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EN ; aR t be PognrireR WITH ‘ AP Ai? Be BORNE seanwerete EV ENTCATIONS A ‘chasiydetk ney or PATENTS } OBLTICARTMS OF EMINENT SCIBNTIBIC MPN NEES ON y ; THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE DURING THE YHAR 1864, Bro. EDITED BY DAVID A. WELLS, A. M. A i ile BOSTON: GOULD AND LINCOLN, 59 WASHINGTON STREET. LONDON: 3 TRUBNER AND COMPANY, - 12 PATERNOSTER ROW, 1855. f Poe” ¢ ZR j : tf Xorf rOE paved for thr : ba oe of Yoacrobyfec Chpsecvery IE 5D ; ' / U, Vs Gonld and Lance. Besten . ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: OR, YEAR-BOOK OF FACTS IN SCIENCE AND ART FOR 18055. EXHIBITING THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN MECHANICS, USEFUL ARTS, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, CHEMISTRY, ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY, ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, MINER- ALOGY, GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, ANTIQUITIES, &c. TOGETHER WITH A LIST OF RECENT SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS; A CLASSIFIED LIST OF PATENTS } OBITUARIES OF EMINENT SCIENTIFIC MEN; NOTES ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE DURING THE YEAR 1864, ETC. EDITED BY DAVID A. WELLS, A. M. a BOOST GN: Gee. ba. N Dod TN Ce Oei 59 WASHINGTON STREET. LONDON: TRUBNER AND COMPANY, 12 PATERNOSTER ROW, 1855. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, BY GOULD AND LINCOLN, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Wa. Waite, Printer, 4 Spring Lane, Bostoit. NOTES BY THE EDITOR ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE DURING THE YEAR 1854. Tue sixth annual meeting and eighth regular session of the Ameri- can Association for the Promotion of Science was held in Washing- ton, D. C., in the rooms of the Smithsonian Institution, during the week commencing with Wednesday, April 20, 1854. The Presi- dent, elected at the Cleveland meeting, was Prof. Jas. D. Dana. The Association was divided into two sections—the physical and the chemical. The whole number of communications presented was 92: 37 in Physics and Astronomy ; 12 in Meteorology; 25 in Geology and Mineralogy ; 12 in Chemistry ; 6 in Zodlogy. Prof. Bache, from the Committee on the Constitution of the Asso- ciation, reported a series of amendments, guarding more closely the admittance to membership,—making the President and General Sec- retary ineligible for reélection,—requiring that local committees shall not arrange for excursions during the session before its opening,— enlarging the standing committees,—and prohibiting the recommenda- tion of books, instruments, institutions, or processes. These and other amendments lie over until the next meeting, when they will be taken up for discussion, acceptance, or rejection. The election of officers for the succeeding year resulted in the unanimous choice of the following:—For President, Prof. John Tor- rey, of New York; for General Secretary, Dr. Wolcott Gibbs, of New York; for Treasurer, Dr. A. L. Elwyn. The Permanent Sec- retary is Prof. Lovering, of Cambridge. The next meeting of the Association, by invitation of Brown University, will be held at Provi- dence, R.I., on the third Wednesday of August, (the 15th,) 1855. The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the British Association for the ae SO b u i 4 NOTES BY THE EDITOR Promotion of Science was held at Liverpool, commencing September 20, the Earl of Harrowby in the chair. The meeting at Hull, in 1853, was so thinly attended, and exhibited such a lack of interest on the part of the English savans, that the present meeting of the Asso- ciation was looked upon by many as the crisis of its fortunes. Hap- pily they have revived to a degree that promises well for the interests of science. ‘The meeting at Liverpool was numerously attended, nearly all the distinguished promoters of science in Great Britain being present, together with a large number of foreigners of reputa- tion. The Committee, in connection with the Royal Society, to whom was referred the plan of Lieut. Maury, of the National Observatory at Washington, for the improvement of navigation, reported that the English Government had established a department in the Board of Trade, with the view of carrying out in every particular the recom- mendations of the Royal Society and this Committee, in reference to this important scheme for improving navigation, and accumulating meteorological data to an extent far surpassing any thing which has hitherto been attempted. The Government have also appointed Capt. Robert Fitzroy, R. N., to be at the head of this new department, which is in itself a guaranty that it will successfully carry out all the important objects for which it has been established. Scientific officers of the navy and mercantile marine will now feel assured that the records of their valuable observations and surveys will no longer slumber neglected amidst the dust of offices, but be reduced and rendered available to science and mankind without any unnecessary delay. The sum voted for the new department by the House of Commons for the present year is 3,200/.; but there can be no doubt that this sum will be augmented in future years, if the ex- pectations that we have been led to form as to the inestimable public benefits likely to flow from the labors of this office shall be realized. The “ Kew Committee” reported that they had been especially en- gaged in securing accuracy for the various implements of observa- tion—the thermometer, barometer, and the standard of weights and measures. At the present time they have intrusted to them, for veri- fication and adjustment, one thousand thermometers and fifty barome- ters for the navy of the United States. as well as five hundred thermometers and sixty barometers for the English Board of Trade, the instruments which are supplied in ordinary commerce being found to be subject to error to an extraordinary degree. _ The thermometer is constructed of enamelled tubing, and the divisions are etched on the stem with fluoric acid; the figures are stamped on the brass scale at every tenth degree, and each instrument is fitted toa japanned copper case, with a cup surrounding the bulb, and ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 5 has a distinguishing number. The cost, in consideration of the quantity ordered from the makers at one time, including the case, is 5s. 6d.; and without the case, 4s. 6d. for each thermometer. At the suggestion of Sir John Herschel, they have also undertaken, by the photographic process, to secure a daily record of the appearance of the sun’s disk, with a view of ascertaining, by a comparison of the spots upon its surface, their places, size, and forms, whether any rela- tion can be established between their variations and other phenomena. The Council of the Royal Society has supplied the funds, and the instrument is in course of completion. ‘The same beautiful invention, which seems likely to promote the interests of science in many branches at least as much as those of art, is employed, under the able direction of the committee, and of Mr. Welsh, the curator, to record, by a self-acting process, something similar to that of the anemometer, the variations in the earth’s magnetism. From the address of the President we make the following extracts, as illustrative of the progress of science during the past year. In respect to the progress of astronomical science, the large number of planets and comets discovered of late years, while it evinces the dili- gence of astronomers, has, at the same time, brought additional laborers into the field of astronomical science, and contributed mate- rially to its extension. The demand for observations created by these discoveries has been met by renewed activity in existing observa- tories, and has led to the establishment, by public or private means, of new observatories. For instance, an observatory was founded in the course of last year by a private individual at Olmiitz, in Moravia, and is now actively at work on this class of observations. Various such instances have occurred within a few years. “ In addition to the advantages just stated, the observations called for by the discovery of new bodies of the Solar System have drawn attention to the state of Stellar 4stronomy, and been the means of improving this fundamental part of the science. The following are a few words on the existing state of Stellar Astronomy, so far as regards catalogues of stars. Subsequently to the formation of the older catalogues of bright stars, astronomers turned their attention to observations in zones, or otherwise, of smaller stars, to the ninth magnitude inclusive. Lalande, Lacaille, Bessel, Argelander, and Lamont, are the chief laborers in this class of observations. But these observations, unreduced and uncatalogued, are comparatively of little value. The British Association did great service to astronomers by reducing into catalogues the observations of Lalande and Lacaille. A catalogue of part of Bessel’s zones has been published at St. Petersburg, and a catalogue of part of Argelander’s zones at Vienna. 6 NOTES BY THE EDITOR Lamont’s zones have also been reduced in part by himself. The cat- alogue of 8,377 stars, published by the British Association in 1845, is founded mainly on the older catalogues, but contains, also, stars to the - seventh magnitude inclusive, observed once only by Lalande or Lacaille. The places of the stars in this catalogue are, consequently, not uniformly trustworthy ; but as the authorities for the places are indicated, the astronomer is not misled by this circumstance. “The above are the catalogues which are principally used in the observations of the small planets and of comets. This class of obser- vations must generally be made by means of stars as fixed points of reference. The observer selects a star from a catalogue, either for the purpose of finding the moving body, or for comparing its position with that of the star; but from the imperfection of the catalogue, it - sometimes happens that no star is found in the place indicated by it ; and in most cases, unless the star’s place has been determined by re- peated meridian observations, it is not sufficiently accurate for final reference of the position of the planet or comet. In catalogues re- duced from zone observations, the star’s right ascension generally de- pends on a single transit across a single wire, and its declination on a single bisection. This being the case, astronomers have begun to feel the necessity of using the catalogue places of stars provisionally, in reducing their observations, and of obtaining afterwards accurate places by meridian observations. “Tt will be seen by this statement that, by the observations of the small planets and of comets, materials are gradually accumulating for the formation of a more accurate and more extensive catalogue of stars than any hitherto published. The modern sources at present available for such a work are the reduced and published observations of the Greenwich, Pulkowa, Edinburgh, Oxford and Cambridge obser- vatories, and the recently completed catalogue of 12,000 stars observed and reduced by the indefatigable astronomer of Hamburg, Mr. Charles Rumker, together with numerous incidental determinations of the places of comparison stars in the ‘ Astronomische Nachrichten.’ “To complete the present account of the state of Stellar Astrono- my, mention should be made of two volumes recently published by Mr. Cooper, containing the approximate places arranged in order of Right Ascension of 30,186 stars from the 9th to the 12th magnitude, of which only a very small number had been previously observed. The observations were made with the Markree equatorial, and have been printed at the expense of Her Majesty’s Government.” Some anxiety was felt by astronomers respecting the continuation of that most indispensable publication the stronomische Nachrichten, after the decease of the editor, Mr. Petersen, in February last. This ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. i: has been dispelled by a recent announcement that the King of Den- mark has resolved to maintain the Altona Observatory in connection with that of the editorship of this work. Generally, it may be said of Astronomy, at the present time, that it is prosecuted zealously and extensively, active observations being now more numerous than ever, and that the interests of the science are * promoted as well by private enterprise ‘as by the aid of government. In regard to the progress of the departments of geography and ethnography, Lord Harrowby remarks: ‘“ The great navigations which are opening up the heart of the South American continent, by the Paraguay, the Amazons, and the Orinoco; that are traversing and uniting the colonies of Victoria and South Australia by the River Murray ; the projected exploration of North Australia ; the wonderful discoveries in South Africa by Livingston and Anderson; and the ex- plorations of Central Africa by Barth and Vogel; the pictures given us by Capt. Erskine and others of the condition of the islanders of the South Pacific, passing in every stage of transition from the lowest barbarism to a fitness for the highest European and Christian culture ; these, and a hundred other topics, awaken an ever-new interest in the mind of the philosopher and statesman, in the feelings of the Chris- tian and the lover of his kind. What new fields for science! What new opportunities for wealth and power! What new openings for good ! “Tt is happily becoming every year less and less necessary to press these things on public notice. Inan age of gas and steam—of steam- engines and steamboats—of railroads and telegraphs, and photographs —the importance of science is no longer questioned. It is a truism— a commonplace. We are far from the foundation days of the Royal Society, when, in spite of the example of the monarch, their proceed- ings were the ridicule of the court; and even the immortal Butler thought the labors of a Wallis, a Sydenham, a Harvey, a Hooke, ora Newton, fit subjects for his wit.” The noble lord glanced cheeringly at the increasing facilities for education in science which are being opened up in this country. ‘ The encouragements and asSistance already given (he said) by the State to the education of the people in various shapes; the superior class of trained and examined teachers who are spreading over the land, and whose training has in no small degree been in physical science ; the books provided for early education by our societies and by individual enterprise, having the same character ; the every-day more and more acknowledged connection between agriculture and science, showing itself in such papers as enrich the pages of the journals of the Royal Agricultural Society ; the establishment of the department of science with its school of mines under the Board of Trade; the improvement * 8 NOTES BY THE EDITOR which is to be expected under the action of the charity commissioners in the system of our old grammar schools; the spontaneous action of | our old universities, not superseded, but facilitated and stimulated, by parliamentary interposition; these and such like changes which are taking place, partly within the bosom of society itself, and partly by the action of government, will shortly provide such means of scien- tific education, although not systematized with the exactness of con- tinental organization, as will, after our rough English fashion, adequately provide for all our wants in that respect, and give us no cause to lament over any deficiencies in practical results. ** But will there be encouragement to make use of these facilities ? Are there rewards in prospect, whether of direct emolument or social consideration, which will induce men ‘to wear out nights, and live laborious days,’ in a service which has hitherto, in the world’s eye at least, appeared often to be ill requited? Now, the real stimulant to science has at all times been the delights of the pursuit itself, and the consciousness of the great services rendered to humanity by every conquest within the domain of truth; but still these questions may fairly demand an answer. To the questions of pecuniary rewards, I will presently advert. They have certainly been miserably inadequate ; but in regard to social considerations, I think there has existed some misunderstanding. It has been often asserted, and made the subject of lamentation or complaint, that men of science do not enjoy in this free country the consideration which they do in some countries less favored otherwise in their institutions than ourselves. Now, if by this it is intended to express that men of science are not made Knights of the Garter or peers of parliament; that they are not often met with in the hearts of wealth and fashion; that they are not called into the councils of their sovereign, or sent to represent her in foreign courts, I admit the fact ; but, then, I doubt whether these are the natural or fitting objects of ambition to the scientific man: and if it is intended by the assertion that they are not, as a class or individuals, appreci- ated by their fellow-citizens for their genius and honored for their ser- vices, [ cannot so fully admit the fact. I would ask any of those whose presence adorns this meeting, Do they not find that their names are a passport into any society, the proudest in the land? Whose doors that are worth entering are not open to them? ‘There are cer- tain advantages, superficially considered, which will always belong to mere wealth or power; but are they such as the lover of science can bring himself to envy or desire ? Wherever he is known, he is honored. “ Still, however, in regard to science, | must admit that there is one great deficiency. For often may it be said of science, as it was said ‘satirically of virtue by the poet, Laudatur et alget,—It is praised and ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 7) starves. The man of science may not desire to live luxuriously; he may not, nor ought he, desire to rival his neighbors in the follies of equipage and ostentation, which are often, indeed, rather a burden imposed by the customs of society than an advantage or even a grati- fication to the parties themselves; but he must live, and for the sake of science itself he ought to be able to live, free from those anxious cares for the present and the future, or from the calls of a profession, which often beset and burden his laborious career. Why was our Dalton compelled to waste the powers of such an intellect on private teaching? As a teacher, a physician, or a clergyman, or more rarely as a partner in a profitable patent, such a man may earn a competence, and give to science the hours which can be spared from his other avocations ; and it is, indeed, astonishing what results have been the produce of these leavings of a laborious life, these leisure hours, if so they may be called, of men who are engaged in arduous duties of another kind. But this ought not to be; and it will not long be, I am confident. It must give way before the extended cultivation of science itself. The means of occupation, in connection with our schools, and our colleges, and our examinations, will increase ; and I cannot but hope that a grateful country will insist upon her benefac- tors in science receiving a more liberal share of her bounty than has hitherto been allotted them. Nor have I any fear that the study of science should ever become too exclusive,—that is, should make us too material,—that it should overgrow and smother those more ethical, more elevating, influences which are supposed to grow from the pur- suit of literature and art. “In the first place, the demands of science upon the patient and laborious exercise of thought are teo heavy, too severe, to make it likely that it should ever become the favorite study of the many. In art and literature the mind of the student is often comparatively pas- sive, in a state of almost passive enjoyment of the banquet prepared for him by others ; in those of science the student must work hard for his intellectual fare. He cannot throw up his oars, ‘ And let his little bark attendant sail, Pursue the triumph, and partake the gale ;’ but he must tug at the oar himself, and take his full share in the labor by which his progress is to be made. “ Nor indeed, when I read the works of a Whewell, and a Herschel, and a Brewster, a Hugh Miller, or a Sedgwick, and a hundred others, the glory of our days, can I see any reason for apprehending that the study of science deprives the mind of imagination, the style of grace and beauty, or the character of its moral and religious tone, its eleva- tion and refinement.” 1* 10 NOTES BY THE EDITOR It was voted to hold the next meeting of the Association at Glas- gow, Scotland, the Duke of Argyle being elected President for the ensuing year, and Col]. Sabine Secretary. The whole number of papers presented at this meeting was 280. Of these, 58 were upon subjects connected with mathematical and physical science, 43 upon chemical science; 34 treated of geology, 41 of zodlogy and botany, including physiology, 35 of geography and ethnology, 24 of statistics, and 44 of subjects in relation to mathe-: matical science. The meeting of the Association was closed with a grand dinner, given by the Earl of Harrowby, the President, to the members and friends of the Association. Sir R. Murchison discharged the duties of chairman, and nearly 800 ladies and gentlemen were present. The dinner was succeeded by a brilliant soirée at the Town Hall, given by the Mayor to the members of the Association and the élite of Liverpool and the neighborhood. The thirty-first meeting of the Society of German Naturalists and Physicians was held at Gottingen, September 18, under the Presi- dency of Prof. Baum. The meeting was well attended, most of the distinguished scientific men of Germany being present. After the formal opening of the session, and a few remarks by the President, Prof. Wagner, (Hofrath,) of Gottingen, read, according to usual practice, a scientific address. The subject he had chosen was “ On certain Portions and Modes of Considerations of Anthropology.” A better title, he observed, would perhaps have been, “ On the Crea- tion of Man and the Substance of the Soul.” The main objects of his address were, Ist, the praise of Blumenbach; and 2d, a polemical attack on the anthropological views of a modern author whom he did not name, but who is supposed to be Carl Vogt, whose doctrines he denounced as immoral and derogatory of human nature. After ex- plaining Blumenbach’s doctrine of the five races, which showed no greater differences than the local and geographical varieties of the same species in many of our domestic animals, and which had been confirmed by modern science, he stated that these views were still further strengthened by the result of recent linguistic investigations. Then comes the question, Are all men of one race, and are all de- scended from one pair? Notwithstanding partial assertions to the contrary, the result of his scientific investigations had convinced him that no argument could be drawn from the study of the natural history part of the question against the existence of only one species ; and, moreover, although it was difficult to adduce any direct proof for or against the descent from one single pair, he was equally con- vinced that there was no argument against such a view. He then ~ ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 11 proceeded to discuss the other portion of his theme, and to consider whether modern science, either as natural history or physiology, had made any progress respecting the future life, or with regard to the state and nature of the soul. Materialism in this respect had made great progress in latter times; and he vehemently attacked the views of a modern author, who, amongst other things, asserted, that to assume a spiritual soul dwelling in the brain, and thence directing the mo- tions and actions of the body, was the greatest absurdity, and who had also denied the truth of such a thing as individual immortality. Were the views of this author, who also denied the existence of free will, founded in truth, or even recognized as such, where would be the use of all the exertions of those great, and good, and learned men who for centuries have labored and worked for the improvement and instruction of the human racé? There would be nothing great or noble in man’s nature; there would be no reality in history, no truth in faith. Where would be the result of all our scientific investiga- tions? He concluded by observing that, however difficult or even impossible it might be to explain the nature of the soul, we must be satisfied that the answer could not be one which was opposed to all morality and all virtue. At the German Scientific Association, held at Tubingen, in 1853, in Wurtemberg, Prof. Karnat stated that Germany possesses coal sufficient to supply the whole world with fuel for at least 500 years. At the same Congress it was reported that a number of perfect hu- man skulls with teeth in them had been found in the Suabian Alps in the formation of the mammoth period, which leads to the conclusion that man existed at the time when the mastodon and other of the huger antediluvian animals flourished. At the late meeting of the British Association at Liverpool, the Ray Society held its eleventh anniversary, Sir Charles Lyell in the chair. The report stated that a volume of Botanical and Physiologi- cal Memoirs, including Alexander Braun’s profound treatise on ‘“* Rejuvenescence in Nature,” had just been published. The follow- ing works’ were on the table, and ready for distribution :—Part VI. of Alder and Hancock’s “ Nudibranchiate Mollusca,” for 1851; the second volume of Darwin’s great work on “The Cirripedes,” with thirty plates, for 1852; and the fourth volume of the “ Geological and Zovdlogieal Bibliography,” for 1854. It is the intention of the Coun- cil to pablish a supplement and index to the last work. During the past season an Educational Exhibition has been held in London for the purpose of illustrating the condition of Elementary Education in the United Kingdom and its Colonies, Continental Eu- rope, and the United States of America, by bringing together com- 12 NOTES BY THE EDITOR plete collections of educational appliances and objects, such as, Ist. Models of school buildings, arrangements and fittings, Books, Maps, Diagrams, Models, Apparatus, &c.; 2d. Specimens of the work done in schools; viz., Drawings, Writings, Needlework, &c.; 3rd. Laws of Public Instruction, Statistics of Education, School Regulations, Time Tables, &c. The exhibition opened in June, and continued for about three months. It was entirely successful, and its results cannot fail of bene- fiting the cause which it illustrated. Among the articles exhibited were choice specimens of fishes, crustacea, marine plants and vege- table productions used in commerce, such as seeds, roots, fibres, &c. ; models of school-houses, copy-books, school clocks, globes, stationery, drawing and coloring materials, diagrams, prints, maps, hydrostatical and pneumatical apparatus, Attwood’s machine for illustrating the laws of falling bodies, the geometrical solids, a machine for illustrat- ing centrifugal force, sets of the mechanical powers, sectional models of steam-engines, &c. Also, contributions of the asylums for the blind, the deaf and dumb, and idiots, and specimens.of workmanship executed by pupils of the Ragged Schools. The Kast India Company exhibited a very interesting collection of articles—comprising, among other things, specimens of pottery, made at the Madras School of Arts and Industry, cordage made of plantain and agave fibre, with various models, &c. America, especially the United States, was largelv represented with various contributions, illustrating the progress of the common schools within the last few years. A society has recently been formed in England, under the title of “The Palestine Archeological Association,” having for its object the exploring of the ancient and modern cities and towns, or other places of historical importance, in Palestine and the adjacent countries, with a view to the discovery of monuments and objects of antiquity, by means of researches on the spot. The prospectus runs as follows :— * Archeological Research in the East having now attained such im- portant results, in the discovery and acquisition of splendid monuments, both Egyptian and Assyrian, and a great archeological chain of in- quiry having been thus established from Egyptian Thebes to the site of Nineveh, it has been suggested that Palestine presents itself the middle link in this chain, as being full of rich promise to researches and inquiries of a similar character. If Egypt and Assyria have af- forded so many valuable monuments to the truth of history and tra- dition, it may reasonably be expected that Palestine would yield as rich a harvest. Why should not the sites of the ancient cities and towns of the Hebrews, and of the aboriginal inhabitants of Canaan, be ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 13 explored? And why might not the localities of important monu- ments—especially of the Hebrews—be sought for, under the guidance of scriptural authority and of tradition—as, for instance, the Egyptian coffins of the patriarchs at Hebron and Sychem; the twelve stones set up by Joshua at Gilgal and in the Jordan; the monumental record of the Law in the Stone of Sychem; the sacred Ark, supposed to have been concealed by the prophet Jeremiah in some recess; with many others which will suggest themselves to the biblical reader? The discovery, if not also the recovery, of these precious relics of Hebrew antiquity might be accompanied or followed by the acquisition of va- rious objects of historical importance, as coins, vessels, implements, sculpture, inscriptions, manuscripts, and other documents, all illustra- tive of the most interesting periods of remotest antiquity ; and that in the Holy Land, the land of the Bible, such a treasure of archeological knowledge would possess a high degree of importance, as corrobora- tive of the Sacred Writings, and would doubtless be so esteemed, as well by the learned as by the religious world.” Atarecent meeting of this Society, an address was given by Dr. Turnbull, in which he stated that the idea of this Society was not bor- rowed from any recent movements of a similar nature, much less in- tended to rival them, but arose simply from the perusal of the Books of “ Genesis, Exodus and Joshua,” and more especially from the cir- cumstance recorded of the embalming and burying of the patriarch Jacob, at Hebron, by his son Joseph, Viceroy of Egypt; that the cof- fin is in all probability remaining entire in the Cave of Machpelah, as then deposited; and that there can be little doubt, if examination, with all proper attention to decorum, were permitted, we should find on the exterior, and within the coffin, some characters, and, perhaps, some emblems, not according to the idolatrous mythology of Egypt, but re- lating to Jacob and his family and ancestry, and perhaps, also, relative to the countries of Egypt and Palestine. In reference to the coffins of the Hebrew patriarchs, he had formed expectations of the most important discoveries. In that of Joseph he did not see why We might not find a papyrus, containing his own auto- ‘ biography, together with other great historical documents, such as have been found on opening tombs in Egypt. Who would have im- agined that we should have found some of the rarest works of the Greek classics in the tombs of Upper Egypt? Yet some of these we have seen in lithographs of the papyri, as recently produced at a meeting of the Syro-Egyptian Society. The London Society of Arts have appointed a Committee of Indus- trial Pathology for the purpose of inquiring into the nature of acci- dents, injuries, and diseases incident to various bodily employments, 14 NOTES BY THE EDITOR and of suggesting means for their prevention or relief. It is proposed to select each year, for special and thorough investigation, a single trade, or group of trades, or some particular kind of injury. Thus it is contemplated to devote the remainder of the present session to as complete an inquiry as the means at the disposal of the Committee may permit into the injury to the eyes which unfortunately attaches to many industrial occupations, and a synopsis of some of the physical evils which attach to various kinds of industrial labor is to be circulated among artisans and others for information. It is then pro- posed to hold in the ensuing sessions an exhibition of inventions and appliances for making such handicraft employment more healthy. The London Geographical Society has received advices from the travellers sent out under its auspices: Lieut. Burton and Dr. Wallin are pushing their way in Arabia; and Dr. Vogel, when last heard from, was on the borders of Lake Tchad, which he describes as more resembling a vast marsh than a sheet of water. The interior of Africa, he says, is a “terrible country” to travel in. Were it not for the importance of clearing up its geography and discovering its resources, few would be found to explore it. Among the various results of Dr. Vogel’s scientific labors trans- mitted to England, his astronomical observations to fix the position of Kuka are of the highest importance; for when the three codrdinates— latitude, longitude, and: elevation—of this great central point of Africa have been determined with definite exactitude, we possess a beacon by which all other researches respecting Central Africa which have been collected up to the present time, and the various journeys and itineraries which have been performed in that region, will be rec- tified and fixed upon the map. Dr. Vogel is the first professional astronomer of acknowledged talent who has undertaken a journey to Central Africa; and so little reliance was placed on the observations of his predecessors,—even so justly celebrated travellers as Clapper- ton and Denham,—by writers on African geography, that every one seems to have considered hintself perfectly justified in improving upon them and shifting them about ad libitum, hundreds of miles, to the east or west. The result of Dr. Overweg’s astronomical observations of Lake Tsad, backed by the opinion of Prof. Encke, clearly indicated that Clapperton and Denham’s position was too far to the east, but left the precise distance undetermined. It was reserved for Dr. Vogel to solve this verata questio, which, for one of his age, (22 years,) is no small merit. According to him, the position of Kuka is as follows :— 12° 55’ 14” latitude N., 13° 22’ longitude E., from Greenwich. Elevation above the level of the sea, 900 feet—50 feet above Lake ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 15 Tsad. This is a fact of no little importance, as such a height allows no fall for any of its rivers, if connected, according to some writers, with the Nile, or the Kowara, or Niger. Respecting the botanical features of the country, Dr. Vogel was surprised to find, among other plants, the Ficus elastica, the tree that furnishes the caoutchouc, inasmuch as it was not noticed by any previous traveller. It grows in considerable quantities in Bornu; but the inhabitants are not acquainted with the nature and use of the product it bears. It is known that M. Andersson, a young Swedish naturalist and traveller, is making explorations in Central Africa. Letters just received from him, via the Cape of Good Hope, announce that he had succeeded in reaching the great Lake of Nigami. He is the first European who has penetrated so far from the western coast. Special reports by Sir Charles Lyell have appeared on the Geological and Topographical and Hydrographical departments of the New York Exhibition, which are highly valuable and interesting for the sum- mary they present of what the United States contain and are capable of in those important subjects. The facts adduced in matters geological, owing to the vast extent of country, are truly amazing, and the sources inexhaustible. After passing the whole subject in review, Sir Charles concludes by stating that “the natural distribution of these sources of wealth and power, combined with the physical features of the entire country, leave nothing to be desired with respect to the materials and incen- tives for its physical progress and development.” “If in a pecuniary sense,” says the editor of Chambers’s Journal, “ the American Exhibi- tion was a failure, the loss has been largely compensated by the inter- esting reports it has called into existence.” The following are among the prizes offered by the French Academy _ during the past year :— For the year 1856.—A vigorous and methodical investigation into the metamorphoses and reproduction of the Infusoria, properly so called, (the Polygastrica of Ehrenberg.) 2d. For 1855.—An exposition of the laws governing the distribu- tion of fossils in the different sedimentary strata in their order of su- perposition ; and a discussion of the question of their appearance or disappearance, successive or simultaneous. A research into the nature of the relations existing between the present and past states of the organic kingdom. Another for 1856.—The determination through the study of the development of the embryo in two species, one taken from the class 16 NOTES BY THE EDITOR of vertebrata, and the other either from the Mollucca or Articulata, of the proper foundation for comparative embryology. The prizes for either of the above is a gold medal of 3,000 francs. A medal of gold, of the value of 800 francs, is decreed each to the work, printed or in manuscript, which appears to have contributed most to the progress of Experimental Physiology. A gold medal of the value of 2,500 francs is offered, for 1856, for the best work on the mode of fecundation of eggs, and the structure of the organs of gene- ration, in the principal natural groups of the class of Polyps, or that of Acalephs. The sum of £4,000 has recently been bequeathed to the French In- stitute, to be given to the discoverer of a cure for the Asiatic cholera, the annual interest of the sum to be awarded to those who may do most to relieve the terrible malady. The Royal Scottish Society of Arts offers prizes, varying from £10 to £30, for “any thing new in the art of clock or watch making,” for inventions or new appliances in the useful arts generally, and for ‘‘means by which the natural productions of the country may be made more available.” And the Scientific Society of Leipsic an- nounces prizes for papers on commerce, astronomy, and_ political economy, to be written in French, German or Latin. The Royal Academy of Berlin offers two hundred ducats to whomsoever shall furnish a satisfactory reply to certain inquiries touching the well being of a State. It wishes to know, among others, whether Adam Smith’s leading doctrine — work makes wealth—can be identified with the prosperity of a people. The Royal Institution of Great Britain makes known that the Actonian prize of £105 will be ready in 1858 for the author of the best essay on the “ Wisdom and Benefi- cence of the Almighty, as manifested by the Influence of Solar Ra- diation.” So much knowledge has been gained of this subject within the past few years that materials are abundant, and we ought to have an essay of more than ordinary interest. The “Societe Médico-Pratique de Paris” offers a prize, in the form of a gold medal worth three hundred franes, for the best disser- tation on the mode of action of the principal purgatives used in medi- cine, with the special indications for their use. The curious effects attributed to the extract and various other prep- arations of the Canabus Indicus, as used in Egypt, has induced the above Society to offer a prize of one thousand francs for the best analysis of the cannabis. The Society of Arts, London, offers a premium of fifty guineas to any person who will furnish them with modes of operation, models, and specifications of machinery by which the New Zealand flax, ON THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 17 Phormium Tenax, may be dressed at a cost not exceeding £5 per. ton, (this price to prepare the flax a8 a raw material,) reckoning the wages of an ordinary laborer at 4s. per diem, and of artisans at 6s. to 6s. 6d. The machine to be of two kinds — one analogous to the old spinning-wheel, that may be used in every cottage or shepherd’s hut, and the other suitable for more extensive operations. The New York Academy of Medicine, through the liberality of a few of its members, offers a prize of $100 forthe best essay on “ The Nature and Treatment of Cholera Infantum,” to be presented during the ensuing year. he trial for the prize is open to the profession throughout the country. The National Education Society, at its session at Pittsburg last August, offered a reward of $500 for the best philosophical work on education. That Society adjourned to Washington city, August 8, 1854. The French Government has decided that a periodical, containing reports and papers of scientific and literary societies, accounts of missions, &c., shall henceforth be published under the title of Bulletin des Sociétés Savants. At the last meeting of the Royal Geographical Society the Found er’s medal was presented to Admiral Smyth, for his able and all but exhaustive work on the Mediterranean Sea. A medal was also pre- sented to Capt. McClure for his discoveries in the Polar Regions. The office of superintendent of the French National Observatory has been given to M. Leverrier. A petition, drawn up.by M. Vattemare, has been addressed to the American Senate. Its purpose is to induce that body to examine the French metrical decimal system for weights and measures, and adopt it, or a similar one, in the United States. In France the monetary system is decimal, and has been since the revolution of ’93; the thermometer is decimal, since Napoleon established the centigrade; and measures of length, surface, solidity, capacity and weight, have been obligatory decimal since 1840. At the recent Congress of the learned societies of France, the sub- ject of the acclimatization of useful plants and animals received con- siderable attention. It was stated that, from what has already been done and what is now doing, there is every reason to expect that several sorts of vegetables, fruits, plants, birds, fish, and animals heretofore confined to Asiatic or American countries, will before long become completely naturalized in France, and will in time form an important part of the people’s food, or will add to the conveniences or pleasures of life. A new tuber, the Chinese Yam, has been introduced in Paris, from 18 NOTES BY THE EDITOR China, which experimentists say possesses all the requirements of the potato, and may take the place of that plant as a culinary vegetable. Specimens have also been introduced in England, where they thrive well. It has been domesticated and is perfectly hardy in Paris. Its root is bulky, rich in nutritive matter, eatable when raw, easily cooked either by boiling or roasting, and then having no other taste than that of flour. An attempt is about to be made to introduce the Angora goat into Cape Colony, South Africa, an enterprise which promises great success. A new species of silkworm, from Assam, Southern Asia, has been introduced within the past year into Malta and some parts of Italy. It feeds on the leaves of the castor oil plant. During the past year the Earl of Clarendon, Foreign Secretary, has not only introduced into Great Britain numerous living plants of the * Argan” tree of Southern Morocco, (celebrated for yielding fodder for cattle in the husks of the fruit, oil similar to olive-oil in the nuts, and a beautiful wood in its trunk,) but he has also imported, in the finest state for germination, large quantities of seed, which have been freely distributed throughout the country and in the Colonies. At the last Annual State Fair of New York, three Cashmere goats were exhibited by Dr. Davis, of South Carolina. It is the animal of which the Cashmere shawls are made, the value of which does not depend, as many suppose, upon their rarity, but upon the fact that the material surpasses every other like article in its capacity for wear. The Cashmere goat was introduced into South Carolina several years ago, by Dr. Davis, from the interior of Asia Minor, and the breed has since been carried into the adjoining States of North Carolina, Geor- gia, Alabama, ‘Tennessee, and Florida, and mixed with the native goat. The hair of the animal, which is pure white, is most beautiful. It somewhat resembles in appearance the finest portion of the fleece of the Chinese sheep, a few of which are on exhibition. It is curly, soft in texture, and brilliant in appearance. The animal is extremely delicate in shape, though hardy. A sock made from the hair was shown with the goats. We learn that the meat is white and deli- cate, and is preferred in the parts of South Carolina where they are reared to mutton. > 48 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF SAL AMMONIAC TO PREVENT INCRUS: TATIONS IN STEAM-BOILERS. The employment of sal ammoniac to prevent incrustations in steam- boilers, to remove them when formed, has formed the subject of a series of experiments undertaken by M. Conrad, Director of the corps of engineers, Holland. In his report, he says: The experiments which have been tried on locomotives on the Holland railways, have demonstrated that it is an excellent means to detach and dissolve the calcareous incrus- tations of boilers, and dispose of them so far that the boilers may be com- pletely rid of them. To prove this, there was introduced 60 grammes (a French gramme is the one-thousandth part of a kilogramme, or 2.2 pounds) of sal ammoniac in powder into a boiler, immediately after being filled with water. This was left until the evening of the next day, after the locomotive had done its service. The boiler being found not dirty, it was run still another day, at the end of which it was emptied, and the boiler appeared perfectly clean. The water taken out was generally, in proportion to the calcareous matters contained in the boiler, a solution more or less saturated with sal ammoniac and lime, which amounted to one eight-hundredth the weight of the solution. Later, there were formed paillettes of lime, which easily passed off by the discharge-cocks. That which is called manslaughter in one country, and assassination in another, is called murder in a third. That which, in one country, is pun- ished with death, in another is visited by imprisonment. The bankruptcy which, in one country, is a crime, in another is a civil offence. The juve- nile offences, which in one country are punished by imprisonment, and swell the criminal calendar, in another are treated, as they should in many cases be, only as a subject of compassion and correction,—take no place in the criminal calendar at all. Indeed, it is one of the difficulties which beset a large proportion of these investigations, whether into morals, health, education, or legislation, and which must always distinguish them from those which deal either with matter or defined abstractions, that, in using the same terms, we are often uncertain whether we mean the same thing; whether, in fact, when we are using the same denominations, the same weights and measures are really employed. Such conferences, however, as those of Brussels, tend much to limit the extent of error. With regard to the statistics of agriculture, the main object is, to pro- cure such a knowledge of the facts as shall guide the operations of the consumer and the merchant. I would suggest that they should be taken and published at two periods of the year, once in the spring, recording the extent of soil devoted to each kind of grain,—a fact easily ascertained ; the second time as soon as the harvest is concluded,—announcing the amount of the crop, as ascertained on several specimen fields, under differ- MECHANICS AND USEFUL ARTS. 13h ent circumstances of soil and climate, and applying it, in due proportion, as a multiple to the acreage already published. A really accurate census of the harvest is, I believe, impracticable, at least within the period which would alone make it valuable for present use; and the approximation which I have suggested would, I conceive, be adequate to the purpose.” CURIOSITIES OF THE ENGLISH CENSUS. The English census of 1851, it is well known, by a most careful and pre-arranged method, was taken over the whole kingdom, during a single day and evening, viz., that of the 30th of March. The complete returns furnish much information of a curious as well as useful character. The total population of the kingdom was found to be as follows :— Males. Females. | Total. 16,921,888 2,888,742 England,. . . | 8,291,734 8,649,154 Scotland. . . 1,375,479 1,513,263 | Wales, . . . 499,491 506,230 | 1,005,721 |Islands, . .. . 66,854 76,272 143,126 | soi SE 162,490 | — 162,490 Merchant Service, —_— SO Totals, . . | 10,386,048 | 10,735,919 | 21,121,967 w The census illustrated this 21,000,000 of people by an allusion to the Great Exhibition. On one or two occasions 100,000 persons visited the Crystal Palace in a single day; consequently 211 days of such a living stream would represent the number of the British population. Another way of realizing 21,000,000 of people was arrived at by considering their numbers in relation to space: allowing a square yard to each person, they would cover seven square miles. A further illustration; if all the people of Great Britain had to pass through London in procession four abreast, and every facility was afforded for their free and uninterrupted passage for 12 hours daily, Sundays excepted, it would take nearly three months for the whole population of Great Britain to file through at quick march, four deep. The excess of females in Great Britain was 512,361, or as many as would have filled the Crystal Palace five times over. The proportion be- tween the sexes was 100 males to 105 females, a remarkable fact when it was considered that the births during the last 13 years had given the reversed proportion of 105 boys to 100 girls. The annexed statement ex- hibits the population of Great Britain at each census from 1801 to-1851 inclusive :— : 132 Years. TROL pve Be ule Sie ea see te ASAE AAS et EEA at ie Gl ios Tae ee Ne ay le HBO itere ce ere Ut. Maies. 5,368,708 6,111,261 7,096,053 8,133,446 9,232,418 10.386,048 Females. 5,548,730 6,212,859 7,306,590 8,430,692 9,581,368 10,735,919 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. Total. 10,917,433 12,424,120 14,402,643 16,564,138 18,813,786 21,121,967 The increase of population in the last half century was upwards of 10,000,000, and nearly equalled the increase in all preceding ages, notwith- standing that millions had emigrated in the interval. The increase still continued, but the rate of increase had declined, chiefly from accelerated emigration. At the rate of increase prevailing from 1801 to 1861, the population would double itself in 524 years. The number of persons absent from Great Britain on the night of the 30th of March, 1851, was nearly 200,000 :—viz., army, navy, and mer- chant service, 162,490; and British subjects resident and travelling in foreign countries, 33,775. : The number of the houseless classes, 7. e. of persons sleeping in barns, tents, and the open air, on the night of the census, was 18,249. The following table gives the number of these classes, together with those sleeping in barges and vessels :— = Persons sleeping in Males. Females. Total. 4 Barges, awe 10,395 2,529 12,524 Barngh es see 7,251 2,721 9,972 Tents or open air, 4 614 3,663 8,277 Vessels, . . 48,895 2,853 51,748 Notais, Wo. sie 71,155 11,766 82,921 The following table gives the number of houses in Great Britain in 1851 :— Inhabited. |Uninhabited.| Bui'ding, England, . : 3,076,620 144,499 25,192 Scotland, . ‘ 370,308 12,146 2,420 Wales, . - 201,419 8,995 1,379 Islands, A 21,845 1,095 203 Totals, . 3 3,670,192 166,735 29,194 MECHANICS AND USEFUL ARTS. tas About 4 per cent. of the houses in Great Britain were unoccupied in 1851, and to every 131 houses inhabited or uninhabited there was ove in Course of erection. In England and Wales, the number of persons to a house was 5.5; in Scotland 7.8, or about the same as in London; in Edin- burgh and Glasgow the numbers were respectively 20.6 and 27.5. Sub- joined is a statement of the number of inhabited “houses and families in Great Britain at each census, from 1801 to 1851,—also of persons toa house, excluding the islands in the British seas. { Years. cechpnete Families. | scenes ‘| Tp it, 1,870,476 2,260,802 5.6 qgTT hee a FP, 2,101,597 2,544,215 5.7 J o74 ha aaa 2,429,630 2,941,383 5.8 Werle 2,850,937 3,414,175 5.7 a 1841, . > : 3,446,797 |(No returns.) 5.4 | 1s PO eee are 3,648,347 4,312,388 5.7 | The number of inhabited houses had nearly doubled in the last half century, and upwards of two million new families had been founded. 67,609 families, taken at hazard, were analyzed into their constituent parts, and they gave some curious results. About d per cent. only of the families in Great Britain consisted. of husband, wife, children, and servants, generally considered the requisites of domestic felicity ; while 893 families had each ten children at home, 317 had each eleven, and 64 had each twelve. ‘The number of each class of institution, and the number of per- sons inhabiting them, are annexed :— |Number | No. of Persons inhabiting them. Class of Institution. | of Insti- peaes Males. | Females. | Total. Barracks, . -. lu 44,833 9,100 | 53,933 Workhouses,. . 746 65,786 65,796 | 131,582 Prisons, . . «| 257 94,593 6,369 | 30,959 Lunatic Asvlums, . 149 9,753 11,251 21,004 Hospitals, . . 118 5,893 5,754 | 11,647" Asylums, etc., : 573 27,183 19,548 46,731 | ra ine [Trl Potals, fl ONT 178,041 117,815 | 295,856 | Of these 295,856 persons, 260,340 were inmates, and 35,516 officers and servants, The excess of males in the prisons arose from the fact that crime was four times as prevalent among males as among females. t was mentioned as a curious trait of gypsy feeling, that a whole tribe 134 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. struck their tents, and passed into another parish, in order to escape enu- meration. Y The number of cities and towns of various magnitudes in Great Britain was 815 :—viz., 580 in England and Wales, 225 in Scotland, and 10 in the Channel islands. The town and country population was equally balanced : 104 millions against 104 millions. The density in the towns was 3,337 persons to the square mile; in the country only 120. The average popu- lation of each town in England and Wales was 15,500; of each town in Scotland, 6,654. The average ground area of the English town was four and three-fifths miles. In 1851, Great Britain contained 70 towns of 20,000 inhabitants and upwards. There was an increasing tendency of the people to concentrate themselves in masses. London extended over an area of 78,029 acres, or 122 square miles, and the number of its inhabitants, rapidly increasing, was 2,362,236 on the day of the last census. A conception of this vast mass of people might be formed by the fact, that if the metropolis was surrounded by a wall, having a north gate, a south gate, an east gate, and a west gate, and each of the four gates was of sufficient width to allow a column of persons to pass out freely fowr abreast, and a peremptory necessity required the immediate evacuation of the city, it could not be accomplished under four-and-twenty hours, by the expiration of which time the head of each of the four columns would have advanced a no less distance than seventy-five miles from their respective gates, all the people being in close file, four deep. The 624 districts of England and Wales classed in an order of density ranged from 18 persons to the square mile in Northumberland, to 185,761 in the East London district. In all London there were 19,375 persons to the square mile. In 1801 the people of England were on an average 153 yards asunder, in 1851 only 108 yards. The mean distance between their houses in 1801 was 362 yards, in 1851 only 252 yards. In London the mean proximity in 1801 was 21 yards, in 1851 only 14 yards. The number of islands in the British group was stated at 500, but inhabitants were only found on 175 on the day of the census. The precautions taken by government to secure extreme accuracy were very great; they involved the final process of a minute examination and totaling, at the Census Office, of 20,000,000 of entries, contained on upwards of 1,250,000 pages of the enumerators’ books. The latter were upwards of 38,000 in number. In the collection of the census, the first step taken by the enumerators was to deliver to every occupier of a house or tenement a householder’s schedule. Upon this schedule inquiry was made as to the name, relation to head of family, condition, sex, age, occupation, and birthplace of every person in Great Britain, and also as to how many of them were blind, or deaf and dumb. Tor the use of the poorer native population of Wales, a certain number of the forms was printed in the language of that country. The total number of schedules forwarded from the census MECHANICS AND USEFUL ARTS. 135. office was 7,000,000, weighing nearly 40 tons; or, if the blank enumeration books and other forms be included, upwards of 52 tons. The schedule was to be filled up on the night-named. No one present on that night was to be omitted, and no person absent was to be included, except police- men and others on night duty; and miners, potters, and other work- people usually engaged at their labor during the night, and regularly returning home in the morning; persons travelling were enumerated at the hotels or houses at which they might stop on the following morning. At the same time that these schedules were distributed, the enumerators delivered forms for collecting information respecting places of worship, scholastic establishments, and miscellaneous institutions, but it was optional with the respective parties to decline making these returns if they thought proper. When a house was uninhabited, or in process of building, the enumera- tors made a note of such a case upon the schedule last collected, by which means the unoccupied houses, and houses in course of erection, were enumerated. The number of inhabited houses was indicated by the number of householders’ schedules filled up. Having collected all the schedules, and copied them into books prepared after a certain form, the enumerators summed the various totals in their respective districts. The totals thus obtained expressed the number of persons who were inmates of dwelling-houses on the night of the census, with the special addition of certain classes on night duty; but several classes had yet to be enumerated—viz.: the persons who, on the night named, slept or abode either in barges, boats, or other small vessels remain- ing stationary on canals or other navigable streams, in barns, sheds, and the like, and in tents or in the open air. The number of these in each district was estimated by the respective enumerators; the estimate, however, was not to include people in coasting or other sea-going vessels, as they would be dealt with by other means yet to be described. The enumerators were allowed one week for the transcription of the contents of the householders’ schedules into the enumeration book, and for the completicn of the various summaries and estimates. The schedules and book, together with the returns relating to schools and places of worship, were then forwarded to the respective registrars, and the duties of the 38,740 enumerators terminated. The census returns were now in the hands of 3,220 registrars, or dividers of districts. The registrars immediately commenced a careful and systematic exami- nation and revision of the documents described, directing their attention, according to instructions, to nine specially defined points in respect to them. They then prepared a summary of the statements of the enume- rators in their respective districts, and transmitted them, together with the enumeration books, to the superintendent-registrar, for a further revision by that officer, forwarding the householders’ schedules and returns for places of worship and schools direct to the census office. ‘With the completion of these duties, for which a fortnight was allowed, the 136 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. functions of the 3,220 registrars, or dividers of districts, ceased. The - summaries and enumeration books (as far as England and Wales were concerned) were now in the hands of 624 superintendent-registrars. The chief duties of the superintendent-registrars were to expedite the investigation, but they had also further to revise the summaries and enumeration books, and to transmit them to the census office, there to undergo a still further revision before the commencement of the abstracts. CURIOSITIES OF THE AMERICAN CENSUS. From the statistics collected under the seventh census of the United States, the following interesting facts have been deduced :— 1. Law of Growth.—This has been so uniform that the general ratio is a well-known fact; but the mode in which that growth has been made is very little known. Many persons have given too much weight to immigra- tion, and others have supposed the increase of the African race more rapid than itis. Mr. Darby, in his “ View of the United States,’ gave the law of population to the year 1940, which, although published twenty years ago, gave the population of 1850 but a million and a half beyond what it is; and the whole error was in the estimate of the African race, which he made 5,700,000, when it is really but 3,636,000. There has been a tendency at all times to exaggerate the increase and importance of the African as well as the immigrant population. Neither of them can ever occupy any thing but a subordinate position in a nation whose whole genius and institutions are so completely Anglo-American. ‘This fact the census demonstrates. The number of inhabitants prior to the Revolution cannot be obtained with accuracy ; but since 1780 we have it with great exactness. Taking the decimal periods, we ascertain a very uniform law of progression, thus : In 1790 . . . . . 3,929,827 In 1800 : ‘ 5 5 . 5,805,925—Increase 35 per cent. In 1810 . . : : . 7,239,814—Increase 36 per cent. In 1820 - “ 5 5 . 9,638,!131—Increase 33 per cent. In 1830 ° 4 - : .12,866,920—Increase 334 per cent. In 1840 ; : ‘ : .17,062,566—lIncrease 324 per cent. In 1850 : : 3 . .23,191,876—Increase 36 per cent. The Jaw of growth has, for sixty years, been but slightly variant from 34 per cent. This is so fixed and certain that, allowing for a very little dimi- nution of ratio, we may assume 33 and one-third per cent. (or one-third the existent population) as the decimal increase of growth for the next half century. We may predict, with almost certainty, that in 1910 (sixty years) the American Republic will have one hundred and twenty millions of people—an-empire which, when its vigor, resources, and institutions are considered, will in power exceed any thing which exists, or has existed, among nations. MECHANICS AND USEFUL ARTS. ee 7 2. The Law of Numerical Relation between the Sexes.—There is a natural law of relations between the sexes, which is found to vary at different ages, according to the different dangeszs to which they are exposed. This is one of the most curious of the natural laws, and one of the most interesting—demonstrating the admirable economy of adaptations between the several parts of the natural system. If the number of males and females born was exactly equal, the result would be, that, before they reached middle age, the female sex would be reduced too low, and become inadequate to the purposes which it has to fill. In fact, the number of males born is always greater than the females by about four per cent. To illustrate the changes in the numerical relations perfectly, take the follow- ing example from the last two censuses :-— In 1840, under five years of age . $ - 1,270,750 males. In 1840, under five years of age : - - 1,203,349 females. Excess (53 per cent.) . . . . 67,441 males, In 1850, under five years of age : . . 1,472,052 males. In 1850, under six years of age ‘ 4 . 1,424,325 females. Excess (4 per cent.) . - ‘ “ 47,727 males. Now, let us pass on to the age of puberty, and see what a change has taken place :— In 1850, from 15 to 20 years . * A - 1,087,600 females. In 1850, from 15 to 20 years . : < - 1,041,116 males. Excess (4 percent.) . ; : ° 46,484 females. The females have now passed the males; but let us go on and see what influence motherhood has had on females :— In 1850, from 30 to 40 years . - “ - 1,288,682 males. In 1850, from 30 to 40 years . ‘ . . 1,128,257 females. Excess (14 per cent.) . ° ° - 160,425 males. At 70 years of age, the females are again in advance, and the same fact is developed in each census. Above we see an immense change in this relation. From birth to 20 years, the loss of males to females by death was nearly 2 to 1; but from 20 to 40, the death of females was much the great- est—so that the males are againthe most numerous. Jast 40, the deaths of females are the smallest. ‘The numerical law of the sexes, then, is this :— 1. There are more males than females born by about 4 per cent. 2. At 20 years of age, this preponderance is entirely lost, and there are more females than males. 3. At 40 years, the balance is again the other way, and there are more males than females. 4, At 70, the sexes are about even, and the ultimate age of the human being is reached without any decided advantage to either sex. 138 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. Both the censuses of 1840 and 1850 prove the law. Between 70 and 100 years of age, there are 15,311 more white women than there are males; being more than 6 per cent. of the whole number. Beyond the age of 40 years, the probabilities of longevity are much greater, for American women, than that of men. This contrasts singularly with the fact that the physique (relatively) of American women is inferior to that of American men. That fact, as I have. shown, however, tells tremendously on women be- tween the ages of 20 and 40, when their mortality is very great. The longevity of some women is very extraordinary. There are four hundred and thirty American women above one hundred years of age! 3. The Growth of the White Race.—The law of growth in the races is something different. The ratio of increase, at each successive decennial period, has been ‘respectively—36—37—35—35—35—38 per cent. This gives us a decennial growth of about 36 per cent. for the white race. ‘The growth of the white race is, therefore, decennially, about 2 per cent. greater than the growth of the whole; consequently, leaving a diminution, to a corresponding extent, in that of the colored population. 4. The Growth of the African Race.—The colored race have advanced, decennially, very nearly as 37 —32—30—29—25—27 per cent. The par- allel between the growth of the White and = races, for the last 40 years, has been thus :— Whites Colored. White. Colored. 1810 to 1820........85 380 1830 to 1840........ 38 25 J 1820 to 1830........00 29 1840 to 1850..... 2200 27 5. The Law of Relation in the Growth of the Races.—As seen in the preceding paragraph, the growth of the white race exceeds that of the col- ored race, by nearly 10 per cent., in the corresponding ratios. But, we must remark, it seems that the conditions of their growth are not parallel. The white race is continually receiving accessions from Europe. In the last 10 years, (1840 to 1850,) the United States received about 1,500,000 white immigrants. Of these, about 600,000 died in the 10 years; so that 900,000 of the nearly 20,000,000 of white population were immigrants thus added to the national increase. The actual increase of whites was about 5,000,000; from which, deducting 900,000 immigrants, leaves 4,100,- 000 for the natural increase, which is about 28 1-8 per cent. In the same time, the growth of the African race was 27 per cent.; so that, in fact, there is very little difference between the ratios of natural increase in the two races, although there is some difference, and that in favor of the whites. 6. The General Law of Increase, (independent of immigration,) by nat- ural Causes alone, is 28 per cent. decennially. This is 8 per cent. below the average increase of the whites, and 10 per cent. below that from 1840 to 1859. While the number of born foreigners in the United States is less than 9 per cent., the number in the comparative increase of a single year is large—rising, in the last two or three years, to about half the whole increase. The original immigrants, however, rapidly die, while their children are born on the soil. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. ELECTRICAL DISCOVERIES. Sicnor Patmient, of Naples, has invented a movable conductor—a disk of wood, bearing metallic points, rotating on an axis, which enables him to correct the errors of former observers of electrical phenomena. The idea of negative rains or clouds, he says, must be given up, because the differences observed are due only to time: for instance, the atmosphere will be negative when a shower is approaching, positive while the rain is actually falling, and negative again as it passes away. He hopes, by means of his new instrument, to arrive at some of the laws which govern the fall of rain in European latitudes. A curious fact has been noticed also with respect to gutta-percha, which may be interesting to electricians. This substance, as is well known, acquires a bluish tinge after having been kept some months; and when in this state, it can no longer be negatively electrified, as before, by almost any substance with which it may be rubbed. Its electricity is found to be. positive;-and the only substances which will electrify it negatively are mica, diamond, and fur. M. Palagi, of Bologna, and M. Volpicelli, of Rome, sustain the opinion that the change of distance between two bodies constitutes them in differ- ent electrical states, as they are removed from or advanced to each other. M. Volpicelli, while endeavoring to frame the experiment which shall exhibit this phenomenon, has discovered a singular electro-static property. When an insulating stick of glass, or sealing-wax, or sulphur, is placed on an insulated or non-insulated support, (e. g., sliding through one or several rings,) the natural electricity of the stick is distributed by the rubbing, which rises from the motion ina singular way; the electricity accumulates in one of the extremities of the stick, at the same time diminishing in the other, so that there is a point between the two extremi- ties in the norma! state. If the stick is of glass, the extremity which is on the side towards which the mction is operated presents positive electricity, and the other extremity negative electricity ; the contrary takes place if the stick is of wax or of sulphur. The new electro-static polarity manifests itself in the extremities, even when the rubbing takes place only on a very small part in the midst of the insulating stick, and when the extremities themselves have no share in the rubbing. 140 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. ON TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY. Prof. Farraday has recently completed some experiments on the first effects of a current admitted into an insulated conductor, and to ascertain the causes of the excessive differences which exist between the several ascer- tained velocities of electricity. It is a fact, thatin Mr. Wheatstone’s ap- paratus it travels at the rate of 100,000 leagues a second, while in the wire 7 connecting London and Brussels, Mr. Airy found it required more than that time to traverse a thousand leagues. As the company for the manu- facture of submarine telegraph wires placed their wires at Mr. Farraday’s disposal, he had an excellent opportunity to pursue his researches. The mode adopted by Mr. Statham, (the superintendent of the company,) to ascertain the degree of insulation the gutta percha coated wires possess, is to lay them along large floating frames, in such a way that they shall be completely submerged, with the exception of their two ends, which are kept in the air; two hundred of these wires are submerged together ; their total length is forty leagues, when they are connected together by their ex- tremities, (which is very easily done.) improvements in, 201 “ Martin’s improved Jacquard, 19 Photographic impressions, daily, of the Lubricating materials, 100 sun's disk, 203 Lunar volcanic craters, 307 | Photog raphic pictures, vitrification of, 203 Madder, American, 2983 | Photometer, Babinet’s new, 193 Me cultivation and use of, 283 me and needles, new process for whiten- Magnet, variation of, 150 68 Magnetism of rocks, 149 Pipe, ‘lead and tin, strength of compared, 61 views on the origin of, 146 | Planer, Melien’s circular, 85 Matrow, spinal, experiments on, 363 | Planets, new, discovered in 1854, 73 Maryland coal fields, 316 | bi the smaller, 376 Mastodon, remains of, 333 | Plants, influence of solar radiations on, 338 MAURY, Lievt., on the construction of | Porky, M. ANDRES, on the hailstorms of the submarine Atlantic Telegraph, 161 Cuba, 378 Meat as food, relative value of the dif- | Poisons, iodine as an antidote for, 261 ferent kinds of, 274 | Potatoes, experiments in raising, 345 Meat, experimeuts on the preservation | Potato and grape disease, origin of, 342 of, 979 | PRaATT'S ditch digger, 18 Mediterranean, color of the water of, 199 | Pressure, effect of on the temperature of Men with tails, 353 fusion of cifferent substances, 175 | -¥S. apes, 356 | Pressure, influence of upon the forma- Mercury, animal production of, 328, 324 tion of chemical compounds, 297 Metals, annual production and increase Prizes offered by the French Academy, 15 of, 324 | Price of scents, 98 Metals, fatigue and fracture of, 57 | Printing from Nature, 124 se "stereoty pe, composition of, 60 Propeller, screw, application of to ships ** extraction of by means of the © of war, battery, | Propeller, Venetian screw, 32 Meteorological register, self-regulating, 102 Putrefaction, influence of air on, 249 Meteoric stones, origin of, 335 | Quicksilver deposits of California, 328 Meters, water, construction of, 54 | Rags imported into the United States Microscope, cheap, 186 | during the years 1851 and 1852, 106 Milk, solidified, 268 | Railroais and railroad locomotion, 39 Missouri, U.S. frigate, removal of the Railroad track, improved, 40 wreck of, 52 es wheels, oblique, 41 Models, gigantic clay, 122 | Reapers, trials of, 104 Mortising machine, new, 84 | Red drapery, effect of" 197 Motion, “jmprovements in communicat- KEED, WILLIAM, suspension bridge, bl ing rotary, 52 Reefing topsails, new plan tor, 33 Motion rotary, certain phenomena of, 181 | Refractometer, new, 187 Mushrooms, production of, 346 | Register, self-regulating meteorological, 192 Murexide as a coloring matter for wool, 289 | Registration by photography, 202 Nature doing her own engraving, 904 | Respiration, artificial, 104 17* 394 Rifle projectiles, deviation of, Rocks, Silurian, of Great Britain, nu magnetism of," 149 RoGERS, Prov. W. E 320, 330 Rotatory motion, certain phenomena of, 181 Russia, former existence of a great sea in the interior of, 307 Safety lamps, improvements in, 94 Sal ammoniac from gas works, 102 pal Lake, Great, analysis of the waters ae of, Sandstone, Old Red, discoveries in, 322 Sandstones of Connecticut Valley, con- nection of with the coal rocks of Vir- ginia and North Carolina, 330 Saturn, rings of, 376 Saxons, Anglo, memorials of, 383 Scale, prevention of in boilers, 48, 49, 59 Scents, price of, 98 SCORESBY, DR., 150, 217 Screw, wood, machine, 86 Sea, great, former existence of in Rus- sia, 307 Sea- -water, how to make, 365 Seas, depth of the primeval, 301 Sewerage of manufacturing towns, 237 Serpents, venom of, 370 Ships and steamers, improvements in, 28 Ship- timber, machine for bending, 38 ‘“* sawing, aT Ship-worm,preventions ofthe ravages of, 285 Shoal water indicator, 36 Silicium, metallic, deposition of, 235 HY preparation of, 232 Silk, manufacture of in England, 87 Silver and Gold, recovery of from fluids used in plating and gilding, Silurian rocks of Great Britain, thick- ness of, 304 SmiryH, Dr. J. LAURENCE, 335 Smoke, beneficial effects of, 75 Smoke- -consuming fire place, 73 ce stove, Hill’s, 74 «prevention of, 74 ‘* consumption of, 70 Soap as a means of art, ; Soda, nitrate, explosive character of its compounds, 251 Solar radiations, influence of on plants, 338 Sound, experiments in relation to, 210 Soundings, new instrument for taking, 35 examination of deep sea, 367 Spirits, acidity and strength of, 255 Starch and sugar in food, equivalency of, 273 Statistical information, collection and value of, 128 | Stave jointer, Hutchinson’s improved, 85 Steam-cock, improved, 47 be &e new plan for using expansively, 46 Wethered’s improvement in the application of, ‘“* earbonization of wood by, Steel, welding in shears’ blades, 67 ** tempering and grinding of, 65 Stereotype metal, composition of, 60 Stereoscopic phenomena, new, 187 Stereochrome of Fuch's, 260 Stones, meteoric, their origin, Stream, Gulf, the, ; Sulphur, melting point and transforma- tion of, 295 Sun’s disk, daily photographic impres- sions of, 203 Submarine and subterranean telegraphic communication, Sugar, beet root, France, Sugar cane, extraction of the juicefrom, 102 Table turnings, 186 Tannin, percentage of in different sub- stances, 287 Tea, Assan, 349 _ 159 manufacture of in 123 | ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 2” PAGE Telegraphic battery, new, 147 Telegraphic communication, submarine and subterranean, improvements i in, 159 Releeraplae insulation, improvements 148 fetesrasm, submarine, transatlantic con- struction of, 161 Telegraph, submarine, between Europe and Africa, 166 Telegraph, transatlantic, thoughts on, 163 Temperature, surface, of the northern oceans, 216 Temperature of fusion of different sub- stances, effect of pressure on, 175 Thermography, 126 Timber, ship, machine for sawing, 37 ‘* bending, 38 igand lead pipe, comparative strength (0) Tin foils, Crooke's patent, 61 Tones and vibrations produced by the contact of bodies having different tem- peratures, 172 Topsails, new plan for reefing, 33 Transparency of the ocean, 200 Tsad Lake, geographical position’ of, 14 Trilobites of Bohemia, 298 Turpentine, essence of coal as a substi- tute for, 294 Tyrian purple, notice of, 292 Vegetation upon the Himalayas, 347 Ventilation and acoustics, notes on, 209 Ventilator, Rattan’s railroad car, 41 Venom of serpents, 370 VIOLETTE, M., on the carbonization of wood, 121 Volcanic craters, lunar, 307 Voltaic battery, application for the igni- tion of gunpowder, 43 Wall, Great, of China, materials in, 94 Water, Cochituate, change in the com- position of, 361 Water, employment of in blasting op- erations, 9 Water, definition of the boiling point of, 136 Water-meters, construction of, 54 Water, rain, nitric acid and ammonia in, 279 ee sea, ‘coloration of, 346 ee “how to make, 265 Waters of the Great Salt Lake, 322 Weights and measures, English stan- dard of, 59 | Wellingtonia Gigantea, 342 WELLMAN’S self- stripping top cards, 83 WELLS, DaviID A., improvements in pa- per making, 110 WETHERED'S improvements in the ap- | plication of steam, Whale, * the killer,”’ 369 Wheat, proximate principles of the bran of, 278 Wheat, new method of preserving, 118 WHITTLESEY, Cuas., on the origin of mineral coal, 312 Wines, strength and acidity of, 255 Windmills, self- aa i aR 81 WINSLOW, Dr. ©. on the Great Tree of California, 343 Wire gauze for bandages and splints, 81 Wisconsin, lead mines of, 329 Wood screw machine, 86 Wooden ware, manufacture of, 90 W ood, preparation of paper from, 115 carbonization of, 120 Wool, coloring matter for, 289 Worm, ship, prevention ofthe ravagesof, 285 Wreck of the U.S. frigate Missouri, re- moval of, Writing, means for the detection of fraudulent alterations in, 252 Yaks, Chinese, 19 Yam, * 17 IMPORTANT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC WORKS PVUPLIS BED BY GO EY AA ND: LENE OP Ne 59 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY; or, Year Book of Facts in Science and Art, exhibiting the most important Discoveries and Improvements in Mechanics, Useful Arts, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Astronomy, Meteorology, Zoslogy, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology, Geography, Antiquities, etc. ; together with a list of recent Scientific Publications, a classified list of Patents, Obituaries of eminent Scien- tific Men, an Index of important Papers in Scientific Journals, Reports, &c. Edited by DaAvip A. WELLS, A.M. 12mo, cloth, 1,25. This work, commenced in the year 1850, and issued on the first of March annually, contains all important facts discovered or announced during the year. Each volume is distinct in itself, and con- tains entirely new matter, with a fine portrait of some distinguished scientific man. As it is not in- tended exclusively for scientific men, but to meet the wants of the general reader, it has been the aim of the editor that the articles should be brief, and intelligible toall. The editor has received the appro- bation, counsel, and personal contributions of the prominent scientific men throughout the country. THE FOOTPRINTS OF THE CREATOR; or, The Asterolepis of Stromness. With numerous Illustrations. By HUGH MILLER, author of ‘* The Old Red Sandstone,” &c. From the third London Edition. With a Memoir of the Author, by LovIS AGASSIZ. 12mo, cloth, 1,00. Dr. BucKLAND, at a meeting of the British Association, said he had never been so much aston- ished in his life, by the powers of any man, as he had been by the geological descriptions of Mr. Miller. That wonderful man described these objects with a facility which made him ashamed of the com- parative meagreness and poverty of his own descriptions in the “ Bridgewater Treatise,” which had cost him hours and days of labor. He would give his left hand to possess such powers of description as this man; and if it pleased Providence to spare his useful life, he, if any one, would certainly ren- der science attractive and popular, and do equal service to theology and geology. Mr. Miller’s style is remarkably pleasing; his mode of popularizing geological knowledge unsur- passed, perhaps unequalled; and the deep reverence for divine revelation pervading all adds inter- est and value to the volume. — N. Y. Com. Advertiser. The publishers have again covered themselves with honor, by giving to the American public, with the author’s permission, an elegant reprint of a foreign work of science. We earnestly bespeak for this work a wide and free circulation among all who love science much-and religion more.— Puri- tan Recorder. THE OLD RED SANDSTONE; or, New Walks in an Old Field. By HuGH MILLER. Illustrated with Plates and Geological Sections. 12mo, cloth, 1,90. Mr. Miller’s exceedingly interesting book on this formation is just the sort of work to render any subject popular. It is written in a remarkably pleasing style, and contains a wonderful amount of information. — Westminster Review. It is, withal, one of the most beautiful specimens of English composition to be found, conveying information on a most difficult and prefound science, in a style at once novel, pleasing, and elegant. It contains the results of twenty years’ close observation and experiment, resulting in an accumulation of facts which not only dissipate some dark and knotty old theories with regard to ancient formations, but establish the great truths of geology in more perfect and harmonious consistency with the greut truths of revelation. — Albany Spectator, A VALUABLE SCIENTIFIC WORKS. . A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE Animal Kingdom. By Profs. C. TH. VON SIEBOLD and H. STANNIUS. Translated from the German, with Notes, Additions, &c., By WALDO J. BURNETT, M. D., Boston. Two volumes, octavo, cloth. This is unquestionably the best and most complete work of its class yet published; and its appear- ance in an English dress, with the corrections, improvements, additions, etc., of the American Editor, will no doubt be welcomed by the men of science in this country and in Europe, from whence or- ders for supplies of the work have been received. THE POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, the Physical Phenomena of Nature. By ROBERT Hunr, Author of * Panthea,”’ ** Researches of Light,’ &c. 12mo, cloth, 1,25. We are heartily glad to see this interesting work republished’ in America. It isa book that is a book. — Scientific American. It is one of the most readable, interesting, and instruetive works of the kind that we have ever seen. — Phil. Christian Observer. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SPECIES: its Typical Forms and Primeval Distribution. By CHARLES HAMILTON SMITH. With an Introduction, containing an Abstract of the Views of Blumenbach, Prichard, Bachman, Agassiz, and other writers of repute. By SAMUEL KNEELAND, JR., M.D. With elegant Illustra. tions. 12mo, cloth, 1,25. The history of the species is thoroughly considered by Colonel Smith, with regard to its origin, typical forms, distribution, filiations, &c. The marks cf practical good sense, careful observation, and deep research are displayed in every page. An introductory essay of some seventy or eighty pages forms a valuable addition to the work. It comprises an abstract of the opinions advocated by the most eminent writers on the subject. The statements are made with strict impartiality, and, without a comment, left to the Judgment of the reader. — Sartain’s Magazine. This work exhibits great research, as well as an evident taste and talent, on the part of the author, for the study of the history of man, upon zoological principles. It is a book of learning, and full of interest,and may be regarded as among the comparatively few real contributions to science, that serve to redeem, in some meagure, the mass of useless stuff under which the press groans.— Chris. Witness. This book is characterized by more curious and interesting research than any one that has recently come under our examination. — Albany Journal and Register. It contains a learned and thorough treatment of an important subject, always interesting, and of jate attracting more than usual attention. — Ch. Register. The volume before us is one of the best of the publishers’ series of publications, replete with rare and valuable information, presented in a style at once clear and entertaining, illustrated in the most copious manner with plates of all the various forms of the human race, tracing with the most minute precision analogies and resemblances, and hence origin. ‘The more it is read, the more widely opens this field of research before the mind, again and again to be returned to, with fresh zest and satisfac- tion. It is the reguit of the researches, collections, and labors of a long and valuable lifetime, present- ed in the most popylar form imaginable. — dlbany Spectator. LAKE SUPERIOR: its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Animals, compared with those of other and similar regions. By L. AGASSIZ, and Contributions from other eminent Scientific Gentlemen. With a Narrative of the Expedition, and Ilkistrations. By J. E.CABQT. Gne wolume, octavo, elegantly illustrated. Cloth, 3,50. The illustrations, seventeen in number, are in fhe finest style of the art, by Sonrel; embracing lake and landseape scenery, fighes, and other objects of natural history, with an outline map of Lake Superior. This work is one of the most valuabie scientific works that has appeared in this country. Embody- ing the researches of our hest scientific men relating to a hitherto comparatively ynknown region, it will be found to conjain a great amount of scientific information. B THE PLURALITY OF WORLDS. WITH AN INTRODUCTION by Epwarp Hirencocx, LL.D., President of Amherst College. 12mo, cloth. $1.00. &GF This is a masterly production on a subject of great interest. The “ Plurality of Worlds ” is a work of great ability, and one that cannot fail to arrest the attention of the world of science. Its author takes the bold ground of contesting the generaliy adopted belief of the existence of other peopled worlds beside our own earth. A genileman upon whose judgment we piace much reliance writes, in regard to it: “ The Map is elegantly colored, and done up with linen cloth back. and folded in octavo form, with thick cloth covers. The most complete Geological Map of the United States which has yet appeared. The exe- cution of this Map is very neat and tasteful, and it is issued in the best style. It is a work which all who take an interest in the geology of the United States would wish to possess, and we recommend it as extremely valuable, not only in a geological point of view, but as repre-~ senting very fully the coal and copper regions of the country. The explanatory text presents a rapid sketch of the geological constilations of North America, and is rich in facts on the sub- jects. It 1s embellished with a number of beautiful plates of the fossils which characterize the formations, thus making, with the Map, a very complete, clear, and distinct outline of the geology of our country. — Hining Magazine, N.Y, fei GUYOT’S WORKS. THE EARTH AND MAN: Lectures on CoMPARATIVE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, in its relation to the History of Mankind. By Prof. ARNOLD GuyoT. Translated from the French, by Prof. C. C. FELTON, with numerous Illustrations. Eighth thousand. 12mo, cloth, 1,25. From Prof. Louis Agassiz, of Harvard University. It will not only render the study of Geography more attractive, but actually show it in its true light, namely, as the science of the relations which exist between nature and man throughout history; of the contrasts observed between the different parts of the globe; of the laws of horizontal and vertical forms of the dry land, in its contact with the sea; of climate, &c. It would be highly serviceable, it seems to me, for the benefit of schools and teachers, that you should induce Mr. Guyot to write a se- ries of graduated text books of geography, from the first elements up to a scientific treatise. IH would give new life to these studies in this country, and be the best preparation for sound statistical investi- gations. From George S. Hiilard, Esq., of Boston. Professor Guyot’s Lectures are marked by learning, ability, and taste. His bold and comprehen- sive generalizations rest upon a careful foundation of facts. The essential value of his statements is enhanced by his luminous arrangement, and by a vein of philosophical reflection which gives life and dignity to dry details. To teachers of youth it will be especially important. They may learn from it how to make Geography, which I recall as the least interesting of studies, one of the most attractive; and I earnestly commend it to their careful consideration. Those who have been accustomed to regard Geography as a merely descriptive branch of learn- ing, drier than the remainder biscuit after a voyage, will be delighted to find this hitherto unattractive pursuit converted into a science, the principles of which are definite and the results conclusive.— North American Review. The grand idea of the work is happily expressed by the aut ior, where he calls it the geographical march of history. Faith, science, learning, poetry, taste, in a word, genius, have liberally contributed to the production of the work under review. Sometimes we feel as if we were studying a treatise on the exact sciences; at others, it strikes the ear like an epic poem. Now it reads like history, and now it sounds like prophecy. It will find readers in whatever language it may be published. Christian Exaininer. The work is one of high merit, exhibiting a wide range of knowledge, great research, and a philo- sophical spirit of investigation. Its perusal will well repay the most learned in such subjects, and give new views to all of man’s relation to the globe he inhabits. — Sillunan’s Journal, COMPARATIVE PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY ; or, the Study of the Earth and its Inhabitants. A series of graduated courses for the use of Schools. By ARNOLD GUYOT, author of *‘ Earth and Man,” etc. The series hereby announced will consist of three courses, adapted to the capacity of three different ages and periods of study. ‘The first is intended for primary schools and for children of from seven to ten years. The second is adapted for higher schools, and for young persons of from ten to fifteen years. The third is to be used as a scientific manual in Academies and Colleges. Each course will be divided into two parts, one on purely Physical Geography, the other for Eth- nography, Statistics, Political and Historical Geography. Each part will be illustrated by a colored Physical and Political Atlas, prepared expressly for this purpose, delineating, with the greatest care, the configuration of the surface, and the other physical phenomena alluded to in the corresponding work, the distribution of the races of men, and the political divisions into states, &c., &c. The two parts of the first or preparatory course are now in a forward state of preparation, and will be issued at an early day. ~ GUYOT’S MURAL MAPS; a Series of elegant Colored Maps, projected on a large scale, for the Recitation Room, consisting of a Map of the World, North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, &c., exhibiting the Physical Phenomena of the Globe, etc. By Prof. ARNOLD GUYOT. Price, mounted, 10,00 each. MAP OF THE WORLD, — Now ready. MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, — Now ready. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, — Nearly ready. MAP OF GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS, — Now ready. F Other Maps of the Series are in preparation. CG VALUABLE SCIENTIFIC WORKS. PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY: touching the Structure, Development, Distribution, and Natural Arrangement of the Races of Animals, living and extinct. With numerous Illustrations. For the Use of Schools and Colleges. Part l., COMPARA- TIVE PHYSIOLOGY. By LOUIS AGASSIZ and AUGUSTUS A. GOULD. Revised Edition. 12mo, cloth, 1,00. This work places us in possession of information half a century in advance of all our elementary works on this subject. . . No work of the same dimensions has ever appeared in the English lan- guage containing so much new and valuable information on the subject of which it treats. —Pror- JAMES HALL. A work emanating from so high a source hardly requires commendation to give it currency. The volume is prepared for the student in zoological science; itis simple and elementary in its style, ful} in its illustrations, comprehensive in its range, yet well condensed, and brought into the narrow com- pass requisite for the purpose intended. — Séiélliman’s Journal. The work may safely be recommended as the best book of the kind in our language. — Christian Examiner. It is not a mere book, but a work — a real work, in the form of a book. Zoology is an interesting science, and is here treated with a masierly hand. The history, anatomical structure, the nature and habits of numberless animatss, are described in clear and plain language, and illustrated with innumer- able engravings. It is a work adapted to colleges and schools, and no young man should be without it. -- Scientific American. PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, PART II. Systematie Zoology, in which the Principles of Classification are applied, and the principal Groups of Animals are briefiy characterized. With numerous Hiustraticns. l2mo, ia preparation, THE ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY; adapted to Schools and Colleges, with numerous Illustrations. By J. R. Loomis, late Professor of Chemistry and Geolog. in Watervitle College. 12mo, ctoth, 1,09. After a thorough examination of the work, we feel convinced that in all the requirements of a text book of natural science, it is surpassed by no work before the American public. In this opinion wa believe the great body of experienced teachers will eoneur. The work will be found equally well adapted to the wants of those who have given little or no attention to the science in early life, and are desirous to become acquainted with its terms and principles, with the least consumption of time and labor. We hope that every teacher among our readers will examine the work and put the justness of our remarks to the test of his jadgment and experience. — M. B. ANDERSON, Pres. af Rochester University. This is just such a werk as is needed for our schools. It contains a systematic statement of the principles of Geology, without entering into the minuteness of detail, which, though interesting to the mature student, confuses the learner. It very wisely, also, avoids those controverted points which mingle geology with questions of biblical criticism. Wesee no reason why it should not take its place as a text book in all the schools in the land.— WN. ¥. Observer. This volume merits the attention of teachers, who, if we mistake not, will find it better adapted to their purpose than any other similar work of which we have knowledge. It embodies a statement of the principtes of Geology sufficiently fult for the ordinary purposes of instruction, with the leading facts from which they are deduced. It embraces the latest results of the seience, and indicates the debatable points of theoretical geology. The plan of the work is simple and clear, and the style in which it is written is both compact and lucid. We have spcciel pleasure in welcoming its appearance. — Watchman and Reflector. This volume scems to be just the book now required on geology. It will acquire rapidly a circula- tion, and will do much to popularize and universally diffuse a knowledge of geological truths. — Al- bany Journel. It gives a clear and scientific, yet simple, analysis of the main features of the science. It seems, in language and illustration, admirably adapted for use as a text book m common schools and academies; while it is vastly better than any thing which was used in college in our time. In all these eapacitiea we particularly and cordially recommend it. — Congregationalist, Bosion. DBD . THESAURUS OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASIS. So Classified and Arranged as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas, and Assist in Literary Composition. By Perer Marx Rocer, late Secretary of the Royal Society, and author of the “ Bridgewater Treatise,”’ ete. Revised and En- larged ; with a List or Foreign Worps AnD Expressions most frequently oceurring in works of general Literature, Defined in English, by Barnas Sears, D.D., Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, assisted by several Literary Gentlemen. 12mo, cloth. $1.50. £G= A work of great merit, admirably adapted as a text-book for schools and colleges, and of high importance to every American scholar. Among the numerous commendations received from the press, in all directions, the publishers would call attention to the following : We are glad to sce the Thesaurus of English Words republished in this country. It is a most valuable work, giving the results of many years’ labor, in an attempt to classify and arrange the words of the English tongue, so as to facilitate the practice of composition. The purpose of an ordinary dictionary is to explain the meaning of words, while the object of this Thesaurus is to collate all the words by which any given idea may be expressed. — Putnam's Monthly. This volume offers the student of English composition the results of great labor in the form ofa rich and copious vocabulary. We would commend the work to those who have charge of academies and high schools, and to all students. — Christian Observer. This is a novel publication, and is the first and only one of the kind ever issued in which words and phrases of our language are classified, not according to the sound of their orthog- raphy, but strictly according to their signification. It will become an invaluable aid in the communication of our thoughts, whether spoken or written, and hence, as a means of improve- ment, we can recommend it as a work of rare and excellent qualities. — Scientific American. A work of great utility. It will give a writer the word he wants, when that word is on the tip of his tongue, but altogether beyond his reach. — NV. Y. Times. Tt is more complete than the English work, which has attained a Just celebrity. It is intended to supply, with respect to the English language, a desideratum hitherto unsupplied in any language, namely, a collection of the words it contains, and of the idiomatic combinations peculiar to it, arranged, not in alphabetical order, as they are in a dictionary, but according to the ideas which they express. The purpose of a dictionary is simply to explain the meaning of words — the word being given, to find its signification, or the idea it is intended to convey. The object aimed at here is exactly the converse of this: the idea being given, to find the word or words by which that idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed. For this purpcse, the words and pbrases of the language are here classed, not according to their sound or their orthography, but strictly according to their signification. — New York Evening Mirror. An invaluable companion to persons engaged in literary labors. To persons who are not familiar with foreign tongues, the catalogue of foreign words and phrases most current in mods ern literature, which the American editor has appended, will be very useful. — Presbyterian. It casts the whole English language into groups of words and terms, arranged in such a man- ner that the student of English composition, when embarrassed by the poverty of his vocabu- lary, may supply himself immediately, on consulting it, with the precise term for which he has occasion. — New York Evening Post. ' This is a work not merely of extraordinary, but of peculiar value. We would gladly praise it, if anything could add to the consideration held out by the title-page. No one who speaks or writes for the public need be urged to study Roget’s Thesaurus. — Star of the West. Every writer and speaker ought to possess himself at once of this manual. It is far from being a mere dull, dead string of synonymes, but it is enlivened and vivified by the classifying and crystallizing power of genuine philosophy. We have put it on our table asa permanent fixture, as near our left hand as the Bible is to our right. — Congregationulist. This book is one of the most valuable we ever examined. It supplics a want long acknowl- edged by the best writers, and supplies it completely. — Portland Advertiser. One of the most efficient aids to composition that research, industry and scholarship, have ever produced. Its object is to supply the writer or speaker with the most felicitous terms for expressing an idea that may be vaguely floating on his mind; and, indeed, through the peculiar manner of arrangement, ideas themselves may be expanded or modified by reference to Mr. Roget’s elucidations. — Alvion, N, Y. (e) VALUABLE WORK. CYCLOPADIA OF ANECDOTES OF LITERATURE AND THE FINE ARTS. Containing a copious and choice selection of Anecdotes of the various forms of Literature, of the Arts, of Architecture, Engravings, Music, Poetry, Painting, and Sculpture, and of the most celebrated Literary Characters and Artists of different Countries and Ages,&c. By KAZLITT ARVINE, A. M., Author of ** Cyclopedia of Moral and Religious Anecdotes.’? With numerous illustrations. 725 pages octavo, cloth, 3,00. This is unquestionably the ehoicest collection of ameedotes ever published. It contains three thou- sand and forty Anecdotes, many of them articles of interest, containing reading matter equal to halfa fozen pages of 2 common 12mo. volume; and such is the wonderful variety, that it will be found am almost inexhaustible fund of interest for every class of readers. The elaborate elassification and in- dexes must commend it, especially to public speakers, to the various elasses of Fiterary and scientifie men, to artists, mechanics, and ethers, as a DIcTIONARY, for reference, in relation to fucts on the num- berless subjects and characters introduced. There are also more than one hundred and fifty fine Tilustrations. We know of no work whieh in the samme space comprises so much valuable information in a form so entertaining, and so well adapted to make an indelible impression upon the mind. It must become a standard work,and be ranked among the few books which are indispensable to every complete library. — NV. Y. Chronicle. Here is a perfect repository of the most choice and approved specimens of this speeies of informa- tion, selected with the greatest care from all sources, ancient and modern. The work is replete with such entertainment asis adapted to all grades of readers, the most or least intellectual. — Methodist? Quarterly Magazine. P. One of the most complete things of the kind ever given tothe public. There is scarcely 2 parazraph in the whole book which will not mterest some one deeply ; for, while men of letters, argument, and art cannot afford to do without its immense fund of sound maxims, pungent wit, apt illustrations, and brilliant examples, the merchant, mechanic and laborer will find it one of the ehoicest companions of the hours of relaxation. ‘“ Whatever be the mood of one’s mind, and however limited the time for reading, in the almost endless variety and great brevity of the articles he ean find something to suit his feelings, which he can begin and end at once. It may also be made the very life of the social eircle, containing pleasant reading for all ages, at all times and seasons. — Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. A well spring of entertainment, to be drawn from at any moment, comprising the choicest ancedoies of distinguished men, from the remotest period to the present time. — Banger W hig. A magnilicent collection of aneedotes touching literature and the fine arts.— Albasy Spceetator. This work, which is the most extensive and comprchensive collection of aneedotes ever published, cannot fail to become highly popular. — Salem Gazette, A publication of which there is little danger of speaking in too flattering terms ; a perfect Thesaurus of rare and curious information, carefully seleeted and methodically arranged. Ajewel of a book to lie on one’s table, to snatch upin those brief moments of leisure that could not be very profitably turned to account by recourse to any connected work in any department of literature. — Trey Budget. No family ought to be without it, for it is at once cheap, valuable, and very interesting; containing matter compiled from all kinds of books, from all quarters of the globe, from al! ages of the world, and in relation to every corporeal matter at ali worthy of being remarked er remembered. No work has been issued from the press for a number of years for which there was such a manifest want, and we are certain it only needs to be known to meet with an immense sale.— New Jersey Unton. A well-pointed anecdote is often useful to illustrate an argument,and a memory well stored with per- sonal incidents enables the possessor to entertain lively and agreeable conversation.— V. ¥. Com. A rich treasury of thought, and wit, 2nd learning, illustrating the characteristies and peculiarities o€ many of the most distinguished names in the history of literature and the arts. — Phil. Chris. Obs. The range of topics is very wide. relating to nature, relision, science, an@ art; furnishing apposite illustrations for the preacher, the orator, the Sabbath school teacher, and the instructors ef our com- mon schools, academies, and colieges. It must prove a valuable work for the fireside, as well as for the library, as it is calculated to please an@ edify all elasses. — Zanesville Ch. Register. This is one of the most entertaining works for Gesultory reading we have seen, and will no doubt have a very extensive circulation. Asa most entertaining table book, we hardly know of any thing at once 80 instructive and amusing. — NV. Y. CA. Intelligencer, G CHAMBERS’S WORKS. CHAMBERS’S CYCLOPEDIA OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. A Selection of the choicest productions of English Authors, from the earliest to the present time. Connected by a Critical and Biographical History. Forming two large imperial octavo volumes of 1400 pages, double column letter-press ; with upwards of 300 elegant Tilustrations. Edited by ROBERT CHAMBERS, embossed cloth, 5,00. This work embraces about one thousand authors, chronologically arranged and classed as Poets, Historians, Dramatists, Philosophers, Metaphysicians, Divines, etc., with choice selections from their writings, connected by a Biographical, Historical, and Critical Narrative; thus presenting a complete view of English literature from the earliest to the present time. Lct the reader open where he will, he cannot fail to find matter for profit and delight. The selections are gems —infinite richesina little room; in the language of another, “A WHOLE ENGLISH LIBRARY FUSED DOWN INTO ONE CHEAP BOOK.” From W. H. Prescorr. AUTHOR OF “FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.”’ The plan of the work is very judicious. .. It will put the reader in a proper point of view for surveying the whole ground over which he is travelling. . . . Such readers cannot fail to profit largely by the labors of the criti¢ who has the talent and taste to separate what Is really beautiful and worthy of their study front what is superfluous. I concur in the foregoing opinion of Mr, Prescott. —-EDWARD EVERETT. A popular work, indispensable to the library of a student of English literature. — Dr. WAYLAND. We hail with peculiar pleasure the appearance of this work. — North American Review. It has been fitly described as © a whole English library fused down into one cheap book.” The Bos- ton edition combines neatness with cheapness, engraved portraits being given, over and above the il- lustrations of, the English copy. — V. ¥Y. Commercial Advertiser. Welcome; more than welcome! It was our good fortune some months ago to obtain a glance at this work, and we have ever since looked with earnestness for its appearance in an American edition. — NV. Y. Recorder. , «a- The American edition of this valuable work is enriched by the addition of fine steel and mezza- tint engravings of the heads of SHAKSPEARE, ADDISON, BYRON; a full length portrait of Dr. JOHN- SON, and a beautiful scenic representation of OLIVER GOLDSMITH and Dr. JoHnson. These im- portant and elegant additions, together with superior paper and binding, render the American far su- perior to the English edition. The circulation of this most valuable and popular work has been truly enormous, and its sale in this country still continues unabated. CHAMBERS’S MISCELLANY OF USEFUL AND ENTERTAIN- ING KNOWLEDGE. Edited by WILLIAM CHAMBERS. With Elegant Illustrative Engravings. Ten volumes, 16mo, cloth, 7,00. This work has been highly recommended by distinguished individuals, as admirably adapted to Family, Sabbath, and District School Libraries. It would be difficult to find any miscellany superior or even equal to it: it richly deserves the epi- thets “ useful and entertaining,’ and I would recommend it very strongly as extremely well adapted to form parts of a library for the young, or of 2 social or circulating library in town or country. — Grorce B. Emerson, Esq., CHAIRMAN Boston ScnHooL Book COMMITTEE. Iam gratified to have an opportunity to be instrumental in circulating “ Chambers’s Miscellany among the schools for which I am superintendent. —J. J, CLUTE, Town. Sup. of Castleton, N. ¥. Tam fully satisfied that it is one of the best series in our common school libraries now in circula- tion. — S. T. Hance, Town Sup. of Macedon, Wayne Co., N. Y. The trustees have examined the “ Miscellany,” and are well pleased with it. I have engaged the books to every district that has library money. — MrLes CuAFFEE, Town Sup. of Concord. N. Y. Tam not acquainted with any similar collection in the English language that can compare with it for purposes of instruction or amusement. I should rejoice to see that set of books in every house in our country. — Rey. Joun O. CHovuLes D.D. The information contained in this work is surprisingly great; and for the fireside, and the young, particularly, it cannot fail to prove a most valuable and entertaining companion. —V. Y, Lvangelist. It isan admirable compilation, distinguished by the good teste which has been shown in all the pub- Jieations of the Messrs. Chambers. It unites the useful ond entertaining.— Y. Y. Com. Adv. bf) _ CHAMBERS’S WORKS. CHAMBERS’S HOME BOOK AND POCKET MISCELLANY. Con- taining a Choice Selection of Interesting and Instructive Reading for the Old and the Young. Six vols. 16mo, cloth, 3,00. This work is considered fully equal, if not superior, to either of the Chambers’s other works in tn- terest, and. like them, contains a vast fund of valuable information. Following somewhat the plan of the “ Miscellany,’ it is admirably adapted to the school or the family library, furnishing ample va- riety for every class of readers, both old and young. We do not know howit is possible to publish so much good reading matter at such a low price. We speak a good word for the literary excellence of the stories in this work ; we hope our people wil introduce it into all their families, in order to drive away the miserable flashy-trashy stuff so often found in the hands of our young people of both sexes. — Scientific American. Both an entertaining and instructive work, as it is certainly a very cheap one. — Puritan Recorder. It cannot but have an extensive circulation. — Albany Express. Excellent stories from one of the best sources in the world. Of all the series of cheap books, this promises to be the best. — Bangor Mercury. If any person wishes to read for amusement or profit, to kill time or improve it, get “ Chambers’s Home Book.” — Chicago Times, The Chambers are confessedly the best caterers for popular and useful reading in the world, — Willis’s Home Journal. A very entertaining, instructive, and popular work.— 1. ¥. Commercial. The articles are of that attractive sort which suits us in moods of indolence, when we would linger half way between wakefulness and sleep. They require just thought and activity enough to keep our feet from the land of Nod, without forcing us to run, walk, or even stand. — Eclectic, Portland. The reaq@ing contained in these books is of a miscellaneous character, calculated to have the very best effect upon the minds of young readers. While the contents are very far from being puerile, they are not too heavy, but most admirably calculated for the object intended. — Evening Gazette. Coming from the source they do, we need not say that the articles are of the highest literary excels lence. We predict for the work a large sale and a host of admirers. — Last Boston Ledger. It is just the thing to amuse a leisure hour, and at the same time combines mstruction with amuse- ment. — Dover Inquirer. Messrs. Chambers, of Edinburgh, have become famous wherever the English language 1s spoken and read, for their interesting and instructive publications. We have never yet met with any thing which bore the sanction of their names, whose moral tendency was in the least degree questionable. They combine instruction with amusement, and throughout they breathe a spirit of the purest moral- ity. — Chicago Tribune. CHAMBERS’S REPOSITORY OF INSTRUCTIVE AND AMUSING PAPERS. With Illustrations. An entirely New Series, and containing Original Arti- cles. 16mo, cloth, per vol. 50 cents. The Messrs. Chambers have recently commenced the publication of this work, under the title of *CHAMBERS’S REPOSITORY OF INSTRUCTIVE AND AMUSING TRACTS,” in the form of penny weekly sheets, similar in style, literary character, &c., to the “ Miscellany,” which has maintained am enormous circulation of more than eighty thousand copies in England, and has already reached nearly the same sale in this country. Arrangements haye been made by the American publishers, by which they will issue the work simultaneously with the English edition, in two monthly, handsomely bound, 16mo. volumes, of 260 pages each, to continue until the whole series is completed. Each volume complete in itself, and will be sold in sets or single volumes. ca- Commendatory Letters, Reviews, Notices, &c., of each of Chambers’s works, sufficient to make a good sized duodecimo volume, have been received by the publishers, but room here will only allow giving a specimen of the vast multitude at hand. They are all popular, and contain valuable instruc- tive and entertaining reading — such as should be found in every family, school, and college library. F s IMPORTANT WORK. KITTO’S POPULAR CYCLOPADIA OF BIBLICAL LITERA. TURE. Condensed from the larger work. By the Author, JouHw Kirvo, D. D., Author of “ Pictorial Bible,” “‘ History of Palestine,” ‘‘ Scripture Daily Readings,”’ &c. Assisted by JAMES TAYLOR, D, D., of Glasgow. With over jive hundred Illustrations. One vol- ume octavo, 812 pp., cleth, 3,00. THE PoruLar BiBpLticaAL CYCLOP.£DIA OF LITERATURE is designed to furnish a DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, embodying the products of the best and most recent researches in biblical literature, in which the scholars of Europe and America have been engaged. The work, the result of immense labor and research, and enriched by the contributions of writers of distinguished eminence in the va- rious departments of sacred literature, has been, by universal consent, pronounced the best work of its class extant, and the one best suited to the advanced knowlege of the present day in all the studies eonnected with theological science. It is not only intended for ministers and theological students, put is also particularly adapted to parents, Sabbath school teachers, and the great body of the religious public. The illustrations, amounting to mere than three hundred, are of the very highest order. A condensed view of the varicus branches of Biblical Science comprehended in the work. },. BrsricaL Criricrsm,— Embracing the History of the Bible Languages ; Canon of Scyipture; Literary History and Peculiarities of the Sacred Books; Formation and History cf Scripture Texts. - 2. History, — Proper Names of Persons; Biographical Sketches of prominent Characters ; Detailed Accounts of important Events recorded in Seripture ; Chronology and Genealogy of Scripture. 3. Grocnraruy, — Names of Places; Description of Scenery; Boundaries and Mutual Relations of the Countries mentioned in Scripture, so far as necessary to illustrate the Sacred Text. 4, ArciL“oLoGy, — Manners and Customs of the Jews and other nations mentioned in Scripture; their Sacred Instituticns, Military Affairs, Political Arrangements, Literary and Scientific Pursuits. 3. Pirysicat SC1ENCE,-- Scripture Cosmogony and Astronomy, Zoology, Mineralogy, Botany, Meteorology. In addition to numerous flattering notices and reviews, personal letters from more thartiifty of the most distingwished Ministers and Laymen of different religious denominations in the country have been received, highly commending this work as admirably adapted to ministers, Sabbath school teachers, heads of families, and ail Bible students. ° The follewing extract of a letter is a fair specimen of individual letters reccived from each of the gentlemen whose names are given bclow:— “ J have examined it with special and unalloyed satisfaction. It has the rare merit of being all that it professes to be, and very few, [am sure, who may consult it will deny that, in richness and fulness ef detail, it surpasses their expectation. Many ministers will find it a valuable auxiliary; but its chief excelience is, that it furnishes just the facilities which are needed by the thousands in families and Sabbath schools, who are engaged in the important business of biblical education. It is in itself's Hibrary of reliable information.” W. B. Sprague, D. D., Pastor of Second Presbyterian Church, Albany, N. Y. J. J. Carruthers, D. D., Paster of Second Parish Congregational Church, Portland, Me. Joel Hawes, D. D., Pastor of First Congregational Church, Hartford, Ct. Daniel Sharp, D. D., late Pastor of Third Baptist Church, Boston. N. L. Frethingham, D. D.,late Pastor of First Congregational Church, (Unitarian,) Boston. Ephraim Peabedy, D. D., Pastor of Stone Chapel Congregational Church, (Unitarian,) Boston. A. L. Stone, Pastor of Park Street Congregational Church, Boston. John §. Stone, D. D., Rector of Christ Church, (Episcopal,) Brooklyn, N. Y. J.B. Waterbury, D. D., Pastor of Bowdoin Street Church, (Congregational,) Boston. Baron Stow, D. D., Pastor of Rowe Street Baptist Church, Boston. Thomas H. Skinner, D. D., Pastor of Carmine Presbyterian Church, New York. Samuel W. Worcester, D. D., Pastor of the Tabernacle Church, (Congregational,) Salem. Ilorace Bushnell, D. D., Pastor of Third Congregational Church, Hartford, Ct. Right Reverend J. M. Wainwright, D. D., Trinity Church, (Episcopal,) New York. Gardner Spring, D. D., Pastor of the Brick Church Chapel Presbyterian Church, New York, W. T. Dwight, D. D., Pastor of Third Congregational Church, Portland, Me. E. N. Kirk, Pastor of Mount Vernon Congregational Church, Boston. Prof. George Bush, author of “ Notes on the Scriptures,” New York. Howard Malcom, D. D., author of “ Bible Dictionary,” ‘and Pres. of Lewisburg University- Henry J. Ripley, D. D., author of “ Notes on the Scriptures,” and Prof. in Newton Theol. Ins. N. Porter, Prof. in Yale College, New Haven, Ct. Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, Theodore Frelinghuysen, Robert C. Winthrop, John McLean, Simon Greenleaf, Thomas S. Williams, —and a large number of others of like character and standing of the ubove, whose names cannot here appear. H HUGH MILLER’S. WORKS. MY FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF ENGLAND AND ITS PEOPLE. By Huen Mivtrer, author of “ Old Red Sandstone,” “ Footprints of the Creator,” etc., with a fine likeness of the author. 12mo, cloth, 1,00. Let not the careless reader imagine, from the title of this book, that it is a common book of trayels, pn the contrary, it is a very remarkable one, both in design, spirit, and execution. The facts recorded, and the views advanced in this book, are so fresh, vivid, and natural, that we cannot but commend it as a treasure, both of information and entertainment It will greatly enhance the author’s reputation in this country as it already has m England. — Willzs’s Home Journal. This is a noble book, worthy of the author of the Footprints of the Creator and the Old Red Sand- stone, because it is seasoned with the same power of vivid description, the same minuteness of obser- vation, and soundness of criticism, and the same genial piety. We hare read it with decp interest, and with ardent admiration of the author’s temperand genius. It isalmost impossible to lay the book down, even {to attend to more pressing matters. It is, without compliment or hyperbole, a most de- lightfui volume, — VY. ¥. Commercial. It abounds with graphic sketches of scenery and character, is full of genius, eloquence, and observa- tion, and is well calculated to arrest the attention of the thoughtful and inquiring. — Phil. Inquirer. This is a most amusing and instructive book, by a master hand. — Democratic Review. The author of this work proved himself,in the Footprints of the Creator, one of the most original thinkers and powerful writers of the age. In the volume before us he adds new laurels to his reputa- tion. Whoever wishes to understand the character of the present race of Englishmen, as contradistin- guished from past generations; to comprehend the workings of political, social, and religious agitation in the minds, not of the nobility or gentry, but of the people, will discover that, in this volume, he has found a treasure. — Peterson’s Magazine. His eyes were open to see, and his ears to hear, every thing; and, as the result of what he saw and heard in “merrie” England, he has made one of the most spirited and attractive volumes of travels and observations that we have met with these many days. — Traveller. ; It is with the feeling with which one grasps the hand of an old friend that we greet to our home and heart the author of the Old Red Sandstone and Footprints of the Creator. Hugh Miller is one of the most agreeable. entertaining, and instructive writers of the age; and, having been so delighted with him before, we open the First Impressions, and enter npon its perusal with a keen intellectual appe- tite. We know of no work in England so full of adaptedness to the age as this. It opens up elearly to view the condition of its various classes, sheds new light into its social, moral, and religious history, not forgetting its geological peculiarities, and draws conclusions of great value. — Albany Spectator. We commend the volume to our readers as one of more than ordinary value and interest, from the : pen of a writer who thinks for himself, and looks at mankind and at nature through his own spec- tacles.— Transcript. | The author, one of the most remarkable men of the age, arranged for this journey into England, expecting to “lodge in humble cottages, and wear a humble dress, and see what was to be seen by humble men only,— society without its mask.” Such an observer might be expected to bring to view a thousand things unknown, or partially known before; and abundantly does he fulfil this expecta- tion. It is one of the most absorbing books of the time.— Portland Ch. Mirror. eee NEW WORK. MY SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLMASTERS ; ON THE STOR "OF MY EDUCATION. By Huew Miter author of “ Footprints of the Creator,” “ Old Red Sandstone,” ‘* First Impressions of England.” etc. 12mo, cloth This is a personal narrative of a deeply interesting and instructive character, concerning one of the most remarkable men of the age. Noone who purchases this book will have occasion to regret it, our word for it! U A PITGRI WAGE Tor Gwe T : EMBRACING A DIARY OF EXPLORATIONS ON THE NILE, WITH OBSERVATIONS, illustrative of the Manners, Customs, and Institutions of the People, and of the present condition of the Antiquities and Ruins. By J. V. C. SMITH, M. D., Editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. With nu- - Merous elegant Engravings. Third edition. 1,25. : . There is a lifelike interest in the narratives and descriptions of Dr. Smith's pen, which takes you directly along with the traveller, so that when he closes a chapter you feel that you have reached an inn, where you will rest for a while; and then, with a refreshed mind, you will be ready to move on again, in ajourney full of fresh and instructive incidents and explorations. — Ch. Witness. Every page of the volume is entertaining and instructive, and even those who are well read in Egyptian manners, customs, and scenery, cannot fail to find something new and novel upon those | somewhat hackneyed topics. — Mercantile Journal. One of the most agreeable books of travel which have been published for a long time. — Daily Adv. It is readable, attractive, and interesting, because familiar and companionable. You seem to be travelling with him, and seeing the things which he sees. — Bunker Hill Aurora. The author is a keen observer, and describes what he observes with a graphic pen. The volume abounds in vivid descriptions of the manners, customs, and institutions of the people visited, the present condition of the ancient ruins, accompanied by a large number of illustrations. — Courier. We see what Egypt was; we see what Egypt is; and with prophetic endowment we see what it is yet tobe. It is acharming book, not written for antiquarians and the learned, but for the million, and by the million it will be read. — Congregationalist. The reader may be sure of entertainment in such a land, under the guidance of such an observer as Dr. Smith, and will be surprised, when he has accompanied him through the tour, at the vivid im- pression which he retains of persons,and places,and incidents. The illustrations are capitally drawn, and add greatly to the value of the book, which is a handsome volume in every respect, as are all the works which issue from the house of Gould and Lincoln. — Salem Gazette. This is really one of the most entertaining books upon Egypt that we have met with. It is an easy and simple narration of all sorts of strange matters and things, as they came under the eye of an at- tentive and intelligent observer. — Albany Argus. Mr. Smith is one of the sprightliest authors in America, and this work is worthy of his pen. He is particularly happy in presenting the comical and grotesque side of objects. — Commonwealth. The sketches of people and manners are marvellously lifelike, and if the book is not a little gossipy, it is not by any means wanting in substantial information and patient research. — Ch. Inquirer. One of the most complete and perfect books of the kind ever published, introducing entire new places and scenes, that have been overlooked by other writers. The style is admirable and attractive, and abundantly interesting to insure it a general circulation. — Diadem. Reader, take this book and go with him; it is like making the voyage yourself. Dr. Smith writes in a very pleasing style. No one will fall to sleep over the book. We admire the man's wit; it breaks out occasionally like flashes of lightning on a dark sky, and makes every thing look pleasantly. Of all the books we have read on Egypt, we prefer this. It goes ahead of Stephens’s. Reader, obtain a copy for yourself. -- Trumpet. This volume is neither a re-hash of guide books, nor a condensed mensuration of heights and dis- tances from works on Egyptian antiquities. It contains the daily observations of a most intelligent traveller, whose descriptions bring to the reader’s eye the scenes he witnessed. We have read many books on Egypt, some of them full of science and learning, and some of wit and frolic, but none which Jurnished so clear an idea of Egypt us it is, — of its ruins as they now are, and of its people as they now live and move. The style, always dignified, is not unfrequently playful, and the reader is borne along from page to page, with the feeling that he is in good company. -- Watchman and Reflector. Its geological remarks upon the Nile and its valley, its information upon agriculture and the me- chanic arts, amusements, education, domestic life and economy, and especially upon the diseases of the country, are new and important. — Congregationalist. SCRIPTURE NATURAL HISTORY ; containing a descriptive account of Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Insects, Reptiles, Serpents, Plants, Trees, Minerals, Gems, and Precious Stones, mentioned in the Bible. By WILLIAM CARPENTER, London; with Improvements, by REV. GORHAM D. ABBOTT. Illustrated by numerous Engrav- ings. Also, Sketches of Palestine. 12mo, cloth, 1,00. T ‘ THE CRUISE OF THE NORTH STAR: A NARRATIVE OF THE EXCURSION MADE BY MR. VANDERBILT’S PARTY, IN THE STEAM YACHT, in her Voyage to England, Russia, Denmark, France, Spain, Italy, Malta, Turkey, Madeira, ete. By Rev. Jony OvertTON CuouLes, D. D. With elegant Lllustrations, and fine Likenesses of Commodore Vanderbilt and Capt. Eldridge. 12mo, cloth, gilt backs and sides. $1.50. The cruise of the North Star was an event of almost national concern, and was watched with universal interest. This volume is as different from ordinary books of travel as the cruise of the North Star was different. from an ordinary trip to Europe. We need not bespeak for it many readers. — Providence Journal. The American people ought to be proud of, and grateful to, Cornelius Vanderbilt. This man has done more than a dozen presidents to give America a respected name in Europe. At first a poor boy, he has shown by his history what faculties American institutions have to bring out individual enterprise. Taving, by his masterly. enterprise, acquired a princely fortune, Mr. Vanderbilt, the past year, in a yacht of his own, built expressly for the purpose, took a family trip to the several European cities! Such an idea never before occurred to mortal man. Every- where he went, his yacht enterprise was the theme of general comment. Everywhere the enterprise bears a national character. In the person of Cornelius Vanderbilt, American enter- prise told the people of Europe what it could do. The desire to get this curious narrative was so great that the whole of the first edition went off in two days ! — Star of the West. Those who remember to have met with a very interesting work, published some two years ago, entitled ‘‘ Young Americans Abroad,’’ will be glad to learn that here is another book of travels from the same source. Do yousay your shelves are all full of books of travel?— we reply, with Leigh Hunt, — then put in another shelf, and place this one on it. — Methodist Protestant. Yhe work is one of the most entertaining, and, in its way, vivid, portraitures of scenes in the Old World, that we have ever seen. — Boston Transcript. This is a fitting memorial of the most remarkable trip of its kind ever taken, and which ex- cited great interest both in this country and Europe. The book is in many respects as novel as the occasion which produced it was unique and memorable. Both the accomplished author and the publishers deserve the best thanks for so tasteful a record of a performance which has reflected so much credit abroad upon American enterprise. — New York Courier & Enquirer. This work is interesting, not only as a memorial of the North Star, and her trip to Europe, — an enterprise which, of a private nature in its undertaking, was almost national in its anticipa- tions and in its proud results, — but also as a record of European travel, narrated in a lively manner, by a gentleman whose taste and attainments eminently qualify him for the task. — New York Times. Never before did a private individual make so magnificent an excursion as Mr. Vanderbilt. In a steam yacht of unsurpassed splendor, accompanied by afew select friends, whom he en- tertained, during the voyage, in the most luxurious manner, he crossed over to the Old World ; viewed the curiosities of parts of three continents ; steamed from port to port, and then re- turned, having spent four months in this most delightful manner. Dr. Choules, who was one of his guests, has given to the world a charming account of this unique voyage, in a beautifully printed and illustrated volume. We commend it to our readers as a very entertaining, well- written book. — Zion’s Herald. The whole world has heard of Mr. Vanderbilt and his matchless yacht, —his pleasure excur- sion to Europe, —its princely cost, and safe and happy execution. * * * The book will be eagerly perused, as a record of one of the unique occurrences of the age ; is written with a kind of drawing-room, etiquette-like style, is mellow in sentiment, and is wholly destitute of that straining after the sublime, and stranding in the ‘‘ high-falutin,” that characterize the effusions of the tourist generally. — Chicago Advertiser. - This. exceedingly clever volume is the result and the record of one of the most stupendous and magnificent water excursions that ever was made. — Norfolk Co. Democrat. This beautiful volume describes, in a chaste and readable manner, the fortunes of the widely- known excursion of the princely New York merchant and his family and guests. From the eclat of the voyage itself, and the pleasant way of Dr. Chouies’ account of it, we think the book is destined to have — what it deserves —a very large sale. — Congregationalist. (f) WORKS JUST PUBLISHED. THE BETTER LAND ; or, Tae BeLiever’s JouRNEY AND Future Ione. By Rev. A. C. Tompson. 12mo, cloth. 85 cents. Contents. — The Pilgrimage — Clusters of Eschel — Waymarks — Glimpses of the Land — The Passage — Tke Recognition of Friends —The Heavenly Banquet — Children in Heaven — Society of Angels — Society of the Saviour — Heavenly Wouor and Riches — No Tears in Heaven —Holiness of Heaven—Activity in Heaven — Resurrection Bedy— Perpetuity of Bliss in Ueaven. A most charming and instructive book for all now journeying to the ‘‘ Better Land,” and es- pecially to those who have friends already entered upon its eternal joys. CHRISTIANITY VIEWED IN ITS LEADING ASPECTS. By the Rev. A. L. R. Foorr, author of “ Incidents in the Life of our Saviour,’’ ete. 16mo, cl. MEMOIRS OF A GRANDMOTHER. By a Lady of Massachusetts. 16mo, cloth. 650 cents. “‘ My path lies in a valley which I have sought to adorn with flowers. Shadows from the hills cover it, but I make my own sunshine.” The little volume is gracefully and beautifuky written. —Journad. Not unworthy the genius of a Dickens. — Transcript. HOURS WITH EURCGPEAN CELEBRITIES. By the Rev. Wituraw B. SpracuE, D. D. 12mo, cloth. i press. The author of this work visited Europe in 1828 and in 1836, under circumstances which afforded him an opportunity of making the acquaintance, by personal interviews, of a large number of the most distinguisked men and women of that continent; and in his preface he says, “It was my uniform custom, after every such interview, to take copious memoranda of the conversation, including an account of the individual’s appearance and manners ; in short, defining, as well as I could, the whole impression which his physical, intellectual and moral man had made upon me.’”” From the memoranda thus made, the material for the ‘present instructive and exceedingly interesting volume is derived. Besides these “pen and ink’’ sketches, the work contains the novel attraction of a fac-simile of the signature of each of the persons introduced. ' THE AIMWELL STORIES. A series of volumes illustrative of youthful character, and combining instruction with amuse- ment. By WALTER AIMWELL, author of “The Boy’s Own Guide,” “The Boy’s Book of Morals and Manners,’ &c. With numerous [lustrations. The first two volumes of the series, now ready, are — OSCAR; or, THE Boy wHO HAD HIS OWN WAY. 16mo, cloth, gilt. 63 cents. CLINTON ; or, Boy-Lire IN THE CountRY. 16mo, cloth, gilt. 63 cents. kG Each volume will be complete and independent of itself, but the series will be con- nected by a partial identity of character, localities, &c. THE PLURALITY GF WORLDS. A New Epition. With a SupPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE, in which the author’s reviewers are reviewed. 12mo, cloth. $1. This masterly production, which has excited so much interest in this country and in Europe, will now have an increased attraction in the addition of the Supplement, in which the author’s reviewers are triumphantly reviewed. La The Supplement will be furnished separate to those who have the original work. INFLUENCE OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE UPON INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. By Wituram WuHeEwELt, D. D., of Trinity College, Cambridge, Eng., and the alleged author of “ Plurality of Worlds.” 16mo, cloth. 25 cts. THE LANDING AT CAPE ANNE; or, Tre CHARTER oF THE First PERMA- NENT COLONY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS ComPpANY. Now discovered and first published from the ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT, With an in quiry into its authority, and a History oF THE CoLony, 1624-1628. Roger Conant Governor. By Joun WINGATE THORNTON. 8vo, cloth. $1.50. This is a curious and exceedingly valuable historical document. A volume of great interest and importance. — Evening Traveller. A rare contribution to the early history of New England. — Mercantile Journal. ee is S pee a pwnd ee ae Sea Rg ak Resdeos oirripe pea 190 al sere y pets souk ov Ber ; 3 eu “1 aes Sy LREMATIRIZR? Beda Briel + 20ten A i ay: SOM CHAR? pi 19) ASE Fed 7 A ria a iafbiy nats Baers wien gn bead ahd wie ee ek tiem - “goliecrs eo te GMMR. 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