■ * ■ Agriculture Canada Research Direction generale Branch de la recherche Technical Bulletin 1 988-1 E 88/02/18 ^^/^BLIOTHEQrjE OC5 Annual crops for forage in the Alberta parklands Canada % ueR«« ■ B Annual crops for forage in the Alberta parklands B. BERKENKAMP Research Station, Agriculture Canada Melfort, Saskatchewan J. MEERES Research Station, Agriculture Canada Lacombe, Alberta Technical Bulletin 1988- IE Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1988 Copies of this publication are available from Director Research Station Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Box 1240 Melfort, Sask. SOE 1A0 Produced by Research Program Service ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1988 Cat. No.: A54-8/1988-1E ISBN: 0-662-15764-8 The dots on the map represent Agriculture Canada research establishments. Ill CONTENTS Summary, iv Resume, v Introduction, 1 Yields of annual crops as silage, 1 Locations, 2 Lacombe, 2 Westlock, 2 Olds-Didsbury, 2 Bluff ton, 2 Chedderville-Leslieville, 3 Smoky Lake , 3 Vegreville, 3 Quality, 3 Pasture, 3 Cultivar trials, 4 Oat, 4 Barley, 4 Wheat, rye, triticale, 4 Sunflower, 5 Faba bean, 5 Pea, 5 Corn, 5 Proso and Foxtail millet, 5 Italian ryegrass, 6 Winter cereal pastures, 6 Brassica species, 6 IV SUMMARY The annuals for forage program was begun in 1979 and completed in 1983. Work in the southern part of Alberta, covering the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones, both irrigated and dryland, was carried out from the Alberta Horticulture Research Centre at Brooks. The Black and Gray Wooded soil zones were covered from the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lacombe, by the use of six off-station locations. The productivity of various crops and cultivars was evaluated at several locations, and the following conclusions were drawn. « Oat was the highest yielding silage crop. Foothill was the best cultivar, particularly on Gray Wooded soils, followed by Fraser, Laurent, Sentinel, and Grizzly. • Sunflower was the second highest yielding crop, but it cannot be recommended because of extreme variability in yield between locations and years, as well as difficulties in harvesting with cereal or haying equipment. Triticale produced good yields, particularly Triwell and several breeders' lines, whereas Rosner and Welsh were somewhat lower yielding. • Wheat cultivars yielded less than triticale; Wakooma, Pitic, and Glenlea were the better yielding cultivars. Barley was of higher quality than the other cereals, containing more protein and less fiber. Johnston was the highest yielding barley cultivar, • Spring rye was lower yielding than barley; Petkus II, a line from Swift Current Research Station, outyielded other rye cultivars. Corn was low yielding because of insufficient heat units. • Faba bean and pea had the highest percentage of protein and should be used to increase the protein content of silage crops. Faba bean was better on Black soils and had the advantage of an upright growth habit, but pea was higher yielding on Gray Wooded soils. A multiple-cut system was used to estimate pasture yield, by cutting each time the regrowth reached 25-30 cm in height. Oat was the highest yielding crop as pasture on Gray Wooded soils; however on Black soils, spring-planted Italian ryegrass, winter wheat, and fall rye were more productive than oat. Spring cereals produced good yields early in the season, with growth declining in the fall, whereas spring-planted winter crops and ryegrass started slowly and produced high yields later in the season. Forage rape, fodder radish, and kale produced high yields if not grazed until late fall. RgSUMfi Le programme sur les annuelles fourrageres a commence en 1979 et a pris fin en 1983. Les travaux dans le sud de 1' Alberta sur les zones de sols bruns et brun fonce, irrigues et non irrigues, ont ete effectues a partir du Centre de recherches horticoles de 1 'Alberta, a Brooks. Les zones de sols noirs et forestiers gris ont ete etudiees a partir de la Station federale de recherches agricoles de Lacombe par le choix de six emplacements hors station. Les chercheurs ont evalue la productivity de divers cultivars et cultures a plusieurs emplacements et ont tire les conclusions suivantes: L'avoine est la plante a ensilage la plus productive. Foothill est le meilleur cultivar, en particulier sur sols forestiers gris, suivi par Fraser, Laurent, Sentinel et Grizzly. Le tournesol vient apres l'avoine pour la productivity, mais ne peut etre recommande a cause d'une extreme variabilite de rendement dfun endroit et d'une annee a 1 'autre, et des difficultes de recolte a la moissonneuse ou a la raraasseuse-presse. Le triticale donne de bons rendements, en particulier Triwell et plusieurs lignees d'obtenteur, alors que Rosner et Welsh s'averent moins productifs. Les cultivars de ble affichent un rendement moindre que le triticale; Wakooma , Pitic et Glenlea s'averent les meilleurs. L'orge est de meilleure qualite que les autres cereales, avec une teneur plus elevee en proteines, mais plus faible en cellulose. Johnston est le cultivar le plus productif. Le seigle de printemps est moins productif que l'orge; Petkus II, lignee de la Station de recherches de Swift Current, surpasse les autres cultivars de seigle. Le raa'is est de rendement modeste a cause de l'insuffisance d 'unites therraiques. La feverole et le pois affichent la plus forte teneur en proteines et devraient servir a relever la concentration proteique des cultures a ensilage. Le feverole donne de meilleurs resultats sur sols noirs et a l'avantage d 'avoir un port dresse, mais le pois est plus productif sur sols forestiers gris. Un regime multicoupe a servi a evaluer le rendement des paturages en coupant la repousse des qu'elle atteint 25 a 30 cm de hauteur. L'avoine est la plante a paturage la plus productive sur sols forestiers gris, mais sur sols noirs, le ray-grass d'ltalie seme au printemps, le ble d'hiver et le seigle d'automne surpassent l'avoine. Les cereales de printemps donnent de bons rendements tot dans la saison, mais elles regressent a l'automne, alors que les cultures d'hiver et le ray-grass seme au printemps demarrent lentement , mais donnent des rendements eleves plus tard en saison. Le colza, le radis et le chou fourragers donnent de bons rendements s'ils ne sont pas patures avant la fin de l'automne. INTRODUCTION There has not been a critical evaluation of the role of annual crops for forage in Alberta in spite of its position as the major beef-producing province in Canada. Researchers working with forage are primarily interested in perennial grasses and legumes. Interest in annual crops has been oriented primarily toward grain production. This emphasis has resulted in a lack of information on annual forage production, particularly beyond the area in southern Alberta, where corn is recommended. The increased intensity of cropping, brought on by higher land values, has prompted some producers, particularly dairy operators, to grow annuals. Beef producers must also compete with producers in areas with a mild climate, which allows year-round use of rangeland as pasture. Annual crop residues, both in- field and stored, have been and will probably continue to be a source of low-quality feed. Annual crops for forage offer several advantages of perennials, such as higher production, lower harvest and storage losses when ensiled, and a choice of forage or grain production. However, there are several disadvantages, including the following: a requirement for better storage facilities, higher labor requirements for tillage and harvest, and transportation difficulties, which limit silage to on-farm use. The annuals for forage program was designed to cover the Black and Gray Wooded soil-climatic zones. A primary aim was to establish the potential of various species for forage production and to evaluate cultivars from diverse sources. All annuals were seeded in small plots (1.2 x 6.0 m) and harvested to determine fresh weight; a subsample was oven-dried to determine dry weight yield as kilograms per hectare. The dried samples were used to determine protein content and acid detergent fiber, from which digestible energy content was estimated. From 1979 to 1983 this work was supported by a grant from the Farming for the Future program. Yields of annual crops as silage Several tests were begun in 1979 to evaluate the production of forage by annual crops. Single entries of 13 crops were tested for silage production at Lacombe and Bluff ton in 1979 and 1980 (Table 1). Results indicated that sorghum and soybeans not be tested further because of low yields, that forage rape be tested separately, and that corn be added to the standard test. The standard test crops for silage production were grown at six or seven locations in central Alberta for 5 years and included several cultivars of five cereals as well as corn, faba bean, pea, and sunflower. Table 2 shows the silage yields in kilograms of dry matter per hectare from all locations for each year. The variation from year to year can be seen, as well as deletions and additions of cultivars. The average species yield, which is calculated from all the cultivar-year yields, gives a good estimate of yields in central Alberta. The yields of crops in the standard tests over 5 years showed strong similarities based on soil type. The yields from the Black soil locations (Lacombe, Westlock, and Olds-Didsbury) were combined, as were those from the Gray Wooded soil locations (Bluff ton, Smoky Lake, and Chedderville- Leslieville). The only Solonetzic soil location was Vegreville. Table 3 shows these yields as a percentage of Foothill oats for each soil type in addition to the actual yields from the three soil types. These data demonstrate the need for recommendations based on soil-climatic zones. LOCATIONS The yields of the standard tests at various locations are shown in Tables 4-10. Averages are not listed for crops grown for only 1 year. The 1979 growing season was dry at all locations, which resulted in low yields (Table 2). Fertilizer was applied at all sites in 1979. Nitrogen was applied at 50 kg/ha on Black soil sites and at 75 kg/ha on Gray Wooded soil sites as ammonium nitrate (34-0-0); 25 kg/ha of P2O5 (11-55-0) were also applied at all sites. The 1980 season was dry at seeding, but adequate rainfall throughout the rest of the growing season resulted in good yields at most locations. Fertilizer applications to the standard tests in 1980 were the same as in 1979, except at Olds, where the cooperator applied anhydrous ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. Beginning in 1981 soils from all sites were analyzed for plant nutrient content, and fertilizer was then added based on recommendations from the Alberta soil-testing laboratory. Lacombe All the test crops were grown at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, which was used as the primary test area. This site, with its fertile black neutral soil was considered to be representative of the Black soil zone. A dry year in 1979 and a severe hailstorm on 2 August 1980 were major yield-reducing factors. The forage yields are shown in Table 4. Westlock The Westlock site was about 13 km northwest of Westlock, on a Black soil that was slightly acidic, at pH 6.2. The yields here were somewhat lower than those from Lacombe as shown in Table 5. In 1983 more than the recommended amount of fertilizer was applied in error. Olds-Didsbury The Olds site was on Black soil, about 24 km west of Olds, and was used as a test location in 1979 and 1980. In 1980 the cooperator applied ammonia, and no additional nitrogen was added. From 1981 to 1983 the plots were grown on a similar Black soil with a pH of 6.0, located about 32 km west of Didsbury (Table 6). In 1983 a light frost on 20 July slightly injured the leaves of the corn but did not appear to reduce yields. Bluffton This site, about 10 km north of Bluffton, was considered to be representative of the Gray Wooded soil zone (Table 7). The soil was slightly acidic, with a pH about 6.0, and was low in both potassium and sulfur. Because of its proximity to Lacombe, this site was used for most variety trials on Gray Wooded soils. Chedderville-Leslieville Chedderville, a Gray Wooded soil site about 19 km south of Rocky Mountain House, was used as a test site in 1979, 1980, and 1981. This soil was distinctly acidic, with a pH of 5.3. The plots in 1981 were grown on an area summerfallowed in 1980, which resulted in unusually high yields, as shown in Table 8. In 1982 and 1983 the plots were grown at Leslieville, which is about 19 km east of Rocky Mountain House, on a soil type that was similar but less acidic, with pH at about 6.5. In 1982 hail damaged the plots in mid August, severely reducing potential yields. Smoky Lake This site was about 10 km east of Smoky Lake on Gray Wooded soil with a pH of 7.5. In 1983 the plots were moved north to a similar soil type with a pH of 6.5, but a dry spring reduced yields, as shown in Table 9. Vegreville The Agriculture Canada substation at Vegreville was used for plots from 1981 to 1983. This site was selected as representative of Solonetzic soils. This soil is high in sodium, particularly below the top 15 cm. Total soluble salt and sulfate concentrations increase with soil depth to greater than 1000 ppm, or 7.4 mmho conductivity at the 30-60 cm depth. These salt concentrations can reduce crop growth, as shown in Table 10. QUALITY Analysis of annual forages for protein showed considerable year-to-year variation as well as differences between sites (Table 11). As expected, faba bean and pea contained the highest percentage of protein. Of the cereals, barley was the highest, followed by wheat, triticale, oat, and rye, respectively. Sunflower averaged slightly higher than barley, and corn was slightly higher than oat. Percentage of protein was combined with dry-matter yield to estimate actual yield of protein for each crop averaged over 4 years (Table 12). Faba bean and pea produced the most protein, followed by sunflower and oat. Analysis for fiber allowed digestible energy to be estimated. Dry-matter yields combined with digestible energy per kilogram of dry matter gave an estimate of yields of digestible energy per hectare for each species (Table 13). Averaged over 4 years, oat produced the highest quantity of digestible energy followed by sunflower, triticale, wheat, and barley. Faba bean and pea had the lowest yields of digestible energy. PASTURE Multiple cuts to simulate grazing were made on plots at Lacombe and Bluff ton from 1979 to 1983 . The crops were cut back to 5 cm each time they reached a height of 25-30 cm. At Lacombe, Italian ryegrass consistently gave the highest pasture yields except in the dry season of 1979. Winter cereals produced good pasture yields at Lacombe, whereas oat was consistently the best pasture at Bluff ton (Table 14) . Triwell replaced Welsh triticale in 1982 because of its higher yield in variety tests, and Halton winter barley was added in 1982. At Lacombe, Halton produced 80% more pasture than Bonanza in the 2 years they were tested together, whereas at Bluff ton, their yields were similar. The crops could easily be divided into early and late season producers. Spring cereals showed more rapid growth in the spring and were ready for pasturing earlier. Italian ryegrass and winter-type cereals grew most rapidly in midsummer and continued to produce well into the fall when moisture was adequate. COLTIVAR TRIALS Oat Oat cultivar trials were carried out at Lacombe from 1979 to 1983 and included Foothill, licensed in 1978 as a forage oat, for comparing yields. Silage yields of common cultivars are shown in Table 15. Less known, foreign and breeders' lines of oat are shown in Table 16. The 1980 cultivar trials at Lacombe were damaged by hail, which reduced yields. At Bluff ton, yields were somewhat lower than at Lacombe. Cultivars and lines are shown in Table 17 for 1981-1983. Currently recommended cultivars for silage in the parklands, in descending order of yield, are as follows: Foothill, Laurent, Frazer, Grizzly, Harmon, and Cascade. Barley Barley is the most commonly used silage crop in the parkland region. This is a result of several factors, including familiarity to producers, choice of seed or silage crop, and availability of seed. Earliness does not interfere with other operations and produces feed that has a higher protein content than do other cereal crops (Table 11). For comparison, Bonanza was selected as a check. Table 18 shows the yields of variety trials carried out at Lacombe. When first tested in 1980, Johnston did not produce the highest yield, but it did rise to first place at both Lacombe and Bluffton for the following 3 years. Yields of barley at Bluffton, as shown in Table 19, are considerably below those at Lacombe. The currently recommended barley cultivars for silage are Johnston, Empress, and Klages in central and northern Alberta; and Johnston, Gait, Klondike, Elrose, and Hector in south and east-central Alberta, Wheat, rye, and triticale Wheat, rye, and triticale cultivars were compared in a single test each year from 1980 to 1982 at Lacombe (Table 20) and in 1981 and 1982 at Bluffton (Table 21). In 1983 triticale was tested separately from wheat at both locations. Cultivars of spring rye were limited to Prolific and Gazelle, with Gazelle producing higher silage yields. Three lines selected from Petkus at Swift Current were tested in 1980 (Table 20). One line, Petkus II, was the highest yielding and with Gazelle was added to the standard test. The testing of wheat, rye, and triticale cultivars took place in 1981 and 1982 at Lacombe and Bluffton (Tables 20 and 21). Rye produced yields similar to wheat and somewhat lower than triticale. The wheat cultivars Glenlea and Pitic were used in the standard test as checks. When compared with other utility wheats and with hard red spring and durum wheats, they showed similar yields at Lacombe in 1980. It is common practice to salvage grain crops of wheat or rye damaged by drought, hail, or frost for forage, although these crops are not purposely seeded for that use. The triticale cultivars Rosner and Welsh were used in the standard test beginning in 1979, until the better yielding Triwell was added in 1981. In 1981 and 1982 Triwell was the highest producing cultivar at Bluff ton (Table 21) and in 1982 at Lacombe (Table 20). The cultivars Triwell and Carman are recommended for silage production in the parkland region. Sunflower Sundak sunflower in the standard test produced highly variable forage yields in various years and locations (Tables 2-10). A similar variability was found in the cultivar test at Lacombe over the years 1979-1983 (Table 22). Kenya White, introduced and supplied by Morden Research Station, produced the highest total yield . The cultivar is very tall (3 m) and difficult to harvest, as would be most other cultivars whose stem base has a diameter of up to 60 mm. The low yields in 1980 were partly due to hail damage. Although sunflowers have a potential for high silage yield, year-to-year variability and potential harvest problems restrict their use as a silage crop. Faba bean Faba bean cultivars and lines were evaluated at Lacombe from 1980 to 1983 (Table 23). The cultivars Herz Freya, Aladin, and Outlook were good forage producers, Diana was somewhat lower, and Ackerperle was the lowest producer. Orion and Lacombe No. 3 were selected for seed yield and earliness, and do not yield as well for forage. The faba bean test was grown at Bluff ton in 1981, 1982, and 1983 as well as at Vegreville in 1982 and 1983; yields are shown in Table 24. Faba bean outyielded peas on Black soils, but on Gray Wooded and Solonetzic soils, pea usually produced more than did faba bean. Faba bean has the advantage of an upright growth habit and a slightly higher protein content, 17-20%, when compared with peas at 16-17%. Pea Pea cultivars were evaluated for silage yield for the years 1980-1983 (Table 25). Generally, the cultivars Tara, Century, and Lenca yielded better than did Trapper and Triumph. Pea should be used as a source of high protein in mixtures or should be combined with low-protein silage crops in the Gray Wooded soil areas, where it produces very well. Corn Cultivars of corn were evaluated at Lacombe over 3 years for silage yield (Table 26). In 1981 the yields were very good, and in 1983 they were very low. This variation was also found with corn in the standard test between years and locations. In 1982 North American and European hybrids were compared, but neither group had a yield advantage. Corn cannot be recommended in short-season areas because of its variable yields and the requirement for specialized harvesting equipment. Proso and Foxtail millet Ten lines of Proso millet and eight lines of Foxtail millet from Morden, Man., were evaluated for silage yield at Lacombe in 1981 and 1982 (Table 27). Good silage yields were found in 1981 for some of the lines, but they did not mature to produce seed. The earliest line, NC22-3, does occasionally produce mature seed, but both types are extremely frost sensitive and are not adapted to the parkland area's short season. Italian ryegrass Four cultivars of Italian ryegrass were evaluated at Lacombe for their silage (two cuts), hay (three cuts), and pasture (four or five cuts) production from 1981 to 1983 (Table 28). They mature earlier than cereals, and when cut as silage at the soft-dough stage, sufficient regrowth occurred to warrant a second cut. The hay cuts were made shortly after heading and resulted in three cuts. As simulated pasture, the plots were cut each time the growth reached 30 cm, which resulted in four or five cuts. The highest yields were found as silage, with the exception of Lemtal in 1981 and Lemtal , Maris Ledger, and Merwester in 1982. In general, Promenade was the best silage cultivar, Merwester the best for hay, and Maris Ledger the best for pasture. All cultivars under the three types of harvest produced lower yields in 1983 because of a dry spring and fall. Ryegrasses are perennials in areas with mild climates, but in Alberta they must be considered annuals, as they do not survive the winter. Winter cereal pastures The pasture yields of spring-planted cultivars of winter wheat, triticale, and fall rye were evaluated at Lacombe in 1983 (Table 29). The total pasture yield of Norstar winter wheat was the lowest, an unexpected occurrence because it has regularly outyielded fall rye in pasture production in previous years . Sundance, followed by Kodiak, produced the highest first-cut yields, whereas Winalta produced more in the second and third cuts. Norstar produced the second lowest yield in the first cut and the lowest yield in the third cut. The spring and fall of 1983 were very dry, and Norstar may require better conditions to reach its potential productivity. Brassica species Several species of brassica crops were compared with canola for forage yield under a two-cut system (pasture) and a single-cut system (silage) late in the season, on 1 October (Table 30). Several crops produced good yields under the single-cut system, but none produced satisfactory regrowth when cut on 29 July. Appin grazing turnip produces fleshy roots, and cut 2 includes root weight. Very high yields were recorded for most of these cultivars in 1983 (Table 31). Altex, Tobin, Apoll, and Neris changed from vegetative growth to flowering and were cut on 29 July in the silage test. The others did not flower and continued to grow until cut on 14 September, at which time any regrowth from those cut 29 July was also harvested. For pasture the first cut was taken on 4 July. Two more cuts were taken from the cultivars that showed sufficient regrowth, one on 26 July and the last on 16 September. The remaining cultivars regrew very slowly after the first cut, and a second cut was not taken until 16 September. The brassica crops were regularly damaged in the spring by flea beetles, and occasionally this attack was severe enough to require the use of insecticide sprays. Cabbageworms were found on brassica in the fall but not in sufficient numbers to warrant control measures. Frost-tolerant brassica crops are useful only as late fall pasture since they continue to produce very late in the fall if they are not harvested earlier. Their use as silage is not practical because of the late harvest of material with very high moisture content. Table 1. Silage yield of species at Lacombe and Bluff ton for 1979 and 1980, in kilograms per hectare of dry matter Lacombe Bluffton 1979 1980 1979 1980 Foothill oat 11 962 10 329 4 955 10 118 Bonanza barley 7 657 10 061 3 111 3 543 Welsh triticale 10 123 13 383 3 456 6 309 Glenlea wheat 10 128 12 041 2 511 7 209 Diana faba bean 5 956 6 995 1 602 4 873 Tara pea 6 933 5 463 2 269 1 705 G4077 corn 5 770 9 896 1 029 4 274 Pioneer 931 sorghum 5 004 6 172 249 167 Sundak sunflower 11 299 5 468 2 275 4 121 Maple Arrow soybean 2 602 1 232 521 91 NC22-3 Proso millet 6 433 6 203 494 317 Gazelle spring rye 3 059 12 336 703 6 480 Dwarf Essex rape 16 971 11 402 Table 2. Silage yield of annual forage crops in Central Alberta, in kilograms per hectare, at six locations in 1979 and 1980 and seven locations in 1981-1983 Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Yearly Average average species yield Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton 5164 5371 5226 5446 6537 6240 6928 6775 6108 6688 6511 5250 5640 6871 6176 6050 6646 6448 5851 5906 6054 6085 6758 6448 (barley 6184) Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa 6041 5960 7335 7676 6845 7073 5457 5759 5703 6313 5988 6398 6491 5703 (wheat 6197) Rye Petkus II Gazelle Prolific 7149 6011 7226 4793 3217 7245 6667 6795 6019 4942 (rye 5919) Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh 5234 5462 7004 6995 7821 6995 6305 6922 6589 6167 7062 7268 6589 6350 6254 (triticale 6615) Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 7978 7502 7367 9715 9618 8926 7996 7627 7384 7710 8553 7899 7625 7669 7588 7729 7519 8234 8478 7890 7893 8791 8383 8364 8170 7847 7649 8058 7519 8791 8383 (oat 8098) Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 3865 4413 4333 4393 6147 3547 5875 5283 5184 9837 5076 5613 5930 7120 5659 5709 5812 9570 5537 4977 5130 7244 5537 4977 5130 7244 10 Table 3. Silage yield of annual forage crops and as a percentage of Foothill oat on three soil types Crop Black soils 15 stn. -years (kg/ha) (%) Grey Wooded soils 15 stn. -years (kg/ha) (%) Solonetzic soil 3 stn. -years (kg/ha) (%) Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton 6 994 7 455 7 696 7 472 8 628 7 995 72 77 80 77 89 83 707 662 960 241 554 410 63 62 66 70 74 72 3 406 58 4 485 77 5 073 87 5 851 100 5 019 86 4 622 79 5 306 91 6 586 113 Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa 8 068 7 835 6 844 83 81 71 5 132 5 400 4 199 69 72 56 Rye Petkus II Gazelle Prolific 8 321 7 345 5 849 86 76 60 5 608 4 693 4 034 75 63 54 5 607 96 Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh 9 169 8 118 7 653 7 500 95 84 79 78 6 170 4 423 5 179 5 383 83 59 69 72 5 054 9 347 5 481 2 983 86 160 94 51 Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 669 835 236 123 681 814 11 279 11 806 100 102 96 94 100 101 117 122 466 084 000 819 098 730 701 560 100 95 94 91 95 77 103 101 842 451 302 893 131 476 834 668 100 110 91 101 105 111 117 80 Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 8 032 6 187 5 494 8 819 83 64 57 91 5 013 4 399 4 904 6 444 67 59 66 86 3 658 2 992 4 630 8 111 63 51 79 139 11 Table 4. Silage yields of annual forage crops at Lacombe, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton 6 480 8 426 7 453 8 236 10 420 10 192 9 616 7 603 10 681 10 316 8 900 9 676 9 435 7 376 7 314 9 990 8 213 8 755 8 329 11 212 8 120 10 856 9 666 9 397 11 537 10 908 8 397 10 739 10 195 9 212 11 618 10 629 6 220 8 190 8 720 9 279 Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa Rye Petkus II Gazelle Prolific 4 995 1 711 11 299 9 904 12 100 7 529 11 284 10 304 8 147 5 807 Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh 7 860 8 180 9 868 10 510 12 015 11 646 9 886 10 787 10 188 9 472 11 032 11 278 9 711 9 525 Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 9 910 10 036 10 358 12 183 11 883 9 141 11 389 13 013 12 413 12 112 14 419 11 808 11 634 11 802 11 408 10 430 11 718 11 532 12 634 10 952 10 508 12 689 14 909 11 364 11 840 10 933 11 760 11 785 Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 5 616 3 937 9 270 5 520 4 098 4 513 13 343 9 644 6 830 13 562 8 267 9 140 6 992 13 223 10 226 9 220 4 341 15 629 10 612 7 828 5 239 11 239 12 Table 5. Silage yields of annual forage crops at Westlock, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton 6 747 5 996 6 371 6 597 5 137 5 317 5 683 6 312 5 540 5 903 4 837 6 636 5 845 6 707 5 688 6 233 6 465 6 526 6 323 6 253 6 852 4 467 6 552 7 496 4 394 4 688 4 394 6 956 5 585 7 966 4 935 5 394 5 492 4 864 4 722 5 901 Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa Rye Petkus II Gazelle Prolific 7 965 6 349 5 170 5 237 5 185 4 985 5 768 5 312 6 567 5 793 Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh 6 898 7 613 4 965 4 792 6 572 4 457 4 221 7 460 7 945 5 770 6 081 6 704 5 522 5 542 Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 9 773 9 041 8 776 6 378 6 657 6 413 6 767 5 743 5 014 6 592 6 654 971 125 520 923 333 788 6 824 8 002 7 132 6 188 9 064 10 140 7 542 7 313 6 971 6 757 6 725 Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 6 553 5 913 6 565 4 059 4 402 3 316 5 190 3 690 5 784 10 249 7 755 5 764 6 638 9 191 11 137 5 746 5 780 11 088 8 027 5 162 5 703 8 081 13 Table 6. Silage yields of annual forage crops at Olds in 1979-1980 and Didsbury 1981-1983, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton 4 802 9 512 7 157 5 083 7 803 8 309 7 065 5 016 9 219 9 239 6 070 8 514 7 809 5 691 9 985 8 010 6 644 8 493 7 764 8 876 10 457 8 663 9 666 6 676 8 370 10 104 6 815 10 157 8 424 6 038 8 468 10 047 7 303 7 477 9 725 8 316 Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa Rye Petkus II Gazelle Prolific 5 549 3 735 9 092 8 158 10 172 7 434 10 435 9 347 7 320 5 946 Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh 5 305 5 636 8 803 8 128 10 288 10 308 8 539 7 098 6 220 6 485 11 188 9 524 7 725 7 434 Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 8 738 8 454 7 624 13 457 12 389 11 538 8 065 8 468 9 247 8 629 10 376 8 401 9 913 10 142 9 073 10 614 10 935 11 845 11 394 10 469 10 620 12 083 10 369 10 101 10 123 9 804 8 851 10 533 Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 3 110 5 185 8 551 4 320 4 683 3 981 6 042 6 763 4 334 10 051 3 498 6 611 4 388 4 783 6 828 7 054 9 115 8 323 5 456 5 571 5 541 7 137 3 670 3 741 3 705 3 395 3 068 3 433 3 298 3 358 4 393 4 792 4 837 6 636 4 803 3 617 5 169 4 618 6 465 6 526 5 279 6 253 6 852 4 467 6 552 2 690 6 545 7 124 4 394 6 956 5 541 3 500 6 795 5 882 5 492 4 864 5 722 5 658 14 Table 7. Silage yields of annual forage crops at Bluff ton, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa Rye Petkus II 7 222 4 985 5 768 5 991 Gazelle 1 703 6 301 4 002 Prolific 601 5 719 3 160 Triticale Triwell 6 872 7 460 6 081 6 804 598 7 945 Rosner 2 777 6 941 6 745 5 770 5 558 Welsh 3 113 6 339 6 296 5 249 Oat Foothill 5 659 8 020 8 542 7 971 6 824 7 413 Fraser 4 480 8 751 6 507 7 125 8 002 6 973 Grizzly 4 173 9 716 6 915 7 520 7 132 7 091 Harmon 7 715 6 923 7 319 Laurent 7 172 7 333 6 188 6 760 Cascade 6 788 Sentinel 9 064 OA330-60 10 140 Other Corn 3 808 7 755 11 137 7 566 Faba bean 1 362 4 549 4 737 5 764 5 746 4 431 Pea 3 334 2 739 4 215 6 638 5 780 4 541 Sunflower 1 915 4 378 7 682 9 191 11 088 6 850 15 3 814 4 702 4 258 3 521 4 266 8 251 5 346 3 443 4 516 9 016 2 567 5 930 5 094 3 737 5 373 7 837 2 791 7 219 5 391 3 545 8 395 8 481 5 970 3 151 6 033 7 469 1 761 4 897 4 662 2 965 5 923 8 992 3 059 3 047 5 207 5 229 Table 8. Silage yields of annual forage crops at Chedderville in 1979-1981 and Leslieville in 1982-1983, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa Rye Petkus II 6 789 3 698 7 268 5 918 Gazelle 2 386 3 881 3 133 Prolific 899 3 431 2 165 Triticale Triwell 9 071 3 895 6 564 6 510 598 2 191 Rosner 1 710 4 732 7 239 2 792 4 118 Welsh 1 407 5 622 6 968 4 665 Oat Foothill 5 297 9 132 9 749 5 121 9 990 7 857 Fraser 5 276 8 751 9 652 4 087 9 840 7 521 Grizzly 5 179 8 491 9 009 4 877 9 701 7 451 Harmon 8 499 5 215 6 857 Laurent 9 818 5 477 10 925 8 740 Cascade 5 038 Sentinel 9 761 OA330-60 9 054 Other Corn 3 556 3 103 4 800 3 819 Faba bean 2 153 2 817 5 766 3 272 6 190 4 039 Pea 3 217 5 947 5 671 4 571 6 984 5 278 Sunflower 4 266 2 511 8 737 2 567 8 305 5 277 16 Table 9. hectare Silage yields of annual forage crops at Smoky Lake, in kilograms per Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Betzes Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton 5 474 6 845 5 394 6 748 3 884 5 623 7 221 4 474 3 141 4 456 5 557 7 118 5 222 3 416 3 426 3 951 4 857 3 281 6 835 7 131 4 968 3 902 3 133 6 078 7 419 5 508 4 366 4 685 3 202 6 159 5 342 4 983 5 052 4 141 Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa 5 193 5 314 Petkus II Gazelle Prolific 6 162 6 005 7 727 7 552 5 341 4 509 4 752 4 867 6 944 6 778 Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh 6 855 6 885 6 711 6 577 7 376 5 493 5 245 4 085 3 132 4 395 4 124 5 195 5 863 6 235 Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 8 494 7 799 8 092 9 072 9 274 8 259 863 562 779 113 550 264 5 828 5 696 5 284 5 449 5 409 4 383 4 465 4 880 4 421 4 278 3 485 128 759 458 281 793 Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 4 397 4 415 6 317 5 214 4 492 2 583 6 423 4 448 5 590 11 453 3 431 5 182 7 238 8 327 1 111 4 400 2 731 7 340 3 655 4 728 4 893 7 204 3077 6110 4268 4485 3666 7618 3937 5073 7714 3988 5019 5851 2654 6786 4428 4622 3059 7874 4986 5306 6586 17 Table 10. Silage yield of annual forage crops at Vegreville, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1981 1982 1983 Average Barley Klondike Bonanza Fairfield Johnston Halton Wheat Glenlea Pitic Neepawa Rye Petkus II 3234 7399 6190 5607 Triticale Triwell 598 Rosner Welsh Oat Foothill Fraser Grizzly Harmon Laurent Cascade Sentinel OA330-60 Other Corn Faba bean Pea Sunflower 2556 7563 9347 5044 5054 3079 7883 5481 2983 3594 8043 5891 5842 3443 8275 7637 6451 3314 7432 5161 5302 3308 8478 5893 3891 7960 6476 6544 6834 4668 6131 2762 5985 2227 3658 1931 4182 2865 2992 3867 6384 3639 4630 7129 8901 8305 8111 18 Table 11. Average percentage of protein of annual forages, 1980-1983 Average Crop 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average species yield Oats Foothill 6.3 9.1 7.3 7.9 7.6 (oat 8.0) Fraser 6.9 8.7 7.7 8.0 7.8 Grizzly 7.1 9.3 7.6 8.3 8.1 Laurent 8.6 7.6 8.3 8.2 Harmon 8.5 7.6 8.0 Cascade 7.5 7.5 Sentinel 8.6 8.6 OA330-60 7.9 7.9 Barley Klondike 9.5 10.1 9.8 (barley 9.3) Bonanza 9.3 9.7 9.9 9.8 9.7 Betzes 8.7 8.7 Fairfield 9.0 10.1 9.8 9.8 9.7 Johnston 8.4 9.5 8.9 Halton 9.0 9.0 Wheat Glenlea 8.0 9.5 8.8 9.1 8.8 (wheat 8.9) Pitic 8.3 9.1 8.9 9.2 8.9 Neepawa 9.1 9.1 Rye Gazelle 7.3 7.3 (rye 7.5) Prolific 7.5 7.5 Petkus II 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.8 Triticale Welsh 8.5 9.2 8.8 (triticale Rosner 7.5 8.7 8.1 8.4) 598 7.8 7.8 Triwell 9.4 8.1 8.8 8.8 Other Diana faba bean 18.7 18.7 17.9 16.1 17.8 Tara pea 16.5 17.0 16.6 16.4 16.6 Sundak sunflower 11.6 9.9 8.9 9.7 10.0 Corn 9.3 8.0 7.5 8.3 19 Table 12. Average protein yield of forage species over 4 years, in kilograms per hectare, at six locations in 1980 and seven locations in 1981-1983 Average of 27 Crop 1980 1981 1982 1983 location-years 637(3)* 681(5) 595(6) 686(6) 650 617(3) 575(3) 599(4) 599 621(2) 516(3) 576(2) 581 628(3) 526(3) 627(1) 585 542(1) 483(1) 590(1) 532 948(1) 557(1) 873(1) 697 915(1) 1084(1) 927(1) 938 860(1) 945(1) 953(1) 871 480(1) 416(1) 411(1) 436 * Figure in parentheses indicates number of cultivars. Oat 637(3) Barley 604(4) Wheat 612(2) Triticale 560(2) Rye 514(2) Sunflower 411(1) Faba bean 825(1) Pea 725(1) Corn — — 20 Table 13. Estimated average digestible energy yield of forage specie; over 4 years, in MCal/ha x 10"^, in six locations in 1980 and seven lnfat-.inns in 1Q81-1Q83 locations in 198I-I983 Average of 27 Crop 1980 1981 1982 1983 location-years 24.2(3)* 19.5(5) 19.9(6) 21.9(6) 21.4 16.7(3) 17.5(3) 19.2(4) 18. 1 17.4(2) 15.6(3) 18.3(2) 18.2 17.3(3) 18.0(3) 21.2(1) 18.8 16.5(1) 15.2(1) 19.4(1) 17.0 23.3(1) 18.3(1) 26.0(1) 19.3 12.7(1) 16.4(1) 16.0(1) 14.2 13.2(1) 17.0(1) 17.5(1) 14.8 16.5(1) 14.3(1) 17.2(1) 16.0 * Figure in parentheses indicates number of cultivars. Oat 24.2(3) Barley 19.0(4) Wheat 21.5(2) Triticale 18.8(2) Rye 16.8(2) Sunflowers 9.6(1) Faba bean 11.6(1) Pea 11.6(1) Corn — — 21 Table 14. Pasture yields at Lacombe and Bluffton, 1979-1983, in kilograms per hectare of dry matter Yearly Crop 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 average Lacombe Foothill oat 3885 3724 3189 2892 3046 3347 Bonanza barley 2884 2464 1921 1830 1852 2190 Welsh triticale 1572 1840 1679 1697 Triwell triticale 1789 2171 1980 Glenlea wheat 2033 2852 1931 1132 2105 2011 Norstar winter wheat 4720 6424 4701 3478 3189 4502 Kodiak fall rye 2532 5430 4242 5018 3786 4202 Gazelle spring rye 947 2941 1944 Proso millet 5533 539 3036 Italian ryegrass 1865 7566 5935 5153 4551 5014 Halton winter barley 3291 3437 3364 Bluffton Foothill oat 1982 2375 2701 1458 2013 2106 Bonanza barley 1128 1353 1508 1130 1706 1365 Welsh triticale 1180 1577 1366 1374 Triwell triticale 1238 1085 1162 Glenlea wheat 1297 2104 1145 839 1049 1278 Norstar winter wheat 1032 495 1616 789 1865 1159 Kodiak fall rye 1371 720 1967 709 1903 1334 Gazelle spring rye 1016 2064 1540 Proso millet 1209 1209 Italian ryegrass 783 1600 1898 1201 1534 1403 Halton winter barley 1099 1721 1410 22 Table 15. Silage yield of oat cultivars at Lacombe over 5 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Laurent 11 117 10 252 12 765 13 641 9 569 Harmon 11 028 8 946 11 473 11 384 9 979 Foothill 10 872 11 039 10 776 11 828 9 475 Hudson 10 710 9 656 11 043 12 893 9 167 Grizzly 10 453 8 891 11 471 12 124 Victory 10 447 9 706 9 972 Scott 10 355 9 948 12 226 12 710 9 106 Gemini 10 230 8 991 10 579 Eagle 10 101 9 052 6 550 Larain 10 079 7 608 10 855 Kelsey 9 929 9 517 Rodney 9 922 7 521 Fraser 9 807 9 083 12 542 12 627 Cascade 9 783 8 575 12 645 12 889 8 272 Athabasca 9 656 9 205 10 432 Garry 9 220 8 552 Random 9 112 9 979 11 060 Glen 8 967 Cavell 8 963 Terra 8 589 Hinoat 8 095 Pendek 7 795 Sentinel 11 849 13 479 23 Table 16. Silage yield of oat cultivars and lines at Laeombe over 5 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 10 776 11 828 9 475 7 899 14 230 10 320 10 659 10 882 12 139 12 042 9 783 11 828 12 194 9 752 10 161 Lamar 9 276 10 176 Kalott 8 741 10 314 Foothill 10 872 11 039 0A348-44 OA330-60 0A330-44 1863-515 2088-524 Dula 10 429 10 153 Bianca 10 258 8 061 Alma 10 229 11 154 Natal 9 943 9 400 Vicar 9 803 10 289 Elgin 9 656 7 594 Leanda 9 572 7 917 Sioux 8 947 24 Table 17. Silage yield of oat cultivars and lines at Bluff ton, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1981 1982 1983 Laurent 7487 4999 5750 Harmon 8024 5295 5551 Foothill 8685 6027 4126 Hudson 8165 5183 5343 Grizzly Victory Dula 7828 5283 3527 Scott 7716 5655 5222 Alma 7776 5248 5804 Fraser Vicar Random OA330-60 Sentinel Cascade 4820 5580 OA330-44 6210 1863-515 5716 2088-524 6048 7487 4999 8024 5295 8685 6027 8165 5183 7116 5123 7718 7828 5283 7716 5655 7776 5248 7578 5368 7035 7429 6517 5397 4820 25 Table 18. Silage yield of barley cultivars at Lacombe over 5 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1979 1980 L981 : L982 1983 Johnston 9 971 9 336 9 732 9 794 Empress 9 010 Klages 7 341 9 348 7 408 8 614 9 665 Gait 8 170 7 573 7 177 Hector 7 986 10 210 6 862 7 334 Klondike 6 992 8 109 Bonanza 6 547 10 700 8 343 8 931 8 425 Windsor 7 698 10 217 7 629 9 058 8 538 Betzes 6 967 9 203 Conquest 9 099 Centennial 8 467 10 131 8 512 7 415 7 992 Keystone 7 442 10 285 7 894 8 932 9 786 Unitan 7 026 11 511 6 963 8 241 Fairfield 6 516 10 253 7 034 8 130 Norbert 9 155 Diamond 7 092 Beacon 6 584 9 097 Gateway 63 6 996 8 982 Olli 6 451 26 Table 19. Silage yield of barley cultivars at Bluff ton over 3 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1981 1982 1983 Johnston 5780 4395 5664 Centennial 4616 2249 3557 Windsor 5289 3148 4511 Bonanza 4481 2407 3356 Keystone 4552 3191 4075 Klages 4960 2734 4233 Unitan 4639 2982 Hector 4714 2703 Gait 4227 Fairfield 4271 2957 Norbert 3682 Diamond 4179 Empress 3633 27 Table 20. Silage yield of wheat, rye, and triticale cultivars at Lacombe, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1980 1981 1982 1983 Red spring wheat Park 9 105 Neepawa 10 579 12 502 10 831 9 442 Manitou 9 733 Sinton 10 122 Thatcher 10 562 11 032 Columbus 10 094 Utility wheat Glenlea 10 214 11 533 11 246 9 753 Pitic 11 304 11 111 10 680 Fielder 9 566 Durum wheat Wascana 9 970 Wakooma 11 326 10 478 11 601 11 521 Coulter 10 168 Triticale Rosner 10 027 11 560 11 512 11 674 Welsh 9 808 10 915 8 850 9 142 Triwell 12 831 11 350 13 468 12 153 Carman 13 925 Spring rye Gazelle 10 553 11 017 10 925 Prolific 9 879 Petkus I 10 923 Petkus II 11 491 10 908 11 208 Petkus III 8 782 28 Table 21. Silage yield of wheat, rye, and triticale cultivars at Bluff ton over 3 years, in kilograms per hectare Crop 1981 1982 1983 Wheat Neepawa 4914 3045 Glenlea 5124 2778 Pitic 5016 3359 Thatcher 4582 Wakooma 4162 3246 Columbus Spring rye Gazelle 4138 2600 Petkus II 5337 3431 Triticale Triwell 6300 3961 Rosner 4388 3171 Welsh 4712 2251 Carman 3444 3171 2905 3677 5269 5490 4318 5226 29 Table 22. Silage yield of sunflower cultivars at Lacombe over 5 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average Sundak 7 713 4 222 8 090 13 477 14 499 9 600 Sputnik 10 940 4 524 10 485 8 822 11 281 9 210 Sungro 372A 11 719 8 958 11 205 11 257 15 231 11 674 Sungro 380 12 944 8 939 9 628 13 011 11 130 Kenya White 5 167 18 393 14 581 12 714 Hybrid 894 5 911 11 891 81-1110-2 81-1421 Jerusalem artichoke 5 115 3 585 894 82-245 Dahlgren 135 Super 500 8 657 8 820 11 650 16 687 14 168 14 081 15 295 14 688 4 350 13 194 13 194 9 354 9 354 17 892 17 892 17 358 17 358 30 Table 23. Silage yield of faba bean at Lacombe over 4 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1980 1981 1982 1983 4-year average Diana 6 092 11 110 8 029 10 417 8 912 Herz Freya 6 441 14 308 13 054 10 687 11 122 Aladin 7 754 8 581 12 206 11 076 9 904 Outlook 13 053 11 614 11 401 12 023 Ackerperle 4 553 4 553 Orion 5 541 10 724 6 122 8 335 7 680 Lacombe #3 4 481 9 578 6 221 9 061 7 335 31 Table 24. Silage yield of faba bean at Bluff ton and Vegreville in kilograms per hectare Bluffton Vegr 1982 'eville Cultivar 1981 1982 1983 1983 Diana 3353 5992 3841 4444 2205 Herz Freya 4147 6321 3573 6055 2314 Aladin 2935 7642 4122 6156 2202 Outlook 2980 7071 3359 5859 2072 Orion 3827 4637 3630 3677 1348 Lacombe 3 3105 4245 3078 4769 1289 32 Table 25. Silage yield of pea cultivars at Lacombe over 4 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1980 1981 1982 1983 Tara 6 955 7 919 10 373 10 612 Trapper 6 610 7 592 11 417 6 653 Century 5 713 8 622 8 566 Lenca 8 362 7 289 Triumph 6 540 5 730 33 Table 26. Silage yield of corn at Lacombe over 3 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivars 1981 1982 1983 Stewart 3502 15 662 Morden 7G 11 983 Pride R102 19 786 2 787 G-4077 11 488 Northrup King PX403 11 583 10 073 3 446 Pioneer 3995 8 556 2 028 AS« 12 670 DeKalb 182 11 073 Pickseed 2555 10 997 Limagrain GLG223* 10 783 Limagrain GLG152* 10 436 Pioneer 3994 10 425 3 025 Limagrain 3* 10 146 2 708 EDO* 10 023 Asgrow RX17 9 843 2 891 Cargill PAG501 9 836 Pickseed 2111 9 631 Limagrain 1* 9 503 Br 180* 9 497 Pioneer 3993 9 485 KWS 130* 9 272 DeKalb 23 9 045 Pride 1108 8 225 Hyland 2200 3 272 Pioneer 3996 2 924 Pride R097 2 580 Pickseed 2011 3 435 •European hybrids 34 Table 27. Silage yield of millets at Lacombe over 2 years, in kilograms per hectare Cultivar 1981 1982 Average Proso millet NC 22-36 10 753 7 945 9 349 NC 22-50 10 262 7 598 8 930 NC 22-3 9 643 6 068 7 856 NC 22-47 8 929 6 420 7 674 NC 22-44/1 8 831 5 867 7 349 NC 22-14 8 431 6 149 7 290 NC 22-17 8 294 5 551 6 922 NC 22-44 8 260 5 424 6 842 NC 22-43 8 194 5 496 6 845 NC 22-42 6 762 5 734 6 248 Foxtail millet NC 21-9 11 386 6 536 8 961 NC 21-10 11 258 6 192 8 725 NC 21-43/1 9 698 7 406 8 552 NC 21-42/1 9 032 6 072 7 552 NC 21-41/1 8 534 6 471 7 502 NC 21-35 8 115 6 183 7 149 NC 21-21 7 831 5 465 6 648 NC 21-20 7 384 5 122 6 253 35 Table 28. Forage yield of ryegrass cultivars at Lacombe over 3 years, in kilograms per hectare 3-year Cultivar 1981 1982 1983 average Si Lage (two cuts) Lemtal 10 141 7 627 7 183 8 317 Promenade 10 612 11 210 8 750 10 191 Maris Ledger 10 935 6 720 8 364 8 673 Merwester 9 277 8 528 8 327 8 711 Hay (three cuts) Lemtal 10 494 8 838 4 478 7 937 Promenade 9 873 8 534 4 796 7 734 Maris Ledger 9 733 9 276 5 373 8 127 Merwester 8 665 9 867 5 891 8 141 Pasture ( four or five i 3Uts) Lemtal 6 389 3 917 3 358 4 555 Promenade 5 996 4 669 3 568 4 744 Maris Ledger 7 602 5 006 3 362 5 323 Merwester 5 653 5 217 3 564 4 811 36 Table 29. Pasture yield of winter wheat, triticale, and fall rye at Lacombe in 1983, in kilograms per hectare Days from seeding to cut Crop 71 102 147 Total Sundance winter wheat 1917 1096 432 3446 Winalta winter wheat 1541 1467 607 3616 Norstar winter wheat 1031 1023 324 2379 Kodiak fall rye 1684 828 380 2893 Puma fall rye 1260 1008 562 2832 Cougar fall rye 1277 1076 624 2978 Frontier fall rye 1246 940 505 2692 Wintri winter triticale 975 1054 571 2602 37 Table 30. Forage yield of brassica species at Lacombe in 1982 as dry matter, in kilograms per hectare Silage yield* Days to first cut Pasture yie ild Cultivar Cut It Cut 2* Total Maris Kestrel 6078 124 2801 372 3173 Merlin kale 6961 124 2288 258 2546 Bittern kale 6588 124 1739 33 1772 Condor kale 9008 124 2953 0 2953 Tema kale 7548 124 2610 91 2700 Angerro kale 6324 124 1047 275 1322 English Marrowstem kale 3296 124 902 72 974 Brassica napus IR-022 4976 81 4549t 450 4999 Brassica napus sinus 1526 81 308t 0 308 Nevin forage rape 6450 124 5032 454 5486 Appin grazing turnip 4217 124 3646 703 4349 Neris fodder radish 4803 81 4590t 489 5079 Rauola oilseed radish 6677 81 6484t 0 6484 Dwarf Essex forage rape 2770 124 1368 364 1732 English Broadleaf 6023 124 1458 0 1458 Candle canola 4609 81 5005t 0 5005 Altex canola 5207 81 5056t 206 5262 * Cut on 1 October. t Cut on 29 July. Others in the same column cut on 10 September. 38 Table 31. Forage yield of brassica species at Lacombe in 1983 as dry matter, in kilograms per hectare Silage yield Ci ; Pasture yield Cultivar Cut 1* Cut 2 Total it It Cut 2 ( :ut 3 Total Maris Kestrel 16 780 0 16 780 1 808 827 0 2 635 Merlin kale 16 698 0 16 698 1 214 l 189 0 2 403 Bittern kale 11 994 0 11 994 2 397 531 0 2 928 Condor kale 11 697 0 11 697 4 529 951 0 5 480 Tema kale 10 360 0 10 360 950 508 0 1 458 Nevin forage rape 14 044 0 14 044 2 788 741 1 272 4 801 Appin grazing turnip 15 244 0 15 244 2 436 l 747 813 4 996 Neris fodder radish 10 343* 5 965 16 308 2 343 l 247 1 513 5 103 Altex canola 9 523* 866 10 389 2 476 462 1 884 4 822 Apoll oil radish 13 964» 895 14 895 3 355 389 2 492 6 236 Crail fodder radish 15 916 0 15 916 2 154 l 137 953 4 244 Caron forage rape 16 630 0 16 630 2 585 674 711 3 970 Dinas forage rape 24 085 0 24 085 2 106 l 762 0 3 868 Tobin canola 11 385* 0 11 385 1 344 l 125 0 2 469 Gruner angiliter 9 205 0 9 205 654 l 020 0 1 674 * Cut on 29 July. Others in same column cut on 14 September, t Cut on 4 July. LIBRARY B I B L ' O X <-l E Q L) E IB II 1 IB AGRICULTURE CANADA OTTAWA K1A 0C5 3 1073 0005Mb51 7