritonema sp., Caryo- spongia juglans (Quenstedt), Palaeomanon verrucosum (Rauff), and indeterminate astylospongids are from near McCook, along with the long ranging Astraeospongia n. sp.
A summary chart shows the new species of Astraeospongia as ranging throughout the Waukesha, but Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) as common only near the top and Carpospongia castanae Lowenstam near the middle of the formation. A summary list of Waukesha fossils lists all of the above forms.
Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) forms a distinctive facies in the Blue Island zone of the Racine-Port Bryon Formations along the Calumet Sag Channel, west of Blue Island. Here Astraeospongia is used as a measure of rates of sedimentation, along with other organisms.
In the Thornton outcrops, Hindia fibrosa (now H. sphaeroidalis Duncan) and astylospongids occur in the inter-reef beds, but Astraeo- spongia meniscus (Roemer) is reported from the Wabash reef inter- reef facies as a diagnostic inter-reef Racine Guelph species.
1956. Guidebook, Niagaran reef at Thornton, Illinois, Field con- ference, April 22, 1956. Ill. State Geol. Surv., Amer. Assoc.
74 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Petrol. Geol., and Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min., Urbana, 19 pp., 8 text-figs. (reprinted as II]l. State Geol. Surv. Guidebook, Ser. 4, 1956.)
The position of sponges within the Niagaran Thornton reef is briefly discussed.
1957. Niagaran reefs in the Great Lakes area. Jn Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, v. 2, Paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 67, pp. 215-248, 4 text-figs.
This is a summary of earlier well documented paleoecologic and stratigraphic work on the Silurian reefs of the Midcontinent. The sponges Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, Microspongia, and Astraeo- spongia are members of the quiet-water fauna, and species of As- traeospongia and Microspongia are also present in the semi-rough- water stage. Sponges are more rare in the rough-water stage, but the receptaculitid [schadites is reported from here, and is considered as successful because wave energy could be laterally transmitted through the skeleton.
McFarlan, A. C.
1931. Ordovician fauna. In W. R. Jillson, The paleontology of Kentucky. Kentucky Geol. Surv., pp. 47-165, 16 pls., 2 text- figs., 1 section.
The following Ordovician sponges are described and illustrated by specimens from Kentucky: Heterospongia subramosa Ulrich, H. knotte Ulrich, Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), Pattersonia aurita (Beecher), and Hindia parva Ulrich.
1961. Outline of the geology of the Cement Creek area, Gunnison County, Colorado. In Symposium of Lower and Middle Paleo- zoic rocks of Colorado. 12th Field Conf., Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 125-132, 5 text-figs.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Fremont Formation on the flanks of Cement Mountain, in the Crested Butte Quadrangle of southwestern Colorado.
1961. Geology of Kentucky. Kentucky Geol. Surv., 531 pp., 67 pls., 42 text-figs.
Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) and Pattersonia aurita (Beecher) are listed from the Brannon Limestone, and P. aurita (Beecher) is also listed from the Benson Limestone. Heterospongia knotti Ulrich is listed as typical of the Oregonia Member of the Arnheim Forma-
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 75
tion in the region between Lincoln and Marion Counties, although it also occurs in the Mt. Auburn Member of the McMillan Formation in the southern Blue Grass region.
Earlier printings were also made in 1948 and 1950, and except for minor corrections, are similar to the later printing.
McInnes, William
1911. Saskatchewan River district. Summary Rept. Geol. Surv. Dept. Mines (Canada), 1910, pp. 169-178.
Ordovician Receptaculites oweni Hall is cited from Bigstone Lake and from Pelican Lake, just north of the Saskatchewan River in eastern Saskatchewan.
1913. The basins of Nelson and Churchill Rivers. Canad. Dept. Mines, Geol. Surv. Mem. 30, 146 pp., 19 pls., 1 map.
Receptaculites oweni Hall and Pasceolus (Cyclocrinus) spaskii(?) Eichwald were collected in the vicinity of Cormorant Lake, near Lake Winnipeg.
McKee, E. D.
1945. Stratigraphy and ecology of the Grand Canyon Cambrian. In Cambrian History of the Grand Canyon Region. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 563, pp. 87-88, 15 plates.
Sponge spicules have been found in the basal part of the Colum- bine Falls section, and in the basal part of the Meriwiteca Canyon section. Also, specimens thought to be either sponges or archaeo- cyathids were found in the Fossil Rapids section.
McLaren, D. J.
1963. Southwestern Ellesmere Island between Goose Fiord and Bjorne Peninsula. In Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Frank- lin). Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem. 320 pp. 310-888, text-figs. 17-18.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from both the upper and lower members of the Devonian Blue Fiord Formation, inland from Blue Fiord.
McLearn, F. H.
1915. Notes on the cores of Winnipeg Wells, Manitoba. Summary Rept., Geol. Surv. Dept. Mines, (Canada), 1914, p. 72.
76 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
A large Receptaculites cf. oweni Hall has been recovered from the well 12 miles north from Winnipeg, Manitoba from the upper portion of the Trenton (Galena) beds.
Maher, J. C.
1950. Detailed sections of pre-Pennsylvanian rocks along the Front Range of Colorado. U.S. Geol. Surv. Cire. 68, 20 pp.
Receptaculites (?) sp. is reported in a measured section of the Priest Canyon section of the Fremont Formation near Canon City, Colorado. Spicules (?) and spicular chert (?) are also reported from the Manitou Formation.
Marsh, O. C.
1867. Notice of a new genus of fossil sponges from the Lower Silurian. Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, ser. 2, 44, no. 30, art. 11: p. 88.
Several specimens of Scyphia (now Brachiospongia) digitata Owen occur in limestones of the Ordovician of Franklin county, Kentucky. The name Brachiospongia is proposed and the specimen in the Yale collection given the specific name of B. Roemerana, that one in the collection of S. S. Lyon termed B. Lyonii if it is new. Marsh said a full description of these specimens would appear in an early number of the American Journal of Science, with illustrations. Both species are now considered synonymous with B. digitata (Owen).
1868. On some new fossil sponges from the Lower Silurian. Proce. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 160.
Only titles of papers read at the 16th annual meetings of the association are published, thus only the title appears.
Mather, K. F. 1917. The Trenton fauna of Wolfe Island, Ontario. Ottawa Nat., 31, pp. 34-40, pl. 1.
The only sponge-like organism mentioned is Receptaculites occi- dentalis Salter, from the Ordovician Trenton Limestone, at Marys- ville, Wolfe Island. The plate with the article does not include this species.
Matthew, G. F.
1886. Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group continued, No. III.—Descriptions of new genera and species, (including
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 77
a description of a new species of Solenopleura by J. F. White- aves). Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Canad., 3, sec. 4: pp. 29-84, pls. 5-7.
The new genus, Hocoryne and the species FE’. geminum are described and illustrated from the fine shale of Division le at Hanford Brook and Division 1d at Porter’s Brook, Saint Martin’s, New Bruns- wick. These sponges are solid siliceous masses that have a spicular pattern. Protospongia (?) minor n. sp. and P. (?) minor var. distans (n. var.) described and illustrated are probably both graptolites, possibly Dictyonema.
1890. On Cambrian organisms in Acadia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad., 7, sec. 4: pp. 185-160, pls. 5-9 The new genus Dichoplectella, and the new species D. irregularis, Plocoscyphia (?) perantiqua, Astrocladia (?) elongata, A. (?) elegans, A. (?) virguloides, and Hyalostelia minima from the St. John Group at Greenwich, Westfield, and at St. Martins, New Brunswick are proposed and figured.
1890. On the occurrence of sponges in Laurentian rocks at St. John, N. B. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, ser. 2, 9: pp. 42-45, 2 text-figs.
Cyathospongia (?) eozoica and Halichondrites graphitiferus are de- scribed as new species from the upper part of the Laurentian rocks along the Kennebacasis River at St. John. These forms described by Matthew are now considered inorganic, and not sponges, but features related to metamorphism of the Precambrian rocks.
1892. List of the fossils found in the Cambrian rocks in and near St. John. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, ser. 2, 10, app. B, pp. 11-28.
The following forms are listed as occurring in the St. John Group, at St. John, under “‘Spongida:”’ Plocoscyphia (?) perantiqua, Astro- cladia (?) elongata, A. elegans, A. (?) virguloides, Archaeocyathus (?) pavonoides, Hyalostelia minima, Dichoplectella irregularis, Protospongia (?) minor, P. (?) minor distans, and Protsopongia (?) sp. All of these forms were named by Matthew.
Matthew, W. H. 1960. Texas fossils. An amateur collector’s handbook. Guide- book Univ. Texas Bur. Econ. Geol. 2, 123 pp. A general description of sponges is given, mentioning that sponges have been collected from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations of
78 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
north and Trans-Pecos Texas. Genera figured are Meandrostia, Heliospongia, Astraeospongium, Astylospongia, Receptaculites, and Girtyocoelia.
Matthews, W. H. III 1962. Fossils, an introduction to prehistoric life. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 337 pp., 180 text-figs.
A superficial textbook treatment of sponges is given, with illus- trations of Astylospongia, Astraeospongium, and some Upper Paleo- zoic sponges. Receptaculites is cited among the pleosponges. In the section dealing with various periods of geologic time, sponges are cited from the Cambrian, and a restoration of the Cambrian Burgess Shale illustrates some of the sponges from that locality, but does not mention them by name.
Meek, F. B.
1868 (1869). Note on Ethmophyllum and Archeocyathus. Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, ser. 2, 46, no. 186: p. 144.
Archeocyathus and Ethmophyllum are compared very briefly to Archeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings.
Meek, F. B. and Worthen, A. H.
1868. Part II, Palaeontology. Geol. Palaeontol., 3, Geol. Surv. Illinois, pp. 291-574, i-vi, 20 pls.
Receptaculites globularis (now Ischadites vowensis) Hall, from the Galena beds at Scales Mound; Receptaculites sp. from the same unit at Galena, Illinois; and R. oweni from the same unit at Galena, Dixon, and at other Illinois localities are only the species of sponges or receptaculitids reported from the Galena Formation.
Niagaran sponges and receptaculitids reported are Astylospongia? christiani, a new species, and Pasceolus (also spelled on same page Paceolus (now Cerionites) dactylioides (Owen), both forms from Carrol County, Illinois.
Astraeospongia hamiltonensis Meek and Worthen is described from the Hamilton rocks of the Upper Devonian at New Buffalo, Iowa.
Other fossils are described from the whole Paleozoic sequence.
1870. Descriptions of new species and genera of fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the Western States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 22, pp. 22-23.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 79
Receptaculites formosus is described from the Niagaran of Bridge- port, Illinois, as a foraminifer.
Merriam, C. W.
1963. Paleozoic rocks of Antelope Valley, Eureka and Nye Coun- ties, Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 423, 67 pp., 2 pls., 8 text-figs., 2 tables.
The prolific sponge fauna of the Antelope Valley Limestone is reported from central Nevada. The fauna is dominated by the Archaeoscyphidae. The quasi-sponge, Calathiwm (?) sp., is reported from the Antelope Valley Limestone as well.
Receptaculitids reported include: R. mammillaris Walcott, R. elongata Walcott, and R. cf. R. occidentalis Salter, from the Pogonip Group and Copenhagen Formation in the Antelope Valley region.
Mertie, J. B., Jr. 1933. The Tatonduk-Nation district. Jn Mineral resources of Alaska. Rept. Prog. Invest. 1930, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., 836, pp. 347-448, pl. 7, text-figs. 11-13. Sponge spicules are reported along with Upper Ordovician grap- tolites in collections made by L. D. Burling from rocks of the district.
Mickleborough, J. and Wetherby, A. G.
1878. A classified list of Lower Silurian fossils, Cincinnati Group. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, no. 2: pp. 61-86 (also printed separately in 1878 as a pamphlet containing pages 1-26).
Astylospongia faveolata James, Astylospongia tumida James (now Pasceolus darwini Miller), Microspongia (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer, Pasceolus claudii Miller, Pasceolus darwini Miller are listed from the Cincinnati Group.
Miller, A. K.
1930. The age and correlation of the Bighorn Formation of north- western United States. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, 20: pp. 195-218.
Receptaculites arcticus (?) Ethington and Cyclocrinites aff. C. (now Nidulites) gregarius (Billings) are reported from the Lander Sand- stone in the Wind River Mountains, near Lander, Wyoming. Re- ceptaculites arcticus Ethington is also reported from the Bighorn Formation in the same vicinity, and R. oweni Hall is reported from the Bighorn Formation from the Bighorn Mountains.
80 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Miller, S. A. 1874. Genus Pasceolus.—(Billings). Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., 1: pp. 4-7, text-figs. 1-3.
Miller summarizes the generic characters of the genus and the original description of Pasceolus by Billings, and describes the new species P. darwini from Ordovician rocks near Cincinnati, Ohio and Maysville, Kentucky; and P. claudei from Ordovician rocks near Maysville, Kentucky. Woodcuts illustrate the two new species as text-figs. 1-3.
1877. The American Palaeozoic fossils. A catalogue of the genera and species, with names of authors, dates, places of publication, groups of rocks in which found, and the etymology and signifi- cation of the words, and an introduction devoted to the strati- graphical geology of the Paleozoic rocks. Cincinnati, Ohio. 245 pp.
This is a comprehensive list of the genera and species of fossils known to this date, and includes over 55 species of sponges and receptaculitids. Taxonomy is up-dated and bibliographic references are cited.
1879. Catalogue of fossils found in the Hudson River, Utica Slate and Trenton Groups, as exposed in the southeast part of Indiana, southwest part of Ohio, and northern part of Ken- tucky. 8th, 9th and 10th Ann. Rept. [one volume] Geol. Surv. Ind., pp. 22—56.
Pasceolus claudei Miller and P. darwini Miller are listed as Rhizo- pods; Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), B. lyoni Marsh, B. roemerana Marsh (now both R. digitata (Owen)), and Microspongia (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer are listed as Porifera.
1882. Description of two new genera and eight new species of fossils from the Hudson River Group, with remarks upon others. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, no. 1: pp. 34-44, pl. 2, figs 23:
The new genera Dystactospongia and Pattersonia and the new species Dystactospongia insolens, and Pattersonia difficilis are de- scribed from the Hudson River Group, at Cincinnati, Ohio.
1883. The American Paleozoic fossils: a catalogue of the genera and species, with names of authors, dates, places of publication, groups of rocks in which found, and the etymology and signifi- cation of the words, and an introduction devoted to the strati-
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 81
graphical geology of the Paleozoic rocks. Cincinnati, Ohio. pp. 246-334. This is an addition to the first edition published in 1877, and -ontains additional sponges. Both editions were bound together in 1883 to form one book with consecutive pages.
1889. Class Porifera. In North American Geology and Palaeon- tology, Cincinnati. pp. 152-167, figs. 89-127.
This summary chapter is an alphabetical list of genera and species of all fossil sponges known to Miller. The diagnoses of the following new sponges are given: Anthaspidella Ulrich and Everett, A. fenes- ‘rata Ulrich and Everett, A. firma Ulrich and Everett, A. florifera Ulrich and Everett, A. grandis Ulrich and Everett, A. magnifica Ulrich and Everett, A. mammulata Ulrich and Everett, A. obliqua Ulrich and Everett, A. parvistellata Ulrich and Everett, A. scutula Ulrich and Everett; Camarocladia Ulrich and Everett, C. dichotoma Ulrich and Everett; Chirospongia Miller, C. faberz Miller, C. wenti Miller; Edriospongia Ulrich and Everett, EF. basalis Ulrich and Ever- ett; Streptosolen Ulrich and Everett, S. obconicus Ulrich and Everett; Strotospongia Ulrich and Everett, S. maculosa Ulrich and Everett; Zittelella Ulrich and Everett, Z. inosculata Ulrich and Everett, Z. lobata Ulrich and Everett, Z. typicalis Ulrich and Everett. (See Finks, 1967.)
1892. North American Geology and Palaeontology, First Appen- dix, 1892, pp. 665-718, figs. 1195-1265.
Several sponges are briefly discussed, including the following: Acanthodictya (A. hispida) Hinde; Cyathophycus silurians James, Cya- thospongia quebecensis Dawson and Hinde; Halichondrites ( H. con- fusus Dawson and Hinde); Hyalostelia (now Kiwetinokia) metissica Hinde; Lasiothrix (L. curviscostata Dawson and Hinde); Protospongia (now Diagonella) coronata Dawson and Hinde, P. (now Diagonella) cyathiformus Dawson and Hinde, P. delicatula Dawson and Hinde, P. mononema Dawson and Hinde, P. polynema Dawson and Hinde, and P. tetranema Dawson, and Rhombodictyon globosus James.
1897. Second appendix to North American geology and paleon- tology, October, 1897, pp. 719-793, figs. 1266-1458.
Additional sponges are listed. No new names are introduced.
Miller, S. A. and Dyer, C. B.
1878. Contributions to Paleontology. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1: pp. 24-89, 2 pls.
82 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The new fossils Microspongia n. g., and M. gregaria n. sp. are described and illustrated, from the Cincinnati Group at Cincinnati. These are small spherical sponges which commonly occur in clusters, and range from one-eighth to more than one-half inch in diameter. These fossils are now included in the genus Hindia.
Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1896. New species of Paleozoic invertebrates from Illinois and other states. Bull. Ill. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 11: pp. 8-50, 5 pls. The new species Receptaculites dixonensis is described from the Galena limestone of the “lead region of Wisconsin, Iowa, and III- inois,’’ near Dixon, Illinois.
Moore, R. C. 1958. Introductory historical geology, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. 656 pp., 591 text-figs. The Cambrian sponges Choia, Vauxia, and Chancelloria, and the Silurian sponge, Astraeospongium, are figured or mentioned. Astraeo- spongium and Astylospongia, along with Receptaculites, are discussed.
Moore, R. C., Laliker, C. G., and Fischer, A. G. 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York. 766 pp.,
This is a general textbook treatment of the morphology of sponges. Pertinent genera described and figured include; Chancelloria eros Walcott, Middle Cambrian (Burgess), British Columbia; Choza car- tert Walcott, Middle Cambrian (Burgess), British Columbia; E7f- felia globosa Walcott (Burgess), British Columbia; Protospongia fenes- trata Salter, Middle Cambrian (Burgess), British Columbia; Vauxza gracilenta Walcott, (Burgess), British Columbia; Brachiospongia digi- tata (Owen), Middle Ordovician, Kentucky; Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett, Middle Ordovician, Tennessee; Hindia parva Ulrich, Middle Ordovician, Minnesota; Ischadites iowensis Owen, Middle Ordovician, Minnesota; Nidulites pyriformis Bassler, Middle Ordovician, Pennsylvania; Receptaculites oweni Hall, Middle Ordo- vician, Minnesota; Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), Niagaran, Tennessee; Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Niagaran, Tennessee.
Moorhouse, W. W. and Beals, F. W. 1962. Fossils from the Animikie, Port Arthur, Ontario. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad., ser. 8, 56, sec. 3, pt. 1: pp. 97-110, 3 pls.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 83
Questionable sponge spicules are reported and figured from the Precambrian Animikie Chert from Port Arthur. They are approxi- mately two billion years old and are the oldest known evidence of sponges, particularly if the spicules reported by Cayeux from Brittany are not Precambrian.
Moret, Leon
1952. Embranchement des Spongiaires. Jn Piveteau, J. Traite de Paleontologie. Masson et. Cie, Paris. 782 pp. 142 text-figs.
Basic morphology, stratigraphic range, and other aspects of paleontology are presented. The following sponges are treated: Anomoclonella sp., Astylomanon (now Palaeomanon) sp., Astylospongia sp., Astraeospongia sp., Atikokania sp., Aulocopium sp., Brachio- spongia sp., Carpospongia sp., Climacospongia sp., Cyathophycus sp., Dictyospongia sp., Hindia sp., Pattersonia sp., Protospongia sp., and Saccospongia sp., all of which occur in Early Paleozoic or Precambrian rocks of North America.
1953. Manuel de paleontologie animale, 3rd ed. Masson & Cie, Paris. 759 pp., 277 text-figs.
A general treatment of morphology, geologic importance, and taxonomy of sponges is given. Mention or illustration is made of Astraeospongium, Astylospongia, Brachiospongia, Carpospongia, Dic- tyospongia, and Protospongia. Receptaculites neptuni DeFrance is also mentioned.
Morris, H. T.
1957. General geology of the East Tintic Mountains, Utah. In Geology of the East Tintic Mountains and ore deposits of the Tintic mining districts, Guidebook to the geology of Utah. Utah Geol. Soc. Guidebook no. 12, pp. 1—56, 5 text-figs.
“‘Receptaculites’’ sp. is noted in the Opohonga limestone of the district.
Morris, H. T. and Lovering, T. S.
1961. Stratigraphy of the East Tintic Mountains, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 361, 145 pp., 5 pls., 61 text-figs., 18 tables.
Several specimens of ‘‘Receptaculites’’ sp. are reported from the upper part of the Opohonga Limestone in Black Rock Canyon, eight miles northwest of Eureka, Utah.
84 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Mullens, T. E.
1964. Geology of the Cuba City, New Diggings, and Shullsburg quadrangles, Wisconsin and Illinois. Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1123-H, pp. 487-531, pls. 25-32, text-figs. 51-66, 1 table.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported to be common in the Galena Dolomite, and small B-B shot-sized sponges are common in the basal two feet of the Maquoketa Shale, in the depauperate fauna zone.
Miller, A. H. 1963. Lehrbuch der Palaozoologie. Band II, Invertebraten. Teil 1, Protozoa—Mollusea. Veb. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 574 pp., 712 text-figs.
A general treatment of morphology, ecology, and systematic paleontology of sponges is given, with considerable, but understand- able, emphasis on European forms.
The following forms are briefly described: Eospongia sp. from Canada, Palaeomanon from the Silurian of Tennessee, and Camaro- cladia sp. from the Cambrian of North America. The following forms are figured and briefly described: Aulocopium aurantium Oswald from the Upper Silurian (Gotlandian) of North America and Europe; Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), from the same age and area; Protospongia mononema Dawson and Hinde, from the Lower Cam- brian and Ordovician of northwestern Europe, North America, and China; Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), from the Upper Silurian and Devonian of North America and Europe; and the receptaculitids, Receptaculites sp., from the Ordovician to Devonian of North Amer- ica and Europe, and Sphaerospongia tesselata (Phill.) from the De- vonian of Europe. Ischadites is briefly described.
Munyan, A. C. 1947. A new species of sponge from the Middle Cambrian. Jour. Paleontol., 21, no. 6: pp. 546-548, 2 figs. A new species, Protospongia coosensis, is described from the Middle Cambrian Conasauga Formation from near Livingston, Floyd County, Georgia.
Murchison, R. I.
1859. Siluria. The history of the oldest fossiliferous rocks and their foundations; with a brief sketch of the distributions of
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 85
gold over the earth. 3rd ed. 592 pp., 41 pls., numerous text- figs., sections, and maps.
In this third edition of the “Silurian system,’”’ Murchison briefly discusses the occurrence of Receptaculites in North America (p. 466) without recognizing its relation to Ischadites, but rather considering these American forms to be foraminifers.
Needham, C. E.
1938. Sponge spicules from the Lower Ordovician of Wisconsin. Science, 77: pp. 450-451.
Sponge spicules are described from the Oneota dolomite (Lower Ordovician) of Wisconsin located on U. S. Highway 12, about three or four miles south of Springfield Corners, Wisconsin. Since Zittel and Berry stated that monactinellid spicules are known from rocks as old as Silurian, perhaps these Ordovician ones may be the oldest monactinellid spicules thus far discovered.
Nelson, R. B.
1966. Structural development of northernmost Snake Range, Kern Mountains, and Deep Creek Range, Nevada and Utah. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol, 50: pp. 921-951, 2 text-figs., 2 tables.
Receptaculites sp. is cited from the Kanosh Shale of the Pogonip Group in the Deep Creek Range.
Nelson, S. J.
1964. Ordovician stratigraphy of northern Hudson Bay Lowland, Manitoba. Bull. Geol. Surv. Canad., 108: 36 pp., 7 pls., 4 text- figs., 1 table.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from several collections of inverte- brate fossils from the Red Riveran Portage Chute Formation.
Nelson, S. J. and Johnson, R. D.
1966. Geology of Hudson Bay Basin. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 14: pp. 520-578, 16 text-figs.
The paper concerns primarily stratigraphy of the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian geology of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, and islands to the north end of the Bay. Receptaculites sp. is reported from Late Ordovician Portage Chute beds on the North Knife River
86 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
near Churchill, Manitoba. It is also reported from equivalent beds on Southhampton Island to the north.
Nettelroth, Henry 1889. Kentucky fossil shells. A monograph of the fossil shells of the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Kentucky. Kentucky Geol. Surv. State Mus., Frankfort, 245 pp.
Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) is described and illustrated from specimens collected at Benson Creek, west of Frankfort, from the Cincinnatian series.
Nicholson, H. A.
1873. On some new species of Stromatopora. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 12: pp. 89-95, pl. 4.
New species of Stromatopora are described as having certain affin- ities with sponges, but these forms are now considered coelenterates.
1874. Report upon the palaeontology of the Province of Ontario. Hunter, Rose & Co., Toronto. 133 pp.
Ina brief treatment of the sponges, Astraeospongia sp. is described and is compared to A. hamiltonensis Meek and Worthen.
1874. On the affinities of the genus Stromatopora, with descrip- tions of two new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 8: pp. 4-14, text-figs. 1-3.
The genus Stromatopora is referred to the Calcispongiae, with three Devonian and one upper Silurian (Niagara limestone) species. The description and illustrations are of stromatoporids, now con- sidered among coelenterates.
Nicholson, H. A. and Lydekker, R.
1889. A manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. 3rd ed., v. 1. Wm. Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London. 885 pp., 812 text-figs.
A generalized textbook treatment of sponges is given, and men- tion is made of the following forms: Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings), Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), Astylospongia, Atrac- tosella, Aulocopium, Calathium, Climacospongia, Eospongia, Hindia, Hyalostelia, Palaeomanon, Protachillewm, Protospongia fenestrata Sal- ter, and the receptaculitids, Ischadites, Receptaculites neptuni De-
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 87
France, and Sphaerospongia. The receptaculitids are questionably placed with hexactinellid sponges.
Pasceolus, Cyclocrinus, and Nidulites are discussed and considered of uncertain affinities.
Nickles, J. M.
1902. The geology of Cincinnati. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 20, no. 2: pp. 49-100, 1 plate.
The following fossils are listed: Pasceolus globosus Billings from the Cincinnati beds, the Utica, Lorraine, and Richmond Groups.
Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich is reported from Lower Utica beds; and Anomalispongia (now Anomaloides) reticulata Ulrich from the Mt. Hope beds.
Cylindrocoelia covingtonensis Ulrich, Dystactospongia insolens Mill- er, Hindia sphaeroidalis-gregaria (Miller and Dyer) are reported from the Fairmont beds; and Leptopoterion mammiferum Ulrich, Patter- sonia difficilis Miller, and P. ulrichi Rauff from the Corryville beds.
Lower Richmond forms reported are Brachiospongia tuberculata James; Dystactospongia minima Ulrich, and Hindia sphaeroidalis parva (now H. parva) Ulrich; Middle Richmond forms are Strepto- spongia labyrinthica Ulrich and Strephochetus richmondensis Miller; and Upper Richmond forms Heterospongia aspera Ulrich, H. knotti Ulrich, and H. ramosa Ulrich.
Niles, A. E.
1865. Untitled minutes of the March 2, 1864 meeting. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: p. 19.
Specimens of Pasceolus halla Billings were exhibited, and various authors concluded that this form should be included in the Cysti- deans, in the family Sphaeronitidae. The specimens were collected at Ellis Bay, on Anticosti Island.
Nitecki, M. H. 1965. Catalogue of type specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum. Porifera. Fieldiana: Geol., 13: no. 6: pp. 477-509. Six holotype sponges of James and Miller, eight holotype recep- taculitids of Hall, Miller, Owen, and Bradley, and five referred specimens of sponges and receptaculitids of various authors are in the collection.
88 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1967. Receptaculites Deshayes, 1828 (receptaculitids): proposed validation under the plenary powers. Z. N. (S) 1787. Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 24, part 2, pp. 119-120.
This paper proposed that the seldom used generic name Recepta- cules DeFrance, 1827, be overlooked, and that the later but widely used generic name Receptaculites Deshayes, 1828, be accepted.
Nolan, T. B., Merriam, C. W., and Williams, J. S. 1956. The stratigraphic section in the vicinity of Eureka, Nevada. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 276, 77 pp., 2 pls., 2) text-figs: Receptaculites elongatus Walcott and R. mammuillaris Walcott occur in the Mitrospira zone and probably also range into higher zones within the Antelope Valley Limestone (Upper Pogonip group). Walcott described both the above species from the Eureka district, but Newberry earlier had described R. mammillaris in manuscript, and is given credit by Walcott as author of the species. Walcott is now considered the legal author of the species.
Norris, A. W.
1963. Northwest coast of Baffin Island between Port Bowen and Sargent Point. Jn Geology of the north-central part of the Arctie Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Mem. Geol. Surv. Canad., 320: pp. 150-155.
Receptaculites (?) sp. is reported from the breeciated unit within the Read Bay Formation at Port Bowen Bay.
1965. Stratigraphy of Middle Devonian and older Palaeozoic rocks of the Great Slave Lake region, Northwest Territories. Mem. Geol. Surv. Canad., 322: 180 pp., 9 text-figs.
Ischadites sp. is reported from the type section of the La Matre Falls Formation, and Ischadites (?) sp. is listed with a collection of fossils from the Le Matre Formation and the Chedabucto Lake Formation.
Norris, D. K. and Price, R. A. 1966. Middle Cambrian lithostratigraphy of southeastern Cana- dian Cordillera. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 14: pp. 385-404, 2 pls., 3 text-figs. Chancelloria sp. is reported in a chart of occurrences from 195 feet above the base of the Gordon Formation at Windsor Mountain, 50 miles east of Cranbrook, B. C.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 89
North, F. K. and Henderson, G. G. L.
1954. Summary of the geology of the Southern Rocky Mountains of Canada, a review of the structure and Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Canadian Rocky Mountains between latitudes 49° 30/ and 52° 30’. Guidebook 4th Ann. Field Conf., Alberta Soc. Petrol. Geol., pp. 15-81, 1 correlation table, 1 text-fig.
Sponges are reported from the Sarbach Formation in the Clear- water region of Alberta, presumably those cited by Walcott (1928) is Calathium (?) sp. and Receptaculites (?) sp.
Northrop, S. A.
1939. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Silurian rocks of the Port Daniel-Black Cape region, Gaspe. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 21, 275 pp., 28 pls., 1 text-fig.
Hindia fibrosa (now H. sphaeroidalis Duncan) (Roemer) and Jaryospongia cf. C. juglans Quenstedt are reported from the Chaleur Bay region. Hindia occurs in the Indian Point Formation, and Caryospongia from the LaVieille Formation. Gaspespongia basalis Parks is listed as a sponge from the LaVieille Formation, but this ‘orm is now considered an alga.
Okulitch, V. J.
1935. Cyathospongia—-A new class of Porifera to include the Archaeocyathinae. Trans. Royal. Soc. Canad., ser. 3, 29: pp. 75-106.
This paper is mainly concerned with archaeocyathid morphology and classification, but does include Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscy- phia) minganensis (Billings) in a listing of included forms. This form is now well recognized as a lithistid sponge and not an archaeo- eyathid.
Okulitch, V. J., Cooper, G. A., Arellano, A. R. V., Johnson, J. H., Stowanow, Alexander, and Lochman, Christina 1952. Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology near Caborca, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 119, no. 1: 183 pp., 31 pls., 9 text-figs. Eight species of archeocyathids are described, but no sponges occur in any of the collections.
90 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1960. The Lower Cambrian fauna. In T. W. M. Cameron, ed., Evolution; its science and doctrine, Symposium presented to
the Roy. Soc. Canad., pp. 12-21. Lower Cambrian sponges include disarticulated spicules of the genera Leptomitus and Protospongia. Chova is cited as a calcareous sponge, and Camarocladia is said to range throughout the Cambrian.
Okulitch, V. J. and Bell, W. G.
1955. Gallatinospongia, a new siliceous sponge from the Upper Cambrian of Wyoming. Jour. Paleontol., 29, no. 3: pp. 460- 461, pls. 48-49.
Gallatinospongia n. g. is defined with the type species as G. conica
n. sp. The type species is described and illustrated with specimens from 294 feet above the base of the Gallatin Formation on the south- east flank of the Wind River Mountains in central Wyoming.
Okulitch, V. J. and Nelson, S. N. 1957. Sponges of the Paleozoic. In Treatise on Marine Ecology
and Paleoecology. Vol. 2, Paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 67, 2: pp. 763-769.
A review and compilation of papers dealing with fossil sponges in which ecologic data are presented. A summary statement at the first presents data on particular faunas for each of the geologic periods, followed by abstracts of the pertinent ecologic data in sig- nificant papers.
Olson, E. C. 1965. Fossil. Jn Encyclopedia Britannica, 9: pp. 649-651, 5 figs.
Two fossils from Illinois, Receptaculites sp. and Zittelella sp., are illustrated and listed as sponges.
Orton, Edward
1873. Catalogue of the described fossils of the Cincinnati Group as shown in south-western Ohio. Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1: pp. 400-411.
Astylospongia sp. indet. is listed.
Owen, D. D.
1844. Report of a geological exploration of part of Iowa, Wis- consin, and Illinois, in 1839. Two sets were issued, set one,
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 91
(or part 1;) Message Pres. U. S. covering the mineral lands of the U. S., 26th Cong., Ist. ser., House Ex. Doc. 239, pp. 9-115; (part 2) 28th congr., Ist. ser., Senate Ex. Doc. 407, pp. 15-145, plates, Washington.
(The complete title of second part is: Report of a Geological Exploration of part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, made under instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, in the autumn of the year 1839; with charts and illustrations.)
The fossil part was printed June 4, 1840 without charts and with- out illustrations of fossils. ‘‘Coscinopora sulcata’’ Goldfuss was in- troduced in 1840.
The 1840 edition includes descriptions and illustrations of both Orbitulites? reticulata (now Ischadites iowensis (Owen)) and Lunulites (2) (now Certonites) dactioloides Owen. Coscinopora (= Receptacu- lites oweni Hall) was illustrated in the 1844 edition on pl. 7, fig. 5.
The illustrations of the 1844 edition were also issued as a separate pamphlet.
1852. Description of new and imperfectly known genera and species of organic remains, collected during the Geological Sur- veys of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, by D. D. Owen. In Report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Min- nesota; and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory. Lippincott, Grambo and Co., Philadephia. pp. 573-587, pls. 1-3.
Selenoides iowensis (now Ischadites iowensis), a new genus and species, is described and figured from the Lower Silurian (Ordovician) of Iowa and compared to Orbitolites. Owen did not recognize the relation of Selenoides iowensis to the other receptaculitids listed in the same volume (e.g., Coscinopora), nor did he compare it with Orbitolites reticulata (=I. towensis).
1857. Second report of the Geological Survey in Kentucky, made during the years 1856 and 1857. Frankfort, Ky., 2, 391 pp.
Scyphia (now Brachiospongia) digitata n. sp. is described from
Franklin County, Kentucky, in the lower Benson Formation “‘in the neighborhood of the Riffle, near Bright’s Mill.”
Owen, Richard
1862. Siphonia digitata. In Description of fossils; Report of a geological reconnaissance of Indiana. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1859- 1860, pp. 362-3638, text-fig. 1.
92 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The sponge Siphonia (now Brachiospongia) digitata (Owen) is described and figured in a line cut from the “lower Silurian’ near Frankfort, Kentucky.
Paige, Sidney 1916. Description of the Silver City quadrangle, New Mexico. U. S. Geol. Surv. Geol. Atlas U. S., Silver City Folio no. 199, 19 pp., 3 maps, 1 sheet illust. Calathium anstedi Billings is reported from the El Paso Lime- stone from Lone Mountain.
Palmer, A. R.
1954. The faunas of the Riley Formation in Central Texas. Jour. Paleontol., 28, no. 6: pp. 709-786, pl. 72-92, 6 text-figs.
Three general types of spicules were found in acetic acid residues. A- four or six rays in a plane normal to a central spine; from the Coosella zone; B- Chancelloria Walcott from the Coosella and Mary- villia zones; and C- small hexactinellid forms from the Aphelaspis zone of the Riley Formation in Texas.
Parks, W. A.
1915. Paleozoic fossils from a region South-west of Hudson Bay. A description of the fossils collected by Joseph B. Tyrell, Esq., F.R.S.C., in the district of Patricia, Ontario, and in Northern Manitoba during the summer of 1912. Toronto Trans. Canad. Inst., 11: pp. 3-95, (also printed in Toronto Univ. Studies Geol. Ser., no. 9, 1915).
Aulocopium (Aulocopella?) gigantea n. sp., is described from the Ordovician rocks of northern Manitoba.
1933. New species of stromatoporoids, sponges, and corals from the Silurian strata of Baie des Chaleurs. Toronto Univ. Studies, Geol. ser, no. 338, 40 pp., 8 pls.
The new genus Gaspespongia, and its single new species G. basalis, are described from the LaVieille Formation at Port Daniel, Quebec. In addition, specimens of Caryospongia cf. juglans Quenstedt, and an indeterminate spicular mass of certain sponge origin are also described. The new species Girvanella (?) siluria is also described and figured, and Parks points out the genus Strepochetus is considered asynonym. Girvanella is a valid algal genus, and from the descrip- tion and illustration of Park’s species, this form should not be con-
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 93
sidered a sponge. Gaspespongia basalis is likewise now considered as algae.
Pate, W. F. and Bassler, R. S.
1908. The Late Niagaran strata of West Tennessee. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 34: pp. 407-437, 3 text-figs.
Stratigraphy of sponge-bearing Silurian beds is summarized and occurrence of the following are noted: Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) in the Meniscus Limestone; A. meniscus (Roemer), Astylo- manon (now Palaeomanon) cratera (Roemer), Caryomanon inciso- lobatum (Roemer), Carpomanon stellatimsulcatum (Rauff) in the Beech River Formation, and Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) in the De- catur Limestone. Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan is reported from the Ordovician Hermitage Formation.
Peck, J. H., Jr. and McFarland, H. B.
1954. Whitfield collection of types at the University of Cali- fornia. Jour. Paleontol., 28, no. 3: pp. 297-809, pl. 29.
Specimens indicated by Whitfield to be at the University of California, but which were not received, include: Cerionites dacty- loides (Owen) and Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall.
Specimens indicated by Whitfield (1899) as at the State Museum, State University, Columbus, Ohio, that are actually at the Univer- sity of California: Receptaculites ohioensis Hall and Whitfield.
Specimens (holotypes) at the University of California: Receptac- ulites devonicus Whitfield from the Devonian, upper Helderberg Group near Columbus, Ohio; and Receptaculites ohioensis Hall and Whitfield from the Silurian, Niagara Group, Yellow Springs, Ohio.
Perkins, G. H.
1902. The Geology of Grand Isle. Rept. Vermont State Geol., 3: pp. 102-173.
The author mentions Kospongia (now Zittelella) varians Billings in a faunal list of the limestone at Wilcox Point. He quotes H. M. Seely as mentioning Spongia from Providence Island and indicates that the upper Chazy Limestone is full of Hospongia. Sponges are mentioned several times in stratigraphic sections between Rockwell Bay and Table Bay.
94 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Pestana, H. R. 1960. Fossils from the Johnson Spring Formation, Middle Ordo- vician, Independence Quadrangle, California. Jour. Paleontol., 34: pp. 862-873, 4 pls., 1 fig. Anthaspidella inyoensis n. sp. is described and figured from the Johnson Spring formation. This species resembles A. scutula Ulrich and Everett.
Pia, Julius 1927. Thallophyta, Handbuch der Paléobotanik. von Max Hir- mer, pp. 31-136, figs. 14-129.
The genera Pasceolus and Cerionites are included in Cyclocrinus Eichwald. American species are generally insufficiently known, and are placed in Cyclocrinus without critical analysis. Nidulites pyri- formis Bassler is illustrated and placed in Mastopora Eichwald. All these genera are considered dasycladacean algae. This is a good general treatment of Paleozoic calcareous algae, among other subjects.
Pitcher, Max
1964. Evolution of Chazyan (Ordovician) reefs of eastern United States and Canada. (abstr.) Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 48, no. 4: p. 542.
Middle Ordovician reef assemblages are discussed and Zittelella occurs in the reef assemblages. Bryozoans dominate throughout the sequence of faunas, and sponges are important in association with tabulate corals and stromatoporids in Middle Chazyan assemblages.
1964. Evolution of Chazyan (Ordovician) reefs of eastern United States and Canada. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 12, no. 3: pp. 682-691, 3 pls., 49 text-figs.
Sponges, provisionally identified as Z7ttelella, occur as major ele- ments in the cores of Chazyan reefs in the Lake Champlain region of New York, in the middle of the type Chazyan sequence. They are particularly important elements in Crown Point reefs, where both conical and flattened forms are present. In some reefs they comprise the predominent constituent, forming as much as 50 per cent of the volume. Spicular root tufts are also present and show marked orientation, probably parallel current directions. Conical sponges functioned as frame structures, and laminar sponges func- tioned as binders in the reef fabric.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 95
Pray, L. C.
1961. Geology of the Sacramento Mountains escarpment, Otero County, New Mexico. New Mexico Inst. Mining Technol., State Bur. Mines Min. Res. Bull., 35, 144 pp., 4 pls., 34 text-figs.
Sponges are reported to be conspicuous elements of the fauna of the lower part of the Upper Ordovician Montoya Formation, but are not identified.
Purdue, A. H. and Miser, H. D. 1923. Description of the Hot Springs district. U.S. Geol. Surv. Geol. Atlas U. S., Hot Springs Folio, Arkansas, no. 215, 12 pp., 3 maps, 1 sheet section, 1 sheet illust., 8 text-figs. Hindia sp. is reported from near the top of the Middle Ordovician Bigfork Chert from the De Queen quadrangle.
Rasetti, Franco
1945. Faunes Cambriennes des conglomerats de la “formation de Sillery.’”’ Natur. Canad., 72, nos. 3-4: pp. 53-67.
Ajacicyathus rimouski, an archaeocyathid, occurs in Cambrian rocks near Bic, and the sponge, Trachyum vestustum Dawson, occurs in conglomerates at Métis, Quebec.
Rauff, Hermann
1892. Untersuchungen iiber die Organization und systematische Stellung der Receptaculitiden. Abhandl. der K. bayer. Akad. der Wiss. 11, 17, Bd. 3, Abth., 78 pp. (pp. 645-722), 7 pls.
This is a major reference on receptaculitids, for anatomy of all forms known to this date is thoroughly redescribed. Receptaculi- tids are considered calcareous organisms and hence can not be placed in hexactinellid sponges. Their systematic position is considered uncertain.
1893. Ueber angebliche Spongien aus dem Archaicum. Jahrb. Mineral., 2: p. 57-67, 3 figs. Structures from Laurentian rocks described by Matthew as spon- ges are most doubtful, for even their organic origin can be ques- tioned.
1893-1894. Palaeospongiologie, Erster oder allgemeiner Theil, und Zweiter Theil, erste Halfte. Palaeontographica, 40: 346 pp., 17 pls., text-figs. 1-75.
96 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
This is the most comprehensive and important work on Paleozoic sponges in German. The literature, anatomy, and systematics are thoroughly treated. Most American genera and species are rede- seribed and illustrated, and in additon, the following new species and genera are described: Teganium, Caryospongia, Carpospongia, Dictyophytra (?) walcotti, Pattersonia ulrichi, Astylomanon verrucosum, A. pleuriexcavatum, and Carpomanon glandulosum. Many additional American sponges are redescribed.
The first part concerns the literature and general structure of sponges, with the systematic descriptions forming the second part. Thus the newly described forms date from 1894.
1895. Palaeospongiologie, Zweiter Theil. Fortsetzung. Palae- ontographica, 41: pp. 347-395 (223-271), pls. 18-24, text-figs. 76-124.
This is the third and final part of Rauff’s monograph, and it concerns mainly the sponges of the Silurian. The following new genera are proposed: Anomoclonella, Pycnopegma, Dendroclonella, and the new subgenus, Aulocopiwm (Aulocopella); and the following new species are defined and illustrated: Anomoclonella zitteli, Pycno- pegma pileum, P. callosum, P. stromatoporoides, Chiastoclonella head, Dendroclonella rugosa, and Aulocopiwm (Aulocopella) winnipegensis. Several additional Silurian species are redescribed and illustrated.
Raymond, P. E. 1914. The Trenton Group in Ontario and Quebec. Jn Summary Rept. Geol. Surv. Dept. Mines for 1912 (Canada), pp. 342-350. Receptaculites orientalis is listed from the Trenton Group at Mont- morency Falls and St. Charles.
1916. Expedition to the Baltie Provinces of Russia and Scan- dinavia. Part I— The correlation of the Ordovician strata of the Baltic Basin with those of eastern North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, 56, no. 3, (Geol. Ser. 10), pp. 177-286, 8 pls.
Receptaculites occidentalis is reported as being found in the Rock- land Formation, near Ottawa, Canada.
1931. Notes on invertebrate fossils with descriptions of new spe- cies. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, (Geol. Ser. 9, no. 6), 55, no. 6, pp. 165-218, 5 plates.
Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings), is compared to Archaeo- cyathus profundus.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 97
Raymond, P. E. and Okulitch, V. J.
1940. Some Chazyan Sponges. Harvard Coll., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86, no. 5: pp. 197-214, 7 pls., 3 text-figs.
The following new species of sponges are described and figured: Zittelella pannosa, Hudsonospongia cyclostoma, H. minganensis, H. porosa, H. fistulosa, H. irregularis, H. duplicata, H. ovoidea, Allosac- cus prolixus, Rhopalocoelia clarku, R. regularis, Psarodictyon mag- nificum, P. planum. The new genera Hudsonospongia, Allosaccus, Rhopalocoelia, Psarodictyon, and Exchopora are established. EKo- spongia roemerz Billings is redefined and limited; Zzttelella varians (Billings), formerly Eospongia, is redescribed; Exchopora canadensis, formerly Calathiwm canadensis (Billings), and E. infelix, formerly Calathium (?Zittelella) infelix Billings are redefined, and Psarodictyon trentonensis, formerly Zittelella trentonensis Ulrich and Everett is redefined. All specimens were collected in Lower Ordovician rocks of eastern North America.
Read, H. H. and Watson, J. J.
1962. Introduction to Geology, Volume I, Principles. McMillan, London. 304 pp.
This is a very generalized, textbook discussion of sponges.
Reid, R. E. H.
1957. On Hexactinellida, “‘Hyalospongea,”’ and the classification of siliceous sponges. Jour. Paleontol., 31, no. 1: pp. 282-286.
Usage of the term Hyalospongea as a Class name by DeLauben- fels (1955) in the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology and abandon- ment of the term Hexactinellida is criticized, largely because of widespread current usage and lack of characterization of the Hyalo- spongea by accepted diagnostic features of Hexactinellida, along with inclusion of sponges which are not hexactinellid as generally understood. Reid proposes as an alternative to the Treatise classifi- cation that sponges be placed in Class Calcarea and Class Silicea, with the four subclasses: Demospongida, Heteractinellida, Octac- tinellida, and Hexactinellida.
The Early Paleozoic genera Astraeospongium and Chancelloria would be included in the Octactinellida. 1957. Correction. Jour. Paleontol., 31: no. 5: p. 1028.
Corrects a quotation in discussion of Class Silicea Bowerbank from ‘‘or with no spicules” to read “‘or with no skeleton.”’
98 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1963. Hexactinellida or Hyalospongea? Jour. Paleontol., 37, no. 1: pp. 232-248.
Hyalospongea of the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology should be subdivided into separate classes Hexactinellida and Heterac- tinida, the former based on siliceous sponges with a wholly triaxial spicule system and the latter with spicules which are mainly poly- actinal. The latter class would include what Reid (1957) earlier differentiated into Octactinellida and Heteractinellida.
1963. Preliminary notice of a classification of the Demospongia. Irish Naturalists’ Jour., 14, no. 5: pp. 90-94.
A modified classification of the Demospongia is outlined with six orders and ten suborders. The families Anthaspidellidae Ulrich (including Archaeoscyphiidae and Aulocopiidae Rauff) and Chias- toclonellidae Rauff should probably be put a new different order. Carboniferous anthaspidellids from Ireland appear to be monocrepid rather than tetraclads. Anthaspidellid skeletal structure is reported as similar to the modern sublithistid Lithochela Burton.
Resser, C. E.
1938. Cambrian system (restricted) of the Southern Appalachians. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 15, 140 pp., 16 pls. (abstract, 1937, Proc. 1936; p. 96.)
Achaeocyathid reefs are described. Mention is made of Walcott’s description of Chancelloria drusilla spicules from Cambrian cobbles of Northern Georgia.
1945. Part II, Cambrian fossils of the Grand Canyon. In Cam- brian history of the Grand Canyon region. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 563, pp. 171-220, pls. 16-27.
Sponge spicules, similar to Tholiasterella (?) hindei Walcott, are briefly described and figured from the Muav Limestone from Meri- witica Canyon and Columbine Falls. A large lacy mass collected near Fossil Rapids may be a sponge.
Resser, C. E. and Howell, B. F. 1938. Lower Cambrian Olenellus zone of the Appalachians. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 49, no. 2: pp. 195-248, pls. 1-13. Leptomitus Walcott and Tuponia Walcott are synonymous. Lep- tomitus has priority, thus Tuponia lineata Walcott, T. bellilineata Walcott, T. flexilis Walcott, and T. flerilis intermedia Walcott are
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 99
assigned to Leptomitus. L. zitteli Walcott is figured from the Lower Cambrian Parker Shale of western Vermont. L. walcotti n. sp. and L. minor n. sp. are figured and described from the Lower Cambrian Kinzers Formation from the Lancaster and York Basins which parallel the Blue Ridge between the Delaware and Potomac Rivers.
Richards, P. W.
1956. Geology of the area east and southeast of Livingston, Park County, Montana. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1021-L, pp. 385-438, pls. 34-86, text-figs. 58-61.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from near the middle of the upper massive member of the Bighorn Dolomite.
Richardson, E. S., Jr.
1950. A middle Devonian octactinellid sponge from New York. Fieldiana: Geol., 10, no. 10, pp. 79-88, text-figs. 33-37.
Nomenclature of the genus Astraeospongia Roemer is discussed and in table form, spicules of known species of Astraeospongia are compared.
Richardson, G. B.
1909. Description of the E] Paso quadrangle, Texas. U.S. Geol. Surv., Geol. Atlas U. 8., El Paso Folio, no. 166, 11 pp., 3 maps, 1 sheet illust., 8 text-figs.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported from the Upper Ordovician Montoya Limestone in the Franklin Mountains, near E] Paso.
Rigby, J. K.
1958. Geology of the Stansbury Mountains, Tooele County, Utah. Utah Geol. Soc. Guidebook no. 18, pp. 1-134, 9 pls., 20 text-figs.
Receptaculites elongatus Walcott and Nevadocoelia sp. are reported from the middle part of the Garden City Formation, in trilobite zone G of Hintze and Ross. Most of the receptaculitids are probably Calathium sp.
1962. Canadian and Chazyan receptaculitids from Utah and Ne- vada. (abstr.) Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 68, pp. 51-52. Canadian receptaculitids, the oldest known thus far in North America, occur in the lower part of the Pogonip Group. These are elongate conical forms. Platter-shaped forms occur higher in the section in the upper Pogonip Group.
100 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1964. Structure and affinity of the problematical genus Rauwffella Ulrich. (abstr.) Geol. Soe. Amer., Spec. Paper 76, pp. 290-291. Rauffella, from the Decorah Shale of Minnesota, with R. pal- mipes Ulrich, considered a probable fucoid, and R. filosa Ulrich, are described. RR. filosa is considered, at least in part, related to the Cambrian lyssakid sponge Leptomitus. Additional investigation since the paper was presented suggests that both species are fucoidal and not sponges.
1965. Evolution of Lower and Middle Ordovician sponge reefs in western Utah. (abstr.) Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 87, Delo:
Development and replacement of communities is well shown in sponge reefs of the Pogonip Group in the Confusion Range of western Utah. Sponges play a minor role in early reefs, but become more important in the middle of the Group. Isolated sponges, but no reefs, are known in the upper part of the Group.
1965. Spiculation of the lyssakid sponge, Protospongia hicks: Hinde (abstr.). Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 82, pp. 162-168.
A fragment of Protospongia hicksi Hinde is described from the Middle Cambrian Marjum Limestone, House Range, Utah. Five orders of cruciform spicules are preserved in the natural mold, the shape of which suggests a conical form for the species.
1965. Spicule structure of Dystactospongia madisonensis Foerste from the Ohio Ordovician. (abstr.) Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 87, p. 261.
A silicified specimen of the sponge contains ophioraphid spicules which suggests that the species is a choristid demosponge. Smooth but complexly contorted spicules are packed in rope-like tracts, and lie roughly parallel to canal surfaces.
1965. Stratigraphy and porifera of Ordovician rocks near Colum- bia Icefields, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. Brigham Young Univ., Geol. Stud., 12: pp. 165-184, 6 pls., 2 text-figs.
Two unnamed, but new species of anthaspidellid sponges, in addition to two hexactinellid forms, and an astraeospongid form are described and figured from the Sarbach Formation. All but the anthaspidellid species are preserved as isolated spicules. Reference is made to Receptaculites (?) sp. and Calathium (?) sp., both reported by Walcott (1928), from nearby localities.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 101
1966. Protospongia hicksi Hinde from the Middle Cambrian of Western Utah. Jour. Paleontol., 40: pp. 549-554, pl. 66, 7 text-figs.
A large fragment of the lyssakid sponge Protospongia hicksi Hinde
is described and illustrated from the Marjum Formation in the House Range, Millard County, Utah.
1966. Microstructure and classification of an Ordovician sponge, Dystactospongia madisonensis Foerste from Indiana. Jour. Pal- eontol., 40, pp. 1127-1130, pl. 146.
Unusually well preserved microstructure is described from a single specimen of the sponge, Dystactospongia madisonensis Foerste, from the Saluda Formation near Versailles, Indiana. Ophioraphid (?) spic- ules are preserved in a silicified region, suggesting that the sponge is a choristid demosponge.
1966. A new polyactinal sponge from the Ordovician Pogonip Group, Toquima Range, Nevada (abstr.).. Geol. Soc. Amer., Cord. Sec., Program 62nd Ann. Meeting, p. 62.
A single specimen of a new polyactinal sponge, related to or re- sembling Evffelia or Astraeospongia, is noted from the famous Ike’s Canyon sponge beds in the Toquima Range, Nevada. The specimen consists of interleaved spicules composed of six distinctly curved dermal rays, distal ray, and possibly a proximal ray as well.
1967. Two new Early Paleozoic sponges and the sponge-like organism, Gaspespongia basalis Parks, from the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Jour. Paleontol., 41, no. 3, pp. 766-775, pls. 101- 102, 5 text-figs.
The new species, Calycocoelia solenos, is proposed for specimens from the Ordovician Whitehead Formation at Grande Coupe, Percé, and the new genus, Malumispongium, is proposed for specimens earlier identified as Aulocopium hartnageli by Clarke (1924). The new family, Malumispongiidae, and the new superfamily, Malumi- spongioidea, are based on the same form which occurs abundantly in the Silurian La Vieille Formation at Black Cape, Quebec.
Gaspespongia basalis was described as a sponge by Parks (1933), but is considered in the present paper as a stromatolitic alga.
Ringuebers, E. N. W. 1884. New fossils from the four groups of the Niagara period of
western New York. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, pp. 144-150, pls. 2, 3.
102 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The new genus and species, Fungispongia irregularis, is described from the Clinton beds at Lockport, New York. This form is not a sponge, but is probably the attachment base of an echinoderm which has been burrowed.
Roberts, R. J.
1966. Trip nos. 6, 6A, Geology of the Antler Peak quadrangle, Humbolt and Lander Counties. In Guidebook for field-trip ex- cursions in northern Nevada. Mackay School Mines, Nevada Bureau Mines, Geol. Soc. Amer., Cord. Sec., pp. F1-F34, 9 text-figs.
Sponges are reported, along with archaeocyathids, from the Cam- brian Scott Canyon Formation in the Antler Peak region southwest of Battle Mountain, Nevada. No generic designations are given.
Robinson, C. S.
1961. Pre-Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the Monarch District, Chaffee County, Colorado. Jn Symposium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic rocks of Colorado. 12th Field Conf., Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 119-124, 3 text-figs.
Receptaculites owent Hall is reported from the lower Fremont Dolomite, as noted by Crawford (1913).
Robison, R. A.
1962. Late Middle Cambrian faunas from the Wheeler and Mar- jum formations of Western Utah. Thesis, Tex. Univ., 304 pp., 1962; Abstr. No. 62-4868, Dissertation Abstr. 23, no. 5, p. 1661.
Two sponges were observed in the formations.
1964. Late Middle Cambrian faunas from Western Utah. Jour. Paleontol., 38, no. 3: pp. 510-566, 4 text-figs., pls. 79-92.
The sponges Choia utahensis Walcott and Chancelloria sp., and other miscellaneous unidentified hyalospongid spicules are reported from the Wheeler and Marjum formations of the House Range in western Millard County, Utah, along with an extensive trilobite, brachiopod, and molluscan fauna. Both these sponges were earlier reported by Walcott from the same beds, but new specimens are described by Robison.
Roemer, Ferdinand
1848. Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Blumenbachium (K6nig) und mehre unzweifelhafte Spongien in obersilurischen Kalk-
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 103
schichten der Grafschaft Decatur im Staate Tennessee in Nord- Amerika. Neues Jahrb. Miner. pp. 680-686, pl. 9.
The new sponge Blumenbachium (now Astraeospongia) meniscus, is described and figured from the vicinity of Brownsport and Perry- ville, Decatur County, western Tennessee, and from the bank of Bear Grass Creek near Louisville, Kentucky.
Siphonia excavata Goldfuss is mentioned as a possible synonym of S. (now Astylospongia) praemorsa Goldfuss. S. cratera (now Palaeo- manon cratera) n. sp., is described and figured.
1860. Die silurische Fauna des westlichen Tennessee; Eine palae- ontologische Monographie. Breslau, pp. 1-100, pls. 1--5.
This important paper marks the beginning of investigation of the prolific siliceous sponge faunas of the western Tennessee Silurian. The new genera, Astylospongia and Palaeomanon are proposed, and the species A. praemorsa (Goldfuss), A. stellatim-sulcata (now Car- pomanon stellatim-sulcatum) Roemer, A. inciso-lobata (now Caryo- manon incisolobatum) Roemer, A. imbricato-articulata Roemer, P. cratera (Roemer), and Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) are de- scribed and figured from Tennessee material. The fauna of Decatur County, Tennessee is compared to that of the Niagaran of New York and to the Silurian of England, Gotland, and Malmo.
1874. From “Die Silurische Fauna des Westlichen Tennessee.”’ Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., 1: pp. 190-192 (translator to Eng- lish unknown).
Translation of the descriptions of the new species Astylospongia (now Carpomanon) stellatim-sulcata, A. (now Caryomanon) inciso- lobata, A. imbricato-articulata, and Palaeomanon cratera are made from Roemers work.
1880, 1897. Lethaea geognostica oder Beschreibung and Abbil- dung der fur die Gebirgs-Formationen Bezeichnendsten Ver- steinerungen, I Theil, Lethaea palaeozoica, 1: E. Schweizer- bart’sche Verlag., Stuttgart. 688 pp., pls. A-B, 226 text-figs.
The family Receptaculitidae is included provisionally with For- aminifera. Descriptions are given for Receptaculites, Ischadites, Cy- clocrinus (now Cyclocrinites), Pasceolus, and the sponge Archaeo- cyathus (part now Archaeoscyphia). In addition, lists are given with geologic and geographic distribution of various species. Included are: R. calciferus Billings, R. elegantulus Billings, R. occidentalis Salter, R. (now Ischadites iowensis) fungosus Hall, R. (now I. iowen- sis) globularis Hall, R. oweni Hall, R. (now Ischadites) insularis
104 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Billings, R. (now Ischadites) canadensis Billings, R. (now Cerionites) dactyloides Miller, R. (now Ischadites infundibulum) farmosus Meek and Worthen, R. hemisphericus Hall, R. (now Ischadites) ohioensis Hall and Whitfield, R. (now Ischadites) reticulatus Miller, R. (now Ischadites) subturbinatus Hall, R. (now Ischadites) jonesi Billings, Pasceolus halli Billings, P. globosus Billings, P. (now Nidulites) gregarius Billings, P. (now Nidulites) intermedius Billings, P. dar- wintt Miller, and P. claudez Miller.
Several Paleozoic sponges are described and figured in the section on Sponges, including Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), A. (now Carpomanon) stellatim-sulcata Roemer, Palaeomanon cratera (Roe- mer), and Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer). Protospongia fenes- trata Salter and Brachiospongia roemerana (now B. digitata) Marsh are also figured and described, but the latter is separated since its internal structure was not known. Other species, including Astylo- spongia (now Caryomanon) inciso-lobata Roemer, A. imbricato-ar- ticulata Roemer, A. ? christiana Meek and Worthen, A. ? (Palaeo- manon) bursa Hall, A. (now Caryomanon) parvula Billings, and A. perryt Billings are listed with North American occurrences.
Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings is fig- ured and briefly described in the section on receptaculitids.
1902. Lethaea geognostica oder Beschreibung und Abbildung fur
die Gebirgs-Formationen Bezeichnensten Versteinerungen, 2.
E. Schweirzerbart’sche Verlag., Stuttgart. 783 pp., 551 text-figs.
Aulocopium, Protospongia fenestrata Salter, and the receptaculitid
Receptaculites are reported from the Cambrian and Silurian of North America, the latter two from the Eureka district of Nevada.
Rogers, W. S., Jackson, Margie, and McKinney, Kenneth
1964. A new genus of sponge from the Middle Ordovician. Jour. Paleontol., 38, no. 1: pp. 135-187, 5 text-figs.
The new genus, Offella, and species, O. spongewm, are described from the Odenville biofacies of the lower Middle Ordovician Lenoir Limestone from the Cahaba Valley of Alabama. Many specimens were collected from siliceous acid-residues of limestone. The species is a small sac-shaped lyssakid sponge. The genus is similar to Lasio- thrix and is placed in the Leptomitidae. A series of four specimens are illustrated in a half-tone figure, but show the gross character of the specimen well.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 105
moss, R. J., Jr.
1957. Ordovician fossils from wells in the Williston Basin, eastern Montana. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1021-M, pp. 439-510, pls. 37-44,
Receptaculites oweni, Receptaculites sp., and hexactinellid sponge spicules are listed from several deep wells in the Williston Basin, eastern Montana. The fossils are all of Ordovician age.
Rowley, R. R.
1908. The geology of Pike County. Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines,
ser. 2, 8: 122 pp., 20 pls., 18 text-figs.
Zittelella sp. and Receptaculites globularis and R. oweni Hall are listed from Trentonian rocks of the county. The Trentonian rocks of Pike County are equated to the Kimmswick Limestone because of the occurrence of the “sunflower coral,’’ Receptaculites, in both.
Isolated sponge spicules are described and illustrated with crude line drawings.
Roy, S. K. 1941. The Upper Ordovician fauna of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land; Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Geol. ser. Mem., 2, 212 pp., 146 figs. Ordovician fossils taken from a talus slope on Silliman’s Fossil Mountain, Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land, are described and illustrated. The relationship of Receptaculites to Ischadites is reviewed. In a comparative chart descriptions and equivalences of terminology, with reference to Receptaculites, used by Billings, Dames, Giimbel, Hinde, and Rauff are given. Receptaculites sp. is described and figured and appears similar to, or conspecific with, R. articus Etheridge. Receptaculites sp. resembles figures of Ischadites murchisoni Eich- wald, but structurally is a Receptaculites. R. (?) fieldi n. sp. is described and figured.
Ruedemann, Rudolph 1908. Graptolites of New York, Part 2, Graptolites of the higher beds. N. Y. State Mus. Mem., 2, 560 pp. The name Graptospongia pusilla is proposed for carbonaceous bodies which “have the form of sponges and may be remains of either horny or calcareous sponges, the calcareous portion of whose
106 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
skeletons has been dissolved.’’ The suggestion is made that Daw sonia acuminata Nicholson represents young specimens of Grapto spongia, since they occur together in the Normanskill Shale at Schuy lerville, Saratoga County, New York.
1912. The Lower Siluric shales of the Mohawk Valley. N. Y State Mus. Bull. 162, pp. 1-151, pls. 1-10, 30 text-figs. Cyathodictya? tubularis n. sp. is named from the Ordovician Cana joharie Shale at Canajoharie, New York.
1925. The Utica and Lorraine Formations of New York. Part 1 Stratigraphy. New York State Mus. Bull. 258, 175 pp., 7 pls. 10 text-figs.
Cyathodictya (?) pyriformis Ruedemann is reported from the up per Utica Shale near Nowadaga, New York. The most prolifi sponge fauna from the Utica Shale, however, occurs at Hollanc Patent, and includes the following: Cyathodictya reticulata (Walcott) C. walcotti (Rauff), Sphaerodictya subsphaerica (Walcott), Teganiun subsphaericum Rauff, T. macrosclera Ruedemann, Foerstella rotundc Ruedemann, F’. flabellata Ruedemann, Sycodictya rara Ruedemann and Pyritonema capilliforme. Polyplectella mira Ruedemann is re ported from the Frankfort Shale near Rome, New York.
Isolated sponge spicules are reported from the Schaghticoke Shal and Graptospongia pusilla Ruedemann is reported from the Norman skill Shale. Rhombodictyon, reported by Whitfield from the Nor manskill Shale, is considered inorganic, probably merely paralle shrinkage cracks.
1925. The Utica and Lorraine Formations of New York, Part 2 Systematic Paleontology, no. 1. New York State Mus. Bull 262, 171 pp., 18 pls., 75 text-figs.
The new genera Foerstella, Polyplectella, and Sycodictya are de scribed, as are the new species F’.. rotunda, F. flabellata, P. mira and S. rara of these genera. Additional new species defined include Teganium macrosclera, T. rauffi, Pyritonema capilliforme, P. rigidum and Cyathodictya (?) pyriformis. All of these are from the Uticé Shale except Teganiwm rauffi which was found in the Canajohari Shale, Polyplectella mira which was found in the Frankfort Shale and Pyritonema (now Hyalostelia) rigidum which was found in the Normanskill Shale.
The receptaculitid, Ischadites circularis (Emmons), is reportec from the Lorraine Shale.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 107
1930. Geology of the Capital district (Albany, Cohoes, Troy, and Schenectady quadrangles), with a chapter on glacial geology by John H. Cook. New York State Mus. Bull. 285, 218 pp., 79 text-figs.
Cyathodictya (?) tubularis Ruedemann and sponge spicules are reported from the Middle Ordovician Canajoharie Shale. Large spicules of Protospongia sp. are reported from the Lower Ordovician Schaghticoke Shale at Schaghticoke.
1934. Paleozoic plankton of North America. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 2, 141 pp., 26 pls., 6 text-figs.
Protospongia, Cyathodictya, Teganium, and others are mentioned from Dawson’s paper of 1890. In addition the new species: Grapto- spongia pusilla from the Ordovician Normanskill Shale; G. silurica from the Silurian graptolite shale at Klakes Bay, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska; Teganium minutum from the Ordovician Snake Hill Shale, New York. T. claviforme from the Silurian of Klakes Bay, Alaska; Cyathodictya (?) subannulata from the same Alaskan locality, and Megastylia calciformis from the Ordovician Schaghticoke Shale at Schaghticoke, New York are described and illustrated, as is a specimen of Cyathodictya (?) tubulare Ruedemann from the Cana- joharie Shale at Canajoharie, New York.
1942. Cambrian and Ordovician fossils. An epiplanktonic sponge, Teganium merino sp. nov. New York State Mus. Bull. 327, pe 25, 1 fig.
Teganium merino n. sp. is described and figured from the Ordo- vician, lower Normanskill Shale, at Mt. Merino, N. Y.
1942. Cambrian and Ordovician geology of the Catskill quad- rangle. In Pt. 1, Geology of the Catskill and Kaaterskill quad- rangles. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 331, pp. 7-188.
Pyritonema (now Hyalostelia) rigidum (Ruedemann) and a new sponge, Teganium merino, are reported from the Mt. Merino beds at Mt. Merino. Archaeocyathids are listed as sponges, but are now classified separately.
Salter, J. W.
1859. Figures and descriptions of Canadian organic remains, Decade I, (Fossils from the Calciferous, Chazy, and Trenton Formations at Paquette Rapids and Allumette Island, Ottawa River, Pontiac County; and Beauharnois, Beauharnois County, Quebec). Geol. Surv. Canad., Separate Rept. 423, 47 pp., 10 pls.
108 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
The new species, Receptaculites occidentalis, is described and illus- trated from Pauquette Rapids. Receptaculitids are considered for- aminifera.
1864. On some new fossils from the Lingula Flags of Wales. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 20: pp. 2338-441, pl. 13, 3 text-figs.
Protospongia fenestrata n. gen., n. sp. is figured and described
from the Cambrian Lingula Flags of Wales.
Astylospongia cf. A. incisolobata (now Caryomanon incisolobatum) Roemer is reported from Shoales Hook, near Haverfordwest from Ordovician Caradoc strata.
Sando, W. J. 1957. Beekmantown Group (Lower Ordovician) of Maryland. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 68, 161 pp., 15 pls., 20 text-figs. The sponge Archaeoscyphia annulata (?) Cullison is described from the Rockdale Run and Rich Fountain Formations, and in- dividual specimens are illustrated.
Sardeson, F. W.
1896. The fauna of the Magnesian Series. Proc. Minn. Acad. Sci., 4, Bull. 1, Paper F.: pp. 92-105, pls. 5-6. A single specimen of a “‘Receptaculites-like’’ structure is reported from the Shakopee Dolomite on Plate 6, but is not otherwise de- scribed.
1896-1897. The Galena and Maquoketa series. Amer. Geol., 18: pp. 356-368; 19: pp. 21-35, 91-111, 180-190, pls. 4—5. The Galena Dolomite is placed within the zone of Receptaculites owent Hall.
1916. Description of the Minneapolis and St. Paul district, Min- nesota. U.S. Geol. Surv., Geol. Atlas U. S8., Minneapolis-St. Paul Folio, Minn., no. 201, 14 pp., 6 maps, 2 sheets illust.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported as a characteristic fossil in the Galena Dolomite of the district.
Savage, T. E. and Van Tuyl, F. M.
1919. Geology and stratigraphy of the area of Paleozoic rocks in the vicinity of Hudson and James Bay. Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., 30: pp. 339-879, pls. 11-13.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 109
Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from localities on the Nelson River, from the Ordovician Nelson River Limestone at Upper Lime- stone Rapids. Cerzonites sp. is also listed from the Shammattawa Limestone along the Shammattawa River.
Schaeffer, F. E.
1960. Stratigraphy of the Silver Island Mountains. Jn Guide- book to the geology of Utah, no. 15, Geology of Silver Island Mountains, Box Elder and Tooele Counties, Utah, and Elko County, Nevada. Utah Geol. Soc., pp. 15-113, text-figs. 2-15. Receptaculites sp. is reported from Zone M faunas from the Ka-
nosh Shale in the Silver Island Range.
Schmitt, Joseph 1904. Monographie de I ‘Ile Anticosti (golfe Saint Laurent). Paris. 370 pp. Receptaculites (now Ischadites) insularis Billings is listed from the island, and is classed among the protozoans.
Schuchert, Charles
1900. On the Lower Silurian (Trenton) fauna of Baffin Land. Proce. U.S. Mus., 22: pp. 143-177, pls. 12-14.
Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge is reported and compared with R. owent Hall, which also occurs in the region, as does R. buliformis Eaton.
1924. A Textbook of Geology, Part II, Historical Geology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, New York. 724 pp., 237 figs.
Sponges are referred to in this book in a textbook manner.
Schuchert, Charles and Cooper, G. A.
1930. Upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian stratigraphy and paleontology of Percé, Quebec. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, 20: pp. 161-176, 265-288, 365-392, 3 pls., 11 text-figs.
Hindia cf. H. fibrosa Hinde (now H. sphaeroidalis Duncan) and Astylospongia sp. were collected from the south flank of Mount Joli, from the Upper Ordovician Whitehead Formation. Hindva fibrosa Hinde was also collected from the same vicinity from the Devonian Mt. Joli Formation.
110 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Schuchert, Charles and Dunbar, C. O. 1933. A textbook of geology part II—historical geology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 551 pp., 332 figs. Only a general statement is made that siliceous sponges are locally abundant in Cambrian rocks and that sponges are not im- portant in the overlying Ordovician rocks.
1934. Stratigraphy of Western Newfoundland. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 1, 123 pp., 11 pls., 8 text-figs.
Sponges are reported as common in the Middle Ordovician Table Head Formation, with Eospongia sp. common in the lower part of the section at Table Head and near Point Riche, Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings) and Calathium fittoni Billings are reported from 30 to 100 feet above the base of the formation. In addition, Receptaculites sp. is reported from the St. George Series on the eastern shore of Port au Choix peninsula.
Schuchert, Charles and Twenhofel, W. H.
1910. Ordovicic-Silurie section of the Mingan and Anticosti Is- lands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 21: pp. 677-716.
Archaeoscyphia minganense (Billings) is reported from the Ro- maine Formation of Romaine Island, and Hospongia roemeri Billings and Zittelella varians (Billings) are reported from the Mingan For- mation of the Mingan Islands. Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan is reported from the Ellis Bay Formation, along with the receptaculi- tids Pasceolus sp. and Pasceolus halli Billings. Ischadites sp. is reported from the Mingan Formation.
Scott, H. W. 1937. Classification of sponge spicules. (abstr.) Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1936: p. 359.
Spicules are the basis of a new method of classification proposed by Scott. For example, all orthotriaens are called the genus Ortho- triaenites, etc. This proposal has not and probably will not find much favor.
Seely, H. M.
1885. A new genus of Chazy sponge, Strephochetus. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, 30: pp. 8355-357, 3 text-figs.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 111
The genus Strephochetus and the species, S. ocellatus, are pro- posed as sponges from the Chazyan of Vermont. This organism is now considered an alga, probably Girvanella, and is certainly not a sponge.
1886. The genus Strephochetus, distribution and species. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, 32: pp. 31-34.
Strephochetus ocellatus Seely, and the new species, S. brainerdi, S. atratus, and S. richmondensis are described from Ordovician rocks of Vermont and New York and are considered sponges in the paper. These various species are merely differently shaped algal masses, probably composed of Girvanella or a similar vermiform type, and are not sponges.
1902. Some sponges of the Chazy Formation. Jn Perkins, G. H. The geology of Grand Isle. Rept. Vermont State Geol. on the Mineral Industries and Geology of Certain Areas of Vermont, 3: pp. 151-161, pls. 56-59.
Small nodular masses of calcium carbonate in the Ordovician Chazy Formation were considered to be sponges by the author. These are variously classified under the genus Strephochetus. These forms are now considered as algae, probably Girvanella.
Esopongia (now Zittelella) varians Billings is also reported from the formation from Isle La Motte and South Hero Island. The species is particularly common in the middle of the formation, and is the only sponge described in the paper.
1906. Cryptozoa of the early Champlain sea. Vt. Geol. Surv., Rept. State Geol. 5, pp. 156-173, 5 pls.
The various stromatolitic algal masses grouped under the general name, Cryptozoon, are described here, and the whole is considered among the calcareous sponges. These organisms are no longer con- sidered sponges, except for Hospongia which is a valid lithistid genus.
1906. Beekmantown and Chazy formations in the Champlain Val- ley, Contributions to their geology and palaeontology. Vt. Geol. Surv., Rept. State Geol. Vermont, 5: pp. 174-187, 1 pl.
The new genus Wingia is proposed from the Beekmantown, divi- sion D, at Ball Bay, Providence Island, and at Shoreham.
W. congregata n. sp., W. lapilla n. sp., and W. discordea n. sp. are figured and described. None of these forms is considered as a recognizable sponge.
112 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1908. Stellae and rhabdoliths of the genus Strephochetus. Rept., State Geol. Vermont, 6: pp. 187-188, 1 pl. Strephochetus ocellatus Seeley is described and figured. Supposed spicules of the species are also figured. This form is not considered a sponge, but more probably an algae related to Girvanella.
Shaw, A. B. 1957. Paleontology of northwestern Vermont, VI, The early mid- dle Cambrian fauna. Jour. Paleontol., 31: no. 4: pp. 785-792, 2 pls. Seven hexactine sponge spicules, preserved as external molds, are reported from the upper Packer Slate.
Shaw, E. W. and Trowbridge, A. C.
1916. Description of the Galena and Elizabeth quadrangles, IIli- nois-lowa. U.S. Geol. Surv. Geol. Atlas U. 8., Galena- Eliza- beth Folio no. 200, 13 pp., 18 pls., 4 maps, 9 text-figs.
A sponge-like fossil, now recognizable from illustrations as Re- ceptaculites sp., is reported to be typical of the Galena Formation, and is illustrated from the area.
Shideler, W. H.
1934. New Cincinnatian sponges. (abstr.) Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1933, pp. 341-842.
Brachiospongia sp. is reported from the Mount Hope beds, and Dystactospongia sp. from the Arnheim Formation. A new Dystacto- spongia (?)-like genus is also reported from the Arnheim Formation, Tennessee.
Shimer, H. W. 1929. An introduction to the study of fossils. MacMillan Co., New York. 450 pp., 175 text-figs. An introductory treatment of sponges is given. Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) is described and illustrated as an example.
1933. An introduction to the study of fossils. MacMillan Com- pany, New York. 496 pp., 207 text-figs. An introductory text-book treatment of the phylum Porifera.
Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) is illustrated from the Silurian of Indiana.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 113
Shimer, H. W. and Shrock, R. R. 1944. Index fossils of North America. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. 837 pp., 303 pls.
A summary of distinctive or stratigraphically important fossils is presented, and includes the following sponges: Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings), Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), Astylo- spongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Chancelloria aurora Lochman, C. eros Walcott, Chova cartert Walcott, Exffelia globosa Walcott, Eospongia roemer? Billings, Hindia fibrosa (Roemer) (now H. sphaeroidalis Duncan), H. parva (Ulrich), Hudsonospongia cyclostoma Raymond and Okulitch, Kzwetinokia utahensis Walcott, Leptomitus lineatus (Walcott), L. zzttels (Walcott), Lissocoelia ramosa (Bassler,) Multi- vasculatus ovatus Howell and Landes, Nevadocoelia wistae Bassler, Petrosites humilis Howell and Landes, Protospongia fenestrata (Salter) Vauxia gracilenta Walcott, Zittelella typicalis Ulrich and Everett, and Z. varians (Billings). Also described and illustrated are Camaro- cladia dichotoma Ulrich and Everett, and C. rugosa Ulrich which probably should be no longer considered sponges, but trace fossils.
Also described and illustrated are the receptaculitids Receptac- ulites occidentalis Salter, R. oweni Hall, Ischadites iowensis (Owen), Nidulites pyriformis Bassler, and Cyclocrinites globosus (Billings).
Shrock, R. R. and Twenhofel, W. H.
1953. Principles of invertebrate paleontology, 2nd ed., McGraw- Hill, New York. 816 pp., 470 text-figs.
A general treatment of sponges is given in the text-book. Astraeo- spongia sp. from the Silurian of Tennessee, Protospongia from the Upper Cambrian, and Zittelella sp. from the Ordovician of Illinois, are cited and figured.
Receptaculitids similarly treated include Ischadites iowensis from the Middle Ordovician Prosser Formation of Iowa and Receptac- ulites owent Hall from the Middle Ordovician of Illinois.
Sinclair, G. W. 1956. Notes on some Ordovician sponges and their names. Jour. Paleontol., 30: pp. 760-761. A summary of several errors observed in the Porifera section of the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology, primarily concerned with type species and nomenclatural problems.
114 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Slind, O. L. and Perkins, G. D.
1966. Lower Paleozoic and Proterozoic sediments of the Rocky Mountains between Jasper, Alberta, and Pine River, British Columbia. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., 14: pp. 442-468, 5 text- figs., 1 table.
‘“‘Small sponges’’ are reported as common in the Tatei-Chetang Formation of Middle Cambrian age, in the Jackpine River area, Sec. 27, 34, T. 53, R.10W. 6 Mer., and Chancelloria cf. eros is identi- fied from the same formation in the Monte Cristo area, Sec. 23, T. 50, R.7W. 6 Mer., on strike to the southeast. Archaeoscyphia cf. annulata Cullison is also reported from the Ordovician Cushina For- mation, in rocks of Zone G age of Hintze and Ross, in the Horse- shoe Lake region (lat. 54° 07’ N., long. 120° 47’ W.).
Smith, A. G. and Toomey, D. F.
1964. Chitons from the Kinblade Formation. Okla. Geol. Survey Cir. 66, 41 pp., 8 pls., 2 text-figs.
Abundant Calathiwm and Archaeoscyphia occur in the Kinblade Limestone in Murray County and in Carter County, Oklahoma. Text-figure 1 illustrates the sponge beds of the formation in the Arbuckle Mountains, a bed which is found in both the Arbuckle and Tishomingo anticlines in the mountains.
Sollas, W. J.
1880. On the structure and affinities of the Genus Protospongia (Salter). Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe. London, 36: pp. 362-367, 2 text-figs.
Acanthospongia McCoy and Protospongia Salter are considered Sarco-hexactinellid sponges as Carter earlier concluded. The holo- type of Protospongia fenestrata Hicks is both redescribed and re- figured.
1881. On Astroconia granti, a new lyssakine hexactinellid from the Silurian Formation of Canada. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 37: pp. 254-260, text-figs. 1-11.
Isolated siliceous hexactines are described and figured from the Silurian carbonates near Hamilton, Ontario as the basis of the spe- cies. The spicules are distinctively acerate, and well preserved.
1885. Note on the structure of the skeleton in Anomocladina. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 5, 15: pp. 236-238, 1 text-fig.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 115
The method of junction of spicules of Vetulina, which ‘‘exhibit the characters which Zittel first assigned to the corpuscles of the Anomocladina,”’ is described and illustrated.
1888. On Vetulina stalactites (O.S.) and the skeleton of the Anomo- cladina. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4: pp. 486-492, pis. a, 4.
The spicular form of Vetulina is discussed as to shape and junc- tions. Vetulina and Astylospongidae are found to be closely analo- gous, and an amended definition of the family Anomocladina is given.
spurr, J. E.
1906. Ore deposits of the Silver Peak quadrangle, Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 55, 174 pp., 26 pls., 40 text-figs.
Ethmophyllum whitneyi Meek, Archaeocyathus atlanticus Billings, and Archaeocyathus sp. indet. are listed from Cambro-Ordovician beds. No sponges are reported.
Squires, D. F. and Hawkins, E. J.
1958. Type specimens of invertebrate fossils in the collections of the Department of Geology and Paleontology, 1. Porifera. Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1913, 22 pp.
Primary types of Astylospongia praemorsa (now Caryospongia juglans) nuxmoschata Hall, Silurian Indiana; Rhombodictyon discum Whitfield, R. reniforme Whitfield, R. reniforme rhombiforme Whit- field all from the Ordovician near Albany, New York; Receptaculites fungosum (now Ischadites iowensis) Hall, Ordovician, Illinois; R. globulare (now I. iowensis) Hall, Ordovician Illinois, R. hemispheri- cum Hall, Silurian, Wisconsin; R. (now Ischadites) infundibulum Hall, Silurian, Wisconsin; R. (now Ischadites) ohioensis Hall and Whitfield, Silurian, Ohio; R. owenit Hall, Ordovician, Wisconsin; R. pearyi Whitfield, Silurian, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories; R. (now Ischadites) subturbinatus Hall, Silurian, Indiana; and a spe- cies cyathiformis, genus undetermined (now Ischadites) Hall, from the Ordovician, Illinois are in the collection.
In addition, figured specimens of Astylospongia praemorsa (Gold- fuss), Silurian, Indiana; and R. neptuni(?) DeFrance, Ordovician, Pennsylvania, are cited.
116 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Staatz, M. H. and Carr, W. J.
1964. Geology and mineral deposits of the Thomas and Dugway Ranges, Juab and Tooele Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 415, 188 pp., 9 pls., 63 text-figs., 27 tables.
Archaeoscyphia sp. is reported from the Pogonip Group from the western side of the Dugway Range.
Stauffer, C. R. and Thiel, G. A. 1941. The Paleozoic and related rocks of southeastern Minnesota. Minn. Geol. Surv. Bull. 29, 261 pp., 62 text-figs.
Heterospongia subremosa Ulrich, Hindia parva? Ulrich, Ischadites zowensis (Owen), and Receptaculites sp. are reported from the Wykoff Member of the Maquoketa Formation; Hindia parva Ulrich, Ischa- dites iowensis (Owen), and Receptaculites owent Hall occur in the Prosser Member. Camarocladia rugosa Ulrich, Camarocladia sp., Cylindrocoelia minnesotensis Ulrich, Hindia parva Ulrich. Ischadites iowensis (Owen), Rauffella filosa Ulrich, R. palmipes Ulrich, and Receptaculites oweni Hall are reported from the Decorah Member of the Galena Formation. Cylindrocoelia minnesotensis Ulrich, Hindia inaequalis Ulrich and Everett, Rawffella filosa Ulrich, and R. palmipes Ulrich are reported from the Sprechts Ferry Member; and Hindia inaequalis from the McGregor Member of the Platteville Formation. Receptaculites oweni and Ischadites iowensis occur in the Prosser, Stewartville, and Decorah Members of the Galena Formation in measured sections in Fillmore and Olmsted counties.
Steidtmann, Edward and Cathcart, S. H. 1922. Geology of the York tin deposits, Alaska. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 733: 1380 pp., 12 pls., 28 text-figs.
Dystactospongia (?) sp. is reported from the Port Clarence Lime- stone of Kindle, from his collections 13b, from the Upper Ordovician rocks on the Don River, north of Port Clarence on the south side of Seward Peninsula.
Stevens, R. P. 1863. Report on the geological and mineralogical specimens col- lected by Mr. C. F. Hall in Frobisher Bay. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, 35: pp. 293-294. Receptaculites sp. is reported and is considered as unlike the spe- cies from the Galena Formation, but could be like R. occidentalis Salter.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 117
Stolley, E.
1896. Untersuchungen tiber Coelsophaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Mas- topora, und verwandte genera des Silur. Archiv fur Anthro- pologie und geologie Schleswip—Holsteins und der benachbar- ten Gebiete. Erster Band, Zweiter Heft, pp. 177-282 (1-106), 105 text-figs.
This is well illustrated and the most complete review of the genera Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, and Mastopora. These are placed in dasycladacean algae. Pasceolus is considered a synonym of Cyclocrinus and Nidulites pyriformis Bassler is placed in Masto- pora. American species are inadequately known.
Stose, G. W.
1908. The Cambro-Ordovician limestones of the Appalachian Valley in Southern Pennsylvania. Jour. Geol., 16: pp. 698-714.
Calathium sp. is reported from the lower Beekmantown Limestone, Stonehenge Member, and Receptaculites cf. occidentalis Salter is re- ported from the lowest faunal zone of Chambersburg Formation, from Chambersburg Quadrangle. Hzndia sp. indet. is reported from the uppermost faunal zone of Chambersburg Formation from the Mercersburg Quadrangle. Identifications were made by E. O. Ulrich, but neither descriptions nor illustrations are given.
Stovall, J. W. and Brown, H. E.
1954. The principles of historical geology. Ginn and Company, Boston. 472 pp., illus.
A general text-book in historical geology which treats sponges lightly. Cambrian sponges are illustrated in a reconstruction and are said to have been present in fairly large numbers. Precambrian questionable sponge spicules are said to have been reported. Astraeo- spongia meniscus (Roemer) and Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), and the receptaculitid, Receptaculites oweni Hall are illustrated.
Strong, Moses
1878. Part IV. Geology and topography of the Lead region. In Geology of Wisconsin, 2. Survey of 1873-1877, pp. 641- 768, pls. 26-82, 21 text-figs.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from the Galena Limestone.
118 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Sweet, W. C. 1954. Harding and Fremont Formations, Colorado. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol Geol., 38, no. 2: pp. 284-805, 4 text-figs., 2 tables.
The sponge-like structure, Dictyorhabdus priscus Walcott is re- ported as abundant in the middle of the Harding Formation in the Harding Quarry, Sec. 31, T.188., R.70W., Fremont County. Recep- taculites, ef. R. arcticus Etheridge is also reported from the massive dolomite member of the Fremont Formation in nearly every studied exposure of the unit. The genus is included in a measured section of the Priest Canyon Member of the formation in Priest Canyon, Sec. 13, T.188., R.71W., Fremont County, Colorado.
1961. Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks, Central Colorado. In Symposium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic rocks of Colo- rado. 12th Field Conf., Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geol., pp. 17-24, 4 text-figs.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from the lower massive dolomite member of the Fremont Formation in roadcut sections along U. S. Highway 50, 5 miles east of Salida. Questionable sponges are also reported as elements of the Harding fauna.
Tait, JA:
1908. Description of the Tishomingo quadrangle, Indian Terri- tory. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Geol. Atlas U. S., Tishomingo Folio, no. 98, 8 pp., 8 maps, 1 sheet illust.
Two species of Calathium are reported from the Ordovician part of the Arbuckle Limestone, and Receptaculites n. sp. is listed from the upper part of the Silurian Simpson Formation.
1904. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 31, 97 pp., 8 pls., 1 text-fig.
A new species of Receptaculites is listed from the Ordovician
Simpson Formation of the south side of the Arbuckle uplift, west of the Wichita River.
Taylor, A. R.
1964. Geology of the Reevey and Mifflin quadrangles, Wisconsin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1128-F, pp. 279-360, pls. 20-21, text-figs, 43-46.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 15
Receptaculites owent Hall is common in both the cherty, and non- cherty portions of the Galena Dolomite, and /schadites sp. occurs as well in both.
Teichert, Curt 1937. Ordovician and Silurian faunas from Arctic Canada. The Fifth Thule Expedition 1921-24 Rept., 1, no. 5: 169 pp., 24 pls.
and 1 map.
Specimens of Receptaculites cf. occidentalis Salter from the Ordo- vician and Receptaculites sp. from the Silurian are figured and de- scribed. The Ordovician form is from the Melville Peninsula and the Silurian form from King William Land.
R. arcticus Etheridge, R. neptwni (De France), R. oweni Hall, and a number of undetermined species are also discussed.
Teller, E. E. 1911. A synopsis of the type specimens of fossils from the Paleo- zoic formations of Wisconsin. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soce., 9, no. 4, pp. 170-271.
The type specimens of Receptaculites fungosus, Receptaculites glo- bularis, Receptaculites hemisphericus, Receptaculites infundibulum, and Receptaculites oweni have been collected in Wisconsin. The types of Receptaculites hemisphericus, Receptaculites infundibulum and Re- ceptaculites owent are stored in the American Museum of Natural History.
Thomas, A. O. 1923. Some new Paleozoic glass-sponges from Iowa. Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., 1922, 29: pp. 85-88, 1 pl.
The new species Cyathodictya oblonga from the Silurian, and the new genus and species Jowaspongia annulata from the Upper Devo- ian of Iowa are described and figured. Both are well illustrated. Hindia parva Ulrich occurs in the Ordovician; Astylospongia chris- tiant Meek and Worthen in the Silurian; Astraeospongia hamilton- ensis Meek and Worthen in the Devonian, and Lyrodictya burling- tonensis Thomas and Belemnospongia fascicularis Thomas in the Mississippian. Receptaculites oweni and Ischadites iowensis (Owen) occur in the Ordovician and Receptaculites occidentalis Salter and Cerionites dactyloides Whitfield occur in the Silurian.
120 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Thorsteinsson, R.
1958. Summary of the geology of Cornwallis and Little Corn- wallis Islands. In Sweet, W. C. and Miller, A. K. Ordovician cephalopods from Cornwallis and Little Cornwallis Islands, Dis- trict of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Canad. Bull. 38, pp. 1-25, 2 text-figs.
Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge is reported from the Allen Bay Formation in southern Cornwallis Island.
1963. Copes Bay. In Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem. 320, pp. 386-895, text-fig. 25.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from the upper part of the Ordo- vician Cornwallis Formation at Parrish Glacier on southern Elles- mere Island.
Thorsteinsson, R. and Tozer, E. T. 1962. Banks, Victoria and Stefansson Island, Arctic Archipelago. Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem. 330, 85 pp., 28 pls., 2 text-figs. This geological reconnaissance of these islands mentions the occur- rence of Receptaculites sp. from the Ordovician of the east coast of Victoria Island.
Toomey, D. F.
1964. Ellenburger (Lower Ordovician) sponge beds of Central Texas. Tulsa Geol. Soc. Digest, 32: pp. 98-108, 3 pls., 2 text- figs.
Distribution of Calathiwm and Archaeoscyphia in Gorman and Honeycut Formations of the Ellenburger Group is documented. Most of the specimens are transported fragments and apparently represent accumulations on tidal flats.
Toomey, D. F. and In¢gels, J. C. 1964. Reported Silurian occurrences of Calathiwm from the Thorn-
ton Reef, Illinois: a correction. Jour. Paleontol., 38, no. 6: pp. 1102-1104, pl. 171.
Reported occurrences of Calathiwm (?) sp. from flank-reef deposits in Thornton Quarry are probably tabulate coelenterates and not the sponge-like form. A similar erroneous occurrence was reported by Bretz (1939) from the Chicago area, and is considered to be probably tabulate coral material as well.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 121
A plate illustrates the distinctive morphology of the genus and should allow easy separation from the often confused Archaeoscyphia.
Toomey, D. F. and Ham, W. E.
1967. Pulchrilamina, a new mound-building organism from Lower Ordovician rocks of West Texas and southern Oklahoma. Jour. Paleontol., 41, pp. 981-987, pls. 127-128, 2 text-figs.
Archaeoscyphia and the sponge-like organism, Calathium, occur with Pulchrilamina, a massive mound-building organism of uncer- tain biologic affinities, in the Lower Ordovician El] Paso Group in the E] Paso, Texas region, and in the Arbuckle Group in Oklahoma, where together the three organisms are the major constituents in reef-like mounds.
Troedsson, G. T.
1928. On the Middle and Upper Ordovician faunas of Northern Greenland, Pt. II. Meddel. om Grgnland., 72: pp. 1-197, 56 pls., 12 text-figs. (reprinted in Copenhague Univ. Mus. min. geol. Commun. paleontol, 30, in 1928.)
All the specimens of receptaculitids described from the coasts around Kane Basin are placed into the species Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge.
Troost, Gerard
1838. Description d’un noveau genre de fossiles. Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 3, pt. 1, Mem. 4: pp. 87-96, pls. 9-11.
Troost described and figured a sponge from the Ordovician of Tennessee, but did not give the specimen a name. It is now included in Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), and probably represents the first fossil sponge described from North America.
Twenhofel, W. H.
1914. The Anticosti Island Faunas. Canad. Geol. Surv. Mus. Bull. 3, Geol. ser. no. 19, 38 pp., 1 pl.
Ordovician forms listed from the English Head and Charleton Formations include Rauffella cf. filosa Ulrich and Hindia fibrosa (Roemer). Cyclocrinites (now Pasceolus) halli (Billings), Ischadites? msularis (Billings), Hindia fibrosa (Roemer), and Rauffella cf. filosa Ulrich are reported from the Ellis Bay Formation. The Silurian receptaculitids listed include Cyclocrinites (now Pasceolus) halli (Bill-
122 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
ings), from the Becsie River Formation, and Cyclocrinites (now Nid- ulites) gregarius (Billings), C. (now Nidulites) intermedius (Billings), and Ischadites koenigi Murchison from the Gun River Formation.
1927. Geology of Anticosti Island. Geol. Surv. Canad., Memoir 154, 481 pp., 60 pls.
The sponge Hindia cf. fibrosa (Roemer) is reported from the Ordovician English Head Formation from several localities. Hyal- ostelia anticostiana Twenhofel from the Silurian Jupiter Formation is described here. Problematical forms, Ischadites? insularis (Bill- ings), I[schadites cf. koenigt Murchison, Cyclocrinites (now Pasceolus) halli (Billings), and Cyclocrinites (now Nidulites) intermedius (Billings) are reported from the Ordovician and Silurian.
Rauffella cf. R. filosa Ulrich is reported from the English Head Formation from several localities. This form is now considered a trace fossil and not a sponge.
1938. Geology and paleontology of the Mingan Islands, Quebec. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 11, 132 pp., 24 pls., 1 text-fig., 1 table.
Archaeoscyphia minganensis (Billings) is described from the Ro- maine Formation on Moutange Island. EHospongia roemeri Billings and EF. (now Zittelella) varians Billings are described and illustrated from the Mingan Formation on several islands within the group, and Trichospongia sericea Billings is questionably referred to the Romaine Formation, although the type is missing.
Receptaculitids reported include the new species Ischadites rhomboideus, which is described and illustrated from the Mingan Formation on Mingan Island, Receptaculites calciferus Billings, and R. (?) elegantulus (Billings) which are described from the Romaine Formation of Mingan Island.
Nipterella paradoxica (Billings) is described from chert of the Romaine Formation.
1938. A new species of Receptaculites (R. pedunculatus) from the Silurian strata of eastern Wisconsin. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts, Letters, 31: pp. 545-546, 2 text-figs.
The new species Receptaculites pedunculatus is described and illus- trated with photographs of the exterior. The species was collected
from the lower part of the Racine Dolomite near Cedarburg, Wis- |
consin.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 123
Twenhofel, W. H. and Shrock, R. R.
1935. Invertebrate paleontology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. 511 pp., 175 text-figs.
An introductory review of sponge morphology, classification, ecol- ogy, and geologic history is given. Protospongia tetranema Dawson, Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), and Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) are figured, although only identified by genus.
Receptaculitids, R. owenz Hall from the Middle Ordovician of Illinois, and Ischadites towensis (Owen) from the Middle Ordovician of Iowa, are figured and briefly described. These forms are included in a section on “Forms of Unknown Affinities,’ along with archaeo- cyathids.
Twenhofel, W. H. et. al.
1954. Correlation of the Ordovician formations of North America. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 65: pp. 247-298, 2 figs., 1 pl.
The stratigraphic ranges of the following are indicated: Archaeo- scyphia sp. in Roubidoux and Jefferson City Formations; Receptac- ulites mammillaris Walcott in Chazyan and, R. biconstrictus Ulrich in Black River Stages; R. oweni Hall in the Trentonian Stage; R. “oweni’” Hall in the Trentonian Stage and Cincinnatian Series; Nidu- lites is said to range from the Valcour Formation thru the Black River Stage to the Rockland Formation; Zzttelella ranges from the Crown Pt. Formation to the Lowville Formation.
iyrrell, J. B.
1896. Report on the country between Athabasca Lake and Church- ill River with notes on two routes travelled between the Church- ill and Saskatchewan Rivers. Geol. Surv. Canad., Ann. Rept. for 1895, new ser., 8, Rept. D, 120 pp., map and illustrations.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed in boulders of Paleozoic lime- stones on banks of the Big River.
1897. Report on the Doobaunt, Kazam and Ferguson Rivers and the north-west coast of Hudson Bay and on two overland routes from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg. Geol. Surv. Canad. Ann. Rept. 1896, new ser., 9, Rept. F., 218 pp., 11 pls., maps.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is cited from dolomitic boulders along the shores of Sturgeon Lake.
124 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1902. Report on explorations in the north-eastern portion of the District of Saskatchewan and adjacent parts of the District of Keewatin. Geol. Surv. Canad., Ann. Rept. 1900, new ser., 13, Rept. Bh 48 pp. pk
Receptaculites owen Hall is reported from Lake Winnipeg, Cum- berland Lake, Sturgeon Lake, and Wekusko Lakes.
Ulrich, E. O.
1878. Descriptions of some new species of fossils from the Cin- cinnati Group. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, no. 2: pp. 92-100, pl. 4.
The new genus Anomaloides and its new species A. reticulatus are described from the Cincinnati Group at Covington, Kentucky. The genus is not placed in a larger group, but now is recognized among the Receptaculitidae even though in this paper it is con- sidered among the Echinodermata.
1879. Descriptions of new genera and species of fossils from the Lower Silurian about Cincinnati. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: pp. 8-80, pl. 8.
The genus Lepidolites and the species L. dickhauti and L. elongatus (now L. dickhauti) are described from the ‘““Hudson River Group at Covington, Kentucky.’’ These subspherical and sub-cylindrical re- ceptaculitids are hollow, and considered by Ulrich to be related to Pasceolus, but probably belonging to a new family, if not a new order. All but fragments of the specimens were iron-coated, and microstruc- ture was difficult to see.
1880. Catalogue of fossils occurring in the Cincinnati Group of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. James Barclay, Cincinnati, Ohio. 31 pp.
The following previously described species of sponges are listed: Astylospongia (now Pasceolus darwini Miller) tumida James, Micro- spongia (now Hindia) gregaria Miller and Dyer, Streptospongia la- byrinthica Ulrich, Heterospongia aspera Ulrich, H. knotti Ulrich, H. subramosa Ulrich, Brachiospongia digitata (Owen), B. (now B. digi- tata (Owen)) roemerana Marsh, B. (now B. digitata (Owen)) lyont Marsh, and B. tuberculata James.
Fossils classed as incerte sedis include the following: Anomalozdes reticulatus Ulrich, Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich, L. (now L. dickhautt) elongatus Ulrich, Pasceolus claudei Miller, P. darwini Miller, and P. globosus Billings.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 125
Several species of sponges which have not been described are also listed here. These are considered as invalid names, and include: Astylospongia globosa Ulrich, Hospongia(?) communis Ulrich, E. turner- ensis Ulrich, Calathiwm obliquum Ulrich, Tricholites typicalis Ulrich, Streptospongia confusa Ulrich, Heterospongia nodulosa Ulrich, and Cystospongia tuberosa Ulrich.
In addition, several bryozoans and coelenterates are listed as sponges in the catalogue.
1888. The palaeontological labors of Prof. Jos. F. James. Amer. Geol., 1: pp. 323-827.
This is a paper very critical of James’ work with Paleozoic fossils in the Cincinnati region, and reviews James’ taxonomic and strati- graphic conclusions. James had concluded that Anomaloides and Lepidolites were the same genera, an idea which Ulrich dislikes and refutes by pointing out their dissimilarity and only very superficial similarity. At the same time he rejects James’ placement of Anoma- loides in the Receptaculitidae, and concludes that its position must remain uncertain.
Ulrich also rejects the placement of Microspongia as a synonym of Astylospongia, again pointing out their great internal differences, and points out that Microspongia gregaria Milller and Dyer is very similar to Calamopora fibrosa Roemer (now Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan) and quite distinct from Astylospongia.
Ulrich concludes that Dystactospongia is not known from any “Lower Silurian’’ beds, although the genus is now known from Cin- cinnatian age rocks.
1889. Preliminary description of new Lower Silurian sponges. Amer. Geol., 3: pp. 283-248, 1 fig.
A new genus Rawffella is described with two species, R. palmipes and R. filosa as a sponge. It is now considered a trace fossil. The following new sponge genera are proposed: Leptopoterion, Hetero- spongia, Saccospongia, Streptospongia, and Cylindrocoelia. New spe- cies of Dystactospongia and Hindia are also described.
Species described include: Heterospongia subramosa and H. knotti, H. aspera, Saccospongia rudis and S. danvillensis, Dystactospongia minima, Hindia parva, Streptospongia labyrinthica, Cylindrocoelia en- doceroidae, C. covingtonensis, C. minnesotensis, C. minor, all from the Ordovician.
126 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1890. American Palaeozoic sponges. Geol. Surv. Ill., 8, pt. 2, sec. 3: pp. 209-241, 10 text-figs.
Thirty-four genera are mentioned as being found in American pre-Devonian rocks. Twenty two have been previously described, and they are: Protospongia Salter; Archaeocyathus, Calathium, Eo- spongia, Trachyum, Trichospongia, and Aulocopina Billings; Aulo- copium Oswald; Brachiospongia Marsh; Ethmophyllum Meek; Astylo- spongia, Palaeomanon, and Astraeospongia Roemer; Hindia Duncan; Pattersonia and Dystactospongia S. A. Miller; Leptomitus and Cya- thophycus Walcott; Astroconia Sollas; Cyathospongia Hall; Lepidolites Ulrich; and Climacospongia Hinde.
Of the remaining 12 genera, four are described in this paper, and the others in the April, 1889, ‘American Geologist.”
Preservation and geologic distribution is discussed. A new family, the Anthaspidellidae, is described and includes the following genera: Anthaspidella n.g., Zittelella n.g., Streptosolen n.g., Hdriospongia n.g., Aulocopium Oswald, Climacospongia Hinde, and several species re- ferred to Calathium Billings (C. canadense Billings and conspecific specimens from the Trenton limestones of Tennessee).
Hindia, particularly H. sphaeroidalis Duncan, is discussed in order to clarify the taxonomy.
1895. On the structure and systematic position of ‘“Anomaloides”’ and a proposal to change the name to Anomalospongia. Minn. Geol. Surv. Final Rept. 3, pt. 1, pp. 68-74, 1 text-fig.
The author recommends that Anomaloides reticulatus be changed to Anomalospongia reticulata since following the first description the sponge nature of the specimens became apparent. The specimens are described in some detail and the genus compared to various receptac- ulitids, with the suggestion that Anomalospongia (still considered to date as Anomaloides), Receptaculitidae, and Amphispongia be included in a new, unnamed, order, although Anomalospongia and Amphispongia would be placed in a new family separate from the Receptaculitidae.
1926. Relative values of criteria used in drawing the Ordovician- Silurian boundary. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 37: pp. 279-348.
Streptospongia sp. is listed from Richmondian rocks.
Ulrich, E. O. and Everett, Oliver
1890. Descriptions of Lower Silurian sponges. Geol. Surv. IIl., 8, pt. 2, sec. 5: pp. 2538-282, pl. 1-8.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 127
The new genera Anthaspidella, Zittelella, Edriospongia, Strepto- solen, Strotospongia, and Camarocladia are well described and illus- trated from the basal “‘Trenton’’ limestone near Dixon, Illinois.
The following species are described and illustrated: Anthaspidella mammulata U. & E., A. florifera U. & E., A. parvistellata U. & E., A. scutula U. & E., A. grandis U. & E., A. firma U. & E., A. fenestrata U.& E., A. obligua U. & E., A.? magnifica U. & E., Zittelella typicalis U. & E., Z. typicalis var. pistilliformis U. & E., Z. typicalis var. turbinata U. & E., Z. typicalis var. subrotunda U. & E., Z. lobata U.& E., Z. inosculata U. & E., Edriospongia basalis U. & E., Strepto- solen obconicus U. & E., Calathiwm? (?Zittelella) infelix U. & E., Hindia inaequalis U. & E., Strotospongia maculosa U. & E., Dystacto- spongia minor U. & E., D. rudis U. & E., and Camarocladia dichotoma U.& E.
Vickers, Thomas 1874. Translation from Roemer, Ferdinand. ‘‘Die Silurische Fauna des Westlichen Tennessee.”’ Cincinnatti Quart. Jour. Sci., 1: pp. 29-35.
The fossil Spongiae are summarized, in particular the occurrence and similarities of Early Paleozoic forms. The genus Astylospongia is described and A. praemorsa (Goldfuss) is included in the genus. These described forms are limited to the Upper Silurian.
(See also: Roemer, translator unknown, 1874; and Dietrich, C. W., 1874, for other translated segments of Roemer’s work, both published in the same volume.)
Walcott, C. D.
1881. On the nature of Cyathophycus. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, 22: pp. 394-395.
Cyathophycus reticulatus was originally described as an alga from the Utica Shale by Walcott, but is here considered a sponge with affinities to Huplectella.
1883. Fossils of the Utica Slate. Trans. Albany Inst., 10: pp. 18-88, pl. 2.
The new genera, Cyathophycus and Discophycus, and the new species C. reticulatus, C. (now Sphaerodictya) subsphericus, and D. typicalis, are described from the Utica Shale near Trenton, New York.
128 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1884. Paleontology of the Eureka District. U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 8, 298 pp., 24 pls.
The new species Receptaculites mammillaris and R. ellipticus are described and figured, and R. elongatus is described but not figured. All are from the upper part of the Pogonip Group (now termed Antelope Valley Formation of the Pogonip Group) within the Eureka district.
1886. Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America. Bull. U. 8S. Geol. Surv., 30: 369 pp., 33 pls.
The new genus and species Leptomitus zitteli are described and figured from the Middle Cambrian Georgia Formation at Georgia, Franklin County, Vermont.
Protospongia fenestrata Salter is discussed and spicules figured, with the species reported from the Middle Cambrian Prospect Moun- tain Limestone in the shale near the Eldorado Mine and on the east side of Secret Canyon in the Eureka District, Nevada. Strepho- chetus (?) sp. is reported as a sponge from the sandy shales above the Prospect Mountain Limestone in the Eureka District and Silver Peak region of Nevada, but this form is now considered algal and not a sponge.
Ethmophyllum minganense (now Archaeoscyphia minganensis) (Bill- inge) is figured, and Trichospongia sericea Billings is reported from the same beds.
1887. Note on the genus Archaeocyathus of Billings. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, 34: pp. 145-146.
Archaeocyathus (now Archaeoscyphia) minganensis Billings is de- scribed, along with A. atlanticus and A. profundus, from the early Paleozoic. A. minganensis is now included in Archaeoscyphia min- ganensis (Billings), a true sponge, and is separated from the other species described which are considered among true archaeocyathids.
1889. Stratigraphic position of the Olenellus fauna in North Amer- ica and Europe. Amer. Jour. Sci., 37, art. 40: pp. 374-892; part 2, 38, art. 3: pp. 29-42.
Protospongia fenestrata Salter is listed from the Middle Cambrian, and Leptomitus zitteli Walcott, and Protospongia sp. are listed as sponges in the Cambrian fauna of North America, along with the genus Girvanella, now recognized as an alga.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 129
1889. [1890] Descriptive notes of new genera and species from the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus zone of North America. Proce. U.S. National Museum 12, pp. 33-46.
The genus Archaeocyathus is considered to be a coral, and not a sponge.
1890. The fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone. U.S. Geol. Surv., 10th Ann. Rept., pp. 509-763.
Leptomitus zitteli Walcott is reported from western Vermont, Trachyum vestustum Dawson is reported from Bie Harbor, Tres Pis- toles, and St. Simon, Quebec, and Protospongia sp. from Washington County, New York. Questionable sponges are reported from the Middle Cambrian of Castle Mountain, British Columbia, and the conclusion is reached that Leptomitus is limited to the Lower Cam- brian, but Protospongia, Trachyum, and Astylospongia radiata occur in both the Lower Cambrian and higher. Protospongia occurs in upper beds of the Olenellus zone of the Atlantic Province, and in the Middle Cambrian of Nevada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Wales and Sweden.
1891. Correlation papers; Cambrian. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 81: 447 pp.
Trachyum vestustum Dawson is cited from Métis, Quebec, and Protospongia fenestrata Salter is mentioned as part of collections from Secret Canyon in the Eureka district, Nevada. The latter species is considered a Middle Cambrian form.
The various sponges described by Matthew (1890) are listed from the St. John Group of New Brunswick, including: Astrocladia elongata Matthew, A. elegans Matthew, A. virguloides Matthew, Plo- coscyphia perantiqua Matthew, Dichoplectella irreqularis Matthew, and Hyalostelia minima Matthew.
The Ordovician receptaculitid, Receptaculites mammillaris Wal- cott is listed from the Pogonip Limestone of the Eureka district, Nevada.
1892. Preliminary notes on the discovery of a vertebrate fauna in Silurian (Ordovician) strata. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 3: pp. 158-172, pls. 3-5.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is noted with Receptaculites sp. undet.
in the Upper Ordovician Fremont Limestone near Canyon City, Colorado.
130 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1895. Lower Cambrian rocks in eastern California. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, 49, art. 14: pp. 141-144.
No sponges are cited in the paper. Archaeocyathids are reported, however, and at the time of preparation of many indexes this group was included within the sponges, thus the citation of sponges in the paper.
1899. Chapter 12, Paleozoic fossils, section 1-Cambrian fossils. In Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, Part 2. U.S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 82, pt. 2, pp. 440-418, pls. 60-65.
Haguia sphaerica, n. gen., n. sp., is described and illustrated as an archaeocyathid, but it could well be inorganic.
1912. Notes on fossils from limestone of Steeprock Series, Ontario, Canada. Jn The geology of Steeprock Lake, Ontario. Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem. 28, Appen., pp. 16-23, 2 pls.
The supposed sponges Atikokania n. gen., and the new species A. lawsoni and A. irregularis are described and figured from the Precambrian Steeprock Series.
1912. Cambrian Brachiopoda. U.S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 51,
pt. 1 (text), 872 pp., 76 text-figs.; pt. 2 (illust.) 363 pp., 104 pls.
Protospongia spicules are reported from 700 feet above the base
of the Eldon Formation on Mt. Stephen, British Columbia, and from
the Bloomington Formation in Blacksmith Fork, Utah. Unidentified
sponge spicules are reported from near the base of the Marjum Lime- stone in the House Range, Utah.
1912. Cambrian of the Kicking Horse Valley, B. C. Summary Rept., Geol. Surv. Canad., Dept. Mines 1911, Sessional Paper no. 26, pp. 188-191.
Vauxia gracilenta, anew genus and species, is listed from a section of the Burgess Shale of the Stephen Formation. However, the listing is not accompanied by any description.
1914. Is “Atekokania lawsoni’”’ a concretion?; Nature, 94: p. 478. Atikokania lawsoni Waleott and related forms should not be referred to the sponges or to the Archaeocyathinae but are probably inorganic. The author was influenced by George Abbott’s article in Nature, January 20, 1914, on ‘‘Zonal Structures in Colloids.”’
1917. Cambrian geology and paleontology, IV, no. 2, The Alber- tella-fauna in British Columbia and Montana. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 67, no. 2: pp. 9-59, pls. 1-7.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 131
Siliceous sponge spicules, described as the new species, Tholi- asterella(?) hindei, are described and figured, from the Middle Cam- brian Ross Lake Shale of the Ptarmigan Formation near Ross Lake, south southwest of Stephen, British Columbia. Tholiasterella is an Upper Paleozoic genus, but the spicules are not sufficiently different to establish a new genus.
1920. Middle Cambrian Spongiae, Cambrian Geology and Paleon- tology. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 67, no. 6: pp. 261-364, pls. 60-90, text-figs. 4-10.
This is the most comprehensive and significant paper on Cam- brian sponges to date, for in it is described and illustrated the abun- dant Burgess Shale fauna of British Columbia, along with other known Middle Cambrian sponges of North America.
Included in the paper are descriptions of the following new genera: Tuponia (now Leptomitus,) Takakkawia, Wapkia, Hazelia, Corralia, Sentinella, Choia, Hamptonia, Pirania, Kiwetinokia, Evffelia, and Chancelloria. New species defined and illustrated include: Hali- chondrites elissa, Tuponia (now Leptomitus) lineata, T. (now Lep- tomitus) bellilineata, T. (now Leptomitus) flexilis, T. (now Leptomitus) flexilis var. intermedia, Takakkawia lineata, Wapkia grandis, Hazelia palmata, H. conferta, H. delicatula, H. (?) grandis, H. mammillata, H. nodulifera, H. obscura, Corralia undulata, Sentinella draco, Choia carteri, C. ridleyi, C. utahensis, Hamptonia bowerbanki, Pirania muri- cata, Protospongia erixo, Diagoniella hindei, Kiwetinokia utahensis, K. spiralis, Vauxia dignata, V. gracilenta, V. bellula, V. densa, V. (2) ventata, Eiffelia globosa, Chancelloria eros, C. drusilla, C. libo, and C. yorkensis. Also described and illustrated are specimens of Choia hindei (Dawson), Protospongia fenestrata Salter, P. hicksi Hinde, and Kiwetinokia metissica (Dawson).
All the above species are from the Burgess or Stephen Shale ex- cept Protospongia fenestrata Salter, which is known also from Wales, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Georgia, Idaho, Utah, and New York: Choia utahensis from Utah; C. hindei from Quebec; Proto- spongia erixo from Nevada; Kiwetinokia utahensis from Utah and Idaho; K. spiralis from Utah; K. metissica from Quebec, Chancel- loria drusilla from Georgia, C. libo from Alabama, and C. yorkensis from Pennsylvania.
1928. Cambrian geology and paleontology, V, no. 5-Pre-Devonian Paleozoic formations of the Cordilleran provinces of Canada. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 75, no. 5: 368 pp., pls. 26-108, text- figs. 24-35.
132 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Calathium (?) sp. and Receptaculites (?) sp. are reported from the lower and middle part of the Sarbach Formation in a section meas- ured in Clearwater Cnayon, 25 miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta.
Walker A. E. 1895. Hamilton sponges. Jour. Proc. Hamilton Association for 1894-95, no. 11, pp. 85-87, 5 text-figs. Aulocopina Granti, Aulocopina sp. Astylo Spongia Piaemass [sic] [= Astylospongia praemorsa], and Astylo Spongia sp. [= Astylospongia sp.] are illustrated from Hamilton, Ontario.
Ward, H. A.
1865. Description of the Wadsworth gallery of casts of fossil animals. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18th Ann. Rept., pp. 17-52, 107 figs.
A line drawing of Amorphozoum(?) is included with reproductions of other fossils. This is one of the earliest illustrations of Brachio- spongia digitata (Owen), a form from Upper Ordovician rocks near Lexington, in Franklin County, Kentucky.
1866. Catalogue of casts of fossils, from the principal museums of Europe and America, with short descriptions and illustra- tions. Benton and Andrews, Rochester, New York. 228 pp., numerous figs.
A line drawing, under the name Amorphospongia, is given of the sponge now called Brachiospongia digitata (Owen) from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky.
Waterlot, G. 1932. Structure et position systematique du Receptaculites neptunr De France. Soc. Geol. du Nord, Annales 57, pp. 2-21, 1 plate. Receptaculitids are discussed in general, with special emphasis on Receptaculites neptuni De France, R. occidentalis Salter, R. aus- tralis Salter, and the genera Acanthochonia, Ischadites, and Sphaero- spongia. On the basis of detailed observations of the structure of the receptaculitids, Waterlot concludes that they should be placed in a separate group of calcareous sponges.
Webb, G. W.
1956. Middle Ordovician detailed stratigraphic sections for west- ern Utah and eastern Nevada. Utah Geol. Min. Surv. Bull. 57, 77 pp., 11 text-figs.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 133
Receptaculites sp. occurs in Kanoshian (Upper Pogonip Group) rocks in the Ely, Egan, Pahroc, and Arrow Canyon Ranges of east- ern Nevada and in the Pogonip rocks at Lone Mountain in central Nevada. The species Receptaculites mammuillaris Walcott is noted in Kanoshian rocks of the White Pine Range in eastern Nevada and in the lower Swan Peak Formation on Promontory Point in north- central Utah.
Weiss, M. P.
1954. Notes on some Middle Ordovician fossils from Minnesota. Jour. Paleontol., 28, no. 4: pp. 427-429, pl. 41.
Ischadites iowensis (Owen) is described and figured. The author concludes that I. ottawaensis Wilson is a flattened J. iowensis. Speci- mens studied come from the Ischadites cowensis zone in the Prosser member of the Galena Formation.
Ischadites sp. is reported from the uppermost Stewartville mem- ber of the Galena Formation.
Rauffella filosa Ulrich was originally described as a sponge, but was assigned to worm burrows by Sardeson in 1925, and is included within the Phylum Annelida in the present paper. Photographs are figured here for the first time.
Welby, C. W.
1961. Bedrock geology of the central Champlain Valley of Ver- mont. Bull. Vermont Geol. Surv. 14: 296 pp., 13 pls., 19 text- figs., 5 tables.
Zittelella varians (Billings) is reported from the Lower Chazyan Day Point Formation at Charlotte, Vermont, and from the Middle Chazyan Crown Point Limestone along the shore near Grosse Point. It is reported as a rare form at both localities.
Weller, Stuart
1903. Report on Paleontology, Vol. III, The Palaeozoic Faunas. Geol. Surv. New Jersey, 462 pp., 53 pls.
Hindia sp. and Receptaculites sp. are reported from the Trenton- ian rocks of New Jersey. Specimens of Receptaculites occidentalis Salter, Hindia fibrosa (Roemer) (now H. sphaeroidalis Duncan), and H. parva Ulrich are described and figured.
134 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Weller, Stuart and St. Clair, Stuart
1928. Geology of Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri. Mo. Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, 22: 352 pp., 25 pls., 5 text-figs.
The sponge Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett is reported from the Plattin Formation, and Hindia sphaeroidalis Dunean is reported from the Bailey Limestone near Little Saline Creek. Cala- thium sp. is cited from the Jefferson City Formation.
Receptaculites sp. is reported from the lower Thebes Limestone and the Kimmswick Limestone, the latter near Glen Park, and R. oweni Hall is reported from the Galena Limestone of the northern Mississippi Valley and from the Kimmswick Limestone at Glen Park.
Wells, J. W.
1940. Sphaerospongia in the Tully Formation. Jour. Paleontol., 14: pp. 502-504, 2 text-figs.
Sphaerospongia cf. S. tessellata Wells is illustrated and described from the Tully Limestone, where it occurs with Receptaculites (7?) sp., In New York.
Westgate, L. G. and Knopf, Adolph
1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche district of Nevada. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 171, 79 pp., 8 pls., 18 text-figs.
Calathium sp. is reported from the Beekmantownian Yellow Hill Limestone near Yellow Hill. Rauwffella? sp., a problematic form, and Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott, and R. mammillaris Walcott are reported from the Chazyan Tank Hill Limestone in the Ely Springs Range.
Wetzel, Otto 1940. Mikropalontologische Untersuchungen an eozoischen und palaozooischen Kieselgesteinen aus Nord amerika (U.S.A. und Kanada). Zentralbl. Mineralogie, Abt. B, Nr. 8, pp. 60-86. The paper deals with microfossils which occur in chert nodules at various points in North America. Most significant for the pres- ent summary is the reported occurrence of an isolated single sponge spicule from the Beltian Spokane rocks in a colony of Collenia nodosa Walcott from 8 miles west of White Sulphur Springs, Montana. Other occurrences of sponges in Ordovician and Silurian siliceous
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 135
rocks are noted from Iowa and New York. The Precambrian occur- rence is in the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
White, C. A.
1877. Fossils of the Canadian Period, Chapter IV. Jn Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1878, and 1874. U.S. Geog. Surv. West 100th Meridian, pp. 50-61, pl. 3.
A single fragment of Receptaculites (?) sp. is reported and des- cribed from Ordovician rocks near Fish Springs, House Range, Utah.
Whiteaves, J. F.
1880. Appendix 1, on some Silurian and Devonian fossils from Manitoba and the Valley of the Nelson and Churchill Rivers, for the most part collected by Dr. R. Bell in the summer of 1879. In Report on Explorations on the Churchill and Nelson Rivers and around God’s and Island Lakes, 1879. Geol. Surv. Canad. Rept. Prog. 1878-79, pp. 45c-5le.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported from the banks of the Red River, in the Parish of St. Andrews, Manitoba, and from the second and third Limestone Rapids of the Nelson River.
1881. Appendix 1, List of fossils collected by Dr. R. Bell in Mani- toba during season of 1880. Jn Bell, Robert. Report on Hud- son’s Bay and some of the lakes and rivers lying to the west of it, 1879-80. Geol. Surv. Canad. Rept. Prog. 1879-80, pp. 57c- 58c.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from the ‘‘Galena Limestone’”’ at East Selkirk, Manitoba.
1899. Address by J. F. Whiteaves, Vice-President and Chairman, Section E; The Devonian System in Canada. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 48: pp. 193-223 (reprinted in: 1899, Amer. Geol., 24: pp. 210-240; Science, n. s., 10: pp. 402-412, 480-438).
Sphaerospongia tesselata is reported as the most characteristic species of the Stringocephalus zone in Manitoba. Two undesignated species of sponges are reported from the Hamilton Formation of Ontario, two species, including Receptaculitidae, are reported from the vicinity of Lakes Winnepegosis and Manitoba, and one species from the Devonian of the McKenzie River basin.
136 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
1899. Recent discovery of rocks of the age of the Trenton For- mation at Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, Ungava. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, 7: pp. 483-484.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported from the fauna of Akpatok Island, although the specimen is a small, well worn individual.
1902. The fossils of the Galena-Trenton and Black River forma- tions of Lake Winnipeg and its vicinity. Geol. Surv. Canad., Palaeozoic Fossils, III, 3: pp. 129-242, pls. 21-22.
Receptaculites, Ischadites, Pasceolus, Aulocopella, and Tricho- spongia are reported from the Ordovician in the vicinity of Lake Winnipeg. Receptaculites oweni Hall, Ischadites cowensis (Owen), Pasceolus (now Nidulites) gregarius Billings, and P. hospitalis (Salter) are illustrated and described. Aulocopella winnipegensis Rauff is illustrated and described, as is the new species T'richospongia hystrix Whiteaves.
1906. Palaeozoic fossils, Vol. 3, part 4 (and last). Geol. Surv. Canad., pp. 239-352, pls. 23-42, text-figs. 20-25.
Sphaerospongia tesselata (Phillips) recorded in “Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology” vol. 1, p. 259, is considered here as Re- ceptaculites sp. indeterminate.
Whitfield, R. P.
1888. Part III, Palaeontology. Jn Geology of Wisconsin. Geol. Surv. Wisc., 1, Survey of 1873-1879, pp. 163-349.
Cerionites dactyloides (Owen), Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall, and Receptaculites oweni Hall, are described and illustrated from the Niagara and Galena formations of Wisconsin.
Wisconsin fossils listed include: Astylospongia sp. from Trenton and Galena rocks, Receptaculites globulum Hall (now Ischadites iowen- sis), R. (now Ischadites) iowensis Owen, and R. oweni Hall from Galena rocks, and Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall, R. (now Ischa- dites) infundibuliformus Hall, and Cerionites dactyloides (Owen) from Trenton rocks.
1886. Notice of a new fossil body, probably a sponge related to Dictyophyton. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, no. 8: pp. 346- 348, pl. 35, figs. 1-9.
A new genus, Rhombodictyon, with the type species R. reniforme is proposed. The following species and variety are described and and figured: R. reniforme n. sp., R. reniforme rhombiforme n. sp., R.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 137
discus n. sp. The collecting horizon is assumed to be the Utica Slate, a few feet from an outcrop containing Norman’s Kill-type graptolites, near Kenwood, New York. All figures are lithographs.
Ruedemann (1925) concluded these markings are inorganic and should not be placed among the sponges.
1895. Republication of descriptions of fossils from the Hall col- lection in the American Museum of Natural History, from the report of progress for 1861 of the Geological Survey of Wiscon- sin, by James Hall, with illustrations from the original type specimens not heretofore figured. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, pt. 2: pp. 39-74, pls. 4-12.
Quoted descriptions of Hall are given for Receptaculites oweni Hall, R. globularis (now Ischadites towensis (Owen)) Hall, R. fungosus (now I. iowensis (Owen)) Hall, R. (now Ischadites) infundibulum Hall, and R. hemisphericus Hall, and original types are figured for the first time.
1900. Observations on and descriptions of Arctic fossils. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13, art. 2: pp. 19-22.
The new species Receptaculites pearyi is described from the Si- lurian rocks of Cope Bay, Princess Marie Bay. This species is similar to R. oweni Hall, but differs from that form by having larger cells, even close to the point of origin.
Whitfield, R. P. and Hovey, E. O.
1898. Catalogue of the types and figured specimens in the pale- ontological collection of the Geological Department, American Museum of Natural History. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., MM. pt: 1: pp: |—72? pt. 2, pp. 73-188.
This list includes types from the Ordovician and Silurian. Those types from the Ordovician include: Rhombodictyon discum Whit- field, R. reniforme Whitfield, and R. reniforme rhombiforme Whit- field.
Types from the Silurian include: Astylospongia Roemer, Astylo- spongia (Paleomanon) bursa (now P. bursa) Hall, A. praemorsa (Gold- fuss) (now A. praemorsa pusilla Hall) Hall, A. praemorsa nuxmos- chata (now Caryospongia juglans nuxmoschata) Hall, Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall, R. infundibuliformis (Eaton) (now Ischadites in- fundibulum (Hall)) Hall, R. (now Ischadites) infundibulum Hall, R. (now Ischadites) ohioensis Hall and Whitfield, and R. (now Ischadites) subturbinatus Hall.
138 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Whitlow, J. W. and Brown, C. E.
1963. Geology of the Dubuque North quadrangle, lowa-Wiscon- sin-Illinois. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1123-C, pp. 139-168, pls. 10-11, figs. 22-24.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported as a distinctive fossil of the cherty portion of the Galena Dolomite.
Whitlow, J. W. and West, W. S. 1966. Geology of the Potosi quadrangle, Grand County, Wiscon- sin, and Dubuque County, Iowa. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1123-I, pp. 553-571, pls. 33-86, text-fig. 67. Receptaculites owent Hall is reported as common in the upper Receptaculites zone in the Stewartville Member in the noncherty unit of the Galena Dolomite.
Williams, H. S. 1895. Geological Biology—An introduction to the geological his- tory of organisms. Henry Holt and Co., New York. 395 pp., 120 text-figs. Sponges are included with Coelenterata in this early work. As- tylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) is briefly described and illustrated as typical of the group.
Williams, J. S.
1948. Geology of the Paleozoic rocks, Logan quadrangle, Utah. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 59, no. 11: pp. 1121-1168, 6 pls., 2 text-figs.
“Several kinds” of sponges occur in the Garden City formation
of northeastern Utah.
Williams, M. Y.
1919. The Silurian geology and faunas of Ontario Peninsula, and Manitoulin and adjacent Islands. Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem. 111, 195 pp., 34 pls., 6 text-figs.
Receptaculites (now Ischadites) canadensis Billings is listed from the Cabot Head Shale at Stoney Creek and Kelso, along the Niagara escarpment.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 139
Many sponges are reported to have been collected from the Ancaster Chert member of the Lockport Dolomite, and Astylospongia praemorsa (?) (Goldfuss) is reported in a faunal list from the forma- tion at Hamilton, Ontario.
1960. Evolution of Palaeozoic life: Ordovician to Permian. In Cameron, T. W. M. ed. Evolution: Its science and doctrine. Symposium presented to the Roy. Soc. Canad., pp. 22-43.
Statement is made that eight genera of siliceous sponges are guides to the Cambrian; four to the Ordovician, and two to the Si- lurian. Four genera of calcareous sponges are reported to extend from the Cambrian to the Pennsylvanian. Astraeospongia is re- ported to be restricted to the Silurian, and the receptaculitid, Re- ceptaculites to the Ordovician.
Willis, Bailey 1912. Index to the stratigraphy of North America. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 71, 894 pp., 1 pl., 19 text-figs.
Eospongia sp. is reported from Unit M of Billings’ Ordovician section of the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland. The quasi- sponge, Calathium n. sp. is reported from the Ordovician E] Paso Limestone at Van Horn and El Paso, Texas; and sponges are re- ported from Grenvillian rocks at St. John, New Brunswick, but no names are given.
Astylospongia (now Caryomanon) parvula Billings, and the re- ceptaculitid, Pasceolus globosus Billings, are reported from Trenton- ian rocks at Ottawa, Ontario.
Receptaculites oweni Hall is reported from the Montoya Lime- stone in the Caballo Mountains of New Mexico and from Ordovician rocks on Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. R. occidentalis Salter is re- ported from Black River beds at Ottawa, Ontario. Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Silurian rocks of Ellesmereland.
Willman, H. B. and Payne, J. N.
1943. Early Ordovician strata along Fox River in northern II- linois. Jour. Geol., 51, no. 8: pp. 531-541.
Receptaculites sp. is reported as abundant in the upper Galena Dolomite along the banks of Fox River, in several small abandoned quarries north of Millbrook, near the mouth of Little Rock Creek, and on the southeast side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Little Rock Creek.
140 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Wilson, A. E.
1921. The range of certain Lower Ordovician faunas of the Ot- tawa Valley with descriptions of some new species. Canad. Geol. Surv. (Nat. Mus.) Bull. 38, pp. 19-57, 3 plates, 7 text- figs.
Hindia parva Ulrich is reported from the Leray Formation, and Receptaculites occidentalis is reported from the Leray and Rockland formations.
1931. Notes on the Baffin Land fossils collected by J. Dewey Spoer during 1925 and 1929. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad., ser 3, 25, section IV, pp. 288-292, pl. 1, figs. 1-4, pl. 2, figs. 1-5.
Specimens of Receptaculites occidentalis and Receptaculites cf. arc- ticus collected in Baffin Land are described and figured. The speci- mens are stored in the National Museum of Canada, in Ottawa.
1947. The Algae, Spongiae, Anthozoa, Stromatoporoidea, Grap- toloidea, Vermes, Conodonts and trails of the Ottawa Forma- tion, within the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland (abstr.). Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad., 41, sec. 3, p. 192.
The paper deals with miscellaneous groups of organisms which are sparsely represented in the Ottawa Formation. No mention is made of sponges in the abstract, other than in the title.
1948. Miscellaneous classes of fossils, Ottawa formation, Ottawa- St. Lawrence Valley. Geol. Surv. Canad. Bull. 11, 116 pp., 28 pls., 4 text-figs.
The new genus Okulitchina, and the new species O. magna, O. parva, Astylospongia? perplexa, Steliella ottawaensis, Brachiospongia hullensis, Ischadites ottawaensis are described. In addition, specimens of Caryomanon parvulum (Billings), Hindia parva Ulrich, Steliella billingst Hinde, S. crassa Hinde, Brachiospongia cf. digitata (Owen), Ischadites iowensis (Owen), Pasceolus globosus Billings, Receptaculites occidentalis Salter are described and figured.
The descriptions of Ischadites refers the crystalline calcitic or empty molds of the rhabs to a canal system as well as the radiating clads at the outer surfaces of the shafts or rhabs.
Photographs well illustrate the specimens described. 1957. A guide to the geology of the Ottawa district. Canad.
Field natur., 70, 1956, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 5 pls., 1 map numerous text-figs.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 141
Sponges and “‘near sponges’’ are briefly discussed and illustrated. Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Pasceolus are considered “‘near sponges.”’ Steliella billingsi Hinde, S. ottawaensis Wilson, S. crassa Hinde and Receptaculites occidentalis Salter are illustrated.
Wilson A. G. 1895. The Upper Silurian in northeastern Iowa. Amer. Geol., 16: pp. 275-281. Cerionites dactyloides (Owen) is abundant in the upper ‘‘Pent- amerus beds’’ within the state.
Wilson, C. W., Jr. 1948. The geology of Nashville, Tennessee. Tenn. Div. Geol. Bull. 58, 172 pp., 29 pls., 1 text-fig.
Hindia parva Ulrich is reported as abundant in the Upper Cannon and Catheys Formations and common in the Constellaria beds of the latter formation. H. ef. sphaeroidalis Duncan is reported as abundant in the upper part of the Catheys Formation as well. Sac- cospongia danvillensis Ulrich and S. laxata Bassler are reported as abundant in the upper dove-colored member of the Cannon Lime- stone. Hindia parva Ulrich, H. cf. sphaeroidalis Duncan, and Sacco- spongia danvillensis Ulrich are also figured.
Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) is listed and illustrated from the Bledsoe Limestone at Bakers Station.
The sponge-bed of early workers is named after the abundant stromatoporoid, Stromatocerium pustulosum, and not sponges in the present sense.
1949. Pre-Chattanooga stratigraphy in Central Tennessee. Bull. Tenn. Div. Geol., 56: 407 pp., 28 pls., 89 text-figs.
Zittelella varians (Billings) is reported from the Ordovician Mur- freesboro and Ridley Limestones, and Camarocladia implicatum Bass- ler is listed from the Lebanon Limestone. Dystactospongia minor Ulrich and Everett is listed from the Lower Carters Limestone, and Dystactospongia n. sp. and Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan are reported from the Hermitage Formation.
Hindia sphaeroidalis var. Dunean and H. parva Ulrich are listed from the Bigby Limestone, and H. parva Ulrich, Saccospongia dan- villensis Ulrich and S. laxata Bassler are listed from the Cannon Limestone. Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan, H. cf. sphaeroidalis Dun- ean, and H. parva Ulrich are listed from the Catheys Formation.
142 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Dystactospongia insolens Miller and Hindia sphaeroidalis var. Dunean are listed from the Leipers Formation and Heterospongia subramosa Ulrich, Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan, and Dystactospongia sp. are listed from the Arnheim Formation.
Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer), Astylomanon (now Palaeo- manon) cratera (Roemer), Caryomanon inciso-lobatum (Roemer), and C. (now Carpomanon) stellatim-sulcatum (Roemer) are reported from the Silurian Beech River Formation in Decatur County. Astylo- spongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) and Caryomanon (now Carpomanon) stellatim-sulcatum (Roemer) are reported from the Bob Limestone. Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) is listed from the Decatur Lime- stone and Bledsoe Limestone, and Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan is listed from the Bledsoe Limestone and overlying Devonian Ross Limestone.
Saccospongia danvillensis Ulrich from the Cannon Limestone, Hindia parva Ulrich and H. cf. sphaeroidalis Duncan from the Catheys Formation, H. gregaria Miller and Dyer from the Leipers Formation, Astraeospongia meniscus (Roemer) from the Bledsoe Limestone, and Caryospongia juglans (now C. juglans nuxmoschata (Hall)) (Quen- stedt) and Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss) (now A. praemorsa pusilla (Hall)) from the Waldron Shale are illustrated.
Wilson, C. W., Jr. and Wilson, J. M.
1962. The occurrence of Brachiospongia in the Ordovician of Tennessee. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 37: pp. 117-118, 2 text-figs. Troost’s original description of a sponge later named Brachio- spongia digitata was based upon a specimen from Tennessee. In 1940 several specimens were found in the uppermost Cannon Lime- stone in Carthage Quadrangle, Tennessee, but now all but one speci-
men are covered with subsequent construction.
Wilson, J. L.
1950. An Upper Cambrian pleospongid?. Jour. Paleontol., 24, no. 0: pp. 591-598, pl. 80, 1 text-fig.
Wilbernicyathus donegani Wilson n. g. and sp. is described and figured with photographs. The species occurs in the uppermost Morgan Creek member of the Wilberns Formation, Camp San Saba section in the Llano Uplift of Texas. This form is now considered a lithistid sponge on the basis of spicule structure.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 143
Winchell, Alexander and Marcy, Oliver 1866. Enumeration of fossils collected in the Niagara Limestone at Chicago, Illinois, with descriptions of several new species. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem. 1, pp. 81-114, pls. 2, 3. Ischadites tessellatus (now I. infundibulum Hall) is described and illustrated as a new species, with mention of its occurrence in the Silurian rocks of Chicago. The species is compared to other receptac- ulitids.
Winchell, N. H. and Schuchert, Charles 1895. Sponges, Graptolites, and Corals from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota. Minn. Geol. Surv. Final Rept., 3, pt. 1: pp. 55-95, pls. F, G., 7 text-figs.
Receptaculitids are extensively reviewed and current synonymy given for the American species. Genera treated include Receptac- ulites, Ischadites, Lepidolites, and Cerionites, with descriptions of R. oweni Hall and I. iowensis (Owen). A synonymy is presented for each of the following: R. arcticus Etheridge, R. calciferus Billings, R. mammillaris Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, R. ellipticus Walcott, R. occidentalis Salter, R. infundibuliformis Eaton, R. bursiformis Hall, R.? sacculus Hall, R. insularis Billings, R.? elegantulus Billings, and R.? devonicus Whitfield, in addition to J. cyathiformis Hall, J. circularis (Emmons), I. jones Billings, I. squamifer Hall, I. tessellatus (now I. infundibulum (Hall)) Winchell and Marcy, J. canadensis (Billings), I. subturbinatus Hall and J. (now Receptaculites) hemi- sphericus Hall, and L. dickhauti Ulrich and C. dactylioides Owen.
A proposal is given to change the name Anomaloides to Anomalo- spongia, since now the sponge origin of the fossil is known, along with an extensive description of A. reticulatus Ulrich, in a paper within this larger compilation. Ulrich’s proposal has not been ac- cepted.
The original description of Rauffella and of R. filosa and R. pal- mipes, of Cylindrocoelia and C. minnesotensis, of Heterospongia and H. subramosa(?), and of Hindia parva, all by Ulrich, are quoted, along with figures of each species, in addition to R. oweni Hall, J. towensis (Owen), I. koenigii (Murchison), Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich and Anomalospongia (now Anomaloides) reticulata Ulrich.
Winchell, N. H. and Ulrich, E. O. 1897. Introduction to vol. III, part II. The Lower Silurian deposits of the Upper Mississippi Province: a correlation of
144 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
the strata with those in the Cincinnati, Tennessee, New York, and Canadian Provinces, and the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of the fossils, pp. CX XVIII. Jn Minn. Geol. Surv. Geol. Minn., 3, part 2, Final Rept.
The following sponges are listed from Trenton and Cincinnati periods: Receptaculites owent Hall, Receptaculites sp. undet., Ischa- dites iowensis Owen, Rauffella filosa Ulrich, Rauffella palmipes Ul- rich, Heterospongia subramosa Ulrich, Hindia inaequalis Ulrich, Hindia parva Ulrich, Cylindrocoelia minnesotensis Ulrich, Brachio- spongia (?) robbinsi Ulrich, Calathiwm (?) clavatum Ulrich, Calathiwm (?) hexagonalis Ulrich, Camarocladia dichotoma Ulrich and Everett Camarocladia fruticosa Ulrich, Camarocladia rugosa Ulrich.
Woodford, A. O. 1965. Historical Geology. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 512 pp., 407 text-figs. Sponges are reported as occurring in the Middle and Upper Cambrian, but not in the Lower Cambrian. Archaeocyathids are referred to Porifera (?).
Woods, Henry 1896. Elementary palaeontology, Invertebrate. Cambridge Univ. Press. 295 pp., 1122 figs:
An introductory treatment of invertebrate paleontology with a general treatment of sponges. Astraeospongia, Astylospongia, and Protospongia fenestrata Salter are given as examples, along with the receptaculitids [schadites and Receptaculites.
1937. Palaeontology, Invertebrate. Cambridge Univ. Press, Lon- don. 475 pp., 221 text-figs.
A fairly detailed discussion of the morphology and occurrence of sponges is presented in this text-book treatment. Astraeospongia sp., Astylospongia praemorsa (Goldfuss), Protospongia fenestrata Salter, and Pyritonema sp. are mentioned. TJschadites and Receptaculites are examples of receptaculitids used in the discussion.
Worthen, A. H. and Meek, F. B.
1875. Palaeontology of Illinois, section II. Descriptions of inverte- brates. Geol. Surv. Illinois, 6, Geology and Palaeontology, pp. 489-532, pls. 23-83, 3 text-figs.
RIGBY AND NITECKI: PALEOZOIC SPONGES 145
Cnemidium (?) trentonensis Worthen [new sp.?] is described and illustrated from Dixon, Lee County, Illinois, from lower Trenton rocks. The species is compared to Astylospongia.
Astylospongia praemorsa (?) (Goldfuss) is described and illus- trated from rocks believed to be of Niagaran age from Carnell County, Illinois.
Receptaculites formosum Meek and Worthen (now Ischadites in- fundibulum (Hall)) is described and illustrated from Niagaran rocks at Bridgeport, Cook County, Illinois.
Zittel, Karl A.
1877. Studien iiber fossile Spongien, I Abtheil., Hexactinellidae. Abhandl. d. math.-phys. Classe d. Kon. Bayer. Akad Wissen- schaften, 13: pp. 1-68, pls. 1-4.
The systematic position, type of preservation, morphologic char- acter, and classification of fossil hexactinellids, mainly Mesozoic forms, are given. Lyssakina, whose skeletal spicules are mainly free, and Dictyonina, whose skeletal spicules are mainly fused to form a lattice-like mesh, are the two main divisions recognized.
Paleozoic genera included in the Family Astylospongidae are: Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, Eospongia, and Protachilleum, all but the latter present in North America. The only other North American Early Paleozoic sponges noted are included in the Family Eure- tidae, including the following: ?Protospongia, Calathium, Archaeo- cyathus, ?Trachyum. Brief descriptions are given of each of the above genera.
1878-1880. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Vol. 1 Protozoa, Coel- enterata, Echinodermata, und Molluscoidea. Druck und Ver- lag von R. Oldenbourg, Munchen and Leipzig. 765 pp., 558 text-figs.
Aulocopium aurantium, from siliceous pebbles within the alluvium of North Germany and the genera Aulocopina Billings and Siluri- spongia Martin, both also from the Silurian, are reported within the Family Tetracladina, while Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, and Lo- spongia are reported from the Silurian (now Ordovician and Silurian), and A. praemorsa (Goldfuss) is illustrated.
Protospongia, Calathium, Trachyuwm, Archaeocyathus, Brachio- spongia, and Rhabdaria are listed as within the Family Euretidae and Astraeospongium in the lyssakid Family Monakidae.
146 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY, VOLUME 18
Archaeocyathus, Calathium, Eospongia, Rhabdaria and Trachyum are cited as the oldest known sponge remains and occur in the Pots- dam or Calciferous beds of Canada. Astraeospongium, Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, Protachilleum, Protospongia, Acanthospongia, Auloco- pium, and Aulocopina along with Brachiospongia and Palaeospongia, are listed as from the Silurian beds.
1879. Studien uber fossile Spongien. III., IV., V., Monactinel-
lidae, Tetractinellidae, und Calcispongiae. Abh. math.-phys.
C. bayer. Akad. Wissens. xiii. pt. 2, pp. 1-48, pls. 11, 12 to which
the pages given below refer. (Translated in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 5, 3: pp. 304 and 364; 4: pp. 61 and 120, and mainly
reproduced in Neus. Jahrb. Min. Paleo. and “‘Beitrage zur Sys- tematik der Fossilen Spongien,”’ Stuttgart: 1879, 10 pls.)
Cliona Grant, a burrowing form, may be traced back to Silurian
beds. All other forms mentioned are late Paleozoic or younger.
A classification and list of genera and species involved are presented.
1884. Ueber Astylospongidae und Anomocladina. Neus. Jahrb. Min. etc., 2: pp. 75-80, pls. 1, 2.
Hinde’s comparison of the Astylospongidae with the Anomo- cladina are discussed and Zittel agrees with his conclusions. The family Astylospongidae is removed from the Hexactinellidae and is placed among the lithistids with Anomocladina. Description of the Astylospongidae is altered for the main spicules consist of simple straight or curved rod-like structures with branching extremities which form nodes. Genera included in the family are: Astylospongia, Palaeomanon, Protachilleum. Eospongia, Melonella, Cylindrophyma, Mastosia, and the living genus Vetulina. Hindia is placed in the Megamorina.
1900. Text-book of Palaeontology, vol. 1, trans. and ed. by East- man, Charles R. MacMillan & Co., London. 706 pp., 1476 figs.
This is an English translation of the Grundziige der Palaeontologie. The section on sponges is essentially as in the original.
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