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SURVEY NATURAL A oe seme aie ow ead. oa poet : ae ay a {hee x NHA FIELDIANA NATURAL HISTOR Zoology fui Published by Field Museum of Natural History AUG 6 1985 New Series, No. 21 LIBRARY ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF BIRD AND MAMMAL SPECIES OF COCHA CASHU BIOLOGICAL STATION, MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU JOHN W. TERBORGH JOHN W. FITZPATRICK LOUISE EMMONS January 31, 1984 Publication 1352 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF BIRD AND MAMMAL SPECIES OF COCHA CASHU BIOLOGICAL STATION, MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU FIELDIANA Zoology Published by Field Museum of Natural History New Series, No. 21 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF BIRD AND MAMMAL SPECIES OF COCHA CASHU BIOLOGICAL STATION, MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU JOHN W. TERBORGH Department of Biology Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 JOHN W. FITZPATRICK Division of Birds Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History LOUISE EMMONS Division of Mammals U.S. National Museum of Natural History Washington, D.C. 20560 January 31, 1984 Publication 1352 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 83-82244 ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS INtrOGUGCHON yao -sronace as gic chciaboke rer spacey sees Any oak ay as ee A oP eRe whe eset ate ee 1 Stady/Siteand: Methods = sierra ore ecsea ee nsecn ve ia pmev or rie nthe Marah canta cee eae 1 Evolutioniofthe landscape aegiciy eoit on netics etic eke co ene anes Pee gc Un neat Nee mice ote 3 The Listsiand* heir, Godestiss canst eesonr nee eke rn RR one eat area ee as ae mea S Pla bitats fereec secession Vasisvuv ences acai site oRberh ban enai oka foaicoh ra une eau sohas ees Pe ceca Mae HE 5 FOraging POSitiOny 2.2 chess oy Soc eciis ss ceva edt te ica 9 us wee LOA t er ee ey oe orto, et ES 6 SoGiality.( Birds) tnctemc peas eset eg ee ras ao vs Sve se oN Segre oP Me oe en pee eee ri iat dese heart 7 PADUNG ANC ee eters er ee artes rare Na Peric Fel ay even Lae CMP ENS We Rede seat eNE Mla T aioe eee Gs 7 Activity Penod (Mammals) icone cccn ener tact eb ne eae de ty eile. oh, See ees vf Other Symibols yy sss ae sear ec eerseEooak hove oe een oh oree ean a atta RO 7 Noteworthy Ormnithologicall Records iis eravunc vanes sen cara twas oa ean TE ses 8 WUndescribed: Species cic cra eee as cect sca etama oe ere ate ie oho Rene mone se courant onan 8 New! Records tor:Perud: 20a iueke Mi heuiar ccs eal aight le havsticthsaee ene tire n ae ensue teh ey emis 8 Range EXtensions) 2.8 cates. can erence aks eines rte vateae coeatanne Sans Seltetice oft Mittens wig dale sere Rea ee 9 Rareand ittle-known'S peciesiccc caso: tess each ses oct tee ae Caer ns ees Let eee Ba wees 10 ACKNOWIECR MEN tS. oe3 oes Ais eo Rae Sead erin TON ct ae EAR HEN eaten teers 12 Isteratune Cited pooh. one eet se hs bo erate tie osu Fay tag Soh Waser ices ee SIT oR 13 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map of Manu National Park, showing the location of Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Pakitza Control Post along the Rio Manu ............. 2 2. Aerial photograph of the Rio Manu taken during a dry season ..............-4. 4 LIST OF TABLES dz. Key:toisymbolsiused insTables'2.ang'3e cise.c asses cesar esc ee ose oh Pee 14 2. List of 526 bird species and their habitats, behavior, andabundance ............. 15 3. List of 99 mammal species and their habitats, behavior, and abundance ........... a INTRODUCTION In 1973, with financial support provided by the World Wildlife Fund, the govern- ment of Peru established one of the largest national parks in the world. Encompassing approximately 15,320 sq. km, the Manu National Park includes nearly the entire drainage system of the Manu River and adjacent eastern Andean slopes in southeast- ern Peru (Fig. 1). The park lies largely in the department of Madre de Dios, with its western, mountainous border including a small segment of the department of Cuzco. Virtually the entire park consists of virgin tropical forest of several types. The west- ernmost fifth of the park includes a cross section of moist eastern Andean habitats, from upper tropical forests of the foothills up through all stages of subtropical cloud forest to elfin forests and moist puna grasslands at the summit of the eastern Cordil- lera. Few areas of the earth remain as uninhabited and undisturbed as that currently pro- tected by the Manu National Park. In an age when broad expanses of virgin tropical habitats are becoming increasingly scarce, the fauna and flora of Manu provide a priceless index of the staggering biotic diversity characterizing western Amazonia and the eastern Andes, which biologists are only beginning to inventory. In this re- port we present a species-level compilation of the birds and mammals found over an eight-year period at one tropical elevation site along the Manu River, and a coded summary of their ecological status at this site. STUDY SITE AND METHODS Cocha Cashu Biological Station is a remote outpost located about 45 km northwest (= 80 river km upstream) from the mouth of the Rio Manu (Fig. 1; 11° 55’ S, 77° 18' W; elev. approx. 380 m) and about 8 km inside the border of Manu National Park. The station is administered by the Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccién General For- estal y de Fauna, Peru. It consists of two thatched-roof houses and a network of trails, totaling roughly 20 km, cut through all major habitats associated with a meandering “white water” river and its oxbow lakes. The houses are located on the bank of one oxbow lake, Cocha Cashu, about 0.5 km from the river. The predominant habitat is a stately, river flood plain, evergreen tropical forest with a 40-m canopy; numerous emergent trees exceed 50 m. Other habitats include earlier successional stages of vege- tation along the river and oxbow lake margins, large tracts of seasonally inundated swamp forest, marshes, and Mauritia palm stands. The only artificial clearing is about 0.5 ha surrounding the houses. Compilation of the present list began with Terborgh’s first visit to Cocha Cashu in July 1973. Various biologists, principally from Princeton University, have worked at the site and added to the list during every dry season (June-Sept.) thereafter. Since 1976, at least one researcher has been present during most wet seasons as well. Orni- thologists are more numerous from June through December, but some have been nj 1 FE 72. 7 Rio Men, 12° Ga Sa Vee peewee. ae ~~ Qiping rs Fa rere | a Qn - 13 * 99, 13° ON.-’e : ~~ “Oo, Parque Nacional ZegN. 08 del Manu O Paucartambo N 50 Km Oo CUZCO 71° bes I FiGuRE 1. Map of Manu National Park (area within solid line), showing the location of Cocha Cashu Biological Station (solid circle) and the Pakitza Control Post (solid triangle) along the Rio Manu. Inset at upper right shows approximate size and location within Peru of the enlarged map. Adapted from map provided by the Direccién General Forestal y de Fauna, Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru. TERBORGH ET AL.: BIRDS AND MAMMALS AT MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU 3 present through both climatic seasons. Emmons has undertaken live-trapping of mammals from June through December of several years. Collection of scientific voucher specimens is prohibited in the national park. Al- though this presents an inconvenience for a few difficult identifications involved here, we have circumvented the problem in several ways. Most importantly, a large scale and long-term bird banding program has been under way since 1974. To date we have captured, banded, measured, photographed, and released roughly 5,000 indi- vidual birds representing about 260 of the 526 avian species reported here. Virtually without exception, these data permit positive identification even in the trickiest cases. We have also obtained specimens of several problem species, both birds and mam- mals, through collecting efforts along the Rio Manu outside the park’s boundary (Pa- kitza Control Post, see Fig. 1). These specimens are identified and deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural “Javier Prado” (Lima), Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago), the American Museum of Natural History (New York), and the U.S. Na- tional Museum of Natural History (Washington, D.C.; mammals only). Mammals present the more severe problem of identification. In large part the mam- mal list is compiled from field observations and live-captured animals which were measured, weighed, photographed, and released unharmed. Identifications remain tentative in a few cases, especially within the genera Oryzomys and Myotis. The bird list can be considered virtually error-free despite its reliance upon sight records and live, photographed specimens. The mammal list is less complete (espe- cially in Rodentia and Chiroptera); confirmation of certain species awaits the avail- ability of specimens from the area. EVOLUTION OF THE LANDSCAPE Much of the landscape of the lower Manu basin has been molded by the Rio Manu itself, a silt-laden, meandering river about 150 m wide (Fig. 2). Each year during the rainy period that extends from December until April, the river floods many times, ris- ing as much as 5 to 8 m above its normal level. The violent currents that accompany these floods cut deeply into exposed banks, carrying with them vast quantities of sediment and countless uprooted trees. As the waters subside sediment is deposited in backwater pools and eddies, creating the extensive beaches and mud flats that are prominent during the drier months. Tree trunks accumulate wherever there are shal- lows or obstacles in the river, such as islands or sharp bends. The Manu flows through a broad alluvial plain, often many kilometers wide. Over a span of hundreds or thousands of years the main channel has shifted slowly back and forth from one side of the plain to the other. A time-lapse film taken at the speed of one or two frames a year would show the river wriggling sporadically like a slender snake. If one were to focus attention on a single bend, it would begin as a slight curve that would become more and more exaggerated at an ever accelerating pace, until it was an extended narrow-waisted loop, perhaps 1 or 2 km long. Suddenly, in the pass- ing of a single frame, the river would rama short cut through the narrow waist, aban- doning the isolated loop to a new, more tranquil kind of geological evolution as an oxbow lake. Observing now the lake instead of the river, one would see it gradually fill in with floating mats of grasses and herbs, then tall stands of bananalike “platanil- los” (Heliconia spp.) spreading from its ends and sides. Later, grotesque sprawling figs (Ficus spp.) supported by thickets of stiltlike adventitious roots appear. The in- vading figs are eventually replaced by other tree species with more conventional up- right forms. 4 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY FiGurE 2. Aerial photograph of the Rio Manu, taken during a dry season (26 September 1962) by the Instituto Geografico Militar, Peru. Note the meandering pathway of the river and its sand beaches, smaller tributaries, and oxbow lakes of several ages. Cocha Cashu Biological Station is located just out of the picture to the upper left (upstream). Pakitza Control Post (white dot along river) is near the lower right corner of the picture. Traces of the long-vanished lake remain visible for many years, probably centu- ries. An aerial photo reveals a complex history that can be reconstructed by careful attention to the subtle shading that denotes forest types of different age and composi- tion (see Fig. 2). With the exception of a few remnant outcroppings, there is hardly a spot that is free of indications that it was once a levee, backwater, beach, or lake bot- tom. Travellers entering the Manu forest for the first time are invariably impressed by the towering trees overhead and the deep shade beneath. The appearances conform to everyone's preconception of the forest primeval. Virgin forest it is, in the sense that man has had no role in its history; in terms of tree generations, it is unlikely to be very old. The oldest forests are on elevated ground, raised river terraces, and the eroded remnants of uplifted foothills. Yet these forests are often not very impressive because the soil is less nutrient-enriched. The finest stands of giant trees are found in the much younger forests of the alluvial plain, where the soils are closer to the water table and enriched by many layers of fine silt deposited by the river's annual incursions. These TERBORGH ET AL.: BIRDS AND MAMMALS AT MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU_ 5 conditions are conducive to rapid tree growth and attainment of great heights, up to 50 m or more. Subtle distinctions in forest type at Cocha Cashu appear to be only of modest im- portance to most birds and mammals. The age of a forest and its plant species compo- sition are minor influences, relative to its gross structural features and its production of harvestable resources: insects, fruits, nuts, nectar, and so on. As shown by our tab- ulations, almost precisely the same birds occupy the young forests of the alluvial plain and the old forests on raised hilltops, although the tree species composition of these forest types is almost entirely different. In discriminating between habitats, birds seem to respond to features that are obvious even to a casual human observer. Whether the trees are tall or not; the understory is sunny or shaded; the site is subject to flooding or well-drained; the vegetation in question is continuous such as the for- est, patchy such as marshes, bamboo thickets, and treefall openings, or linear such as stream margins and shores—these are the important factors. A detailed analysis of these patterns of habitat use is being prepared, but the gross patterns are evident in our habitat notes coded in Tables 1 and 2. THE LISTS AND THEIR CODES Table 2 presents the systematic listing of 526 species of birds identified through 1982 at Cocha Cashu and vicinity. For the most part, we adopt the family and generic sequence and the taxonomy of Morony et al. (1975), but we follow Meyer de Schauensee (1966) for the Furnariidae and Traylor (ed., 1980) for the Tyrannidae, Pipridae, and Cotingidae. The tityras and becards (Tityrinae; incertae sedis) are list- ed with the Cotingidae. Table 3 presents the systematic listing of 99 species of mammals at Cocha Cashu, including eight whose existence is strongly suspected but requires confirmation (iden- tified by asterisks). The nomenclature of neotropical mammals undergoes frequent changes as genera are revised. No standardized list of names for mammals exists that is comparable to those available for birds. Most names given here are those in current use. For phyllostomid bats we follow Jones & Carter (1976). Proechimys is being re- vised by A. L. Gardner, J. L. Patton, and L. H. Emmons; to avoid confusion we have indicated the karyotype for species of this genus. Subspecific names have been includ- ed in a few cases where the number of valid species is in question. Listed with each species in both tables are four columns of letter codes. These codes summarize our knowledge of habitat, foraging position, sociality (birds), activity period (mammals), and relative abundance for each species. The following brief de- scription of the codes will aid the reader in interpreting them and show how each col- umn should be read. All codes are summarized for more convenient reference in Ta- ble 1. HABITATS As mentioned above, the various habitats that seem to be distinguished by the birds and mammals of the area are in large part easily recognized by humans. The dis- tinctions are coarse, related to the stature of the vegetation, exposure to inundation, presence of edges, and the like. Here we provide a brief description of each habitat type, preceded by the code used in the checklist. Fh High ground forest. Mature, tall forest growing on high ground above the zone of annual inundation. Fs Swamp forest. Periodically inundated forest with trees of tall or medium stature and a more or less closed canopy. Swamp forests occur in shallow depressions that are flooded Fo Ft On” FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY by the river, or that accumulate rainwater during the wet months. Extensive stands de- velop in old lake beds. The understory is dominated by Heliconia species up to 3 m tall. Forest stream margins. Designates species that characteristically inhabit the narrow zone of tangled growth that lines the banks of small streams in the forest interior. Forest openings. Treefalls are a regular occurrence in tropical forests. A particularly large tree may push over several others on the way down, creating a jumbled opening of as much as 0.5 ha. Such openings are the favored habitat of certain birds and small mam- mals. Transitional forest. This forms an ill-defined belt of vegetation along the river margin be- tween the canebrakes and high ground forest. Several species of figs and mahogany are the dominant trees. Transitional forest is exposed to seasonal flooding but, unlike swamp forest, drains rapidly when the river recedes. The canopy is closed, the midstory is light and open, and the understory is typically a luxuriant growth of platanillos (Heliconia spp.), gingers, and other broadleafed plants. Zabolo (canebrake). This is the pioneer vegetation that represents the first stage of plant succession on recently deposited banks, sandbars, and the like. It lines the Manu on both sides except where the river cuts into steep banks. The dominant plant is a robust grass called “cana brava” (Gynerium sp.) that reaches a height of 8 to 10 m. It quickly invades open ground by means of underground runners. Another pioneer species is a slender wil- lowlike composite, Tessaria integrifolia, that often forms extensive even-aged stands on muddy flats. Cecropia sp., Ficus insipida, Ochroma (balsa), and Erythrina are typical elements of older phases of zabolo. Caria brava remains the dominant understory ele- ment throughout the zabolo zone. River margins. Species that occupy edge vegetation along the main river are given this designation. Most of these do not use the interior of the forest or the zabolo. Many are flycatchers that take perches on overhanging branches or in the treetops and sally out into the open airspace to capture their prey. Shore of river. Includes open beaches, mudflats, and the like. River. Species that swim in or catch their prey in the river. Overhead airspace. This describes the habitat of birds that soar or hunt high in the air above various kinds of vegetation. Lake. Species that swim in or catch their prey in oxbow lakes. Lake margins. Refers to the curtain of vines and dense growth that develops at the forest edge around lake margins. Marshes. Rank stands of grasses or platanillos without an overhead canopy of trees. Marshes develop in permanent shallow water, typically at the ends or shallow shores of oxbow lakes and Mauritia palm stands. Bamboo thickets. Dense stands of tall bamboo (Bambusa spp.). These usually occur in scattered open spots in transitional forest and along lake margins, occasionally along riv- er margins. Aguajales. Poorly drained depressions with permanent standing water characterized by the presence of stately aguaje palms (Mauritia vinifera). Aguajales may include patches of open water and extensive marshy areas. Usually they occur well away from the main river. Some are very large, covering a few to many square kilometers. FORAGING POSITION Many tropical birds and, to a lesser extent, mammals confine their foraging activi- ties to a narrow range of heights within the forest. In general published information on this aspect of animal behavior in the Neotropics is scanty, even for the most com- mon species. We believe that a great deal of ecological information can be coded into species lists by use of the simple designations summarized here. These designations are largely self-explanatory and are summarized for immediate reference in Table 1. Cc Se U Canopy. The highest treetops. Subcanopy. High in the trees but below the sunlit crowns. Understory. Species often seen at eye level but above the ground. TERBORGH ET AL.: BIRDS AND MAMMALS AT MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU 7 Ti Terrestrial. Foraging mainly or exclusively on the ground. V Vine tangle thickets. Extensive vine thickets form at low to medium levels in the forest in piaces where past treefalls have left openings in the canopy. Several bird and monkey species characteristically frequent such tangles. A Aerial. Species that hunt and capture their prey on the wing, e.g., swifts and swallows. WwW Water. Food taken from the water. F Fruiting trees. Frugivorous species commonly seen in aggregations at fruiting trees, espe- cially figs. SOCIALITY (BIRDS) Gregariousness is especially prevalent in tropical forests, where a large proportion of the bird species show some sort of flocking tendency. The species which join flocks seldom forage alone, and vice versa. Several categories of flocking behavior can be recognized. The codes are summarized in Table 1. S Solitary. Species that forage as individuals, in pairs, or in small family groups. Gregarious. Species that commonly travel in flocks of their own kind. G M Mixed-species flocks. Species that typically forage in mixed groups containing two to many different species. A Ant following. Species of birds that obtain food by catching insects that are fleeing ad- vancing swarms of army ants (Eciton spp.). Such birds do not flock in the strictest sense because they are not attracted to each other. The individuals apparently gravitate inde- Laysieaai to ant swarms; otherwise they go their own ways, and may frequently be seen alone. ABUNDANCE Only three designations are used: C, common; U, uncommon; and R, rare. These evaluations are relative and inevitably somewhat subjective. They refer to the vicini- ty of Cocha Cashu and are not expected to hold in other localities. Small birds and mammals maintain much greater populations on the average than large ones. This is taken into account in the evaluations, so that a common large species may be abso- lutely no more abundant (in pairs per square kilometer) than a rare small species. Fur- thermore, species listed as uncommon might actually be rather common in a narrow- ly restricted habitat. Certain bamboo specialists, for example, can be found during any walk through the limited stands of bamboo. M identifies a small number of migrant species which breed in the southern part of South America (Ms) or in North America (Mn). A number of strictly tropical species (especially water birds) are seasonal in their occurrence at Cocha Cashu. In most cases the presence or absence of these species coincides with the wet (Oct.-Mar.) and dry (April-Sept.) seasons, designated by W and D. Populations of many birds and some mammals (e.g., Didelphis, Philander, Mar- mosa, Dasyprocta, T. pecari, and Mazama) undergo substantial year-to-year fluctu- ations. The abundance designations refer to maximal observed populations. ACTIVITY PERIOD (MAMMALS) D Diurnal N Noctural OTHER SYMBOLS * Hypothetical. In the bird list, indicates a small number of species that have been seen or heard only once or twice. Occurrence is considered highly likely but further confirma- tion is desired. In the mammal list, indicates species whose occurrence in the area is strongly suspected (Grimwood, 1969) but not yet confirmed. 8 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY + Pakitza. Indicates a few species that have been observed just 10 km downstream from, but not at, Cocha Cashu (Pakitza Control Post, see Fig. 1). ( ) Species identity requires substantiation. A few species are difficult to separate in the field from close relatives. The name in parentheses indicates the most probable species. Posi- tive identification will require specimens. 1 Specimens collected on the lower Rio Manu outside the park (mammals only). NOTEWORTHY ORNITHOLOGICAL RECORDS Included in our list of 526 bird species are a number of records important to the or- nithogeography of Amazonia and Peru. Although the distribution of birds is better known than that of any other animal group in South America (Meyer de Schauensee, 1966), we continue to add new information and even new species to the literature that documents this knowledge. As habitats disappear in the Neotropics and synthetic studies based upon avian distributions proliferate (e.g., Haffer, 1974), we emphasize that continued publication of important records is necessary now, while the distribu- tions of birds within South America are still more or less in their native condition. In this section we briefly discuss 25 species whose occurrences at Cocha Cashu provide significant new information regarding their status and distribution in western Ama- zonia. UNDESCRIBED SPECIES (1) Cercomacra. In 1976, we mist-netted and photographed two females of an unde- scribed species in the formicariid genus Cercomacra. Both individuals were netted in tangled vegetation at water margins. In 1980, specimens of the same form were ob- tained in bamboo thickets along the Rio Madre de Dios (near Shintuya); in 1981 the species was encountered at 1,200 m elevation in the department of Cuzco (Consuelo). A formal description is in preparation. The species is probably allied to Cercomacra melanaria, of open brush habitats in Bolivia and southern Brazil. O'Neill's (1969) re- cord of C. “nigricans” at Balta represents this species (specimen examined). NEW RECORDS FOR PERU (4) Ictinia mississippiensis. About midday on 16 October 1982, Charles Munn and Scott Robinson spotted a tightly swirling kettle of Mississippi kites very high over the central clearing at Cocha Cashu. They observed the kites for several minutes through 15 x binoculars mounted on a tripod. Of the 100 to 150 birds, most were streaked ju- veniles. Adults were distinguished from |. plumbea by the lack of rufous coloring on the primaries. The kettle was moving steadily southward, presumably en route to wintering grounds in Paraguay and Argentina. This is the first record of the species passing through Amazonian Peru, yet is not unexpected. A flock of 200 apparently passed near Baranquilla, Colombia (Meyer de Schauensee et al., 1978) in fall migra- tion. Although information is still scanty (see Eisenmann, 1963), these two records do suggest a migration route that follows the base of the eastern Andes. lxobrychus involucris. In October 1976 we saw, mist-netted, and photographed a single individual of this species along grassy edges of the oxbow lake. The species is widespread through much of South America, but this represents the first documented record for Peru. The bird remained at Cocha Cashu at least through December 1976, but the species has not been seen since that month. Photographs are stored in Fitz- patrick’s personal collection. Myrmotherula iheringi. This tiny antwren, previously known only from a few specimens in western Amazonian Brazil, is uncommon but permanently present at TERBORGH ET AL.: BIRDS AND MAMMALS AT MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU 9 the study site. It occurs in understory, mixed-species flocks with other antwrens, ant- birds, and furnariids (see Munn & Terborgh, 1979). It has recently been recorded near the mouth of the Rio Tambopata, near Puerto Maldonado, Peru (Parker, 1982). One specimen taken on 21 October 1976 from the lower Rio Manu (near Pakitza Control Post; AMNH 824069) represents the first for Peru. Microcerculus bambla. No published record exists for this wren in Peru, although the species was mist-netted by Terborgh & Weske (pers. comm.) on the Cerros del Sira, Dept. Huanuco, in 1971. We have two mist-net records of this unmistakable species, one in seasonally inundated forest and the other along a brushy stream mar- gin. A specimen taken from lower Rio Manu (near Pakitza Control Post; AMNH 824080) represents the first for Peru. The species is widespread in northeastern Ama- zonia, but is known from only a few localities in the western zone. RANGE EXTENSIONS (5) Rallus maculatus. In July 1981, a single individual of this unmistakable rail spent several days in the grassy margins of the oxbow lake at Cocha Cashu, where it was seen repeatedly by S. Robinson. The bird was “absurdly tame,” permitting close ap- proach and careful scrutiny by Robinson. This constitutes our only record and repre- sents the first report of the species from any site in western Amazonia (Blake, 1977). In Peru, the species was previously known only from west of the Andes. Its tendency for long-distance wandering (Parkes et al., 1978) and the brief period of conspicuous residency at Cocha Cashu both suggest that this isolated record represents a vagrant individual that emigrated from the study site soon after arriving. Columbina picui. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) lists this species as recorded in Peru only once, in Dept. Puno (Quitin). O'Neill (1969) added an additional record that he presumed to be a vagrant, from Balta (Dept. “Loreto”, now the Dept. Ucayali). To these specimens we add three from Dept. Madre de Dios (?, FANH Conover 19770, Rio Tambopata, Collpa, coll. E. R. Blake; 9 C27076 and o 310927, from Shintuya, coll. J. W. Fitzpatrick) and two males from Dept. Cuzco (C18917 and C18918, Quin- cemil Huajyumbe, coll. C. Kalinowski). In 1979 one individual was collected at Shin- tuya along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios. By 1980 the species was common there and along nearby river margins. In June 1981 S. Robinson noted one individual at Pakitza Control Post, the first record along the Rio Manu. In September 1981 three individ- uals were noted at Pakitza by D. Stotz and Fitzpatrick. Shortly thereafter (21 Septem- ber), Stotz found one individual in weedy vegetation along the sand beach at Cocha Cashu. This individual remained several days and then disappeared. Similar popula- tion expansion apparently has occurred recently in the vicinity of Puerto Maldonado. The species now appears to be common and spreading throughout the tropical zone of southeastern Peru. Philydor rufus. This furnariid typically is known as a cloud forest foliage gleaner. Although its known distribution extends throughout the Andean foothills of Peru and adjacent Bolivia, we are aware of only one lowland tropical record for the species in either country (Balta; specimen at LSUMZ). At Cocha Cashu, the species is a regu- lar member of mixed-species flocks, but only occurs along the river margin, especially high in dense bamboo or canebrakes. In 1980 a specimen (FMNH 310610) was ob- tained from similar habitats along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios (near Shintuya, 420 m). Neoctantes niger. We have two mist-netting records of this extremely rare formi- cariid, both of them photographed. Two independent sight records confirm that the species is restricted to dense underbrush where ferns, viny thickets, and Heliconia 10 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY predominate. The species is known in Peru from two localities in northeastern Dept. Loreto, and from adjacent Brazil (Joao Pessoa). Our records represent a southward range extension of about 650 km from the latter locality. No specimen has been ob- tained. Turdus nigriceps. This is another species with a continuous Andean distribution through Peru and Bolivia, typically occurring in moist cloud forests. At Cocha Cashu it is known from a single mist-netted male captured in July 1974. In July 1980 we ob- tained two specimens from a nearby tropical locality (near Shintuya, 420 m). These all may represent wandering individuals, but their measurements are appreciably smaller than those of nearby Andean populations. Possibly they represent a separate, lowland population. RARE AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES (15) Tryngites subruficollis. This species is not well known from eastern Peru (Meyer de Schauensee, 1966). It escaped our detection during its southward migrations until 1981, when on 18 and 19 September D. and S. Stotz and Fitzpatrick observed five sep- arate groups of buff-breasted sandpipers along the Rio Manu while boating upstream from the mouth. One group of three was seen only one bend downstream from Cocha Cashu. This and most other groups were feeding together with pectoral sandpipers (Calidris melanotos) on sand beaches heavily overgrown with dense, low weeds. Group size varied from three to five, with the individuals always feeding within a few meters of one another. Celeus spectabilis. We have a single mist-net record of this uncommon woodpeck- er, captured in a dense canebrake near the river margin. In 1980 we obtained one specimen (o FMNH 310579) from similar habitat along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios (near Shintuya, 420 m). Automolus melanopezus. This poorly known furnariid was first recorded in Peru by O'Neill (1969) at Balta (Dept. Ucayali; see also Parker, 1982). We photographed a single mist-netted individual captured in a densely tangled blackwater stream habitat about 8 km inland from the Rio Manu. In 1980 we obtained two specimens (*“FMNH 310617; im. 9 310618) in a dense bamboo thicket along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios (near Shintuya, 420 m). Simoxenops ucayalae. This rare furnariid is netted regularly at Cocha Cashu. It ap- parently favors bamboo thickets, canebrakes, and similarly structured habitats, where it joins mixed-species flocks in the understory. In August 1980 we observed but failed to collect this species with an understory flock in dense bamboo near Shintuya, where it clung to bamboo stalks and pecked in woodpecker fashion. These localities are both near the type locality of “Megaxenops ferruginea” Berlioz (1966), and we concur with Meyer de Schauensee (1966) that the latter name is a synonym of this form (see also Parker, 1982). Xenops milleri. This Amazonian xenops is poorly represented in collections, pre- sumably because of its small size and its habit of creeping up trunks and small branches high in the forest canopy. The bird is known from Peruvian specimens only in northern Dept. Loreto, but recently has been reported from sight records near Puerto Maldonado (Parker, 1982). At Cocha Cashu the species is an uncommon member of high-canopy flocks in most forested habitat types. Myrmotherula sclateri. We learned the song of this little-known but probably widespread antwren from T. Parker, who found it along the Rio Tambopata, Dept. Madre de Dios (Parker, 1982). This species is common at Cocha Cashu but restricted to the high canopy (25-40 m), especially near forest openings. Few specimens exist, TERBORGH ET AL.: BIRDS AND MAMMALS AT MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU 11 almost certainly because its small size and forest canopy habitat render it inconspicu- ous and difficult to collect. Percnostola lophotes. This form was described from a clearly subadult male de- scribed in detail by Hellmayr (Cory & Hellmayr, 1924, pp. 270-71). This specimen exhibited mainly female characters, causing Berlioz (1966) to describe a fully adult male as a new species, P. “macrolopha,” from the Manu area (Altamira). The reddish brown females, with pale gray underparts, almost precisely match the description of lophotes but lack the black secondary coverts of the holotype which clearly indicate the subadult plumage of that male. Adult males in all other members of this and relat- ed formicariid genera (Thamnophilus Pygiptila, Thamnomanes, Dysithamnis, Myr- meciza) typically are gray or black, while females and juvenile males are brownish. It is clear that “macrolopha’ is therefore a synonym of lophotes. Parker (1982) indepen- dently reaches the same conclusion. We encounter this form regularly in river margin habitats at Cocha Cashu and along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios (12 specimens at FMNH, 39, 90’). Preferred habitat seems to be bamboo and canebrakes, but the spe- cies also occurs in the Heliconia-dominated understory of seasonally inundated for- est. Formicarius rufifrons. This rare antbird had escaped detection by ornithologists since its original description by E. R. Blake (1957). A singing individual was encoun- tered at Cocha Cashu by Theodore A. Parker, III in September 1982. It remained in the area nearly two months and was subsequently seen by many observers. The bird preferred the Heliconia-dominated understory of a low, seasonally inundated area several hundred meters from the Rio Manu. Parker (in press) describes the behavior and distinctive vocalizations of this bird. Grallaria eludens. Specimens of this recently described species are available only from the type locality (Balta, Dept. Ucayali; Lowery & O'Neill, 1969). In June 1977 Fitzpatrick encountered a singing antpitta in upland forest 8 km inland from the Rio Manu. The same individual was heard three nights in succession, singing a hollow, two-note call (“Per-Peer”) at last light of evening, from the forest floor. The bird was never seen clearly, and could not be captured. The behavior and vocal quality of the bird match those of other members of the genus Grallaria. Because the call matches that described by O'Neill (pers. comm.) for eludens, and given the relative proximity of Balta to Cocha Cashu (about 200 km), we have little doubt that this record repre- sents a second locality for this species. We leave the specific name in parentheses in Table 2, however, pending positive confirmation. Ramphotrigon fuscicauda. This tyrannid was reported as known from only three specimens, one each from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, by Meyer de Schauensee (1966). O'Neill (1969) reported five additional specimens from Balta. To these we add one specimen from Dept. Putumayo, Colombia (San Antonio-Guamez; Fitzpatrick & Willard, 1982), and three specimens collected by Fitzpatrick in July 1980 along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios (near Shintuya), Dept. Madre de Dios. The species is an un- common resident at Cocha Cashu, found mainly in riparian habitats and dense vine tangles in old, overgrown marshes. Its song is a slurred, nasal, descending whistle with a sharp upward terminal inflection (“peeeeouWERP”). Along the Alto Rio Madre de Dios, it shares certain large bamboo thickets with Ramphotrigon megace- phala, a species not yet encountered at Cocha Cashu. The third member of the genus, R. ruficauda, occurs only in high ground primary forest away from edges at Cocha Cashu and elsewhere. Casiornis rufa. At Cocha Cashu we have two sight records of this species, the hrst on 1 October 1981 with a mixed-species flock in the tops of low Cecropia near the riv- er bank. Until recently the species was not known to occur in Peru, but has now been 12 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY collected by J. S. Weske in dry country along the Rio Ene, Dept. Junin (AMNH), in Dept. Cuzco (Kiteni; Parker & O'Neill, 1980), and in river edge vegetation near Puer- to Maldonado, Dept. Madre de Dios (Parker, 1982). Conioptilon mcilhennyi. Described by Lowery & O'Neill (1966), this peculiar co- tingid has been collected only at the type locality (Balta, Dept. Ucayali). It is a reason- ably common resident at Cocha Cashu, however, where it occurs singly or in groups of two to four in the canopy of swamp forests and river margins. Fitzpatrick (1982) presents an account of its known life history, based on our experience with the species at Cocha Cashu. In August 1980 Fitzpatrick encountered a lone, calling individual in the treetops of a forest opening near Shintuya, Dept. Madre de Dios. Caryothraustes humeralis. We have a single sight record at Cocha Cashu of this ex- tremely poorly known grosbeak (seen by Fitzpatrick on 9 June 1977). The bird was a member of a large mixed-species flock of tanagers and flycatchers in the broken forest canopy of the interior hills, 8 km inland from the river. Schulenberg & Remsen (1982) summarize the scanty specimen records of this species that was first recorded in Peru by Parker & O'Neill (1980). Cacicus koepckeae. To date this rare cacique was known only from the two males collected at Balta, Dept. Ucayali, Peru, discussed in the original description (Lowery & O'Neill, 1965). In light of the proximity of Balta to Cocha Cashu, koepckeae is to be expected at our study site. At Cocha Cashu on 26 September 1981, S. and D. Stotz repeatedly flushed a small black cacique from the ground in front of them under a dense stand of Heliconia and cane near a stream margin. The bird showed a conspicu- ous yellow rump patch each time it was flushed yet appeared all black when on the ground. Several subsequent days of mist-netting in the vicinity failed to produce such a bird, but the sighting almost certainly represents the first record of Cacicus koepck- eae away from the type locality. We list the species as hypothetical, given the possibil- ity that the bird was a peculiar variant of C. cela or C. solitarius, both common in the area. Agelaius xanthophthalmus. Despite the recency of its discovery (Short, 1969), this species apparently is distributed along the base of the eastern Andes from Ecuador (Limoncocha) to Bolivia (Tumi Chucua). At Cocha Cashu at least five family groups are year-round residents along the marshy edges of the oxbow lake, where they for- age along the grassy lake borders and sing from perches 2 to 5 m above the water sur- face. Preliminary evidence suggests that the species is a cooperative breeder (R. Kil- tie, unpubl. data). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge contributions made to this list by Howard Brokaw, Charles Janson, Debra Moskovits, Charles Munn, Theodore A. Parker III, Nina Pier- pont, Scott Robinson, Grace Russell, Susan and Douglas Stotz, John Weske, and Da- vid Willard. A. L. Gardner and C. O. Handley, Jr. helped identify certain mammals. For the opportunity to do research in Manu National Park and to use the facilities at Cocha Cashu, we are indebted to the Direccién General Forestal y de Fauna of Peru. We thank the administration and personnel of the park for their continuing interest, encouragement, and friendly cooperation. Peru Cities Service, Inc. provided valu- able logistical support, for which we are grateful. Annual visits to Cocha Cashu since 1973 were made possible through a series of grants from the National Geographic So- ciety, Chapman Memorial Fund (American Museum of Natural History), and Na- tional Science Foundation. Fitzpatrick’s fieldwork was generously supported by TERBORGH ET AL.: BIRDS AND MAMMALS AT MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU 13 Princeton University and, later, by Conover Game Bird Fund of Field Museum of Natural History. We appreciate the comments on this manuscript made by J. P. O'Neill, T. A. Parker, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. E. Willard, and an anonymous reviewer. LITERATURE CITED BERLIOZ, J. 1966. Descriptions de deux espéces nouvelles d’oiseaux du Perou. Oiseau Rev. Fr. Or- nithol., 36(1): 1-3. BLAKE, E. R. 1957. A new species of ant-thrush from Peru. Fieldiana, Zool., 39: 51-53. —____.. 1977. Manual of Neotropical Birds, vol. 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Cory, C. B., AND C. E. HELLMAYR. 1924. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13(3): vii + 369 pp. EISENMANN, E. 1963. Mississippi Kite in Argentina; with comments on migration and plumages in the genus Ictinia. Auk, 80: 74-77. FITZPATRICK, J. W. 1982. Conioptilon: The Black-faced Cotinga, pp. 125-27. In D. W. Snow, The Cotingas, British Museum, London. FITZPATRICK, J. W., AND D. E. WILLARD. 1982. Twenty-one bird species new or little known from the Republic of Colombia. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club, 102: 153-58. GRIMWOOD, I. R. 1969. Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals. 1968. Special Publ. no. 21, American Comm. Int. Wild Life Protect. & New York Zool. Soc. HAFFER, J. 1974. Avian Speciation in Tropical South America. Publ. Nutt. Ornithol. Club, no. 12, viii + 390 pp. JONES, J. K., JR., AND D. C. CARTER. 1976. Annotated checklist, with keys to subfamilies and gen- era, pp. 7-218. In Baker, R. J., J. K. Jones, Jr., and D. C. Carter, Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part I. Spec. Publ. Mus., Texas Tech. Univ., 10. Lowery, G. H., JR., AND J. P. O’NEILL. 1965. A new species of Cacicus (Aves:Icteridae) from Peru. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 33: 1-5. . 1966. A new genus and species of cotinga from eastern Peru. Auk, 83: 1-9. . 1969. A new species of antpitta from Peru and a revision of the subfamily Grallariinae. Auk, 86: 1-12. MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R. 1966. Species of Birds of South America with their Distribution. Liv- ingston Publ. Co., Narberth, Pennsylvania. MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R., W. H. PHELPS, JR., AND G. TUDOR. 1978. A Guide to the Birds of Ven- ezuela. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Morony, J. J., W. J. BOCK, AND J. FARRAND, JR. 1975. Reference List of the Birds of the World. American Museum of Natural History, New York. MUNN, C., AND J. W. TERBORGH. 1979. Multi-species territoriality in Neotropical foraging flocks. Condor, 81: 338-47. O'NEILL, J. P. 1969. Distributional notes on the birds of Peru, including twelve species previously unreported from the republic. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 37: 1-11. PARKER, T. A., III. 1982. Observations of some unusual rainforest and marsh birds in southeast- ern Peru. Wilson Bull., 94: 477-93. . In press. Rediscovery of the Rufous-fronted Antthrush (Formicarius rufifrons) in Peru. Le Gerfaut. PARKER, T. A., III, AND J. P. O'NEILL. 1980. Notes on little known birds of the upper Urubamba Valley, southern Peru. Auk, 97: 167-76. Parkes, K. C., D. P. KiBBE, AND E. L. ROTH. 1978. First records of the Spotted Rail (Pardirallus maculatus) for the United States, Chile, Bolivia and western Mexico. Am. Birds, 32(3): 295-99. SCHULENBERG, T. S., AND J. V. REMSEN, JR. 1982. Eleven bird species new to Bolivia. Bull. Brit. Or- nithol. Club, 102: 52-57. SHORT, L. L. 1969. A new species of blackbird (Agelaius) from Peru. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 36: 1-8. TRAYLOR, M. A., JR., ED. 1980. Check-list of Birds of the World, vol. 8. Museum Comp. Zool., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. TABLE 1. Key to symbols used in Tables 2 and 3. HABITATS (PREFERRED HABITATS LISTED FIRST) Fh High ground forest; 40 to 50 m canopy, clear dark understory. Ft Transitional forest; seasonally inundated, abundant Heliconia, Ficus. Fs | Swamp forest; low, Ficus-dominated canopy, tall Heliconia understory. Fsm_ Forest stream margins. Fo Forest openings; usually from treefalls. R River; on water or overhead, along the Rio Manu. Rm_ River margins; along flood-washed rubble or broken vegetation at banks. S Shore of river; sand beaches or mudflats, usually during dry season. if Lake; on water or overhead, along oxbow lakes (e.g., Cocha Cashu). Lm Lake margins; grassy edges, thick viny growth, Cecropia and dying trees. M__ Marshes; expanses of inundated grass, often along lakeshore. vA Zabolo; dense canebrakes, vines, and Cecropia along edge of beaches. B Bamboo thickets; dense, almost monospecific stands up to 25 m tall. A Aguajales; Mauritia palm stands in broad, marshy clearings. O Overhead airspace; usually soaring or feeding in flocks. FORAGING POSITION T Terrestrial U Understory Sc Subcanopy = Canopy W Water A Aerial F Fruiting trees Vv Vine tangle thickets SOCIALITY (BIRDS) > Solitary; occasionally in small family groups. G Gregarious; large congregations or flocks of same species. M ___ Mixed-species assemblages or flocks. A Ant following; usually with many other species. ACTIVITY PERIOD (MAMMALS) D Diurnal N Nocturnal ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL STATUS ¢ Common U Uncommon R Rare Mn_ Migrant population only; from North America (Sept.-Mar.). Ms_ Migrant population only; from southern South America (Mar.-Oct.). W _ Wet season only (Oct.-May); probably short-distance migrant. D Dry season only (May-Oct.); probably short-distance migrant. DOCUMENTATION wane Positively confirmed sightings or captures at Cocha Cashu. Species recorded only from Pakitza Control Post. ( ) Positively confirmed record at Cocha Cashu; species identity uncertain. m Hypothetical; seen or heard only once, requires confirmation. t (Mammals only); specimens collected on lower Rio Manu, deposited at USNM. 14 + TABLE 2. List of 526 bird species and their habitats, behavior, and abundance. Foraging Species Habitats Position Sociality Abundance Tinamidae (8) Tinamus tao Fh, Fsm, Fs ay S R Tinamus major Fh, Ft At S c Crypturellus cinereus Ft fi S U Crypturellus soui Ft, Z T S U Crypturellus bartletti Fh, Ft T S Cc Crypturellus variegatus Fh ag 5 R Crypturellus atrocapillus Fh yf S U Crypturellus undulatus Z, Ft, Lm At S Cc Podicipedidae (1) Podiceps dominicus L, Lm Ww S U Phalacrocoracidae (1) Phalacrocorax olivaceus LR Ww SiG G Anhingidae (1) Anhinga anhinga L W S U Ardeidae (11) Ardea cocoi S, Lm, Rm Ww S U Casmerodius albus S, Lm, Rm WwW S (& Egretta thula S, Rm, Lm W S (@ Butorides striatus Lm, Rm, Fsm WwW S G Agamia agami Lm, M Ww S U Bubulcus ibis Lm T,W GPS R Philherodias pileatus S, Lm, Fsm Ww S Cc Nycticorax nycticorax S;iLm Ww SS U Tigrisoma lineatum Lm W S c Ixobrychus involucris M, Lm Ww S R Cochlearius cochlearius Lm WwW S U Ciconiidae (2) Mycteria americana SHO, Ww Gr U Jabiru mycteria SO) WwW S R Threskiornithidae (2) Mesembrinibis cayennensis Lm Ww S U Ajaia ajaja Ww S R Anhimidae (1) Anhima cornuta S, Lm, M It S Cc Anatidae (4) Dendrocygna bicolor R Ww G R Neochen jubata SeL Ww Ss U Cairina moschata LEm::S Ww S E Oxyura dominica M, Lm W G R Cathartidae (4) Sarcoramphus papa O, Fh A S U Coragyps atratus O, Rm, S A S,G (e Cathartes aura O, Fh A S R Cathartes melambrotus O, Fh A S Cc Species Accipitridae (26) + Gampsonyx swainsonii Elanoides forficatus Leptodon cayanensis Chondrohierax uncinatus Harpagus bidentatus Ictinia plumbea Ictinia mississippiensis Rostrhamus sociabilis Accipiter bicolor Accipiter superciliosus Buteo albonotatus Buteo swainsoni Buteo platypterus Buteo brachyurus Buteo magnirostris Buteo nitidus Leucopternis schistacea Leucopternis kuhli Busarellus nigricollis Buteogallus urubitinga Morphnus guianensis Harpia harpyja Spizastur melanoleucus Spizaetus ornatus Spizaetus tyrannus Geranospiza caerulescens Pandionidae (1) Pandion haliaetus Falconidae (8) Herpetotheres cachinnans Micrastur semitorquatus Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur gilvicollis Micrastur mirandollei Daptrius ater Daptrius americanus Falco rufigularis Cracidae (4) Ortalis motmot Penelope jacquacu Aburria pipile Crax mitu Phasianidae (2) Odontophorus gujanensis Odontophorus stellatus Opisthocomidae (1) Opisthocomus hoazin Aramidae (1) Aramus guarauna TABLE 2. Continued. Habitats O, Rm, L OQOCOOFFEZO ae pe Be ead 3 zw 35 O,R,L Rm, Lm, Fh, Ft Fh, Lm Fh, Ft Fh Fh, Lm Rm, Lm, Z Fh, Ft Rm, Lm, Fo Z, Ft, Rm, Lm Fh, Ft Fh, Ft, Lm, Rm Fh, Ft, Lm, Fsm Ft, Z Fh, Ft Lm Lm, M 16 Foraging Position Sociality Abundance eile: PANNNOLL LLY LOD>>LY> >> LYON > Dd Sec > & G OP PRS ROO oA INOS Rt IG = NANNNKNNnNNnNHnW n ANNO et an) Oo a G AGCANAAEGrRA AYO ope: DAENAACeWANOHAAAA wae NaAcaw R(W) Popelairia popelairii Fh ei S R Lophornis chalybea Fo, Z Sc S R Thalurania furcata Fh, Ft, Fs, Z U}Se 5 € Hylocharis cyanus Ft, Fs, Z CSc S U Chrysuronia oenone Ft, Fh CesoUe xs U Amazilia viridicauda Ft, Lm, Z Son S S R Amazilia lactea Ft, Z, Lm Cc S U Polyplancta aurescens FG.Z U S R Heliothryx aurita Fsm, Ft, Z C S R Heliomaster longirostris Ft, Rm, Z, Lm U S U Trogonidae (5) Trogon melanurus Ft, Fs, Rm, Lm GSc S eG Trogon viridis FhiiFt Sc 5 R Trogon collaris Fh Sc S Cc Trogon curucui Ft, Lm, Rm C, Sc Ss Cc Trogon violaceus Ft, Lm Sc S R Alcedinidae (5) Ceryle torquata R, Rm, L, Lm Sc S Cc Chloroceryle amazona R, Rm, L, Lm Se.U Ss Cc Chloroceryle americana R, Rm, L, Lm U S (e Chloroceryle inda Lm, Fsm, Fs U S Cc Chloroceryle aenea Lm, Fsm, Fs U S U Momotidae (3) Electron platyrhynchum Fh, Ft, Z, Rm Sc S U Baryphthengus martii Fh Sc 5 U Momotus momota Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Sc, U S Cc Galbulidae (3) Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus Lm, A, Rm C..Se S,G (e Galbula cyanescens Ft, Z, Fo U, Sc S Cc Jacamerops aurea Fh, Fs, Ft Sc S R Bucconidae (10) Notharchus macrorhynchos Fh, Fo (e 5 R Notharchus tectus Fh, Fo sre S R Bucco macrodactylus Fs, Ft, Z SC S U Bucco capensis Fh Se S R Nystalus striolatus Fh, Fo, Ft Sc S U 19 TABLE 2. Continued. Foraging Species Habitats Position Sociality Abundance Bucconidae (contd. ) Malacoptila semicincta Fh, Ft U S U Nonnula ruficapilla Ft, B,Z Sc, U S R Monasa nigrifrons Fh, Ft, Fo, Lm G; Se S Cc Monasa morphoeus Fh, Fo Sc S R Chelidoptera tenebrosa Rm Cc S € Capitonidae (3) Capito niger Fh, Ft Ci Se M,S Cc Eubucco richardsoni Fh, Ft GC M,S U Eubucco tucinkae Ft, Fs, Lm, Z GiSe M,S U Ramphastidae (8) Aulacorhynchus prasinus Ft, Lm C; F G R Pteroglossus castanotis Ft, Fh,Lm,Rm C,F G U Pteroglossus inscriptus Fh, Ft, Lm CSc} FUG U Pteroglossus flavirostris Fh, Ft GoF G U Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Fh, Ft, Lm C.F G ce Selenidera reinwaratii Fh Sc S R Ramphastos vitellinus Fh, Ft, Lm C,F G : Ramphastos cuvieri Fh, Ft, im; Rm, (C;-F G ¢ Picidae (16) Picumnus rufiventris Fh, Ft, Fs, Z U S,M U Picumnus (qurifrons or borbae) Fh Sc M R Colaptes punctigula Lm € S U Piculus leucolaemus Fh, Ft Sec M U Piculus chrysochloros Fh, Ft Se S R Celeus elegans Fh, Ft Se S U Celeus grammicus Fh, Ft Sc S U Celeus flavus Lm, Ft, Fs, Z Sc.0 S U Celeus spectabilis 2B S¢ 5 R Celeus torquatus Fh c S R Dryocopus lineatus Lm, Rm, Ft Sc-G S U Melanerpes cruentatus Ft, Fh,Lm,Rm C G,S C Veniliornis passerinus Ft, Lm, Z SciU S U Veniliornis affinis Fh, Ft Sc S,M U Campephilus melanoleucos Ft, Rm, Lm Se, S U Campephilus rubricollis Fh oc S U Dendrocolaptidae (17) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh, Ft, Fs U; Se AS; MG Dendrocincla merula Fh, Ft, Fs WSe A 2 Deconychura longicauda Fh, Ft, Fs $c°.U S,M U Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh, Ft, Fs a, & M G Glyphorhynchus spirurus Fh, Ft, Fs U, Sc S .S Nasica longirostris Lm, Ft, Fh C; Se S,M U Dendrexetastes rufigula Fh, Lm, Fs oon, S,M Cc Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus Fh, Ft Se.U S,M U Dendrocolaptes certhia Fh, Ft Sc S,M U Dendrocolaptes picumnus Fh, Ft Se;-U A,S U Xiphorhynchus picus Lm, Rm, Z Sen GUS U Xiphorhynchus obsoletus Ft, Fs, Lm, Fh Sc, U M,S R Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Fh, Ft U, Se M Cc Xiphorhynchus spixii Fh U M et Xiphorhynchus guttatus Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Sc UG: (S;M Gc 20 Species Dendrocolaptidae (contd. ) Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Furnariidae (28) Furnarius leucopus Synallaxis cabanisi Synallaxis albigularis Synallaxis gujanensis Synallaxis rutilans Cranioleuca gutturata Metopothrix aurantiacus Thripophaga fusciceps Hyloctistes subulatus Ancistrops strigilatus Simoxenops ucayalae Philydor erythrocercus Philydor pyrrhodes Philydor rufus Philydor erythropterus Philydor ruficaudatus Automolus infuscatus Automolus dorsalis Automolus rubiginosus Automolus ochrolaemus Automolus rufipileatus Automolus melanopezus Xenops milleri Xenops rutilans Xenops minutus Sclerurus albigularis Sclerurus mexicanus Sclerurus caudacutus Formicariidae (53) Cymbilaimus lineatus Frederickena unduligera Taraba major Thamnophilus doliatus Thamnophilus aethiops Thamnophilus schistaceus Thamnophilus amazonicus Pygiptila stellaris Neoctantes niger Thamnomanes ardesiacus Thamnomanes schistogynus Myrmotherula brachyura Myrmotherula sclateri Myrmotherula surinamensis Myrmotherula hauxwelli Myrmotherula leucophthalma Myrmotherula ornata Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula longipennis Myrmotherula iheringi Myrmotherula menetriesii Dichrozona cincta TABLE 2. Continued. Habitats Fh, Ft, Fs Z, Fs Rm, Lm, Fsm 78 Z,M Z,M Ft Ft Fs, Fo Fsm, Lm, Z, B Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Z, Ft B, Fs Fh, Ft Fh, Ft Fh, Ft Fh Fh Fh, Ft Fo, Fh, Ft, Fs Fh, Ft Z, Rm, Lm, Ft Z, Rm Fh, Fo Fh, Ft, Fo, Fs Z Fh, Fs, Ft Fs Fh, Ft Fh, Ft, Z Fh, Ft Fh, Ft Lm, Fsm Fh Fh Ft, B Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Fh, Ft Fh, Ft, Fs Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Fh 21 Foraging Position Sociality Abundance Cc M C WASe M R AL S: U U i) R U > R U S U U S R Sc M R Sc M R U S,M R WSe M U Sve M R U S R See M Cc UsSe M R Sc M e GrSc M U Sc M Cc U M U U M R U M,S U U M G U M U U M R (e M U Cc M U U;Se M Cc At S R a: S R a S G Vv M,S Cc U S R U S c U S,M U U,V S,M U Vv S,M e U Sy R Sc M G Vv S R U M G U M EG Sony: S,M Gc G S,M U U S U | OD S,M (e U M U UAV M R U M C U M (e U M U Sc M (e 5% S U TABLE 2. Continued. Foraging Species Habitats Position Sociality Abundance Formicariidae (contd.) - Microrhopias quixensis B, Ft, Z, Fo U M,S U Drymophila devillei B,Z U;:Se S,M R Terenura humeralis Fh, Ft Cc M U Cercomacra cinerascens Fh, Ft V S) Gc Cercomacra nigrescens ZL U S R Cercomacra sp. nov. BZ U S R Cercomacra serva Fs, Z, Lm U S R Myrmoborus leucophrys Ft, Z I: S,M U Myrmoborus myotherinus Fh, Ft H S,M, G Hypocnemis cantator B, Fs, Ft V S,M U Hypocnemoides maculicauda Fsm, Fs, Lm U S U Percnostola lophotes Z, Rm, Ft U S U Sclateria naevia Fsm, Fs, Lm * S U Myrmeciza hemimelaena Fh, Ft, Fo TU S Cc Myrmeciza hyperythra Ft, Lm, Fsm,Fs U,T S Cc Myrmeciza goeldii Ft;-Z, Lm Fs U SA & Myrmeciza fortis Fh UAT. A U Myrmeciza atrothorax Z, Fs, Rm U S Cc Gymnopithys salvini Fh U A R Rhegmatorhina melanosticta Fh, Ft U A (S Hylophylax naevia Ft, Fs, Fsm U S U Hylophylax poecilonota Fh U A R Phlegopsis nigromaculata Fh, Ft, Fs, Z U A Cc Chamaeza nobilis Fh af S U Formicarius colma Fh Ty. S U Formicarius analis Fh, Ft, Fs, Z T S,A Ss Formicarius rufifrons Ft Ay S R Grallaria (eludens) Fh it ~y R Hylopezus berlepschi Z, Fs At S R Myrmothera campanisona Fh, Fo, Ft 3 S U Conopophaga peruviana Fh TU S U Rhinocryptidae (1) Liosceles thoracicus Fh rT Ss} U Tyrannidae (68) Zimmerius gracilipes Fh cS M U Omnithion inerme Fh, Ft, Fo Cc S,M U Camptostoma obsoletus Rm, Lm, Z, Ft ce M,S U Sublegatus (obscurior) Rm, Lm Sc; C S,M R Tyrannulus elatus Lm, Rm, Fh, Ft, Fs C M,S Cc Myiopagis gaimardii Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Cc M Cc Myiopagis viridicata FZ Cc M,S R Elaenia spectabilis M, Lm Uae S U, Ms Elaenia parvirostris Rm Sc..u M R, Ms Elaenia strepera Fh, Rm GiSe M U, Ms Elaenia gigas Rm U,.€ Ss R Elaenia (cristata) Z, Rm, Ft UScs Fk. 2S,/M U Inezia inornata Rm, Z U S R, Ms Mionectes olivaceus Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Sc, U, F S,M U Mionectes oleagineus Fh, Ft, Fs oc, UF 3; M U Mionectes macconnelli Ft, Z U S U Leptopogon amaurocephalus Ft, Fs, Z U M,S U Corythopis torquata Fh, Ft T S a Myiornis ecaudatus Fo, Fs, Fh Sc S G Hemitriccus flammulatus Ft, B Sc S R Hemitriccus zosterops Fh Sc 3 U TABLE 2. Continued. 23 Foraging Species Habitats Position Sociality Abundance Tyrannidae (contd. ) Hemitriccus iohannis Loet Se, U S R Todirostrum latirostre Le U S R Todirostrum maculatum Rm, Z U;Se S U Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum Ft, Fh C S,M Cc Ramphotrigon fuscicauda Fs, Ft, Fo VU S R Ramphotrigon ruficauda Fh Sci S U Tolmomyias assimilis Fh, Ft Sc M,S U Tolmomyias poliocephalus Fh; Ft,Fs7Z Sc M,S G Tolmomyias flaviventris Ft, Z Sc S R Platyrinchus coronatus Fh U S e: Platyrinchus platyrhynchos Fh, Ft U;-Se 5 & Onychorhynchus coronatus Ft, Fs, Fh U S,M U Terenotriccus erythrurus Fh, Ft U S U Myiobius barbatus Fh U S,M R Mvyiophobus fasciatus Z,M U S R Contopus borealis Lm Cc S R, Mn Contopus virens Z, Ft Fo,iiLm Ci:Se S C, Mn Empidonax alnorum ZALmpret U S C, Mn Empidonax euleri FL Fs,22, U S U Cnemotriccus fuscatus Z U S R Pyrocephalus rubinus Rm, Lm U7Se S C, Ms Ochthoeca littoralis Rm U S a Muscisaxicola fluviatilis S,Rm Ah S U Fluvicola pica Lm, M Ur S R, Ms? Colonia colonus Rm, M G S R Attila bolivianus Fh, Ft, Fs Sc S (e Attila spadiceus Fh, Ft Sc, U S,M .& Casiornis rufa FtsZ SCAG S,M R Rhytipterna simplex Bh; Be Sc S,M U Laniocera hypopyrrha Fh, Ft Sc S,M R Sirystes sibilator Fh, Fo, Ft (S S,M U Myiarchus tuberculifer Fo, Fs S¢ S U Myiarchus swainsoni Fh, Ft, Fs G7Se M C, Ms Myiarchus ferox Rm, Z, Lm Sc S,M (ee Myiarchus tyrannulus Lm, Fo es S R Pitangus lictor Lm U S:G Cc Pitangus sulphuratus Lm, Rm UEGabars ce Megarhynchus pitangua Lm, Rm, Ft & S U Mvyiozetetes similis Rm, Lm UG Fa SiG (S Mviozetetes granadensis Rm, Lm, Ft, Z C..S¢ SG € Mviozetetes luteiventris Rm, Ft Cc S R Myiodynastes maculatus Ft Sc S U Myiodynastes luteiventris Ft;-Z; Lm Sc; F G C, Mn Legatus leucophaius Lm, Fo, Fh,Rm C, F S C, Mn? Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Fh (ei M R, Ms Tyrannus melancholicus Rm, Lm Se'E S .e Tyrannus tyrannus Rm, Lm, Ft GRE G C, Mn Pipridae (8) Schiffornis major Fs U S U Piprites chloris Fh, Ft, Fs Sc S,M Cc Tyranneutes stolzmanni Fh Sc S € Neopelma sulphureiventer LFS U S R Machaeropterus pyrocephalus Fs, Fsm, B UAE S U Pipra coronata Fh ULE 5 iS TABLE 2. Continued. Foraging Species Habitats Position Sociality Abundance Pipridae (contd.) Pipra fasciicauda Fh, Ft, Fs UF,V Ss G Pipra chloromeros Fh, Ft U, F 5 U Cotingidae (15) Pachyramphus castaneus Ft, Lm Cc > R Pachyramphus polychopterus Rm, Ft, Z Cc S,M c Pachyramphus marginatus Fh (S M E Pachyramphus minor Fh, Ft, Fs CxSe M,S & Tityra cayana Ft, Fo, Lm cc S Ss Tityra semifasciata Fh, Ft, Rm, Lm C S Cc Tityra inquisitor Ft, Lm Gc S U lodopleura isabellae Lm c S R Lipaugus vociferans Fh, Ft, Fs Sc S (a Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema Crk S R Cotinga maynana Fh, Lm GF S U Cotinga cayana Fh, Lm CF S R Conioptilon mcilhennyi Ft, Rm, Lm COE S:G C Gymnoderus foetidus Fh, Rm, Lm C,F S,G & Querula purpurata Fh, Ft, Fs Cr S,G .G, Hirundinidae (9) Tachycineta albiventer R, Rm, L, Lm A G Cc Progne tapera R, Rm, L A G c Progne chalybea R, Rm A G U Notiochelidon cyanoleuca R2E A G R Atticora fasciata R, Rm, L A G € Stelgidopteryx ruficollis R, Rm, L A G CG Riparia riparia LR A G R, Mn Hirundo rustica L,R A G U, Mn + Petrochelidon pyrrhonota R A G R, Mn Troglodytidae (6) Campylorhynchus turdinus Lm, Fo, Ft G;.Se S U Thryothorus genibarbis B, Lm, Fs U S U Troglodytes aedon Z, Rm U S R Microcerculus marginatus Fh, Ft 5 S U Microcerculus bambla Ft - S R Cyphorhinus arada Fh, Ft, Fs ULE G iS Mimidae (1) Donacobius atricapillus M, Lm U S:G & Turdinae (7) Catharus ustulatus Ft U,F S U, Mn Turdus nigriceps Fh U S R Turdus amaurochalinus Fh ff S R, Ms Turdus ignobilis Z, Lm, Ft sc; UF SG a Turdus lawrencii Fh, Fo c SS R Turdus hauxwelli Ft, Fh Se3U FS ‘S Turdus albicollis Fh, Ft SCD FF U Polioptilinae (2) Ramphocaenus melanurus Ft, Fo U,V S R + Polioptila plumbea Rm Cc S,M R 24 Species Emberizinae (9) Ammodramus aurifrons Sporophila americana Sporophila lineola + Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila caerulescens Sporophila castaneiventris Oryzoborus angolensis Arremon taciturnus Paroaria gularis Cardinalinae (5) Caryothraustes humeralis Pitylus grossus Saltator maximus Saltator coerulescens Passerina cyanoides Thraupinae (39) Schistochlamys melanopis Conothraupis speculigera Lamprospiza melanoleuca Cissopis leveriana Thlypopsis sordida Hemithraupis guira Hemithraupis flavicollis Nemosia pileata Eucometis penicillata Lanio versicolor Tachyphonus rufiventer Tachyphonus luctuosus Habia rubica Piranga rubra Piranga olivacea Ramphocelus nigrogularis Ramphocelus carbo Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Euphonia chlorotica Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia chrysopasta Euphonia minuta Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia rufiventris Chlorophonia cyanea Tangara mexicana Tangara chilensis Tangara schrankii Tangara gyrola Tangara nigrocincta Tangara velia Tangara callophrys Dacnis lineata Dacnis flaviventer Dacnis cayana Chlorophanes spiza TABLE 2. Continued. Habitats Fh Fh, Ft Fs, Fsm, Ft Lm, Rm, Z Ft, Fsm, Fs Rm, Z ZFS Fh Lm, Rm, M Em;Z Fh, Ft, Fs Fh Z, Rm Ft, Fs Fh, Fs Fh, Ft, Fs Fh, Ft, Fs Fh, Ft Ft Fh, Rm, Ft, Lm Ft, Fo Fh, Ft, Fs Fh, Ft Fh Lm, Ft, Fh Fh, Ft, Fs Fh, Ft, Fs Foraging Position Sociality Abundance SH ec eo eae capone 7 fe oe oS) oie) ~ ANLENNANNGANGSY i) nN fe) fo) . Cee G YPAALYANAN fo cm I a RN i GI kA IE cee EAD Se SE a Oa . 1M NNW . cg) . YOANANNAN ANAANNANAY kao Meine y | 12) eo) QPMAQHDOD QO ac x NNnNNMNN (a) n > a Se : nN nN wn GO.GAan CNANACABD ANNAN CANCACCNNGCANINANIAAAADCACCAA . . =< 5 =< 5 TABLE 2. Continued. Foraging Species Habitats Position Sociality Abundance Thraupinae (contd.) z Cyanerpes caeruleus Fh, Ft Se M R Cyanerpes cyaneus Fh Cc M R Tersininae (1) Tersina viridis Rm Ue S R Parulidae (4) Geothlypis aequinoctialis M U S R *Basileuterus chrysogaster Fh U M R Phaeothlypis fulvicauda Fsm i S R Conirostrum speciosum Z, Rm, Ft Sc M R Vireonidae (6) Cyclarhis gujanensis Ft, Lm c S R Vireolanius leucotis Fh, Fo Se M € Vireo olivaceus Fh, Ft, Fs, Z Scic M,S Cc Hylophilus hypoxanthus Fh, Ft GFSe M Cc Hylophilus thoracicus Fh. Cc M R Hylophilus ochraceiceps Fh, Ft U M c Icteridae (12) Psarocolius oseryi Fh, Ft, Fs Cc G U Psarocolius decumanus Fh, Ft GiSe G,S R Psarocolius angustifrons Fh, Ft,. Rm; Lm, Z C, Se G Gc Psarocolius yuracares Ft, Fh (G S,G U Cacicus cela Lm, Fh, Ft, Rm, Fs C, Se G G *Cacicus koepckeae Z U S R Cacicus solitarius Ft, Fs, Z, Lm U S Cc Icterus cayanensis Rm, Lm, Fh Cc S,M U Icterus icterus Lm, M S¢ S R Agelaius xanthophthalmus Lm, M, A U > c Scaphidura oryzivora S, Rm, Lm TeCyRee-G:s Ec Dolichonyx oryzivorus M U S,G R, Mn Corvidae (1) Cyanocorax violaceus Ft, Rm, Lm, Z Cc G U TABLE 3. List of 99 mammal species and their habitats, behavior, and abundance. Foraging Species Habitats Position Activity Abundance Marsupialia (9) Didelphidae tMetachirus nudicaudatus Fh Ae N Ec Marmosa cinerea Fh Sc) U7 N c Marmosa noctivaga Fh, Fo U7 V0. N Cc Caluromysiops irrupta Fh G* Se N U Caluromys lanatus Fh GSe N R Philander opossum Lm, Fo, Fh TRUE Vi N U *Philander andersoni ? a N ? Didelphis marsupialis Fh, Fo y Ueto eral N E + Chironectes minimus Lm, Fsm WwW N R Chiroptera (25) Emballonuridae Rhynchonycteris naso Lm, Rm A N U Saccopteryx sp. Fo, Fh A N R Noctilionidae Noctilio albiventris Lm, Rm A, W? N GC Phyllostomidae Tonatia bidens Fh F N U tTonatia sylvicola Fh F N (e Phyllostomus elongatus Fh F N Cc Phyllostomus hastatus Fh F N U Phylloderma stenops Fh ? N U Trachops cirrhosus Fsm, Fs U N Cc Chrotopterus auritus Fh ? N R Vampyrum spectrum Fh ? N R Lonchophylla thomasi Fh ? N U tCarollia castanea Fh U;E N U tCarollia brevicauda Fh USF N (@; Carollia perspicillata Fh [Ops N U Uroderma bilobatum Fh F,U N G Vampyressa pusilla Fh F N U Vampyressa nymphaea Fh F N U Mesophylla macconnelli Fh F N U Artibeus jamaicensis planiros- tris Fh F N Gc Artibeus fuliginosus Fh F N Cc Artibeus lituratus Fh F N U Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Fh? ? N R Thyropteridae Thyroptera tricolor Rm A N ? Vespertillionidae Myotis nigricans Fo A N ? Primates (13) Cebidae Aotus trivirgatus Fh Saic N G Callicebus moloch Lm, Rm, Fh Sc. GU D G Pithecia monachus Fh CSc D R Alouatta seniculus Fh GiSerF D Cc Cebus apella Fh Cse ru D c Cebus albifrons Fh CAScuk UD c Saimiri sciureus Fh Sc.V;-CF: sD C Ateles paniscus Fh, Ft GF D G Lagothrix lagothricha Fh C.F D R 27 TABLE 3. Continued. Species Habitats Position Activity Abundance Primates (contd.) Callitrichidae : Cebuella pygmaea Rm Son Vau) Saguinus fuscicollis Fh, Fo V; Se;C Saguinus imperator Fh, V, Sc, C Callimico goeldii B? V, U? OU'OGS ACCA Edentata (8) Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophaga tridactyla Tamandua tetradactyla Cyclopes didactylus Bradypodidae Bradypus variegatus + Choloepus hoffmanni Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus *Dasypus kappleri Priodontes maximus aap Ba BBR : ~ Ss 44H NN Aaa & (a) Zoo 20. 20G O00 Lie, aAn~D AXA = Lagomorpha (1) Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis Fs, Fo 4 Pas c& Rodentia (22) Sciuridae tSciurus spadiceus tSciurus ignitus tSciurus sanborni Microsciurus flaviventer Muridae (Cricetini) Oryzomys capito Oryzomys nitidus Oryzomys macconnelli tOryzomys longicaudatus Oecomys concolor Oecomys bicolor Nectomys squamipes Rhipidomys leucodactylus Erethizontidae Coendou bicolor Hydrochoeridae Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Dasyproctidae Agouti paca Dasyprocta variegata Myoprocta pratti Dinomyidae *Dinomys branickii Echimyidae tProechimys simonsi 2N = 32 Fh tProechimys steerei 2N = 24 Fh Mesomys hispidus Fh Lm # < me 33 < poet) aS#S 7 PPP ya yamF et Sa AN mmm fF N AOD GHA AAG eceCeGA ea: -AzAGcn ~ ~ Dactylomys dactylinus boli- vianus 3d 3 Y C44 4 44H 4 9 NACCHAHA YHCH Zo 222) 2 VOL Oo 2 2azer2227 Uuoo Oo # < GS aAiAnA TABLE 3. Continued. Foraging Species Habitats Position Activity Abundance Carnivora (16) Canidae *Speothos venaticus *Atelocynus microtis Procyonidae Procyon cancrivorous Nasua nasua Potos flavus Bassaricyon gabbii alleni Mustelidae *Galictis vittata Eira barbara Lutra longicaudis Pteronura brasiliensis Felidae Felis concolor Felis pardalis Felis wiedii *Felis tigrina *Felis yagouaroundi Panthera onca g Fs O08 AA PYHYS © ~ AyF7 FFF Rg Ar Q'S ~_ S & Gs ZUrees OUCe 22on UG ye UV FFF Hara SHH C~~ANG NFCR CORR BH F Perissodactyla (1) Tapiridae Tapirus terrestris Fs, Rm, Fh, A = Z 0 S Artiodactyla (4) Tayassuidae Tayassu pecari Fh Tayassu tajacu Fh Cervidae Mazama americana Fh Mazama gouazoubira Fh HH Ao WA AG 29 Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Telephone: (312) 922-9410 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA si an 3 0112 018406972