ih ns Ha i
egaiie

.

*

oe

a
.
}
i
‘a

ANNUAL REGISTER,

orn a VIEW of THE | ‘)

Hrs TO RY,
POLITICS,

AND

4 ERATURE
For the YEAR 1806.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR W. OTRIDGE AND SON; LONGMAN, HURST, REES AND ORME $
CLARKE AND SONS} B. CROSBY; J. BELL; R. PAULDER AND SON 5
SUTHELL AND MARTIN; R. LEA; J. NUNN; J. WALKER ; LACKINGTON,
ALLEN, AND CO.3; E. JEFFERY ; VERNOR, H@OD, AND SHARPE 3 J. AS-
PERNE; AND P. AND W. WYNNE,

1808.

Fuaapine and Wricut, Printers, St. John's Square, Clerkenwell.

PREFACE

Tur present volume of the Annual Register
is some months later in appearing, than, from
the arrangements into which the publishers
had entered, they had reason to expect. This
delay is solely to be attributed to the editor,
whose over anxiety to render the historical part
_ of the work as full and accurate as possible,
prevented. him from. completing his labours
within the time, in which he had undertaken
to bring them to a conclusion. The publishers,
however, have the satisfaction of assuring the
readers of the Annual Register, that such de-
lays need not be apprehended in future, and
that henceforward no consideration shall be
allowed to interfere with the regular publica-
tion of a work, which has been so long, and they
will venture to say, so deservedly esteemed by
the public. The editor of the present volume
has,in the mean time, the satisfaction to reflect,
aim in ee teas of this delay, he has been

enabled,

ad

S

ip ae CP ee AOR

enabled, by means of the numerous papers
presented to parliament during the last session,
to place ina clear and intelligible light, several
transactions of the period of which he treats,
which, till these papers had appeared, were
involved in comparative obscurity. He al-
ludes, in particular, to the origin of the war
between Russia and the Porte; to the expedi-
tion of Lord St. Vincent to Portugal; and to
the nature and grounds of our differences with
the United ‘States of America. He also flatters
himself that his account of our domestic his-
,tory will be found more than usually full as
well as impartial.

THE

ANNUAL REGISTER,
For the Year 1806.

THE

: HISTORY

OF

E.U.R OP E.

CHAP. I.

State of Europe, at the Commencement of 1806.—Consequences of the Battle
of Trafalgar.— Animosity of Bonaparte against England.—Probability of
Invasion.—Effects of the disastrous Coalition of 1805.—Ministry of Eng-
land.—Meeting of Parliament.—Speech from the Throne.—Address.—
Amendment read, but not moved.—Last Iliness and Death of Mr. Pitt.—
Remarks on some Parts of his Character—Honours rendered to his

Memory.

4 Bee situation of Europe at the
commencement of 1806 was
unexampled in history. Two rival
nations had acquired, not merely a
deeided preponderance, but an ab-
solute and uncontrouled dominion,
the one over theseas, the other over
the land. If the battle of Auster-
litz had confirmed the military supe-
riority of France over other na-
tions, and left her without a rival
on the continent, the victory of
Trafalgar had no less decisively es-
Vor. XLVIIT.

tablished the naval superiority of
England, and crowned all her for-
mer victories on the ocean. The
accumulated fruits of four years

persevering labour and painful ine

dustry, on the part of France and
her dependencies, to form and col.

Ject a navy, fit to cope with the

maritime forces of England, had
been swept away and annihilated
in a single action. The importance
of such a victory, at such a crisis,
to England, cannot be easily exag-

: gerated,

Q ANNUAL REGISTER,

gerated or over-rated. | For, it was
not merely that the high.formed
expectations of France from her
newly repaired marine, in which
she had so weakly indulged and
prematurely cxulted at the begin-
ning of the campaign, were thus
abruptly and thorouglily frustrated ;
or, that her projects of invading the
British islands, wader the protection
of a powerful fleet, were again de-
feated: nor was it even that the
most sp'endid victory bad, on this
occasion, been won by England,
that was ever gained at sea; or,
that the greatest number of vessels,
of first-rate magniiude, had, in this
action, been taken and destroyed,
that ever rewarded a conqueror in
any naval combat. But, the great
and incalculable advantage to Eng-
Jand, was the universal conviction
arising from this victory, that, in the
skill, bravery, and discipline of her
naval forces, she was so incompara-
bly superior to her enemies, that
all their future efforts to contend
with her for the empire of the seas,
must be as unavailing as their past
endeavours had been fruitless. It
was now clear, that, if the contest
for pre-eminence between the rival
nations were to be decided solely
on the ocean, England had no-
thing to fear from the conflict.
It was now manifest, that if Eng-
land could not be invaded, without
her enemies obtaining a temporary
superiority, at least, at sea, the pe-
riod of her invasion was still dis-
tant. If the trident of Neptune be
really the sceptre of the world, En-
gland was now its undoubted mis-
tress. ‘The mavitime trade of all
nations was at her mercy, and sub-
ject in many respects to her con-
sent. It might now be said of her
with greater truth, than when Gro.

1806.:

tius addressed these lines to the most
pacific of her monarchs:

ae Quz meta Britannis,

Littora sunt aliis; regnique accessio
tanta est,

Quod ventis velisque patet

There was no country which Eng-
Jand could not visit with her fleets,
to conciliate its friendship, or take
vengeance for its enmity; and,
what was of more importance to
her true interest and permanent
good, there was no independent
state, out of the reach of France,
which she might not hope, by a
wise and enlightened policy, to at-
tach stedfastly to her party. For,
whatever petty jealousies and tem-
porary grounds of discontent might
occur, to embroil her with other
nations, it was her permanent in-
terest, that the blessings of peace
and civilization should extend to
every corner of the earth. No
country, independent of her enemy,
could prosper, without “England
partaking in its prosperity: no
country could increase in wealth or
population, without finding by ex-
perience, that the ties connecting it
with: England, were drawn closer
by its own progress and improve-
ment. While the dominion of
France was founded on military
force and usurpation, and her power
was chiefly felt by her neighbours,
in the acts of rapine and oppression,
of which they were victims, theeleva-
tion of England was owing to a long
and successful cultivation of the arts
of peace and industry, and could not
be maintained an instant longer
than she persevered in the paths in
which she had risen to greatness. The
only tribute she could exact from
other nations, was the price which

they

HISTORY OF EUROPE. . 3

they willingly paid to her for re-

lieving their necessities and grati<

fying their wants: merchants, not
armies, were the collectors of her
foreign revenue: barter, not con-
quest, was her means of drawing to
herself the riches of the world:
and so fortunate for the general
good of human society was the pe-
culiarity of her situation, that it
was impossible for her to increase
her own wealth and resources, with-
out communicating to other nations
a portion of that spirit of industry
which animated her people.

But, great and splendid as were
the present circumstances, and fair as
were insome respects the future pro-
spects of England, her situation, on
the whole, was, at this period, full
of danger and alarm. She had em-
barked in hostilities with a most
formidable adversary, and had ha-
zarded a most unequal and dispro-
portionate stake in the contest. The
greatest injury which she could in-
flict on her enemy, was the destruc-
tion of his commerce, and the sub.
jogation of his colonies—objects
which she had already-almost ac-
complished. She might also, if she
were .inclined, retard by her in-
trigues, the peaceful settlement of
his domestic affairs, and prolong,
for a few years more, the reign of
military government in his domi-
nions. But she was unable to make
any serious impression on his terri-
tories, or to weaken in the least the
solid foundations of his power. While
the utmost exertions of her hostility
were limited tosuch paltry, ineffec-
tual warfare, the blow she was ex-
posed to in return was of a most
deadly nature. .it was not her
power and pre-eminence only, but

her existence, that was threatened
with danger: and this menace pro-
ceeded from an enemy, who was ac-

tuated by eyery motive of policy,
ambition, and resentment, to pur-
sue her utter ruin and destruction.
England was the’ only power that
had ever set bounds to his ambit’on,
or maintained with him a successful
contest. She had defeated, in a
former war, bis most favourite en»
terprise, and had rejected, with
scora and contempt, the offers of
peace, which, in the first overflow-
ings of unlooked-for success, he had
addressed to her sovereiga.— Daring
the short interval of peace that suc-
ceeded to the revolutionary war,
his pride, had been shocked by the
coldness with which she met his ad-
vances, and his vanity had been mor-
tified and-provoked, by the inces-
sant libels against his person and
government, that issued from her
press. After a short and unsatis~
factory experiment of peace, he had
been disturbed by her inteference,
while employed in new-modelling
his empire; in pursuing plans of
commercial and colonial aggrandise-
ment; and perhaps in meditating fu-
ture schemes of aggression against
the peace and liberties of mankind :
and, without any adequate cause or
provocation, ke had been compelled
by her, to make his choice between
renewing the war, to which he was
most averse, or renouncing, pub-
licly, in presence of France and of
Europe, that which was known to
have been the favourite object of his
ambition, and the point he had been
most anxious to secure by the
treaty of peace, which he had so re.
cently signed. Since the renewal
of hostilities it was to the machina-
tions of England, he believed, that
he was to attribute a dangerous
conspiracy within his dominions,
which had threatened the existence
of his government, and endangered

B2 the

b eA,

dh ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the safety of his person: and there
could be no doubt, that it was to
her enmity, he was chiefly indebted
for the late confederacy against him,
which, with such good fortune and
distinguished ability, he had de-
feated and put down. England
once subdued, he might plausibly
argue, he would be the sole and un-
disputed master of the universe:
but, while England retained her in-
dependence, her maritime superio-
rity, and her inveteracy against him,
he must expect to be thwarted inall
+his commercial and colonial views,
confined to the continent of Europe,
and compelled, for safety, to sur-
round his throne with an armed
force, instead of emerging, as hede-
sired, from the precarious and un-
certain condition of a military chief,
to be the head of a regular govern-
ment, and the founder of a dynasty
of kings.

That Bonaparte, after the re-
newal of hostilities, was animated
by the most implacable hatred
against England, and that he thence.
forward considered her govern-
ment, as the etevnal enemy of his
peace and repose, cannot well be
doubted: but why he chose to be-
gin the war with such ostentatious
threats of invasion, such insolent
denunciations of vengeance, is a
point net easy to decide. It may
have been merely to give vent to his
own spleen, or to spirit up his peo-
ple to a new war, that he used such
impolitic, such unbecoming lan-
guage towards his enemy. He
may have acted from a deeper,
though mistaken calculation, and
supposed, that if he could terrify
the English nation with the sound
of his preparations, their govern-
ment would yield to his terms ; and,
indeed, the publicity which he af.

fected to give at this time to all his
plans and operations, would seem
to countenance such a conjecture.
He may possibly have under-rated
the difficulties of invasion, and se.
riously intended at first to carry his
menaces into effect. But, if his ob-
ject in these measures was to obtain
peace by intimidation, never was his
sagacity more in fault. The English
were exasperated, not intimidated
by his threats, and the little confi-
dence, which they reposed at that
time in the vigour of their own go-
vernment, served only to call forth,
in brighter colours, their zeal and
ardour in defence of their country.
It would neither be consonant to
reason to believe, nor agreeable to
truth to assert, that it was patrio-
tism alone, which filled the ranks
of the volunteers. | Exemptio
from more dangerous aud more dis-
agreeable service contributed, no
doubt, to swell the numbers of these
citizen soldiers. But, it cannot be
denied, that the spirit which the
English nation manifested on this
occasion, shewed at once their be-
lief in the sincerity of Bonaparte’s
threats, and proved how far he had
been mistaken in supposing, that
their minds were enervated by
luxury, or their military ardour
extinguished by commerce.

But, though the body of the En-
glish people were thoroughly per-
suaded, that Bonaparte meant
speedily to invade them, and waited
only for a favourable opportunity
to embark his forces ; and, though
there were men of talents and con-
sideration in the country, who be-
lieved, or affected to believe, that
such was his intention; those who
had considered well his character,
when they reflected on the difficul-
ties and uncertainty of the attempt,

could

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 5

could not bring themselves to be-
lieve, that he was in earnest in his
threats. Such reasoners alledged,
that, of all men, who had risen from
an obscure situation to a throne,
Bonaparte was the most prudent and
wary; that his caution and circum-
spection in forming his plans, were
as remarkable as his boldness and
activity in carrying them into exe-
cution; that no man had ever
trusted so little to fortune, or used

so many precautions to ensure
success in all his enterprises ;
that though no one had _ ever

displayed greater presence of mind,
or manifested greater resources in
danger, noman had ever shewn him-
Self more averse to engage unneces.
sarily in hazardous undertakings,
or more disposed to distrust his
fortune in the hour of success. His
moderation in victory, which he af-
fected to call magnanimity, they at-
tributed to his prudence ; and the
offers and professions of peace,
which he was continually addressing
to his enemies, they regarded, not
as mere traps for popularity, but as
indications of a frame, of mind,
which, though‘actuated by the most
restless ambition, and the sport at
times of the most ungovernable tem-
per, was nevertheless too thorough-
ly impressed with the instability of
human affairs, not to seek every
opportunity of guarding against the
uncertainty of fortune. But, with
such an opinion of Bonaparte’s cha-
racter, it was difficult to believe him
sincere in his threats of invasion
against England. For, though the
numbers and discipline of his army,
the excellence of his officers, the
genius and experience of his gene-
rals, might inspire him with the
most confident hopes of success,
provided the military force of his

empire could be brought into con-
tact with that of England; what
expectations could he reasonably
entertain, of transporting to her
shores an army of sufficient
force to subdue the country ; and,
if he landed with an army of infe«
rior, and therefore inadequate
strength, what chatice had he, de.
prived of the assistance of a fleet,
of maintaining his communications
with thexcontinent ? But, while the
invasion of England was difficult
and unpromising of success, the
consequences of failing in so great
an enterprise, deserved the most
Serious consideration. Besides the
disgrace that necessarily attends
miscarriage in affairs of such magni-
tude; the injurious effects of the
loss of reputation to a military chief,
whose popularity was founded on
his uninterrupted successes ; the
probability of discontent and mu-
tiny in his army, at the sight of so
many thousands of their comrades
saerificed to an experiment, which,
if it failed, every one was sure to
condemn; was it not clear, that
the continental powers, whom
France had recently hnmbled and
defeated, would be roused by her
misfortune, ‘to try once more with
her the chance of war? Was the
disaster of Aboukir already forgot-
ten, or the formidable coalition to
which it gave rise? Was Russia
less hostile to France than in the
time of Paul, or Austria better re-
conciled to the loss of so many of
her ancient provinces? But, while
there were so many reasons against
attempting the invasion of England,
Bonaparte had no urgent cause for
stirring at all, and the prospect of
many advantages by remaining per-
fectly quiet. The presence of his
army at Boulogne was sufficient

B 3 without

6

without invasion, to give occupation
to a great part of the English army,
and to keep England ina state of
constant preparation and alarm.
The expences of the war were
exhausting the resources of ing-
land, while the evils attending that
state of things in France were com-
paratively small.* The interruption
of her foreign trade had produced
little inconvenience, except in some
particular districts, after the first
six months of the war. Her agri-
culture was flourishing. Her domes-
tic manufactures were encouraged
by the difficulty of procuring ma-
nufactured articles from abroad.
Her capital was invested in occu-
pations, which the hostility of Eng-
land could not materially disturb.
There was nothing to precipitate
Bonaparte’s measures, except the
impatience of his army, which was
pining in inaction at Boulogne.
But it was not difficult to foresee,
that, if the discontents of his troops
should ever compel him to take the
field, he would contrive to carve
out for himself some easier work
on the continent, than the perilous
expedition against England.

But, whatever opinions might
have been held with respect to the
probability or improbability of in-
vasion, antecedent to the period of
which we treat, the issue of the late
unfortunate campaign upon the
continent had, at this time, mate-
rially altered the grounds, on
which the question might formerly
have been argued. It belongs not
to us, as historians of 1806, to enter
at length into the history, or to
expatiate on the errors of the ill.
concerted and worse conducted co-
alition of 1805. Without any de-
finite or attainable object in view,
it was formed of discordant mate-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

rials, which accident had lately
brought together, but which time
had not cemented. Russia, recently
in the closest connection with
France, had been disgusted with
herally, on account of an atrocious
and unprovoked act of violence,
committed by order of the French.
government within the territory of
the German empire, the indepeny
dence of which Russia as well as
France was bound by treaty to
protect. The resentment of
Russia for this offence had been in-
creased by the bad faith of the
French government towards her-
self, in some private transactions
between them, not ‘very reputable
to either party; and the petulant
and insolent tone, with which her
complaints and claims of redress
were answered by France, had pro-
voked her to recall her minister
from Paris, and to break off all in-
tercourse with the French govern-
ment. In this moment of disgust
and ill humour, she. was unfortu-
nately prevailed upon by the soli-
citations of England to come for.
ward as the champion and protector
of the liberties of Europe, which
only two years before she had lent
her aid to oppress and subvert,
Austria, who still owed her a grudge
for her conduct on that occasion,
was, next, mostunwillingly and re-
luctantly dragged into the confede-
racy. Prussia, without whose co-
operation, hostilities against France
should never have been resolved
upon, was unaccountably neglected
or overlooked in the formation of
the alliance ; and so little were her
sentiments with regard to it known,
that, even when the allies had taken
the field, it was doubtful whether
she would not throw her weight
into the opposite scale, and declare

against

~

HISTORY OF EUROPE. ibe By 6

against them.* To recapitulate the
mistakes and oversights of the dis-
astrens campaign that followed,
would be a task as useless as it
would be painful. Suflice it to say,
that the armies of Austria were
ruined without a battle ; her capital
was taken without resistance ; and
scarcely had the miserable remains of
her army joined the Russians,
who were coming up to their as-
sistance, when they were compelled
to hazard an’ engagement, which
decided the fate of Europe, and
completed the triumph of France
over the continent. In this too
memorable action it is trué that a
small part only of the Russian army
was engaged. But, as the French
justly boasted, the secret of the
Russians was discovered, and the
inferiority of their blind, though
steady courage, when tried against
the disciplined valour and scientifie
tactics‘ of their opponents, was but
too clearly and fully -ascertained.
Russia, indeed, was still unconscious
and unapprehensive of this truth.
Further and more severe lessons
from experience, were necessary to
convince her, that the power of an
empire is not tobe measured by its
extent, and that Serfs and wander-
ing Barbarians are removed by an
immense interval from an equality
with the civilized nations of the
_ west of Europe.

After the peace of Presburgh,
France was at liberty to direct her
whole force and energies to the
subjugation of England. No lon-
ger deterred from invasion by the

fear.of a continental confederacy,
she had only to decide what was
the most expedient and practicable
mode of conducting it. ‘If it ap-
peared possible to convert the Bou-
logne flotilla to any useful purpose,
and employ it in the service for
which it was prepared, Bonaparte
might now risk a part of his army
in such an expedition, without fear-
ing amutiny of his troops, or re-
bellion of his people, in case it
failed. Iftransports and ships -of
war were thought neccessary for
carrying over his army, he had
(besides the ports of France) Flush-
ing and Ferro), and Lisbon (when
he chose), to receive and giys shel-
ter to the naval forces which he
destined for the enterprise. If
England had nothing to apprehend
from any number of troops, which
he could land upon her shores,
there were other parts of the Bri.
tish empire, not equal'y invelnera.
ble to his attacks. Ircland was ex-
posed by her grievances to the se-
duction of his emissaries, and easily
accessible by her situation to the
invasion of his army. [tebellion
had in that country been put dowa,
but discontent still existed in the
minds of the people. The fire,
which had lately blazed with such
fury, was smothered, but not extin-
guished. The late rejection of the
Catholic petition by parliament
had not tended to conciliate that
body : and, though the more mede-
rate of the Catholics were ready to
postpone the discussion of their
claims, till the ouly obstacle to the

_.* “ The arrival of the second Russian army was delayed more than a month by
_the first armaments which the court of Berlin threatened to oppose to those of
Russia.” Extract from a memoir on the situation of affairs, communicated by

Count Stahremburg. Sup. Papers, p, 52.
B

4 full

5 © ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

- full redress of their grievances was
removed ; and the prudent and con-
siderate were disinclined to those
violent counsels, from which they
had already suffered so much; it
was not to be supposed that all the
Trish Roman Catholics were mode-
rate and, prudent, but that many
of them would join themselves to a
French army, as soon as it made its
appearance in their country.

‘At this moment of danger and
dismay, when the surrender of Ulm
and battle of Austerlitz were still
recent events, when the extent of
the late calamities was still un-
known, and the immediate conse.
quences were apprehended to be
more fatal than they have yet
proved, share es no eflicient go-
vernment in England. Mr. Pitt,
in whose wisdom and patriotism the
great majority of the people had, for
many ycars,reposedtheir confidence,
was sick at Bath. His colleagues
were men of very inferior parts,
and at that time they had credit for
still less ability than they possessed.
By giving effect to a system of ex-
clusion, in the formation of his mi-
nistry, he had suffered his country
to be deprived, at the late critical
period, of the services of her ablest
statesman, and he had now the mor-
tification to behold his schemes on
the continent baffled by the enemy,
ani his government at home desti-
tu e of any effective support but his
ovn. Ifany thing could have les-
sened the public opinion of his col-
leagues, it would have been the
publication, at this time, of their
demi-official bulletins, in which they
announced a great victory of the
allies over the French, after the
battle of Austerlitz, on no hetter
authority than the report of a pra-
ting messenger, whose idle hearsays

‘

they had the weakness to believe,
in preference to the official dis.
patches, of which he was the bear-
er. This miserable fabrication was
eagerly circulated by the ministers
then in town, and for some days it
met with universal credit among
their adherents; but when the his-
tory, as well as the falsehood of
their intelligence was known, it
covered them with shame and ridi.
cule, and exposed them to the deri-
sion even of those who had been the
dupes of their story. :

In this posture of affairs, parlia-
ment, after repeated prorogations,
was at length suffered to meet, on
Tuesday, Jan. 21 ; and, as the state
of his majesty’s eyes did not permit
him to open that assembly in per-
son, it was done by commission,
the commissieners being the lord
chancellor, the archbishop of Can-
terbury, lord Ellenborough lord
chief justice, the earl of Dartmouth
lord chamberlain, and lord Hawkes-
bury principal secretary of state
for the home department. After
the usual formalities, the commis-
sion was read by the clerk at the
table, and the lord chancellor
then read the speech from the
throne.

The principal topics of the
speech were congratulations on the
splendour of our late naval suc.
cesses, mixed with suitable expres.
sions of regret for the lamented
loss of lord Nelson, and a recom.
mendation to parliament to bestow
some mark of national munificence
on his family. His majesty next
informed parliament that he had di-
rected the treaties to be laid before
them, which he had concluded with
foreign powers; and while he la-
mented the late disastrous events
on the continent, he congratulated

them

'

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 9

them on the assurances which he
continued to receive from the em-
peror of Russia, of that monarch’s
determination to adhere to his alli-
ance with Great Britain. He then
signified to the house of commons,
that he had directed the sum of one
million, accruing to the crown
from the droits of admiralty, to be
applied to the public service of the
year; and concluded by recom.
mending vigilance and. exertion
against the enemy, as by such means
alone the present contest could be
brought to a conclusion consistent
with the safety and independence
’ of the country, and with its rank
among the nations of the world.*

_ The address, which, as usual,
was an echo of the speech, was
moved, in the house of lords, by
the earl of Essex, and seconded by
lord Carleton, and in the house of
commons, it was moved by lord
_ Francis Spencer, and seconded by

_ Mr. Ainslie.
_ The speeeh, as was stated by lord

Hawkesbury in the house ef lords,

had been intentionally couched in

such language, as, it was supposed,
would create no difference of opi-
nion, as to the terms of the address ;
‘and, accordingly, the only part of
it, which could lead to any discus-
sion or debate, was a passage, in
which his majesty, in allusion to
the late war and coalition on the
continent, had been advised to
_ “express his confidence, that his
parliament would be of opinion,
_ that he had left nothing undone,
on his part, to sustain the efforts
of his allies, and that he had acted
‘in strict conformity to the princi-
ples declared by him, and reco-
gnized by parliament as essential to

the interests and security of his
own dominions, as well as to the
general safety of the continent,”
But where, and in what manner, it
might be asked, had his majesty’s
goyernment sustained the efforts of
his allies? Was it by landing an ar-
my in the north of Germany after
the capitulation of Ulm; or, by
disembarking troopsin Naples, af-
ter the French had evacuated that
kingdom? or, by sending an expe-
dition to a distant part of the globe,
under sir David Baird, and sir Home
Popham, instead of employing the
whole disposable force of the em.

pire in some effective diversion in’

favour of Austria? Had proposals
of peace, of any sort, been made to
France by the allies. antecedent to
the recommencement of hostilities ?
as from repeated declarations of
his majesty’s government, and more
particularly from the tenor of lord
Mulgrave’s letter to Talleyrand,
(14th Jan. 1805.) the public had
been led to-expect. Whatever
might have been the principics on
which the late coalition was form.
ed, could it be denied, that the
cousequences to which it had led,
were so disastrous as to eall for the
enquiry of parliament? Could any
acquiescence, however slight, in
the late measures of administration,
be expected from those, who, at
the conclusion of the preceding ses-
sion of parliament, taking it for
granted that some term of peace
would be offered to the enemy,
had entreated ministers that they
might be reasonable, and such as
his majesty’s government, if in the
place of the French goverament,
would not think it unreasonable to
accept? who had expressed an opi-

* For the speech itself, see State Papers, page 654.

nion,

10

nion, that if an alliance could
be formed with Russia, Austria,
Prussia, and the other powers of
the continent, which might gain their
good will without attempting to
rouze them, before their own in-
terests, in their own view of them,
would call for their exertions, such
an alliance would afford hopes,
that we might obtain reasonable
terms of peace? but, who had ob-
jected to the ministerial phrase of
rouzing Europe to exertion, because
the attempt to do so had the effect
of producing a disinclination to co-
operate with us; and who had ar-
gued against the project of insti-
gating the powers of the continent
to a renewal of hostilities, whilst
they wished to remain at peace, be-
cause it would alienate from us the
affections of Europe, where, what-
ever we might say of our disinter-
estedness,our forbearance and mode-
ration, a different opinion was en-
tertained of us, and the character
of our government was, that it was
actuated by selfish motives in insti-
gating the powers of. the continent
to war for British interests? Was
it to be expected, that they who
had foretold the disasters of a coa-
lition, formed of such materials,
and under such circumstances as
the late coalition, would remain
silent, when the most gloomy of
their predictions were thus fatally
verified? Austria, as foretold in
the last session of parliament, had,
after the most serious disasters,
wisely chosen to abandon her allies,
rather than hold out to the last at
the risk of her destruction. What
were now our hopes of continental

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

connection? what.of the liberties of ~

Eurépe? what of the prospect of
setting limits to the power of France,
justly and rationally considered,
before the disasters of the late
coalition, as too formidable ?*
Could the authors of the ruin of
Europe imagine, that parliament
would meet, and no observations be
made on their fatal labours in.
hastening the catastrophe?

An amendment to the address
had, therefore, been prepared by
opposition ; and it was read in the
house of lords by earl Cowper,
and in the house of commons’ by
lord Henry Petty, in the following
words:

‘¢ That this house feels the deep.
est concern at the series of disasters
which have attended the arms of
your majesty’s allies on the conti-
nent, and will; without delay, pro-
ceed to enquire into the cause of
such disasters, as far as they may be
connected with the conduct of your
majesty’s ministers. ‘This house is
perfectly sensible that the alarming
and unexampled state of public af-
fairs renders the most vigorous ex-
ertions necessary for the preserva-
tion of the empire; and we feel it
our peculiar duty, when we call for
these extraordinary efforts, to pro-
vide that the resources we furnish,
and the powers we confer, may
not in future be so employed as to
increase the perils they were in-
tended to avert, and to aggrandize
that power to which it is the com-
mon interest of all Europe, as well
as of Great Britain, to set proper
limits.”

But this amendment, though read

* See Debate, June 21, 1805, in a committee of supply on his majeSty’s message
to the house of commons, brought down by the chancellor of the exchequer,

June 19.

in

| sures of administration.

}

in both houses of parliament, was
| not brought forward as a motion,
on account of the indisposition of the
| person, who was at ence most deeply
interesied in the defence, and best
| qualified to vindicate the mea-
Mr. Pitt,
as it afterwards appeared, was, at
| that moment, on hisdeath-bed. A
report had been circulated in the
morning of the 2ist, that he was
dangerously ill, and this had in-
duced opposition to give up their
intentions of moving the amendment
they had prepared. But, the very
dangerous state to which he was
reduced, was far from being sus-
“pected ; and that very evening, in
the house of commons, some of his
most intimate friends gave it out,
that he was no longer in danger,
but in a fair, though slow way of
recovery. .
_ He had left Bath. January 10,
and on his arrival in the neigabour-
hood of London, he took up his
residence at his own house on Put-
ney-heath. His »health had been
for some time in a most alarming
state. He was reduced to the
greatest possible weakness and ex-
tenuation, andas the functions of
his stomach were greatly impaired,
there seemed to be little hopes of
his speedy re-establishment. A
Suspicion having been entertained
that his complaints proceeded from

some organic disorder of the sto-

mach or liver, a consultation of
_physiciaus was held on his case, and
he expressed great satisfaction at
being told that they saw no reason to
adopt such an opinion. He was
‘then advised to seclude himself en-

_ tirely from business, and to aban-

don eyery other care but that of
his health, and upon these terms
he was flattered with hopes of re-

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

11.

covery. Whether he would have
submitted iong to this prescription,
cannot be known, for a few days
thereafter he was seized with sym-
ptoms of fever, of thatsort called ¢y-
phus by physicians. His pulse rose
to 130, and his tongueand lips were
dry and furred. He was occasion-
ally delirious, and he taiked teo-
herently on various subjecis, but in
general he was drowsy and lethir-
gic. When spoken to, he gave
a pertinent answer, but relapsed
immediately into rambling or in-
sensibility, and he. was, quite inca-
pable of any rational or connected
conversation ; nor, whatever stories
have been circulated to the contra.
ry, was he ever sensible of the dan-
ger of his situation. A constitution
so exhausted as his had previously
been, sunk rapidly under the vio-
lence of the fever, and early on the
23d of January he expired.

Thus died Wiliam. Pitt, in the
47th year of his age, after having
enjoyed greater power and popu-
larity, and held the first. place in
the government of his country, for
a longer course of years, than any:
former minister of England. It is
not our province to enter at large
into his character and merits. That
he was a person of the most rare
and splendid qualities, a powerful
orator, a skilful debater, an expert
and enlightened financier, his great-
est enemies must admit. That he
was disinterested with regard to
money, and sincerely and ardently
attached to the honour and welfare
of his country, can as little be
doubted. But, whether. the appel-
lation of illustrioys statesman has
been justly applied to himy is a
question on which men may reasenu-
ably differ. The French revolution
was the great event of his time, apd

his

12

his conduct in regard to it is the
touchstone ‘by which posterity will
try his claims to that honourable
distinction. It is in vain to say,
that the French revolution was an
event without a precedent. It is
the part of a greatstatesman to steer
his way in safety, where there is no
precedent to direct him., But
though it must be always a matter
of uncertainty, whether a different
policy from that pursued by Mr.
Pitt would have been more fortu-
nate than his, itcannot be denied,
that a more complete failure of
success than attended his efforts to
check the progress of the revolu.
tion, cannot well be imagined. Had
he interfered, as Mr. Fox in his si-
tuation would probably have done,
at an early period of the revolution,
to prevent the great continental
powers from intermeddling in the
affairs of France, and disturbing
the settlement of her government,
the direful events that followed,
might possibly have been prevented,
and France, at any rate, if left to
herself, could never have become
such a military power as she is at
present. Had he, on the other
hand, followed the counsels of Mr.
Burke, and taken part decidedly
with the royalists, he might possi-
bly have destroyed the republican
government in its infancy, and re-
established the Bourbons on their
throne. But he chose to take a
middle course, which, though com-
monly the safest in ordinary occur-
rences, has been always found the
most dangerous in great emergen-
cies, Its effect on the present oc-
casion was to rouze the republicans
against him, without attaching the
royalists to his party, and to excite
an alarm among Frenchmen of all

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

descriptions, that his intentions were
merely to weaken the power and
dismember the territories of France.
His wavering and uncertain policy,
so unlike that of a great statesman,
is not, however, to be entirely at-
tributed to his want of original ge.
nius, but was owing in part to his
excessive love of popularity, and to
his habits of contemplating all ob-
jects with reference to their effect |
in parliament. If he could not
destroy French anarchy, it was
something to boast of in the house
of commons, that he had taken the
French sugar-islands. If he could
not restore the throne of the Bour.
bons, he was, in some degree, satis-
fied with having a new sceptre; to
place in the hands of his own sove-
reign. If the French armies were
victorious, he comforted his coun-
trymen with accounts of the lowness
of their funds ; and argued to the
conviction of his hearers, that there
could be no stability in the republi-
cap government, because the French
five per cents were only at 17, when
the English three per cents were
above 50. It is extraordinary, that,
withso little system in his operations
against France, he was so’ pertina-
cious in his hostility towards her ;
that, when he ceased to have any
rational object in the war, he con-
tinued to be so obstinately averse
to peace. The true key to this in.
consistency in his conduct, it may
be difficult to give; but, the fact is
much to be lamented; for, to the
long continuance of the war, may,
in a great measure, be attributed all
the evils that Europe suffers, or is
likely yet to suffer, from the arms

of France.
His power as a minister was for
many years unbounded, but the°
circum. —

HISTORY OF EUROPE. : 15

circumstances attending his return
to office in 1804, deprived him of
the support of the ablest and most
respectable of his friends, and in his
second administration he was re-
dueed to shifts and difficulties to
maintain his authority. The disas-
trous termination of his last coali-
tion against France, had lessened
considerably, at the time of his
death, the public confidence in his
administration, but the general opi-
nion of his merits and past services,
was little, if at all, affected by these
misfortuaes.

We proceed, in the next place, to
give an account of the public ho-
nours rendered to his memory.

On Monday, January 27, Mr. H.
Lascelles moved, in the house of
commons, ‘* That an humble ad-
dress be presented to his majesty,
that his majesty will be graciously
pleased to give directions that the
remains of the right honourable
William Pitt be interred at the pub-
lic expence, and that a monument
be erected in the collegiate church
of St. Peter, Westminster, to the
‘memory of that excellent statesman,
with an inscription expressive of the
public sense of so great and irrepa-
rable a loss; and to assure his ma-
jesty, that this house will make
good the expences attending the
same.”

This motion was seconded by the
marquis of Titchfield, and supported
by lord Lovaine, Mr. 1. H. Browne,
Mr, H. Addington, sir R. Buxton,
general ‘l’arleton, lord Temple, Mr.
R. Ryder, Mr. Rose, lord Castle-
reagh, and Mr. Wilberforce. It was
opposed by lord Folkestone, Mr.
William Smith, Mr. Pytches, the

marquis of Douglas, Mr. Windham,

Mr. G. Ponsonby, and Mr. Fox.
The numbers on a division were,
For Mr, Lascelles’ motion 258
Against it . 89
Majority : 169

The chief arguments for the mo.
tion, were the great merits, splendid
talents, and important public ser-
vices, of the eminent character to
whom it related, and these points
were illustrated at considerable
length by some of the members who
supported the motion.

It was objected, on the other
side, that it was not customary to
confer public honours, unless where
merit had been conjoined with suc-
cess; and, it was urged that ne
example, but one, could be found,
where such honours had been cone
ferred on a statesman, and in that
instance (that of lord Chatham) the
success as well as the merit was in-
disputable.

“lf [ were to divide (said Mr.
Windham) the whole of the politi-
eal life of the distinguished person
here spoken of, into two distinct
periods, one the period before the
breaking out of the French revolu-
tion, and the other the period sub-
sequent to that event, and that 1
were called to declare, that either
separately, or both conjointly, were
of a sort to call for the honours
now proposed, or to justify the
character ascribed in the resolution,
of ‘© An excellent statesman,” I
must say, “ No.” I have no wish
to bring forward my opinion in that
respect at the present moment, but
when compelled to declare myself,
I must say what I think: I cannot
consent to pronounce an opinion
different from what I think the true
one, and thus to contribute to mis-

lead

14

lead both the present time and pos-
terity, on a period of our history
which it is most important for them
to judge rightly of. With the fullest
acknowledgment, both of the ta-
lents and virtues of the eminent
man in gnesiion, I do not think,
from whatever cause it has pro-
ceeded, that his life has been bene-
ficial to his country. For the earlier
part of it, including the commence-
ment of his power, I, must contra-
dict every .priuciple that I ever
maintained, if 1 said that. it was so.
For, the succeeding « period, the
greatest in which.a statesman was
ever called to act, 1 cannot say that
he acted his part greatly. [do not
judge merely from the event;
though the event, for the present
purpose, might be all that need be
considered. The French revolu-
tion was, indeed, a storm, in which
vessels the best formed, and con-
Structed with the greatest skill,
might easily founder; but, what I
mean to say, is, that in my opinion
the vessel was mot conducted with
the greatest skill, and that it is, in all
human probability, to the fault of
the pilot, that we are to ascribe our
present fearful situation !”

‘6 Public honours (said Mr.
Fox) are matters of the highest im-
portance, because they must more
or less influence posterity. They
ought not, therefore, to be con-
ferred lightly, but only where me-
rit is clearly seen and acknowledged.
Certainly, when I look at lord
Chatham’s monument,—when I find
the inscription bearing upon the
face of it, the grounds upon which
this monument was voted,—when I
find it there stated, that he had re-
duced the power of France to a
very low ebb, and raised the pro-
sperity of his country to a very high

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

pitch, I must say that this case can
never be compared with that of
lord Chatham. I must say, that
the country at present is reduced to
the most dangerous and alarming
situation—a situation which might
call for any thing rather than ho-
pours to be conferred upon him
who had the direction of the mea-
sures that brought it to this state.
in deciding upon. the present ques .
tion, I should be unwilling to take
avy one particular act of the admi-
nistration of the Jate minister: I
have always thought, and do still
think, that an unfortunate system
of government has pervaded the
whole of the present reign; and I
firmly believe that system to have
béen the cause of all the disasters
and disappointments, which the
country has- experienced, almost
uniformly, throughout the whole
course of it. Being of this opinion,
how can I conscientiously say, that
he who followed this system, was -
an ‘¢ excellent statesman?” Think-
ing as I do of the disastrous effects
of that system, I cannot but accuse
the late minister of having, I will
not say criminally, (for the expres-
sion might sound in some ears too
harsh) but, most unfortunately,
lent his brilliant talents and his_
commanding eloquence, to the sup-
port of it. In having done so, and
with the knowledge he must have
had of it, I esteem him the more
culpable, as, without that splendour
of mental endowment, which ena-
bled him to throw a veil over the
hideous deformity of the system
alluded to; I am firmly persuaded,
that it could not have resisted the’
attacks made upon it, and conse-
quently could not have existed, and
spread its baneful influence half so
long. No man can be more de-

sirous

‘ . HISTORY OF EUROPE.

sirous than-I am, to bury in obli-
vion the remembrance of those con-
tests in which we were so long en-
gaged. This I shewed plainly
enoagh while he was alive. But I
cannot ‘consent -to confer public
honours, on the ground of his being
an ** excellent Statesman ;”’ on the
man, who, in my opinion, was
the sole, certainly the chief sup-
porter of asystem, which | had been
early taught to consider as a bad
one.”

Lord Castlereagh said, in reply to
Mr. Fox, ‘* that upon the argu-
ments of that honourable gentle-
man, in opposition to this motion,
it was not his intention to reason.
This, in fact, was not a question to
be determined by argument, it was
quite a question of feeling. The
acquiescence of that house and the
country, in such a proposition, was
more to be looked for from intui-
tive feeling than from cold reason ;
and if that feeling did not exist, it
was vain to think of arguing men
into it. But, although the support
of the honourable gentlemen on the
other side was not to be calculated
upon, he had no doubt that the mo-
tion would be adopted. Indeed,
he felt confident thatit- would. The
house would aet inconsistently with
its own opinion, repeatedly ex-
pressed, if it hesitated to recognize
the merit, if it declined to distin-
guish the memory, of Mr. Pitt.”

Mr. Wilberforce rose ‘‘ to bear
testimony to the great public virtues,
and splendid talents of Mr, Pitt, in
whom he declared the love of coun-
try was to be found as sincere and
ardent as ever yet existed in any
human bosom. With regard to the
assertion, that success was a proper
criterion by which to appreciate the
merit of a great man, the honour.

15

able gentleman reprobated the idea,
as inconsistent with wisdom and
justice. But, if the character of
Mr. Pitt were to be tried by. that
rule, where were we to look among
the great men of. ancient or modern
times, for any who had stronger
claims to the gratitude and respect
of their country, than those which
could be advanced in favour of that
illustrious personage? When the
revolutionary spirit had convulsed
France, and alarmed: the whole ci-
vilized world, that distinguished
statesman completely succeeded, by
the vigour 2ad sagacity of his mea-
sures, in preventing that dreadful
plague from reaching us. This was
the main source of his distinction—
this was the great pedestal of his
fame.”

The opposition of Mr. Windham
to this motion, whatever. opinion
men may entertain of the soundness
of his argument, must appear to all
a siriking illustration of the manli-
ness and firmness of his character.
Disapproving of the motion, he
could’ not bring himself to give a
silent vote upon it, or to absent
himself from the debate, though
perfectly aware, that the part he
felt it his duty to take in the dis-
cussion, would give, as it did, the
greatest possible offence to all the
personal friends, and to many of
the political admirers of Mr, Pitt.
‘The speech of Mr. Fox was feeling
and conciliatory, and though he
opposed the motion on the same
grounds with Mr. W indham, he had
the good fortune to incer no part
of the obloquy from the friends of
the late minister, that fell, most un-
justly, on the latter for his conduct
on this occasion.

A few days after Mr.
motion, Mr.

Lascelles?
Cartwright moved,

(Feb.

16

(Feb. 3.) that a sum, not exceeding
40,0001. shonid be voted for the
payment of Mr. Pitt’s debts, which
motion was carried without oppo-
sition.

At a meeting of the common-
council of London, on the 6th of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

February, it was moved, that a mo-
nument be erected in Guildhall, to
perpetuate the memory of Mr. Pitt,
and after some debate the question
was carried by a majority—Ayes
77, Noes 71—Majority 6.

CHAP.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 17

CHAP. If.

State of the Ministry on Mr. Pitt?s Death—Lord Hawkesbury refuses to une
dertake the Government, but accepts the Cinque-Ports—Lord Grenville has
an Audience of has Majesty—Reflections on the result of it—Component

“Parts of the New Administration—New Opposition—Old Opposition—
Lord Sidmouth’s Party—The Catholic Question—Iord Grenville has a
second Audience of his. Majesty— Difficulty started about the Army—
Third Audience—New Administration finally settled— New Cabinet.—Mr.
Fox declines being first Lord of the Treasury—Auditorship of the
Exchequer Bill—Debates on the Lord Chief Justice being appointed to
a Seat in the €abinet—Disposition of the Court and Country towards the
New Ministry—Opposition of the Ex-ministers—Imperfect Union of the
Parties composing the New Ministry—Reflections on the Coalition be-

tween Lord Grenville and Mr. Fox.

T was doubtful, if Mr. Pitt had

lived, whether the administration
ever which he presided, could have
gone on, without some radical
change in sits composition, or some
material addition to its strength.
The principle of exclusion, on which
it had been originally founded, was
odious and unpopular, and the late
misfortunes on the continent, had
diffused a very general opinion over
the country, that some essential
change was neeessary in the con-
ductof our foreign affairs, in order
to extricate us from the unprece-
dented difficulties in which we were
involved. But, whatever might
haye happened if Mr. Pitt had sur-
yived, his death at so critical a
juncture, was considered as a vir-
tual dissolution of the administra-
tion. His colleagues were men of

Vor, XLVUI.

little weight or consideration in the
country. Small account was made of
their talents er experience, and
since the affair of lord Melville, the
reputation in which they stood for
integrity was far from being clear.
If they were not peculators them-
selves, they were regarded by the
public as abettors and defenders of
peculation. If they had not ventur-
ed openly to justify that offence, —
they had endeavoured to extenuate '
its guilt, and to screen from punish-
ment those accused of it. But, be-
sides the want of public confidence
in these ministers, they were disu-
nited and without 2 head. As they
were connected together by no pub.
lic principle, or party attachment, no
sooner had the death oftheir patron
dissolved the only tie that united
them, than symptoms ‘of disunion
C | and

18

and disagreement appeared amongst
them, Many respectable indivi-
deals broke off from them entirely,
and went over to the opposition.
Old jealousies and animosities re-
vived between their leaders, which
they had suppressed in Mr. Vitt’s
life tine but not extinguished. ‘the
general good of their party was sa-
crificed to the private interests and

‘ yesentments of individuals. Instead

of keeping together and acting ina
body, they split into factious, which
regarded one another with aversion
and distrust, and took their mea-
sures separately, without concert or
cooperation. So little were they
actuated by party principle, or dis-
posed to make common cause with
one another, that every little fac.
tion, into which they were divided,
was ready to conclude a separate
bargain for itself, and to accept of
office under any adwinistration
without a stipulation for its asso-
ciates. It contributed not a little
to this disunion and dispersion
of their party, that while many com-
petitors appeared for the place of
leader, there was no person be-
longing to the party, so pre-eminent
for his station or abilities, as to be
raised by general consent to that dis-
tinguished situation. But, without
a leader capable of inspiring confi-
dence, and of maintaining a duecom-
munication between the members of
the party, it was obviously impos.
sible they should long act together
in concert. In circumstances so dis-
couraging and so unpromising of suc-
cess, it is not wonderful, that
the surviving members of Mr. Pitt’s
administraion resigned to their op-
ponents the reins of government
without a struggle, and even refused
to take charge of them when press-
ed to it by the court.

f

ANNUAL REGISTER. 1806._

But, though the ministers were
disposed to give way tothe general
cry of the nation, for an administra-
tion on a comprehensive basis, in-
cluding all the men of the greatest
talents, character and experience
in the country, the court was steady
to its principle of governing by the
strict letter of the prerogative, and
of resisting -with firmness the inva-
sions of party on what it considered
its indubitable rights. To secure
to the crown the free and uncon-
troled nomination of the ministers
of the country, and to defeat the at-
tempts of opposition to exercise
through parliament an indirect ne-
gative on its choice of the persons
employed in the administration of
public affairs, had been objects pur-
sued by the court with equal perse-
verance and ability, during the
whole of the present reign. Though
obliged on some occasions to yield
and consult the wishes of parlia-
ment and of the nation, in the selec-
tion of its ministers, yet by dex-
trously availing itself of the mis-
takes and jealousies of public men,
and by seizing on favourable op.
portunities for trying its strength on
the question, its efforts had been, in
general, successful. The ground
which at one time it lost, it never
failed to recover at some future pe-
riod, and at length it had established
a prevailing opinion in the nation,
that in the exercise of this, the most
important of its prerogatives, the
crown ought to be absolute, and
without control, The last victory
which it had gained on this subject,
was in 1804, when by detaching one

of the parties in opposition from-

the others, it broke the strength,
and disappointed the expectations
of those to whom it was most '‘hos-
tile, and extricated. itself from

every

Ew EE eee

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

every difficulty by the sacrifice
of a small part only of it: friends,—
a sacrifice which it thought
amply compensated by the defeat
and disappointment of its enemies.
But, it too clearly foresaw, that to
make overtures, on the present oc-
casion, to the leaders of opposition,
for their advice in forming a new
administration, was to relinquish the
advantages of the victory it had at
that time gained; and perilous as
was the state of the country, it de-
termined to embark in a contest
with opposition, rather than give
up a point, which it esteemed of
such importance to its dignity and
interest. An offer was therefore
made to lord Hawkesbury of the
offices and situation vacant by the
death of Mr. Pitt. This dazzling
proposition, flattering as it was,
deprived not the noble secretary
of his ,habitual prudence. Fully
sensibl of the value of the gift, but
aware also of the difficulties and re-
sponsibility attached to it, he re-
quested to have some time for deli-
beration.

19

struggle on the part of the crown
than any period that had occurred
since the end of the American war.
The country was alarmed with the
dangers of its situation, disgusted
with the juggle practised on it in
1804, and clamorous against a
patched up administration, compos-
ed of subalterns and clerks. Great
and immediate advantages were
universally expected from a change
of system and union of parties. To
frustrate these expectations by an
obstinate resistance to the wishes of
the people was a hazardous attempt,
while to comply with their inclina.
tions and gratify them with such a
change of ministry as they unani-
mously called for, was sure to con-
ciliate their aflections. Nor could
it escape an attentive observer of
the usual course of popular opinion,
that the most effectual expedient
for destroying the influence and
popularity of opposition was to in-
vest them, for a short time , with the
insignia of power. ‘To fulfil the
expectations of the public by res-

Had the circumstances. toring the country to its former

of the moment been less unfavour- “eminence abroad, the court well

able, he would probably have caught
with eagerness at the high situation
proposed to him; and, had he ac-
cepted of it, such is the prodigious
influence of the crown, when exert-
ed in good earnest, and managed
with ability, thaty unless he had
fallen a victim to unfounded fears, or
a sacrifice to antiquated scruples, or
suffered from the treachery of some
associate, who had access to the
royal ear, he could hardly have
failed to maintain himself in his
post against all the efforts of oppo-
sition, however numerous, respect-
able and popular. But the present
time was less favourable for such a

-

knew, in the present posture of
affairs on the continent, was utterly
impracticable. Such reforms as
were expected from the past Ian-
guage and declarations of opposition,
it could easily frustrate and pre.
vent, without any visible inter.
ference. For, without the cordial
support of the crown, or such an
ebullition of zeal on the part of the
people, as it would be neither rea.
sonable to expect nor prudent to
excite, no ministry could succeed
in the herculean task of reforming
abuses, unless by steps the most
slow and gradual; and, while more
pressing objects, of no less intrinsic
importance to the country, were at.

C 2 tainable

20

tainable by its exertions, a patriotic
ministry would not, in such circum-
stances, hastily embark in exten-
sive plans of reform, when success
was hopeless, miscarriage ruinous
and destructive. But, if the public
should be disappointed on these im-
portant subjects, and shocked with
any appearance of tergiversation or
even of delay in the conduct of its
favourites, it required no great sa-
gacity to foresee, that the current of
popular opinion, now so strong
in favour of opposition, would change
with proportional violence to an
opposite direction.

Influenced by sueh considera-
tions, anddeterred by the state of
his party from adopting any hazar-
dous resolution, lord Hawkesbury,
after consulting with his friends, de-
clined to take upon himself the go-
vernment of the country. iis re-
fusal, when made known to the
pablic, communicated universal sa-
tisfaction, and men were disposed to
give him edit for forbearance and
self denial as well as for prudence,
till they were informed, that he had
obtained for himself a grant of the
wardenship of the Cinque-Poris,
and had procured the warrant,
conferring on him that lucrative ap-
pointment, to be passed with unusual
expedition through the public offices,
as if he were afraid that it might be
stopped and the propriety of the
grant questioned by his successor.
Such haste on his part, the public
allowed, was not unwise, for much
‘might have been urged against the
grant of this sinecnre to a person in
lord Hawkesbury’s situation. Sine.
cure places of emolument, it was
said, could be justified on no other
principle, than as enabling govern-
ment to supply the deficiency of
salary in places of real business, or

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

to reward past services either in
the person of him who performed
them or of his representatives.
Without the prospect of such a
provision, mea of talents, unless
possessed also of competent fortune,
might be discouraged from embark-
ing in theservice of the state; and,
therefore sinecure places, when
given away witha strict attention
to these principles, were to be con-
sidered, not as a lavish and useless
expenditure of public money, but
as a recompence for services, which
would not otherwise be so well per-
formed. But, which of these pleas,
it was asked, could be applied to
the case of lord Hawkesbury? By
declining the danger and responsi-
bility of the government, he took
away all pretences to the first ; and
with regard to the second, the
public inguired, what had been the
merits of lord Hawkesbury, or- of
his family, that entitled him to one
of the most valuable sinecures the
crown had left to bestow ? Was it
for having made, or for having
broken the peace of Amiens? Was
it for his own, or for his father’s
services, that he was so well reward-
ed? Was one large sinecureso in

adequate a recompence for his ser-
vices, that another and a greater one
must be added toit ? His father, it
was true, had been in office during
the greater part of his life, but during
the same period he had risen from
the condition of a private gentleman
with a moderate income, to asplen-
did fortune and a peerage. The
noble lord himself had been brought
forward at an early period of life in
the publicservice, and hadever since
enjoyed high and lucrative situations
under the crown. At the age of
thirty he had been secretary of
State for foreign affairs, and though
3 removed

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

removed from that office on account
of the unpopularity of his adminis-
tration, he had been recompensed
for his loss with the seals of the
homedepartment. Whatever vicw
was taken by the public of his past
life and services, no reasun could be
found for conferring on him so dis-
tinguished a mark of the royal fa-
vour. Was it said in justification of
this transaction, that the ministers
going oat of office were under no
obligation to consult the interest of
their successors; and that in a
party view, taking party in its most
grovelling acceptation as a mere
scramble for places and emolu-
ments, it was unreasonable to ex-
pect, they should leave so lucrative
an appointment to theiropponents?
It might be answered, that not
» only did this plea ill accord with the
disinterested professions of the old
ministers, and with their declara-
tions, that they had no thoughts of
engaging in opposition, nor inten-
tion of harassing or disturbing any go-
vernment his majesty might appoint ;
but why, in that case, not give the
appointment to lord Eldon, by
which means his pension might have
been sayed to the public, or to lord
Chatham, whose moderate fortune
required some addition to his in-
come, and whose near relationship
to the late minister gave him a claim
to some remuneration from the
public, as the representative of his
brother, whose life aad talents had
been devoted to its service ?

The wardenship of the Cinque-
Ports having been in this manner
disposed of, and every attempt to
form an administration from the
wreck of the late ministry hav-
ing proved unsuccessful, his majesty
was at length advised to call in the
assistance of lord Grenville. A

21

message was conveyed to his lord-
ship on the 26th of January, by
lord Dartmouth, desiring his atten.
dance at Buckingham House on the
following day. Lord Grenville
having obeyed the summons, was
graciously informed by his majesty,
that he had been sent for, to con-
sult with about the formation of a
new ministry ; to which he is said to
have replied, with proper acknow.
ledgments for so distinguished a
mark of his majesty’s confidence,
that his majesty was already in pos.
session of his sentiments on thatsub-
ject; he was convinced, that an
administration, to be of any effec
tual service to the country, must
not be formed on an exclusive prin-
ciple,.but must comprehend all the
leading men of the country. His
majesty having graciously replied,
that it was his wish to have lord
Grenville’s opinion, who ought to
be included in such administration,
his lordship is said to have answered,
that he felt it his duty thus early in
the business to apprize his majesty,
that the person he should consult
with on the subject was Mr. Fox.
** [ thought so and I meant it so,”
is said to have been his majesty’s
most gracious reply.

Many were the reflections and
conjectures to which this answer
gave rise. They who recollected
the result of a similar audience in
1804, could not conceal their sur.

prize and wonder at so different a

conclusion to the present. Could
his majesty, they asked, have
changed in so short a time the opi-
nion which he was then said to
have entertained of Mr. Fox, as
fram his gracious answer to lord
Grenville it was most natural to
infer? But, in that case, what
were the causes, to which so great

C3 and

92
and sudden a change of opinion
could reasonably be attributed?
Was not the difference of result, in
the last audience, rather to be as-
cribed to the difference of charac
ter in the negotiator, than to any
change of sentiment in the royal
breast? Was it not owing to the
known firmness and honour of lord
Grenville’s character, that his ma-
jesy was advised to make so gra-
cious an answer, without first at-
tempting, what was known to be
impracticable, to detach him from
Mr. Fox? Was it not, therefore,
owing to the greater flexibility of
c+aracter of the person his majesty
had to deal with in 1804, that the
public expectations were at that time
disappointed? Or, was it true, as
some persons have insinuated, that
the result of that celebrated audi-
ence was privately settled, before
the ostensible negotiator entered the
closet, by the mediation of a noble
lord, whose station gave him access
to the royal ear, aud who was sus-
pected of having recently availed
himself of that advantage against a
minister by whom he was trusted ?
These are points on which as we
cannot form, so we presume not to
offer an opinion, Such were the
surmizes and conjectures current
in the political world at the period
of which we treat. It is our duty
to repeat them, and to leave to fu-
ture historians the task of disengag-
ing the truth from falsehood, and of
clearing up what is at present ob-
scure in these transactions,

It was now the business of lord
Grenville and Mr. Fox to prepare
the plan of an administration,
which they could recommend to
their sovereign, as adequate to the
present exigencies and expectations
ef the couatry. The basis of such

2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

an administration, would in their
hands, it was obvious, consist of
what were called the new and the
old opposition. The new opposi-
tion, which looked to lord Gren-
ville as its leader, was composed of
the whig families,(with the exception
of the house of Bentinck) which
had separated from Mr. Fox at the
beginning of the reyolutionary war,
in order to support the measures
adopted by government at that cri-
tical period, togethér with the per-
sonal friends and famjly connexions
of lord Grenville, and many persons
of rank and talent throughout the
kingdom, who from confidence in
the abilities and integrity of that
nobleman, had attached themselves
to his party. The old opposition
consisting of those whigs, who, un-
dismayed by the French revolution,
had stood by Mr. Fox in his oppo-
sition to the late war, and had re-
mained steadily attached with him,
to what they conceived to be
the true principles of liberty, during
the whole of that eventful period.
To this part of opposition also be-
longed the friends of the late mar-
quis of Lansdowne, and the great.
er part of those, who in the late
war had been the advocates of peace
and reform. With this branch also of
opposition may be classed the per-
sons more particularly connected
with Carlton House, the politics
of which were at this period in the
most perfect unison with the opi-
nions of Mr. Fox. Of the two
branches of opposition, the old was
the most popular with the great bo-
dy of the nation; the new had
most the confidence of men of rank
and property. But the united
strength of both did not exceed 150
members in the house of commons,
a number, which though perfectly

sufficient

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

sufficient for undertaking the go-
vernment of this country, when ac-
companied by the cordial support
of the crown, is far from being equal
to that service, when destitute of
this advantage. To have become
responsible for the administration
of public affairs, with such inade-
quate means for carrying their mea-
sures into effect, would have argued
extreme rashness and precipitaney
on the part of Mr. Fox and lord
Grenville, and would have been, in
fact, to have delivered themselves
/ up, bound hand and foot, into the
power of thecourt, without re-
serving the means of, future resis-
tance or defence. It was, there-
fore, highly expedient, if not ab-
solutely necessary for them, to look
out for some third party, by the as-
sistance of which they might streng-
then their government in the house
of commons. But, the only quar-
ters from which additional strength
could be procured, were either
from the late ministers or from the
friends of lord Sidmouth. Many
reasons concurred for giving a pre-
ference to the latter. The friends
of the late ministers were so dispers-
ed and disunited, that without
_ bringing back the whole party to
office, little aid could be expected
from them, as no individual among
their leaders had any number ‘of
_ followers, on whose attachment he
_ could certainly reckon. The friends
of lord Sidmouth, on the contrary,
were united undera single head, and
would form no inconsiderable acces.
Sion of strength to the administra-
tion. Thelate ministers had, with
the single exception of one man of
talents, been raised to situations
» above their deserts, and would not,
it was supposed, be inclined to ac-
cept of inferior offices, But, among

26

the friends of lord Sidmouth were
many excellent men of business. qua-
lified for the subordinate employ-
ments of goverriment, and not pre-
vented from accepting them, by
having filled higher situations. The
ex-ministers were the authors of the
late calamitous coalition, which had
sealed the final doom of the conti-
nent, and if they were pledted to
any public principle, it was to re.
sist every inquiry into domestic
abuses. Bat, lord Sidmouth had
been dismissed from office by these
very men, because his friends would
not support them in their attempts to
screen lord Melville from public
trial, and it was to the inquiries set
on foot in his lordship’s administra«
tion, that all the discoveries of pe-
culation were justly to be attri-
buted. The government of lord
Sidmouth had been frugal and eco-
nomiecal. That of the late ministers
had been distinguished by its prodi-
gality and immoderate expence,
Lord Sidmouth was favourably dis-,
posed towards peace, The ex-mi-
nisters breathed a spirit of eternal
war. The popwarity of lord Sid-
mouthin the country, though greatly
lessened, was still considerable, His
influence at court was not ex-
tinguished ; though, we believe,
that his present accession to the ad.
ministration of Mr, Fox and lord
Grenville gave a most fatal blow to
his interest in that quarter, In ad_
dition to all these reasons for pre-
ferring a connection ,with Jord Sid-
mouth to a coalition with the ex-mi-
nisters, it was. understood, that the
introduction of lord Sidmouth into
the cabinet was a measure not unac-
ceptable at Carlton House.

Vhe most specious. objection to
the admission of lord Sidmouth into
the ministry, was founded on the

opinions

24

opinions he was known to entertain
of the catholic claims ; and if there
had been any intention of bringing
that subject into immediate discus-
sion, or any probability of being
akle to bring it forward in parlia-
mentas a ministerial question, there
can be no doubt that the objection
would have been conclusive. But,
unfortunately, lord Sidmouth was
not singular in his opinions upon
that matter. His majesty’s objec-
tions to any further concession to
his catholic subjects were unabated,
and as they were founded on scru-
ples of a religious nature, they were
considered by those’ who best knew
his character, to be wholly insur-
mountable.
jesty’s scruples remained in force,
it seemed to, be, and was in fact, of
little importance what part Jord
Sidmouth was disposed to take in the
question, should it happen ever to
come into discussion while he was in
office. The real point to be consi-
dered, was, not whether Mr. Fox
and lord Grenville ought to take
lord Sidmouth into their adminis.
tration; knowing his opinion of the
catholic claims to be diametrically
opposite to theirs, but whether they
ought to come into office at all,
without some express stipulation
with their sovereign for redress of
grievances to the catholics. In
other words, when they foresaw
that it would be impossible for them,
by going into office, to carry the
question of catholic emancipation,
ought they not to have continued in
opposition ? The determination of
this as of most other points of prac-
tical wisdom, where a balance must
be struck between opposite incon-
veniences, ought to depend, in a
gréat degree, on the collateral cir-
cumstances of the moment, It was

But, while his ma-,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

clear, that lord Grenville and Mr.
Fox had better remain out of office,
than forfeit the confidence of the
catholics, and leave that numerous
and powerful body, full of indigna-
tion and resentment against all
parties in England, to fall a prey to
the arts and machinations of France.
No good that could possibly result
from their administration, would
compensate so great an injury to
their country. But, if the catholics
were willing to postpone the discus-
sion of their claims to another sea-
son, and disposed not to petition
again the same parliament, which
had so recently refused to hearken
to their complaints, was it necessary
for Mr. Fox and lord Grenville to
stand out upon a question, which
they knew it was impossible for them
at that moment to carry, and which
those most deeply interested in its
success were ready to defer till a
more favourable opportunity ? Im-
portant as they judged catholic
emancipation to the welfare and
safety of the state, was there no
other service they could perform to
their country ? Was it not worth
trying, whether peace was unattain-
able? Experience had shown that
every effort to reduce the power of
France upon the continent, had
endedjinther further aggrandisement,
and that the continuance of the war
served only to increase the danger
and difficulty of peace. A greater
good could not be rendered to En-
gland and to the world, than the res.
toration of general tranquillity, and
preservation of peace, though fora
few years only. Was the probable
chance of being able to confer so
great a blessing on mankind, to
be lightly, or without the most
urgent necessity, thrown away ?. If
somplete emancipation could not be
procured

HISTGRY OF EUROPE.

procured for the catholics, their
subordinate grievances might be re-
dressed by a constant succession of
measures for their benefit, and
their affections might be conciliated
and their attachment to Mugland
increased, by a fair participation of
all the honours, distinctions and
emoluments, which by law were
opento them, A visible as well as
areal change in their domestic go-
yernment mig/it be eifected. Theirop-
pressors might be banished from the
castle, or coldly received there when
they appeared. The inferior tyrants
who had flogged them and _ perse-
ented them, might be struck with
ignominy out of thelists of the ma-
gistracy. The chancellor who had,
wantonly and without provocation,
insulted their religion and aspersed
their morals, might be dismissed
from his office with disgrace. If to
these means of conciliation, was added
a frank and unreserved disclosure of
the insuperable obstacle to theimme-
diate gratification of their hopes,
it was fair to suppose that the ca-
tholics, though disappointed in
_ their expectations of complete and
_ immediate emancipation, would not
rashly discard their friends, nor lose
confidence in their fidelity. Mr.
Fox, accordingly, made no scruple
of avowing to such catholics as con-
sulted him on the subject, that in his
Opinion it was impracticable for
them at that moment to carry the
question of emancipation, aud he
therefore advised them not to bring
it forward ; asthe discussion of it
in such circumstances could not
possibly lead to any good, ¢ but
might do them harm in future, by
the ill will and irritation it would
naturally produce on both sides.
lie added at the same time, that if
they should determine after all to

25

bring forward their petition, they
might, at all times and in all situa-
tions, depend on his voice and in-
fluence in support of it. The candor
and openness of this declaration,from
one so zealously attached to their
interest, and so well known to them
for the frankness and fairness of his
character, had the effect upon the
catholics that was to be expected.
They were satisfied with Mr. Fox’s
assurances, and resolved to abide by
his advice.

The plan of the new ministry
being at length arranged, it was sub-
mitted to the king on the 3ist. of
January ; andon the following day
lord Grenville had an audience of
his majesty ; at which it was under_
stood, that no exceptions were
made by the king toany of the pro.
posed appointments, but that diffi-
culties of a most serious nature
arose about the governnent of the
army, which threatened to put an
entire stop to thenew arrangements,
A paper it seems, was read to his
majesty by lord Grenville, contain-
ing some of the plans of his new mi-
nisters, and some account of the
measures they proposed to recom.
mend to him, in which it was hinted
that certain changes might be ne.
cessary in the army; and lord
Grenville having admitted when
questioned with respect to the nature
of these changes, that they related
to the department of the army un-
der the superintendance of the duke
of York, his majesty is said to
have objected, that the army had
been kept distinct from the other
branches of the administration since
the time of the first duke of Cumber.
land, and had been considered es un-
der the immediate control of the king,
through the commanderin chief, with-
outany right of interference on the

part

26 ANNU

part of the ministry, except in mat-
ters relating to the levying, clothing
and paying ‘of the troops. As this
claim. of exemption for the com-
mander in chief from the control of
the other ministers could not be ac-
ceded to by lord Grenville, consist.
ently with his notions of the con.
stitution, the conference broke off
abruptly; and the same evening
the public were informed, that the
new arrangements were not likely
to be brought to a satisfactory con-
clusion, But on the 3rd ot Febra-
ary lord Grenville was called to
another audience, at which his ma-
jesty is said to have read a paper con-
taining his assent to what was ask-
ed, with this proviso. only, that no
changes in the government of the
army should be carried into effect,
without his knowledge and appro-
bation. During these negotiations,
it was remarked by the public, that
the lord chancellor and lord Hawkes-
bury had frequent interviews with
his majesty.

‘The new administration being
thus finally settled, the cabinet was
composed of the following mem-
bers: lord Erskine, lord high
chancellor of England ; earl Fitz-
william, lord president ofthe coun-
cil; viscount Sidmouth, lord privy
seal: lord Grenville, first lord of
the treasury ; Jord Howick, first
Jord of the admiralty ; earl of
Moira, master. general of the ord-
nance ; earl Spencer, Mr. Fox and
Mr. Windham, secretaries of state
for the home, foreign, and war de-
partments; lord Henry Petty,
chancellor of the exchequer ; and
lord Ellenborough, lord chief justice
of England.

The duke of Bedford went as
Jord lieutenant to Ireland, and Mr,
Elliot accompanied him as chief se-

AL REGISTER,

1806.

cretary. Mr. George Ponsonby
was appointed chancellor and keep-
er of the seals in Ireland, and sir
John Newport, chianentae of the
Irish exchequer. For the other ,
changes we must refer’ to the lists
of promotions ina subsequent part
of the volume. We have only to
remark, that so thorough and com-
plete a change in all the depart-
ments of the state had not been seen
since 1784.

As some of the new arrangements
led to interesting discussions in par-
liament and to much conversation
out of doors, it is necessary to say
afew words on the circumstances
that led to them.

After the treaty of Amiens, the
great objects for which Mr. Fox
had been drawn, with unfeigned
reluctance, from his favourite re-
tirement, and induced to embark
again in the business and conten.
tions of public life were, first, the
maintenance, and next, the resto.
ration of peace; these objects he
had never ceased to recommend,
and when unexpectedly invested
with power, and at liberty to chuse
whatever place best suited him in
the government, he shewed how
sincerely he had them at heart, by
the department of the state which
he selected for himself. Though to
the leader of a* party, which had
struggled with him through twenty-
two years of opposition, the place
of first lord of the treasury must
have been peculiarly acceptable, by
the opportunities it would have af-
forded him of rewarding the zeal
and attachment of his adherents ;
and though it be an office, which,
in the hands of a man of talents,
necessarily constitutes him the real

‘minister of the country, yet the

reflection, that by taking-the place
of

; HISTORY OF EUROPE.

of secretary of state for foreign af-
fairs, he should be in a situation
where he could more effectually
contribute to the restoration
peace, decided his choice, and de-
termined him to prefer a place with
Jittle or no patronage, to one which
has infinitely the greatest influence
and patronage of any in the go-
vernment. When Mr. Fox de.
clined to be first lord of the trea-
sury, that place naturally devolved
en lord Grenville. But, lord
_ Grenvilie held the office of auditor
of the exchequer, which is incom-
patible with that of a lord of the
treasury. Jt could not be expected
that lord Grenville would resign
the auditorship-of the exchequer, a
place which he held for life, on
being made first lord of the treasury,
from which he might be removed at
_ the pleasure of the crown. . It was,
_ therefore, necessary to bring a bill
into parliament, to enable the au-
ditor of the exchequer, if appointed
to the place of a lord of the trea-
sury, to accept of that office without
forfeiting his place of auditor; and
that this might be done without in-
jury to the public, he was em-
powered to name a trustee to hold
the office of auditor, while he con-

tinued to be a lord of the treasury ;

which trustee should be responsible

of

27
risk or inconvenience to the public,
has been madea subject of the most
frivolous and unfounded censure out
of deors, against both the mover of
the bill, and the noble lord on
whose account it was passed ; and,
r#liculous as it may seem, it has been
swelled into a serious charge against
the administration of which it was
the act. :

The appointment of lord Ellen-
borough to a seat in the cabinet,
was a measure of a more doubtful
policy. When lord Sidmouth joined
the administration, he is said to
have stipulated, that, besides him-
self, one of his friends should have
a place in the cabinet, and the
known constitutional principles, and
personal character of lord Ellenbo-
rough, are supposed to have pointed
him out to Mr. Fox and lord Gren-
ville, as the most eligible of lord
Sidmonth’s. friends for that situa-
tion. But lord Elilenborough was
lord chief justice of England, and,
with the exception of lord Mans-
field, there had been no instance,
since the revolution, of a lord chief
justice who had taken an open, un-
disguised part as an adviser of the
crown upon_state affairs. Lord
Elienborough’s appointment to a
seat in the cabinet was, therefore, a
subject of general discussion and

_ to the auditor for the salary, and to
_ the public for the due execution of
the office. No opposition was

animadversion out of doors, and at
length it was brought before parlia-
meut, by the earl of Bristol in the

made to this bill in parliament.
_ One of the ex-ministers, in recom-
mending some alteration of the bill
as originally proposed, declared,
that ‘‘ If what he had to say should
induce the noble lord (Grenville)
to take another office, he should
feel very serious concern from the
circumstance,” Yet, this measure,
though unattended with the slightest

house of lords, and by Mr. Spencer
Stanhope in the house of commons.
Lord Bristol moved (March 3d.)

a resolution, stating it as the opi-
nion of the house, ‘* That it was
highly inexpedient, and tended to
weaken the administration of jus-
tice, to summon to any committee
or assembly of the privy council,
any of the judges of his majesty’s
courts

28

courts of common Jaw.” This mo-
tion was supported by lords Eldon,
Boringdon, Mulgrave, and Hawkes-
bury; and opposed by lord St.
John, the earls of Carlisle and Car-
marvon, viscount Sidmouth, and
Jords Holland and Grenville. The
question being put, the motion was
negatived without a division.

On the same day resolutions of a
sitnilar tendency were moved in the
house of commons by Mr. Spencer
Stanhope. They were supported
by Mr. Canning, lord Castlereagh,
. Mr. Percival, and Mr. Wilberforce ;
and opposed by Mr. Bond, lord
Temple, Mr. Fox, lord Henry
Petty, and Mr. Sheridan. The pre-
vious question being put on the first
resolution, was carried by a majo-
rity of 158, Ayes 222—Noes 64.

It was contended by the opposi-
tion, that there had been no prece-
dent since the revolution, of a chief
justice being at the same time a ca-
binet minister, except the solitary
ease of lord Mansfield, which, from
its injurious effects on the character
and reputation of that celebrated
judge, was rather a beacon to be
shunned than an example to be
followed. It was argued from
Montesquieu and Blackstone, that
it was a fundamental maxim of all
free governments, and a recognized
pritciple of the English constitu.
tion, to keep separate and distinct
the legislative, executive, and judi-
ciary powers of the state. It was
urged, that in vain had parliament
passed the most salutary acts to se-
cure the independence of the
Judges, if the allurement of so high
and honourable a situation as a
place in the cabinet, could be used
as an enticement to detach them

from their proper business, and

connect them with the parties and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

politics of the day. It was de.
manded, whether a judge, who had
been associated with the delibera-
tions of the ministers, and become a
party to all their measures and feel-
ings, could be deemed a proper per-
son to conduct state trials, or to
preside at trials for libels or sedi-
tion, to which those ministers must
of necessity be parties, either as
prosecutors or as culprits? Was it
right in itself, or compatible with
the pure and unbiassed mind, which
should belong to a judge, that the
same person who had been present
at the deliberations of the council
which determined to try an offence,
who had possibly been the indivi.
dual counsellor by whose advise
that resolution had been adopted,
and who had assisted and taken an
active part in all the previous in-
quiries and examinations of the case,
should at length preside over, and
conduct the trial, charge the jury,
and, if a verdict was found for the
prosecution, award, and in many
cases arbitrarily fix, the degree of
punishment? An _ upright judge
might preserve his impartiality in
these circumstances, but it would
be difficult to persuade the public
that he had no bias, no leaning to-
wards his colleagues. He might ©
administer justice with purity and
integrity, though a cabinet minister,
but his acceptance of a cabinet
place would materially lessen the
confidence of the public in his de-
cisions, whenever questions of a po-
litical nature were tried before him.
But a judge should not only be
above all bias, but above all sus-
picion of bias. ‘* It was not enough
that the administration of justice
should be perfectly free and unin-
fluenced by government; it was
not enough that it should be pure,

‘ meat but

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

but it should also be beyond the
reach of suspicion, and so exercised
as to give perfect satisfaction to all
his majesty’s subjects. The ap-
pointment of lord Ellenborough to
a seat in the cabinet, was not illegal
nor unconstitutional, but it was
unadviseable and inexpedient.” *
_ Much stress was laid by some mem-
bers of opposition, on a doctrine
which they had collected from
newspapers and pamphlets, that the
cabinet, as such, is responsible fer
the advice given to his majesty, and
eonsequentiy for the measures of
administration; and if was asked
triumphantly, whether it was de-
sirable that the chief justice of Kng-
Jand should be involved in that re-
‘sponsibility ? ‘* Why should his cha-
racter and influence, in. short, all
his best means of doing good be
unnecessarily embarked in the frail
_ and uncertain fate of any adminis-
_ tration +.’’
it was answered by the ministers,
that we were not to take our prin-
ciples of the English constitution
from the theories of Montesquicu
and Blackstone (though the latter
had been misunderstood by those
who had appealed to his authority
on this occasion) but to gain our
knowledge of it from the study of
precedents, and from the practice of
our forefathers, It was idle,to talk
_of the separation of the legislative,
executive, and judiciary powers in
England, where one of the branches
of the legislature was the supreme
court of law, and had usually for
_ its speaker the first law-ollicer of
the kingdom; where the servants
of the crown sat in both houses of
parliament, and where the chief
justices were privy counsellors and

* Lord Eldon.

29

sworn advisers of the crown, in all
matters relating to the honour of
the king and to the good of his
people. It was contended, that
from.the earliest periods of our his-
tory, the judges had been employed
and consulted by the crown, in the
xecutive department of the state.
Various instances were adduced
from our history, where chief jus-
tices had been specially named as
constituent members of councils ap-
pointed to advise the king, or in the
case of his absence or minority, to
administer the government of the
kingdom. In the celebrated privy
council of Charles If. which that
monarch adopted at the suggestion
of sir William Temple, for the ex-
press purpose of conciliating the
confidence of his people, the chief
justice of the common pleas had, by
right of his office, a seat. In the
bills of regency passed during the
reign of queen Anne, as well as in
those enacted in the reigns of George
Il. and of his present majesty, the
eaicf justices were included ; and,
though much debate had arisen on
some of these bills, no person had
objected to them on that account.
Lord Mansfield was not the only
chief justice, since the revolution,
who had attended the committees
of the privy council, called cabinet-
councils; nor was it admitted, that
because he attended them he had
become unpopular as a judge.
duord Hardwicke had held the of.
fice of chief justice for six months,
along with a seat in the cabinet.
Chief-justice Parker had been one
of the council of regency, in the
interval between the death of
queen Anne, and the arrival of
George I. Chief-justices Lee,

~ + Lord Castlereagh.
Wedderburne,

'
_80 ANNUAL RE

Wedderburne, Eyre and Kenyon,had
occasionally attended select commit-
tees of council, for the express pur-
pose of being present, and assisting
at examinations, and giving their

opinion of cases, which, in their ca+

pacity of judges, they were after-
wards totry. Strange it must ap-
pear to the movers of the present
question, that the most numerous
precedents since the revolution, for
summoning judges to select commit-
tees of the privy council, were pre-
cisely in those cases, w here, ac-
cording to their representations, the
interference of a judge was most to
be deprecated. So differently
thought our ancestors from these
modern speculatists, who are filled
with such alarms for the purity and
reputation of our judicature. But
im trath, the judge who attends the
privy council on such occasions,
¢¢ is not more liable to be seriously
prepossessed by these previous exa-
minations, than the magistrates are
who commit prisoners, or than the
judges of the king’s bench are, when
they grant an information on the
affidavit of one of the parties, with-
out sending the charge to the grand
juries *.’

The temptation of a seat in the
cabinet, it was urged, might induce
a chief justice to swerve from his
duty, and the fear of losing it, when
obtained, might render him more
obsequious to the court, and more
compliant with ‘its ministers, than
became his station as the head and
guardian of the laws. But they
who urged this objection seemed to
have forgotten that the chief justice
is always a privy counsellor, and
usually a peer of parliament, and
therefore accessible to the same

-

* Mr, Fox.

+ Mr. Fox.

GISTER, 1806.

channels of influence, as if he were
a member of the cabinet. ‘‘ Was
not,” it was asked, ** a seat in the
privy council an object of ambition
also, and was not the circumstance

of being struck off from that body —

a cause of disgrace +.” * It was wor-
thy of remark, that the noble and
Jearned Jord, whose situation had
given rise to this discussion, had
been himself called upon to advise
his majesty, through the means of

persons who now supported the —

motion. After having advised his

majesty to make him lord chief —

justice of the court of king’s bench,
they advised that he should be
called to a seat in that house, the
great council of the nation. The
patent by which he was so called,
stated expressly, that he was to ad-

vise his majesty on the arduous ©

concerns of his reign, and the great
dangers thereon impending t.” But
affer converting a judge into a po-

litician, by making him a peer of |

parliament, and a privy counsellor,

was it decent to say, that he could
not act in his new character, with- —

out sullying his purity as a judge, or

at least forfeiting the confidence of ~

the public in the integrity of his
judgments ? Could one hear without
astonishment, ** that a class of of.
ficers, who are admitted to be per-
fecily eligible to the privy council,

should not be allowed to discharge ~

the functions of a privy counsellor
—should in fact, be excluded from
the performance of duties, which,
on their admission to the privy
council, they are sworn to perform ?

We have heard of the dinner placed 7

before Sancho Panca : if he wished
for fish, that was objected to, and
if he wished for meat, an objection

‘'Y Lord Grenville.
was

ee ee

Tee,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 31

was started also ; sobetween the ob-
jections, poor Sancho had no din-
ner atall, Just in a similar manner
do the friends of the motion propose
to deal with lord Ellenborough.
—The noble lord is made a privy
counsellor, but yet he is not (o be
consulted upon points of law, lest
his mind as a judge should be prepos-
sessed, noris he to be consulted on
points of state, lest he should be
made a politician. Thus it was
proposed to destroy his functions
as a privy counsellor altogether.’’*
But, the very circumstance, that
a chief justice is always a privy
counsellor and usually a peer of par-
liament, is a sufficient proof, that
our ancestors had not such horror
of a judge being consulted on mat-
ters of state, nor such apprehension
of his mind being prepossessed by
the opinions he might give as a privy
counsellor on points of law. Evil
consequences may possibly result
from this mixture, and what to some
may appear confusion of charac-
ters: but let us follow the example
of our forefathers, and without seek-
ing to anticipate imaginary evils, ap-
ply a remedy to them whiten they
occur. If to secure the due admi-
nistration of justice it were neces-
sary that a judge should have no
possible temptation to unlawful

-compliances with power, the object

would be unattainable, while ‘ per-

sons in the situation of judges had

relations with the rest of society,

while they had friends and children,

and were not divested of all the
feelings common to human nature.” +
To satisfy such theorists, the
judges of England must be placed on
a footing with the ecclesiastical order
in catholic countries, and even that
expedient would be ineffectual to

* Mr. Fox.

+ Lord Holland,

detach them from worldly interest.
But such forced ard unnatural ex-
pedients are unnecessary in this
country, where the due administra-
tion of justice is secured not only
by the integrity of the judge, but
by the presence and control of the
jury, the superintendance of the
bar, and the publicity of all judi-
cial procedings.

A privy counsellor was bound to
to givehis advice to the king, in all
cases and at all times, when his ad-
vice wasdemanded. Buta cabinet
counsellor was only one of those
privy counsellors whom the king
consulted with apon state affairs.
No privy counsellor could beexclud-
ed from the committee where these
deliberations were carried on, when
Summoned to it by his majesty’s
commands, except for such personal
objections as would be a ground for
addressing’ his majesty to remove
such an individual from his councils.
The committee of the privy council,
called originally the committee for
foreiga affairs, and known at present
by the name of cabinet council, was
unknown to our law, and had in no
instance whatever been recognised
by parliament. It had not evena
fixed or permanent existence, but
consisted of those privy counsellors,
who, each time it was convened, re-
ceived a summons to attend its meet-
ings. It was a mistake to suppose,
that the cabinet, as such, was re-
sponsible for the measures of govern
ment. ‘* It would be difficult to point
out in our statutes or in the record-
ed proceedings of parliament, evi-
dence that the cabinet or any indivi-
dual belonging to it had been, as
such, held to belegally responsible.” +
Nor for practical purposes was
it fit that it should be otherwise. If

an
t Mr.’ Fox.

32

an attempt were made to attach re-
sponsibility to all the members of
the cabinet, for every ministerial
act, it would be apt to endanger,
and in most instances to defeat, the
object of responsibility, for this ob-
vious reason, that the difficulty of
producing conviction and punish-
ment is greater in the one case than
in the other. © Every minister was
separately responsible in his own
department of the government ; but
no man nor body of men could be
’ made responsible for the whole acts
of anadministration. ‘The advisers
of pernicious measures might be
punished for their bad advice, but
the fact of their having given such ad-
vice, must in the first place be prov-
ed against them. ‘* The immediate
actor can always be got at in a way
. that is very plain, direct and easy,
compared to that by which you may
be able to reach his advisers. When
parliament have tried to get at the
advisers too, how have they proceed-
ed? Look at the mode, and that
mode alone will sustain the argu-
ment, that the cabinet counsellors
are not legally known. For in the
addresses presented on such occa-
sions it will be found, that parlia-
ment apply to know by whom any
measure to which the address al-
Judes, may have been advised.
Surely then, such an application
serves to shew, that the cabinet has
never been deemed a responsible
body ; for, if it were, such an appli-
cation would be quite superfluous.
But, do not confine your research
to those addresses; look at tke
journals throughout. Examine the
several articles of impeachment un
record, and you can discover no in-
stance of any man, or body of men,
being impeathed as cabmet oounsel-

2

* Mo, Fox,

‘

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

lors. ‘Take the end of queen Anne’s
reign. See the articles of impeach.
ment exhibited against the earlrof
Oxford for the conclusion of the
peace of Utrecht. Lord Boling.
broke, who was the person princi-
pally concerned in that transaction,
being then out of the country and
beyond the reach of parliament, it
was eagerly endeavoured to impli-
cate lord Oxford. In prosecution
of this object a variety of shifts and
expedients were resorted to, which
would have been totally unneces-
sary had the cabinet council been
considered as a responsible body.
No, in that case it would have
been all smooth and easy. But, it
appears, that nota word was men.
tioned, which could countenance
the idea of any recognition of a re.
sponsible cabinet council. From
this, and from every other circum.
stance thatapplies, [infer that such
a council] was never legally con-
ceived to exist.” * Such were the
solid and iresistible arguments, by
which Mr. Fox confuted and
brought to disgrace the flimsy and
superficial hypothesis of the cabinet
council being, as such, responsible
for the measures of administration.
On the whol it was satisfactorily
made out onthe side of ministry,
that the cabinet, as such, is not re-
sponsible for the measures of go-
vernment ; that no individual mi-
nister is responsible for more than
his own acts, and such advice as he °
is proved to have actually given ;
that a cabinet counsellor performs
no duties and incurs no responsibi-
lity, to which as a’ privy counsellor
he is not liable; that the judges of
England are not intended by the
constitutien of their country to be
such insulated beings as speculative
writers |

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

writers represent them; that the
~ nomination of Jord E!lenborough to
a place in the cabinet, was not only
strictly legal, but justifiable, on the
_ ground of precedent and constitu-
tional analogy ; and that the ten-
dency and effect of his appointment
had been misunderstood or misrt-
presented, in many particulars, by
the supporters of the motions be-
fore parliament. But, the public
+ could not but perceive the difference
_ between the actual duties of a privy
counsellor’s, and those of a cabinet
connsellor’s place ; between the oc.
casional and the habitual exercise
‘ofthe same functions ; between the
right of taking a part in the politi-
' cal discissions of the day, and the
necessity of giving an opinion on all
State affairs as’they arise: and they
who reltected on the slow and be-
_ Reficial progress by which judges
had been detached from state intri-
gues, and removed out of the perni-
cious atmosphere of’ the court,
could not but regret, that die
stream had now taken a retrograde
direction, and threatened to fall back
into that gulph, where so many
_ judges had perished in former times.
in this view of the subject the ap-
peintment of a lord chief justice to
_ a cabinet place was to be considered
‘rather as a precedent that might
lead to evil consequences, thaw. as a
"Measure from which any mischief
_ Was at present to be apprehended ;
and such, after the conclusion of
_ this debate, we believe to have been
oe impression that remained with
any excellent and enlightened
rsons throughout the kingdom.
Before we bring this chapter to a
Weldee we shall take a short and
general view of the disposition of
the public mind towards the new
ministers, at their first entrance in-
Vou. XLVITL.

t

33

to office and during the early part
of their administration.

Much, then, was expected from
their exertions; but, though some
good will existed towatls them,
there was no enthusiasin in their fa-
vour, Little popular feeling, ia
deed, of any sort was left in the
country. The violence engendered
by the French revolution had long
since spentits fary, and had given
place to universal apathy and indif-
ference on all politicalsubjects, that
did not affect directly the public
purse, or concern the safety or na~
val glory of the kingdom. Hatred
of peculation, and aversion to.
France, were the only springs that
moved or even touched the public
mind. But, while the new ministers
could reckon little oa the zealous or
ardent support of the country, they
had to contend at once with the
secret disinclination of the court,
and with the active and indefatiga.
ble opposition of the persons whom
they had recently displaced from
office. The friends and adherents
of the late ministers, though dis.
united in every other respect, were
agreed in the most cordial hatred of -
their successors ; and though the
ex-ministers themselves had little
name or popularity to boast of,
their followers were numerous and
active, and from their past habits
and occupations they were particu.
larly fitted to give annoyance to any
administration against which they
had an interest to combine. Many
of the public journals were under
their influence, and from long prac
tice and experience in the art of
leading and governing public opi.
nion through the press, they per-
fectly understood how to avail
themselves of that powerful engine
tothe best advantage. They had -

D intimate

34

intimate conncctions in tbe city, in
the bank, in the India house, and
jn most of the great trading corpe-
rations, and were able to communi-
cate a party impulse to these bodies
whenever it suited their purposes.
In all the public offices, in all the
boards of revenue, customs, excise
and taxes throughout the kingdom,
in all the civil and military depart-
ments of the state, the superintend-
ants, subalterns, and clerks were in
general persons who had been in-
debted to the ex-ministers for their
places, who had looked up to them
for further preferment, and who
now trembled lest they should suffer
from their disgrace. Among the
disearded adherents of the late mi-
nisters, it happened, that all those
were included, who had ever served
as secretaries of the treasury under
Mr. Pitt, and they who know the
interior of our government, will be
at no difficulty to understand, of
what importance to the new oppo-
sition was the acquisition of so many
persons of that description. In short,
the whole of that noisy, bustling,
forward, self sufficient part of the
community, which is usually most
loud and zealous on the side of go-
yvernment, was at present, when best
affected towards the ministers, silent
and indifferent, but more frequent-
ly openly hostile to them, or se-
cretly employed in thwarting their
measures and reviling their charac-
ters. This sort of opposition, de-
spicable asit may appear, is doubly
injurious to the ministers against
whom it is directed, because every
individual of this description, who
‘adds one to the number of their op-
ponents, takes one at the same time
from the natural strength of their
government. ‘The new opposition,
thus constituted, direeted their at-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

tacks, at first, exclusively against the
Foxite part of the administration ;
but, when they found, that their
flattery and cajolery were thrown
away upon lord Grenville; that
their praises of his talents were un-
heeded ; their expressions of con-
fidence in the integrity and sound.
ness of his principles reccived with-
out gratitude or reward ; and that
even their admonitions on the un-
worthiness of his colleagues, though
intended solely for his benefit, were
slighted by him and disregarded ;
their resentment quickly overleap-~
ed the, boundaries to which they had
originally confined their hostilities,
and all parts of the «administratiou
began to share alike in their cen-
sures and invectives.

But thegreatstrength of the new op-
position, lay in the opinion which they
were careful to circulate,that theyhad
the secret wishes of the court in their
favour; and many circumstances, it
must be confessed, tended to impress
the public with a suspicion, that at
Jeast the new ministers had little of
hearty support in that quarter. It
was notorious, that the necessity of
the times had alone brought about
the change of administration. It
was observed during the first months
after the new ministers came
into office, that the persons con-
nected with the household seldom at-
tended in their place, when the mea-
sures of the new government requir.
ed support, and that when any de-
cent excuse could be given for their
conduct, they were always ready to
vote against it. The language of
that description sof persons, best=
known by the name of courtiers,
was from the beginning unfayour-
able to the new ministers. As the
administration declined in popula-
rity, because the greatness and suc-
cess

cee

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

cess of its measures did not corres-

pond with the over sanguine expec.
tations of the public, the people
were __ industriously reminded,

‘thatthe king, in trusting the go-

vernment of the country to the
hands where it was now lodged,
had consulted less his own opinions
and inclinations, than what he un-
derstood to be the wishes and ex-
pectations of his people. The new
opposition professed those princi-
ples and followed that line of con-
duct, which they understood to be
the mostacceptable at court. They
disclaimed with horror the intention
of a systematic opposition to his
majesty’s government, and showed
indeed by their conduct that nothing
could possibly unite them in any

system, except the being together ‘in

office ; and yet in the midst of these
professions, they contrived to ha.
rass the ministers as effectually as the

* most factious opposition could have

done. It is immaterial, whether
these symptoms of how the court
stood affected towards the adminis-
tration were rightly interpreted or
not. ‘The belief that ministers were
unacceptable in that quarter was
equally prejudical to their interest
in the country, as if the fact had
been so; and the effect of it, on
the whole, was to weaken the pub-
lic confidence in the stability of their
administration, which every one
concluded, whether rightly or not
is out of the question, would last no
longer than the necessity-that had
imposed it.

in addition to all these circnm-.

_ Stances, the component parts of the

new administration had been too
recently brought together, when
they first came into office, to be
thoroughly united. Lord Sidmouth
had been unconnected with the

35

other leaders of the party at so late
a period as the death of Mr. Pitt.

Had an amendment to the address
been moved on the first day of the
sessions, it was understood that
lord Sidmouth and his friends
would have supported the original
address. The two other branches
of the government, which had bcen
known by the names of the new
and old opposition, had begun to
cooperate in parliament, and to con-
cert together their proceedings in
that assembly, in the spring of 1804,
but without making any formal
compact or agreement for a union of
parties. In so much, that when Mr.
Addington resigned in the beginning
of the summer of that year, there
existed no positive or formal en-
gagements between Mr. Fox and
lord Grenville, of a nature to have
prevented the latter from accepting
the offers of Mr. Pitt, and going in-
to office without the other. The
refusal of the noble lord to act in
that manner arose from the opera-
tion of public principle alone, un-
fettered by any private compact or
engagement. Since that period the
greatest union and confidence had
subsisted between the leaders of the
two parties ; but the same good un-
derstanding was not yet thoroughly

established between their respective

adherents: Many of the old oppo.

sition trembled, lest the popular
principles of their party should be

diluted or neutralized by the in-.
finence of their new connections.

The friends of Lord Grenville had

not yet quite banished from their

minds their former alarms of what

they apprehended to be the revolu.~
tionary principles of some of their

new associates; and from pri-

vate intimacy and long habits of

acting with the ex-ministers, they

D2 could

86

could hardly bring themselves to
look upon them or treat them. as
political opponents. ‘Time could
alone overcome these difficulties,
and bring these two parties to act
heartily in concert, aud to consider
their friends and interests as the
same.

_. Though there never wasa junc-
tion of parties, which had been less
the work of design and intrigue,
and more the result of circumstances,
and the naturel course of things,
than the coalition which had.taken
place between Mr, Fox and lord
Grenville, it had produced, to a
certain degree,
litiens, oa the adherents of both,
by weakening and cooling their zeal
and attachment to their party. It
always happens, that the Jower we
descend in a party, the more of
personal avimosity and rancour we
find to prevail in it, and these pas.

sions are so intimately mixed and~

blended in the minds of the multi.
tude with the principles of the par-
ty, that the one cannot easily be
eradicated without weakening or
even destroying the others. When
the leaders of opposite parties
coalesce, their adherents, who sup-
posed them actuated with their own
passions and resentments. are com-
monly surprised aud offended by
their reconciliation, and are apt
without further examination to ex-
claim, that the principles for which
they have contended are betrayed.

It is not enough for them to be told,
that the grounds of former disagree-
ment haye been changed or resibved

by time ; that the points, on which -

their leaders formerly differed, and
still possibly difier iu opinion, have
ceased to be subjects of discussion ;
that there exists between them,at pre-
Seni, no fundamental difference, on

ANNUAL REGISTER,

the elfect of all coa-'

1806,

any practical question of importance,
that is likely to call for their de-
cision; that new questions have
arisen, on which those who ditfer
from the government, must either
unite their efforts, or give up the
contest, and leave the interests of
their country to be disposed of at
the will of thecourt ; and that the
true point for consideration is
whether two parties should coalesce,
in order to increase their means and
ability of serving their country, or
should remain separate, because
they have formerly differed in
opinion, or, because there are
still some points on which they
differ; of a speculative nature,
of subordinate importance, or, con-
fessedly unattainable at the present
moment. .

That the coalition of parties leads
to mutual concessions aud compro-
mise,- cannot - be. denied ; but
where is the party or association of
men, united for any common pur-
pose, whether lawful or unlawful,
meritorious or blameable, where a
compromise of opinions is not neces-
sary for the existence and con-
tinuance of the party ? Doesany one
imagine, that, because a body of
men act together on every occasion,
they also think alike without any

shade or diflerence of opinion, on.

every question that comes before
them? Buat,if there must be com-
promise of opinions in party the
vindication of coalitions turns upon
the question, whether party is not
the best, if not the only system for

supporting the cause of liberty in

this country ;

with the principle of coalition.
vindicate party, and shew that it is

and, however that —
question may be rdvalpod. a party
man cannot consistently find fault —

To.

a necessary counterpoisc invour go-
vernment, —

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

yernment, to the power and in-
fluence of the crown, it is sufficient
to remark that government with us
is always a party, that every place-
man either gives up his opinion to
the government or resigns- his
office. But, ifevery placeman, what-
ever be his private opinions, votes
upon every question, as if hehad no
Opinion but that of the govern.
ment, how can any opposition to the

Th,

measures of government be effectual,

_or have even the remotest chance

- certain fundamental

or slightest possibility of suc¢cess,
unless they who disapprove of
the general conduct of the govern-
ment, combine together on a similar
ptinciple, and while they agree on
tenets, make
mutual concessions of opinion
on subordinate questions. If such
a party is formed for the mere pur-
pose of forcing itself into place, it
degenerates intoa miserable faction ;
but, when founded on public prin-

ciples, it has been found by expe-

rience, to be the safeguard and de.
fence of our rights and liberties.
While, however, we are of opi-
nion, that without party the power
of the crown, which nominates di-
rectly or indirectly to all the offices
of the government, would be abso.

if lute and irresistible ; and that the
_ coalition of parties is to be justified

on the same ground on which party
itself is to be vindicated ; we admit,
that great cantion and deliberation

Ought to be used, before resolving

on any particular coalition. The

leader of a party has no means of
_ fesisting the weighty arguments and
Substantial logic of the treasury,
butthrough the opinion, which his
friends and the country entertain of

his virtues and integrity. He had
better, therefore, remain in oppo-

37

sition, at the head of a small party
devoted to his cause, than obtaima
temporary victory over his oppo-~
nents at the hazard of alienating
and offending his friends, or of ap-
pearing to,the country to have de.
serted the principles, which he has
professed. itis at the same time
true, that the publicis often un-
reasonably fastidious with respect
to coalitions of parties. From
the severity of its judgments on
that subject, men should seem to
haveforgotten, that there has been
no strong or popular government
in England since the revolution, in
which individuals of the most oppo-
site principles and most obnoxious
characters have not been included,
In so much, that we might be tempt-
ed to conclude from the frequency
of coalitions among English parties,
thatit is to that cause, that party
divisions are marked with less invete-.
racy in England, and attended with
less danger to the public safety and
tranquillity, than in any other free
country with the history of which
we are acquainted.

These general remarks, into
which we have been led on parties
and coalitions, apply not, however,
to the case before us. None of
the inconveniences,to which we have
alluded in the last paragraph, were

‘to be apprehended in the first in-

stance from the coalition between
Mr. Fox and lord Grenville; though
a sagacious observer might have
foreseen, that, if Mr. Fox de.
layed long the execution of his
plans of reform, or failed in his ne-
gotiation for peace, many of. his
adherents would abandon his party,
and set up a separate standard
for themselves ; and on the other
hand, it might have been safely fore-

D3 told,

38 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

told, that if lord Grenville remain-
ed faithful to his connection with
Mr. Fox, many of those persons,
who professed the greatest regard
and attachment to him at present,

would desert him on the first inti-
mation from the court, that there
was any serious intention in that

quarter of changing the administra-
tion,

_ CHAP.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 39

CHAP. III.

Military System—Army of Reserve Bill—Additionat Force Bill—Notice of
a Motion for the Repeal of the Additional Force Bill—Petitions against at
— Conversation in the House of Commons arising out of a Question put
to Mr. Windham by Mr. Long—Conversation in a Committee of the House
onthe Army Estimates—Mr. IV indham Refuses to fir a Day for bringing
orward his Military Plans—Debate on the Ordnance Estimates—Debate
on the Motion for Leave to bring ina Bill for the Repeal of the Additional
Force Bill—Dcbate on the Production of Military Opinions on Enlistment
for a Term of Years—Additional Force Repeal Gill—Debate on the First
Reading—On the Second Reading—On the Motion for going into a Com-
mittec—in the Committee on the Third Reading—in the House of Lords
on the Second Reading—Mutiny Bili—Debate in the House of Commons
on the Clause introducing limited Service—On bringing up the Clause—On _
filling up the Blanks in the Clause—On the Third Reading of the Bill—

“Debate in the House of Lords on the Production of Military Opinions—

On the Clause of the Mutiny Bill introducing limited Service—On the Third
Reading of the Mutiny Biull—Debates in the House of Commons on the
Chelsea Hospital Bill—The training Bill—The Volunteer Officers’ Bill
—and Militia Officers’ Bill—Increase of Pay to Infantry Officers, and to
Officers and petty Officers of the Navy—Greenwich Hospital Bill—

Foreign Troops Enlisment Bul.
nt E shall procced, in the next
place, to give an account of
‘the measures of the new ministers,
and, first, of those submitted to the
consideration of parliament ; be-
ginning with their military arrange-
ments ; which, in our opinion, ofall
their legislative regulations, were
the most important in their object,
the most wise in their contrivance,
the most beneficial in their tenden-
ey, and considering the formidable
opposition made to them, the most

creditable to the character of the ad-
ministration.

No subject had, of late years, so
frequently engaged the attention of
parliament, as to devise a mode of
increasing and recruiting the army,
effectual for the attainment of its .
object and suited to the circum-
stances of the country. Project af-
ter project had been proposed. Ex-
periment after experiment had been
tried. The coarsest instruments had
been used till they were worn out,
and the most complicated machi-
nery had been resorted to, without
success. [very possible variety of
form had been given to our military

D4 establishments,

40

establishments, as if our rulers had
been desirous of indulging a specu-
lative curiosity te contemplate their
’ subject under every aspect it could
assume, or had been unable to judge,
‘without inspection, of the species
of military force, best adapted for
the defence of their country and
annoyance of.its enemies. It is the
merit of Mr. Windham, to whom
this departemeut of the public ser-
vice was committed by the new ad-
ministration, that, abandoning the
complex plans and visionary specu-
Jations of his immediate predecessors,
-without recurring to the severe and
odious system. of the former minis-
try, he trusted to the simple and
obvious expedient of bettering the
condition and prospects of the sol-
diery, for the future increase and
supply. of the army ; on the sound
and universally acknowledged prin-
ciple, that, wherever men are want-
ed for any occupation in-socicty,
they, may be obtained for that ser-
vice, by holding out to them a suita-
bleencouragement ; and in no other
way, except by compulsion. If

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

any fault or imperfection were te
be pointed out in the system re-
commended by Mr. Windham, and
adopted by parliament, it would be,
that the encouragement held out te
the military profession, was still in-
suflicient, and inadequate to the ex-
pectations, which men of the same
rank in life with the soldiery, may
look forward te, with reasonable
confidence, in other occupations.
We particularly allude to the small-
ness of the pensions allotted to sol-
diers disabled by their wounds, or
having completed their periods of
service. We think also, that hono.
rary distictions might have been in-
troduced, with ~ peculiar effect,
among the inducements to enter a
profession, where a sense of honour
ought to be the predominant feeling.
But, whatever defects may exist int
the details and. subordinate provi-
sions of Mr. Windham’s system,
we are convinced that the principle
of it issound, and that he, who shall
depart from it, ‘ will render a mate-

rial disservice to his country .*
The army of reserve bill, the first
measure

* On a subject of this nature no argument is so conclusive as the evidence of

facts. ~We therefore subjoin the following statements, from the adjutant general’s
returns of the number of recruits raised half yearly (exclusive of foreign and
colonial corps) during the years 1805, 1806, and 1807.

Number of -Recruits.

Ordinary —_ Additional
Recruiting. Force. Total.
1805—1st. half year - 6,736 — 4,187 — 10,923
Quad. - 4,941 — 4,101 -- 9,042
1806— 1st. - 4,949 — 5,834 — 10,785
2nd. ~_ - 6,276 — ——~- — 6,276
1807—1st.- ———_ 11,412 —- ——~ — 11,412

; and, - 7,734 — — 7,734 .

Tt is to be observed, that of the number of men raised by ordinary reeruiting
in the first half of 1805, there were 3089 raised by officers recruiting for rank -in
the cavalry. It is also tobe recollected, that after midsummer, 1807, the operation
of Mr, Windham’s system was disturbed by the new ballot for the militia, The
fiesehalt aay is therefore the period by which we are to judge of its effects, af
fer it began tobe understood by the country ; and from the preceding returns,
it Appeatss Uy the number of recruits raised during. that period, by Mr. Wind-
gee Wee Ba : ; opt (ae ithe ham’s

f
4

[eee

HISTORY -OF EUROPE.

,
measure taken for encreasing the
army, after the commencement of
the present war,was avowedly a tem-

| porary expedient, and, though un-

yust in its principle, and partial and
unequal in its application, as all
levies by ballot must necessarily be,
except in cases of clear and urgent
necessity, and for purposes of self-
defence, it had in a cousiderable
degree attained its object. It had
added, in less than ten months,
more than 40,000 men to our army,
and though the troops levied under
this act, were bound to serve only
in Great Britain, Ireland, and the

_ adjacent islands, it indirectly in-

creased the amount of our disposa-
ble force, by enabling us, if neces-
Sary, to send abroad a greater por-
tion of our regular army, on any
service, for which it might be re-
quired. But, the injustice of em-
ploying the odious and oppressive

_ operation of the ballot for producing

this effect, appeared from the single
fact, that, of 40,000 men obtained
by the army of reserve bill, there
were only 2,000 of those who were
drawn, that served in person, and
consequently 38,000 were substi-

4]
tutes, procured by private indivi-
duals, through the means of high
bounties and voluntary enlistment.
But, if 38,000 substitutes could be
procured for money by private in-
dividuals, the same number of re-
cruits wight have been obtained by
government, and, consequently, the
ballot, which is only to be justified
on theground of urgent necessity,
might have been dispensed with,
without the loss of a single man to
the army. Not only was the ope-
ration of this bill partial and unjust,
because, instead of raising men at
the expence of the community, cut
of the general revenue of the state,
it compelled private individuals, of
a certain age, on whom the lot hap-
pened to fall, to find substitutes at
their own expence and out of their
private funds ; but, in consequence
of the competition of so many eager
and unpractised recruiting officers,
as it was sure to produce, the boun-
ties for enlistment rose so high, that,
after destroying the ordinary re-
cruiting for the regular army, the
operation of the bill was suspended
by its authors, while the number of
men to be raised by it was still in-

hams plan, was greater than the number raised in the first balf of 1805, by the
ordinary recruiting, the recruiting fue rank, and the additional force bill, taken

- together,

The superiority of Mr. Windham’s plan will be rendered still more apparent by

_ shewing the progressive rise in the rate of recruiting, during the year of its undis-
turbed operation, that is, from the 1st. of July, 1806 to the 1st. of July 1807.

- Rate of Recruiting for the Year
From it. July to 1st. of October 1806 -

= 11,000

ist. October 1806 to 1st. January 1807 - 13,000
—— ist. Jantary to 1st. April 1807 - - 21,000
1st. Aprilto 1st July 1807 - - 24,000

_ It is no less true that desertion from the army became less frequent during its
‘Operation. In the second half of 1805, desertions from the army of Great
Britain and Ireland were in the proportion of one to 157. During the year
when Mr. Windham’s plan was undisturbed, they were reduced to the propor-

_ tion of one to 263: but as soon as the succeeding ministry began to tamper with

his system, desertions became more numerous again, and in the second half of
7807, rose to the proportion of one to 227.

com plete,

42

complete. Before this measure was
adopted, bounties had risen in
some parts of the country to 50.
and 601. and substitutes could not
be procured at any price. The
desertion of recruits had increased
to an alarming degree, in conse-
quence of the temptation of high
bounties, on re.enlisting successively
in different corps. ‘The character
of the army was therefore degrad-
ed by a measure, which added, at
such exorbitant expence, to its num-
bers.

It must be confessed, that, after
the pernicious influence of the army
of reserve bill, he, who attempted
to establish a better system for re-
cruiting the army, had serious dif-
ficulties to overcome, nor could he
expect, whatever measures he
adopted, that their effect would be
at first considerable. Of militia,
supplementary militia, army of re-
serve and troops of the line, more
than 140,000 men had been raised
im the short space of 18 months, so
that the country was, in a great
measure, drained of that descrip-
tion of persons, who form the great
body of our soldiery ; and, as it
was essentially necessary, that the
excessive bounties should be dimi-
nished, to which the army of reserve
bill had given rise, it was not to be
expected, for some time at least,
that recruiting, in any form, would
be attended with success. Mr.
Pitt’s additional force bill professed,
however, to have the twofold object,
of raising immediately for the army
of reserve and militia, a sufficient
number of men to complete these
corps ; and of providing for the
army, in future, a permanent sup-
ply of recruits to the number of
9,000 annually. dn the attainment
of the first of these objects it con-
fessedly: failed, How far it had

‘

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

answered, or, when repealed, how
far it was*likely to answer the
gecond purpose, is a subject to
which we shal] afterwards revert ;)
nor shall we, at present, make any
observations on the principles or
provisions of the bill. It will be
sufficient to remind our readers,
that the recruiting service was, un-
der this act, entrusted to the parish
officers, who were prohibited from
giving a higher bounty than three
fourths of the bounty allowed for
recruits in regiments of the line, and
in case their efforts, thus limited
and restricted, should prove unsuc-
cessful, the parishes were to he fined
201. for every man deficient. Great
opposition had been made to this
bill, when brougbt into parliament,
and, the following year, an unsuc-
cessful attempt had been made in
both houses to procure its repeal.
It had been passed intoalaw about
a year and a half, when parliament
assembled in January 1806.

On the first day of the session
Mr. Sheridan gave notice of his in-
tention to move for the repeal of
the additional force bill, but with-
out fixing any particular day for .
his motion ; on which lord Castle-
reagh observed, that some altera-
tious were intended to be made in
the bill, which might possibly obvi-
ate the honourable member’s objec-
tions. Myr. Sheridan replied, that
no alteration could possibly render
it fit to be continued any longer.

Next day (January 22) a petition
from the county of Berks for the
repeal of the same bill was present-.
ed by Mr. Charles Dundas one of
the members for that county, in
which it was stated that * eleven
men only had been raised in the
said county by the over-
seers, and the enormous sum of
6,6201. had been imposed on the

ceunty

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

county for penalties.” This petition
was followed (February 18) by
another from the parish of St. Mary-

la-bonne in the county of Middle.
sex, setting forth, ‘* that the num-

ber of men required to be raised in
the said parish, under the provi-
' sion of the said act, amounted to
225 ; that it had been found impos-
sible to raise asingle man in the
manner and upon the terms pre-
seribed by the act ; that the parish
had in consequence been assessed in
the enormous sum of 4,500I. of
which 2,000l. had been already
paid to the treasurer of the county
of Middlesex ; and concluding with
a prayer, that the said act may be
repealed, as it had failed in its in-
tended object in every respect.”
The change of ministry, which
followed within a few days after Mr.
Sheridan’s notice, rendered it un-
necessary for that gentleman to
bring forward his motion, as the
subject naturally devolved on Mr.
_ Windhan, secretary of state for the
war department, whose attention
was known to have been long di-
rected, in a particular manner, to
the military branch of the public
service.

» Mr. Windham did not resume bis
seat in the house of commons, after
he received the seals of secretary of
state, till the 24th of February, and
ten days having afterwards elapsed,
without any motion from him on
the military establishments of the
country, the new opposition be.
came impatient of further delay,
and on the 5th of March, Mr.
Long asked Mr. Windham, whom
he saw in his place, at what time he
intended to propose to the house
his plan, respecting the arrangement
of the military establishment. He
(Mr. Long) disclaimed any inten.

43

tion te produce inconvenience, orto
embarrass the government by this
question, but he felt it of high im-
portance that any alteration intend-
ed to be made, should be known as
soon as possible. Mr. Windham
declared himself ready to give every
satisfaction in his power, relative to
the point alluded to. ‘* The right
honourable gentleman had, how-
ever, in asking the question, desired
to know, when he meant to bring
forward his plan? He did not un.
derstand what was meant by the
words ‘ his plan.” He had ne.
ver talked of any plan, nor had he
ever heard that any member had
done so.for him.” Headded, that
as soon as the business of the mi-
litary establishment for the present
year, which had already engaged
the serious, minute, and attentive
consideration of ministers, should
be brought toa state of sufficient
maturity, both their duty and in-
clination would lead them to lay it

.as speedily as possible, before the

house. To a question from Mr.
Canning, relative to the additional
force bill, Mr. Windham replied,
‘¢ that in the plan of defence now
in contemplation, that bill certainly
would not have a place.”

Two days afterwards (March 7),
in a committee of the house on the
army estimates, general Tarleton
expressed his surprize that the new |
ministers had not yet brought for-
ward their plans for the defence of
the country. ‘* After all the acti-
vity which the secretary for the
war department had displayed in
his speeches, and all the plans which
he had given grounds to expect;
nothing had yet been produced.”
Mr. Windham replied, ‘* that the
rapidity and decision recommended
by the honourable general, might

be

44

be proper in the field but not in the
cabinet. All delay must be viewed
as relative to the object to be ac-
complished.” He objected to gen-
tlemen calling for plans from him,
as the frequenters of the theatre
called for an entertainment. Tie’
did not feel disposed to indulge
them, and their impatience should
never provoke him to lay any thing
before the house that seemed to him-
self immature.”

Mr. Windham having sponta.
neously announced, on the 14th of
March, that he hoped in the course
of the following week, to beable to
fix a day, for laying before the
house the measures which: his ma~
jesty’s ministers meant to propose
for the defence of the country ; ge-
neral Tarleton took occasion, on
the 20th of March, to ask him,
whether, according to’ the half no-
tice he had then given, he meant to
bring forward the. subject on the
Mouday following. Mr. Windham
replied, ‘‘ that he saw no necessily
for hurrying measures of such vast
importance and delicacy, requiring
the maturest deliberation; that it
appeared to him, that the object of
the greatest importance was, to give
the fullest consideration to any
changes that were to be proposed,
2nd that he saw no other inconve-
nience that could result from the
wnavoidable delay, than that it
would disappoint the curiosity and
anxious expectation of a number of
persons.”’

So eager were the opposition to
provoke discussion on the military
plans of the ministry, that in the
interval between the 14th of March,
when Mr. Windham announced his
intention of bringing the subject
speedily before the house, and the
20th of that month, when the pre-
9

NNUAL REGISTER,

which the volunteers must look to

1806.

ceding conversation took place, they
contrived to produce a debate on
the subject, on a motion for the
second reading of a report of the
committee of supply on the ord-
nance estimates. General Tarleton
began by stating, that the additional
force bill had become highly pro-
ductive, having furnished in the |
Jast week 353 men. After some
comments on the hostility which the
secretary for the war department
had shewn towards that respectable
body of men, the volunteers, he
wished to‘ know the determination
o! government with regard to them.
*“¢}t was nownear the'end of March,
and our military preparations were
standing still. The ordnance esti-
mates before the house were those
which had been formed by the late
ministry, unaltered and unime |
proved.” After some remarks. on
a continental confederacy, and the
probabilities of invasion, the hos —
nourable general concluded by sug-
gesting, that Woolwich should not
be the sole depositary of our means
of defence, and that government
should establish some great depot,
more tn the center of the kingdom
than the one forming at Wedenbeck,

Mr. Calcraft, seeretary to the,
board of ordnance, having con.
fined himself in his reply to general
Tarleton’s speech, to those parts of —
it which related to the ordnance, —
lord Castlereagh rose, and, after a_
variety of observations and questions —
with regard to the measures that —
were meant to be taken for the de. —
fence of Ireland, and of the east ©
coast of England, objects which, he -
said, the late ministers had in con- —
templation when they went out of ©
office, and, after animadverting on —

the dread and discouragement with ©
|

any
|

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

any’ counsels which the right ho-
nourable secretary for the war de-

artment was supposed to influence ;
fe urged that gentleman ta the
‘strongest terms, to disclose what
his intentions were in regard to
the additional force Dill. ‘* On
this and other questions connected
with the military defence of the
country, it was indispensible that
an immediate determination should
take place, and that the men of ta-
“dents, of which the new administra-
tion was said to be composed,

ould hasten to exert those talents
: a way calculated to be of advan.
‘tage to the public. ‘Phe patient
might otherwise expire before the
state physicians had made ap their
‘minds as to the prescriptions that
ought to be adopted.”

Mr. Secretary Windham observed
in reply, that the delay complained
_of by opposition, arosy from dilli-
‘culties which they had themselves

created. ‘* Their military system
had been so bad, that it naiurally,
produced those difficulties. The
noble lord had yery properly com-
pared the present military system
to a sick patient. But who had
reduced the wretched patient to
‘that languishing state? How came
a patient to be in his present si-
tuation? Was it not the noble lord
“and his friends who had brought
im to,death’s door? And yet they
; ho had brought the country to
_ that state, were now loud in their
proaches of their successors, for
t restoring the patient instantly
» health.” After some observa-
ns on the questions put to him by

the noble lord, he euded by saying,

that the subjects alluded to were

now weder the consideration of go.

‘ vernment, and would, in due time,
_ be submitted to parliament.”

*

45

Mr. Canning then rose, and after
denying that the inferences were
just, which the last speaker had en-
dearoured to deduce from the noble
lord’s speech, expressed his surprise
that an administration, combining,
as had been asserted, and as they
themselves had represented, all the
taients, all the abilities, and ail the
experience and wisdom of the
country, should require so much
time to mature and bring forwasd
their measures. ‘He acknowledged
*¢ that if these questions were agi-
tated with a view to draw from the
right honourable gentleman a pre-
mature disclosure of his plans, ep.
position would ill discharge their
duty to the public ;” but he never-
theless went on, stating his reasons
for wishing to have an answer on
the subject of the volunteers and
additional force bill, and expressing,
in the course of his speech, his tetal
want of confidence in the secretary
for the war department, as a war- _
minister, in which opinion he was
sure that nine tenths of the nation
coincided with him.

Mr. Whitbread, after some re-
marks on the tone and spirit of
Mr. Canning’s and lord Castle-
reagh’s speeches, observed, that the
recent efficacy of the additional
force bill, was not owing to its na-
tural operation, but to the activity
of crimps and recruiting officers, in
turning over to the parish levies,
men under-sized for the line and
militia.

Mr. Fox, in n reply to Mr. Can-
ning, observed, that *¢ that right
honoorable ~gentleman had stated,
that the present ministry comprised
all the talent in the country; and
he had even stated it in such a man-
ner as might lead te a supposition
that they had so represented them-

selves.

40

selves. He should be happy that
the right honourable gentleman
would state on what occasion he had
heard them so represent themselves.
It was impossible that they could
have said so, when they saw the
right honourable gentleman on the
other side of the house. It would
be ridiculous in any person to.insi-
nuate that ministry comprised all
the talent of the country, when the
right honourable gentleman was out
of office. Not only the right ho-
nourable gentleman, but his col-
leagues on the same bench with
him, had made such a representa
tion impossible, particularly by
the display of talent which -they
had already made in opposition.—
tf some of the fricnds of the pre-
sent administration, -thinking too
highly of their merits, had, from
prejudice or partiality, so described
them, he thought it was hardly for
the friends of the right honourable
gentleman, lately deceased (Mr.
Pitt) and least of all for the gentle-
man opposite (Mr. Canning) to ob-
jeet to that species of panegyric.”
After pointing out the inconsistency
of Mr. Canning, in first declaring
that he had no confidence in the
secretary for the war department,
and then requiring that right ho-
nourable gentleman to make a pre-
mature disclosure to him of his
plans, he proceeded to contrast
the opinion now expressed of his
right honourable friend, with the
endeavours used to make him take
a part in the late administration,
when it was forming. He reminded
the gentlemen opposite, that when
Mr. Pitt came last into office, he
did not, for four weeks after his
return to power, brisg in his addi-
tional force bill; though in that
ease a single act only was to be in-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

troduced; here there was a new
system to be founded. Then, how-
ever, no objection of delay was
started, neither were any premature
enquiries made into the nature of
the plan which he had in contem-
plation to introduce. The right
honourable secretary declared, he
could figure no reason for putting a
question like the present, but a
wish to embarrass. ‘* What good
motive could the persisting in it pro-
ceed from, when his right honoura-

ble friend had stated, that he was

not quite ready to bring forward
his measure ? What advantage could
arise from a premature dectaration,
similar to that now required? From
what good motive could the wish to
procure such a declaration proceed ?
If his right honourable friend had
begun by moving the repeal of the
additional force act, would not the
right honoarable gentleman have
argued, that till a substitute was
provided in its stead, that act
should be allowed to take its course ?
and, if his right honourable friend
now said, that that act formed no
part of his plan, did it not follow,
that this was not the time to inves-
tigate or discuss its merits.”

We have been more diffuse in
our account of these preliminary
skirmishes, than their importance,
perhaps, strictly merits, but we
were desirous of enabling our
readers, by these extracts from the
parliamentary debates, to judge for
themselves of the spirit of carping
hostility which marked, om so many
oceasions, the conduct of opposi-
tion during the present session, par-

ticularly in discussions, where the.

secretary for the war department
was in any manner concerne%

On the 3d of April Mr. Wind- |

ham introduced the subject of his
3 new

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

new military arrangements, by stat-
ing, that the expectations enter.
tained on the other side of the
house, that some radical change in
our military system, weuld be the
consequence of the present ministers
coming into power, were reasona-
ble and just, and warranted by the
language of himself and his friends
when in opposition; but that the
expectation of some immediate
change following, without the
‘smallest delay, his own appointment
to office, was neither justified by his
past declarations, nor countenanced
by the nature of the proceedings he
had uniformly recommended ; that

it had never been his object to limit -

our views to a temporary expedient
to meet the present exigency, but
to provide a permanent security
against a permanent danger; that
in the measures he was about to
recommend, ‘* care was of more
importance than time, and it was
better that whatever was done
should be done rightly, than that it
should be done speedily.’ After
some sarcastic and ludicrous observa.
tions on theconductof the gentlemen
opposite, who after having * clubbed
the battalion,” or, in other words,
thrown every thing into disorder,
seemed to exult in the confusion
they had made, he proceeded to his
Tain argument, the purport of
which was to shew, that the de-
fence and security of civilized na-
tions must depend entirciy on the
excellence of their regular armies ;
that no species of irregular force
could be employed with any chance
of success against regular troops,
except in very peculiar circum-
Stances, which were totally inappli-
cable to the warfare between France
and England; that to mix irregular

47

with regular battalions, volunteers
with troops of the line, would ex.
pose to certain destruction the ar-
my where such an expedient was
resorted to ; and that, consequently,
the great object to which our at-
tention should be directed for per-
manent security against invasion,
was the increase and improvement
of our regular army. The supe-
riority of an army over every spe-
cies of irregular force being estas
blished, the next question was, how
were we to recruit that army, and
augment it to the number necessary
for defence. There were only two
modes by which an army could be
recruited ‘¢ force or choice.’
Force, Mr. Windham shewed, was
peculiarly unfitted for ‘England,
where its operation would be at
once less efficacious and more op-
pressive, than in countries subject
to arbitrary government. But,
force being excluded, choice, or vo-
luntary enlistment, was the only
means left us for procuring soldiers,
aud we were then to consider, how
it might be made effectual for that
purpose. If we inquired why, of
late years, this instrument had
failed in England (for it used not
formerly to be inefficacious) we
should find that the military pro-
fession in this country was not suf-
ficiently rewarded, when compared
with the other occupations open to
the lower orders, and was, there-
fore, considered by the body of the
people as less eligible than other
callings. The necessity for boun-
ties to procure soldiers, shewed that
the service of the army did not stand
upon its true footing; for there
was no other profession to which it
was necessary to allure men by
such means. Comparing govern-

mans

43 NNUAL REG

ments to Penne diiters: and the
people to the buyers of manufac.
tured goods, our government was
ove that carried an inferior article
to market, and was, therefore,
compelled to give a premium to its
subjects, in order to induce them to
become purchasers of ifs wares, or
it had recourse to artilice and decep-
tion, in order to tempt the ignorant
and the thoughtless to be its custo-
mers. Nothing, then remained, if
we were to have an army by volun-
tary enlistment, but to improve the
trade of asoldier, and to bring it
into faircompctition witha suflicient
portion of fhe trades and callings of
the lower orders ; and, till this was
done, we should be striving in vain,
in the hopeless task of persuading
men to embrace a profession, in op-
position to those motives which
usually decide them in the choice
of one. On this principle, then,
did Mr, Windham mean to found
his plan for recruiting the army.
He would improve the article which
government had to dispose of, and he
trusted, when that was done, there
would no longer beany complaints
heard of the want of purchasers.
Toreduce these principles to prac-
tice it behoved us to consider what
was the most eligible mode of im-
proving the condition of thesoldiery,
so as fo render the military professi-
om au object of general desire a-
mong the people. ‘The most sim.
ple and obvious expedient was to
raise the pay of the army, and no
doubt we might carry that principle
so far as to ensure an abundant sup-
ply of soldiers. But besides the
objections on the score of expence,
the pay of an army cannot be in-
creased to a great extent without
rendering the troops licentious, and

GIST ER,:

in proportion as the army becomes
licentious, a severity of discipline
must be resorted to which deters
from enlisting. Little therefore was
to be done by encreasing the pay of
the army, though much might be
elected by encouragement of a diife-
rent sort. A better provision might —
be made for those persons who were
disabled from further service by
their wounds, infirmities or age.
The severity of discipline might be
lessened without relaxing its strict- |
ness. But the great change which he
proposed to introduce in the army
was in the terms of its engagement.
Instead of an engagement to serye
for life he proposed that the soldiers
in future, should be enlisted to
serve fora term of years. Such |
was the systemn of service, he said,
in all the states of Europe, except |
in England, and in part even of our ©
army the same system was establish-
ed. No inconvenience had any
where resulted from it, while its
tendency to make men enter more
willingly into the army was obvi-
ous and apparent. 4

He proposed therefore, that the |
term of military service should be ;
divided info three periods, of seven —
years each for the infantry ; and”
for the cavalry and artillery the |
first per od to be of ten years, the |
second of six years, and the third of |
five years, At the end of every”
period the soldier should have a_
right to claim his discharge.. if he.
left the army at the end of the first —
period, he should be entitled to ex.
ercise his trade-or calling in any |
town of Great Britain or [reland 5 |
if at the end of the second period, §
he should be entitled, besides, to a ™
pension for life ; audattheend of the dl
third period, after a service of twen- _

] 806.

4

HISTORY \OF ‘EUROPE.

ty-one years, he should be dis-
charged from the army, with the
full allowance of Chelsea, which by
judicious regulations might be raised
to a shillinga day. If he -was
wounded or disabled in the service,
he should receive the same pension
as if he had served out the full term.
During the second period he should
also receive sixpence a week of ad-
ditional pay, and durittg the third
period ashillinga week. Desertion
might be punished by the loss of so
many years service, and though cor-
poral punishments could not be
banished entirely from the army,
they might be diminished both in
number and in severity. By these
means abetter description of men
would be induced to enter the army ;
the profession of a soldier would
risein the estimation of the country ;
desertion would become less fre-
quent; and, though the necessity
for bounties could not be expected
to cease immediately, the bounties
would begin soon,in the language of
*Change Alley, to ‘ be looking
down ;” andif the system, now re-
commended, was steadily pursued
and faithfully adhered to, the army
would be placed ina situation, where
its own attractions would be the only
bounty required for recruiting its
ranks and procuring for it any
number of men, which the exi-
gencies of the state might require.
After explaining the principles
and defending the expediency of
these measures with equal force of
argument and felicity and copious-
ness of illustration, Mr. Windham
procceded to anticipate some of the
objections, and remove some of the
difficulties, that stood in the way of
hisplan. The additional expence, to
which it would lead, had been
greatly over rated, on the false prin-
Vou. XLVILI.

49

ciple, that the present high bounties
would always continue, and that at
the conclusion of every term of ser-
vice it would be necessary to repeat
them. Expence atany rate was a
secondary object when placedin com
petition with security : and the only
fair question was, whether the end
could be attained by cheaper means.
lt had been erroneously stated, that
according to the provisions of this
plan, we should be liable to lose at
once a séventh part of our whole
army. But they who made that cal-
culation had forgotten to take casual-
ties into the account ; and, besides, it
was unreasonablé to suppose, that of
those entitled to their discharge,
none would enlist again for another
period, A discretionary power,
however, might be given to govern-
ment, in time of war, to retain men
for sixmonths in theservice,after the
term of their engagement was exe
pired. A more serious difficulty
had been started with respect to the
embarrassments, which this change
of system might occasion in our
foreign and colonial service ; but
expedients would be found to re-
medy this objection, and we had
proof at any rate, from the example
of the East India Company, whose
troops are enlisted for a term of
years, that the inconvenience is less
in practice than it appears to be iu
theory. To the question put to hin,
what he intended to do with our pre-
sent army, Mr, Windham replied,
that in strict justice the existing
army was entitled to no other con.
ditions than those on which the
soldiers composing it had engaged
to serve ; but that he meant to
make an increase, in their favour, of
the Chelsea allowance, and to ex-
tend to those who had served seven
years, the addition of sixpence, and

e
50

to those who had served fourteen
years, the addition of a shilling a
week of pay. No man, however, of
those now inthe army, would been-
titled to his discharge till after the
expiration of twenty-one year’s
service.

After having stated the measures
which he proposed toadopt for the
improvement of the regular army,
Mr, Windham proceeded next to
enquire what should be done with
that part of the population of the
country, which does not existin the
shape ofanarmy. Thissubject led
him into a history of the origin aad
progress of the volunteer system, in
the course of which, whilehe did full
justice to the.zeal and patriotism of
the volunteers, he lamented bitterly
that so much time and money had
been fruitlessly expended,in attempt-
ing to give to that species of force
a degree of _ perfection, of which
from its nature it was totally un-
susceptible. His own opinion was
that there ought to be no corps of
volunteers, except those formed of
persons in the better ranks of life,
who would serve at their own ex-
pence, with no other allowance
from government but arms, and no
other exemption but from service in
other sorts of irregular force, which
it might be advisable to constitute.
But, as he found the volunteer sys-
tem already established, he meant
not rashly to put it down, but
would content himself with reducing
its exorbitant expences. It wasa
fact, that in three years anda half
the volunteer system had cost the
government five millions,and as much
more atleast had been expended in
support of it by private individu-
als. The total amount of the re-
ductions which he proposed in this

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

establishment would produce te go-
vernment an annual saving of more
than £800,000 a year. Heshould
reduce the number of days for train-
ing from 85 to26. ‘The rank given
to volunteer officers he considered
to be a scandalous abuse, mostin-
jurious to the regular army. He
proposed, in future, that no vo-
lunteer efficer should have a higher
rank than that of captain; that is,
that no oflicer of the line of a high-
er rank than that of captain, nor
any captain commanding a corps,
should be commanded by an officer
of volunteers.

The peasantry, artisans,and other
persons of the same class, he wished
to see, not locked up in volunteer
corps and vainly employed in adopt-
ing the dress and imitating the evo-
lutions of the troops of the line, but
loosely trained under officers of the
militia or of the regular army, so
as to be qualified, under their direc.
tion, to act as an armed peasantry
and harass and impede the motions
of the enemy if he accomplished a
landing, or be prepared at least to
take their place in the regular army,
and repair whatever losses it might
sustainin action. This training he
meant to be compulsory, but it
should last only for 24 days in the
year. ‘The persons so trained should
have no particular dress, nor be
carried to a distance from their
homes. For the days they were
employed in training the same allow-
ance should be paid to them as to
the volunteers. As it would be im-
possible to train the whole popula.
tion of the country atonce, the
persons liable to that duty might be
limited to 200,000 men; and of
these the government should select
for actual training the proportion

+ “whieh

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

which it judged to be most expe-
dient. But the whole number of
persons liable to that service should
be enrolled in classes according to
their age, and on any emergence
a discretionary power might be
left with government to call out
and embody whatever, classes it
should think proper, and in what-
ever parts of the country itshould
find necessary.

With respect to the militia Mr,
Windham had at present no altera-
tions to propose. .He meant to
continue the suspension of the bal-
lot, and he would certainly recom.

' mend, in future, recruiting for that
service on the scheme projected in
Ireland, and at a limited bounty,
He was also disposed to promote
a measure, introduced by the late
government, of permitting the Irish
militia to enlist in the line; and
heintended, in conjunction with the
_ Irish government, to propose some
permanent arrangement for that
purpose. :

Mr. Windham concluded by
moving for leave to bring in a bill
to repeal the act passed in the 44th
‘of his majesty called the additional
force bill.

Lord Castlereagh after enlarging
on the inexpediency of undertak-
ing a fundamental revision of any
of the leading establishments of a
country in time of war, contended
_ that it was unnecessary to enter
into such a revision of our military
establishments at the present mo-
ment. In proof of this position,
and to shew how much the army had
#e" increased in its numbers dur-

g the late administration, he stated,
Ist, that, the gross strength of the
army at home and abroad, inelod-
ing militia and artillery, in effective
rank and file, was

&

5]
ist January, 1804 234,005
ist March, 1806 267,554

increase 33,549

2dly, That the regular army,

including artillery, as distinguished

from the militia, was

ist January, 1804
Ist March, 1806

148.496
192.372
increase 43,886
3dly, The regulararmy disposabl
for general service, was :
ist January, 1804
ist March, 1806

115,947
165,790

increase 49,843

He admitted that the annual loss
of the army, independant of extrae
ordinary occurrences, amounted to.
15,000 men; and that the annual
supply, by the ordinary means of
recruiting, did not exceed 11,000,
or at most 14,000 men. He ad-
mitted also that an addition of
43,000 men was still wanting. to
raise the army to its full establish.
ment. But, he contended that the
annual supply which might be ex.
pected from the Irish militia, and
the operation of. the bill now pro-
posed to be repealed, were fully
adequate to supply these defi-
ciencies. He entered into a detail-
ed account of the reasons why this
bill had been so long unproductive ;
but he contended, that since thé
progress* of the inspecting field
officers through the counties, it had
furnished 300 men a week, being
at the rate of 16,000 men a year;
and he endeavoured to shew that,
in future, it would afford a still
greater number, He argued. against
the plan of enlisting men for a
limited term of years on various and
not very consistent grounds. He
seemed to think the experiment
was dangerous, and yet argued it
would produce little real change in
2 the

52

the éondition of the soldiers. He

ae

that none would be induced by it
to enter the army, who would not
have done so though it had not
been granted. It would increase
the annual waste of the army, and
might create at cértain periods a
still more alarming deficiency. It
gras not a practice that had been
followed by any of the great mili-
tary powers, except by France be-
fore the revolution, and by Austria
since the peace of Campo Formio.
After reprobating the indirect
course, which he alledged the
.¥ight hon. secretary was pursuing
to: get rid of the volunteers, the
noble lord concluded by a studied
eulogium on the present greatness
and prosperity of the country. ‘1
do not hesitate to assert, said he,
that on the essential points of the
finances, the navy, and the army,
compared with the difficulties and
embarassments under which they
represent themselves to have under-
taken the government, the present
administration may be considered as
on a bed of roses.”

* Onur limits will not permit us to
give at length, and we shall not
attempt to abridge, thespirited and
indignant reply of Mr. Fox to this
extraordinary assertion, that the mi-
nisters with whom he acted had
succeeded to a bed of roses, The
right hon. secretary proceeded af-
terwards to point out the numerous
and striking inconsistencies in Jord
Castlereagh’s arguments with re-
spect to limited service, and in an-
swer to his complaint, that, in re-
pealing the additional force bill, Mr.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

Windham substituted nothing in its
place, he observed ‘¢ that it was
the merit of his right hon. friend’s
plan, that it proposed no compli-
cated machinery to produce an
effect, which would be gained by
the simple mode of recruiting. All
the schemes adopted for raising men
had, as far as they were successful,
only defrauded the ordinary system
of recruiting, and that with a great
expence and no inconsiderable op-
pression. It was something that
the market would be again left
open to the government as the only
recruiter. The noble lord might
call this theory, and say that no
more men would be obtained.
<< Now I should think,” said Mr.
Fox, ‘‘ that the theory which tells
me that you have the best chance
of being cheaply provided, when
you are the only bidder, is prefer.
able to the noble lord’s practical
argument, that the more competitors
you let into the market, the more
recruits you are likely to obtain,
and ata smaller bounty.”

Mr. Fox concluded with expres-
sing his opinion, that we should find
it necessary to maintain’ a large
army, even in time of peace, for he
saw no prospect of any peace, that
would exempt us from the necessity
of watchful preparation and powere

ful establishments.

Mr. Yorke was averse to the
plan of limited’ service, which he
considered as a dangerous innovae
tion ; and he argted that the sol-
diers of our army could not be
said to be enlisted for life, when
the existence of the army itself de.
pended on the annual votes of par-
liament. He added that it was an
invariable practice in our army to
give a soldier his discharge after 24
years service,

Sin

HISFORY OF EUROPE.

jesty’s government, on the subject

_ Sir James Pulteney and general

arleton objected in the strongest
terms to the plan of the right hon.
Secretary. The former was of opi-
hon, ‘that the character of British
soldiers would be materially injured
by the introduction of limited ser-
‘yice,” and among other objections
to that form of engagement, he
suggested, that the prospect of re-
turning to their friends and families
might have a mischievous effect on
the minds of those, whose term of
“service was nearly expired, and
Tessen materially their promptness

nd alacrity to encounter danger.
; he latter boasted that ‘‘ he hadi in

is pocket the clearest proofs of

the efficacy of the additional force’

Dill,” and from its success in Lanca-
shire, he inferred, that where it had
failed, the fault iay with those who
had been charged with the execution
of it. Whereupon sir W..W.
Wynne rose and observed, that
Denbighshire had procured the-men
it was bound to furnish by the act,
from Manchester and ‘other manu-
facturing towns in Lancashire, by
means of crimps, and he had no
doubt that Lancashire had raised its
own quota from the same places,
_and by the same instruments.

Colonel Crawford, colonel Gra-
ham, and Mr, Hoddlestone spoke in
favour of limited service ; and lord
_ Temple, Mr. Charles Dundas, and
Sir William Young vindicated those
_ entrusted with the execution of the

additional force bill from the im.
_ putation cast upon them of having
ae to do their duty.

Th e subject of limited service was
“Bain broughtbeforethe house (April

th) by Mr. Yorke, who moved for

tee production of copies of “all.

such military opinions in writing
“as may have been given, in conse-
_, quence of a requisition of his ma-

153

of recruiting the army in. future,
by enlisting for a term of years,??
This motion was objected to by mi-
nisters on the ground, that the opi<-
nions called for were private and
confidential communications from
certain general officers to the com-
mander in chief,.and that to lay
them hefore the public would be
unfair to those officers, and would
tend to prevent such unreserved
communications from being made
infuture. Itappeared in the course
of the debate, which was desul.
tory and uninteresting, that there
was great diversity of opinion among
thé officers consulted with regard
to limited service, Of 14 opinions
given to the commander in chief,
7 were in favour of limited seryice, ©
6 against it, and one doubtful.
During this debate the house was
reminded by general Walpole, that
the experiment of recruiting for
a limited term of years had been
tried in the American war with the
best effects to the recruiting service.

On the same day the additional
force repeal bill was read a first
time. It was opposed by Mr. Per-
cival on the ground, that the addi-
tional force bill had been gradually
and progressively becoming more
productive since the question was
debated last year, and that it was
now actually furnishing from 300 to
400 recruits a week. It was main-
tained on the other side that not a
Single man had been obtained for the
army by the operation of this bill,
who would not have been progared
without its operation.

The repeal bill was read a second
time on the 30th of April. Before
it was read, Mr. Canning moved as
an amendment, that, the second
reading of, the bill should be poste
poned till that day three weeks, in

E83 orde

54, ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

order, as he said, that the new
military plan might first be taken
into consideration. The house di.
vided on the question that the bill
be now read ; ayes 235 ; noes 119;
majority 116.

This debate was distinguished on
_the side of opposition, by a very
brilliant and able speech of Mr.
Canning, which was, however, ra-
ther a genera] review and examina-
tion of Mr. Windham’s military
plans. than a defence of the addi-
tional force bill. Jn this speech
Mr Canning argued at great length
for the practice and policy of com.
pulsory service in certain parts of
our military establishment, and ex-
pressed his fears, that if that prin-
ciple were abandoned in the militia,
as seemed to be in the contemplation
of the right hon. secretary, that
species of force would cease to be,
what was intended by it, a consti-
tutional check on the standing
army. If limited service was a
boon to the army, the right hon.
gentleman contended, that the pro-
posal of it should have come from
the crown and not have originated
with the commons. He had no
dislike to the trial of limited service
on asmall scale, but he objected to
the whole of our army being put
upon that footing. He was no
enemy to variety in our military
establishments. He then_enlarged
on the danger of soldiers being en-
titled to’ have their discharge in
time of war, on the inconvenience
that must result from limited ser.
vice in our foreign and colonial pos.
sessions, on the discontents that
were to be apprehended in the ex-
isting army, when they saw the
new levies placed in a situation so
infinitely preferable to their own,
He ridiculed the additional six-pence
a week that was to be given as an

equivalent for the present high
bounties, and he reprobated strongly -
the language held on the other side
of the house, against the employ-
ment of crimps, and the other arti-
fices used in recruiting. He re-
peatedly called upon the house to
maintain consistency in its proceed-
ings, and not to abandon a measure
to which it had formerly given its
sanction, at the very moment when
that measure was about to realize
all the expectations that had been
formed of it. He insinuated strong-
ly, that the repeal of the present
bill was urged Jess froma conviction
of its defects, than from the desire
of throwing a slur on the memory
of his late right honourable friend,
whose measure it had been, and
upon that ground he endeavoured to
interest the feelings of the house in
support of his amendment. Aftera
long and able speech, he concluded
by a comparison of the volunteer
system with the right honourable
secretary’s plan of training the pea-
santry, and gave of course a decided
preference to the former.
It was contended on the other
side, that the bill the repeal of which
was the only question then before
the house,*had failed to accomplish
any of the objects for which it had
been enacted. Justead of raising
41,415 men, in the whole United
Kingdom, as by the several acts for
raising the additional force it ought to
have done, before the 1st of October, |
1805, it had furnished only 12,925
men, on the 14th of March, 1806;
that is, it had raised less than one
third of the number which ought to
have been procured by it six months
before. Of the men obtained by
its operation, only 8,975 had been
raised really or nominally by the
parishes, and the rest had been pro-
cured by regimental recruiting ; so
that

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

that one fifth only of the whole
number of men that ought to have
been raised by the act, had been
procured by those persons, whose
employment. in a service of this na-
ture, as it constituted the chief no-
velty, so, in the apprehension of
the friends of the bill, it had formed
the chief recommendation of the
act. Such were the returys for the
United Kingdom in general. But,
if England and Wales were taken
apart from Scotland and Ireland,
the failure of the bill would appear
still more remarkable. In England
and Wales not one fourth of the
“number of men had been raised,
which ought to have been procured
by the act, and not one seventh of
their quotas had been raised"by the
parishes themselves. But the act
had not more egregiously failed in
precuring men, than in attaining
the other objects which were to
have been accomplished by it.
_ While the original provisions of the
bill had been adhered to; while
none but parish officers had beer
employed in carrying it into effect,
or, in case of their failure, regimen-
tal recruiting parties; while the
recruiting under the act had been
confined within the districts pre-
scribed by law, and the bounties
had not exceeded the sum allowed
by the act of patliament, the bill
had been entirely, or almost entirely
jmeficacious. The boasted im-
provements which it had lately re-
ceived, were owing to a departure
from all the original provisions
and restrictions of the bill. Crimps
had been employed 10 recruit instead
of parish-officers; the recruiting
districts of the parishes had been
enlarged ; and, instead of the small
bounty prescribed by the act, large

55

bounties had been given, which had
raised a competition against the re-
cruiting of the regular army, and
interfered with it to such a degree,
as to threaten, if not speedily done
away, its total destruction. As the
parishes were liable to a fine of 201.
for every man in which they were
deficient, many parish officers were
in the practice of taking credit for
that sum, and adding to it the
bounty of 121. allowed by govern-
ment, they employed crimps to pro-
cure men for them at any price, not
exceeding 321. In consequence of
these changes jn the manner of car-
rying into aaehdbichn the act, it had
become a partial and oppressive tax
on the parishes, instead of being, as
originally intended, a new and ef-
fectual instrument for increasing the
army. The friends of the bill
boasted of the number of persons
who enlisted in the army from the
additional force. The wonder was,
that every person who intended to
enlist in the army, did not begin by
first entering the other ; for, instead
of the bounty of 161. the utmost
given by the regular army, the sum
of 121. might first be obtained -by
enlisting in the additional force, and
afterwards 101. more by enlisting
out of the additional, force into the
army. It had been one of the ar-
guments for the bill, when first
brought into parliament, that its
operation would not interfere with
the ordinary recruiting ; but expe.
rience had shewn, that since the
new mode of carrying it into effect
had been adopted, the ordinary re-
cruiting had sensibly declined, so
that the whole number of disposable
men procured for the army, had
been little, if at all, increased since
it came into operation, During the

E4 last

50

nished for general service 1,960
men, but the defalcation in the or-
dinary recruiting had amounted, in
the same time, to 1,898 men, leav-

ing a small balance: of 62 men, in
‘favour of the biil.

Lastly, the cha-

_-yacter and description of persons

i

“Increase of the gross force

Hdeyease*. | shoe yet"

“yaised by this bill, were adverted to.
~Of 11,453 men, who had been

raised by means of it for limited
service, mot less than 2,116, or
nearly one fifth of the whole had
deserted. It was, therefore, con-

tended, that whatever might be sub-

stituted in its place, the getting rid
of this bill was getting rid of a loss.

In the course of this debate Mr.
Hawthorn complained of the false
impression, which lord Castlereagh’s
statements on a former night were
calculated to convey, of the ser-
vices of the last administration in
recruiting and augmenting thearmy ;

‘and to shew how inferior in that

respect their exertions had been to
those of their immediate predeces-
sors in office, he read the following
statements, which, as we have given
Jord Castlereagh’s statements, we

* shall also insert.

ist. increase of the gross force of

“the army, during eighteen months,

when the late’ ministry were in

effice. as

Amount, Ist July, 1804, 246,419
Ist Jan. 1806, 259,952

of thearmy . - 13,533

/ Qdly, Increase of the disposable
force during the same period.

Amount, ist July, 1804, 125,000

Ist Jan. 1806, . 161,541

——

. 36,541

NNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

‘Jast' six months, where the bill had
been most productive, it had fur-

‘variation in the line of argument on

This increase of the disposable
force, according to the statement of §
the honourable member, proceeded
from the following sources, viz. -
Volunteers from the militia

to the line a Xie
From the army of reserve
From the additional force

Di: 6-555) eon warts

14,685
6,000

- 3,154

23,839
The remaining 12,702, he could
not trace to their source with the
same minuteness, but he asserted in
general, that they were obtained
from the Irish levies, from the fo-
reign corps, the augmentation of
the additional cavalry, and a the
ordinary recruiting,
3dly, Increase of the gross
amount of the army, during eighteen |
months of Mr. Addington’s admi-.
nistration.
Amount, ist Jan. 1803,
ist July, 1804,

104,911
246,419

Increase. 141,508

So pertinacious were the opposi-
tion in resisting the repeal of the
additional force bill, that the de-
bate was resumed at great length on |
the 6th of May, on a motion for
going into a committee on the re«
peal bill. But, as there was little

either side ; as the opposition rested |
the defence of their bill Jess upon
its own merits, than upon the al-
leged inferiority of Mr. Windham’s
new plan; while the ministers con-
tended, that the bill which they pro-
posed to repeal, was positively in~ |
jurious to the service, as well as |
vicious and unjust in its principle; |
we shall not enter further into the
debate, than merely to remark, that |
some of the heaviest charges against
the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

the bill, were proved by such a
multitude of individual facts, brought
forward by county members, un-
connected with party, that no rea-
sonable or candid man, could doubt
for an instant of the justice and
propriety of its repeal. Lord Cas-
tlereagh having boasted that Leices-
tershire had raised its quota of 200
men, at the rate of five guineas a
head, Mr. Babington, one of the
members for Leicester, rose and
stated, that these 200 men had been
furnished to the county by recruit-
ing officers, and consisted of persons
who, being under-sized, were ad-
missible into no other corps.

_. A debate arose in the committee,
(May 8th) ona clause of the repeal
Dill, remitting, in favour of the pa-
rishes, the penalties which they had
incurred, forthe non-execution of

the act, and refunding the fines

which had’ been already paid.
It was argued, that by this pro-
ceeding the parishes which had
raised their quotas were placed
on a worse footing than those which
had neglected to comply with the
law. It was answered, that it
was not from any reluctance or ill-
will that the parishes had not found
their quotas, but because it had been
‘impossible for them to get men,
without violating the provisions of
the act, and that it would be unfair

_tofine them for not doing that which

_ it was impossible for them to do.

_ After some debate the clause passed

_ without a division.

_ Thoroughly as the merits of the
bill had been already canvassed, and

inced as was every impartial
person, that whatever might be the
value of the new system that was

Proposed to be adopted, the addi-
tional force bill had failed in its
Operation, and ought to be repealed,

57

as in itself a positive evil, opposi.
tion, with -unexampled perseve-
rance, renewed the debate on the
third reading of the repeal bill, and
brought again into the fieldall theold
topics of discussion. Mr, Percival hay-
ing on this occasion suggested some
amendments in the bill, which were
adopted by the ministers, the third
reading was postponed till next day,
(May 14th) when the bill at length
passed the commons, after having
encountered a most active opposi-
tion, in every stage of its progress
through the house.

In the house of lords it met with
comparatively little opposition. As
the new military plans had not been
submitted to that house, it was im-
possible for their lordships, in dis-
cussing the merits of the additional
force bill, to introduce the same
topics, which had given rise to so
much debate in the commons. On
the second reading of the repeal
bill (May 20th) a division took
place on an amendment proposed
by earl Camden, similar to that
moved by Mr. Canning in the house
of commons, Ou the question,
whether the bill should now be
read, contents were7i, proxies 26 ;
total 97.—Non-contents 30, prox-
ies 10; total 40—majority 57.

The spirit of determined hostility
to the new military system, which
had marked the conduct of the op-
position, in their defence of the ad-
ditional force bill, continued to
animate them throughout the subse-
quent debates, when the different
parts of that system came in detail
beforethe house. The Mutiny Bill,
the Chelsea Hospital Bill, the
Training Bill, and the Militia O%-
cers’ Bill, gave occasion to very
long debates, which, from the con-
tinual recurrence ef the same topics,

became

58

became at length tiresome and un-
interesting. We shall, therfore, in
our account of these transactions,
rest satisfied with giving a mere out-
line of the proceedings of the two
houses; selecting such arguments

only, as when first used on either |

side, had the merit of novelty to
recommend them,

In a committee of the whole
house (May 30th) the introduction
of limited service was proposed, by
the insertion of a clause to that ef-
fect in the Mutiny Bill. The en-
gagement of theinfantry was limited
by this clause to seven years, that
of the cavalry to 30, and that of
the artillery to 12; but a discre-
tionary power was given to com-
manding officers on foreign stations,
to retain the men under their com-
mand, for six months after the ex-
piration of their engagement; and,
in time of war, a power was given
to his majesty, by his royal procla-
mation, to extend this additional
term of service to three years, pro-
vided peace should not in the mean
time be restored, in which case the
additional term of service should
cease and determine, within six
months after the ratification of any
definitive treaty. In submitting
this clause to the committee, Mr.
Windham entered at length into the
defence of his military system, and
answered the objections brought
against it. He denied that any of
the measures he had proposed were
of that nature, that should their re.
suit be different from what he anti-
cipated, they could not be recalled
or corrected. That there was a
necessity for something to be done,
he argued from the innumerable
plans and projects for the improve-
ment of our military system, which
had been proposed and acted upon

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

since the commencement of the pres
sent war. After somany temporary
expedients he wished now to give a
fair trial to the effect of voluntary
enlistment, without competition,
and would resort to no other means.
for promoting its success, than to
make the article of proper value to
the purchaser. It was true, that
limited service existed in the army at
present, but then it was service li.
mited with respect to place as well
as limited with respect to time.
Unlimited. service with respect to
place, might be a boon, where un-
limited service with respect to tima
was a check. [Tears had been en-
tertained lest the character of the
army should suffer by this innova.
tion; but, how the character of
soldiers should be injured by limiting

‘ their service to a term of years, had

not been very intelligibly mace out,
and every known fact was against
the supposition. It had been the
practice of the French to enlist for
aterm of years, from the time of
Louis XLV. to the revolution ; in
the Swiss regiments the same rule
had universally prevailed ; and dur.
ing the American war a great part
of ovr own army had been raised
on the same footing. ‘The mischief
appretended from men demandiag

their discharge in time of war, was

obviated by the power given to his
majesty, of extending, in that case,
the term of their service. When
regiments were in future ordered to
the colonies or foreign possessions
of the country, those soldiers, whose
term of service was nearly expired,
might be drafted into the second
battalions and left behind. The
benefits he expected from limited
Service, were not confined to an
increase in the number of recruits,

Iie looked also to an improvement
in

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

in the quality and description of
the persons who would be induced
to become soldiers, and he trusted,
that in consequence of this improve-
ment, the necessity for severity of
discipline in the army would be
diminished. It might be worth
consideration at some future period,
whether the elective franchise ought
not to be extended, in the English
counties at least, to soldiers who
had retired from the army, after
completing their full term of ser-
vice.
The speeches of the opposition
side of the house, besides containing
_a repetition and amplitication of all
‘their former objections to limited
Service, and calculations ef the vast
expence which it would entail upon
the country, were distinguished
upon this occasion by the introduc-
tion of a new topic, from which the
most important consequences were
expected to arise. They alleged,
that, as the new mode of enlistment
could be carried into effect by his
majesty’s prerogative, without the
interposition of parliament, it was
disrespectful to his majesty to insert
such a clause as this in the mutiny
bill; that it seemed to imply what
it was highly improper to insinuate,
that the same faith was not to be
placed in a pledge from the crown
as in a pledge from parliament ;
that, as his majesty could at present
enlist men either for limited or for
unlimited service, the new clause,
by prohibiting the latter entirely,
was a direct invasion of the royal
prerogative, and by its insertion in
the mutiny bill, neither the king
mor the house of lords could ex-
press their disapprobation of it,
without refusing to pass the mutiny
bill, and thereby disbanding the

5g
army. It was acknowledged, that
in general when a measure of this
importance was brought forward by
his majesty’s government, it was
fair to suppose that his majesty’s
approbation had been previously
obtained ; but very broad hints were
given, that, on the present occasion,
his majesty’s sentiments were far
from being in unison with those of
his ministers. A distinction was at.
tempted to be drawn between the
regular army of the crown, raised
by voluntary enlistment, and the
other descriptions of force, such as
the militia, army of reserve, and
additional force, which were raised
by means more or less compulsory,
and which, it was said, might fairly
be called the parliamentary army,
and were, therefore, regulated in
their term of service by act of par-
liament.

The ministers in reply, ridiculed
the distinction of a royal and par-
liamentary army, as one which no
writer, no speaker, no man at all
acquainted with the constitution,
had ever taken notice of. A par.
liamentary army had never been
heard of before, except im 1641.
Every army in this country was
royal, and every army was also par-
liamentary. If the present mea-
sure had« been introduced in the
mutiny bill, it was because such was
the constant usage of parliament,
They who declaimed against the in-
terference of popular assemblies or
parliaments, with the army, forgot
that they were making this objection
ina house, where the mutiny bill
was annually passed, for the
avowed purpose of subjecting the

‘army to parliamentary control,

When a bill was annually passed,
declaring it lawful for his majesty
, to

60
to make articles of war for one year
only, and to hoJd courts-martial for
one year only, it was absurd to re-
present a clause, limiting the en-
gagement of the soldiers to a term
of seven years, as an infringement
of the royal prerogative: for it was
~ undoubtedly competent to the house
to regulate any power which it con-
ferred ; and to talk of the preroga-
tive of the crown to levy men on
any conditions, was very idle, since
the concurrence of parliament was
necessary to pay and regulate the
army raised by prerogative.

To those persons who, in the
course of the debate, had repre-
sented the plan of limited service as
unpopular in the country, and had
warned ministers to desist from that
measure, before they were com-
pelled to it by the general odium
which it would bring upon them,
Mr. Fox answered with dignity and
firmness, ‘‘ That however unwil-

_ ling ministers should be to oppose
their own opinions to those
expressed by the majority, or any
great portion of the people of Eng-
Jand, still they felt it their duty, at
a crisis so urgent as the present, not
to temporize upon a measure of
such vital importance to the secu-
rity of the country, under any ap.
prehension of risking a temporary
unpopularity. Ministers who really
wished to be useful to their coun-
try, must often risk both their
power and their popularity. Hold-
ing a firm and systematic attention
to the public good, they might
sometimes find it necessary to ex-
pose both to hazard; but, if they
hesitated to do so, they would ill
deserve the name of statesmen.
They would violate theirduty, both
as the servants of the crown and as
members of parliament, if they were

1

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

deterred by such considerations from
pursuing what they thought right.”
‘The firmness of this declaration was
calculated to inspire resolution inthe
minds of those, who were apprehen~
sive of the consequences of persist-
ing in the new military plans, and
were inclined to believe, that,
though his majesty’s consent had
been obtained to the measure of
submitting them to the considera.
tion of parliament, opposition were
in the right, when they insinuated
that the introduction of limited ser-
vice into the army, was far from
being approved of at court. Sur-
mises of that nature were circulated
with the greatest industry,, while
the new plan was under discussion
in parliament ; and the credit uni.
versally given to these reports, led
most probably to the uncommon ob.
stinacy and perseverance with which
it was opposed in that assembly.
Many persons were of opinion, that
the clause in favour of limited ser-
vice would be thrown out in the
house of lords, and that the loss of
that question would be made a pre-
text for getting rid of an adminis-
tration obnoxious to fhe court. At
no period while these ministers were
in ofiice, did their continuance in
power appear so uncertain and pre-
cartous, as at the moment of which
we treat. It reflects credit on the
firmness and integrity of the leading
persons of the government, that
disdaining the pusillanimous coun.
sels of those, who would have aban
doned this great measure, the most
meritorious and important of their
public services, they determined to
persevere in it, and to risk on its
success the existence of their admi-
nistration. In forming this deters
mination, they were actuated not
only by their opinion of the intrin-
sic

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Bic merits of the measure then in
discussion, but by a fixed purpose
of not betraying, by their con-
duct, that fundamental maxim of
the constitution, that the ministers
who are responsible for the measures
of government, otight to have the
guidance and direction of them, ac-
cording to their own sense of fitness
and expediency. The indirect me-
thods said to be in agitation for
their removal, were iil-calculated
to bring about any compromise of
‘opinions, and tended rather to con.
firm them in the resolution of meet.
ing the danger manfully, and should
they be turned out for want of com-
pliance with the court,of meriting at
least the confidence of the people.
We shall now return to the par-
liamentary history of these proceed-
ings. On the 30th of Maya divi-
sion took place in the committee of
‘the house on the mutiny bill, on a
motion for bringing up the clause es-
fablishing limited service; for the
clause 254: against it 125; majo-
rity 129. The ministers wished
to have the clause read a second
time the same night, but after the
house had been made to divide seven
times in order to prevent it, they
were compelled to give up the
point. On the 2nd. of June the
debate was renewed on the mo-
tion to fill up the blanks in the
clause, and a division being called
for, there were for the question
2065; against it 105; majority
101, Far from being disheartened
“by these repeated discomfitures, the
Opposition resolved on making one
‘effort more before the clause finally
Passed the house of commons. On
‘the third reading of the bill (June 6)
Mr. S. Bourne moved an amend-
ment, the effect of which was to
substitute service during war and
fey

4

ot
for six months afterwards, instead
of service for a definite period of
years. The house divided, and there
appeared, for the amendment 103 ;
against it 195 ; majority 92.

After the first reading of the mu-
tiny bill in the house of lords, amo-
tion was made by lord Hawkesbury
(June 10) for the production of the
military opinions relating to the
army, which had been submitted to
the commander in chief on the sub-
ject of limited service. This motion
was resisted on the ground, that
the opinion called for were not offi-
cial documents, but private and
confidential communications } and
to the argument that the house was
in want of military information on
the question at present before it,
it was answered, that it would be
an unprecedented thing for the
house to require argumentative opi-
nions of those who were not its
members, in order to influence: its
determinations. The motion was
negatived without a division.

‘The house having (June 13th.)
resolved itself into a committee on
the mutiny bill, lord Westmorland
objected to the clause introducing
limited service. A debate ensued,
in which the same arguments were
urged on both sides which had been
used in the house of commons,
The opposition lords insisted much
on the supposed invasion of the
prerogative by the limitation of ser-
vice in the army ; and in pressing
this argument it was generally un-
derstood, that they calculated with
great confidence on the support and
concurrence of many lords connecte
ed with the household, who it was
supposed would on this occasion
desert the administration and theres
by manifest the secret dispositions
of the court, But, if they exter.
tained

62

tained such expectations, they were
grievously disappointed. The no-
ble lords to whom they were sup-
posed to have looked for assistance,
yoted as usual with the ministers ;
and one of the royal dukes (his
highness of Gloucester) made a
speech in favour of the clause, not
less remarkable for its eloquence
and sound reasoning, than for the
constitutional principles and ardent
attachment to liberty which _ it
breathed. The committee divided
on the clause; for it 91 ; against it
34; majority 57.

On the ‘hird reading of the bill
an amendment moved by lord
Hawkesbury to substitute twenty
years instead of seven, was negatived
without a division.

The object of the Chelsea hospi-
tal bill, was to givea legal security
to invalid, disabled and discharged
soldiers, for such pensions and allow-
ances as they were entitled to by
reason of their service. It was ar-
gued against this bill by Mr. Perci-
val, that its provisions were nuga-
tory and inefficient, and in the
course of discussing its merits, the
honourable gentleman entered into
a virulent philippic against the ad.
ministration in general, with the
exception of the noble lord at the
head of the treasury, and expressed
his disapprobation of all their pro-
ceedings since they came into office.
The attorney general vindicated the
bill before the house, as one that
ought to be considered, not distinct
from,but part passu with the mutiny
~ pill, the provisions of both standing
equally pledged on the faith of go-
vernment and the discretion of his
majesty. To the language held by
several members of opposition, who
in their general censures of the ad-
ministration, had made an exception

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

in favour of lord Grenville, ané
affected to deplore the little share
that noble lord seemed to have ir
the measures of the government
lord Temple replied with mue :
warmth, that he could assure these |
gentlemen, he spoke the sentiments
of his noble relative (ord Grenville) |

when he stated that he thanked no
man for compliments paid to him at |
the expence of his colleagues.

This”
debate in the house of commons)
took place (June 12) the day be
fore the decisive division in the house
of lords on the mutiny bill, at a time!
when many persons supposed the
administration was drawing fast toa
close.

The object of the training bill
was to enable his majesty, out of
the persons liable to serve in the mi.
litia, to apportion among the coun.
ties of England, a number not ex-
ceeding 200,000 men, and direct
them to be enrolled and trained ac-
cording to the provisions of the act.
If a sufficient number of persons
should offer themselves voluntarily
for training, they were to be accept-
ed ; butif not, the deficiency was to
be supplied by the operation of the
ballot. Volunteers and persons be-
coming volunteers were exempted
from this service, The days of
training were not to exceed 24, and:
the term of service was confined to
one year. If immediate invasion
was apprehended, the persens liable
to serve under this act might be em-
bodied by his majesty’s orders, and
in case of actual invasion marched
to any part of Great Britain.

The spirit of gross and uncandid
misrepresentation, which had mark-
ed the opposition to the former |
parts of Mr. Windham’s military
plans, did not forsake his adversaries,
while this bill was under discussion,
They

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

‘They represented itas an oppres-
sive and unnecessary measure, an in-
fraction of the engagements entered
into by his majesty’s government
with the volunteers, and calculated
to damp the zeal, degrade the im-
portance, and reduce the numbers
of that respectable and meritorious
body of men, against whom, it was
insinuated, his majesty’s govern-
ment entertained sentiments of the
_ most inveterate and rancorous hos-
tility. It was denied by the minis-
ters, that there existed on their part
any disposition to undervalue the
services of the volunteers, or to des-
troy their establishment. It was
not intended by government to su-
-persede them, but to render them,
what they were originally intended
to be, men serving their country at
their own expence. The training
Dill, instead of, being calculated to
injure the volunteers, was an auxi-
fiary meaeure, which would rather
tend to support and keep up
their numbers. No _ engagement
entered into with the volun.
teers was violated by the pre-
sent bill, because no volunteer, nor
‘any person, who chose to become
a volunteer at his own expence, was
Tiable to its operation,

The training bill was followed
by an act to suspend the ballot for
the militia in England for two
years, with a reserved power to go-
vernment of recurring to it, in order
to supply the vacancies of any corps,
which should happen to’ be reduced
below its quota.

The last act brought into parlia-
Mentin pursuance of Mr. Wind-
ham’s military plans, was one to
declare that no officer of any corps
of yeomanry or volunteers, should
by reason of his commission in such

; 3

63

corps, take rank above any field
officer of his majesty’s regular or
militia forces, which by the acts of
parliament then in force he was en-
titled todo. Obvious as was the
propriety of this regulation, and
Necessary as it was to amend an
error, which had arisen at first from
mere inadvertence, there was some
opposition to the bill, though no
division upon it.

Opposition was also made to the
militia officers’ bill, which was in-
troduced on the following occasion.
An augmentation of pay to the offi.
cers of the regular army being in the
contemplation of his majesty’s go-
vernment,it was judged proper toex-
tend the same to subalterns in the
militia, but not to field officers
of the militia, who, being necessarily
men of property, were not in
want of it. But by act of par.
liament the officers of the militia,
when embodied, are entitled
to the sanie pay aud allowances
as the officers of the line. A
bill to set. aside this provision,
as far as it should aifect any in-
crease of pay to officers and sol-
diers of the line after the Ist. of
June 1806, was therefore brought
into parliament. It was opposed
with great violence and clamour as
a death blow to the militia, which,
it was insinuated, government had
a mind to sacrifice to the same pas.
sions, which were to be gratified by
the destruetion of the volunteer es.
tablishment. It was answered by
ministry, that there was no
reason why the militia and re-
gular army should be on the same
footing in regard to pay. There
were already distinctions between
the two services sufficiently mark~-
ed. -The regular officers had half

pay.

GA

pay which the militia officers had
not ; and the militia officers were
required to havequalifications, which
were not demanded from the
officers of the line. The proposed
increase of pay to the officers of the
line did not injure the militia officers,
for it left them with the same pay
which they now enjoyed. Nor
could it be regarded as an affront
to them that they were not included
in the present arrangement ; for
the same reason, that had induced
government to withhold the addi-
tional pay from the field officers of
the militia, had determined it
te act in the same = manner
with respect to the officers of
the cavalry and the guards; namely
that nove of these deseriptions of
officers were in the same want of
additional pay as the officers of the
line, and that, if an addition of pay
was to be made tothose who were
mot in want of it, Jess could be
afforded to those who stood in ac-
tual need of it. On the third read-
ing of the bill the house. divided ;
ayes35; noes 245; majority for
the bill 11. The additional pay to
infantry officers was afterwards
yoted in a committee of supply
(July 14th.) without opposition,
along with an increase of pay to ser-
jeants, corporals and privates, an
addition to the Chelsea pension, and
an increase of pensions to officers’
widows.

In this laudable anxiety shewn by
government forjimproving the present
condition, and adding to the future
prospects of the army, the interests
of thenavy were not forgotten. _ In
a committee of supply (April 25th.)
Jord Howick explained to the house
the intentions of his majesty’s go-
vernment respecting the allqwance of
Lae

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

additional pay to the officers, petty
officers, and seamen of the royal
navy, and on the motion of the
same noble lord asum was voted
for enabling government to carry
that measure into effect. Two acts
of parliament were afterwards pass.
ed, in pursuance of a recommenda- §
tion from his majesty, to empower
the governors of Greenwich Hospi-
tal and the directors of the chest of
Greenwich, to increase the allow-—
ances to out-pensioners of Green-
wich Hospital, and to grant pen-
sions to old, infirm, and disabled
othicers, not provided for in that
hospital, in addition to their half. —
pay ; and in order to defray these
xpences, additional funds were
appropriated by act of parliament
to the support and increase of that
noble establishment. )
One subject relating to the army ©
still remains to be mentioned—_
When ministers came first into
oflice, they found that a greater #
number of foreign troops had been
enlisted and brought into the king-
dom, than was authorized by law, —
in consequence of which they were
induced (February 27th.) to ap-—
ply to parliament for an act of ine
demnity to the advisers of that
measure ; and aS it would have
been inexpedient to have disband.
ed these troops, and inconvenient,
if not impossible, to have sént them
immediately out of the kingdom,
they procured authority for his mae
jesty to retain them in the coyntry,
and to increase them permanently to
the number of 16,000 men. It is
to be regretted that the necessity
for this bill should have arisen, and’
it is still more to be lamented, that
any temperary convenience should —
have Jed to the permanent augmen~
x tation ©

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

tation of the foreign troops station-
ed within the kingdom. Though
the new situation of affairs on the
continent, and the danger of inva-
sion from the enemy, have overcome,
or at least suspended our ancient
and constitutional jealousy of a
standing army, there can be no

*, 7)

‘Vor, XLVI, F

65

necessity for entrusting our defence
to foreigners, while there may be
great danger to our liberties from the
existence of an armed force
amongst us, which has.notie con-
necting it with the country, except
the unlimited obedience which it
owes to the crown,

CHAP,

‘

66

CHAP. IV.

Finance. —Budget.—Loan.—War Taxes.
the Loan.—Irregularity of bringing

Surveyor General of IV

Bill.—-American Intercourse
Manufacture Commiuittce.

HE new ministers, in the mea-
sures of finance, which they
pursued during this sessiou of par-
-liament, were content with follow-
ing the systems, and. executing the
plans of their predecessors ; and
unless in shewing greater vigilance
and anxiety for the detection and
suppression of abuses, they seemed
to be unambitious of any higher
distinction, in this important branch

of their public duty. The period.

of the year when they came into
office, compelled them to adopt, in
most instances, the estimates pre-
pared by the former government;
and in raising the ways and means
for the current year, they adhered

scrupulously to the principles laid,

down and followed by Mr. Pitt.
The sinking fund for the redemp-
tion of the national debt, which
many persons feared, or afiected to

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

forward the Ways and Means before
the Army Estimates.—-Property Tax.—Eaemption of His Majesty's funded
Property from the Operation of this Tax.—Pig Iro
ery Tax.—Increase of Assessed T ‘'axes.— Assessed
Trish Budget.—Regulation Bills. —Of the
nance.—Of the Excise. —Customs.—Stamp
‘vods and Forests.—Custom- House Officer’s bill."
Inaudited Public Accounts.——West India Accounts Bill. — Auditors of Public
Accounts Bill.—Abuses in the Barrack Depar
of Lord Nelson.— To Lord Collingwood.—Sir Richard Strachan, and

Sir John Duckworth.— Royal Family Annuities
Bill.-Tortola Free Port Bill—IWoollen

_—Tuxes to provide for the Interestof

n Tax.—Private Brew.
Taxes Allowance Bill.—
Office of Treasurer of the Ord-

’

Office. —Post Ojice.—Cw'ce of #

tment.—Grants to the Fumily”

Bill —Corn Intercourse

fear, would be far from secure in|
their hands, and which some per-

sons both in and out of parliament,9—
urged them strongly to encroach
upon, they determined religiously,
to respect. The system of war
taxes, or the plan of raising within |
the year a great part of the supplies:
necessary for the public services:
they took up with zeal, and carried)
to an extent before unexampled,)
In the prosecution of this object,
so meritorious in itself, and benelfi-
cial to the country, they had re«
course: to a measure of taxation
which bore peculiarly hard on the
middling ranks of life, and oa those
industrious classes of society, which!
are removed by. one degree onl ;
from indigence 5 and as the popus|
larity of one branch of the admi-
nistration, lay chiefly among pet=

sons of that description, their con
duct

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

duct in this particular. excited
against them a degree of odium
and unpopularity proportioned to
the former affeetion and regard en-
_ tertained towards them. [Jt seemed
to add to the sufferings of the peo-
ple, when the property tax was
raised to 10 per cent, and most of
the former exemptions dome away,
that a measure so grinding and op.
pressive, should proceed from = per-

Sous, who had opposed the triple

assessment, the income tax, aid the
property tax itself, when first intro-
‘duced. Like the bird in the fable,
_ which complained less of the sharp-
ness of the point that wounded its
bosom, than of the feather that
winged and directed
having been drawn from its own
pinion, the people felt their suffer-
ings aggravated, and exasperated by
the reilection, that they were im-
-posed by those, whom they had hi-
therto cherished and supported as
‘their friends, and whose elevation
to power they considered (no mat-
ter how erroneously) as in some
degree their own work, or at least
as a consequence of their supposed
partiality towards them. It must
at the same time, in fairness to the
new ministers be acknowledged,

the arrow, |

67

liament, and to the rigorous mea«
sures taken to render them effec.
tual, that they were enabled at a
future period to hold out to the
country the comsolatory assurance,
that on the scale on which they had
determined to conduct the war, no
additional taxes would be necessary
for carrying it on, to whatever pee
riod, however distant, it might be
prolonged.

Lord Henry Petty, the new chan.
cellor of the exchequer, opened ‘the
budyet on the 28th of March, ina
speech remarkable for the perspi-
cuity of its statements and clear-
ness of its arrangement, as well as
for the professions of rigid econo.
my, and of strict attention to the
reform of abuses which it contained.
He began, after some preliminary
observations on the arduous task

‘he had undertaken, by saying, that

he should state to the house the
amount of the public debt and
charges upon it, and the produce of
the consolidated fund, at the acces.
sion of the present ministers to of-
fice, that the people might be fally
apprised of their situation, and pre.
pared for the exertions and sacri-«
fices, which he was compelled to
demand from them. He then stated

that it was owing to the heavy taxes that
-imposed during this session of par- —
The funded debt of Great britain, not redeemed, oe

amounted on the ist Feb. 1806 to

517,280,561*

——

_ The redeemed debt by the commissioners, 101,145,802

— transferred to the commissioners
by reason of the land tax redeemed,
Total of the redeemed debt of Great Britain,

22,325,740

?

123,47 1,542¢

te * The funded debt of Ireland, not redeemed, amounted on the 18th

~ March, 1806, to

"The imperial loans not redeemed at the same date, + =
Yotal of the national debt nat redeemed,
» +The redeemed debt of Ireland, 18th March, 1806, — —_

The redeemed imperial loan, same date, — —_ —

F2

Tatal of the redeemed debt, —

—— 35,484,052
3,027,051
_— 555,791,664
2,913,948
642,249
— 127,027,739
Total

‘

68

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Total of the funded debt of Great Britain re-

deemed and unredeemed,

640,752,103*

Total of the annual charges of the funded debt of
Great Britain and Ireland, and the imperial loans,

27,485,384

Total of the sums annually applicable to the redemp-

_ tion of the national debt,

Total of the unfunded debt, 5th Jan. 1806,

Total income of the consolidated
ending 5th Jan. 1806,

—_

—_— ——

7,615,167
23,168,747

fund in the year,

33,035,501

Annual charges on the consolidated fund, as it stood

=

on the 5th Jan. 1806,

—

29,951,639

Surplus of the consolidated fund applicable to the ge-

neral service of the state,

— — a

3,083,862

Produce of the war taxes in the year ending Sth Jan.

— —

1806,

‘In this part of his subject the
noble Jord pointed out to the house,
that on the Ist of Feb. -1803, the
proportion of the sinking fund to
the unredeemed debt, was as 1 to
$2, but that on the ist Feb. 1806,
ihe proportion’ was as 1 to 68.
After this it was unnecessary for him
to enter into any eulogium on the
sinking fund, nor to detain the

‘house with any panegyric on its for-
mer effects, or the hopes that might
be entertained of its future opera-
tions., The advantages of that fund
were very sensibly felt in the prices

13,171,499
of stock, and in contracting for
loans, which it enabled the publi¢
to obtain on better terms. There~
fore, independent of considerations
of good faith, which pledged the
house to adhere to this system, it
was bound to maintain it from poe
sitive and tried experience of its
utility.

The chancellor of the exchequer
then proceeded to state the supplies
wanted for 1806, and the ways and
means by which he proposed to pro-
vide for them, as follows—

Supplies.

Navy, exclusive of the ordnance sea-service,

Army, _ de

Ordnance, including ordnance sea-service,

Miscellaneous,
Arrears of subsidies,

—_— -——_

Vote of credit,

Joint charge, England and Ireland,

£, 15,281,000
18,500,000

— 1,000,000
41,669,000
2,000,000

— —

43,669,000

* Total of the national funded debt, redeemed and unredeemed, wing re
d

HISTORY OF EUROPE. Gg
Add England’s separate charges.
Kast India Company, as — 1,000,000
Deficiency, malt duty, 1804, — 340,000
Do. ways and means, 1805, — 1,707,000
Interest on exchequer bills, — — 1,000,000
To pay off 5 per cents of 1797, due Sth
April, — _ — 700,000
Do. due 10th October, — — 500,000
. 5,247,000
48,916,000
Deduct on Account of Ireland, as below, — 55297,528
On account of England, — — 43,618,472
Deduct on account of Ireland, 2-17ths
of the above sum of £.43,669,000 ‘5,137,528
Deduct also 2-17ths for civil list and
other charges, — — 160,000
552975528
Ways and Means.
Malt and personal estaté duties, — — — 2,750,000
Grants from proceeds of ships captured prior to the
war, Saat + fort by eer 1 3000,000
Lottery, — — aS —_ 380,000
Surplus of consolidated fund to 5th April, 1807, — 3,500,000
War taxes, = — — 19,500,000
Deduct as likely to be outstanding at 5th
18,000,000
Loan, — _ _ — 18,000,000
. 43,630,000

“The preceding statement was ac-
companied by various explanatory
observations from the noble lord,
the most important of which we
shall lay before our readers, in an
abridged form, and in the order in
which they are naturally suggested
by the statement itself.

The army estimates had not yet
been laid before the house,, because

the new military arrangements were .

not completed ; but there was every
reason to suppose, that they would
not exceed the sum stated in the ac-
count of the sapplies.

In the miscellaneous services were
included several important grants in
contemplation, such as the provision
for the family of lord Nelson, and
for the remuneration of the seamen
who had been engaged in the battle
of Trafalgar.

F3 . The

ANNUAL RE

The sum due to the East India
Company was due upon a claim of
several years standing, which had
been submitted to commissioners in
1803. One million had been alrea-
dy paid, and another would be cal-
Jed for in the course of the present

ear. ;

The interest on exchequer hills
had not hitherto been provided for
when they were voted, but left to
come in as part of the supply of the
following year. It was theught ad-
visable, however, at present, to
bring that expence within the year,
and to provide for it accordingly.

The grant of one million from the
proceeds of ships captured prior to
the declaration of war, was part of
the droits of admiralty, which his
majesty had been advised by his late
ministers, graciously to apply to the
public service of the state.

The Joan, which had been nego-
ciated that morning, consisted of
twenty millions, eighteen for Eng-
and, and two for Ireland, and had
been obtained at the rate of £.4
19s. 7d. of interest for every £.100.

War taxes.— The beneficial effects
of raising a great part of the sup-
plies within the year, was strongly

eximplified by the fact, that during
the last war, the average increase of
the national debt had: been at the
rate of 25 millions a year, while the
average increase in the present war,
was at the rate of only 12 millions a
year; a difference to be attributed
solely to the system, of war taxes,
which had not been introduced in
the late war til! Wear its close. “Uhe
war taxes had been taken for the
last year at fourteen millions and a
half, and they had produced more
than thirteen mitfions. It was in-:
tended to raise them for the current
year to ninetcen millions and a half,

rr

GISTER, 1806.

of which five millions were to be
raised by making the property tax
more productive, and one million
from the excise and customs,

The property tax was proposed
to be raised from six and a half to

ten per cent, and most of the pre- °

sent exemptions to be done away.
It was thought more advisable to
raise this tax at once to what might
be termed its natural limit, than to
increase it gradually, which might
lead to the supposition that it was
a fund to be drawn upon to,an in-
definite extent. Besides this addi-
tion to the rate, it was expected,
that the tax might be rendered more
productive by judicious regulation,
Great frauds and evasions were now
practised, and the mode of exemp-
tion furnished the greatest facility
to such attempts. Jt was proposed,
therefore, iu future, that the tax
should in the first instance be paid,
and that those entitled to exemptions
should afterwards, on making good
their claims, be repaid from the tax
office. It was stated with great sa-
tisfaction that the governors and di-
rectors of the bank had agreed to
reccive the duty on the dividends at
the bank. As to the quantum of
income to be made liable to the tax
it was proposed that ten per ‘cent
should be paid on all property above
fifty pounds a year, but that a scale
of abatements should be introduced
in favour of small tradesmen and
small annuitants, whose income was
Jess than une hundred a year. Some
regulation would also be made in
favour of hospitals and charitable
institutions. The total sum ex-
pected from these alterations in the
property. tax was estimated at five

millions.
Another million was to be raised
from the customs and excise. It
was

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 71

was proposed, with certain modifi-
cations and exceptions, to raise the
war duties of the customs from one
fourth to one third. An addition
would be made to the duty on sugar
of three shillings per cwt. These
‘additional duties would produce
#.700,000a year. ‘Tobacco would

be taxed under the excise, and it was
calculated would afford 300,000 a
year of additional duty.

Yo cover the iuterest aud other
charges upon the loan, a sum of
1,136,000 a year, was still to be
provided, which was proposed to
be done in the following manner :

The wine duty, already existing, was to be declared °
_ permanent, and applicable towards ‘the interest on

the loan, amounting to

— pee

1.500,000

A duty of forty shillings per ton on pig iron, suppos-
ing tlre quantity manufactured to be 250,000 tons

annually, would produce

An equalization of the duties on tea would produce
A tax on appraisements was calculated at

The noble lord concluded his
speech by expressing his determi-
nation, and that of his colleagues, to
administer the government with
economy, and to reform abuses
wherever they could. be detected ;
and after an allusion to the labours
of the naval and military commis-
sioners, and assurances that minis-
ters were ready to follow up any
plans and improvements, which
these enquiries might suggest, he
announced to the house that steps
‘were’ taking to recover the sums
lost to the public by malversations
in the West Indies, and that mea-
sures had been adopted to put astop
to the scenes of fraud, perjury, and

peculation, which had so long
prevailed in that part of the em-
ores:

- Instead of entering into a detailed
account of the discussions, which
arose on this and subsequent occa-
sions, upon the propositions recom-
mended by the chancellor of the

500,000
70,000
— 66,000

Total 1,136,000,

exchequer, we shall confine our-~
selves toa brief and general abstract
of the arguments for and against
them, and to an account of the fate
that finally attended them in, the
house.

It was objected to the course of
proceeding taken by ministers on
this occasion, that it was contrary
to the usage of parliament to bring
forward the ways and means before
the estimates of the year had becn
voted; and this usage was founded
on the obvious and reasonable prin-
ciple, that parliament ought not to
burthen the subject unnecessarily,
and therefore ought not to provide
greater ways and means than the
sums granted in the committee of
supply. But, the ways aad means
now proposed by the chancellor of
the exchequer, greatly exceeded the
supplies voted by the house; for the
army estimates of the present year
had not yet been submitted to its
consideration; and no precedent,

F 4 it

72

it was said, could be found since the
revolution, of bringing forward the
ways and means till the army esti-
mates were voted,

It was admitted on the other side,
that there was considerable incon-
venience in bringing forward the
ways and means before the estimates
for the army were regularly before
the house; but it was maintained
that there was nothing in this pro-
eeeding which counteracted any
‘fixed principle, and the inconveni-
ence of delaying the budget till the
army estimates could be produced,
would be much greater than that
which attended the present mode of
proceeding. The same sort of in-
convenience had been felt last year
in the vote with regard to sub-
sidies, the amount of which depend.
ed on treaties with foreign powers,
which at that time were not con-
cluded. Care would be taken by
the chancellor of the exchequer that
the ways and means should not ex-
ceed the supplies to be voted. It
was to be recollected, that we had
an army estimate already voted for
five months; and as to precedents,
there was one in 1802, when the
navy estimates were voted first for
four months, then for two, and then
for the remainder of the year. It
was also contended, that, in this
case, the ways and means did not
amount to the supplies by several
millions; because none could be
called taxes, among the ways and
means, till they were appropriated
by parliament; and in that sense
the supplies already voted, exceeded
the ways and means by several mil-
lions. But to this mode of reason-
ing it was justly answered by oppo-
sition, that it proceeded on the fal-
lacy of confounding two principles
in themselves perfectly distinct ; the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

one, that the public money should
not be applied without the express
consent of parliament; the other,

that parliament should not burthen —

the people unnecessarily, and con-
sequently should neither by loans

nor taxes, impose burthens in a

committee of ways and means, till
the necessity of them had been as-
certained by previous votes in the
committee of supply. It was at the
same time admitted, that a rigid ad-
herence to this rule, could not in all
cases be observed; and, indeed,
the existence of permanent war
taxes, to the amount of eighteen or
near twenty millions annually, was,
it must be confessed, no small devia-
tion from this principle.

The property tax bill encounter.
ed great opposition in its way
through the house, not so much
from the members seated on the op.
position bench, who, on the con-
trary expressed their hearty appro-
bation of its principle, and praised
the ministers for bringing it forward,
as from independent members of
parliament, who disliked the harsh-
ness and rigour of its provisions, and
disapproved of such an enormous
addition to the present heavy bur-
thens of the people. Several modi.
fications and alleviations of the tax
were accordingly proposed, to some
of which the ministers acceded,
though they rejected the greater
part of them, on account of their
tendency to diminish the produc-
tiveness, and destroy the efficacy of
the measure.

Mr. Francis objected to the sud-
den increase of the duty from six and
a half to ten per cent, and ridiculed
the attempt of ministers to represent
the precise rate of ten per’cent, as
the natural limit of the tax, which
no future chancellor of the exche-

quer

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

quer would ever venture to exceed.
The same honourable member ob-
jected to the clause, compelling per-
sons with smal! incomes to pay ‘the
duty in the first instance, and go af-
terwards to the tax office for repay-
ment, if they desired to avail them-
selves of their right to the Jegal
abatement. Such persons, he con-
tended, were unable to collect a sum
large enough to discharge the duty,
and if they did, the trouble and dif-
ficulty of afterwards recovering the
money from the tax office, would
deter them from attempting it, or
subject them to greater loss and in-
convenience than the object was
worth. Mr. Francis could not
conceive why the interest on exche-
quer bills, and other floating secu-
ritics, was not made liable to the
tax, in the same manner as the di-
vidends on the funded debt paid at
the bank ; and he strongly recom.
mended, that the duty should be ex-
tended to the dividends, belonging
to aliens, not resident in the king-
dom, a measure, which he attempted
to justify, and reconcile to the
principles of policy, consistency,
and equity.
Of these suggestions the only one
fully acceded to by the ministers,
was that of levying the duty on the
unfunded, in the same manner as
upon thefunded debt. The propo-
sal of taxing the property of aliens,
not resident in the kingdom, was
shewn by Mr. Fox to be repugnant
to the principles of sound policy,
inconsistent with the faith of par-
liament, and contrary to the fun-
nial maxim of the constitution,
that no one should be taxed, who
was not really or virtually repre-
sented in parliament. Arrange-
ments, it was said, would be taken
to facilitate the recovery of money

73

from the tax office; and on further
consideration the scale of abatements
was considerably enlarged beyond
the original intentions of the govern.
ment, Persons employed in labo-
rious or handicraft occupations,
whose wages did not exceed thirty
shillings a week, were exempted
entirely from the duty, and the
abatements in favour of life annui-
tants and small tradesmen, which
originally applied only to persons
with incomes under one hundred
pounds a year, were extended after-
wards to incomes of one hundred
and fifty pounds. Some further
deductions of less importance were
afterwards added ; buta motion of
Mr. Wilberforce to grant an allow.
ance on account of children, was
negatived on a division; and the
clause for levying the full amount
of ten per cent on all income derived
from funded and landed property,,
after a long and interesting discus-
sion, was carried by a majority.
In the course of this debate, Mr.
Fox owned to the house, that he
was not a friend to the tax, or any
of its principles or operation; .he
was sensible the objections to it
were just and innumerable ; but his
majesty’s ministers were reluctantly
forced to adopt it, under the pres-
sure of circumstances, which they
had at least the consolation to re-
fleet they had no share in producing.
After this public declaration from the
leading member of his majesty’s go-
vernment in the house ef commons,
it surprises us to find, that on the
third reading of the bill, a clause
was brought up by one of the secre-
taries of the treasury, to exempt
from the operation of the tax the
stock or dividends belonging to his
majesty, in whatever name they
might stand iu the books of the

bank

74

bank of England, on the same being
duly proved to be his majesty’s pro-
perty. This clause having been
sufiered to pass without opposition,
no observations were made upon it
in the house, and therefore it is im*
possible for us to guess upon what
principle, if opposed, it could have
been defended. [is majesty is one
of the three estates of paritament,
and no reason ean be given why
his property should not be taxed by
the house of commons, that would
not apply equally to exempt the
property of members ef the house
of lords. No exemption or abate.
ment had been allowed to any of his
majesty’s subjects, but in cases,
where, if the tax had been collect-
ed, the persons liable to it must
have been forced to apply for paro-
ehiat aid for their subsistence. . Such,
at least, was the principle which
during these discussions, had been
Jaid down broadly by his majesty’s
government; and,,except in this in-
stance, acted upon with no small
sigour and impartiality. ‘The loss
to the public, by the exemption of
his majesty’s private fortune, from
the operation of the tax, was pro-

bably inconsiderable ; but, in times
like these, when sacrifices of such
enormous magnitude were required
from the people, it was indecent
and impolitic, to introduce. a dis-
tinction between his majesty and his

subjects, which seemed to imply, .

however falscly and uutruly, that
he was desirous to withdraw from
the pressure of those burthens, to
which hey submitted with such for-
titude and resignation.

The pig-iron tax, which the chan-
cellor of the exchequer had taken
at s€.500,000 a year, met, with
great opposition in the house, as a

_ tax ailecting a raw material, which

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

was afterwards wrought up, 4nd.

manufactured in articles, where
the burthen of the tax would be out
of all proportion to the benefit des
rived from it to’ the exchequer.
Mr. Wilberforce calculated, that the
tax would produce not more than
£.200,000 a year to government,
whilé it would cost a million to the
public. Objection was also made
to it, as a heavy and injudictous tax
on machinery, on agriculture, oa
coals, and on various manufactures,
where iron was consumed in great
quantity, and where no proper sub-
stitute for it could be devised.
There is no doubt, that the repre-
sentations of iron masters and others,
on this occasion, stating the ruin-
ous cousequences of this tax to their
manufacture, were grossly exagge-
rated, but such was the impression
they made on the public mind, that
after having bgen left with a majo.
rity of only teu on a question for
the commitment of the bill, minis«
ters were induced to give it up.
‘The tax which the chancellor of the
exchequer proposed in lieu of it,
was one on private brewers, which
excited against him a still more vio-
lent outcry in the country. It was
in vain that he dropped the most
obnoxious clausé in the bill, as ori-
ginally introduced ;
against it,

compelled to abandon it entirely.
Bafiied in these two measures for
raising the interest of the loan, he
had recourse atfiength to the ex-
pedient of adding ten per cent to
the assessed taxes, which was sub-
mitted to without opposition.
Though the readiness shewn by mi-
nisters on these occasions, to give
way to public opinion, was so far

i-3

the prejudices
weré so strong among —
the country gentlemen, that he was —

to their credit, the necessity to which —
‘they |

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

’

they were driven, “of i increasing the
assessed taxes, after having failed in
two different plans of taxation, leit
an unfavourable impression in the
country, of their financial talents
and resources. The increase of the
assessed taxes led, however, to a
measure, that met with general ap-
probation. In consideration of the
‘severe pressure of the taxes on per-
sons who had large families, a bill
was passed, grantipg to parents an
sallowance out of their assessed
taxes for every child they had above
two, provided the total amount of
their assessment was under forty
pounds a year.

The Irish budget was opened by
Sir John Newport, the Irish chan-
cellor of the exchequer, on the 7th
of May. It appeared that the
supply voted for Ireland was
$,975,1941.; and the ways and
means provided by the chancellor
of the exchequer were estimated at
9,181,455]. ‘The Joan, which was
for two millions, had been raised at
seven shillings per cent less than the
Joan for England, and this was re-
garded as a favourable symptom of
the growing prosperity of Ireland,
and of the confidence reposed in its
government. Several new . taxes
and regulations concerning the re-
venue, were proposed, which it was
calculated would produce 307,6551.
ayear. The exports of Ireland, it
was stated, had been greater in
1805, than in any year since 1792:

_ and the course of exchange had been
‘Tower, and more fixed for the last
four months, than it had been for
several years.

» In the course of the discussions
that arose on this subject, it appear-
ed, that great mismanagement and
abuse prevailed in the collection and
adwministration of the Irish revenue.

75

Sir John Newport stated, that the
balances of deceased and dismissed
collectors amounted to 220,000;
and Mr. Parnell shewed, that not.
withstanding the undoubted encrease
of opulence in Ireland, and though
the taxes imposed since 1802
had been estimated to produce
1,800,000, the actual increase of
reyenue was only 70,000, It ap-
peared, indeed, that the disparity
between the revenue and expendi-
ture of that ‘country, was truly
alarming. The expenditure was at
the rate of more than eight millions
and a halfa year, while the revenue
was less than three millions and a
half, and the whole of it, a few
thousands only excepted, mort-
gaged for the payment of the inter-
est on the debt.

The late chancellor of the Irish
exchequer, Mr. Foster, strongly
recommended to Sir John Newport
to raise a great part of the supplies
within the year, by means of war
taxes; a proposal which the right
honourable baronet answered, by
shewing how inefficacious the right
honourable gentleman’s own mea-
sures had proved, when directed to
that objegt. His additional taxes
on wine and tobacco, for example,
instead of increasing, had actually
diminished the existing revenue ;
and though he had imposed taxes,
the produce of which he estimated
at 1,200,000l. a year, the whole
addition they had made to the reve-
nue, did not exceed 70,000 a year,
Sir John Newport was ready, how-
ever, todo Mr. Foster justice. That
right honourable gentleman had
projected regulations, which would
very much have improved the reve-
nue. These regulations, it was his
intention to adopt, and to superadd
several measures of his own; and

he

76

he had no doubt that when the re-
venue of Ircland was collected in a
fair and proper manner, it would
be found infinitely more productive.
But, till these exertions were made,
he did not feel himself justified in
calling for new taxes, when not
above two thirds of those now im-
posed were collected.

We shall next proceed to the
measures taken by parliament for
the correction of abuses connected
with the revenue department of the
state. ;

The first of these was an act for
regulating the office of treasurer of
the ordnance, on the principle of
Mr. Burke’s bill for regulating the
office of paymaster of the forces,
and of the bill introduced (and af-
terwards violated) by Mr. Dundas
for regulating the office of treasurer
of the navy. By this act the ba-
lances of the ordnance were ordered
to be deposited at the bank of En;§
Jand, and the payments to be made
by drafts upon the bank, except the
payments on the treasurer’s petty
account, for which small sums, on

' the requisition of the board of ord-
nance, were to be issued ‘to him
from the bank, and applied by him
to no purposes whatever, but those
authorized by law. In bringing
forward this bill, lord Henry Petty
announced his intention of extend-
ing the same principle to the post-
office, the excise office, custome
house, and other public offices, to
which it was applicable, that an end
might be put to the practice of pub-
lic officers deriving profit from the
public moncy in their hands.

And accordingly, before the ses-
sion of parliament was closed, acts
were passed toextend the principle to
the excise and customs, to the stamp
and post offices, and to the office of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

surveyor general of woods and fo-
rests. An act was also passed for
increasing the salaries, and abolish-
ing the fees of the custom house
officers of the port of London, and
for diminishing the number of ho-
lidays at the custom house, and re-
gulating the attendance of the offi-
cers.

The attention of parliament was
next called to a reform in the mode
of auditing the public accounts. It
appeared that in consequence of the
imperfection of the provisions esta-
blished for that object, there had becn
a gradual accumulation of inaudited
accounts, amounting, when the pre-
sent ministers came into office, to the
enormous sum of 534 millions. Not
a single account in the army pay
office had been audited since 1782.
The store accounts had been suffered
to Jie over, without examination,
during the same period. The navy
accounts were greatly in arrear,
None of the accounts of the late
war were audited, and those relating
to the expeditions to Holland and
Kgypt, and to the treaties of subsidy
with foreign powers, had not even
been touched upon by the auditors.

It is unnecessary to expatiate on
the manifold risks to which the
public is exposed by such delay in —
auditing and settling its accounts,
Not to speak of the loss of money —
from the insolvency of those indebted
to it, the chances uf which must be
multiplied by every year’s delay 5 if ©
its agents have been guilty of fraud
or negligence, how must the lapse
of so many years increase the dif-
fieulty of sifting into, and» probing
to the bottom their delinquencies.
And, on the contrary, how many
Suspicious circumstances may arise,
when such accounts come at length
to be examined, which at the time

wher ~

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

when the events were recent, could
have been easily and satisfactorily
explained, but which the death of
those concerned, renders it after-
wards impossible to clear up. What
a hardship on persons engaged in
the service of the state, that having
been once employed in the expen-
diture of public money, they should
be unable, in the whole period of
their subsequent lives, to obtain a
settlement of their accounts, for the
security of their families, and justi-
fication of their conduct.

The abuses to which the accumula-
tion of inaudited accounts had given
rise in the West Indies, wereso glaring,
that,in 1800, commissioners had been
sent thither te investigate them ; in
consequence of which malversatioris
to an enormous extent were de-
tected. New commissioners were
then appointed by act of parliament,
with authority to correct and re-
medy the evil. But, though much
good was effected by the exertions
of these commissioners, the system
of fraud and profusion, which they
were sent out to stop, continued to
go on; and no crime was spared by
the actors in this scene of delinquen-
cy, that could serve to screen them
from detection, or secure them from
punishment. Forgery, perjury,
bribery, and every iniquitous stra-
tagem, which fraud could devise,
Was resorted to; and not content
with false charges, false returns, and
_ flagitious embezzlements, they bribed
_the custom-house officers to sign
false certificates, fraudulent invoices,
and other such documents, in aid of
their mal-practices ; proofs of which
were detected, in one instance, to
the amount of 80,0001. and in ano-
ther, to the amount of 30,000I. ap-
plied in bribery, to conceal frauds
ef an enormous extent.

P 7

Though it be impossible to acquit
entirely of negligence and inatten«
tion, the administration, which suf.
fered these abuses to accumulate
so long, and arrive at such an ex-
tent, it must in fairness be admit-
ted, that great reforms had been
made in this, as in most other de.
partments of the public revenue,
under the auspices and direction of
Mr. Pitt. When that celebrated
minister began his long administra-
tion, he found a similar accumula.
tion of inaudited accounts to that
which existed, when the present mi-
nisters came into office. He found
also the established system of audit-
ing the public accounts, obsolete
and ineflicacious, ill-adapted for
dispatch of business, and still worse
calculated to procure a careful re-
vision and examination of the ac-
counts, He, therefore, established
a new board of auditors, with more
ample powers than their predeces.
sors, by whose exertions the great
mass of inaudited accounts that had
accrued during the American war,
was at length audited and settled.
A fresh accumulation had now taken
place, and a similar remedy was cal.
led for, with such additional regu-
lations, as would ensure in future,
that no such accumulation should
again be experienced. -The neces.
sity of some more effectual provision
for auditing and examining the pub-
lic accounts, was acknowledged in
the preamble to Mr. Pitt's bill, in
1805, for appointing an extraordi-
nary board of auditors; but that
bill, though it increased the number
of auditors, contained no provisions
for the better and more regular ex-
ecution of their duty.

The plan proposed by the chan-
cellor of the exchequer for the re-
medy of those abuses, was, in the
first

78

first place, to appoint five commis.
sioners for enquiring into abuses,
and examining the accounts of go-
vernment agents in the West Indies,
three of whom to remain ‘at home,
and two to go out to the West In-
dies. ~These two boards were to
correspond-together, and take mea-
sures in conjunction, for attaining
the objects of their commission.
Ample powers were to be given to
the commissioners, of summoning
persons before them, examining
them upon oath, and calling for all
papers and documents which they
judged necessary to have produced.
They were to investigate the ac-
counts brought before them, and
when satisfied of their fairness and
accuracy, to grant certificates ex-
pressing their opinion; but the final
settlement of the accounts was re-
served to the general board of audi-
tors. The plan of having two
boards for the examination of these
accounts, was sugs rested by the ex-
perience of the former commission-
ers, who had been compelled to
send home one of their number, to
carry on investigations in London,
without which they were unable to
make any progress in the West In-
dies.

The general board of auditors
was, in the next place, new model-
led, and in many respects materially
changed. The office of army comp-
troller, originating in the adminis-
tration of lord Godolphin, was re-
tained, but separated from the of-
fice of auditor of public accounts.
Thenumber of auditors wasincreased
to ten, but in proportion as the pre-
sent accumulation of © accounts
should be disposed of, the number
was to be reduced to six, and the
most effectual provisions were taken,
to prevent this regulation from be-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

ing eluded.
were divided into three boards, one
for the current accounts, one for
the accounts under examination,
and the third for accounts untouch.
ed, and not even looked into by the
peasant auditors. Most effectual
regulations were added, for secur~
ing in future that the accounts of
every year should be regularly au-
dited in the course of the ensuing
year, so that no fresh accumulation
of inaudited accounts should ever
happen again. The expence of the
whole establishments was iacreased
by these innovations from 28,000l.
to.42,000I. a year, fer the present,
but the permanent expeuce was
fixed at only 27,0001. a year,

The statement to the house of the j

enormous accumulation of inaudited

accounts, and the new establish-—

ment for auditing accounts, to which
it led, gave great offence to some
members of the opposition, who
considered the diselosures and re-
marks of the chancellor of the ex-

chequer, as intended to cast -a slur

and affix a stigma on the character
of his predecessor. Mr. Rose, who
had been secretary of the treasury
under Mr. Pitt, during his first ad-
ministration, distinguished himself oa
this occasion, by the violence and

acrimony, but also by the spirit and

pertinacity, with which he vindi-
cated his patron from the unjust im-
putations, which he alledged, it was

now attempted to fix on his memo. —

ry- ‘Though he could not deny the
fuct, that so many millions of the
public money were still unaccounted
for before the proper auditors, he
maintained that the greater part by
far of these inaudited accounts, had
long since been substantially and ef-

fectuaily examined, and that a great-

er delusion could not exist, than to

expect.

The commissioners |

y

with the reform of abuses,

accounts bkefore the auditors.

i HISTORY OF EUROPE.

expect that any errors or malversa-
ions would be detected by the
New examination to which those
accounts were proposed to be. sub-
jected. He argued more suc-
wessitily, because on better grounds,
that the cause of this enormous
accumulation of inaudited ac-
counts arose from the imperfection
of the provisions for compeiling
public accountants to produce their
The
new establishments he opposed with
‘great violence, alledging that they
were useless and unnecessary, and
created for the sake of patronage
alone. The public, however, dif-
fered materially in this opinion from
Mr. Rose. No measures of the
‘treasury gave greater satisfaction

during this session of parliament

than those for expediting and se-

_ cuing the regular settlement of the

public accounts. Nor was ever
surprise more general or more une-
quivocally expressed, than when
the negligence of the late adiminis-
tration upon this subject was first
made known to the house ef com-

mons.

The attention of parliament,
during the present session, was cali.
ed to another subject, connected
arising
out of the first report of the com-
missioners of military enquiry, ap-

‘ pointed in Mr. Pitt’s last adminis-

tration. It appeared from the report
ef these commissioners, that licut.
general de Laucey, late barrack
‘master general, who filled that office
from 1793 to 1804, had been accus-
_tomed, in making up his accounts
with the public, to take credit to
himself for one per ceat on the
whole expenditure of the barrack
department, under
eontingencies fur additional charge

the title of,

79

and responsibility upon unsettled ac-
counts ; itappeared also that hehad
charged the public twice in one year
with his pay and allowances ; from
the whole of which it followed,
that, supposing his accounts, not
yet audited, to be iv other respects
correct, but subducting these
charges, which on no account could
be allowed, he was indebted to the
public in the sum of 97,415 7.
intead of 6865 /. which was the ba-
lance he acknowledged to be due by, -
him. The report containing these
statements was laid before the house
on the 2ist of March, and ordered
to be printed; but no further
notice was taken of it till the Sth
ot May, when lord»Henry Petty,
referring to it, assured the house,
that not only would the suggestions
contained in that report with res.
pect to the mode of auditing the bar-
rack accounts, be attended to, in
the genéyal measure then under
consideration for improving the
mode of auditing the public accounts,
but that immediate steps would be
taken by government for recovering
the balance that appeared to be
due by the late barrack master
general. Mr. Robson, whe seems

.to have been absent from the house,

when this declaration was made by
the chancellor of the exchequer,
brought forward the s ubject a
second time on the 16th of May,
and added that many other abuses
existed in the barrack department,
@% which he galled the attention of
the house. He accordingly made a
variety. of motions, ow that and
subsequent occasions, for the pro.
duction of papers connected with
the barrack expenditure, some of
which were granted, and others re-
fused, on the ground that the ex.
pence and trouble of preparing them

would

‘ 7

‘ ) , “
‘

4

80

would be great, and that the hon.
member seemed to have no definite
object in view, when he moved for
their production. The subject, in
fact, was already before the military
commissioners, who were better
qualified than the house of commons
to investigate the abuses of this
department, which, though enor-
-mous in their aggregate amount,
were made up of a number of mi-
nute and inconsiderable particu-
lars.

The grants of public money dur-
ing this session of parliament were
‘numerous and considerable ; but
the greater part of them were such,
as fully to deserve as well as to re-
ceive the approbation of the coun-
try. The grants to the family of
lord Nelson, to the seamen who
had fought in the battle of Tra-
falgar, to lord Collingwood, sir
Richard Strachan, and sir John
Duckworth, were of that deserip-
tion. It was with equal pride and
gratitude, that the nation recom-
pensed its defenders for those
actions, which had so eminently in.
creased its power and added to its
glory. Withnoless satisfaction, it
contemplated the sums voted by
the house of commons, to improve
the present condition and add to
the future comforts of its soldiers
and seamen, and without a murmur
it submitted to the additional bur-
thens, to which these wise and be-
neficial arrangements necessarily
Jed. But, it was with feelings of a
different sort, that it beheld, in this
moment of national distress an
additional allowance of income, so-
licited from the throne and granted
by the commons to the younger
branches of the royal family. It
was desirable, no doubt, that the
royal dukes, as peers of parliament,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

should be independent of the —
minister of the day ; and, if their —
present incomes were inadequate to —
the necessary expences of their sta-
tion, it was fitting, on the first pro-
per occasion, to increase them.
But,to see the ministers of the crown
come with an application for that
purpose to parliament, within a
fortnight after raising the pro-
perty tax to 10 per cent, excited a —
general feeling in the country,
against the importunity that could ©
solicit, and the facility that could
grant so i!l-timed a largess; for
no one would contend that the in-
crease of income to the royal fa-
mily, supposing it proper to have
been granted, might not have been
postponed till another session, or
even till the return of peace. Why
this measure was brought forward —
at present we pretend not to ac-
count for, It was said to be the
fulfilment of a promise made by the
former ministry ; but, though the ©
fact were so (which we do not
vouch for), the responsibility of ©
the transaction would equally at-
tach to those who now proposed the
grant. It is to be observed, however,
in extenuation of ministers, who
seem on this occasion to have been
so forgetful of prudence and con-
sistency, that they availed them-
selves of this opportunity to sup-
press the public tables, which were
kept at the expence of the civil list, —
for two at least of the royal dukes.; —
and by this reform they saved to |
the public nearly as muchas the ad- ©
ditional income, in those two cases,
amounted. to,

We shall next proceed to the
commercial Jaws passed during this
session, the mostimportant of which,
though far from being the one that
attracted the greatest attention in

parliament

Ee

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

parliament, was the act to permit
the free interchange of every
species of grain between Great Lri-
tain and Ireland, without any
bounties or duties or any restraints
whatsoever. By the operation of
this law the corn trade between
Great Britain and Ireland was plac-
ed on the same footing as the corn
trade between the diiferent pro-
vinces of England; andas no one
could doubt of the wisdom, or ob-
ject to the policy of this measure,
the bill, after a few words from
Mr. F oster, passed without opposi-
tion.

RA singular contrast to this in
every respect was furnished by the

_ bill, which we are next to take into
_ consideration.

The American in-
tercourse:bill, the one to which we
allude, differed not more remarka-
bly from the corn intercourse bill,

in the comparative unimportance of
- its enactments, than in the violent

and unreasonable opposition it was
destined to-encounter. Ever since

the commencement of the war in

1793, it had-been found impossible
to supply our West India islands
with lumber and provisions from the
continent of North America by
British shipping alone.
gence of governmentin not furnish.
ig: convoys: to merchantmen, and
the superior profits of the trans-
port service, induced the British
ship owners, at the breaking out of
the late war, to withdraw them:
selves, in a great meastire, from this

inch of the carrying trade: upon
which the colonial governors, in or-
der to save the islands. under their
tare from the misery and distress,
to which any want or even: scarcity
of articles of such indispensable ne-

The negli-

81

cessity must have reduced them,
ventured to dispense with the navis

gation acts, and open to neutrals the
supply of the colonies’ with commo-

dities so essential to their subsis-
tence. For these violations of law,

which the necessity and urgencyof

the case'amply justified, bills of inv
demnity had been repeatedly, and.
for many years annually passed by
parliament;-and the trade, though
illegal and inconsistent with the
whole principles and provisions of
our colonial and maritime law, had
been suffered, during the whole of
the last and’ present war, to pro.
ceed without interruption and ale
most without complaint. . At length,
in the beginning of Mr. Pitt’s second
administration, the shipping interest
of Great Britain, which had been
reduced by various causes to a state
of great depression, began to com.
plain of this intercourse, which the:
West India islands enjoyed, with:
neutrals, on the ground, that it was
contrary to our navigation laws, and
injurious and ruinous to British
shipping ; and such was the in.
fluence of their representations on
the government, which happened at
that time to be at variance with the
assembly of Jamaica.on points of a
totally different nature, that instruc-
tions were seut out to the gover-
nors of the West India colonies,
‘6 not to open the ports of the
islands over’ which they presided
for the admission of articles from
the American states, which were
not allowed to be imported. by law,
except in cases of real and, very great
necessity*.”? la consequence of these.
instructions, the governor and
council of Jamaica revoked their
former permission to neutrals, of

_* Lord Camden’s letter to the lieut, governor of Jamaica, dated-Sept.5, 1804.
G

Vor. XLVIII.

importing

82

importing lumber and provisions in-
to the island*; and--when’ the
assembly addressed the governor to
recal this resolution, he expressed
his regret, that in consequence of
the iinperative orders transmitted to
him from England, it was not in
his. power to comply with their re-
quest, and advised them to make a
representation of their case to his
majesty t. An address to that
effect was ‘accerdingly transmitted
to his'majesty from the assembly,
stating that’ without an intercourse
with the United States of America,
“the island could not be supplied
with lumber and provisions ; that
an adequate supply could not be
obtained from the British North
American colonies ; and that in time
of war, British ships and British
seamen could not be procured to
carry on the trade.t No satisfac-
tory answer to this address having
been received, the assembly after
several months delay, made asecond
yepresentation to the governor, in
which, after recapitulating the
sufferings of the island on a former
occasion, when similar measures had
been tried, they urged in the
strongest terms the necessity of
keepitg open their ports to neu-
trals, as the only means of averting
the horrors of famine from the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

island.§ But the governor, who

‘had received no instructions from

Lngland, authorizing him to give
directions for continuing the inter-
course between Jamaica and the
United States, declined a second
time to comply with their request ;
and it was not till the very day be-
fore the ports of the island were to
have been definitively closed against
neutrals, in virtue of his former
proclamation, that he ventured to
extend for six months longer the
permission to import lumber and
grain into the island, in neutral bot-
toms. || Still however, one very
essential class of provisions were not
included in this permission. Salt
fish, beef and pork, articles indis-
pensably necessary for the subsis-
tence of the negroes, were not al-
Juwed to be imported by neutrals ;
and therefore a new representation
was made to the governor by the
assembly, stating that there was 2
great deficiency of these provisions —
in the island, and that a rise in their
price had already taken place in
consequence of the scarcity. Upon
which they were told, that since the
proclamation of martial law, dire~
tions had been given to the custom-
house officers, to admit neutrals
with salt provisions on board into
all the ports of the island, till the

* Resolution of the governor and council of Jamaica, Nov. 21st, 1804.
+ Address of the assembly of Jamaica to lieut. governor Nugent and his excét- -

lency’s answer, Dec. 8th, 1804.

t Address of the.assembly of Jamaica to his majesty, Dec. 18th, 1804.

§ Memorial and remonstrance of the assembly of Jamaica to the governor there-
of, April 20th, 1805. In this remonstrance the assembly state, that only one
twelfth of the total supply of Jamaica from the continent of North America is ob-
tained from the British colonies ; and that six-sevenths of what they receive from
the Usited States is imported in American shipping: and they calculate, that, if
this intercourse is to be interdicted, 456 additional British vessels, navigated by —
2862 seamen, must enter immediately into the American trade, to prevent the

absolute ruin of Jamaica.

|| Lieutenant governor Nugent’s proclamation, May 20th, 1805.

arrival

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

arrival of the next fleet with provi-
sions from Cork*, While these
discussions disturbed the tranquillity
of Jamaica, the Leeward islands re-
mained perfectly quiet, in conse.
quence of the firm and judicious
conduct of their governor, who
availing himself of the letter, while
he disregarded the spirit and ob-
vious intention of his new instruc-
tions, issued a proclamation, de-
claring it of ‘**real and very great
necessity” to the welfare of the
islands under his care, that the in-
tercourse which they had heretofore
maintained with the United States,
should not be interrupted. +
_ Such was the situation of the
West India islands, when the new
ministers came into office. ‘The first
object, that engaged their attention,
was to quiet the apprehensions of the
colonies, and relicve them from any
actual danger with respect to’subsis-
_tence. For this purpose a circular
letter to the colonial governors, was

transmitted from the secretary of |

state’s office, directing them to con-
tinue the established intercourse
with America, and assuring them
that the usual act of indemnity
would be moved in their favour,
This measure, which was afterwards
represented in the house of com-
mons as an arrogant and presump-
tuous exercise of authority, arose
naturally out of the desire of minis-
_ ters to allay that state of disquietude
_and alarm, into which the late pro-
_ ceedings of the government at home
_ had thrown the colonies, as well as
from a laudable anxiety to commu-
nicate, as speedily as possible, to the

83

colonial governors, their intentions
and views of policy in the super-

_intendance of this important part

of the empire. .They who blame
them for precipitancy on this occa-
sion, should recollect, that, when
these instructions were sent, the
colonial governors were in doubt
how to proceed, and the colonial
assemblies full of alarm at the pros-
pect of famine.

lt was then discovered, that the
infraction of the navigation laws, in
this branch of the carrying trade,
had been considered by the late ad-
ministrations in so trivial a light,
that they had omitted for several
years to introduce -into parliament
an indemnity bill for those concern.
ed in it, the last bill of the kind
having been passed in 1801, An
indemnity bill in the usual forms
was therefore enacted.

The nextsubject to be considered,
was, whether the necessity, which
had occasioned the offence, and
which aione could justify the indem-
nity, was of a kind likely to continue
during the war; and as thirteen
years experience had now amply
shewn, that, in time of war, it was
impossible to supply our colonies
with lumber and provisions, with-
out the aid of neutrals, it seemed to
follow, that there was no probabi-
lity of the necessity terminating till
the war was at an end. But, if
neutrals must be permitted to trade
with our colonies in time of war, it
was surely better, that such permis-
sion should be given to them under
theauthority of law, than that thelaw
should be perpetually violated, and

* Representation of the assembly of Jamaica to lieut. governor Nugent, and his

answer thereto, July 18, 1805.

+ Proclamation of lord Lavington, governor of the Leeward yslands, Noy, 29

G 2

- 1804,

,

the

84

the violators of it protected by bills
of indemnity. If the trade could
not be interrupted, without endan-
gering the subsistence of the colo-
nies, it was proper, that it should

be carried on with the consent of °

parliament, and not in contempt of
its authority. If a discretionary
power was necessary to regulate its
operations and limit its extent, it
was fitting, that such discretionary
authority should beconferred by the
legislature, but most improper that
it should be assumed by the servants
of the crown. Such were the views
in which the American intercourse
bill originated. Its object was to
give a legal existence to that trade,
which had been carried on for thir-
teen years in opposition to law,
but which could not be stopped,
without putting to hazard the exis-
tence of the colonies. It occasion-
ed no innovation in the established
course of trade, nor was intended
nor calculated to produce that effect.
It neither aggravated the distresses,
nor added to the difficulties of the
shipping interest of Great Britain.
It gave them on the contrary, a le-
gal tribunal, before which, in the
absence of parliament, they could at
all times carry their complaints, and,
if aggrieved, demand and obtain ro-
dress for their grievances. No
man or body of men could justly
complain of ministers, that fore-
seeing they should be compelled
from necessity to do that, which
others from neeessity had) already
done, they preferred to havea le-
gal authority for doing it, rather
than first to violate the law, and
come afterwards to parliament for
an indemnity. No man or body
ef men had a right to insist, that
ministers should act illegally, when
they were disposed to have the au-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

thority of law to direct their pro- —
ceedings. Noman couldsay he was
injured, when a competent tribunal
was appointed to hear and redress
his wrongs. If the British ship
owners were of opinion, that what-
ever might have been the past ob-
stacles that prevented them, they
were now able to supply our West —
India colonies with provisions, they —
had only to state their case to the ©
privy council ; and if they could.
shew, that they had not only an in-
clination butan ability to resume the
monopoly, which they had formerly
abandoned, they might be sure, that
the privy council of England would —
prefer their interests to those of the .
subjects of any foreign power.
That we have taken a just view, ©
and given a faithful account of the
origin, purport and effect of the
American intercourse bill, any one
may satisfy himself without diffi-
culty, by the perusal of its concise
and simple enactments, After
stating in the preamble of the bill,
that it had been necessary at various
times during the present war to per-
mit neutrals to trade with his ma- —
jesty’s colonies in the West Indies,
and on the continent of South Ame-
rica, and adding, ‘¢ that it was
proper that provisions should be
made for meeting such emergenciesin
future, without the necessity of fre- —
quent violations of the law by his
majesty’s officers appointed and
sworn to administer and execute
the same ;” it empowered his ma-
jesty in council, when such neces-
sity should again arise during the pre-
sent war, to authorize his gover-—
nors, under such restrictions and
limitations as to him in council
should seem fit, to permit this trade
to becarried on; with this proviso,
that neutrals so employed, should
import

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

import no commodities, staves “and
Tumber only excepted, which were
not the growth and produce of the
countries to which they belonged,
and that they should not export
from our colonies sugar, indigo,
cotton, wool, coffee, or cocoa.

As to the history and progress of
this bill, it was first brought into
parliament, in the house of lords, by
lord tiolland, who had in vain call-
ed the attention of the late ministry
to the subject, in the preceding ses-
sion of parliament. After a good
deal of opposition the bill passed
the lords; but in consequence of
some iniormality it was thrown out
in the house of commons, and a
new bill to the same effect was in-
treduced by lord Temple, which,
after much opposition and many
long and violent debates, was at
length passed into alaw. ‘To one
who looks back on the transactions

_ of that period, it appears incredible,

that a bill, which effected and pro.

-fessed 1o effect so little, should have
- oceasioned so much debate, and ex-

eited such violence of opposition,
Those very persons, under whom
the navigation act had been delibe-
rately violated for thirteen years
past, and who had brought in regu-
lar bills of indemnity to excuse the
violation of it, exclaimed against
this bill, which had no other object,
than to authorize the privy council
to do that according to law, which

they had done without law; and

equally regardless of truth in their
statements as of consistency in their
conduct, they had the hardihood to
naintain, that this was the first de.
parture from the provisions of the
navigation act, which any minister
had ever ventured to propose in
parliament. Nor was the spirit of
opposition to this unfortunate bill

85

confined to the legislature. The ship
owners in different parts of the
kingdom were stirred up to present
petitions against it ; and so success.
ful were the artifices used to impose
upon their minds, that long after the
bill had passed into a law, they con-
tinued firmly persuaded, that to this
harmless and inoperative measure,
all the distresses, which they after-
wards suffered, were justly to be
attributed.

Our limits will not permit us to
give a detailed account of the de-
bates upon this subject in the house
of commons. They were distin.
guished, however, by greater length
and violence on the part of opposi-
tion, than any that occurred during
the present session, the debates on
the new military plans only except-
ed. The principal speakers on the
side of opposition were Mr. Rose,
the master of the rolls, lord Castle.
reagh, Mr. Percival, and Mr. Can..
ning ; and on the side of the minis-
try, Mr. Fox, the attorney general,
and lord Henry Petty, The following
were the chief topics insisted upon.

It was argued in favour of the
system formerly pursued, ‘that its
illegality was a security against its
adoption, without a real and urgent
necessity impelling the colonial
governors to have recourse ‘to it.
But to this it was a sufficient an-
swer, that the same measures
had been pursued, without inter-
ruption during war, since 1793 3
and, therefore, either the necessity
in time of war was permanent, or
the argument inconclusive.

It was said, that the colonial
governors were better judges of the
necessities of the colonies than the
privy council. OF a necessity arising,
of a sudden, from some unforeseen
and unexpected calamity, this was

G 3 ‘ true

86

truc, but not of a necessity like
the present, which was permanent
and constant, and must continue,
till measures were taken at hone to
provide againstit. ‘hat the colo-
nies required a supply of provi-
sions and lumber, equal to their
consumption, was a very plain and
obvious proposition, nor was it re-
quisite to hold the office ofa colowial
governor to be fully aware of its
truth ; but to ascertain whether a
sufficient supply of these articles
could be procured from the united
kingdom and British colonies in
North America, or, if an additional
supply from the United States was
wanted, to determine whether the
conveyance of it might be safely en.
trusted to the British ship owners,
were points, it is apprehended, of
which the privy council were more
competent and more impartial
judges than the governors of Jamaica
and Barbadoes ; surrounded as these
governors must necessarily be by
persons interested in the trade with
the United States, and removed as
they are to a distance from all in-
tercourse or communication with
the shipping interest of the mother
country. Had ,the ship owners
truly understood their own interest,
they would have rejoiced at a mea-
sure, which placed the American
intercourse under the control of
persons, more accessible than the
colonial governors to their com-
plainis, and more likely to be in.
fluenced by their remonstrances.

It was next maintained, that the
Eritish ship owners were ready to
undertake’the carrying trade of the
West India ‘islands, and persons
wero found to pledge themseives,

* Sir Francis Baring.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

that not only were they able to ful-
fil that engagement, but to supply
the colonies at an expence of not
more than two per cent.above what
it cost them at present. All they
required {rom parliament was @
select committee to inquire into
facts, and if that was granted,
they pledged themselves to make
good their allegations. But, if the
shipping interest thought this practi-
cable now, why had they not at-
tempted it sooner ? Why had their
sense of interest slunbered so long,
and how came it to be roused by a
measure, which made no change
whatever in their situation 2? What
circumstance had lately happened
to lessen the expence of the carrying
trade to the English, or increase its
charges to the Americans ? Were the
ship owners deserving greater credit
than one of the first and most intel-
ligent merchants of the city*, who
declared in the house of commons,
** that the ship owners of this
country could not supply the co-
lonies, and it would be dangerous
and cruel, as welt as impolitic, to
trust (o them, at the risk of starving
thousands, in case they should fail in
ihe attempt.’ Experience was as
much in favour of the opinion of
sir'Francis Baring, as it was con-
trary to the bold assertions and ex-
travagant promises of Mr, Rose:
nor was it any recommendation of
the ship owners’ plan, that when.
similar specuJators had, on a for.
mer occasion, been listened to, the
lives of 15,000 negroes had been
sacrificed, before the experiment
was abandoned. + After all, if these
assertions were made with any other
view than to gain time, in order ta

+. Meé.norial and ene entation of the assembly «f Jamaica, April 20th, 1805.

postpone

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

postpone the bill to another session,
the ship owners had only to state
their case to the privy council, who
had no authority by the bill to open
the West India ports to neutrals,
but ‘* when the necessity of the case
should appear to his majesty in
council to require it.”

It was next objected to the Ame-
ricans, that, under pretence of this
trade, they smuggled great quan-
tities of East India goods and Ger-
man linens into the West Indies.
But Americans, it was replied,
were not the only traders, whose pro-
_pensities tosmuggling nothing butthe
vigilance of the custom-house could
restrain. British ship masters were en-
titled to as little confidence upon
that head as Americans, and there-
fore if this objection was to belisten-
ed to, all intercourse between the
West {ndies and the United States
must be at once prohibited. But,
sould the West India islands subsist
with no other trade, except that
which they enjoyed with the mo-
ther country and her colonies?
Could they derive a stfiicient sup-
ply of provisions from the United
Kingdom, or of lumber from the
British colonies in North America?

87

Were they to be feduced to such
inadequate sources of supply, in
order to favour the sales of the
East India company, or prevent the
introduction of some German linens ?
It was stated by the assembly of Ja-
maica, that they obtained only ane
twelfth of their North American
supply from British North America ;
and it may be said without exag-
geration, that not one-third of the
provisions which the British West
India islands annually import, are
derived from the mother country and
her colonies. *

It was argued by a learned judge,
that though the bill professed to be
founded on necessity, and though
that necessity could apply only te
the importation of lumber and pro-
visions, yet it gave an unlimited
power to the privy council, to aa-
thorize the importation of any ar-
ticles whatever ; or, as he is made to
express himself in a printed account
of his speech, which bears all the
internal marks of having been re-
vised by so me one intimately con-
nected with him, this bill, *‘ with a
force and conciseness beyond all
example, strikes out of your statute

.books, or reduces to a dead letter,

*It appears from an account of the principal articles of provisions and lumber,
imported into his majesty’s colonies in the West Indies and on the continent of
South America, in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806, ordered to be printed February
15th, 1808, that, of the total importation of the following articles, the proportions
from the United States of America are as follows :
Corn, = 65-100 parts, or nearly three-fourths.
Bread, flour and meal, = 91-100.
Rice, = 98-100, or nearly the whole.
Beef and pork, == 49-100, or nearly one haif,

Dry fish, = 51-100, or more than one half.
" Pickled fish, = 32-100, or nearly one third.,

Butter, = 14-100, or about one seventh.
Cows and oxen, == 80-100, or four fifths.
Sheep and hogs, = 90-100, or nine-tenths.

Oak and pine boards, and timber,

Shingles, = 99-100,
Staves, = 96-100.

97-100,

G4

ail

68 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806:

all the body of the laws of this realm
made for the support of our naviga-
tion, the rule of our colonial system,
and every thing that depends on
both ; and this is said to be the
effect of necessity*.”” But, in bring-
ing forward this triumphant objec:
tion, in making it his main argu-
ment against the bill, and enlarging
upon itin many a declamatory and
animated period, that acute and
learned judge seems to have forgot-
ten, in his zeal against the bill, to
look into its provisions, where he
would have found, that it gave no
authority to the privy council to
permit a single article to be import-
ed into the West Indies:by neutrals,
unless when the necessity of the
case seemed to requife it. But, it
would be difficult, we apprehend,
to make out a case of necessity for
the importation of an article which
was notitself necessary to theislands.
Nor was there much truth or decency
in the insinuation of the same leam-
ed personage ‘against the authors of
the bill, ‘that it contained a mean-
ing, and had an object, which ithey
didnot think fit to disclose to par-
liament ;” for the words of the Dill,
en which he founded this insinua-
tion, werc literally the same withthe
words of an act of parliament+,
trenching more deeply on the navi.
_ gation act than the American inter-
course bill, which had been passed
some years before, when the friends
of that learned judge were in oflice,
and himself in the same judicial si-
tuation, which he continued still so
ably to fill.
The last objection to the Dill,

which we shall notice, was, that ic
was inconsistent with our establish.
ed system of colonial policy, and
contrary to the provisions of the
navigation act. ‘lo the first part of
the objectiou.it was answered, that
necessity compelled us to deviate, in
this instance, from our usual course
of colonial poliey, in order to ob-
tain the means of subsistence for -

‘our colonies ; and to the second it

was replied, that necessity being the
ground on which the intercourse of ©
our colonies with the United States
was tolerated, the principle, though
not the letter of the navigation act,
required, that the trade thus permit-
ted, because necessary, should be
open equally to American and En.
glish vessels. For, if nut open to
Americans, it was in the power of
the United States to interdict) the
trade entircly, without giving us
just cause of offence, and thereby
compel us to admit them toa share
init: on the same principle, that
should we atiempt. to exclude
foreign vessels from the ports of the
United Kingdom, foreign nations
might compel us, by retaliating,
to desist from such a pretension,
With xespect to the allegation, that
‘this was the first relaxation of the
navigation laws enacted by the le.

gislaturet,”’ itis surprising that such

an assertion should have been made,
but most easy to shew that it was
made rashly and inconsiderately.
Without recurring to the period of
the American war, the instances of
acts of parliament inconsistent with
the provisions of the navigation act
were numerous during the last and

present

4
* Speech of the master of the yolls on the American intercourse bill, July 8th,
£806—Cobbet’s parliamentary debates, vol. 7th, p, 987-1003.

+-43 Geo. 8. cap. 153, 916.

} Cobbet’s parliamentary debates, vol. 6. p, 1088.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

present wars* ; and upon one oc-
casion the legislature had thought
proper to declare, ‘‘ that the com-
merce of the kingdom had been
greatly benefited thereby+.” But,
not only had the provisions of the
Navigation act been set aside
by these acts of parliament, but
bills had been passed, repealing by
mame, as far as the objects went
which they embraced, the naviga-
tion act itself, as well as the act of
William I]. which is regarded as
the basis and foundation of our co-
donial system, and vesting in the
privy council the same discretionary
powers, which were given to it by
‘the American intercourse bill} ;
and yet there were persong found,
high in the confidence of govern-
ment when these bills were passed,
of memory so treacherous, or coun-
tenance so unblushing, as to assert
in the debates on the American in-
tercourse bill, that such extensive
powers of regulation over our colo-
pial system and nayigation laws had
never been conferred at any former
period by parliament.

The fortola free port bill was
another subject on which the late
and present boards of trade were at
issue. This was a bill to confer on

89

the port of Road harbour in Tor
tola, the same privileges, which the
late ministry had obtained for the
harbour of Nassau in New Provi-
dence. The object was in both
cases to make the favoured harbour
a place of deposit for foreign sugars,
But Tortola being a sugar island, it
was argued by the late board of
trade, that foreign sugar onee im-
ported into the island would beafter-
wards exported as British sugar.
it was answered, that no more sugar
than the average produce of the
Virgin islands was allowed by the
bill to be exported, as British sugar,
from Tortola.

An important step was taken dur-
ing this session of parliament to
bring to a conclusion the dif.
ferences, which had subsisted for
some years between the woollen
manufacturers of this kingdom and
their employers, by the appoint-
ment of a committee to take into
consideration the various acts re-
Jating to the woollen manufacture,
to whom the petitions of the manu-
facturers were referred, and who
were empowered to report from-
time to time theirobservations onthe
subject.

-* Such as the Dutch property acts, 35 Geo.3. cap. 15 and80—36 Geo. $. cap.
76—S7 Geo. 3. cap 12—the act made during peace, 42 Geo. 3. cap. 30—renew~
ed 44 Geo. 8. cap. 30, and continued till eight months after the ratification of a
definitive treaty of peace.
_ F Preamble to the aet 42 Geo. 3. cap. 80. ;

1 The bills alluded to are the Cape of Good Hope bills, 37 Geo. 3. cap. 21, and
38 Geo. 3. cap.9—and more particularly the act 43 Geo. 8. cap. 153, which
“trenches more deeply on the navigation act, and confers greater discretionary

powers on the privy council, than the American intercourse bill, and yet was enact-
ed when sir William Grant was master of the rolls, Mr. Percival attorney general,
@ad lords Hawkesbury and Castlereagh secretaries of state.

~~

44
Ree

‘\
”»

' CHAP.

x

90

CAP. V.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

Slave Trade.—Sir Arthur Ptgott’s Bill.—Bill for preventing the Increase of
the British Slave T'rade.—Resolutions against the Slave Trade in hoth
Houses of Parliament.— Act to amend the Laws relating to Bunkrupts.— —
Insolvent Bill.—Bill to prevent ex parte Publications in Criminal Pro-
ceedings. —Witness Declaratory Bill.—Reform of the Court of Session of —
Scotland.—Bull to explain and render more effectual the Treating Act.—
Stipendiary Curate’s Bill. — Motion on Vaccination.—Charges against Earl
St. Vincent.—Vote of Thanks to Earl St. Vincent.— Conclusion of the Af-
fair of Judge Foxr.—Charges against Marquis Wellesley by Mr. Paull.—
Motions for Papers.— First Charge against Marquis Wellesley—Second,or |
Oude Charge—Supplementary Oude Charge—Furruckabad Charge —
India Budget, and Debates thereon.—Prorogation of Parliament...

TO part of the conduct of the
N new ministers reflected greater
credit on the sincerity and cousist-
ency of their characters than the
measures which they adopted, soon
after they came into office, in regard
to the African slave trade. After
the eloquent harangues in which
former ministers had indulged against
that iniquitous and inhuman traffic,
while the trade so reprobated in
their speeches continued to thrive
and increase under their protection*,
and was suffered, without obstruc-
tion, to extend to countries, from
which an order from them was snfh-
cient at any time to exclude it, the
friends of the abolition had at length
the consolation of beholding a mi-

nistry, whose conduct corresponded
with their professions, and whose
support to this great measure was as
earnest and effective, as that of fer-
mer administrations had been cold —
and inefficient. Mr. Fox and lord
Grenville were animated with an
equal zeal in the cause of theabolition,
ang to their joint efforts it was ow-—
ing, that greater progress was made
during thissession towards the attain-
ment of that object, than had been
done in the many years since the
question came first under the con-
sideration of parliament. The last
motion made by Mr. Fox in the-
house of commons was to proposea
resolution, couched in the strongest
language, against the African slave

* Tt must be a subject of melancholy reflection to the admirers of Mr. Pitt, te
think that after all his speeches in 1790 and 1792, he permitted the Britash slave
trade to increase from an importation of 25,000 to an importation of 57,000
negroes in two years ending 1798, by the capture of the Dutch, &c. settlements.
If he had issued in 1797 the order of council 1805, above 30,000 negroes per

annum would have been saved.

trade ;

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

trade; and in his specch on that oc-
casion, almost the last he delivered
in that assembly, he declared, that
so fully was he impressed with the
yast importance and necessity of at-
tainiog what would be the object of
his motion that night, that if, during
the almost forty years that he had
had the honour of a seat in parlia-
ment, he had been so fortunate as
to accomplish that, and that only,
heshoald think he had done enough,
and could retire from public life with
comfort, and conscious satisfaction,
that he had done his duty.”

Soon after the formation of the
ministry, the attorney general, with
the entire concurrence of the cabi-
net, and in his official capacity,

‘brought in an important bill, which
passed both houses of parliament
without any very formidable oppo-
sition, aud afterwards received the
royal assent. This bill (46 Geo. II].
cap. 52.) prohibited the exportation
of slaves from the British calonies
after the first of January 1807, and
prohibited all subjects of this coun.
try, residing either at home orin our
foreign settlements, from being in
any way concerned in, or accessary
to the supply of foreign countries
with slaves after.that period. This
prohibition, intended to prevent the
investment of British capital, or the
employment of British vessels or sea-
men in the fureign slave trade, and
thereby to cut off a large portion
of that commerce, was guarded
by various salutary regulations
and well-contrived penalties. The
ship and cargo of any British trader
engaged in the prohibited trade,
either from our colonies or from
Africa, or from other places to fo-
reign settlements, were declared to
be forfeited, and a further penalty
ef 501. ordered to be levied tor cach

St

slave. Asimilar forfeiture was en-
acted with regard to any vessel em-
ployed in supplying foreign vessels
with slaves on the coast of Africa ;
and a penalty of 100l. was ordered
to be levied from any British sub-
ject engaged in furnishing, or indi-
rectly forwarding such asupply. A
clause was also inserted for the pur-
pose of preventing British credit or
capital from being embarked in the
foreign slave trade. Every method
by which British subjects, or per-
sons resident ia the British domi-
nions, might be conceived to aid the
slave trade of foreign nations was
anxiously enumerated. Investment
of stock—ivan of money—loan of
vessels—becoming collector of secu-
rity to such bonds, &c. were all de-
clared unlawful, and liable to a for-
feiture of double the sums advanced ;
and all bonds or othen securities
given for such unlawful loans were
declared to be null and void, except
in the hands of bon@ fide purchasers.
Moreover, all insurances on suck
prohibited insurances were declared
void and subjected to a penalty of
5001. it was likewise declared to
be unlawful to assist in the outfitting
of any foreign vessels sailing for

‘Africa, and severe penalties were

attached to that offence. All British
vessels clearing out for the slave
trade, were required to give bond
not to engage directly or indirectly
in the foreign slave trade. ‘The same
declaration was declared to be ne-
cessary in the case of slaves exported
from one British settlement to an-
other; and all vessels arriving in our
colonies were ordered to make de-
claration at the nearest custom.
house, accompanied with evidence
from log-books, surgeon’s testi-
mony and journal, and testimony
of other officers, that no slayes had

been

92

been landed contrary to the intent
of the act. Such were the multi-
plied regulations by which this wise
and humane law prevented any Bri-
tish subject from being accessary to
the foreign slave trade. But it went
a step farther, and lent its assistance
to the order in council, which was
issued in Mr. Pitt’s last administra-
tion, for preventing the importation
of slaves into the colonics conquered
by our armies, during the present
war. That order would, of course,
onlybegin to operate on the vessels
when they came to the conquered
settlement. The power of the crown
extended no further. But this act
extended its whole provisions in. the
case of the foreign slave trade, to
the supply of the conquered colo-
nies in every stage of its progress ;
so that the intention of the order of
council was carried into complete
effect, and a stop put, with a few
trivial exceptions, to the whole im-
portation of negroes into the exten-
sive settlements of Dutch Guiana, St.
Lucia, and Tobago.
The zeal of ministers did not step
here; for soon after they brought
another bill into parliament, which
passed without opposition, for the
purpose of preventing the increase
of the British slave trade in al! its
branches. The object of this bill
(46 Geo. LI. cap. 119.) was to
prohibit any vessel, under severe
penalties, from being engaged in
the African slave trade, which had
not been actually employed in that
traffic before the Ist of August 1806,
er contracted for to be employed in
it before the 10th of June in that
year, and unless the same could be
proved before commissioners to be
appointed by the treasury for that
purpose, This act was limited in its
duration to the term of two years
ee 3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806

after the conclusion of the session of
parliament then sitting ; but, fortu-
nately, long before the expiration
of that period, every provision for
the limitation or regulation of this
iniquitous traffic was rendered un-
necessary by the total, and we trust
final abolition of the British slave
trade on the coast of Africa.

The next measure which ministers
brought forward upon this subject,
was the resolution formerly alluded
to, moved by Mr. Fox in the house
of commons, with which that great
statesman closed his parliamentary
career, The words of the resolu.
tion were, ‘‘ That this house con.
ceiving the African slave trade to be
contrary to the principles > justice,
humanity, and sound policy, will,
with all practicable expedition, pro-
ceed (o take effectual measures for
abolishing the said trade, in such
manner, and at such period, as may
be deemed advisable.” The reso
lution was opposed by Mr. Rose,
lord Castlereagh, the two members
for Liverpool, and some other pers
sons, but on a division taking place
it was carried by a majority of 114
to 15. The resolution was then sent
up to the lords, and a conference
demanded, ‘‘ upon a matter in whieh
the reputation of the country, for
justice, humanity, and sound policy,
was deeply interested.” Accord
ingly, after this conference, the lords
joined in the same resolution, on the
motion of lord Grenville, by a mas

“jority of 41 to 20.

The last step taken in this great
work, was an address from both
houses of parliament to the king,
*¢ beseeching him to take such mea-
sures as may appear most effectual
for obtaining, by negociation, the
concurrence and concert of foreign
powers in the abolition of the slave

trade,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

trade, and the execution of the re.
guwations adopted for that purpose.”
By the operation of these mea-
sures,not only was astop put to the
future increase of the British slave
trade, and a pledge given by both
houses of parliament for the total
abolition of that iniquitous traffic
with all practicable dispatch; but
aslave trade was abolished which
used to carry over yearly above for-
ty thousand Africans, from their
peaceful homes, through the multi-
plied horrors of the middle passage,
to perpetual bondage and wretched-
‘ness in the West India plantations ;
‘and an end put to the murders, tor-
ture, and plunder, which were daily
and hourly desolating the continent
of Africa, for the ®ipply of so enor-
mous a demand for human beings.
The remaining proceedings of par-
Hiament during this session (with the
exception of lord Melville’s trial),
‘either related to subjects of less ge.
Neral interest than these we have
‘been considering, or they were left
‘dm an incomplete state at the con-
clusion of the session, or they failed
“in attaining their objects. We
‘shall, therefore, bestow on them
“a very cursory notice.
. A bill was brought in by the so-
licitor-general (sir ‘Samuel Romilly)
‘for removing certain defects of the
bankrupt laws, and passed without
“opposition. The chief objects of this
bill (46 Geo. ITT. cap. 135.) were to
‘procure redress for bond fide credi-
tors, who by the present laws were
‘excluded from any share in the
Dankrupt’s estate, and to prevent
‘commissions of bankruptcy from be-
ing superseded, in certain cases, for
fraudulent purposes. This bill was
understood to be the commence.
‘ment of a series of beneficial. re-

e

93

forms, projected by the same learned
gentleman in that department of the
law.

An insolvent bill was introduced
in the house of lords by lord Hol.
land, and after violent opposition
from lord Ellenborough and lord
Eldon, was carried by a majority.
It was objected to this bill, in par-
ticular, that it was founded on the
false and inadmissible principle, that,
because the prisons were at present
crowded with debtors, they ought
to be cleared by an act of insolven.
cy 3 and such acts, in general, were
reprobated as unjust and pernicious,
depriving one set of men of their
property, and encouraging another
set to incur debts, which they had
no means to pay, and might with
prudence have avoided. It was an-
swered, that, while the existing laws
with regard to imprisonment for debt
remained unaltered, whatever might
be the objections to acts of insol-
vency, it was matter, not of choice,
but of necessity, from time to time,
to pass them. ‘The necessity ofsome
legislative provision to amend the
existing laws respecting debtor and
creditor was admitted on all sides,
and by no person more explicitly,
than by one of the noble lords
(ord Eldon), who distinguished
himself by hostility to the present
bill.

Leave was given to Mr. Serjeant
Best to bring ina bill for preventing
all interlocutory or ex parte pro-
ceedings in criminal matters, from
being published in newspapers. The
ground of this application was the
unfair bias which such publications
not urfrequently made onthe minds
of jurymen, before the evidence of
the case came before them in their
judicial capacity, But the remedy

proposed

oF

proposed by the learned serjeant
being very generally disapproved of
by those who were most competent
to judge of. its effects, as tending to
Iessen that wholesome publicity in
the proceedings of our criminal
courts, which is the best check,
both on judges and jurymen, the
notice was, some days afterwards,
withdrawn,

The bill (46 Geo. III. cap. 37.)
declaratory of the law with respect
to a witness refusing to answer, on
the ground that he might thereby
subject himself to a suit for debt,
arose out of the preceedings in the
impeachment against lord Melville.
A bill, which had passed the honse
of commons for indemnifying all
persons required to give evidence
in the impeachment of lord Melville
who had served under him in
the navy pay office, having been
strongly objected toin the house
of lords, was, afler some de-
bate, agreed ‘to be postponed, till
certain questions should be sub-
mitted to the judges, in order to ar-
rive at a clear tinderstanding of what
was the law upon the subject. But,
the judges disagreeing upon the
points referred to them, though a
majority of eight to four were de-
cidedly of opinion that a witness was,
generally speaking, compéllable to
answer 2 question, though his an-
swer might subject him to a civil ac-
tion, it was thought proper to pass
an act declaring such to be the law;
and this, after some opposition, was
accordingly enacted. ‘I'he judges,

conformably to whose opinion the’

bill was passed, were the lord chief
justice of the king’s bench, chief
baron Macdonald, judges Heath,
Laurence, le Blanc, and Chambre,
and baronsGraham and Sutton, with

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

whom may be classed Jord chancel+
lor Erskine and lord Eldon, The
judges of a contrary opinion were,
chief justice Mansfield, baronThomp-
son, and justices Rooke and Grose.
A subject of no small delicacy,
and of great importance to one part
of the united kingdom, was brought
before parliament by lord Grenville,
towards the close of the present ses«
sion ; we allude to the proposed ree
form of the court of session, or sue |
preme civil court of Scotland. It
seldom happens that institutions co-_
eval with the state, which have grown
tu maturity along with it, can be
afterwards fundamentally changed
or reformed, without producing ef-
fects different from those foreseen
or intended by tac innovators; and,
therefore, no wise or prudent legis-
lator will embark in such schemes
of reform without the most urgent
necessity, or carry them farther than
necessity requires. But, if ever a
case existed, where innovation was
justifiable,it was on the present occa
sion. The courts of justice in Scot-
land had arrived at that state, when
it was necessary to attempt a tho-
rough reform and revision of their
constitution, both on account of the
magnitude of the evil that called for
redress, and the opinion entertained
of it by the people ef that king-—
dom. ‘The question for the discus-
sion of government was not whether —
reform was necessary, bat what sort
of reform was most expedient. The -
number of appeals from the court —
of session to the house of lords oc-—
casioned a retardation of business,
and caused the greatest loss and in-—
convenience to suitors, while it too
clearly indicated, that the court
from which so many appeals. pro-
ceeded, no longer possessed the con-
fidence ©

fidence of the public. But, the ac-
cumulation of business, and hardship
_ that followed from the delay of jus-
| tice, were not contned to the house
of lords. Jt was found, that whe.
ther from the defective constitution
or faulty administration of the court
of session, a similaraccamuiation of
business had taken place befvre that
court itself, so that from every part
of Scotland, complaints were heard
of the extraordinary delay altending
its decisions. Delay was not, how-
ever, the only defect complained of
in the supreme judicature of Scot-
land. ‘The variableness of its rules
of decision ; the uncertainty of what
were the principles, on which, in
many cases,its judgments were fouund-
ed ; its inattention to precedents
and disregard of forms, together
with the unnecessary and enormous
expence of extracting * its decreets
without which no etfect could be
given to its judgment, were grounds
of complaint no less just and well
founded, nor less imperiously calling
for some remedy.
_ Soon after lord Grenville came
into office, he applied his mind se-
riously to consider of a proper re-
medy for these evils, and after much
deliberation with the persons best
qualified to assist him with their ad-
vice, he submitted to the house of
lords the outlines of a plan, which
he had devised for the reform of the
court of session. This plan he laid
before the house in the form of reso-
lutions, which were printed, and
erdered to lie over till next session
of parliament, that they might in the
mean time be maturely considered
by those who were best enabled, by

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

95

their professional and local know.
ledge, to form an opinion of their
merits, and judge of the degree ia
which they were calculated to re.
medy the defects of the existing sys-
tem. <As this plan, however, did
not come into discussion till the en-
suing session of parliament, we shall
avoid entering into the details of it
at present, and merely state some of
its most general outlines. 1t propos.
ed then to divide the present court
of session into three chambers, with
concurrent jurisdiction, and an op.
tion given tosuitors of carrying their
causes before whichever chamber
they liked best. It proposed also
to introduce trial by jury in civil
causes, on the model of that of En«
gland ; and to.establish an interme.
diate court of review, to which ap-
peals from the chambers should be
carried in the first instance, before
they could be brought to the house
of lords... The monstrous abuse of
extracting the decreets of the court,
in the manner now practised, was
also proposed to be abolished, and
provision made, to enable old and
infirm judges to retire from office, .
when no longer capable of discharg-
ing its duties. We shall only add,
that though considegable differences
of opinion arose in Scotland, with
respect to the subordinate parts of
the plan, its general outline, (with
the exception of that part relating
to the court of review,) was very ge-
nerally, we had almost said univer-
sally, approved of in that kingdom.
_ A bill brought into the house of
commons by Mr. Tierney to explain
and render more effectual the treat.
ing act, alter undergoing several al-

* An extract of a decreet (or decree) is an offce copy of the whole proceedings
had in the cause, writs, pleadings, motions,arguments, interlacutory orders and final

judgwent,

Without paying fur this no party can avail himself of judgment.
' =

terations

96

terations in the committee, was fi-
nally rejected by the house. This
bill was introduced upon the ground
that the expositions of the treating
act by the courts of law and com.
mittees of the house of commons
were at variance, and that a decla-
ratory act was therefore necessary,
to remove the uncertainty to which
such different constructions of the
law had given rise. It was proposed
by this bill to include in treating
the conveyance of clectors to and
from the place of election at the ex-
pence of the candidates ; the inten-
tion of which was, to enable men’

of moderate fortunes to embark in|

contests for parliament, without the
ruinous expences usually attending
contested elections ; and as resident
voters are commonly decided by mo-
tives of local influence in giving their
suffrages, while non-resident electors
are ready to engage their votes to
any one who will convey them to
the place of election, this measure
was «so expected to increase the
weight of the natural aristocracy of
the country, and to diminish the in-
fluence of mere monied men in bo-
rough elections. Some of the argu-
ments for the bill were not destitute
of plausibility, but the objection fa-
tal to it was, that it disfranchised
nine-tenths of the freeholders in the
large counties, and all the non-resi-
dent electors of cities and boroughs,
by taking from them the means of
conveyance to the place of election,
which candidates at present afford’
them, and without which they can-
not possibly exercise the elective
franchise. According to a just re.
mark of Mr. Fox, in his speech up-
on the bill, ** it was a bill in favour
ef candidates against the electors.”
Another bill, which shared the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

same fate with the preceding,
the stipendiary curate’s bill, tha
which one more unjust in its prins
ciple, or more absurd in its provi~
sions, was never obtruded upon pars
liament. This bill proceeded on the
false and dangerous principle, that
the legislature has a right to take
the stipends of church incumbents
and expend them according to its
notions of expediency. That church
incumbents, as servants of the state,
are compellable to perform any du-_
ties connected with their sacred func.
tions, which the legislature may
chuse to impose upon them, is a
position that will not be controvert-
ed; nor will it be denied, that the
legislature is lawfully competent,
prospectively, and with due regard
to the interests of patrons, to take
the patrimony of the church, and
apply it to other uses than those tor
which it is applicable at present.
But, to proceed with respect to in-
cumbents actually possessed of liv-
ings, as. if the legislature hada right,
not merely to regulate their duties’
and services, but to interfere with
their property, and assign.a portion.
of it to other persons, on the prem
tence of public expediency, is to
shake the foundations of all pros
perty, and to tread in the exact foot-
steps of the French revolutionists,
who took from the church its pa-
trinony, and without regard to the’
rights of the incumbents, applied it
to other purposes, which were. ale
ledged te be more: conducive to the!
general welfare. Yet such were the
principles on which the stipendiar
curate’s bill proceeded; Its object
was, to fix by law the:sum to be
paid by clergymen to their curates,
and most absurdly it regulated the
stipend of the curate, net by the:
‘duty’

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

duty-he hadi to perform, but by the
yalue of the living in which he
served ‘The bill was objectionable
in another point of view, On account
of the additional power which it
conferred. on bishops over the in-
ferior clergy. - It was, therefore,
most deservedly thrown out by the
house of commons.

A motion of lord Henry Petty,
towards the close of the session, on
vaccine inoculation, was received
with approbation by all sides of the

house. The motion was in the fol-
lowing words; ‘* that an humble
address be presented to his majesty,
to request that his majesty will be
graciously pleased to direct his royal
college of physicians to inquire into
the state of vaccine inoculation ia
the united kingdom. and to report
their opinion and observations on
that practice. the evidence which
has been adduced in its support, and
the causes which have hitherto re-
- tarded its general adoption; and
that his majesty will be graciously
pleased to direct, that the said re-
port, when made. may be laid be-
fore this house.’ The odject of
this motion was, in the first place,
to quiet the public apprehensions on
the subject of vaccination, and to
remove the uneasiness and alarm
which rash, ignorant, and designing
men had excited in the minds of
Many persons, by false or exagge-
rated statements of the failure of
yaceination, and of the bad conse.
quences following that practice ; 3
and, in the second place, it was in-
tended, if the report of the college
of physicians should be favourable
"to vaccination, to vote am additional
reward to Dr. Jenner for his valua-
ble discovery and disinterestéd con-
duct, in-freely imparting it to the

ey Vor. XLVIII.

97

Towards the close of the formet
session of parliament, charges of a
most serious nature, urged in terms
of singular acrimony and virulence,
had been brought against earl St.
Vincent by Mr. Jeffery (member fot
Poole), at the instigation, as it was
commosily believed, of the navy
board; and voluminous papers, some
of them moved for by Mr. Jeffery, ©
and others by admiral Markham in
defence of earl St. Vincent, had
been ordered to be laid before the
house. These papers were presented
by Mr. Dickenson, on the second
day of the present session, and or-
dered to be printed ; but, a few days
afterwards, a motion was made by
Mr. Jetiery to discharge the order
for printing them. The pretence for
this motion was, that printing so
large a collection of papers would
occasion much unnecessary delay,
and Mr. Jeffery scrupled not to say.
that to gain time was the sole ob-
ject of the friends of the noble lord,
in all their motions, according to the
system of procrastination, which, he
asserted, they had studiously pure
sued from the beginning. It was
unnecessary, he contended, to print
the whole of the papers laid be»
fore the house, because many of
them were irrelevant to the charges ;
and useless to incur $0 great an exe
pence, for no one would take the
trouble toread them. He proposed,
therefore, if his present mofticn
should be adopted, to follow it up
by another for referring the papers
before the house to a select com.
mittee, who should examine them,
deterinine what ought to be printed,
and reject the rest. But whaterer
might be the détermination of the
house upon this pot, he pledged
himself to persist in his accusation
of the noble lord, to which he pro.

H tested

ANNUAL R

tested he had been led by no motive
of. private animosity, but by a sense
of pubiic duty alone.

Mr. Jetiery was answered by ad-
miral Markham, Mr. Tierney, and
several other persons. [lis charge
of procrastination against the triends
of lord St. Vincent, was pronounced
to be an unfounded and scandalous
calumny. Many severe and pointed
remarks were made on his conduct
throughout this affair; and he was
asked, how he came to be acquainted
with the contents of the papers be-
fore the house, which he could not
possibly have read since they were
presented, The indecevcy of thus
attempting to mutilate and garble
papers, which the friends of the
noble earl thought necessary for his
justification, and the absurdity of an
accuser presuming to judge and de-
cide for the person accused what pa-
pers were necessary for his defence,
were su stiongly put by the friends
of the voble earl, andso generally
felt by the house, that Mr. Jeffery,
receiving no encouragement to per-
sistin his motion, was glad, with per-
mission of the house, to withdraw it.

All the papers moved for on both
sides being at length printed, and
Jaid before the house, Mr. Jeffery
brought forward his charges on the
14th of May, by reading first a long
written speech against lord St. Vin-
cent, and then, twenty-four resolu-
tions, being a summary and reca-
pitulation of his speech, which he
moved to refer to a committce of the
whole house.
resolutions contained the statements
and allegations, from which the
charges in the (wo last were de-
duced; and these were, that ¢* dur-
iag the time lord St. Vincent pre-
sided at the admiralty, the royal

98

”

EGISTER,

Twenty-two of the

1806. a

navy was not maintained in a com-
plete and efficient state ;” and that,
‘¢ he was guilty of great negligenec,
misconduct, and dereliction of duty,

tie

in the office of first lord of the ad- — j

miralty.”’

Our limits will not permit us to
enter into the details either of the
accusation or of the defence; nor
have our readers any reason to re-
gret thatthe particulars are not laid
before them of a charge, so fri-
volous and vexatious as this was. It
is. sufficient to state, that lord St.
Vincent was most ably and satise
fictorily vindicated by admirat
Markham and lord Howick. ‘The
statements and comparisons of Mr,
Jeffery were shewn either to be im-
correct and unfair, os to relate to
departments of the navy service un-
der the immediate control of the
navy board. The only error that
could be imputed to lord St. Vin-
cent was, that he misunderstood the
nature of his control over the mem-
bers of that board, and did not re-
move them, when he found them
unfit for their situation. It was pes-
sible that lord St. Vincent might be
mistaken in his opinion, that the
king's dock-yards were capable,
under proper regulations, of serving
for all the purposes of the navy,
without any racourse to the mer-
chants’ yards, either for building or
repairing ships; but that opinion,
though it might be erroneous, was
not criminal, nor was it yet proved
that it was erroneous. ‘The enor-
mous frauds practised on govern-
ment in the merchant's yards, the
collusive dealings between the dock-

yard clerks and the timber mcr- ~

chants, and thé frauds and abuses of
every kind in the king’s dock-yards,
the detection and suppsession of

rag

-<& t=

c HISTORY OF EUROPE.’

‘which had drawn down a load. of.

such unfounded calumny on lord Sr.
Vincent, were ably, and fulty ex-
posed by his friends “* No one
covld doubt,”? said Vir. Fox, ‘* that
it was the merits of lord St Vincent,
and his zeal and success in the de-
tection of abuses, which was the
real cause that had stirred up against
him so many enemies. The present
atiack never would have becn made
but for the inquiries into abuses, in-
Stituted by the noble earl. His me-
nitorious exertions to put an end to
the most scandalous jobs that ever
disgraced a state, had provoked this
hostility.” Such was the impression
made onthe house by the arguments
urged’ in defence of the neble lord
by his, friends, that net a single
member took part with Mr. Jetlery
in his accusation. The question of
referring the charges to a committee
of the house was negatived. Mr.
Fox then moved, ‘+ that it appears
to this house, that the conduct of
the carl of St. Vincent, in his late
nayal administration, has added an
additional lustre to his exalted cha.
racter, and is entitled to the ajpro.
bation of this house.*» Objections
were made to this motion fur a vote
of thanks, on the ground that due
notice had pot been given of ihe in
tention to move it. ‘The previous
question was moved and negatived,
after which the vole of thanks was
cacried without a division.

he cause of judge Fox, which
had been protracted for more than
two years before the house of lords,
Was brought to an abrupt termina-
tion towards the close of the present
Session. ‘he proceedings in this
case had originated in petitions from
Ireland, complaining of the conduct
of that judge at the assizes of Lif.
ford, in 1803, After long debates,

O89

the house resolved to take the com.
plaint into consideration, and to go
infoa committee ol the whole house,
in order to receive evideuce upon the
subject. Witnesses had accordingly
been examined during the last ses-
sion, and they were in attendance
during the greater part of the pre
seut. ‘The business, however, was
postponed from time to time, and
at length (on the 19th of June) lord
Grenville moved to adjourn it toa
day, when the house, in all proba-
bility, would not meet. ‘The de-
clared object of this motion was, to
put an end to the proceedings in
their present form, leaving to those
who were aggrieved, to seek redress
in some more unexceptionable mode.
The objection of the noble lord to
the course already taken in this af
fair, was founded on this undeniable
principle of the law of parliament,
that no criminal complain: can “be
preferred and proceeded upon im
the house of lords; the criminal ju-
risdiction of that house, when not
compelled to act for the maintenance
of its own privileges and authority,
being contined to cases of impeach=
ment by the commons, and to ap-
peals from the courts below. . This
doctrine the noble lord confirmed
by the case of judge Holt which he
considered to be decisive of the ques.
tion before the house ; and he illus-
trated, at great length, the dan-
gerous consequences to which a cons
trary practice, such as that attempted
in the present instance, might ilead,
Lord Grenville’s motion was op-
posed by lord Eldon, lord Hawkes-
bury and the marquis of Abercorn,
and supported by-thes lord chancel.
lor and lord Auckland. Ona divi-
sion the numbers were, conteuts 253
nen-contents LG; majority for the
motion 9,

Aig Towards

100

Towards the close of the preced-
ing session of parliament, Mr. Paull,
a gentleman lately returned from
India, had come forward in the
house of commons as the accuser of
marquis Wellesley, and had obtained
orders for the production of various

pers to substantiate his charges.
Barly in the present session he re-
sumed the subject ; and, though the
change of ministry, which soon after
followed, was fatal to his hopes of
active or strenuous support from
any of the great parties in parlia-
ment, he continued to urge his ace
cusation with unabated constancy
and perseverance. The firmness and

intrepidity which he displayed in-

this business, upon scveral. trying
occasions, would have entitled him
to the highest praise, had these qua-
lities been accompanied with judg-
ment, temper, or discretion. But,
fortunately for marquis Wellesley,
Mr. Paull was eminently deficient in
these qualifications ; nor was he pos-
sessed of the parliamentary know-
ledge, personal consideration and
ability, or political weight, necessa-
ty to give to his accusations their due
effect against au adversary, so for-
midable by his credit and connexions
as the object of his attack. The
vashness and impatience of his tem-
per gave advantages to his oppo-
nents in the house of commons, of
which they disdained not to avail
themselves, while his unacquaintance
with the forms and rules of pro-
cedure in parliament, and his ramb-
ling digressive oratory involved him
at once in difficulties, and exposed
him to ridicule.

It must at the same time be eon-
fessed, that Mr. Paull had to contend
with no small difficulties in procur-
ing a-patient and impartial hearing
of his case. Discussions on India

—

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

had for many years met with a most
inattentive and reluctant auditory in
the house of commons, and no one
who recollected, or had taken part
in the trial of Mr. Hastings, was
disposed to embark in the intrica-
cies and difficulties of another Indian
impeachment. The partizans of lord
Welleslcy, and admirers of -his ad-
ministration of India, were numerous
and powerful in the house of come
mons, and eager and even violent
in his defence. The whole body of
the ex-ministers and their adherents,
and two of the three parties united
in the new administration were
openly and avowedly his friends,
and took every opportunity of de-
claring their opinion, that his con-
duct was not only undeserving of
censure, but meriting the warmest
thanks of his country. The East
India directors were, indeed, de-
cidedly hostile to his system of go-
vernment, to which they imputed
all the pecuniary difficulties of the
company’s situation; but, they were
averse to his impeachment; either,
because they thought his conduct did
not afford grounds for such a pro-
cedure against him; or, because they
despaired of success in it, and de-
precated an attempt, which, if it
failed, might raise him again to
power.

Mr. Fox had withdrawn himself,
in a great measure, from the discus.
sion of Indian affairs, since the trial
of Mr. Hastings; and, though his
situation in the house of commons
compelled him to attend, during the
present session, to all questions of
importance agitated in that assem-
bly, it was obvious that, on the
subject of lord Wellesley’s impeach-
ment, he gave up his time and at.
tention to this part of his duty with
reluctance, and saw it, with regret,

encroach

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ehcroach more and more every day
on his other avocations, and inter-
fere with the discharge of his other
duties. He had always expressed,
and he continued to express, the
most marked and unqualified re-
probation of lord Wellesley’s sys-
tem of war and conquest in India;
and he professed, on the part of
the government to which he. be-
longed, a determination to pursue,
in regard to that country, a totally
different system. But, in changing
the late system of Indian politics, he
was, averse to any retrospective in-
quiry with a view to punishment.
It was unnecessary to prosecute such
an inquiry, after the system com-
plained of had been abandoned, and
the persons who had carried it on,
removed from office ; and, in general,
he observed, it was inexpedient to
impeach men for errors of system,
unless when, in support.of it, they
had been guilty of acts of great de-
linguency. Whether the delinquen-
cies of lord Wellesley were such
as to merit impeachment, was 2
question on which Mr. Fox declared,
that he had not yet made up his
mind, but, whenever the subject
came before him, he should act as
the case seemed to require. He
added, that he would take no part
inthe previous stages of the inquiry.
He had resolved, after the unsatis.
factory result of Mr. Hastings’ trial,
to have no further concern in In-
dian impeachments ; and in his pre-
Sent official situation, he thought it
would be unbecoming in him to take
an active part against a person under
‘accusation. Ministers ought, in ge-
neral, to abstain from interfering in
inquiries of this nature, and leave the
task to other members of the house;
that no weight might be lent to ac-
ensations, except what they derive

101

from the individual who prefers them,
and from the force of truth. The
influence of this last consideration
on Mr. Fox’s mind appeared from
his conduct in lord Melville’s trial
for, though he had been aetive in
bringing that noble personage to the
bar of the house of lords, and though
as one of the mahagers of the’ im-
peachment named by the commons,
he atiended, in that eapacity, "im
Westminster Hall, on the first day
of the trial, he took no part what
ever in the subsequent proceedings,
though several legal and constitu-
tional questions were agitated during
the trial, in which his opinion woald
have had great authority against the
defendant. foiled

Mr. Francis, whose name, through
a long course of years, has been as-
sociated with whatever is right or
meritorious in Indian politics, though
he expressed a most decided opinion

of lord Wellesley’s delinquency, yet

declined, from personal reasons, to
have any concern in his impeach-
ment, and declared, that it was his
intention, in future, to withdraw
himself generally from the discus-
sion of political questions purely
and properly Indian, and not in-
volving any immediate British in-
terest. But, notwithstanding this
declaration, he was found at his post
during the remaining part of the ses-
sion, ou all questions relating to
India, and ever ready to support
Mr. Paull in the prosecution of his
inguiry.

Mr. George Johnstone, a friend
of Mr. Paull, who, before the re-
turn of lord Wellesley to England,
had expressed himself most violently
against that nobleman’s conduct in
India, took occasion, early in the
present session, to inform the house,
that he had dissuaded Mr. Paull

H3 from

:

102

from this prosecution ;. and though
he still proféssed>:to disapprove of
Jord -Wellesley’s administration, he
was carcful to add, that he was far
from recommending an inquiry into
his-conduct, with the view of found.
ing wpon it any criminal charge
against him.) Mr, Paull was, there-
forey Icit:during a great part of the
presentsession, without any zealous
or steady supporter in parliament
except lord: Folkstone.. insomuch
that, having imprudently brought
forward, in the absence of that no-
bleman, his first charge against lord
Wellesley, not only without ‘ang
documents tosupportit, but without
‘securing any person’ to second ‘his
motion for taking it into farther con-

sideration ; the house had actually:

to wait in suspense for several) mie
nutes, till sir’ William Geary-rose
and seconded the motion. déclaring
at. the same time, that he ‘had no
decided opinion upon the subject,
and: that he enly seconded the mo:
tion, because he thought a question
‘of that importance should not be alt
lowed to fall to the ground. But,
this defenceless unprotected state,
in’ which’ Mr. Paull stood for-
eward, alone and insulated, without
assistance or encouragement, as the
accuser of a nobleman, whose vie-
torious administration had reflected
so much splendor on the British em-
pire in India, was ultimately most
favourable. to his cause.. For, it
encouraged the friends and ad-
herents of lord Wellesley to attempt
to browbeat and reduce to silence
his accuser, in amanner so indecent
and outrageous, as to rouse against
them a spirit of resistance in the
house, which gave to Mr. Paull
and his accusation adegree of weight
and consideration, which they seem-
ed not, at one time, to have any
chance of ever attaining. The per-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

sons, who were thus induced latterly _
to support Mr, Paull. with! the —
greatest warmth and steadiness, were —
Mr. Windham, Dr. Laurence,’ Jord |
A. Hamilton, the marquis of Doug-
Jas, Mr, Martini (of Tewkesbury)
and the solicitor generat, and many
other members lent him pacts las
their-assistance,

As little real progress, however,
was made in the prosecution against
lord Wellesley, during the: present
stssion, though much time was‘em=
ployed in discussions relating to. it,
we Shall give a very short: account
of the proceedings,

Various motions were made by
Mr. Paul! and others on the’ one
hand, and by the friends of marguis
Wellestey ow the other, for papers
in crimination or exenlpation ofithat
nobleman, and all of them weré
granted, without opposition, by the
house; except a paper moved for
by lord «A. Llamilton (April Qtst,
1806), entituled ‘a dispatch: ap-
proved by the court of directors,
dated 3rd of April’ 18055 to’ the
governor general in council,” which
atter a long debate was refused by
the house on a division. ‘Vhis paper
had been already produced at: the
India house, and printed and ciret.
lated. It was not, therefore, want-
ed for the sake of information; nor
was it cailed for on account of any
proceeding then before the house.
The noble lord, who moved for it,
disclaimed airy intention of using it
as a ground of charge or point of
evidence against lord Wellesley;
vor could it in justice be used asa
ground of crimination against that
nobleman; for it merely contained
the opinion ofthe court of direc.
tors, with respect to his adminis-
tration, and had not even been
transmitted to him in India, having
been stopped by the board of con-

troul

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

“troul, who had refused to send it,
and had compelled the directors to
sign a paper directly the reverse of

itin all respects. But thongh it
was admitted to be improper for

‘the accusers of lord Wellesley to

‘stand behind the directors of the
East India company, and use the

authority of that body as the ground
of their charges against him, it was

-ebviously impossible, if the dispatch
were laid before the house, that it
should not operate to his prejudice ;
and, therefore, the production of it
was objected to by Mr. Fox and the

master of the rolls, who on this occa-

‘Sion agreed in opinion, as a flagrant
_act of injustice. ltappeared, indeed,
from next day’s debate, that, had
this paper been granted, it would
have been used, without seruple,
againstlord Wellesley, as a founda-

tion for the firstarticle of charge,
tashly and inconsiderately brought
forward on that day by Mr. Paull,
without a tittle of evidence or a
single document to support it.

This ill-judged precipitate mea-
‘sure, after ten months employed in
moving for papers on Oude, bhurt-
pore, Surat, Furruckabad and other
subjects connected with his intended
impeachment, is a melancholy sam-
ple of Mr. Paull’s management of his
cause throughout. It was on this
‘occasion, that he was saved from the
mortification of seeing his motion
fall to the ground for want of a se-
conder, by the interference of sir
William Geary. A debate follow-
‘ed on the course to be taken by the
house, in the extraordinary situa-
tion, in which it was placed, of be-
ing called uponte entertain a criminal
‘charge, without a particle of evi-

1103

dence in support of it. Mr. Paull
at length withdrew his motion for
taking the charge into considera.
tion: and, next day, (April 23rd),
the order for printing it, which had
becn inadvertently passed, was dis-
charged on the motion of Mr, Sheri-
dan. Various attempts were after-
wards made by Mr, Paull, to have
this charge printed by order of the
house ; but, though the principal
objection to it was removed by
the production of evidence, the
friends of lord Wellesley contrived
to defeat all his motions for that
purpose, Thisarticle related chiefly
to acts of extravagance and profu-
sion in the expenditure of public
money, charged to have been com-
mitted by lord Wellesley during his
administration of India.

The Onde charge, which was
next brought forward, was laid on
the table of the house of commons
on the 28th of May, read and order-
ed to be printed. This tharge re.
cited numberless acts of tyranny,
oppression, fraud, hypocrisy and
illegal violence practised against
the Nabob Vizier of Oude by or-
der of lord Wellesley, in consequence
of which that prince was compelled
to cede, by treaty, * one half of his
dominions to the East India come
pany, and to submit his administra.
tion of the other half to the con.
troul of their servants. It js: re-
markable, that immediately after
this charge had been read, there
was found a member in the house,
who’ gravely rose and urged, that
there was no law in India but the
sword, and that Indian princes were
not entitled to the benefit of thdse
rules of justice, which are binding

* Dated at Lucknow, November 10th, 1804.

14 among

~

104

among European sovereigns. It is
but justice to sir Arthur Wellesley
toadd, that he rejected with dis-
dain, on the part of his brother, so
profligate a ground of defence ; and
both Mr. Fox and Mr. Francis ex-
pressed their surprise and indigna-
tion, at hearing such unprincipled
doctrines advanced.

In eonsequence of a motion of
lord Temple, which was intended
to bring this charge to a more spee-
dy decision, but which had precisely
the opposite effect, the Oude charge
was not taken into consideration
till the 18:h of June; when, after
an. unsuccessful attempt of Mr.
Bankes to dispose of the whole ac-
cusation, by referring it to the India
tribunal, established by the act of
1784, the house went into a com-
mittee, for the examination of evi-
dence on the charge. The exami-
nation was resumed on the 19th,
g0th, and 23rd of June, and the
evidence having been printed, an
attempt was made by the friends of
Jord Welle-ley to bring the house to
@ final decision upon the charge on
the Gthof July. But, his attempt
was resisted with great firmness and
force wf argument, by Mr. Wind-
ham, Dr. Laurence and the solicitor
general ; and \Ir. Paull having de-
elared, that several important docu-
yoents were still wanting to enable
him to proceed in the case, the mo
tion for going into a committee on
the eharge was atlength withdrawn.
Next day Mr. Paull presented a
supplementary article to the Oude
charge, accusing lord Wellesley of
various acts of extortion, cruelty
and injustice towards the Rajah of
Sasnee and other Rajahs and. Ze-
mindars in the Deoab,a district form-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ing part of the dominions of Oude
ceded to the company by the treaty
of 1801.

The unjust and fraydulent means
used by ford Wellesley to compel
the nabob of Furruckabad to cede
the whole of his dominions to the
East India company, formed the
groundwork of the third article of
charge against him. This charge
was presented to the house on the
9th of June and ordered to be print-
ed, and taken into consideration’ on
a future day : but no further pro-
ceedings took place in regard to it
during the present session of parlia-
ment.
Various motions were made dur-
ing this session, and various discus-
sions arose, with respect to the fi-
nances of the Kast India Company ;
but, it is unnecessary for us to give
any account of these debates, as all
uncertainty on that subject was re-
moved b, the appearance of the
Kast India budget, brought forward
by lord Morpeth on the 10sh of
July ; for. though a very long and
interesting debate followed con’ the
causes of the distressed situation to
which the company were reduced,
every one admitted that lord Mor.
peth had given a most fair and per-
spicuonus Statement of their affairs.
We shall make no comments on
the gloomy view which he presented
of the company’s situation, nor con-
trast the actual state of their atlairs
with the flattering pictures and de-
lusive representations, which, for
many years before, it seemed to be
considered part of the duty of the
board of controub, annually to ex-
hibit to the public. It appeared
from the statements of lord Mor-
peth, that,

HISTORY OF EUROPE, — 105

3, The excess of the charges and interest of money in
India, exceeded the anount of the territorial re.
venue and of the sales ofimports, forthe year 1803 4,

in the sum of — ~- — 1,124,403 2.
2. That the excess of the same for the year 1804-5,

was estimated at — + — 1,131,297 2
3. That the excess of the same-above the same revenue

for the year 1205-6, was estimated at — — 2,851,745 i.
4. That the debts due by +e company in India

amounted in 1805, to cee — 25,046,436 i.

_ 5. That the balance of the ieiat account of receipts
.. and payments of the India-house, in favour of the
) company, onthe ist of March 1805, was only = — 12,020 2.
_ 6. That feom a general comparison of the debts and
assets of the company, there appeared to be a de-
* terioration on the whole concern, during the years
_.. 1803-4 abroad, and 1804-5 at home, tothe amount
Bis” OF — _ _ _ 966,112 7.

For the satisfaction of our rea- may see how the excess .of charge
ders weshall insert the abstract of above the revenue was constituted.
the estimates for 1805-6, that they

oe |
General abstract of estimates for 1805.6,

at Revenues of Bengal — 8,763,220 1.
Madras — 4,774,296
Bombay — 742.017

5 . f is 14,279,533 ie
eins Charges of Bengal — 7,415,370
ny _ Madras —.- 5,650,182
Bombay — _ 1,580,292
14,645,844
Surplus charge of the three presidencies — —_ 366,311 2.
Supplies to bencoolen, Prince of Wales’sisland,&c. — 266,800
otal surplus charge _ — — 633,111
terest on debts — — 1,823,040
rest payable to the commissioners of the
sinking fund, on securities redeemed 195,788
Total interest a ete — 2,018,828
Commercial charges not added to the invoices — 199,806
Totalexcess of charge above the revenues _ — 2,851,745

Ii

106

It is necessary to add, that the
balance on the annual account at the
India house, instead of amounting
to 12,020/. in favour of the compa-
ny, as statedin that account. would
have amounted to 1,155,505 against
them, had wot the company, in
making up their account for that
year, credited themselves with
100,000. borrrowed of the bank,
with 500,600, borrowed of go-
vernment out of the tea dutics, and
with bonds issued for 567.525¢,
more than were paid off, amount-
ing in all to the sum of 1,167,525/.
This defalcation in the company’s
annual account was owing, partly,
toa dimunition in the produce of
their sales, and, partly, to a greater
expenditure on account of India and
China than first intended.

It is also proper to add, that, in
the course of the debate, it was
generally admitted, that the debts
in India might, at that time, be
fairly estimated at 30,000,000; of
which seventcen millions were pay-
able in England, at the option of
the holders of the securities.

After lord Morpeth had conclad-
ed his very clear and candid expo-
sition of the company’s situation,
along debate arose, which was ad-
journed to the 15th and afterwards
to the 1S8th-instant, concerning the
present state of their affairs and
their future prospects, as well as on
the causes, that had Jed to the rapid
and alarming increase of their debts
since 1793, when their eharter was
Jastrenewed. Sir Arthur Wellesley,
without controverting any of jord
Morpeth’s statements or deduetions,
endeavoured fo shew, that with the
return of peace the distresses of the
company would be at an end: and
that, instead of the present deficit,
there would then be a surplus pe-
venue of at least 740,000/. a year.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

He next endeavoured to prove, tha
the augmentation of the company’
debts was, in a greaf measure, ow-
ing to the practice, that had been
pursued, of making up investments
jor Europe by means of loans con-
tracted in India; and, in proof o
this position he read part o
a minute put on record by lord Wel-
lesley in June 1798, wherein this’
cause of the increase of the com-
pany’s debts is distinctly pointed
out, and a remedy suggested for it,
which, however. the court of direc-
tors did not think proper to apply.
Jn answer to this charge against the
court of directors, Mr. Grant pro-
duced a numberof statements and
calculations to prove, that, instead
of ahalance of 54 millions, in which
the hon. general made the commerce
of the company indebted to the terri-
torial revenue and Indian debt,
there was a balance, in the last seven
years, of half a million duc to the
commerce. With respect to the share
of tord Wellesley in contributing to
the present alarming state of the
company’s finances, the honourable
member stated, that during that
nohbleman’s administration of India,
214 millions had been added to the
company’s debt: and with regard to
the influence of the late wars in
India on the general prosperity of
the company’s affairs, ** he thought
it right to observe, that those wars
had euormously increased the ex-
pences and debt of the company,
withoutadding anysecurity necessary
to us ; without even adding much to
our permanent revenue ; and at the
expence of our reputation for justice
and moderation in India.” Mr.
Grant had no reliance on the im-
provement of revenue, to which the
hon. general looked forward on the
return of peace, and thought ‘our
only secure dcpendance was ona

system

stem ‘of economy and retrench-
ment of useless and ostentatious ex-
| pences. Mr. Alderman Prinsep took
the same view withsir Arthur Wel-
lesley’of the origin.of a great part
| of the company’s debts, and after
attacking, with.. great bittern¢ss,
their monopoly, their bad manage-
J ment of their own concerns, and
| their jealousy of private traders, he
| pronounced them to bein a state
of insolvency, and deprecated any
notion of assisting them from this
) country, without a previous exami-
| mation and thorough investigation
, of their affairs. Mr. Huddlestone
vindicated the company from the
attacks of Mr. Alderman Prinsep,
and atttibuted the present derange-
ment of their finances, solely and
, exclusively, to the system of ambi-
| tion, false policy and profusion, in-
| troduced and acted on by lord Wel-
lesley Lord Castlereagh difiered
from both parties in their explana-
tions of the origin of the company’s
debts, which, he attempted to prove,
had been occasioned, neither by
wars and profusion, nor by losses
in trade, but partly, by advances
to government which would of
., course be repaid, and, partly, by
‘an encrease of their assets both at
home and in [ndia which were
still on hand. In this view
of the company’s affairs, the cir-
cumstance most to be lamented in
| their situation, was the enormous
interest, which they paid for their
| debt in India ; and the only eilec-
| tual remedy for this evil was the
| transference of their India debt to
| England, by means of loans under
| the guarantee of government. If
| twenty millions of their debt were in
| this manner transferred to England,
| there would be an immediate saving
| tothe company of 800,000/. a year.

a HISTORY OF EUROPE.

107

» Theonly remaining subject con-
nected with India, of which we
shall take notice at present, is a bill
brought into parliament by Mr,
Hobhouse, for enabling the com-
missioners acting in execntion ofau
agreement, between the Fast India
company and the private creditors of
the nabobs of the Carnatic, the bet-
ter to carry the same into effect.
Much opposition was made to this
bill, arising from a misconception of
its nature and object. It waé sup-
posed to beintended for the purpose
of giving a parliamentary sanction to
claims, some of which were certainly
fraudulent and all justly liable to
suspicion. It was not adverted to
by the opposers of the bill, that,
since the occupation of the nabob of
Arcot’s territories by the company,
it had become the interest of that
body toreduce the amount of debts,
for which the dominions and re.
venues formerly Ais, but now thers
were answerable. Nor was it con-
sidered, that this bill created no
new obligation to discharge the
debts of the nabob, nor gave any
additional security to his creditors 5
but merely enabled the commissio-
ners, appointed for determining the
amount of the debts, to examine the
parties upon oath, and thereby
more effectually separate false and
unfounded claims from those, which
it would be an equal injustice and
hardship not to discharge. <A
clause was annexed to the bill, di.
recting the commissioners to make
an annual report to parliament, of
the progress they should make in
the discharge of their trust; and a
proviso was added to declare, that
nothing inthis act should be con-
strued to confirm the articles of
agreement between the company
and creditors, or to render them

nore

108

more binding thanif the act had not
been passed.

After a busy session of six months
duration, parliament was prorogued
on the 23rdof July by commission.
The speech from the throne, for
which see State Papers, page 825,
was read by the lord chancellor.

We shall next proceed to give

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. ‘

an account of lord Melville’s trial, a
subject of such interest in itself,
such expectations before it came o
such attention while it lasted, and
such disappointment when it closed,
that we are persuaded our readers
will excuse us for entering into @
full statement of the facts and cirs
cumstances attending it.

CHAP,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 109

CHAP. VI.

Trial of Henry Viscount Melville.—Managers ordered to proceed in the Im-

4

peachment.—-Answer of Lord Melville to the Articles of Impeachment.—

_ Additional Article.—Trotter —Answer to the Additional Article.—Re-

plication of the Commons.—Commons resolve tu attend the Trial as a
Commitiee of the whole House. ~Measures taken by the Lords to prevent
Ynnecessary Delay in the Trial:—Order to prohibit any Publication of the
Proceedings during the pendency of the Trial.— Summary of the Proceed-

_ tags on the Trial.—Analysis of the Articles of Impeachment.—Charges

reducible in Substance to three.—Analysis of the Evidence on the first,
second, and third.—Legal Defence on the first Charge.—Answer to
it.—Legul Defence on the second Charge.—Answer to it.—Defence on

. the third Charge.—Lords adjourn for some Days the Considera-

tion of the Charges.—Vote of Thanks to the Managers by the Com-
mons.— Discussions in the Lords on the Form of Proceeding.—On dividing
the first Article. —On the first Article. —Questions to the Judges, and
their Answers.— Discussion of the remaining Articles.—Further Question
to the Judges, and their Answer.—Proceedings, during the last Day of

' the Trial, in Westminster Hall.—Viscount Melville declared not guilty

by a Majority of Lords.—Nunbers for and against him on each Article.

N the day after the meeting of chester, lord Arch. Hamilton, Mr.

parliament, the house of com-

mons, on the motion of Mr. Whit-
bread ordered the committee of im-
peachment against Lord Melville to
resume their functions, and proceed
without delay in the business re-
ferred to them. J.ord Robert Spen-
cer was, at the same time, added to
oo committee, in place of Mr, Kin-
‘Baird become ford Kinnaird by
the death of his father. The managers
. consisted of Mr. Whitbread,

. Fox, Mr, Grey, afterwards
Tord Howick, Mr. Sheridan, lord
enry Petty, lord Marsham, Mr.

Giles, lord Folkstone, Mr. Raine, -

Dr. Laurence, Mr. Creevy, | Mr.
Hand, Mr. Calcraft, lord Por.

Williams Wynne, Mr. Jekyll, Mr.
Morris, lord Temple, serjeant Best,
and lerd RobertSpencer; to whom
were afterwards added sir Arthur
Piggott (attorney-general), and sir
Samuel Romilly (solicitor-general).
On the same day lord Melville
presented at the table of the house
of lords his answer to the articles of
impeachment exhibited against him
by the commons. The averment
stated in substance, ‘* that he was
not guilty of all or any of the arti.
cles of impeachment exhibited a-
gainst him, and that he.was ready
to prove the same, on a proper op-
portunity being ‘afforded him by
their lordships.”* A copy of this
reply

110

reply was communicated to the com-
mons, and by them referred to the
managers.

The next proceeding in this busi-
ness was a report of the managers,
presented to the house of commons,
on the 4th of March, containing
further matters of a criminal nature
against lord Melville, which was
ordered ‘to be printed and taken
into consideration on a future day.
Upon the facts disclosed in this re-
port an additional article of im-
peachment was moved.on the 7th
of March, and, after some conver-
sation, agreed to without opposi-
tion. When this additional article
was communicated to the lords, it
was referred to a committce, to
search for precedents of the pro-
ceedings of the house in such cases,
and the report of the committee
being favourable to the admission of
the additional article, it was ordered
to be communicated to lord Mel-
ville, that he might put in his an-
swer to it within a limited time.

In the mean time l'rotter, one of
the principal witnesses in this cause,
having refused (o answer the ques-
tions put to him by thé managers,
on the ground that Lisauswer might
subject him to a civil suit, was or-
dered by the house of commons: to
be taken into the custody of the
Serjeant at arms; but, having next
day (March 6,) presented a humble
petition to the house, expressive of
his contrition for having eended
them, and having given the mana.
gers satisfaction as to the questions
which he had refused to answer,
he was set at liberty, after.a pro-
per admonition from the speaker.

Lord Molville’s auswer to the ad-
ditional article, which was a general
plea of not guilty, like his answer
to the preceding ones, haying been

ANNUAL REG ISTER,'1806:

presented next day at the bar of the

of lord Melville, and to send a mes.

presented to the house of lords on
the 24th of March, and the replica.
tion of the commons having been

house, their lordships were pleased,
on the motion of earl Fitzwilliam,
to fix the 29th of April for the trial

sage to the commons, to acquaint
them therewith, and to require them
to appoint a committee to manage
the impeachment.

On the following day Mr. Whit-
bread moved, in the house of com-_
mons, ** that the house should be
present at the trial of lord viscount
Melville, as acommittee of the whale
house.”

It was objected to this motion by
the friends of Jord Melville, that the
adoption of it would necessarily lead —
to the trial being carried on in
Westminster Hall, which would be’
the cause of great delay, and of much
additional expence to the defendant ;
and it was contended, that justice
would be more speedily and more
cheaply, and not less effectually ob~
tained, by a trialat the bar of the
house of lords ; in proof of which,
the trial of lord Macclesfield at the
bar of that house, which lasted only
twenty one days, was contrasted
with the trial of Mr. Hastings in
Westminster Hall, which Jasted
during eight sessions of parliament.

It was answered, that it. ill be-
came the friends of lord Melville,
who had prevailed in having a trial
by impeachment preferred to the
trial by indictment, on which the
commons had originally determined,
to object to the impeachment heine!
conducted according to, the old and
established usage of parliament; that —
ali their former arguments for pre-
ferring trial by impeachment to trial
by indictment, derived from the

rank

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

tank of the defendant, applied
equally to a trial iu Westminster
Hall, ig prefereace to a trial at the
bar of the house of lords, as- the
more solemn and diguitied course of
procedure ; that the expectation of
the country would be disappointed,
aud its suspiciuns excited, if the
trial were not conducted with the
greatest publicity ; that the great
object of impeachment was to serve
as an example to men in public situ-
ations, and that the impression
would be most profound and most
Salutary, when the impeachment
was conducted with the greatest
rm and solemnity ; that whatever
might be the issue of the trial, it was
Recessary to convince the country,
that there had been no collusion or
underhand dealing in the manage-
ment of it, by giving toall the pro-
ceedings relating to it the utmost
publicity ; that, with rgspect to
the delay in the trial of Mr. Has-
tings, it arose, not from the place
where the trial was carried on, but
from the numbers, variety and com-
plicated nature of the charges, and
from the dilatory course of proce-
dure adopted by the house of lords.
These reasons being deemed satis-
factory by the house, Mr. Whit-
bread’s motion was carried without a
division.
_ When this resolution was next
day communicated to the house of
_ lord Grenville moved an ad-
to his majesty, praying that
tions might be given to prepare
ace in Westminster Hall for
trial oflord Melville, and at the
ame time the nuble lord suggested
to the house several measures to
prevent unnecessary delay in the
gn the trial. THe recom-
» that the tria!, when com-
menced, should be proceeded ia
“~

ae

[tl

from day to day till it was finished ;
that the hour fixed for assembling
each day should be rigidly adhered
to: and that some understanding
should take place, with respect to
collecting the opinions of their lord-
ships on disputed points of evi-
deuce, without retiring on every
such occasion to the chamber of
parliament ; and he announced his
intention of moving, to refer to the
committee already appointed to
search for precedents, to consider
of the best means of proceeding in
the trial without delay. ‘This mo-
tion was accordingly made and
agreed to onthe 14th of April, and ©
the whole of these suggestions were
approved of by the committee and
adopted by the house.

On the 28th of April a motion
of great importance was made in
the house of lords, by lord Auck-
land. viz. ** strictly to forbid the
publication of any part of the pro-
ceedings upon the ensuing trial of
lord Melville, during the same.”
This motion which was highly
praised by lord Eldon and lord
Hawkesbury, passed after some
pertinent remarks from the duke of
Norfolk pointing out the impracti-
cability of preventing, ~by any re-
gulation whatever, | that, which
should come out in the course of
the trial, from going forth to the
public : and yet after the evidence
was closed on both sides, the pro-
hidition was renewed and confirmed
by an order of the house, of the
17th of May, ‘‘ that ne person pre-
sume to priat any of the proceedings
of this house, touching the impeach-
ment. of viscount Melville, till after
the house shall have given final
judgment upon the said impeach-
ment.” We confess, that’on the
subject of these regulations, we

concur

11g

concur perfectly with the duke of
Norfolk.
the effect of this prohibition was
not to prevent what passed in West-
minster Hall from being the sub.

ject of discussion out of doors,

during the continuance of the trial
and even in the presence of the
judges, but to cause imperfect and
defective accounts of the evidence
and other proceedings to be circu.
Jated, instead of the full and accu-
rate reports, which the newspapers,
if permitted, would have given.
That all knowledge of what was
disclosed in Westminster Hall could
be withheld from those who were
Bot present at the trial, or that
those who assisted at the proceed-
ings, would abstain from making
comments on what they had seen
and heard, was not to be expected ;
hor was it probable, that, in so
numerous a body as the judges of
lord Melville, unaccustomed as the
greater part of them were to discus~
Sions oi the import of testimony or
other evidence, many would not be
swayed by the remarks.and opinions,
which they heard out of doors. But,
if no precautions could prevent the
judges upon this trial from being
influenced by public opinion, it was
surely desirable, that the public
Should have better materials for
judging of the case, than the partial
and imperfect recollections of the
by-standers and spectators in the
galleries of the hall. If it be true,
that the advantages of the expensive,
and in many respects, objectionable
form of trial by impeachment, con-
sist chiefly in the greater impression
it makes ‘and greater sensation it
excitesin the country, then will we
venture.to maintain, that a regula-
tion like this tends todefeat, and
upon the occasion-of lord Melville’s

We cannot forget, that

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

trial we are confident, that it actual.”
ly did defeat the salutary ends pro.
posed byimpeachment. The coun.
try ceased to be interested in the
progress ofa trial, the proceedings
of which were not communicated to
it, like oher daily occurrences,

-by the press ; and after thedecision

had been given few were disposed
to open the ponderous volume, in
which the evidence and arguments
of the case lie buried ; and few
there are even at present, in this
enlightened country and inquisitive
age, who have formed any opinion
of Jord Melville’s guilt or innocence,
from their own examination of the
evidence against him. One part
of the public think his character
spotless and his conduct free from
stain, because a majority of, his
judges found him guilty of no Tegal
otlence ; while we fear another part
impute his acquittal to collusion,
and divide the blame of it between
his judges and his accusers.

The trial commenced on Monday
the 29th of April. Ten days were
employed by the managers, im
bringing furward and examining
their evidence,and inthe speeches of
Mr. Whitbread, who opened the case
and of the solicitor general, w hosum-
medup theevidence. Threedays were
afterwards employed by the counsel
for the defendant tn their reply 3 two
by Mr. Plumer, and alter examin.
ing a few witnesses, the third by Mr,
Adams. The 14th and 15th days
of the trial were takea up by the
managers in their reply on the part
of the commons, the legal argument
being conducted. by the attorney
general, and the observations on the
evidence left to Mr. Whitbread.
Mr. Plumer was also indulged’ with
permission to make some remarks: |
in answerto the attorney general. |

3 2

’ HISTORY OF EUROPE.

On the 16th day of the trial sentence
was pronounced ; so that this trial
in Westminster Hall was concluded
within ashorter time after its com-
mencement, than the trial of lord
Macclesfield at the bar of the house of
lords. ‘I'he credit of this dispatch
was in agreat measure due to the
lord chancellor, whose consummate
kuowledge of the law of evidence
coustituted him the best authority in
every question of thatsort which oc-
curred, while the candour and fairness
of nisconduct induced all parties to ac-
quicscemost readily in his decisions.
The trial, as we have already said,
began on the 29th of April ; the evi-
dence and arguments of the council
on both sides closed on the 17th
of May; and sentence was pro-
nounced on the 12th of June. ,

Weshall now proceed togive as full
an account of the evidence’ adduced
ana arguments employed in_ this
important trial, as the narrow li-
mits of our work will admit.

The articles ofimpeachment were
ten in number, andin substance as
follows :

Ist. That lord Melville while
treasurer of the navy, did previous-
ly te the 10th of January 1786,
take and receive out of the moncy
entrusted tu him from his majesty’s
exchequer, the sum of 10,000/. and
fraudulently and illegally convert
the same to his own use, or to some
ether corrupt and illegal purposes ;
and on the 11th of June 1805, in
the house of commons, did refuse to
account fer the application of the
Said sum ;.

2nd. That, after the passing of
the act of parliament on the 25th
year of his majesty’s reign, enti-
tuled ‘‘ an act for better regulating
the office of treasurer of his majesty’s
navy,” lord Melville, contrary to

‘Vor; XLVIII, by

113

the provisions of that act, did per-
mit Alexander Trotter, his paymas-
ter, illegally to draw from the bank
of England, for other purposes
than for immediate application to
navy services, large sums of money,
which had been issued to the bank
on account of lord Melville as treaw
surer of the navy, and place the
same in the hands of Thomas Coutts
and Co. his private bankers, in his
own name, and subject to his sole
control and disposition ;
3rd. That not only did lord Mel-
ville permit Trotter to place as
aforesaid the public money in the
hands of Thomas Coutts and Co,
his private bankers, but to apply the
same for purposes of private pro-
fit and emolument, whereby the
said money was exposed to great
risk of loss, and withdrawn from
the control and disposition of the
treasurer of the navy ;
4th. That part of the money so
taken by Trotter from the bank,
was, by permission of lord Mel-
ville, placed in the hands of Mark
Sprott and others, and applied for
purposes of private profit and emo--
lument ; ;
5th. That lord Melville himself
did, after the 10th of January 1786,
take and receive from the public
money issued to the bank of Eng-
land, the sum of 10,0001. and frau-
dulently and illegally convert the
same to his own use or to some
other corrupt and illegal purpose ;
6th. That lord Melville received
advances of large sums of money
from Troiter, out of the public mo-
ney so obtained by him and depo-
sited in the hands of his private
bankers, which advances were en-
tered in an account current kept
between Trotter and lord Mel-
ville, and preserved till February
1803,

114
1803, when by mutual agreement
dated the 18th and 23rd of Febru-
ary of that year, it was destroyed
with all the vouchers and other me-
morandunss relative thereto, for the
purpose of fraudulently concealing
these transactions ;

7th. That, in particular, lord
Melville received from Trotter the
sum of 22,000/. out of the public
money, and that the accounts rela-
tive thereto have been burned and
destroyed for the above mentioned
purpose ; .

8th. That among other ad-
vances of money as aforesaid, lord
Melville received from Trotter the
sum of 22,000/. for which he
paid interest ;

Oth. That Trotter acted as
agent to Jord Melville without any
pecuniary compensation, and in
that capacity was generally in ad-
vance for him to the amount of
from 10,000/. to 20,0002. out of
the public money in his hands ;
that lord Melville was aware, that
Trotter had no means of making
him such advances, except from the
public money of which he had ille-
gally so possessed himself; and that
Trotter was induced, to act gra-
tuitously as lord Melville’s agent,
and to make these advances, in con-
sideration of lord Melville's con-
nivance of his free use and uncon-
trolled application of the public
money to his own private profit and
emolument ;

. 10th. That lord Melville between
August 19th, 1782,
Ist, 1806, did take and - receive
from the monies issued to him out
of his majesty’s exchequer, as trea-
surer of the navy, divers large sunis
of money, amounting to 27,0002
or thereabouts,and fraudulently and

and January’

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

illegally convert the same to’ his
own use or to some other corrupt
and illegal purposes.

The articles of impeachment weré
far from being welldrawn up. The
same charge was frequently repeated
in different articles, and the same ar-
ticle often contained more charges
than one. Jt was sometimes diffi-
cult to discover under what article
a particular fact was charged, nor
was it always easy to distinguish
between a substantive charge, and
what was meant as a mere aggrava~
tion of other charges. These
defects in the articles of impeach-
ment were in their operation fa-
vourable to the defendant, by les.
sening the apparent number of per-
sons, who’ on the last day of the
trial, pronounced him guilty, For,
there were some of his judges, who,
though they agreed in the facts of
which they ‘thought him guilty, yet
differed so widely in their construc-
tion of the articles of impeach-
ment, that meaning to find him ©
guilty of the same fact, they voted
him, guilty on different articles.
Accordingly, though 59 out of 136
lords, who voted on lord Melville’s
impeachment, found him guilty of «
high crimes and misdemeanors, there _
were “net more than 53, who
agreed in finding him guilty of any
one article as charged by the com- .
mons. ;

Bot the charges against Jord
Melville, though multiplied by the
managers of the impeachment, were
in substance only threc in number.
The first was, that before the 10th
of January 1786, he had, contrary
to the obligation imposed on him
by the warrant appointing him to
the office of treasurer of the navy,
applied to his private use and pro-

fit,’

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

fit, divers sums of public money
entrusted to him in that capacity.
The second was, that after the pas-
sing of the act of parliament in
1785, for the better regulating the
office of treasurer of the navy, he
had in breach and violation of that
act, permitted Trotter, his paymas-
ter, illegally to take from the bank
of England, for other than imme-
diate application to navy purposes,
large sums. of money, from the mo-
nies issued to the bank on account
of the treasurer of the navy, and
place the same in the hands of his
private banker, in his own name,
and subject to his sole control and
disposition, The third was, that he
had fraudulently and corruptly
permitted Trotter to apply the mo-
hey, so abstracted illegally from
the bank of England,to purposes of
private use and emoiument, and had
himself. fraudulently and corruptly
derived profit therefrom. We shall
briefly state the evidence substan-
tiated on each of these charges by
the commons. .

On the first of these charges com-
prehending the first and tenth
articles of impeachment, it was
proved in evidence by the com.
mons ;

That on the 19th of June 1782,
the house of commons resolved,
- *€ that it is the opinion of this
house, that from henceforward the
Paymaster of his majesty’s forces,
and the treasurer of the navy, for
the time being, shall not apply any

| orsums of money entrusted to

m, for any purpose of advantage
or interest to themselves, either di-
rectly or indirectly ;”’

That the warrant appointing lord
Melville to the office of treasurer
of the navy in August 1782, granted
to him an additional salary of

115

2,324/. Os. Gd, in full satisfaction of
all wages, fees, and other profits
and emoluments, heretofore en
joyed by former treasurers of the
navy ; and that lord Melville him-
self declared before the naval com-
missioners, that he considered, the
said additional salary to bein fall
satisfaction of all other profit and
emolument ;

That soon after lord Melville’s
acceptance. of the office of treasurer
of the navy, viz. in August 1782,
there was a considerable difference
between the balance of public mo-
ney charged to the treasurer,
and -the actual balauee to the
credit of the treasurer at the
bank ; and though it did not ap-
pear in evidence, that the whole of
this difference was occasioned by
the application of public money to
the private use and profit of lord
Melville, yet it was satisfactorily
shewn, that certain payments were
made to his private use out of the
public money entrusted to him as
treasurer of the navy, soon after
his acceptance of that office. Thus
it was shewn, that a particular bank
note of 1000Q/. issued from the ex-
chequer on the 6th of November
1782 for navy services, was paid
by Mr. Douglas, paymaster of the
navy under lord Melville, to the
house of Messrs. Moffat and Ken-
sington, on the 22d November
1782, in discharge ofa bill to that
amount, drawn by a person of the
name of Newbigging, on the right
honourable Henry Dundas, under
the designation of lord advocate for
Scotland. Another bank note of
1000/, issued from the exchequer,
on the 22d of November 1782, for
public navy services, was traced to
the house of Messrs. Drummond,
one of the private bankers of lord

12 Melville,

116

Melville, to whom it was paid by
lord Melville himself, as appeared
from an entry made and proved
in the books of Messrs. Drum.
mond.*

It wasalso proved, that although,

according to the obligations under

which lord Melville held the office of
treasurer of the navy, there ought
to have been no diflerence between
the balance charged to the trea-
surer and the balance to his credit
at the bank, yet in May 1783,
there was a difierence amounting
to the sum of 23,000/. ; which dif-
ference, before the end of July
1783, was reduced to 7,600, in con-
sequence of various payments made
into the bank on account of the
treasurer of the navy, by Messrs.
Muir and Atkinson, and other pri-
vate persons, from which it is appa-
rent, that the money so repaid had
been used for some private purpose
and applied to private profit and
advantage.

It was also shewn in evidence,
that before the end of March 1785,
during the second treasurership of
lord Melville, certain drafis were
drawn under the authority of ‘the
treasurer of the navy, the produce
of which was -not applied to any
public purpose, but to the discharge
of part of the debt due on the trea-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

surer's ‘* old account,” by creating
a debt to a corresponding amount
on his *¢ new account,’”’ by which
the former difference of 7,600/. in
** the old account” was reduced to
1,600/.; at which it continued till
the death of Mr. Douglas in Decem-
ber 1785.

It was further proved, that these
fraudulent drafts having occasioned
a difference of 6,000/. between the
balance charged to the treasurer,
and the bank balance in the ** new
account,”’ this difference was in-
creased. to 10,000/. by two sums of
2,000/. each, drawn from the bank
by Mr. Douglas, to the name of
Mr. George Swaffield (chief cashier
to the victualling branch of the
navy pay-office), the one in August
1784, and the other in May 1785,
both of which there is reason to be-
lieve werc applied to the use of lord
Melville, because no part of these
sums was ever received by Mr.
Swaffield, orin any way entered in

the official books of the navy pay-'

office ; and because Mr. Douglas
paid 2,000/, to the account of lord
Melville with Messrs. Drummond,
on the day on which the’ Jast-men-

tioned sum of 2,000/.' was thus frau-

dulently drawn from the bank.
It was also proved that the trea-
surer’s dcbt on the ** new account’?

* The private arcount book of Mr. Douglas, paymaster of the nayy under lord °

Melville, in the years 1782, 1783, 1784, and 1785,-containing the particulars of his
money transactions with that nobleman, and referring to accounts which had been
settled betwixt them, and to.balances agreeing both as to their date and amount
with balances proved by other evidence to have been due on these accounts by

lord Melville, was produced in court ; and extracts from it are printed in the re- —

port of the managers to the house of commons of the 4th of March 1806, which
show, that every farthing of the public money, diverted from its proper destination
to naval services, and. occasioning thereby a difference: hetween the treasurer’s
balances and the balances to his credit at the bank; amounting at one time to
28,0001. had been applied to the private.use of lord Melville ; but whatever con-

vietion the perusal of that book may produce on those who examine its contents, ~
gainst lord Melville, and was therefore rejected. by —

it was not admissible evidence a
the court,

4

was

‘HISTORY OF EUROPE.

was, in October 1785, reduced
from the above-mentioned sum of
10,000/. to 9,000/., by the pay-
ment of 1,000/. to the bank,
through the hands of Mr. Davis of
the navy pay-office, being the
amount of one quarter’s salary due
to the right honourable. Henry
Dundas as treasurer of the navy ;
at which sum of 9,000/. the dif-
ference in the ‘‘ new account” con-
tinued till the death of Mr. Douglas
in December 1785.

All these facts were confirmed by

the proof adduced by the commons, .

that after thedeath, of Mr. Doug-
Jas,lord Melville confessed in the
month of January 1786, to Mr.
Trotter (who succeeded Douglas as
paymaster of the navy), that he was
~ indebted to the publicin the sum
of 10,600/. ; which sum of 10,600/3
exactly corresponds with the defici-
ency of 1,600/.0n the *‘ oldaccountt”
and of 9,000/. on the ‘new account.”
proved to be the residuary balances
of divers payments made by the au-
thority of lord Melville, for pur-
poses extra-official and unexplained,
to a much greater amount, and re-
duced to the above-mentioned sums
by different repayments, all of
which. were traced back by the
commons to private sources.

On the second of these charges,

contained in the second article of
impeachment, it was in the first
place shewn by the commons.

That subsequent to the appoint-
ment of Jord Melville for the
second time to the office of trea-
Surer of the navy, an act of parlia-
“Ment was passed, intituled, ‘* an
act for better regulating the office
of treasurer of his majesty’s
“Tavy ;”

Whereby it is, among other
things, enacted, ‘* that from and

117

after the 1st of July 1785 no mas
ney for the service of the navy shall
be issued from his majesty’s ex.
chequer to the treasurer of the na-
vy, or shall be placed, or directed
to be placed in his hands or posses.
sion, but the same shall be issued
and directed to be paid to the go-
vernor.and company of the bank of
England .and to be placed to cer-
tain aceounts according to the ser-
vices for which it is craved and
issued ;”

‘*¢ And the monies to be issued
unto the governor and company of
the bank “of England, on account
of the treasurer of ‘his majesty’s
navy, shall not be paid out of the
bank, unless for navy services, and in
pursuance of drafts to be drawn on
the governor and company of the
bank of England, and signed by the
treasurer of the navy for the time
being, or the person or persons au-
thorized by him ; L

‘* And that upon the death, resig.
nation, orremoyal of the present,
and every other treasurer of his ma-
Jesty’s navy hereafter to be appoint-
ed, the balance: of cash, for which
he shall at that time have credit on
his account or accounts,as treasurer
of his majesty’s navy with the go.
vernor and company of the bank of
England, shall, at the end of the
current month after a successor shall
be appointed to the said office, ac-
tually vest im such successsor, in
trust for the service of the navy, and
be forthwith transferred, carried
over and placed to the menount of
such successor, ”

And, in the next place, proved,
that, in direct breach and violation
of the said statute, lord Melville
gave permission to Trotter, his pay-
master, to draw from the bank of
England, for other purposes than

13 for

"

118)

for immediate application to navy
services, sums of money issued to
the governor and company of the
bank of England on account of the
treasurer of the navy, and to place

the same in the hands of his private’

banker ; that Trotter, in conse-
quence of this permission, did draw
from the bank of England large sums
of public money, and place the
same in the hands of his private
bankers, in his own name and at
his own disposal, and beyond. the
control of the treasurer of the
navy. By which the said statute
was grossly violated, and the enact-
ment relative to the transfer of the
balance of public money, on the
death, resignation or removal of the
existing treasurer of the navy, to his
successor, would have been in a
great measure frustrated and ren-
dered uugatory, if Trotter had
died, while these balances of pub-
lic money were in the hands of his
private banker.

It was also shewn, that the rea-
sons assigned by Jord Melville for
_ granting permission to Trotter, to
place the public money in the hands
of his private bankers, were frivo-
tous and unfounded, and were,
therefore, probably not his real
motives for permitting such a
breach and v iolationof the law

On the third of these charges,
comprehending the third, fourth,
sixth, seventh, eight, and ninth
articles of imptachment, it was
proved by the commons that Trot-
ter, by permission and connivance
of lord Melville, applied to his pri-
vate use and emolument the public
money so taken illegally from the
bank of England and placed in the
hands of his private banker, and de-
rived great profit therefrom, and
that lord Melville knew and un-
dersteod that he derived such emo-

*

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

lument, and did not prohibit him so.
to do. 4
It further appeared in evidence
that Trotter, by desire of lord
Melville, opened an account, called
the chest account, in which he de-
bited lord Melville with 10,600/.
being the sum of money, for whick
lord Melville, by his own confession,
was indebted to the public, when
Trotter first became paymaster un-
der him; that various advatices
were made, at subsequent periods,
on the same account, in cbdnse-
quence of requisition from lord
Melville to Trotter, of the nature
of commands ; with which requisi-
tions Trotter invariably complied
without any remorstrance : that no
interest was ever charged to lordMel.
ville, or paid by him on these ad-
vances: that Trotter always con-
sidered lord Melville to be imme-
diately indebted to the public in
this chest account : and lord Mel-
ville understood and knew himself
to be so indebted : that Trotter
having advanced to lord Melville
in 1797, the sum of 10,0002. in
order to pay the instalments on his
subscription to the loyalty loan ;
aud having in the first instance de-
bited lord Melville for that sum in
anotheraccount kept between them
intituled their aecount current, |
did afterwards, for his own greater
security, transfer the same to the
chest account, and did presenta copy
of the said accont bearing on the face
of it a statement of the above trans.
action, to lord Melville, by whom
it was regularly, duly, and formally
settled and signed, and to whom
the origininal book ora duplicate
thereof, so; settled and signed,
was delivered; and that at subse-
quent periods, Trotter presented
other statements and duplicates of
the said accounts, containing the
3 same

HISTORY OF EUROPE:

same charge, which lord Melville
' did in like manner settle and sign.
It was further proved, that not-
withstanding lord Melville must
have known from this transaction,
that the money advanced to him by
Trotter, by means of which he was
enabled to hold the loyalty loan,was
public money, he permitted the divi-
dends accruing gn that stock to be
_ carried to his credit in his account
current with Trotter till May 1800,
when bya paper signed with his
own hand, he authorized Mark
Sprott to dispose of the same, which
was accordingly done, and the pro-
duce carried to the credit of lord
Melville imhis account with Messrs.
Thomas Coutts and Co. his bankers.
It was also shewn in evidence,
that there was an account between
lord Melville and Trotter, called
.their account current, which was
opened within less than three
months after the appointment of
Trotter to the office of paymaster
‘in January 1786, and was not
finally closed till May 1800; when
lord Melville left the navy pay-
office : that during that interval it
had been frequently balanced and
signed by both parties, and dupli-
cates exchanged : that no interest
was ever charged on either side in
this account, though the balance
_ upon it against lord Melville was
generally from 10,000/. to 20,0001.;
and that large sums of money were
advanced by ‘Trotter and placed
tothis account, derived from the
public money illegally drawn by
him from the bank, on the pretence
of navy services, and placed by
permission of lord Melville in the
hands of his private banker.
It was further proved, that when
Trotter was made paymaster of the
navy in 1786, he was unable to

119

make advances of money to lord
Melville from his private fortune,
which did not exceed at that time
the sum of 1,000/. or 2,0002. ; and
that neverthcless within three
months after his nomination to the
office ef paymaster, he advanced
4,000]. to lord Melville, without
interest, his pecuniary circum-
stances being perfectly known to
Jord Melville, when he accepted of
that loan.

It was also shewn, that ‘while

‘lord Meiville was thus receiving ad«

vances of money, without interest,
from Trotter, his attention must
have been forcibly drawn to the
transactions of that personage in
regard to public money, by a very
singular conversation, which took
place between. himself and Trotter
in 1789, wherein Trotter had the
audacity to propose to him, lord
Melville, treasurer of his majesty’s
navy, holding his place by authori.
ty of a warrant, which strictly pro-
hibited him from deriving any emo-
lument from the public money in
his possession, to lay out the public
money for his lord Melville’s
private interest and advantage;
but though this proposal was re-
jected by the noble lord, it appear-
ed not, that then, or at any subse.
quent period, he made any inquiry
into the amount of the public mo.
ney in the hands of Trotter, nor
into the uses to which it was appli-
ed, or risks to which it was expos-
ed; instead of which, he continued
to accept advances of money from .
Trotter, without paying interest for
them, or even inquiring from ‘what
source the money was derived.
With respect to the acconnt cur-
rent between lord Melville and
Trotter, it further appeared, that
the first item of that account, con-
14 . Sisting

120

sisting of a loan of 4,000/. advanc-
ed by Trotter to lord Melville, was
supplied from the fund entrusted to
Trotter for’ the payment of cx-
chequer fees, and that in the
bond giyen by lord Melville for
that sum, there was no engagement
to pay interest for the same. it
was also proved, that on Septem-
ber 4th, 1792, the sum of 8,000/.
was drawn by ‘l'rotter from the
bank, on pretence of navy services ;
out of which thesum of 4,0571. 10s.
was employed the same day in the
purchase of 2,000/. East India stock
for the use and benefit of lord Mel-
ville, according to his express de-
sire and request: and that no interest
was charged to lord Melville for
the purchase money of the said
Fast India stock, though the divi.
dends were carried to his credit, and
the stock itself ultimately disposed
of for his benefitin May 1800.
Lastly, it was proved, that in
May 1800, when lord Melville
quitted the navy pay-office, he was
under the necessity of raising the
sum of 50,000/. or thereabouts, to
make good that part of the def-
ciency in his act of parhament ac-
count at the bank, which arose
from public meney applicd to his
own profit and advantage : and it
further appeared in evidence, that
the sum total of public money ad-
vanced by Trotter to lord Melville,
and enjoyed without interest by lord
Melville, amounted on the’31st De-

cem ber,

1791 to 19,9832.
1792 — 26, 476
1793 -- 37,025
1794 — 28,758
1795 — 3053316 ©
1796 -- 75,413
1797 _ 58,640
1798 54,140"?

~ R799 =~ 54,140 -

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

In answer to the first of these
charges, comprehending the first and
tenth articles of impeachment, it
was contended by Mr. Plumer,
counsel for the defendant, that in-
dependant of the act of 25 Geo. 3,
which was posterior to the commis-
sion of thesupposed offences charg.
ed in these articles, and independant
of the warrant, the treasurer of the
navy was not restrained, either by
common or statute law, or by the
nature of his official duty or trust,
from making a temporary use of
the public money intrusted to him,
before it was wanted for the public
service ; provided it was at all times
ready, when called for, to answer
the purposes for which it was des-
tined. With respect to the warrant,
the learned council admitted, that it
precluded the treasurer of the na-
vy from making profit of the pub-
lic money in his hands; but he
argued, that the breach of this
engagement, had it been committed
by Jord Melville, (which he denied),
did not amount to a public crime or
offence, and though it might subject
him to civil consequences, could
net be the foundation of a pops
charge against him,

‘This ‘doctrine was impugned, in
avery able reply on the partof the
managers, by the attorney-general,
who contended that a breach of
duty, which, between individuals, ~
created nothing but a civil remedy,
was in a public accountant an in-
dictable offence. ‘The duty of every
officer appointed by the king, was
a public duty, which the law would
vindicate by criminal proceedings.
‘The warrant prescribed a course of
public duty to the defendant, which .
if he infringed, he was liable to
have an-indictment or information
filed against him by the law officers
of the crown. The moment a pub-

lic

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

lic duty is cast upon a man, he is
responsible by the common law pro-
ceedings in respect of hisduty. Ia
proof of these positions, the learned
gentleman appealed to the authority
of lord Mansfield, who, in the case
of the king against Bembridge, ex-
pressed himself to the following cf-
fect : —‘¢ If a man accepts an office
of trust and confidence, coucerning
the public, especially when it ts at-
tended with profit, he is amenable
to the king for the faithful discharge
of it, and the king can call upon
him by way of indictment: And
afterwards, ‘‘ where there is a
breach of trust, a fraud, or impo-
Sifion, which, as between subject
and subject, would only be liable
to an action, itis indictable in the
ease of the crown.”

In answer to the second charge
and article of impeachment, Mr.
Plumer and Mr. Adam contended,
that it was no violation of the act
of the 25th of George IIL. for the
treasurer of the navy to draw from
the bank of England, money in-
trusted to him for navy services,
-and to place the same in the hands
of his private banker, or in any
other place of deposit, which he

_ thought safe and eligible, till it
should be wanted for the purposes
for which it was diawn, provided
always it was drawn from the bank
by drafts, specifying the heads of
Service to which it was to be ap-
plied, as prescribed by the act.
In the course of this argument the
Jearned counsel entered into a mi-
nute examination of the act, from
which, after making a distinction
between, ‘the original and pri.
mary place of deposit, and the sole,
ultimate and coatinning deposit,”
they concluded, that the act regu-
Jated in what manner the money

121

wanted for navy Services should be
issued from the exchequer, and paid
into the bank, and prescribed the
form to be used by the treasurer of
the navy in drawing it from the
bank; but, that with respect to
its subsequent custedy, the act was
totally silent, and contained no re-
siriction whatever, which could
prevent the-treasurer from placing
it, till wanted, wherever he pleased,
They also contended, that from the
number and minuteness of the pay-
ments made at the navy pay office,
the business of that department
could not go on, unless there was
some other place of deposit for the
public money intrusted to the trea-
surer of the navy, besides the bank
of England...

This construction of theact of par-
liament was treated with ridicule by
the aitorney-general, ‘The act was a
remedial law, intendedto take frem
the treasurer of the navy the. cus-
tody of the public money, and to
deprive him of, the opportunity of
having that custody, except only
where it was inevitable. But, ad-
mitting the exposition given of the
act by the Jearned counsel, so ab-
surdly was it contrived, that
though it employed the utmost care
and precaution in previding for the
safe conveyance of the public mo.
ney from the excheguer to the bank,
the moment the money arrived at
the bank, it was as much at the
disposal of the treasurer, as if the
act had never existed. He might
draw it out without restraint or li-
mitation, provided only. he put it
into the form of his draft, ‘* for
navy. services.”” The attorney-ge-
neral contended on the other hand,
that the act was violated, unless the
money drawn from the bank was
bona fide, drawn for immediate ap-

plication

122

plication to navy services, and that
the treasurer was not justified for
defeating the principal and main
object of the act, by his adherence
‘in his drafts to the literal form of
words which it prescribed. The
learned gentleman proceeded to
shew, that the clauses of the act
were consistent with the exposition
of it contended for by the com-
mons, while many of these clauses
were repugnant to tie construction
attempted to be put upon it by thé
defendant. He particularly insist-
ed on the following proviso in the
bedy of the act, ‘that nothing
_ shall be construed to prevent him
(the treasurer of the navy) from
drawing for such limited sums, as
may be thought necessary by the
navy board for paying ships, and
carrying on recalls.” Seeing ina
Jaw such a proviso as this, could
he construe it in the way in which
the learned counsel for the noble
Jord, called upon their lordship’s to
construe it? He did not deny on
the part of the commons, that the
treasurer might draw small sums
from the bank, to supply the daily
wants of his sub-accomptants, and
carry Onethe daily business of the
navy pay oflice, but he was not to
withdraw large sums on that pre.
tence, in order to lodge them in a
place of custody different from
that provided by the wisdom of the
legislature. i

In answer to the third charge
comprehending the remaining arti-

eles of impeachment, the counsel.

for the defendant began by stating
thatthe charge against lord Mel-
ville was neta charge for neglect
of duty, for omitting to keep a
vigilant and superintending eye
over the conduct of his paymaster,
whereby the .latter was enabled te

ANNUAL REGISTER;

evidence brought in support of it.

1806. |

commit the offences proved in evi-
dence ; but thathe wilfully, know.
ingly, illegally,- and fraudulently
connived at, and permitted, and
authorised all that was done. This —
charge the learned counsel contend.
ed, was directly, positively, clearly
and satisfactorily disproved by the ~

Trotter, though he had every pos-_
sible motive to extenuate his own
offences, by dividing the guilt of ©
them with his patron, had declared
upon oath, that all the acts charged
against lord Melville, were his own
unauthorised acts, and committed
without the knowledge or suspicion |
of that noble lord. But if the evi-
dence of Trotter was rejected as un-
worthy of credit, the whole evi- —
dence for the prosecution fell to the
ground ; for, it could not scarcely
be argued, that his evidence was
to be believed when it made against —
lord Melville, and disregarded when
it made in his favour. The learned
counsel then entered into an exami-
nation of the evidence affecting the —
defendant, in which weshall not
attempt to follow them, having al.
ready stated the substance of the
evidence as itappears to us, accor. —
ding to theimpression which it has
made upon our minds.

After the managers had closed
their reply, and the lords adjourned
to the chamber of parliament, some
conversation took place in the
house, upon the day to be fixed for
discussing the charges, and as the.
evidence was not all printed, and
was very voluminous, it was agreed
to defer going into the business for
ten days, and-accordingly the trial
was put off till Wednesday the 28th
of May, when the lords were ors
dered to be summoned,

In the commons a motion was

made

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

made on the a of May by gene-
ral Fitzpatrick, to thank the ma.
nagers of the impeachment “ for
their faithful mahagement in their
discharge of the fust reposed in
them.” This motion was se.
- eonded by Sir John Newport, and
agreed to with only one dissentient
voice. The speaker then calling
on the managers, who stood up in
their several places, addressed them
as follows: °
‘“ Gentlemen,

‘* This house upon the result of
grave and important inquiries into
the administration of the public
expenditure, came to the resolution
of entering upon the most solemn
ef/all its functions; and of resort.
ing to that transcendent power, by
which it can bring to judgment all
misdeeds done by the highest
servants of the crown, and most
effectually avenge all inroads made,
or attempted to be made, upon the
liberties of the people.

*¢ Theconduct and management
of that power it delegated to you ;

_ to prepare and-arrange the proofs
ef complex and intricate facts; and
to make good the charge of high

erimes and misdemeanors against a
" noble person, whose clevated and
splendid situations in the state, ren-
dered his actions of signal example,
for good or for evil, to all persons
_ entrusted with the public treasure.

*¢ Throughout the progress of the
trial so undertaken, we have seen
with peculiar satisfaction, its pro-
Ceecings conducted with an exem-
Pplary diligence and dispatch, which
have rescued impeachments from
the disgrace into which they had
‘nearly fallen, and have restored
them to their ancient strength and
honour.

also witoessed that wiweariced in-

Upon your part we have

‘193

dustry, and singular sagacity, with
which you have pursued and esta-
blished the proofs ;—that boldness

so properly belonging to the com-

mons, with which you have mainé
tained the charge, and that power-
ful display of argument and learn.
ed eloquence which have spread
the light of day over dark, secret,
and criminal transactions.

‘s The issue of the whole is now
with the lords; and whether that be
of condemnation or acquittal, it
rests with a tribunal, which, so far
as depends upon human institutions,
promises the fairest hopes of ulti-
mate justice.

“* But, be that issue what it may,
your part is accomplished. In the
discharge of your duty, you have
satisfied the expectation of the com-
mons ; you have obtained the high
reward of. their approbation and
thanks, and, in obedience to their
commands, Iam now to acquaint
you with their resolution :

“ That the thanks of this house
“be given to the members who
‘* were appointed the managers of
‘* the impeachment against Henry
*¢ Jord viscount Melville, for their
‘¢ faithful management in their dis~
‘¢ charge of the trust reposed in
“6 them.”

General Fitzpatrick then moved,
“¢ that Mr, Speaker be desired’ ta
print the speech which he made
to the managers of the impeach-
ment of lord Melville, in conse-
quence of the resolution -of this
house:” which was agreed to
unanimously.

The house of Jords resumed the
consideration of the impeachment,
on the 28th of May; but, as
strangers were excluded from the

house, and no report has been pub. .

lished of their debates, we are’com-
pelled

124

pelled to give a very short and
mperfect account of the subsequent
proceedings of that assembly. We
understand, however, that the

whole of the first day was consum.-

ed in discussions of order. The
lord chancellor, in moving that the

house should go into’ a committee

on the impeachment, took occasion
to express, in very strong language,
his disapprobation of the ancient
and established practice in such
cases, of the house coming to a
previous decision in the chamber of
parliament, and exacted a sort of
pledge, that no yoteshould be taken
on the question, whether the com-
mons had made good any of their
charges, until the house went down
to Westminstcr-hall. He announced
at the same time, his intention of
moving in the committee, that some
of the articles should be divided,
and discoursed at some length on
the defective form in which they had
been prepared by the commons.
Whereupon some of the lords en-
tered into a vindication of the an-
cient practice of the*house in cases
of impeachment, and argued, that
the house could not, consistently
with its forms, discuss the articles
ef impeachment, unless there was
a question before it, and_ that,
whether the house should divide on
that question, must depend not on
any gencral resolution of the whole
house, but on the individua] members
present, any one of whom might in-
_Sist on taking the sense of the house
on the question which it had enter-
tained. A long and warm conyersa-
tion followed, in which the ehief
speakers onthe oneside were the lord
chancellor, lord Ellenborough, and
lord Radnor, and on the other side
_ lord Laudérdale and lord Holland.

At length the house went into a

ANNUAL’ REGISTER,

1806.

committee to take into consideration
the first article of impeachment, ©
and being afterwards resumed, ad-
journed till the 30th. ‘

On that day the former subjeet
of discussion was. revived by lord
Auckland, who rising before the
chairman had.taken the chair, made
a speech of some length . enforcing
the propriety of a previous discus-
sion and vote, and ended by moy-
ing, ** That the proceedings on Mr.
Hastings’s trial, the report of the
committee, and questions put to
the lords in Westminster-hall
should be printed.” Lord El-
Jenborough and lord Erskine replied
to lord Auckland—but after some
debate his motion was agreed .to.
The house then resolved itself into
a committee, in which, after a long
debate on the most expedient mode
of framing a question, which would
bring to a fair issue the pro.
priety of dividing the first article
of impeachment, as proposed by
the lord Chancellor and lord El.
lenborough—and after a full dis-
cussion of the question itself, an
amendment proposing a division of
the article, was negatived by a ma-
jority of 72 to 53. The chief |
speakers for the amendment were
lord Erskine and lord Ellen-
borough ; against it, lord Eldon
and lord Stanhope. It was then
resolved, that it is the opinion of
this committee, that the first ques-
tion put to the lords in Westmin-
ster-hall shall be, ‘‘ Is Henry vis-
count Melville guilty of the high
crimes and misdemeayours charged
upon him in the first article of the
impeachment, or not guilty ??"--
Then the like motions were made
on the other nine articles, and se.
verally agreed to,

The house being again, on ‘he

“of a banker,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

20 of June, put into a committee,
to consider farther of the impeach-
ment, it was moved, that it is the
opinion of this committee, that the
commons have made good their first
article of charge. After a long
debate, the house was resumed, and
the judges ordered to attend next
day.

On the 3d of June, the follow-
ing questions were, on the motion
of lord Eldon, put to the judges,
which, with the substance of the
opinions of the judges thereupon,
delivered on the 5th of June, we
subjoin,

- The first question put to the
judges was as follows: ‘* Whe-
** ther monies issued from the ex-
“ chequer to the governor . and
-™ company of the bank of England,
** on account of the treasurer of his
&* majesty’s navy, pursuant to the
“aet 25 Geo. II]. cap. 31. may
“be lawfully drawn from the said
‘bank by the person duly autho-
“rized by the treasurer to draw
** upon the bank, according to the
* said act; the drafts of such per-
*<son being made for the purpose
“* of discharging bills actually as-
‘6 siened upon the treasurer before
*¢ the date of such drafts, but not
“actually presented for payment
** before such drawing ; and whe-

ther such monics#so drawn, for
** such purpose, may be lawfully ©

* lodged and deposited in the hands
other than the
bank, until the payment of such
“assigned bills, and for the pur-
* pose of making payment thereof,
“ when the payment thereof shall
“be demanded, or whether such
** act, in so drawing monies and
“lodging and depositing the same
“Sas aforesaid, is in the Jaw a
‘*erime or offence?” Upon tbis

.

125

question the lord chief justice ef
the court of common pleas deli-
vered the unanimous opinion of the
judges, that the monies described
in the question might be lawfully
drawn from the bank by the per-
son duly authorized by the trea-
surer, lawfully lodged and depo-
sited in the hands of a private
banker, ‘* and that such act, inso
‘¢ drawing such monies, and lodging
‘¢ and depositing the same as afore-
‘ said, is not in the law a crime or
‘¢ offence.”

The second question put to the
judges was: ‘* Whether monies
‘¢ issued from the exchequer to the
‘¢ bank of England, on account of
‘¢ the treasurer of the navy, pur-
*‘ suant to the act 25 Geo. Jil.
“ cap. 31. may be lawfully drawn
‘therefrom, by drafts drawn in
‘¢ the name, and on the behalf-of
‘¢ the said treasurer, in the form
“« prescribed in the same act, for
** the purpose of such monies being
‘‘ ultimately applied to navy ser-
“¢ vices; but, in the mean time,
‘¢ and until the same should be re-
‘6 quired to be so applied, for the
4¢ purpose of being deposited in the
‘¢hands of a private banker, or
<¢ other private depository of such
*¢ monies, in the name, and under
‘¢ theimmediate sole controlanddis-
‘< nosition of some other person or
‘¢ persons than the said treasurer
‘¢ himself’ Upon this second
question, ‘‘If by the expression
‘ for the purpose of being deposit-

- edin the hands of a private bank-

‘er, or other private depository,”
‘jt is to be understood,thatsuch was
‘6 the object or reason of drawing
“¢ the money out of the bank of
‘ England, the judges answer, that
«¢ monies may not be lawfully drawn
&* out of the bank of England by
“ the

126

“the treasurer of the navy, for
‘¢ such purpose, although the
‘money be intended to be, and
“ may in fact be, ultimately ap.
¢ plied to navy services. But, if
‘¢ by that expression it is to be un-
*€ derstood, that such intermediate
s¢ deposit, in the hands of a private
‘“ banker or depository, is made,
““bona fide, as the means, or sup-
‘© posed means, of more conveni-
*< ently applying the money to navy
‘services, in that case,. the judges
‘¢ answer, that monies may be law-
‘¢ fully drawn in the terms of the
‘< question,and lawfully depositedin
*¢ the hands of a private banker, iu
‘¢ the name and under the sole con-
‘¢ trol and disposition of other per-
‘sons than the tneasurer of the
“ navy. ‘

Several other questions for the
consideration of the judges were
proposed to the house, but on a
division they were negatived ; after
which, the house proceeded on the
5th of June, to go into a commit-
tee for the further consideration of
the impeachment; when it was
moved, ** that it is the opinion of
this committee, that the com-
mons have made good the second
article of charge ;” and, after a
debate, ordered, ‘* that the farther
consideration of this article be
postponed.” Similar resolutions
were moved on the other articles,
and after each article had been suf-
ficiently discussed, the cousidera-
tion of it was, in like manner, post-
poned, without coming to a divi-
‘sion; by which it was intended,
that the advantages of discussion in
tie chamber of parliament should
be obtained, without any vote on
the charges, before the house went
down to Westminster-hall. On the
Sth of June, the 2d, 3d, and 4th

‘ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

articles of impeachment were in this
manner discussed ; andon the 6th,
the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th articles
were in like manner disposed of.—
Another question was also submit- —
ted to the judges on the 6th of June
in the following words: ** Whee
‘* ther it was lawful for the treasu-
‘rer of the navy, before the pas-
“sing of the act of 25 Geo. III.
“cap. 31. and more especially,
‘* when by warrant from his majes-
“ty, his salary, as such treasurer
“‘ as aforesaid, was augmented in
“« full satisfaction for all wages, fees,
‘‘ and other profits and emoluments,
** to apply any sum of money en-
*¢ trusted to him for navy pure
‘¢ noses, to any other one whatso.
‘fever, public or private, without
‘C express authority for so doing:
‘¢ and whether such application by
* such treasurer, would have been
‘¢a misdemeanor, or punishable by
“ information orindictment ?” To
which question the judges unani-
mously answered, that it was ‘* not
unjawful for the treasurer” so to
apply the money entrusted to him
for navy services, ‘* so as to con-
stitute a misdemeanor punishable
by information or indictment.”—
This opinion was delivered on the
9th of June, and on the same day
the Jomls brought to a conclusion
their deliberatéons on the impeach-
ment, by discussing the tenth and
Jast article in the usual form,

We most unfeignedly lament,
that we are unable to communi-
cate te our readers the particulars
of these discussions in the chamber
of parliament, as they would no
doubt contribute materially to ex-
plain the subsequent votes, of the
majority in Westminster-hall. We
understand, however, that among
those who spoke in support of the

impeachment,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

impeachment, were the lord chan-
_cellor, bishop of St. Asaph, lords
Ellenborough, Lauderdale, Hol-
land, St. John, Donoughmore, So-
mers, Grosvenor, Sidmouth and
Stanhope; and that the -chief
speakers on the other side were
lord Eldon, the archbishop of Can-
terbury, lords Hawkesbury, Aber-
corn, Carlton and Westmoreland.
But the noble lord, whose ingenu-
» ity and eloquence were exerted with
the greatest effect in defence of the
noble lord under impeachment, was
lord Eldon. That noble and learn-
ed lord, considering the point of
law to be settled by the opinions
of the judges, directed himself
_ in this debate, chiefly to repel from
the noble defendant the charge of
corruption. In the course of his
argument for that purpose, he ad-
mitted with great candour, and ia
the most explicit terms, that the
noble lord, now upon his trial, had
been guilty of ‘ culpable negli-
gence” in the discharge of his
duty—and of “ criminal indul-
gence” to his paymaster; and he
declared, that had these been the
charges brought by the commons,
he must have pronounced the noble
_ lord guilty of the charges ; but the
noble lord was charged with cor-
fuption, and of that crime he saw

ist | 2d | 3d | 4th | 5th | Gth | 7th | Sth] 9th

_ Not guilty ....} 120] 81 | 83
Semilty ......2. 15] 54 [| 52
Majority .....- 105} 27 | 31

127

no evidence that satisfied his con-
science.

Lord Grenville and lord isclnenth
were not present at these discus.
sions—nor did they vote in West-
minster-hall. They had both at-
tended, for the first two days, the
examination of the evidence, but —
finding that the time occupied in the —
proceedings in Westminster-hall in-
terfered with the discharge of their
official duties, they discontinued
their attendance, and took no part
afterwards in the trial.

On the 12th of June the house
having adjourned to Westminster-
hall, and being there resumed, the
lord chancellor put the question,
beginning at the junior baron, ‘Is
‘‘ Henry viscount Melville guilty
‘Cor not guilty?” And all the -
lords present having declared guilty
or not guilty, the lord chancellor,
after casting up the votes, declared
lord Melville not guilty. Then his
lordship declared to him, ‘‘ that
the lords had fully considered of
his case, and had found him net
guilty of high crimes and misde-
meanors charged on him by the im-
peachment of the house of com-
mons.”

Wesubjoin to this account of the
trial, the numbers of those who
voted guilty or not guilty on the
different articles af impeachment, -

10th

135] 131] 88 | 88 121] 124
o} 3) 47 | 50 14/11
133, 128} 41 | 35 | 107] 107).113

We

128

We subjoin also a list of the
peers who voted on lord Melville’s
impeachment, with an account of
the manner in which they voted :

GUILTY ON THE FOLLOWING
CHARGES.
Lord Chancellor, 2, 3, 6, 7
Duxes—Clarence, 1,2,3,6,7,8,10
Kent, 2, 3, 6, 7
Sussex,. 1.25.3, 6,7, 8, 10
Gloucester, 1, 3, 6, 7, 9
Lord President, 1, 2,3, 6,7, 10
Lord Privy Seal, 2,3, 6,7,8
Duxts—Norfolk, 1, 2, 3,6, 7, 8
Somerset, 2, 3
St. Albans, Qs 3% 6,7
Mtiuzasensis Wipchouter a5 6,7,8
Headfort, 2, 3, 6,7
Eants—Derby, 2 9, 3,6, 7, 85.9
Suffolk, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8.9 it
Winchelsea, 2, 3
Carlisle, 2, 3,7
Breadalbane, 2, 3,6, 7
Stair, 2, 3
Oxford, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10
Cowper; 2, 3,6, 7,8
Stanhope, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10
Buckinghamshire, 2
Egremont, 2
Radnor, 2, 3, 6,9
Grosvenor, 2, 3, 6, 7
Mansfield, 2, 3, 6, 7
Carnarvon, 1,2, 3, 6,7, 8
Enniskillen, 7
Donoughmore, 2, 3, 6, 7
Rosslyn, 2, 3, 6, 7
Charleville, 7

Viscount Hereford, 2, 3, 6, 7
Bisuop of St. Asaph, 2735.0; 759

Banons—De Clifford, 1,2,35,6,7,10
* St. John, 1, 2, 3; 657, 9,10 4 ~
Clifton, 2, 3, 6,7
King, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Ponsonby, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9

Essex Mou antEdgecom he
Doncaster _ Fortescue
~ Strathmore Digby
Kellie Westmeath
Aboyne Lengford
Glasgow Lucan
Bristol Caledon
Macclesfield “Onslow
Graham Chichester
Hardwicke Limerick
Chatham Powis

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Holland, 1, 2,3, 6, 7, 9, 10
Dynevor, 7

Grantley, 2, 3, 6, 7
Rawdon, 2, 3, 6,7
eolkely 65:7,

mpmerdy: 2 2, 135) 64%, 8,9

Fife, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7,8
Verulam, 2, 3, 6, 7
Gage, 2, 3, e

Auckland, 2, 3, 6,7

Upper Ossory, 2

Dundas, 2, 3, 6, 7
Yarborough, 2, 3, 6

Dawnay, |, 2, 3, 6,7, 10

De Dunstanville, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9
Minto, 2, 3,6, 7.

Lilford, 2, 3

Carysfort, 2, 3, 6, 7
Ellenborough, 2, 3, 5, 6,7, &
Lauderdale, 1, 2, 3, 6,7, 9, 10
Crewe, 2, 3, 6, 7

NOT GUILTY UPON ALL THE

CHARGES.

PUKES.
York Beaufort
Cumberland Rutland
Cambridge

MARQUISSES.

Salisbury Cornwallis
Abercorn Hertford

BARS
Aylesford Bathurst
Dartmouth Uxbridge
Bridgewater Camden

Westmoreland Strange

VISCOUNTS.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 129

VISCOUNTS.
Wentworth Lowther
Hampden

BISHOPS.
Bathvand Wells Chichester
BARONS,
Spencer of Worm- Boston
* leighton Rodney
Ashburnham - Elliot

Cathcart Borriugdon
* Hay Berwick
_ Grantham Montague

Vor. XLVIIT.

Hawkesbury | Harewood

Kenyon~ Rolle
Bray brook Cagrington
Amherst Bayning
Douglas of Dou- Bolton
glas Northwick
Douglas of Loch- Eldon
~ Jeven St. Helens
Mulgrave Thomond
Bradford Archer
Stuart of Castle Sheffield
Stuart Barham
K CHAP.

130 ANNUAL REGISTER, 180%.

CHAPTER VII.

;

' Peace of Presburg—Treaty of Vienna between France and Prussia, and
ccupation of Hanover by the latter—Affairs of Naples—Treaty uf Por-
tici—Vivlation of the Neutrality of Naples by the English and Russians—
Acquiescence of the Court of Naples in this Proceeding —Proclamation
uf Bonaparte against the Neapolitan Dynasty—Evacuation of Naples by
the Russians and English—Flight of their Sicilian Majesties to Palermo—
Progress of the French Army under Joseph Bonaparte—Its Entrance into
Naples—Duke of Calabria retires with a Body of Troops to join General
Damas, in Calabria—Pursued by Regnier—Actions at Lago Negro and
Campo Jeneu, in which the Neapolitans are defeated and their Army dis-
persed—Juseph Bonaparte declared King of Naples by his Brother—
Efforts of the Court of Palermo to excite Disturbances against him—lIn
Abruzzo—In Calabria—Expedition of Sir Sidney Smith to the Coast of
Naples—Sir James Craig succeeded in the Command of the British Army
in Sicily, by Sir John Stuart—Expedition of Sir John Stuart to Cala-
bria— Buttle of Maida—Consequences of that Victory—French expelled
trom the two Calabrias—Return of the English Army to Sicily—Opera-
tions along the Coast—Surrender of Gaeta—Progress and Cruelties of the
French in Calubria—Account of the Massé, or Calabrian I. usurgentsand —
their Leaders—Sir John Siuart succeeded in the Command of the English |
Army by General Fox—Reasons for not acceding to the Wishes of the
Court of Palermo, and making another Expeditwn to Calabria—State of
Sicély— Occupation of Cattaro by the Russians—Of Ragusa, by the French —
—Siege of Ragusa, by the Russians and Montenegrins—Battle of Castel- _
nuovo.

HE armistice, concluded at Austria, was soon brought to a

Austerlitz, by prince John, of
Lichtenstein and marshal Berthier,
was followed by conferences for a
separate peace between France and
Austria. This negotiation, which
was entrusted to Talleyrand on the
part of France, and conducted by
prince John of Lichtenstein and
count Ignaz de Guylac on the side of

favourable issue. A definitive treaty

of peace was signed by these.pleni- ~
potentiaries, at Presburg, on the |
26th of December, and was, next —

day, ratified by the French emperor.
Prince John of Lichtenstein, who
was the chief adviser of the emperor
of Germany in these pacific mea-,
sures,}is accused by the partisans of

the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

the coalition, of having betrayed
his master into a system which they
consider fatal to the interests and
derogatory from the honour of his
crown, for so trivial a consideration
as the prospect of removing the
pressure of war from his own pri-
vate estatesin Moravia. But, how-
ever selfish the motives of the advi-
Ser, it is clear from all the events
which have since occurred, that the
advice was most salutary and judi-
cious; and, that to the promptitude
with which this treaty was con-
cluded, and to the fidelity with
which it has been observed, Austria

_owes the privilege of being still an

independent state.

The terms however of the peace
of Presburg were much less favour-
able to the emperor of Germany
than those, which, in similar extre-
mities, he had formerly obtained
from the ruler of France. By the
present treaty he was compelled to
renounce his share of the Venetian
territories, which, at the peace of
Luneyille, had been reckoned no
inadequate compensation for his loss
of the Low Countries, and to con-
Sent, that these valuable provinces
should be annexed to the kingdom
of Italy. He was also forced to cede
the county of Tyrol and lordships

_ of Voralberg to the king of Bavaria,

of Baden.

the hereditary enemy of his family ;

and to abandon his possessions in

Franconia, Suabia, and Bavaria, to

be divided among the kings of Bava-
tia and Wirtemberg, and the elector
The only territory be-
stowed upon him in compensation
for so many losses, was the county
of Saltzburgh and Berchstolgaden,
which was taken from hjs brother
the archduke Ferdinand, and for-
mally incorporated with the empire

191

of Austria; while the archduke in
return received the territory of
Wurtzburg from tbe king of Hava.
ria, accompanied by a promise of
the emperor Napoleon’s good offi.
ces, to obtain for him a full and
entire indemnity ia Germany. The
grand-mastership of the ‘eutonic
order, with all the rights, domains,
and revenues belonging to it, was
also transferred in perpetuity to the
house of Austria, to be held as an
hereditary dignity in the family of
any one of its princes, whom the
emperor of Germany and Austria
should appoint. The total cessions
of Austria have been estimated in
extent of territory at 1297 square
miles; in number of subjects at
2,716,000 souls ; and in loss of reves
nue at 16,060,000 florins, or about
L. 1,600,000. But these arithmeti-
cal details give but a faint idea of
the loss of power and influence,
which Austria has sustained, if con.
sequence of the part she took in the
disastrous coalition. By the cession
of her Venetian territories, she is -
excluded entirely from Italy, and
reduced from being the natural
mistress of the Adriatic, to be the
humble possessor of her antient,
solitary port of Trieste. By her
loss of the Tyrol and resignation of
her remaining possessions on the
Rhine and upper Danube, she is cut
off from all connexion with Swisser-
land, and removed one step farther
to the eastward, from her antient
aud natural allies.” She is become
less formidable for offensive ‘War,
and by the loss of a frontier, which
covered a great part of her domi-
nions, she is more exposed to the
attacks of her enemies. The fo-
reign trade of her territories is at
the mercy of others, and in the only

K 2 quarter,

‘439 ANNUAL RE

quarter, where she can expect ac-
quisitions of importance, she is be-
set by a powerful rival, on the
watch to observe her motions and
partake in her conquests.—In ad-
dition to her cessions of territory,
Austria was compelled by this
treaty to recognize Bonaparte’s
newly created kings of Bavaria and
Wirtemberg, and to submit to fur-
ther spoliations of the territory,
and new encroachments on the con-
stitution of the empire.

While the plenipotentiaries at
Presburg were settling the condi-
tions of peace between France and
Austria, a treaty was concluded at
Vienna between France and Prus.
sia, which led, at a subsequent pe-
riod, to important consequences,
Yhe ostensible object of this treaty
was to secure the tranquillity of the
north of Germany, and prevent the
revival of hostilities in that quar-
ter. It stipulated, that the French
émpcror should suspend the march
of his army against Hanover, and
send tio more troops into that
coutitry ; on condition, that the
blockade of Hameln should be
raised, and its garrison supplied
with provisions, and that the forces
of the allies in Hanover should be
withdrawn and replaced with Prus-
sians, This treaty was signed at
Vieniia on the 15th of December by
count Haugwitz and general Duroc,
and such of its engagements as the
contracting parties thought proper
to make pbblic, were carried into
immediate execution. The bleck-
ade of Hameln was raised, and its
garrison supplied with provisions by
order of the Hanoverian regency.
The Fréncgh armies advancing

SGISTER, 1806.

against Hanover were ordered back.
The British forces under lord Cath-
cart retired to Bremen, and waited
there for the arrival of transports
to convey them to England. Bad
weather prevented them from em-
barking till the beginning of Feb-
ruary, but owing to the protection
of the armistice, they remained in
perfect security and without the
smallest molestation from the
French. The Russians, who had
been left by their emperor at the
entire disposal of the king of Prus-
sia, were marched, in the first in-
stance, to the city of Hanover, and
alterwards across the Elbe. The
Swedes also withdrew to the other
side of that river, and took up their
quarters in Lauenburg and Meck.
lenburg, where they publisheda pro-
clamation,* declaring that the do-
minions of his Britannic majesty on |
the right bank of the Elbe, were
under the protection of Sweden.—
As the allies evacuated the coun-
try, the Prussians entered and took
possession of it; and, notwith-
standing the opposition of the Ha-
noverian minister, who protested in
vain against their proceedings, they
occupied before the middle of Feb-
ruary the whole electorate of Han-
over, except Hameln, where the
French had still a garrison, and
Lauenburg, which was held by the
Swedes,

After the retreat of the Russians
and conclusion of treaties with Au-
stria and Prussia, the French em-
peror had no remaining enemy
within his reach, except the king
of Naples, whose recent conduct
had been such as to provoke the
utmost fury of his indignation. A

treaty

* At Boitzenburg, Feb. 2d. 4306.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

treaty of neutrality between France
and Naples had been concluded at
Paris on the 21st of September, by
Talleyrand_ and the marquis di Gal-
lo; and-ratified at Portici by the
king of Naples on the 8th of Oc-
tober. Ly this treaty, the French
agreed to withdraw their troops
from the Neapolitan territory,
where they had been stationed,
without any justiliable pretence,
since the commencement of the
_ war with England: and the king
of Naples engaged, in return, to re-
main neutral in the war between
France and the allies, and to repel
by force, every encroachment on
his neutrality. Hemore particularly
became bound not to permit the
troops of any belligerent power to
enter his territories; not to con-
fide the command of his armies or
defence of his strong places to any
Russian or Austrian officer, or
French emigrant, or subject of any
belligerent ; and not to admit any
belligerent squadron into his ports.
But hardly had six weeks elapsed
after the ratification of this treaty,
when every one of its stipulations
was violated by the court of Na-
ples. On the 20th of November a
squadron of English and Russian
ships of war appeared in the bay
of Naples, and landed a body of
forces in that city and its vicinity.
It is still doubtful, whether this ex-
ag was undertaken by the al-
ies in coucert with the Neapolitan
government; but, whether previ-
ously consulted or not, by not op.
posing the landing of the troops,
nor even remonstrating against it,
the latter made itself a party to the
transaction, and forfeited the neu-
trality secured to it by the treaty
recently concluded. Such at least

133

was the interpretation of its conduct
by the French ambassador at Na-
ples, who instantly took down the
arms of France from over the gate
of his hotel, and demandsd_ pass.
ports, to enable him to leave the
kingdom. liad the court of Na-
ples beer able to justify itself from
a participation in the counsels that
led to these proceedings, or been
still desirous of maintaining its neu-
trality in the war between France.
and the allies, this was the moment
for explanation. But, instead of
keeping open the door for accom-
modation, it suffered the French
ambassador to depart, without even
attempting a vindication of its con.
duct ; and contented itself with is-
suing a decree, in which, after
slightly alluding to the late trans.
actions, but without even conde.
scending to say, that the neutrality
of its territory had been violated
against its will, it promised to fo.
reign merchants, subjects of the al-
lies of France, and resident in the
Neapolitan dominions, who might
otherwise be alarmed at the depar-
ture of the French ambassador,
protection for their property, and
permission to pursue their com-
merce.— The appearance of sucha
decree, at such a juncture, was re-
garded by France as an unequivocal
declaration, that the late proceed-
ings of the allies at Naples, if not
undertaken at the request of the
Neapolitan government, were a-
greeable to jts wishes; and if any
doubts had remained of its inten-
tion to disregard the treaty of Por-
tici, and connect itself with the al-
lies, its subsequent conduct would

have soon removed them.
The Russians, who were in uum.
ber ahout 14,000 men, under ge-
K 3 Ot ene

134

neral Lascy, Janded at Naples, and
were quartered in that city and its
neighbourhood. ‘The English,
amounting to about 10,000, dis-
embarked at Castell-a.mare, and
were catitoned at that place, at
Torre del Greco and in the vicini-
ty. Sir James Craig was com-
mander in chief of the English
forces, and sir John Stuart second
jn command. No sooner were the
troops on shore, than preparations
for active hostilities were begun by
the government of Naples. Le-
vies of Neapolitans were ordered.
Horses and waggons, necessary for
the advance of the army, were pro-
vided. Magazines were collected,
and every demonstration was given
by the court of Naples, that, if not
consulted before the expedition was
undertaken, the plan of operations,
whatever it was, had now tts hearty
approbation and support.

It is impossiblein reviewing these
transactions, not to be struck with
the blindness of the Neapolitan go-
vernment, as well as with the want
ofany rational or intelligible ob-
ject in the measures of the allies —
For what purpose, we naturally
ask, were troops landed at Naples?
Were the English and Russians so
ill-informed of what was passing in
that kingdom, as not to know, that
the French garrisons were already
withdrawn from it? Is it true, as
the Russians have asserted*, that
this expedition was undertaken
with the aim of producing a diver-
sion in favour of the Austrians in
Lombardy? But is it credible, that
the authors of the expedition could
seriously believe, that by landing an
army at Naples, they would check

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

the operations of Massena on the -
Adige? Was it not probable, that
the fate of the campaign in Lom-
bardy would be decided, before the
allied army would advance from

Naples to the Po, though it should

experience no epposition or obsta-

cle in its march? Jf the purpose of

the expedition had been to serve

the Austrians and promote the com-

mon cause of the alliance, would

not that object have been more ef-

fectually accomplished by sending

_troops to Venice, than by Janding- -
them at Naples? Were the allies

so intoxicated with dreams of suc-

cess, when the court of Petersburg

gave orders for this expedition, that

it was thought necessary, thus early

in the war, to take measures for

securing to, Russia a preponderat-

ing influence in the south of Italy?

Was it not distrust in the modera.

tion of Austria, should her armies

prove successful in Lombardy, ra-

ther than the project of assisting

her, while contending for victory,

that suggested this step to her asso.

ciate? But, if the views of the allies

are difficult of explanation, the

conduct of the court of Naples

could proceed only from the vio-

tence and imprudence of passion.

Naples was already freed from the

burthen of supporting a French

army. Ifthe allies were success.

ful, she was secure from its return.

Any assistance she could render the

genera! cause, was so utterly insig-

nificant, that if she had not been

bound by treaty to be neutral, her

inability to give any effectual aid to

the allies, ought to have been a
sufficient reason for their wishing
her to remain so. But, while Na-
_ ples

* Note of the Russian minister (Tatischeft) to the marquis di Circello, Naples. June —

6, 1806.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ples was incapable of assisting ef-
fectually in the prosecution of the
war, her breach of neutrality was
sure to draw down ruin on her
head, if France was victorious.
lt was not long before the court
' of Naples was made sensible of the
full extent of its imprudence. On
the morning after the signature of
the peace of Presburg, Bonaparte
issued a proclamation from his head
guarters at Vienna, declaring ‘‘ the
Neapolitan dynasty had ceased to
reign,” and denouncing vengeance
against the reigning family, in
terms, that left no-hope of pardon
or accommodation, Hardly had
this threatening proclamation reach-
ed Naples, when the allies, who
had brought the Neapolitan govern-
ment into these difficulties, set the
first example of flight, and aban-
doned to their fate the royal per-
sonages, whom they had so inexcu-
sably involved in ruin. A courier
arrived at Naples, with orders
from the emperor Alexander, for
the Russian troops to re embark
and return to Corfu. The retreat
of the Russians led necessarily to
that of the English. Had the Rus-
sians remained, who formed the
greater part of the allied army,
there is a strong position on the
road from Rome to Naples, hav-
_img the mountains of Abruzzo on
the right, and the Ganigliano on
the left, which might have been
maintained against the French.—
But, after the departure of the Rus-
-sians, the English were too few in
number for so extensive a line of
- defence, and, therefore, sir James
Craig determined on retiring with
his troops to Sicily, without wait.
ing for the arrival of the encmy.—
This resolution, which seems, in-

* General orders, head-quarters at Messina, April 6th, 1806.

135

decd, the only reasonable plan left
him to adopt, he carried into exes _
cution without delay, and thus ce.
cured Sicily from the French,
which, had he attempted, without
success, thedefence of Naples, must
have fallen into their hands without
resistance. ‘This hasty retreat of
sir James Craig seems to have ex,
cited murmurs among hi®soldiers,
who, with the spirit natural to Bri-
tish troops, were indignant at the
appearance of flying before an e-
nemy, distant from them many
hundred miles.* It was still less
acceptable to the court of Naples,
which was unwilling to abandon its
capital, and too weak, without as-
sistance, te attempt its defence.—
But, the British general, disregard-
ing the murmurs of the one, and
remonstrances of the other, per-
sisted in his resolution ; and being
convinced, that Naples could not
be defended with the forces under
his command, he wisely determined
not to expose his troops to the con.
sequences of their ardor and inex-
perience, nor to sacrifice them to
the wild and extravagant projects
of the court of Naples.

In the mean time a French army,
under the command of Joseph Bo-
naparte, assisted by Massena, Reg-
nier, and other generals of reputa-
tion, was advancing towards Na-
ples ; and on the 9th of I'ebruary
its head-quarters were at Ferentino
on the frontiers of that kingdom.
From this place a proclamation was
issued by Joseph Bonaparte, threat-
ening the court of Naples with the
severest vengeance for its breach of
faith, and violation of the treaty of
Portici, but promising to the peo-
ple, that if they submitted to the
French arms, their religion, laws.

K 4 and

136

and property should be respected.
Having passed the frontiers of the
kingdom, the French advanced in
three divisions. The right com-
manded ‘by Regnier, marched to
Gaeta without opposition, and
summoned the prince of Hesse Phi-
lipsthadt, the governor of that
place to surrender, offering him
honourable terms of capitulation,
and warning him of the inefficacy
, of resistance. ‘The answer of the
prince of Hesse was a determinate
refusal to capitulate ; on which the
French attacked and carried the
redoubt of St. André, defended by
ten picces of cannon, but lost in
the attack general Gigny, an ex.
cellent officer, much lamented by
their army. The centre division,
uader the command of Massena,
met with no resistance in its march
to Naples. Capua surrendered on
the 12th of February, and on the
15th, Joseph Bonaparte entered
Naples, the garrison left in that
city and in the neighbouring forts
having previously capitulated. Next
day, he went publicly to mass,
_which was celebrated by cardinal
Ruffo, archbishop of Naples; and
to display his devotion in a manner
more gratifying to the populace, he
' presented adiamond necklace, as an
offering to Saint Januarius, the tu-
telary saint of Naples.

‘The unfortunate king of Naples
had left his capital: on the 23d of
January, to seek refuge, a second
time, at Palermo; and the queen
had followed his example. Part of
the Neapolitan army accompanied
the king and queen in their flight,
and a number of persons, connect-
ed with the court, orobnoxious to
the French, mate their escape along
with them. Though the king had

been always a favourite with the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

populace, noeflart was madc to de-
tain him, nor disposition shewn, as
on a former occasion, to arm in his
defence. The queen was detested
by all ranks of people, and no sen-
timent, but exultation, attended her
flight. Her meddling, intriguing,
character must ever have prevented
her from acquiring popularity ; but
to have drawn upon her the univer-
sal abhorrence of her subjects, it
was necessary that she should have
displayed such a vindictive temper,
and shed such a profusion of blood,
as had marked her return from her
former exile. There was hardly a
noble or respectable family in Na-

ples, which had not to lament some ©

victim sacrificed on that occasion
to her resentment; and such was
the impression left in their minds,
of her cruel, unrelenting character,
that, when she sailed from Naples,
there was but one wish in the city,
that she might never return to it.
The duke of Calabria, heir ap-
parent of Naples, to whom the
king his father, before his depar-
ture, had delegated the regency of
the kingdom, during his own ab-
sence, remained at Naples till the
7th of February. But, having tried
in vain to open a negociation with
the French, he abandoned the city

on their approach, and retired, with ©

a body of troops, to Calabria,

where general Damas, a French e-.

migrant in the Neapolitan service,
was at the head of a considerable
force, endeayouring to organize a
levy en masse, for the defence of
that part of the kingdom. The ac-
tivity of the French, however, left
the Neapolitan generals but a short
time’ to complete their prepara-~
tions. General Regnier was called
from before Gaeta, and sent after
the fugitives with part of the army

‘i ae pooni which

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

-which had entered Naples.. No
stand seems to have been made by
the Neapolitan generals, till they
reached the frontiers of Calabria ;
but having taken a strong position
at Lago Negro, they determined to
Wait there the approach of the ene-
my. An action ensued, in which
the Neapolitans, after attempting
in yain to defend the passage of a
small rivulet, were driven with
great loss from their position. This
action, which seems to have been
obstinately disputed on the part of
the Neapolitans, was fought on the
6th of March. On the two follow-
ing days Regnier continucd to ad-
vance, driving small parties of the
Neapolitans before him, and on the
9th he attacked their army in its
entrenched position at Campo Te-
nese. According to the I*rench
accounts, the Neapolitans behaved
most shamefully on this occasion,
They are said to have fled at the
first onset, abandoning their can-
non and baggage, and about 2000
‘prisoners to the enemy; and to
have dispersed after the battle so
completely, that general Damas was
unable, in his flight, to collect to-
gether more than 900 infantry and
50 horse. ‘This account of the ac-
tion at Campo Terese, we have no

particular grounds for calling in-

question ; but we have understood,
in general, that the disasters of the
Neapolitan army in Calabria, were
Owing more to the want of skill
and courage in their leaders, than
to any misconduct in the troops.—
The battle of Campo Tenese, if it
deserves the name, put an end for
the present to the war in Calabria.
Regnier advanced to Neggis at the
extremity of the peninsula, and
placed a French garrison in the
fort of Scylla. Another diviston

137

of the French army marched, with-
out opposition, to Tarento, and
took possession of that important
city, the most conveniently situated
of any in the kingdom, for menacing
at once both Sicily and Greece.
The whole kingdom of Naples
had now submitted to the French
arms, except Gaeta and Civitelle del
Tranto, in the farther Abruzzo.—
Gaeta,which is situated on the point
of a rocky promontory, washed on
three sides by the sea, and on the
fourth joined to the continent by a
narrow isthmus, strongly fortified,
was still held by the prince of
Hesse-Philipsthal ; and such was the
strength of the place and resolution
of the governor, that the French
had no chance of -becoming mase
ters of it, without a regular siege 5
which, for want of battering can-
non, they were unable for some
time to commence. But, though
no enemy appeared against them
in the field, the country they had
subdued was far from being tran-
guil, Assassinations, robberies, and
other disorders, inseparable from a
dissolution of government, broke
out at Naples and in other parts of
the kingdom, and required for their
suppression, the most rigorous and
vigilant police. These disorders,
which filled the better sort of Nea-
politans with the most dismal ap-
prehensions, were fomented by the
partizans and emissaries of the old
government, who thought to dis-
tress the French, by exciting dis-
turbances in the country. But,
such wretched policy had no other
effect than to alienate still farther
from the exiled family, all persons
of rank, property, or considera~
tion at Naples, and to attach them
more firmly to the French interest,
from the predominance of which
3 only

~

158

only they could expect security and
protection. ‘he knowledge that
such were the sentiments of the prin-
cipal Neapolitans, determined Bo-
naparte to make known, without
further delay, his ultimate inten-
tions with respect to Naples. He
had already declared, that the ex-
iled family should never return to
occupy the throne which they had
abandoned. He now issued a de-
cree, conferring the crown of Naples
on his brother Joseph and his legi-
timate heijrs-male; without preju-
dice to their eventual claim to the
throne of France; but with a pro-
viso, that the crown of France and
that of Naples should never be u-
nited on the same head, In pursu-
ance of this decree, which was com-
municated to the French senate on_
the 30th of March, Joseph Bona-~
parte caused himself to be pro-
claimed kiyg of Naples, and made
all the constituted authorities of the
kingdom, take an oath of fidelity
to him: The city of Naples was
Hlnminated on this occasion, with
every demonstration of joy and sa-
tisfaction on the part of the nobles,
whe were eager to shew their at-
tachment to their new king, and ac-
eept of offices and distinctions in his
Service, in order to mark, not so
much their devotion to him, as their
aversion for the exiled family. ‘That
those, whose families had suffered
in the former revolution, and who
had since lived in banishment or re-
tirement, should join heartily in
support of the new government, is
not to be wondered at, nor blamed.
But there was a want of decency
and propriety in the conduct of
those, who haying recently held em-
ployments under the late govern-
ment, and enjoyed its fayours and
-eonfidence, took this early oppor-
tanity of reuouncing all connection

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. .

with it, and of attaching themselves
to the fortunes of their new king.—
The marquis di Gallo, for example, |
must have offended every man of
honour, by the political profligacy
he displayed, in accepting the office
of minister of foreign affairs from
Joseph Bonaparte, within three
days after his return from Paris,
where he had been ambassador —
of Naples, under the former go-
vernment. Nor can the duke of St.
Theodore, who accepted of a place
in the household of the new king,
be excused for his desertion of the
exiled monarch, on account of his
near relationship to Caraccioli, when
it is considered, that, subsequent to
the melancholy fate of his kinsman,
he had been ambassador of Naples
at the court of Madrid,and so much
in the confidence of their Neapoli-
tan majesties, as to have been se.
lected for that post, to serve as a
counsellor and director to their un-
fortunate’ daughter, married to the
heir apparent of the Spanish mo-
narchy. From cardinal Ruffo no
person ever expected either honour
or consistency; and his apostacy
was received without the smallest
surprise.

The assumption of the regal dig-
nity in Naples by Joseph Bona-
parte, and the defection of-so many :
persons of distinction, excited the
liveliest indignation at the court of
Palermo. Instead of profiting by
their past misfortunes, the queen
and duke of Calabria listened to no
counsels, but such as flattered their
anger with plans of vengeance, or
soothed their impatience with idle
projects for regaining their lost
dominions. Though driven from
Naples by their inability to resist
the French arms, they were now.
eager to attempt the recovery of
that kingdom, and confident of -ex-

2 pelling

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

_ pelling from it an enemy, whose in-
_yasion they had not ventured to
Oppose, or even dared to await.—
a event had happened since their
ight, to encourage them in so wild
Bi unpromising an enterprize.—
They had no foreign succour to
reckon upon, nor prospect of any
diversion of importance in their fa-
-vour. To the efforts of their Nea-
politan subjects alone, could they
look for assistance ; but, to expect
a prosperous issue to their attempts,
without farther aid than their late
subjects could afford, was to sup-
pose, that Neapolitans fighting to
sabvert their government, were more
formidable than Neapolitans fight-
Ing in its defence. Plans founded
on such expectations, terminated as
might have been foreseen. In some
of the provinces of Naples, emis-
saries from the court of Palermo
were successful in exciting insurrec.
tions against the French, and in all
“they produced a spirit of restless-
mess and insubordination, which
gave to the new government great
disquietude. But no permanent
good resulted from these distur-
bances, to compensate the present
evils to which they Jed. Abruzzo
and Calabria were delivered for a
short time from the French: yoke.
But, though the insurgents fought
with unparalleled courage and in-
trepidity, and were successful in
any encounters, the numbers and

e end; so that after a fruitless
vaste of blood and perpetration of
Ocities, on all sides, disgraceful
to humanity, these provinces were
again compelled to acknowledge Jo-
seph Bonaparte for their sovereign.
_ The provinces of Abruzzo,
though naturally poor, are inhabit-
ed by a more respectable and less
indigent peasantry, than the other

scipline of the French prevailed in ~

139

parts of the kingdom of Naples.—
The Jate government, which stood
in awe of the Abruzzese, had been
careful not to violate their privi-
leges, nor in any sort to oppress
them; and had, on the contrary,
relieved them from some local taxes
unfavorable to their industry. So
easy isit for princes to gain the af-
fections of their subjects, that these
slight favours had kindled a lively
spirit of loyalty and attachment to
the exiled family in the breasts of
the Abruzzese. When, therefore,
a successful sally from Gaeta had
enabled part of the garrison of that
fortress to cut its way through the
besieging army, and reach the moun-
tains of Abruzzo, the flames of in-
surrection spread rapidly over the ©
province. Little is known of the
subsequent histery of thiswar. It
appears, however, that Civitella del
Tranto, in the further Abruzzo, was
compelled, after a long resistance,
to surrender to the French ; and
that an unsuccessful attempt was
made by the English to open a com-
munication with the insurgents.—
But, though destitute of foreign
succour, such is the natural strength
of the country, which is mountain-
ous, and full of defiles and strong
positions, that the Abrazzese, who
had taken up arms, defended them.
selves for many months against the
French, and submitted at length on

honourable terms of capitulation.
Calabria isa mountainous, woody
and unhealthy region, well adapted
for defensive war. Its proximity
to Sicily affords frequent and casy
means of communicating with that
island; and, when the theatre of
hostilities, its extensive coast assures
incalculable advantages to the party,
who are masters atsea. The Ca-
labrians were, indeed, but little ine.
fluenced by sentiments of loyalty or
attachment

140

attachment to their late govern-
ment: but they were a warlike, fe-
rocious people, easily excited to
take up arms. Persons of proper-
ty in Calabria, lived in towns, and
were little inclined to engage in
commotions- But, the peasants and
villagers were 2 miserable, savage,
and rapacious race, ready to em-
bark in any service, which promised
to gratify their thirst for plunder, or
to afford them means of indulging
their private animosities and resent-
ments. Divided into separate com-
munities or townships, among which
there prevailed the most inveterate
feuds, they were unaccustomed to
order or repose, and engaged often
in open hostilities with one another,
or with the inhabitants of the towns.
So slight was the intercourse be-
tween different parts of the coun-
try, that some Albanian refugees,
having settled in the heart of Cala-
bria, soon after the death of Scan-
derbeg, their descendants still used
a Greek dialect, and, in some places,
followed the ritual of the Greek
church. Feudal institutions still
prevailed in Calabria, and were en.
forced with rigour. But,as the no-
bles resided not on their estates,
their authority over their vassals,
was inconsiderable; and the pea-
sants, who were strangers to their
persons, and unacquainted with
their existence, except through the
rents and services exacted i in their
name, were under ‘the direction of
men of inferior condition, whom
the money” and ‘protnises of ‘the
court of Palermo had attached to
its interests. The recollection of
their former expedition to Naples,
was Ais the minds of the Cala-
brians ; and the plunder they had
made, and the licence they had en-
joyed on that occasion, disposed

eg

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

them to embark again willingly in
the same cause. Assistance was also
to be expected from the troops of
banditti and free-booters, who had
their haunts in Calabria, and who
were but too ready in this, as they
had been in the former war, to ex-
ercise their trade under the sanction
of alawful government. Disbanded
galley slavesand mialefactors es-
caped from justice, were employed
as emissarics, to work upon thcse
materials and stir them to insurrec-
tion. But, notwithstanding so
many propitious circumstances, such
was the universal dread of the
French arms, that the court would
hardly have attained ifs ends, had
not an English army landed on the
coast of Calabria, and begua. its
military operations by a most splen-
did and glorious victory.

About the middle of April, sir
Sidney Smith had arrived at Paler-
mo, in the Pompee of 84 guns, and
taken the command of the English
squadron, destined for the defence
of Sicily. consisting of five ships of
the line, besides frigates, transports,
and gun, boats. With this force
uader his command, sir Sidney sail-
ed to the coast of Italy, and began
his operations by introducing into
Gaeta, supplies of stores and am-
munition, of which its garrison had
been greatly i in want. Having per-
formed this important service, and
left at Gaeta a flotilla of gun boats,
under the protection of a frigate, to
assist in the defence of the place, he
proceeded to the bay of Naples,
spreading such alarm along the coast,
that the French conveyed in haste

to Naples, part of their battering

train from the trenches before Ga-
eta, in order to protect the capital
from insult, and secure it from at-
tack. It "happened, that at the

‘ : moment

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

moment when sir Sidney came in
sight of Naples, that city was illu-
minated on account of Joseph Bo-
naparte, beng proclaimed king of
the twe Sicilics. It was in the

power of the English admiral to

have disturbed their festivity ; but,
as the sufferers from his interference
must have been the inhabitants of
Naples, and not the French troops,
or the new king, he wisely and hu-
manely forbore, and made for the
isle of Capri; of which he took pos-
session, after a slight resistance, and
placed in it an English garrison.-—
He then proceeded southward along
the coast, giving the greatest an-
noyance every where to the enemy,
obstructing by land, and intercept-
ing entirely by sea their cpmmuni-
cation along the shore, so as to re-
tard their operations against Gaeta,
which was the chief purpose for un-
dertaking this expedition. On the
_return of sir Sidney to Palermo, af-
ter the conclusion of this service, he
was led,’ from the active turn and
Sanguine temper of his mind, to en-
ter with eagerness into the projects
of the court, and to second its views
on Calabria, to the utmost of his
power. Finding him favorably in-
clined to their schemes, and anxious
to distinguish himself by some great
exploit, their Sicilian majesties in.
vested the British admiral with the
the most ample authority in Cala-
bria, and even constituted him their
viceroy in that province. But,
though active and indefatigable in
the duties of his new department,
and successful in distributing money,
‘arms, and ammunition among the Ca-
labrians, he soon found, that, unless
an English army made its appear-
ance in the country, there was no
chance of his producing an insur-
rection against the French, It be-

14}

came, therefore, necessary for the
court of Palermo, either to abandon
the fruit of all its intrigues and ma-
chinations, or to prevail on the
commander of the English forces in
Sicily to invade Calabria with part
of his army.

After the evacuation of Naples,
sir James Craig had retired with the
English army to Sicily, and esta-
blished his head quarters at Messina,
as the station best adapted for pro-
tecting the island from invasion.— gg»
There he remained till April, when
bad health compelled him to resign
his command to sir John Stuart,
who was soon after entrusted by his
Sicilian majesty with the defence of
the east coast of Sicily from Melazzo
to Cape Passaro, and with the come
mand of the Sicilian troops in that
district. ‘The army continued in its
position at Messina till the end of
June, without attempting offensive
operations against the enemy. It
was of the utmost importance to
England, that Sicily should not fall
under the dominion of France; and,
therefore, sir John Stuart, when so-
licited by the court of Palermo, to
assist in its schemes onCalabria, hesi- |
tated long, and deliberated maturely
before he complied. He considered,
that an expedition to Calabria, how.
ever it might gratify their Sicilian

‘majesties, could not, on the most

favourable supposition, lead to their
re-establishment at Naples, nor evens
secure to them the possession of any
part of their contwental dominions ; -
whereas if it failed, it must weaken
the defence and endanger the safety
of Sicily. He was, therefore averse
to such an expedition, and refused to
engage in it when first proposed to
him. But, overcome by the ur-
gent and repeated instances of the
Sicilian government, encouraged by
flattering

142

flattering accounts of the disposition
of the Calabrians, and foreseeing
that, if success attended his first
operations, he should -be able at
any rate to destroy the stores and
ammunition, collected in Calabria for
the invasion of Sicily, he consented
at length to land with part of his
army on the continent, and make
trial of the loyalty and affection of
the people to their former masters.
The enterprize, which sir John
Stuart thus reluctantly undertook,
he conducted with singular judg-
ment and ability, and brought to a
fortunate conclusion, with infinite
glory to the British arms, but with.
out any of those advantages to the
_ eourt of Palermo, which it had
fondly anticipated from the experi-
ment. !

The troops destined to this expe-
dition by sir John Stuart, amount.
ed to about 4800 effective men.—
With this small force he landed.on
the morning of the Ist of July, ina
bay in the gulph of St. Eufemia,
near the northern frontier of lower
Calabria. Little opposition was
made to his landing by the enemy,
who had not* yet collected their
forces. A proclamation was imme-
diately issued by the English general,
Jnvitiug the Calabrians to join the
standard of their lawful sovereign
and offering them arms and ammuni-
tion for their defence. Few or none,
however, obeyed the summons,
Disappointed in his expectations
from the inhabitants, sir John Stuart
was hesitating whether to re-embark
his troops, when intelligence was
brought to him that general Regnier
was encamped at Maida, about ten
miles off, with an army nearly equal
to his own. Understanding at the
same time that the French general
was in daily expectation of rein-

ANNUALREGISTER, 1806.

forcements, he determined to ad-
vance next morning, (July 4th) and
attack him before they arrived. ‘he
two armies were separated by a
plain from four to six miles in
breadth, extending from sea to sea,
and bounded on the north and south
by chains of mountains. The French
occupied a strong position on the
sloping side of a woody hill, below
the village of Maida, having the ri-
ver Lamato in front, and their flanks
strengthened by a thick, impervious
underwood. In numbers they were
greatly superior to the English, hay-
ing received the expected reinforce.
ment before the battle. ‘Their force
is supposed to have been about
7000 men, while that of the English.
did notamount to 4,800. Had Reg.
nier remained upon the heights, the
Knglish must have attacked him
with great disadvantage, and though
the event of the engagement would
have been probably the same, the
loss on their part must have been
more considerable. But, fortunately,
blinded by an excess of confidence in
his own troops, and an undue and
unbounded contempt of the enemy,
he quitted his strong position, aud
drew up his army on the plain. The
English, surprised at the number
of his troops, which was greater
than they expected, but in no
wise dismayed by their appearance,
advanced with undiminished ala-
crity to the attack. The action
began on the right of the English
army. After some firing, both
sides prepared to charge with the
bayonet, aud advanced with appa-
rently equal resolution; but the
French, who had probably imbibed
from their general his contemptuous.
opinion of the enemy, were so as-
tonished at the firmness with which
the English advanced to the charge,

that

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

that struck with a sudden panic,
they gave way after the bayonets of
' the two armies had began to cross,
and endeavoured to save themselves
by flight. It was too late, however,
to escape. They were overtaken
with immense slaughter, and in a
short time the whole of the left wing
of their army was totally routed and
dispersed. ‘The enemy being thus
completely discomfited on their left,
made an effort with their right, to
_ Fetrieve the honour of the day; but
they were resisted with great stea-
diness by the English left, and their
cavalry being thrown into disorder,
in an attempt to turn the English
flank, by an unexpected fire from
_ the twentieth regiment, which land-
ed during the action, and came up
_ at this critical juncture, they aban.
doned the field of battle with preci—
pitation, and left an undisputed vic.
tory to their opponents. About 700
French were buried on the ground,
and 1000 prisoners taken, among
whom were general Compere and
several other officers of rank; but
their total loss from’ this conflict is
estimated by sir John Stuart, at not
less than 4000 men. The English had
only 45 men killed and 282 wound-
ed in the action.
_ This glorious victory which was
gained on the 6th of July, was the

signal of a general insurrection in

both the Calabrias. The peasants,
already prepared to take up arms,
rose in every direction against the
French, cut off their stragglers, pur-
sued their flying parties, and attack-
ed their posts. ‘I'he French, pro-
voked by their defeat, and exaspe-
‘rated by the cruelty of the insure
gents, who gave no quarter to such
as fell into their hands, retaliated

with a savageness and ferocity, more
disgraceful

to their character thap_

143

the panic terrors, which had seized
them at Maida. The villages, which
declared against them, were plur~
dered and burned to the ground,
and the inhabitants massacred with-
out distinction of age or sex. This
usage still farther inflamed the Ca-
labrians, whose attacks on their
posts were incessant and furious, till
with the assistance of the English,
they drove them entirely out of
their country. Unable to contend
with their numerous and exasperated
assailants, the French were com-
pelled at length to evacuate both
Calabrias, and to abandon all the
cannon, stores; and ammunition,
which they had collected in these
provinces for the inyasion of Sicily,’
Not a single place along the coast
was left in their possession, from
Coohne to Sicosa. Of 9000 men,
which was the amount of their force
in lower Calabria, befure the battle
of Maida, not above 3000 made
good their retreat; and in upper
Calabria their loss from the insure
gents, for the English did nat pene.
trate into that province, was by
their own confession very consider-
able.

But glorious and successful as this.
expedition had been, it soon appear-
ed, how far it was from having
opened to the king of Sicily any
prospect of regaining his kingdom
of Naples, So sensible was sir' John
Stuart of his inability to maintain
the ground he had won in Calabria,
that from the plain of Maida he
announced his intention of rety rning
without loss of time to Sicily. On
the 18th of July his head-quartemp
were at Bagnara near Reggio; and
on the 23d, the fort of Scylla, oppo-
site to Messina, a place of great
importance for the secure navigation
of the straits, surrendered to one of

. his

144

his officers. The whole of the Bri-
tish army was now withdrawn from
Calabria, except the garrison of
Scylla, and a detachment of the
78th regiment, under col. M‘Leod ;
which had been sent in the Amphion
frigate to the coast near Catanzaro,
in order to countenance and assist
the insurgents in that quarter. This
service was effectually performed
by col. M‘Leod and captain Hoste
of the Amphion. The French
under Regnier were severely harass.
ed in their retreat along the shore
from Catanzaro to Cotrone, and the
latter place, with all its magazines
and stores, fell into the hands of the
English. General Acland was also
dispatched to the bay of Naples
with the 58th and Sist regiments, to
make demonstrations in that direc-
tion, which might alarm the enemy,
and deter him from scnding rein-
forcements to Calabria. General
Acland was not absolutely pro-
hibited from landing his troops, but
he was directed not to expose his
soldiers to that danger, unless he
had a prospect of effecting some
object of real and permanent utility.
Sir Sidney Smith was in the mean
time actively, if not judiciously,
employed along the coast, assisting
the insurgents with arms and ammu-
nition, supplying them with provi-
sions, and conveying them from one
place to another, in the vessels
under his command. By these ex-
ertions he contributed materially to
extend the insurrection along the
coast, and to expel the enemy from
the watch-towers and castles, which
they occupied upon the shore. These
operatiens were, in some instances,
of use, by securing a safer and
better anchorage for his ships; but
in others, the blood and treasure
which they cost, exceeded the value

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

of his acquisitions. In one of these
adventures, two officers and five
seamen were killed and thirty-four
seamen wounded, in the attack of
an insignificant fort at point Licosa,
which he destroyed when it fell into
his hands. No British troops were
stationed any where to maintain his
conquests, except in the isle of
Capri, which was kept as a place of
refreshment for the navy: but a

-

number of posts were occupied and _

garrisoned, by the insurgents, such
as Amantea, Scalea and the isle of
Dino on the coast of upper Cala.

bria, and Maratea, Sapei, Camerota, »

Palinuro and other places in the bay
of Policastro. The chief, or rather
sole use of these posts consisted in
the protection which they afforded
to the anchorage upon the coast,

and facilities thereby given to the |

British and Neapolitan small craft,
of intercepting the coasting commu.
nications of the enemy, so as to
prevent the supply of his army in
Calabria with cannon, which, from
the badness of the roads, it was
impossible for him to convey by
land.

The loss of Gaeta, which surren-
dered to the French soon after the
battle of Maida, more than counter-
balanced these trifling successes in
other parts of the coast. While the
prince of Hesse continued to have
the command of Gaeta, that place
was gallantly defended ; and sallies
were repeatedly made with the
greatest success, by which the ope-
rations of the enemy were impeded,
their cannon spiked, and their bat-
terics taken and destroyed. But
the prince of Hesse having been
wounded by a splinter, and removed
for his recovery to Palermo, and
the French having at length braught
their artillery to act upon the place,

©. HISTORY. OF EUROPE.

the lieut. governor, colonel Hotz,
saw himself forced to capitulate.
The surrender of Gaeta cut off the
communication with the northern
parts of the kingdom of Naples,
where the spirit of disaffection was
as strong as in the south; and set at
liberty a force of 16,000 men, previ-
ously employed in that siege, to act
against the Calabrians. A decree
was issued at Naples on the 3ist of
July, declaring the two Calabrias in
a state of war, and subjecting them
to all the rigours of military law,
Massena, invested with despotic
authority, was placed at the head of
a powerful army, and sent to reduce
them to obedience. The insurgents
were not in sufficient force to meet
him in the ficld, and were too much
divided among themselves, to attempt
any enterprize of importance, even
against his outposts. The difficulty
of transporting artillery over the
mountains retarded his operations ;
but his progress, though slow, was un-
jnterrupted, and his successes, though
often dearly bought, were not
checked by any reverse. On the
16th ef August, the advanced
guard of the French army entered
Cosenza, the capital of upper Cala-
-bria, and before the beginning of
September they had recovered pos-
session of the whole of that pro-
vince, exccpting Amantea, Scalea,
and some other places upon the
coast. But it was some time before
they penetrated in force into the
jower Calabria. Their head-quarters,
in December, were still at Cosenza
and Fiume Freddo, in upper Cala.
bria, though their advanced posts
had long before been at Monteleone
and Mileto, about 30 miles distant
from Scylla, Cotrone did not fall

Vou. XLVIII,

145

into their hands till the end of the
year, nor Amantea, the hast place
held by the insurgents upon the
coast, till the beginning of the epsu-
ing spring.

The Calabrian insurgents or
massé were composed of ‘the low-
est, worst and most miserable
of the country people and villa-
gers. Attracted by pay or the
hope of plunder to the standard
under which they fouglit, no con-
fidence could be reposed in their
fidelity ; and though individually
brave, when assembled in bodies no
dependence could be placed on their
steadiness. While the French were
still at a distance, a report was
brought to the massé in lower Cala-
bria, that the enemy was advancing
to attack them, on which the capi,
or chiefs of the massé fled in the
most shameful manner, and the
massé, abandoned by their leaders,
after recovering from their first
panic, broke out in such acts of
murder, cruelty and rapine, that it
became necessary for sir John Stuart
to cross over to Scylla, and send
detachments of British troops into
the interior of the country, to put a
stop to their excesses.* Ona sub-
sequent occasion, intelligence hay.
ing been sent to the Neapolitan
generals, that the French, who
were lying at Nicastro to the num-
ber of 4000 men, were afraid to
cross the river Lamato, lest the Eng-
lish should Jand and attack them in
the rear, it was resolved to attempt
to surprise them in that situation,
by advancing from Monteleone
and Filadelfia, with 1600 of the
massé and 2000 Neapolitan troops ;
but whea this corps had arrived
within 4 miles of the enemy, a

* This happened in the — part of August,

146

sasp'cion suddenly seized the. massé,
that the Neapolitans meant to desert
them in the heat-of: the engagement,
upon which.they immediately secur-
ed th@ person of Cancelliete, the
general sect over them by his Sicilian
majesty, and refused to deliver him
up, when demanded, to the other
generals... Many of ‘the cape or
chiefs of the insurgents were men of
infamous character, who had justly.
forfeited their lives to the hiws of
their country. Pane di Grano, one
of the most celebrated of their lead-
ers, was a priest, whose crimes had
been so enormous, that, though a
‘clergyman, he had been condemned
to the galleys. Fra Diavolo, who
distinguished himself in the neigh-
bourhood of Naples, had been
guilty of robbery and murder,
Galley slaves, polluted with every:
crime and prepared for every atro-
city, were collected by order of the
court of Palermo, and Janded
among its former subjects, in order
to keep alive the insurrection, and
render desperate the hope of accom.
modation with the enemy. The
consequences of employing such
agents to conduct the war may be
easily imagined. Murderand rapine
spread universally over the country.
The lawicss avd vicious combined
against the orderly and well_disposed.
Those who had property were
oppressed and plundered by thosé
who had none, and many victims
were sacrificed to private resent-
ment, under the mask and pretence
of public duty. ‘The French, irri-
tated by cruelties, which the huma-
nity of sir John Stuart interposed
inetfectually to prevent, retaliated
on the insurgents with a mbarbarity
equal to their own. Prisoners
taken with arms in their hands
‘were shot instantly, on the false and
2

ANNUAL REGISTER; 1806.

monstrous pretext, that,they were ree
bels against Joseph Bonaparte. Vil-
lages, which refused to admit French
troeps within their walls, or to pay
the, contributions demanded from
them, were pillaged and burned ;
and..in some atrocious. cases, the
wretched inhabitants were included, _
without mercy Or distinction, in the
conflagration, and, with their wives
and children, prevented by French
soldiers, from making their escape
from the flames that consumed their
habitations.

When sir John Stuart returned
to Messina from his glovious expedi-
tion in Calabria, he found lieu-
tenantgeneral fox arrived there
from Gibraltar, with a commission
of commander-in-chief of the British
forces in Italy.. General Fox took
upon him the command of the army
on the 29th of July, and immediately
appointed sir John Stuart to conduct
the war, which he had begun with
so much success, in the two Cala-
brias. This office sir John Stuart
most readily underteok, and in the
prosecution of it, made a second
expedition to Calabria, for the pur.
pose of restoring some degree of
order in that country, and_repres-
sing the excesses of the massé; but,
when sir John Moore, his senior
officer, joined the army with rein-
foreements from England and
became, of course, second in coms
mand, he preferred returning home
to England, to continuing third in
command in Italy.

Soon after the arrival of sir John
Moore, that gallant and experienced
officer was- dispatched along the
coast to the bay of Naples, to collect
information of the state of the
country, and to confer with. sir
Sidney Smith about operations, in
which the assistance of the navy

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

might he wanted. The result of sir
John Moore’s inquiries was unfa-
vourable to any new expedition to
the continent. Le found the popu-
face of Naples discontented . and
ready to attempt an insurrection, if
encouraged by the. presence of a
considerable British army; _but,
without some prospect of coopera-
tion from the upper part of Ltaly,
he saw no advantage to be gained by
encouraging these dispositions ; and
with respect to the war in Cala-
bria, he was satisfied that,.by sup-
plying the peeple with arms and
ammunition and exciting them to
insurrection, we were merely orga-
nising and keeping alive a predatory
civil war, ruinous and destructive to
individuals, while it was unattended
with any real er permanent benefit
to ourselyes or to our ally. ‘The
information collected by generil
Fox at Messina, and the conduct of
the massé in Jower Calabria, coin-
cided with the report of sir John
Moore, and determined general Fox
to make no expedition to the conti-
nent, unless some more favourable
opportunity presented itself, and in
the mean time to withhold from the
massé supplies of arms and ammu-
nition, which they were obviously
employing in other uses, than such
as a British general could approve of.

This determination was far from
being acceptable at Palermo, where
the court listened grecdily to every
plan proposed to it for the recovery
of Naples, and thought always the
Jast project laid before it the surest
to succeed. The marquis di Cir-
cello, who had been appointed mi-
Mister of foreign affairs on the re-
signation of sir John Acton, was a
person of very middling abilities,
but high in favour with the queen,
and implicitly devoted to her service.

daz

It was natural for such a minister,
desirous of pleasing his govercign,
and indifferent or blind to all other
consequences, to propose to the
commander of the British forces, to
engage, in conjunction with the
troops of his Sicilian majesty, in a
combined attack upon Naples. A
temporary possession of that city, he
argued, though it were for twenty~
four hours only, if it did no other
good, woyld at least enable their
majesties to take vengeance on their
rebellious subjects. Such a consi-
deration was not calculated to dis-
posea British officer in favour of their
plan ; but there were other reasons,
besides the disgust arising from the
disclosure of such views, which de-
termined general Fox to express, in
the most. peremptory manner, his
decided disapprobation of the pro-
ject, and to signify that it was to-
tally impossible for the British army
to co-operate in such an expedition.

The preseryation of Sicily from
the French, the great object for
which a British army was stationed
in the Mediterrancan, was not to be
hazarded for the uncertain. prospect
of recovering the useless and preca-
rious possession of Naples. The sea-
son of the year was unfavourable for
military operationsin Calabria, where
it was proposed that the British
army should act, while the Neapo-
litan and Sicilian troops made an
attack on Naples. The malaria of
Calabria had been fatal to many
officers and soldiers engaged in sir
John ‘Stuart’s expedition; but if
so pernicious at Midsummer, how
much more destructive was its in-
fluence likely to be in the end of
autumn, the season when this new
expedition was to be attempted. It
was no exaggeration to calculate,
that after a campaign of three

L2 months

148:

months in so unhealthy a climate,
not one’ half of the army could be
expected to be in a State fit for ser-
vice. But, what was the object for
which a British army was thus to
be sacrificed, and the island of Si-
cily deprived of the forces destined
for its defence? Supposing the ex-
pedition crowned with success and
Naples recovered, was there any,
the remotest possibility, in the pre-
sent state of Europe, of the Neapo-
litan troops being able to maintain
their conquest? But, if the recovery
of Naples was contemplated as a
temporary occupation only, what
could be intended by it but the
gratification of revenge, by the de-
struction and plunder of the city
and massacre ofits inhabitants. But
there was no chance of even this
degree of success, unless from the
effects of surprise and panic among
the French ; and yet, (such in every
view was the unpromising aspect of
the affair,) it was certain that
before the attempt could be made,
the whole plan and details of the
expedition would be known at Na-
ples. For the court of Palermo
was surrounded by French and
Neapolitan emigrants, who found
it easy, suth was the indiscretion
of those entrusted with its se-
crets, to penetrate into all its
designs, which they as regularly
communicated to the ministers of
Joseph Bonaparte. But, unless the
French were taken by surprise, and
panic struck by an unexpected in-
surrection at Naples, little was to
be expected from Sicilian and Nea-
politan troops acting against them.
_ The Neapolitan and Sicilian soldiers
were brave and capable of discipline,
bet they were ill-oflicered, ill-ap-
pointed, il! cloathed, ill paid, and
from bad usage ill affected to their

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

government. It had been the fatal
policy of sir John Acton to discou-
rage Neapolitan and Sicilian gen-
tlemen from engaging in the military
service of thcir country, by a sys-
tematic preference of foreigners to
Natives in the army, without re-
gard to character or merit, or to
any other consideration, but that of
not being a natural born subject of
his Sicilian majesty. ‘The officers of
the Neapolitan army were, there-
fore, in general, foreigners, and
many of them adventarers without
education, taken from the lowest
ranks and occupations of society.
Such men, equally destitute of mi-
litary talents and experience, as of
birth, fortune, acquirements, or
probity, brought the profession to
which they belonged into discredit ;
and were contemned for their mean.
ness, and hated for their dishonest
and fraudulent practices by their
own soldiers. So little confidence
wastobe placed in most of them, that
when sir John Stuart had Sicilian
troops acting under him in Calabria,
a British commissary was employed
to distribute their rations, as the
only means of ensuring that the
soldier received his allowance, and
that it was not intercepted and de-

tained by his officer. Nothing could

exceed the aversion and contempt
with which the subjects of his
Sicilian majesty viewed the military
service of their sovereign; but,
though the corporal punishments
used in the British army filled them
with horror and disgust, as fit only
for galley slaves, they were eager to
engage in the English service, and
proud of being treated and consi-

dered as English soldiers.
Thwarted in its plan of operations
by the refusal of the English ge-
neral to ca-operate in a project,
every

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

every part of which he disapproved
‘of, the court. of Palermo was ulti-
mately compelled to abandon its
designs upon Naples; though it
affected for some time an intention
of pursuing the enterprize with its
ewn forces, the greater part of
which it assembled on the north
coast of Sicily, under the prince of
Hesse, on pretence of inspecting,
arming, and cloathing the troops.
But, when the resolution of general
Fox not to concur in the expedi-
tion, was found to be unalterably
fixed, the project was entirely given
up, though with much reluctance
and ill-hamour against the English.
While their Sicilian majesties
were thus intent on the recovery
of Naples, the importance of Sicily,
the resources which it might be
made to afford, and the means ne-
cessary to be taken for conciliating
the affections of its inhabitants, and
rousing them against the enemy,seem
never to have entered into their con-
templation. When the royal family
were driven a second time toSicily for
shelter and protection, the Sicilians
had vainly imagined, that in return
for their assistance and fidelity they
would be relieved from jealous and
injurious restrictions on their com-
merce and navigation, and raised to
greater weight and eonsidcration in
the councils of their sovereign, than
they had hitherto attained. Their
ancient constitution, the venerable
forms of which were still existing,
they were desirous to re-establish,
and no less attached to the English
by ancient traditions than by hatred
of the French, they fondly expected
from us assistance and countenance
in this great undertaking. But, it
has been the misfortune of England,
in the long war she has sustained
against the different rulers of France,

149

that, whether contending with a re-
public, an oligarchy, or a monarchy,
she has never had the people of any
country on her side. ‘Lhe protec-
tress and champion of the old go-
vernments of Europe, she has never
availed herself of her power and
influence, to mediate between .the
prejudices and fears of her allies,
and the just claims and expectations
of their subjects. Kingdom after
kingdom has been subdued, throne
after throne has been subverted,
without teaching governments that
there is no safety for them but in the
affection of their people, and that the
price of affection is to deserve it and
return it. Two expulsions from
Naples had not impressed these
lessons on the court of Palermo.
The Sicilians were neglected and
despised ; their grievances were not
redressed; their complaints were not
listened to; their government was
in the hands of strangers, surrounded
by traitors ; and the power of Eng-
land, instead of being extended to
their relief. served only to uphold
the authority of those who slighted
and oppressed them.

As the transactions in Naples had
little connection with the scenes
passing in the rest of Europe, we
have brought down the preceding
narrative to the close of the year,
without digression of interruption 3
and for the same reason we shall
Proceed next to give an account of
the affairs in Cattaro and Ragusa
between the French and Russians ;
and afterwards revert to the more
important but fatal events in the
north of Germany,

Cattaro, a small barren province,
situated to the south of Ragusa,
derives its value from the excellence
of its harbour, which is the largest
and safest in the Adriatic ; and from

L3 the

ho ANNUAL RE

the skill of its seamen, who form
the chief part of its population.
This province was one of those trans-
ferred to France by the peace of Pres-
burg, by the articles of which it was
stipulated that France should take
possession of Cattaro within six
weeks after the exchange of the ratifi-
cation of the treaty. At the expira-
tion of that period, the’ French
officers’ appointed to receive the
province from the Austrians had
not arrived at Cattato. An agent
of the court of Russia at Cattaro
took advantage of this delay, and
succeeded in persuading the inha-
bitants, who are chiefly “Greeks,
that France having failed to take
possession of the place at ‘the time
appointed, Austria was released
from the obligation of maintaining
it, and justified i in withdrawing her
troops and leaving it to the first
occupant. This reasoning, though
Satisfactory to the inhabitants of
Cattaro, made no impression on the
Austrian commandant, who occupied
the forts with a garrison of 1500
meu, till supported by the irrup-
tion of a band of Montcnegrins
from the mountains, and by the are
rival of a Russian line of battle
ship from Corfu. The marquis de
Ghisilieri, commissary-gencral of the
Austrian army, appointed to deliver
~ up Dalmatia and Cattaro to the
French, happencd at that moment to
arrive at Cattaro, whither he had pre-
ceded the French generals, on hear-
ing of the mutinous spirit of the in-
habitants ; but, instead of resisting
the Russians and their allies, as with
the garrison in the forts he might
easily have done till the arrival
ef the French, he consented, after a

short negociation, to evacuate the

:

Li Haig oa) * May 26th.

GISTER, 1806.

place, which was immediately occite
pied by the natives, and by them
transferred to’ the Russians, © This
strange transaction took place on thé
4th of March, when the French weré
within a few days march of the
place. The Austrian officers in gdr-
rison at Cattaro ‘were scandalized
at this proceeding, and so indignant
with Ghisilieri, that they made a
formal protest against the evacuation
of the forts; and whew the conduct
of that officer came atterwards to be
enquired into at Vienna, the reasons
he assigned for giving up the place
appeared so unsatisfactory to the
tribunal before which he was tried,
that he was dismissed from the im.
perial service, and sentenced to be
imprisoned for life in @ fortress of
Transylvania. There can be no
doubt, froma review of hisconduct in
this affair, that he was either bribed
by the Russians, or actuated by a
false persuasion, that he ‘should
render an acceptable serviee to his
court, by frastrating the expecta-
tions of the French, without impli-
cating its charaeter or honour in the
transaction.

The French, disappointed of Cat-
taro, with that profligate contempt
of the rights of independent states,
which so strongly characterizes the
trausactions of the present day,
took possession of Ragusa*, to
which they had no claim, on pretence
of securing it against the incursions
of the Montenegrins, who had not
even threattned to'violate its terri-
tory. The Montenegrins are'a
barbarous tribe of freebooters, inha-
biting the chain of motntains ads
joining to Cattaro, from one of
which, called Monténegro, they
derive their name. They Were at

this

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

this time in close alliance with the
Russians, and, therefore, the occu-
pation of Ragusa by the French,
instead of protecting that republic
from their violence, afforded them a
pretext for invading and laying it
waste. Scveral skirmishes ensued,
in which both sides claim the vic-
tory. The French, however, were
in the end compelled by the Russians
and Montenegrins to shut them-
selyes up in Ragusa, where they
‘stood a siege of several weeks,
while the Montencgrins ravaged the
country, and committed horrible
excesses on the inhabitants. Gene-

ral Lauriston who commanded in™

Ragusa, was at length relieved *

from this embarrassing situation, by
the arrival of general Molitor from *

Dalmatia, with a French army col-
Jee i in that-province. It was new

* July 6th.

151

the turn of the Russians and Mon.
tenegrins to retreat, which, after
the loss of their artillery and plun-
der, the former effected to their
ships, the latter to their mountains,

‘and in a few days the territory of

Ragusa was cleared of these barba-
tians. No event of importance
followed till the end of September,
when the Russians and Montene-
grins, having assembled in great
force near Castel-Nuovo. general
Marmont marched ‘against them
from Ragusa,’and having enticed
them by a military stratagem to quit
their entrenchments, attacked and
defeated theme) with great loss +.

But, notwithstanding this defeat the
‘Russians continued in possession of

Cattaro’and Castel-N wovo at the end
of the year. ;

eG ant
+ Sept’'29th,

= & ¥

CHAP.

52 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

’ 4
; we. Ae eyete

CHAP, VIII.

The German Empire the natural Barrier of Europe agaist France. —Consé-
quences of the Elevation of the House of Brandenburg.—Prussia the na-
tural Ally of France.—Policy pursued by Prussia since the French Revo-
lution.—Consequences of that Policy.—-Conduct of her, Cabinet tn 1805.—
Her Determination to remain neutral in the impending War,—V iolation of
Anspach.—Concention of Potzdam. —Marks of the Displeasure of Prussia

at the Conduct of France.—Mission of Haugwitz to the French Head-
Quarters. —Treaty of Vienna between. France and Prussia.—Occupation of

-. Hanover by the,,Prussians.—France, refuses to confirm the Alterations

~, mude, by Prussia in, the Treaty of Vienna.— Mission of Haugwitz ‘to Paris.

Treaty of Paris—Surrender of, Anspach, Neufchatel, and Cleves.—An=

nexation of Hanover to Prussta—Exclusion. of the English Flag from

Ports of the German Ocean under_the Controul of Prussia.—Remor-

strances of the English Ministry.—Embargo on Prussian Vessels. —Block~

ade of the Prussian..Parts——His Majesty's Message, on the War with

Prussia. —Hanoverian Declaration.—Letters of *Marque issued against

Prussian Vessels.—IWar between Prussia and Sweden.—Causes that led to

a Rupture between France and Prussia.—The Investiture of Murat in the

Duchies of Berg and Cleves. —The Offer to restore Hanocer to the King of

England.—The Continuance of the French Army in Germany.—The Indig-

nation universally felt and expressed at the Conduct of Prussta.—€unfede-

ration of the Rhine.—Dissolution of the German Empire, and Abdication

of the Emperor.—Opposition of the French to the Formation of a

Confederacy in the North of Germany.—Recall of Lucchesini,

and Mission of Knobelsdorf to Paris.—Prussian Ultimatum.—Delay of

Prussia in announcing to Russia and England her Intention of going to War

with France.—Mission of Lord Morpeth to Prussia.—His Reception by

the Prussian Ministers.—Blockade of the Prussian Ports and Rivers
discontinued.

‘QONERMANY, by the positign® inviolate, the eomplex form of its

J and extent ofits territory, and
the number and valour of its inha»
bitants, is the natural rival of France
on the continent, and has been for
ages the strongest bulwark of Eu-
rope against the encroachments of
that restless and ambitious power.
Whe its ancient constitution was

2

government, and the slowness of
its public deliberations, unfitted it
for conquest or aggrandizement ;
at the same time that the great.
ness and solidity of its resources,
when brought into action, enabled
it successfully to resist, and effec-

tually to check, the progress of any

power

HISTORY OF ‘EUROPE.

-pewer that threatened the general
‘safety, or endangered the individual
members of the European common-
wealth.— Germany was the only
state that inspired at ence the ambi-
tious with awe, and the weak with
confidence. Placed in the centre of
_the political world, the weight and
Stability of its power, maintained an
order and regularity in the sur-
rounding system, which slight and
_transitory causes could not disturb.
‘But this security to the liberties of
Europe, derived in some measure
_from the very faults and imperfec-
.tions of the Germanic constitution,
_was sacrificed to the ambition, and
destroyed by the rise of the house
of Brandenburg. From the moment
.that Germany was virtually divided
into two separate states, with op-
posite views, inclinations, and inte-
fests, France was sure of an ally
in the heart of the empire, Germany
_was balanced by itself, and no ge-
wieral or effectual combination could
_be formed, to resist the only power
from which the independence of
Europe has been ever seriously in
danger.
The same political views which
had led France to support the Pro-
-testants of Germany against the am-
Aition and bigotry of the emperors,
‘induced her to favour the elevation,
abet the usurpations of Prussia.
She formed, it is true, at one time, a
; “temporary connection with Austria*,
_Rhich had nearly proved fatal to the
russian monarchy; but that al-
ce was the work of a court
intrigue, and was condemned by her
wisest statesmen, as no less contrary
aie ber interest than it proved dero-
ry to her glory. It required,
Saeed i little Boren to shew that

* In

Dees

1538

Trance was gratuitously raising the
most eflectual obstacle to her own
ambition, when she concluded «a
treaty, the efiect of which was to
increase the power of the Austrian
monarchy, and consolidate its au-
thority over Germany. In Prussia
she had an ally too weak to be a
rival, too powerful to be a burthen,
and too dependent on her protec-
tion to become an enemy. For, if
Prussia was useful to France, by
keeping up a permanent division of
interests in Germany, and prevent-
ing its states and princes from ever
uniting cordially in any common
cause, it was still more necessary
for Prussia to preserve the friend-
ship, and obtain the protection of
France. Such was her inferiority
to Austria in real power and sub-
stantial resources, that without an
ally like France, she was unable te
maintain her newly acquired rank
and importance among the states of
Europe ; nor could she be relieved
from the necessity of this depen-
dence, but by an increase of terri-
tory and addition of subjects, which
it was, therefore, the constant ob.
ject of her policy to attain.

The part which the king of Prus-
sia took against France, in 1792,
arose from a false persuasion that
the revolution was unpopular in
that kingdom, and that the re-esta-
blishment of the ancient monarchy
was necessary to restore the ancient
power and influence of France in
foreign countries. Undeceived in
these particulars, and discovering in
the conduct of his allies, their de-
sign. to dismember France, and
reduce her to a subordinate state,
he abandoned their cause, and con-
cluded at Basle a separate peace

1756.
with

154

with the new republic. From that
era to the period of which we treat,
the policy of Prussia, pursued with
equal assidnuity and success, had
been to maintain peace with all her
neighbours, to cultivate her alliance
with France, and to extend her in-
fluence and dominions in Germany.
Her acquisitions of territory in that
country were not, indeed, of much
importance, when compared with
her share of the spoils of Poland,
which she had gained by her alliance
with the opposite party; but her
weight and influence in the empire
were greatly increased during her
connexion with republican France.
One half of the states of the empire
were detached from their lawful obe-
dience to her rival, and united in a
formal confederation under her pro-
tection. Her influence in the electoral
college was so much greater than
that of Austria, that she might rea-
sonably aspire, on the first vacancy
of the empire, to place her sovereign
on the throne of the Cesars. ‘Her
dominions were rich and prosperons,
and had flourished in peace, while
other states were exposéd to:the de-
solations or exhausted ‘by the bur.
thens of war, |

But, notwithstanding these ad-
vantages, which Prussia had derived
from her pacific system, it may be
questioned, whether she had’ acted
upon it in a manner conducive to her
reputation and permanent advantage,
er with due regard to the peculiar
circumstances of her situation. To
a military power, like Prussia, whose
consequence and even existence de-
pended on her army, the long con.
trauance of peace, while her neigh-
bours were engaged in hostilities,
could not but in the end be danger-
ous if not destructive. Thenumbers
and outward show of her army

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

might be maintained in peace, but
its strength and’ spirit could be pre-
served only in actual service. When
accordingly the unfortunate day ar-
rived for making trial of the Prus-
sian army against the veterans, who
had fought aud conquered Austria,
it was found, that the Prussian sol.
diers were unprepared for the dan-
gers and fatignes of war, their offi.
cers were without experience, and
their generals, enfeebied by age,
were confounded by the tactics fa-
mniliar to their opponents.

It was not, however, in the de-
cline of her military system alone, a
decline the more dangerous because
the less suspected, that Prussia had
prepared in peace the causes of her
sudden eclipse in war. Her admi.
nistration at home and consideration
abroad had been equally impaired
during this interval. Her sovereign,
with excellent intentions, and with
no bad passions to mislead him, was
difident ofhis own abilities, inca-
pable of acting from himself, and
surrounded by ministers, unworthy
of his confidence, and unfit for the
high situations to which they were
raised. ‘The greater part of them
had been clerks of office under the
Great Frederick, and were not only
incapable of advising any generous,

‘bold, om magnanimons resolution,

but destitute of capacity, vigour and
decision forthe most ordinary busi~

‘ness, to a degree ‘hardly credible.

To such counséllors it was owing,
that the weight'and consideration,
which Prussia had gained as a state
of the empire, she had Jost'threugh-
out Europe: that her policy had
been narrow, crooked, and ambi-
guous; that herambition had ap-
peared mean and sordid, restraified
by fear, but never under the con-
trolof principle; that she had obliged
- np.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

no party, and offended all, theFrench
by the coldness of her friendship, the
allies by her desertion of theirause;
that she was at last compelled to, go
to war, withoutan urgent motive, or
attainable object or adequate pre.
paration, by the universal hatred
and contempt into‘which she had
-fallen; and, that when ruined by
the contest so foolishly begun, the
spectacle of her overthrow softened
the regrets of thdse, who most la-
mented the success, and feared the
progress of her conquerors.

The ill-advised and disastrous
coalition of 1805 was the touchstone
to try the capacity, conduct, and
decision of the Prussian cabinet. It
was clearly the interest of Prussia
to have preserved, if possible, the
peace of the continent; and such
was the respect entertained for her
military power, that an early and
unequivocal declaration from her
might have prevented the revival of
hostilities. But, that opportunity
being neglected, ‘when the intentions
of Austriwand Russia to risk their
last stake against France could no
longer be doubted, it became a mat-
‘ter of serious siipott to Prussia to
adopt some determinate system in
the approaching war, and toadhere
to it steadily. It suited the inde.
cision of her sovereign and the in-
capacity of his ministers, to prefer a
System of neutrality, because it led
to procrastination and called for no
immediate exertions, while it suffi.
ciently gratified theirself importance,
to emit threats and declarations
against any power, that should dare
to violate the integrity of the Prus.
sian territory. It may be ques-
tioned, whether, supposing it pos-
sible for Prussia to have maintained
her neutrality, it was her interest to
romain neutral, when so great a con-

155

test was impending, the event of
which must determine, who were to
be in future the masters of the con-
tinent, the I’rench or the allies.
For, whichever party prevailed, it
was easy to foresee, that Prussia
would besvon reduced to the neces-
sity of fighting with, or receiving laws
from the conqueror. If France was
near attainmmg universal empire, was
it not the interest of Prussia to have
taken part againsther, in the last ef-
fort of the powers of Europe, to sct
bounds to her ambition, though she
might disapprove of the attempt as
premature, and doubt of its success ?
or, if she thought the enterprize ut
terly hopeless and despcrate, was it
not a preferable policy, with a view
to her own interest and selfish poli-
tics, to join with France in the
war, approve herself an active and
efficient ally, merit the considera-
tion and respect of her associate, and
share in her conquests? But, having
determined on neutrality, the great-
est error that Prussia could after-
wards commit, was to be diverted
from her resolution. If it was im-
politic to quarrel with Irance be-
fore the violation of Anspach, it was
more impolitic still to quarrel with
her after the surrender of Ulm. Yet,
such was the fantastic importance
annexed to the court of Berlin, to
the inviolability of its territory, that
Prussia, which, some weeks before,
had been ‘arming to oppose the pas-
sage of the Russian troops through
her dominions in Poland, was in.
duced to enter into negociations and
take measures for a war with France,
because a body of French troops, by
passing through the Prussian terri-
tory of Anspach, had surrounded
the Austrian army at Ulm, and com-
pelled it to capitulate. As far as her
honour was concerned in exacting

reparation

166

reparation for the violation of her
territory, ample atonement was
spontaneously offered by the French.
The question for her consideration
was, therefore, a point of interest
and policy, net of honour and
character; but on _ prudential
grounds, it is clear, that, whatever
were her motives for not taking
part originally with the allies, they
must have been strengthened and
confirmed by the disasters at Ulm.

. ‘The violation of the Prussian ter-
ritory of Anspach by the French
troops under Bernadotte took place
on the 3d of October ; on the 17th
of the same month Ulm capitulated ;
aud on the 3d of November, a con-
vention was signed at Potzdam,. by
which the king of Prussia agreed to
offer his mediation between France
and the allies, for ** the restoration
of a general peace on a permanent
footing ;”* and in case his proposi-
tions were rejected, he engaged after
receiving a promise of subsidies
from England to de¢lare war against
France.¢ In this interval various
events had marked the displeasure
of the court of Berlin at the viola.
tion of its territory, and shewn hew
materially that affair had changed
its politics, and given them a turn
hostile to France and favourable to
the allies. A proclamation had
assured the subjects of Prussia in
Franconia, that their sovereign was
taking measures to obtain satisfac.
tion and security for the unexpected
and forcible violation of his neu-
trality: and an angry note had
been delivered by baron Hardenberg
to the French mission at Berlin, in

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

answer to their justification of that
transaction ; expressing the surprise
and indignation of his Prussian
majesty at such an outrage having
been committed in his. territories, _
after the exemplary fidelity, with
which he had kept his engagements
to France, and the advantages
which she had derived from _ his
firmness; declaring, that he now
considered himself absolved by her
conduct from all past engagements,
and that he would henceforward
direct his efforts to the reestablish-
ment of peace on a solid basis ; and
concluding with an intimation, that
in the mean time he found himself —
compelled to order his armies to ©
occupy positions necessary for the
protection of his states.{ In addition
to this menacing language, the
Prussian army was put in motion ;
the permission of marching through
the Prussian territories, which had
been so Jong withheld from the
Russians, was no longer denied g
the emperor Alexander was received
at Potzdam with every gcmonstra-
tion of confidence and cordiality ;
and the French ambassador, marshal
Duroc, who had been sent to make
reparation for the affair of Anspach,
was suffered to depart from Berlin’
without accomplishing the object of |
his mission, \
We presume not to give an
opinion of the wisdom of the court
of Berlin in thus departing from the
policy, which had hitherto directed
its conduct; but, we are confident,
that having manifested so unequivoe
cally its inclination to favour the
allies, it ought not, in the present
f

* Memorial of baron Hardenberg to Lord Harrowby, Dec. 22, 1805.
t Declaration of his Britannic majesty as elector of Hanover, April 20, 1806.
¢ Note transmitted by baron Eardenberg to mars|\al Duroc- and M, Laforest,

Berlin, Oct. 34, 1805.

critical

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 157

eritical situation of their affairs, to
have delayed an instant longer than
was necessary for collecting ~ its
forces, to commence hostilities
against the French. Instead of such
prompt and vigorous measures, with
that irresolution and indecision of
character, which is the surest mark
of incapacity for great affairs, the
advisers of his Prussian majesty
negociated, when they shonld have
acted, and chose for their negociator
aman without firmness, capacity or
resources, slow and dilatory in
business, narrowand perplexed in his
understanding, of a character at
once liable to the impressions of
fear, and open to the insinuations
of flattery, and of opinions diame-
trically opposite to the system,
which he was now sent to enforce.
Haugwitz repaired to the head
quarters of the French army, and
had- an audience of Bonaparte on
the 28th of November, at which
the latter manifested a disposition to
accept the Prussian mediation, but
annexed conditions to his assent,
which the king of Prussia could not
admit. Whilethe negociation.was
thus protracted, the battle of Aus-
terlitz was fought, the armistice
concluded, and the coalition dis-
solved.

The Prussian troops had taken
the field and begun their march to
the scene of action, when the news
of the armistice stopped their pro-
gress. Unwilling to embark alone
in a contest with a victorious army,
elated with its double triumph over
the soldiers of Austria and Russia,

the court of Berlin had again
recourse to negociation. Major-
general von Pfubl was dispatched
to the French head quarters, with
instructions to signify, that Prussia
was now ready to accept the pro-
positions which she had formerly
rejected, and with orders to add,
‘¢ that his Prussian majesty would
consider the occupation of Hanover
by French troops, as an act of
hostility.”* But, previously to the
arrival of von Pfuhl at the place of
his destination, Haugwitz had signed
a definitive treaty at Vienna,+ by
which Prussia, from being the friend
and ally of the coalesced powers,
and almost the open and declared
enemy of France, became the ally
of the latter, the guarantee of her
conquests in Germany, and her
associate in the spoils of the van-
quished and bafiled coalition. How
this extraordimary change was
brought about, is yet unexplained.
We have yet to learn, whether
Haugwitz was gained by flattery,
or terrified by threats into so
scandalous an abandonment of the
trust reposed .in him. We have
been merely told, that ‘‘ the French
emperor proposed to him a treaty
in which was stipulated, on the one
side, a mutual guarantee of pos-
sessions, the inviolability of the
Turkish territory, and the ratifica-
tion of whatever should be con.
cluded at Presburg; and, on the
other, the annexation of Hanover
to Prussia, in return for the cession
of three provinces ;’+ and that a
treaty to that effect was signed by

* Hardenberg’s note to lord Harrowby, Dec. 22.
- answer tothe observations of the Moniteur of March 21st,

“%
dated Berlin, April 8, 1805.

¢ Prussian manifesto, Erfurt, Oct.9, 1806.

eount

158

.
count Haugwitz at Vienna, on the
y4th of December. That is, while
the Prussian cabinet enjoyed the
confidence of the courts of St.
Petersburg and St. James’s, in
consequence of the most’ solemn
engagements to support their cause,
and had thereby acquired the entire
and absolute disposal of the Russian
troops in Germany, and an equally
sure though less direct influence over
ihe movements of the British and
Swedish armies in Hanover, besides
assurances of a powerful assistance
by pecuniary supplies from England
in the event of being driven to a war
with France; a Prussian minister,
who had been sent to Vienna for
the purpose of securing by negocia.-

tion the neutrality of the north of .

Germany, concluded there a secret
treaty with the enemy of Russia
and England, by which his master
obtained in exchange for three of his
provinces,* the electoral dominions
of his ally, the king of England.
The infamy of this transaction
belonged exclusively, in the first in-
stance, to count Haugwitz; but it
was shared by the other members of
the Prussian cabinet, when they
adopted and acted upon his treaty.
It required more regard for honour
and respect for justice than were
to be found at Berlin, to reject so
tempting a bait as the acquisition of
Hanover. They, who were most
indignant at the perfidy of the
means, were not indifferent to the
value of the result, nor secretly dis-
pleased, that an addition was made
to the Prussian monarchy, of such
importance as the electoral domi-
nions of the king of England. A

* The three Prussian provinces ceded by this memorable treaty, were Anspach
and Bayreuth, in Franconia, Cleves, in Westphalia, and Neufchatel and Valengin,

‘in Switzerland.

+ Prussian manifesto, Erfurt, Oct. 9, 1806.
{ Hardenberg’s note to W. Jackson, Jan. 26, 1805.

ANNUAL RE

GISTER, 1806.

sense of shame and fear of censure
prevented them from consenting at
once to au unconditional ratifica-
tion of the treaty, or public dis-
closure of ifs contents, _ But, they
discovered, that the king, their
master, ‘‘ might reconcile his wishes
with his principles, by accepting
the proposed exchange, on condi-
tion that the completion of it
should be deferred till a general
peace, and that the consent of his
majesty the king of Great Britain |
should be obtained; and they
determined, ‘* at whatever price it
might be purchased, that the French
army should not return to Han.
over.’’+ In conformity with these
views, the treaty of Vienna was sent
back to France with alterations ;
and under pretence of securing the
electorate of Hanover from the ca-
Jamitices of another ruinous war,
the troops of the allies were with-
drawn from it, and replaced by
Prussians. ‘To the English mini.
ster at Berlin it was said, that ar.
rangements concluded with France
for ensuring the tranquillity of Han-
over, ‘‘ stipulated expressly the
committing of that country to the
exclusive guard of the Prussian
troops, and to the administration of
the king, until the conclusion of a
peace between England and
France ;” } and the assertion, that
‘¢ ti]} the conclusion of a general
peace, Hanover would be wholly
occupied and governed by Prussia,”
was repeated in the proclamation of
his Prussian majesty on taking pos.
session of the electorate; § but not
a word was said of his ulterior de~
sign of annexing it to the Prussian

:
:

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 159

monarchy, in exchange for territo-
ries ceded to France.

This reserve in taking possession of
‘Hanover, was far from being ac-
ceptable to the court of St. Cloud.

The alterations, which Prussia had
_ proposed in the treaty of Vienna,

were rejected with disdain; and
the ireaty itself, because it had not
received a simple and unconiitional
ratification, was declared to be an-
nulled. Haugwitz hurried to Paris,
flattering himself that the personal

_ consideration, in which he was held

by Bonaparte, would remove every
difficulty. But, after having becn
made to wait some days for an au-
dience, he was undeceived at his first
interview. Nor did he quit Paris, till
he had signed a new treaty, by
which Prussia became bound, not
enly to perpetrate an undisguised
act of injustice, by annexing Han-
ever to her dominions; but, to com-
mit an act of decided hostility against
England, by excinding the British
flag from the ports of that electo-
rate. Such was the violence and
inconsistence of Bonaparte’s con-
duct, that in the very act of com-
pelling Prussia to accept of the so-
vereignty of Hanover, he inter-
fered with the exercise of her so-
vereignty in that country, in so im-
portant a point as the right of mak.
ing peace or war. Ilis will, how-
ever, was no longer disputed. The
treaty of Paris was signed, ratified,
and carried into immediate execu.
tion. On the 15th of February it
was signed; onthe 24th, Berna-
dotte took possession of Anspach
and Bayreuth for the king of Ba-
varia, to whom these provinces were
transferred by France; on the 18th

of March the Prussians evacuated
#

Wesel; and on the 2ist. the French
troops were withdrawn frem Hames
eln, the ouly place in the electo-
rate of Hanover, which they had
continued to occupy. On the 28th
of March, a proclamation was is-
sued by count Schulenburg in the
name of the king of Prussia, order-
ing ‘* the ports of the German
ocean, and the rivers which empty
themselves in it, to be shut against
British shipping and trade, in the
same manner as when Hanover was
occupied by French troops;’’ and
on the Ist of April, a patent ap.
peared under the authority of the
same monarch, annexing formally
the electorate of Hanover to his
other dominions, on pretence that,
belonging to the emperor Napoleon
‘6 by right of conquest,” it had
been transferred to Prussia ¢ in
consideration of the cession of three
of her provinces to France.”

The conduct of the Prussians,
when they took possession of Han-
over, in assuming -to themselves the
civil as well as military administra-
tion of the country, had excited a
suspicion in the Hanoverian regen.
cy of their secret intentions, and
occasioned a profest from count
Munster against this proceeding, as
‘* contrary to the rights of his so-
vereign, and as ameasure, of which
his majesty, so far from giving his
consent to it, highly disapprov-
ed.”* No regard being had to
this protest, nor to the remonstrance
accompanying it, that ‘*if the oc-
cupation of Hanover by a Prussian
force was inevilable, it should take
place under such stipnlations as
were least injurious to the rights of
his majesty, and least severe upon
the unhappy inhabitants,” Mr. Fox

* Proclamation of count Muuster, Hanover, Feb. 3, 1806.

took

‘160

took oecasion to express, in an of-
ficial note, to baron Jacobi, the
Prussian minister in London, ** the
great anxiety felt by his majesty,
at the manner in which possession
had been taken of the electorate of
Hanover ;” and to desire him ex-
plicitly to inform his court, *‘ that
no convenience of political arrange-
ment, much less any offer of cqui-
valent or indemnity would ever in-
duce his majesty so far to forget,
what was duc to his own legitimate
yights, as well as to the exemplary
fidelity and attachment of his Han-
overian subjects, as to consent to
the alienation of the electorate.”*—
But this note, which at an earlier
period, might have deterred the
court of Berlin from the violent
and outrageous course, on which it
_ had entered, arrived too late to pro-
duce any change in its determina-
tions. The three provinces were
already given upto France, and
engagements had been formed to
execute the other articles of the
greaty of Paris, from which the
Prussian government durst not re.
cede.

While the violent and unjustifi-
able proceedings of Prussia were
directed solely against the electorate
of Hanover, his Britannic majesty
was advised by his ministers ‘‘ to
forbear all recourse to his British
subjects” in support of his rights ;
and to content himself with ‘ re-
monstrating, by amicable negocia-
tion, against the injury he had sus-
tained, and resting his claim for
reparation on the moderation of his
conduct, on the justice of his re-
presentation, and on the common
interest which Prussia herself must

* ‘Note from Mr, Fox to baron Jacobi
F Apnibé. + April’d.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ultimately feel, to resist a system
destructive of all legitimate posses.
sion. But, when instead of re-
ceiving assurances conformable te
this just expectation, his majesty
was informed that the determination
had been taken of excluding, by
force, the vessels and commodities
of Great Britain from porte and
countries under the lawful domini-
on, or forcible controul of Prussia 5
it was impossible for his majesty
fonger to delay to act, without neg.
lecting the first duty, which he ow-
ed to his people. ‘the dignity of his
crown, and the interests of his sub-
jects, equally forbad his acquiesc-
ing in this open and unprovoked
aggression.” No sooner, there~
fore, had intelligence reached Lon-
don of the actual exclusion of Bri-
tish shipping from the Elbe, and of
the determination of Prussia to shut
all the ports of the German ocean
against the British flag, than mea-
sures of retaliation were adopted.—
Notice was givent to the ministers
of neutral powers, that the neces.
sary means had been taken for the
blockade of the rivers Ems, We-
ser, Elbe, and Trave. A general
embargo was laid on all Prussian
vessels in the harbours of Great
Britain and }reland ;¢ and this or-
der was afterwards extended to all
vessels belonging to the rivers Elbe,
Weser, and Ems, vessels under the
Danish flag only excepted.|| The
English mission at Berlin was re-
called ; anda message from his-ma-
jesty was presented to both houses
of parliament,{ stating ‘* the ne-
cessity, in which his majesty found
himself, of withdrawing his minis«
ter from the court of Berlin, and of

KKloert, March 17.

|| April 16, § April 21.

adopting

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

adopting provisionally measures of
just retaliation against the com-
merce and navigation of Prussia,”
on account of acts ‘* of direct hos-
tility, deliberately pursued against
him, which left him no alternative.”
After stating concisely the particu-
lars of the conduct of Prussia,
which called for these proceedings,
the message concluded by saying,
that his majesty ‘‘ had no doubt of
the full support of his parliament,
in vindicating the honour of the
British flag, and the freedom of the
British navigation; and that he
would look with anxious expecta-
tion to that moment, when a more
dignified and enlightened policy, on
the part of Prussia, should remove
évery impediment to the renewal of
peace and friendship with a power,
with whom his majesty had no other
cause of difference than that now
created by these hostile acts.”’

This message having been taken
into consideration by the two houses,
of parliament on the 23d of April,
addresses of thanks were voted u-
nanimously in return. Mr. Foxin
his speech gave an historical account
of the transactions, which had Jed

to the rupture with Prussia, and
- made some severe comments on the

conduct of that power, which he,

described ‘* as the union of every
thing that was contemptible in ser-
vility, with every thing that was
odious in rapacity. Other nations
had been obliged to make cessions
to France; but none of them had,
like Prussia, been reduced to that
_ lowest state of degradation, to con-
sent to become the ministers of the
injustice and rapacity of a master.”
In answer to the plea set up by

|
| Vox, XLVHI.
|

ence of every nation.”

161

\

Prussia, that ‘¢ the emperor Napo.
leon having obtained Hanover by
right of conquest, the rightful pos-
session of it had passed to Prussia,”
he observed, that ‘‘ no, example
could be found inall the histories of
war, and no mention had ever been
made by the writers on the law of
nations, of any power having 2
right to receiveas a present, a2 coun-
try occupied during a war by one
of the belligerent powers, but not
ceded by the other.” After exposing
the futility of this pretended right,
Mr. Fox proceeded next to repro-
bate ‘the principle, which had
been lately‘adopted in Europe, of
transferring the’ subjects of one
prince to another, in the way of e-
quivalents, and under the pretext of
convenience and mutual accommo~
dation. ‘The wildest schemes,” he
remarked, ‘* that were ever before
broached,. would not go so far to
shake the foundations of all esta-
blished government as thisnew praca
tice, ‘There must be, in every na-
tion, a certain attachment of the
people toits form of government,
without which no nation can subsist.
This principle, then, of transferring
the subjects of one prince to au-
other, strikes at the foundation of
every government, and the exist«
Mr. Fox
concluded with stating, that ‘*¢ there
could be nodoubt but that the shut.
ting the ports of Prussia to British
vessels was alone most clear'y and
unquestionably an act of hostility
against this country.”

A declaration was also issu-
ed* by his majesty, in his ca-
pacity of elector of Hanover, reca-
pitulating instaaces of the perfidy,

* April 20.
M

insincerity,

162

insincerity, and rapacity of the court
of Berlin, and solemnly protesting,
for himself and his heirs, against
every encroachment on his rights
to the electorate of Brunswick
Lunenburg, and its dependencies.
It appears, that Prussia had so
little expected prompt measures of
retaliation on the part of England,
that after the ratification of the
treaty of Paris, count Harden-
berg gave assurances to the mer-
chants of Berlin,* that the naviga-
tion and property of Prussian sub-
jects had nothing to apprehend
from Great Britain. It has been
said, that, though the Prussian go-
vernment was compelled to issue an
order for shutting its ports against

the British flag, nothing was far-.

ther from the intentions of those,
who were friendly to the connection
of Prussia with France, than to en-
force this order, or carry it strictly
into effect; but, that the execution
of this part of the treaty of Paris
‘ belonging officially to ministers,who
disapproved of the whole transac-
tion, these persons determined to
enforce it with the greatest rigour,

for the purpose of bringing into dis-.

credit the political system of their
opponents, by the losses and incon-
veniences to which, they foresaw,
the exclusion of British shipping
from thcir ports would necessari-
ly lead; ‘saying, in their own
justification, that they were not
made for half measures.—What-
ever truth may be in these re.
ports, it is certain, that soon after
the hostile acts and declarations of
England were known at Berlin, the
Prussian government shewed a dis-
position to relax its system of ex-
cluding English trade and naviga-

* March 15. + May 14.
§ April 27, and May 6.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.”

tion from the north of Germany, by
giving orders+ at Stettin, Colberg, ©
and its other ports in the Baltic, not .
to oppose the entrance of British
ships, but on the contrary to re= —
ceive them in the most friendly man-
ner, In the mean time an order of
council was issued by Great Bri-
tain,t for seizing and bringing to
judgment, before the admiralty
courts, all vessels found navigating
under Prussian colours; in conse«
quence of which, that flag, lately |
so common upon the ocean, quickly
disappeared, and gave place to Da-
nish, Pappenberg, Kniphausen, and
other neutral ensigns,

In addition to her war with Eng-
land, the subserviency of Prussia
to France involved her in hostili«
ties with Sweden. The Swedish
troops, who occupied Lunenburg
for the king of England, having op-
posed the entrance of the Prussians _
into that dutchy, were compelled,
after a slight resistance, to retreat
into Mecklenburg ;|| upon which
the king of Sweden laid an embargo
on all Prussian vessels in his har-
bours, and issued an order for the
blockade of all the Prussian ports
of the Baltic.{ It was supposed
that Prussia would take her revenge
by expelling the Swedes from Pome-~
sania; but, if she ever entertained
such a design, she was prevented from
carrying it into effect by a new reyo-
lution ia her politics, which gave a to-
tally different direction to her arms.

We have hitherto contemplated
Prussia, unsteady and fluctuating in
her policy, constant only in her
duplicity ; professing neutrality at
the commencement of the war,
though secretly under engagements
to France, detrimental to the allies ;

$+ May 14. || April 23.

assuming

¢

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

assuming next the character of a

mediator, after having concluded a
secret treaty of alliance with the
coalesced powers and obtained the
promise of a subsidy from England ;
and lastly pretending to negotiate
for the neutrality of Hanover, while
meditating with unexampled perfidy
to appropriate that country to her-
self. We are now to behold her,
enraged at the disappointment of
her ambitious projects, impatient of
the contempt with which she is
treated, and goaded on by the

‘universal indignation of her subjects, -

seeking to retrieve her honour and
character by resistance to France,
but without wisdom or foresight in
her plans, and constant to the last
in her dissimulation.

It is probable, that Bonaparte
never thoroughly forgave the court
of Berlin, for the danger to which
he was exposed, by the vacillation
and momentary change of its politi-
cal system after the affair of Ans-
pach ; but while he stood in awe of
its power, and had reason to fear

* the consequences of its hostility, he

continued to be lavish of assurances
of friendship, and flattered and
amused its ministers with protesta-

tions of regard and professions of

moderation. The journey which
Haugwitz took to Paris, opened the

eyes_even of that minister to the

Sincerity and value of these declara-
tions ; but the first public act of the
cabinet of St. Cloud, which gave
Serious offence and alarm to the
‘court of Berlin, was the investiture
of Murat with the dutchies of Berg
and Cleves.* Berg had belonged to
the king of Bavaria, as count Pala.
tine of the Rhine, and been ceded to
France in exchange for the Prussian

163

provinces of Anspach and Bay-
reuth in Franconia. Cleves, which
had been already dismembered by
the extension of the French empire
to the banks of the Rhine, was one
of the three provinces given up by
Prussia for Hanover. Various spe-
culations had been formed with
regard to the destination of these
provinces, when they fell into the
hands of France, but the general
sentiment in Germany Was-that of
surprize and indignation, when they
were given to Murat, a foreigner, a
soldier of fortune, and the brother-
in-law of Bonaparte. ‘There seemed
to be no end to the encroachments
of France, nor reliance on her most
solemn and reiterated declarations,
that the Rhine should be the boun=
dary of her empire. To Prussia, in
particular the establishment of Mu-
rat in the midst of her Westphalian
provinces, was far from being ac-
ceptable; and very soon she began
to experience the inconvenience of
such a neighbour. [Possession was
taken in his name of the abbeys of
Werden, Essen and Elfen, on pre-
tence that they belonged to the
dutchy of Cleves, without respect-
ing the. prior occupation or claims
of Prussia; and Wesel, though on
the German side of the Rhine, was
annexed to a French department,
and strongly fortified. 2
But a deeper arid more sensible
injury awaifed the Prussian govern-
ment. While Jaaforest, the French
resident at Berlin, was urging its
ministers to persist in the measures
they had adopted for ' retaining
Hanover, lLucchesini discovered at
Paris, that the French government
had offered to the king of Great
Britain, the complete restitution of

* March 15,

M 2 his

164

his electoral dominions. Thus, after
the sacrifice of her honour and
reputation, Prussia saw herself, on
the eve of a general peace, about to
be deprived of the reward, for
which she had consented to act a
part, so mean, treacherous and
unworthy, without an opportunity
of retrieving her character or of
bettering her condition by resistance.
Fortunately, as ‘she then thought,
the negotiation for peace between
France and Russia, after prelimi.
naries had been signed at Paris, was
broken off by the refusal of the
court of St. Petersburg, to ratify
the treaty concluded by its negotia-
tor. But thisevent, while it opened
to Prussia the prospect of assistance,
in case she should be driven to a
war with France, disclosed to her
farthcr proofs of the secret enmity
of the cabinet of St. Cloud, and of
its readitiess to abandon her in-
terests. She was informed by
Russia, that during the negotiation
at Paris, distinct hints had been
given to the Russian negotiator, that
if his court was desirous of annexing
any part of Polish Prussia to its
dominions, no opposition would be
made to such a project on the part
of France.

‘'wo other causes contributed
materially to the determination of
Prossia to commence hostilities
against France ; the one, by its effect
on the public mind ; the other, on ac-
count of the injury done to herself.

The occupation of Cattaro by the
Russians had served as a pretext to
the French emperor, not only for
retaining possession of Braunau in
the hereditary states of Austria
after the term stipulated for its
surrender by the peace of Presburg,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

» contributions,

1806.

but for keeping on foot an immense
army in Germany, which he main-
tained at the expence of the free

towns and states of Suabia and
Franconia. ‘The presence of so
large an army on its frontiers

excited the jealousy and awakened
the fears of the Prussian government.
To overawe Prussia rather than to
recover Cattaro seemed to be the
object of assembling so great a
force in that quarter, and when
troops were collected in Westphalia,
that suspicion was corverted into
certainty. Complaints were ad.
dressed from every quarter to Ber-
lin, of the severity of the French
and of the insuffera.
ble burthen of supporting their ar-
mies. The barbarous murder of
Palm, a bookseller of Nuremberg,
who was arrested in that imperial
city by order of the French govern-
ment, hurried to Braunau and there
tried and executed* under authority
of a court marshal, for an alleged
libel on the French emperor, excited
universal indignation, and roused
every pen in Germany to call down
vengeance on such atrocious, un-
warrantable acts. All eyes were
turned to Prussia, imploring assist.
ance and relief, while the bitterest
reproaches were uttered against that»
selfish, temporizing policy, which
had subjected Germany to stich
calamities and disgrace. The popu-
lar feeling at Berlin, in the court,
in the army, among the burghers,
was loudly and unequivocally ex«
pressed against the base, unprinci- |
pled, truckling policy of the governs
ment, since it had been directed by
Haugwitz, Lombard, and other par-
tizans of France. The surprizé and
indignation, which the scandalous

* August 26.

traffic

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

trafic of the Prussian provinces for
Hanover had excited at first, subse.
quent events had notallayed. “very
day had brought the news of some
fresh encroachment on the part of
France, of some new insult or
mortification to Prussia. The young
officers, inflamed with military
ardor, were eager to distinguish
themselves against the conquerors of
Austria. The old generals, who
recollected the glorious days of
Frederic II. forgot their age and
infirmities, as well as the immense
changes since that time both in
France avd Prussia, and joined in
the cry for war. Prince Lewis
of Prussia, who had.a few
years before been called the Prus-
sian duke of Orleans, took the
lead in inspiring these. sentimzuts,
and diffusing them among the young
men of his rank. The queen, young,
beautiful and amiable, listening to
her indignation at the atrocities,
usurpations and insults of France,
and jealous of her husband’s honour
and reputation, joined in the same
cause. The ministers, weak and
unprincipled, hated and despised,
were unable to resist the torrent,
which hurried the Prussian mo-
narchy to destruction.

These ministers, as destitute of
wisdom as of probity, as incapable
of profiting by experience as of
acting a fair or honourable part,
had, in the mean time, been engaged
in another criminal negotiation with
Bonaparte, and had been again out-
witted by his superior craft and
artifice. The peace of Presburg
had left the forms of the Germanic
constitution entire, and from some
of the articles of that treaty it
appears doubtful, whether the

165

French'emperor entertained thoughts
at that time of the speedy subver-
sion, to which it was afterwards
condemned. ‘The residence of his
troops in Germany, occasioned by
the unlucky aflair of Cattaro, pro-
bably suggested, and the prospect of
peace with Russia certajnly matured,
a design suitable to his restless mind,
of destroying what remained of
that ancient structure, and cf grect-
ing in its room a new confederation
of princes, at the head of which he
should himself he placed. This
project seems to have been already
conceived in the beginning of June,
and early in July the details of the
plan were settled; but it was re-
solved not to publish them, in case
peace could be obtained.* On the
10th of that month the Russian
plenipotentiary, D‘Oubril, had his
first conference with general Clarke,
who was appointed to negotiate
with him on the part of France.
The true character of the Russian
minister was soon discovered. No
obstacle, it was foreseen, would be
opposed by him to the new arrange-
ments proposed in Germany. ‘The
plan of confederation was, there.
fore, definitively settled without
delay, and signed on the 17th of
July by princes and ministers, who
were scarce allowed time to read
the deed to which they affixed their
signatures. +

The members of this confedera.
tion were the emperor of the French,
the kings of Bavaria and Wirtem-
berg, the archbishop of Ratisbon,
the elector of Baden, the duke of
Berg, the landgrave of Hesse Darm-
stadt, the princes of Nassau-Weil-
burg, and Nassau-Usingen, of Ho-
henzollern-Hechingen, and Hoher~

* Dispatch from lord Yarmouth to Mr. Fox, July 9,

~ ¢ Lord Yarmouth to Mr. Fox, July 19,

M 3 gollern.

166

gollern-Siegmaringen, Salm-Salm,
and Salm-Kyrburg, Isenburg, Birch-
stein and Lichtenstein, the duke of
Aremburg, and the count of Leyen*,
By their articles of confederacy,
these princes separated themselves
from the Germanic empire, and
renounced all connection with it;
appointed a diet to meet at Frank-
fort, to manage their public con-
cerns, and settle their differences ;
chose the emperor of the French
for their protector; established
among themselves a federal alliance,
by which, if one of them engaged in
a continental war, all the others
were bound to take part in it ; and
fixed the contingent which each
should in that case furnish, as ~fol-
Jows: France, 200,000; Bavaria,
30,000; Wirtemberg, 12,000; Ba-
den, 3,000; Berg, 5,000; Darm-
stadt, 4.000; Nassau, Hohenzol-
Jern, and others,: 4,000; tolal,
258,000 men. It was settled, that
none of the members of this con-
federacy should be dependent on
any foreign power, nor enter
into any’ service’ but that of the
states of the confederation and their
allies. No prince belonging to the
confederacy could alienate the whole
er any part of his dominions, but in
favour of the confederates. Other
German princes and states might be
admitted into the confederacy,
whenever it was found consistent
with the general interest. In the
mean time a vast number of petty
princes and counts were deprived of
the rights of sovereignty, which
they held under the Germanic con-
stitution, and’ these, without equi-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

valent or indemnity, were traus-
ferred to members of the confede-
ration. The imperial city of Nu-
remberg was given to the king of
Bavaria, and that of Frankfort on
the Maine to the archbishop of
Ratisbon, formerly electorand arches
chancellor of the empire, now prince
primate of ‘‘theconfederated states
of the empire,” or confederation of
the Rhine.

By these great and important in.
novations, the Germanic empire
was virtually dissolved, and many
of its states were annexed, under
the name of allies, to the rising
empire of the French, Bonaparte
was not content, however, while the
name of the Germanic empire sub.
sisted. No sooner were the preli-
minaries of peace signed between
France and Russiat+, than a message
was conveyed from him to the em-
peror of Germany, to signify to the
latter, that he must prepare to lay
aside the title of emperor of Ger-
many, and yield the precedence to
France ; and, farther, that he must
be ready to give his assent to the
new arrangements to be proposed in
a few days at Ratisbon. To this
mandate the emperor of Germany,
since he could not resist the order,
wisely submitted without remon.
strance, and by a formal deed,
resigned his office and title of empe-
ror of Germany, and annexed his
German provinces and states to the
empire of Austria t. On the Ist of
August the confederates announced
to the diet at’ Ratisbon, their sepa-
ration from the empire ; and on the
same day a note was presented to

* The archduke Ferdinand, grand duke of Woartzburg (farmerly archduke of
Tuscany, and afterwards elector of Saltsburg,) acceded to the confederation of the

Rhine, on the 30th of September, 1806.
+ July, 20. ¢ August 6,

~

the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

the dict, in the name of the French
emperor, declaring that he nolonger
acknowledged the existence of the
Germanic constitution.

When these arrangements were
communicated to Prussia, her ac-
quiescence was purchased by the
delusive hope held out to her by
France, of being permitted to form
a confederation of states in the
north of Germany under the pro-
tection of Prussia, as the confede-
ration of the Rhine’ was under the
protection of France.* But no
sooner had Austria submitted to the
loss of her ancient, imperial dig.
nity ; and deposited the sceptre of
the Othos at the foot of the mo-
dern Charlemagne ; than Prussia,
whose meanness was despised, and
assistance no longer wanted by
Bonaparte, found herself condemn-
ed to another disappointment,
aggravated by the reflection, that she
was indebted for this mortification to
the want of wisdom and probity in
her councils, She was told, that
from deference to England, Bona-

parte could not permit her to in-

clude the Hanseatic towns in her
confederacy, and that he was deter-
mined to take them under his own
protection.+ He was not averse to
her plan of a northern confedera.
tion; but his regard to justice and
respect for the law of nations, would
net allow him to see any compul-
sion used to make independent
princes belong to it against their

* Prussian Manifesto, Oct. 9th.

167

will, The wise prince, she was told?
who governed Saxony, seemed no
inclined to contract the new obligae:
tions which Prussia wished to impose
upon him; and Trance could not
see him enslaved, or forced to act
against the interests of his people.t
The elector of Hesse, another mem-
ber of the proposed northern con-
federation, was reminded by the
French minister at Cassel, of the
inability of Prussia to do any thing
for her allies. He was then invited
to join the confederacy of the Rhine,
and as an inducement to comply,
the remaining possessions of the
prince of Orange, brother-in-law
of the king of Prussia, were of-
fered to be transferred to him.—
And, when he refused these tempt-
ing proposals, the Rhenish confede-
ration passed a resolution, by which
he was cut off from access to part
of his own states. ||

In the midst of these injuries and
mortifications, Prussia discovered,
that France, which had been con.
tinually urging her to the invasion
of Swedish Pomerania, had engaged
to Russia, to prevent her from de-
priving the king of Sweden of his
German territories; and that after
guaranteeing to her the possession of
Hanover, her faithless ally had ne-
gotiated with England on the basis
of the restoration of that electo-
rate, I i

To which of these grounds of
complaint we are to attribute the

+ Letter from the emperor of the French, to the king of Bavaria, Sept. 27.—

Prussian manifesto.

¢ lb.—and letter from the French emperor to the senate, Oct. 9th. —Reports

from ‘Lalleyrand, Oct. 3 and 6.

|| Prussian Manifesto. —Circular note of the prince primate, to the confedera-

tion of the Rhine, Sept. 18,
4 fy Begs Manifesto,

4

M 4 final

168.

final determination of Prussia, to
yisk the chances of hostility with
France, we presume not to decide.
But we apprehend, that her reluc-
tance to pa:t with Hanover, her in-
dignation at the treacherous conduct
of France in that affair and the
growing influence of publi¢ opinion
upon her counsels, were the chief
causes that stimulated her to that
resolutioa, ‘he king himself, is
said to have been the last person 1a
his cabinét, who was brought over
to the opinion for war,
At what time all hopes of peace
were abandoned, and hostilities fi-
nally resolved upon by Prussia, we
are equally uncertain. Her govern.
ment began to make preparations
about the middle of August, and to
put her army on the war establish-
ment. It is generally understood,
that Knobelsdorif was sent to Paris,
in the beginning of September, for
the purpose of gaining time, and
not with any view to an amicable
adjustment of the differences be-
tween Prussia and France. Luc-
chesini, who had been ‘long’ the
Prussian minister at Paris, when
he foresaw that war between France
and Prussia was inevitable, had
eontrived, that one of his dis-
patches to his court, full of com-
plaints against the French govern-
ment, should fall into their hands. —
Tncenscd at the tone of his dispatch,
the French demanded his reeall from
Paris, and imputed to his misrepre-
sentations, the misunderstanding
that had arisen between France and
Prussia. With this demand . the
court of Berlin willingly complied,
and congratulated itself on the suc-
cess of a stratagem, which, it hoped,
had given a false direction to the

* Sept. 12. :

Labiss

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

suspicions of its enemy. To pro..
long the deceit, it made choice of ge-
neral Knobelsdorff to be its minister
at Paris, a warm partizan of France,
sincerely attached to peace, and quite
unsuspicious of the artifice, which
he was sent to practise. The pro-
fessions of peace, which he made by
desire of his court, after it had de-
termined on hostilities, were on his
part sincere ; and so little was he
aware of the secret designs, either
of his own government or of that
to which he was sent, that when
Bonaparte left Paris to take the
command of his army against Prus-
sia, Knobelsdorff enquired with the
greatest simplicity, whether he
should not accompany his majesty
the emperor to head quarters, little
Suspecting against whom his march
was directed. Such a negotiator
might be duped by his employers,
but could not long deceive the pe-
netration of Bonaparte and Talley-
rand. Knobelsdorff arrived at Pa-
ris, on the 7th of September, witha
letter from his Prussian majesty to
Bonaparte, full of civil and friendly
expressions, to which correspond.
ing returns, probally equally sin-
cere, were made. On the 11th, a
note was addressed to him by Tale
leyrand, complaining of warlike
preparations in Prussia, which were
publicly stated at Berlin, to be di-
rected against France; and adding,
amidst professions of regard for
Prussia, and of regret that she
should listen to counsels so much at
variance with her true interests,
that the emperor had ordered rein-
forcements to be sent to his army.
Knobelsdorff in reply, * assured the
French minister, that his master had
entered into no concert with the

enemies

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

enemies of France, and that the war-
like preparations of Prussia had
arisen from a _ misunderstanding,
which the emperor's late interesting
conversations with himself and Luc-
chesini, he had no doubt, would
remove. On receiving these assu-
rances, Bonaparte authorized his
minister to declare,* that he should
make no public declaration on the
subject of his differences with Prus-
sia, till the effect of Knobelsdorff’s
report at Berlin was known.—
A second communication from Tal-
Jeyrand,+ complaining that the
intelligence from Berlin wore every
day a more hostile aspect, and
expatiating on the natural ties
between France and Prussia, war
between which, he said, appeared
tothe emperor a political monstrosi-
ty, maintained for some time longer
the appearance of a_ negotiation
with a view to peace. But, in the
mean while, the french troops were
continually advanciag towards. the
future scene of action, and on the
24th of September Bonaparte left
his capital to take the command ef
his army, having three days before
summoned the confederates of the
Bhige to furnish their contingents.
On the first of October the mask,
which Prussia had so ineflectually
worn, was at length Jaid aside. A
note was presented by Knobelsdorff,
demanding as a preliminary to ne-
gotiation, that the whole of the
French troops should instantly re-
pass the Rhine; that no obstacle
should be raised by France to the

' formation of a northern confede-

racy, including all the states not
named in the fandamental act of
the confederation of the Rhine; and
that the basis of the negotiation

* Sept. 13,

t Sept. 18.

169

should be the separation of Wesel
from the French empire, and the
reoccupation of the three abbies by
the Prussian troops. To these de-
mands the French emperor did not
even deign toanswer. But ‘Valley-
rand, in a report on the causes of
the war,t availed himself of them
with great dexterity, to shew, with
some degree of plausibility, if nat
with perfect truth, that had Irance
been willing to gratify the unjust
ambition of Prussia at the expence
of her weaker neighbours, the
flames of war would not have been
rekindled on the continent. Prus.
sia had in truth been as perfidious,
as unprincipled in her ambition as
France; but she had coprducted
herself with less ability and with
less success. Her morality had
been the same; but, after selling
her honour and reputation, she had
been defrauded of the price.

It was a great error of his Prus-
sian majesty, when he determined
upon war with France, to continue
the same persons in his government,
who had directed his counsels during
the whole of the late disgraceful
proceedings. These persons~ had
given abundant proofs of incapacity,
in all the negotiations they had
conducted; and such was their
reputation, that they had no means
of inspiring other governments with
confidence in the sincerity of their
professions, but by embarking their
master, alone and unassisted, in a
contest with Bonaparte. Whether
it was from this conviction, or from
a vain hope, in which they indalged
to the last moment, of adjusting their
differences with France, they were
strangely remiss in communicating
to other powers their intention to

t Oct. 6.
' go

170
go to war. It was from Russia
only, that Prussia could expect, in
the first-instance, to receive effectual
aid, But, though a letter from his
Prussian majesty had informed the
emperor of Russia, in the month of
August, of the relations in which he
then stood towards France, no
intimation was given to Russia of
the approaching war; nor was any
measure taken for obtaining from
her assistance, till the 18th of Sep-
tember, when count Krusemack left
Berlin for Petersburg, charged with
such a commission, Krusemack
arrived at Petersburg on the 30th.
Orders for marching, though expe-
dited immediately after his arrival,
could not reach the Russian army
in Poland tiJl the 5th or 6th of
October, nor could that army arrive
at the scene of action in Germany
before the middle of November ;
so that Prussia voluntarily exposed
herself for a whole month, without
assistance, to resist the best army
and the best generals of Europe.

‘ With such men as Haugwitz,
Lombard and Beyme at the head of
affairs, it ceases to be a matter of
surprizc, that no overtures of friernd-
ship or alliance had been proposed
to the court of Vienna, nor even an
attempt made to sound the inten-
tions of that government, or to
open with it a confidential inter-
course. But, considering of how
much importance, in the present
circumstances of Prussia, was a
good understanding between the
eourts of Berlin and Vienna, it is
surprizing, that his Prussian majesty
should have retained ministers in his
confidence, whose presence in’ his
councils was sufficient to prevent so
desirable an end from being attained.
_ Of the miuor powers in the north
ef Germany, Saxony was the un-
i i 3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

willing ally of Prussia. Hesse, it
expectation of a subsidy from Eng-
land, affected neutrality. Meck-
lenburg was really neutral. The
Swedish army had reoccupied the
dutchy of Lauenberg, abandoned
by the Prussians,

Scandalous as had been tbe con-
duct of Prussia towards Englandy
and unwilling as she was still ta
give up Hanover, which she fore.
saw’ must be the price of any
assistance from Great Britain, the
desire and hope of a subsidy got
the better of every consideration,
and induced her ministers, when
they sent count Krusemack | to
Petersburg, to communicate to Mr.
Thornton, the British minister at
Hamburgh, the disposition of his
Prussian majesty to accommodate
his differences with the king of Great
Britain. A desire was expressed, |
that some person should be authori-
zed by the English government to
open a negotiation for that purpose;
but no communication was made by
the Prussian ministers of the nature
of their differences with France,
nor assurance given of their readie
ness to adopt for the basis of nego. |
tiation, the restitution of Hanover
to its. lawful owners. The English
ministry, though they had reason to
believe, that the quarrel between
France and Prussia, originated in
the offer of the former to give back
Hanover to the king of Great
Britain, hesitated not a moment te
comply with their request, but
appointed Lord Morpeth to proceed
without delay to the head quarters’
of the Prussian army, there to
enter on negotiations for peace.
Lord Morpeth left London on the
Ist of October, and having passed
off Heligoland a packet with baron
Jacobi on board, the late Prussian

minister

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

minister at London, who was re-

turning in that capacity to England,
he arrived at Hamburgh on the 6th,
_and reached the head quarters of
the Prussian army at Weimar on
the 12th. This promptitude did not
suit the views of the Prussian minis-
try. They were on the eve of a
great battle, which might decide the
fate of the campaign; and they
were unwilling, while the event was
uncertain, to pledge themselves to
an act of justice, or entangle them-
selves in connections of no imme-
diate utility. If victory remained
to the Prussians, Hanover might
still be theirs. If defeated, they
were afraid, lest their having con-
tracted engagements with England
might be prejudicial to them, should
they be compelled to solicit peace
from France. Persisting to the last
in his duplicity and irresolution,

- Haugwitz, who had been named to

negotiate with the English minister,
contrived by breaking his word and
by other disingenuous shifts, to
avoid seeing him at Weimar and
Erfurt ; and subsequently to the
battle of Auerstadt, but while the
result of it was unknown, Lord
Morpeth having asked Lucchesini,
whether the court of Prussia was
ready to enter on immediate nego-
tiation, the Italian unguardedly
replied, ‘* that it would depend on
the issue of the battle which had
just been fought.”

The English ministry, when they
appointed Lord Morpeth to nego-
tiate with Prussia, gave further
proof of the sincerity of their dispo-
sition toreconciliation, by removing
the blockade of her ports and
rivers,*- which had hitherto sub-

171

sisted with great inconvenience to
the north of Germany.

After this review of the conduct
of Prussia and of the causes that led
her to engage in hostilities. with
France, we must admit, that her
provocations were great, numerous
and galling; but we look in vain
for such open insult or impending
injury, as leave states, against
which they are directed, no alter.
native but an immediate appeal to
arms. If the indulgence of her
resentment was her object in com-
mencing hostilities, prudence should
have restrained her anger, till
means of gratifying it had been
secured. If her motive was an
honourable desire of asserting the
liberties of Europe, and_ setting
bounds to the encroachments of
France, greater caution might have
been expected from her govern.
ment, than to have embarked with
such inadequate means, in so ardu-
ous an enterprize. But if Hanover
was the cause of her quarrel,
nothing could be more absurd than
to make war, in order to maintain
her pretensions to a country, which
she must begin by ceding to its lawful
owner, for his assistance to enable
her to carry on the contest.

Having brought the affairs of
France -and Prussia to the breaking
out of the war, it is necessary to
revert to the transactions between
France and England, and to’give an
account of the negotiations for peace,
in which these two powers and

Russia were during a great part of °

the present summer unsuccessfully
engaged. We shall afterwards re-
turn to the short but disastrous
history of the Prussian campaign.

* Sept. 25.

~CHAP.

’

172 ANNUAL REGISTER, | 1806.

CHAPTER IX,

;

Negotiations for Peace between England and France—Circumstances whick
led tothe first Overture from France—Mr. Fox. proposes that Russia
should be a Party to the Negotiation—Objections of M. Talleyrand to the
Intervention of Russia—Discussions on this Subject, and Failure of the
Ne gotiation—Second Overture from the French Government through Lord
Yurmouth—Facourable Nature of the Terms proposed—Minute of Lord
Yarmouth, containing the Particulars of his Conversation with M. Tal.
leyrand— Return of Lord Yarmouth to Paris—Lrench retract their former .
Offers—ITmpression which their shuffling Conduct makes on the English Mi-
nistry, and particularly on Mr. Fox— His Unwillingness to give up Sicily—
Instructions to Lord Yarmouth—M. D?Oubril signs a separate Peace for
Russta—Lord Yarmouth produces his full Powers—Resolution to send
Lord Lauderdale to Paris— Joint Representation to the French Negotia-
tors from Lord Lauderdale and Lord Yarmouth—Delays created by the
French Negociators—Emperor of Russia refuses to ratify D'Oubril’s
Treaty—IV hereupon the French are ready to give more favourable Terms
io England—But the English Minister refuses to sign any but a provision~
al Treaty without the Concurrence of Russia—Violence and Impatience of
Bonaparte moderated by his Ministers—Jinal Conference of Lord Lau-
derdale with M.Champagny—Mistake of supposing that the Negotiation
broke off on Account of the Refusal of the French to cede Dalmatia to the
Russians— Review and Justification of the Conduct of the English Cabinet
throughout the Negotiation— Reception of the News of the Failure of the
Negotiation in England—Account of D’Oubrils’ Treaty—Favourablg
Disposition of the new Russian Cabinet towards England,

S the correspondence and in,
tercourse, which took place
between the governments of France
and England, though they lasted
for no less than six months, were
finally broken off, without any
treaty of peace, a brief relation of
the conduct and of the leading e-
vents of the negotiation, will be
sufficient to explain the principles
- 9 E

“=

of the respective parties, and to as.
certain the causes, which led to the
unfavourable termination of these
important discussions. The senti-
ments of Mr. Fox on the subject of
the war, were generally known
throughout his own country and
Europe ; and it was supposed, that
he had selected the office of secreta~
ry of state for foreign atiairs, pein

; the

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 173

the hopes of being able to accom-

-plish with greater facility the fa-

vourite object of his heart—a ge-
neral and permanent peace. ‘The
period, however, at which he was
at length called to his majesty’s
councils, was peculiarly unfavour-
able to such an immediate overture
to the French government asin any
other circumstances he would no
doubt have wished to resort to.—
The recent successes of the French
had been so signal and decisive, that
an overture would have appeared
an acknowledgment of weakness
rather than a desire of pacification.
Sufficient time had scarcely elapsed
since the battle of Austerlitz and
treaty of Presburg, to ascertain the
feelings of the Russian government ;
and in addition to the difficulty of
speculating upon the impressions
which the late calamities might
have produced on that distant
eourt, a change of administration
was expected in that capital; any
decided step, therefore, without
previous cencert with the new mi-
nisters at Petersburg, might become
the cause or the pretext for some
estrangement of that cabinet. In
this predicament Mr. Fox seems to

_ have determined on making no di-

rect overture to France, till some
event might give rise to it, or at
least till the views and wishes of the
court of Petersburg had been fully
ascertained, and the form, object,
and nature of any negociation pre-
viously concerted with that cabinet.
But the French goyernment, per-
haps, sincerely desirous of putting
an end to hostilities, or possibly de-
luded by an idle hope that Mr.
Fox’s strong inclination to peace
would betray his prudence, and

*. Feb;

lead him to measures, that would
impair the stability of the connec.
tion between Russia and England,
availed itself of the first opportu-
nity of making direct overtures for
a@ negotiation. ‘The circumstances
from which they arose, are too sin-
gular in themselves, aud too honour-
able to the English minister and na
tion, to be passed over in silence-
About ten days after Mr. Fox
came into office,* he received a let-
ter from a person calling himself
Guillet de la Gevrilliére, stating that
he was arrived at Gravesend with
out a passport, and requesting Mr.
Fox to send him one, as he had very
lately left Paris, and had something
to communicate, which would give
Mr. Fox satisfaction. On receiving
this letter, Mr. Fox gave orders
through sir Francis Vincent, under
secretary of state, to Mr. Brooke
of the alien office, to send for the
man from Gravesend, and a private
interview having been solicited, to
bring him on his arrival in London
to Mr. Fox’s house in Arlington-
street, instead of taking him to the
foreign office. In consequence of
these orders, the Frenchman was
next morning carried to Mr. Fox’s
house, and, there admitted by him
aloneinto his closet; when after some
unimportant conversation, he proe
ceeded to the object of his journey,
which was to inform Mr. Fox that
a plan had been entered into for the
assassination of Bonaparte, and a
house hired at Passy, from which it
could be carried into effect with cer.
tainty, and without risk. Surpriz-
ed and confounded with the auda.
city of the villain, in making him
the confident ef so execrable a de-
sign, Mm Fox, without enquiring

14.
further

1%

further into the particulars of the
plot, instantly dismissed the French.
man from his presence, and desired
Mr. Brooke to send him as soon as
possible out’ of the kingdom. But
on reflection he ordered him after-
wards to be detained, till such in-
formation could be given to the
Freneh government, as might pre-
vent the perpetration of his crime,
if really projected; and with that
view he transmitted to M. Talley-
rand,* a short and simple statement
of the occurrence, and of what he
had done thereupon.+ The answer
to this communicationt was a na-
tural and well turned compliment to
the honour and generosity of Mr.
_ Fox’s character, and was accompa-
nied by an extract from the empe-
ror’s speech to the legislative
body,{@ in order, as M. Talleyrand
observed, ‘‘ that Mr. Fox might
know, if the advantages of peace
were duly appreciated, on what
terms it might be discussed.” The
extract was a simple offer ‘‘ to con-
clude peace, taking for its basis the
stipulations of the treaty of A-
miens,’?

Mr. Fox considered this commu-
nication asa distinct overture, and
proceeded to answer it in that frank
and direct style, which is the cha-
racteristic of all his public dis-
patches.
tainty of the basis of Amiens; the
variety of modes in which it had
been interpreted; and the delay,

* Feh. 20.

He objected to the uncer. .

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

which the explanations on the mean-
ing of it would unavoidably occa-
sion, even if no other objection
should exist. ‘* The true basis of
such a negotiation, he observed, be-
tween two great powers, equally
despising every idea of chicane,
would-be the reciproca) recognition
of the following principle; viz. that
the object of both parties should
be a peace, honourable for both and
for their respective allies; and at
the same time, of a nature to se-
cure, as far as in their power, the
future tranquillity of Europe.” ||—
He then proceeded to state the im-
possibility of treating, much less of
concluding any thing unless in con-
cert with Russia, but suggested the
practicability of some previous dis-
cussion of the principal points, and
some provisional arrangements,

. while they were waiting for the ac~

tual intervention of that power
and heforestalled an objection, which
might be made to his statement,
founded on the few material points
in issue between Russia and France,
by insisting upon, and extolling the
interest taken by that power in all
that concerns the greater or less de-
grce of independence enjoyed by
the different princes and states of
Europe. He ended this letter with
an expression of his desire of peace,
and a short but firm exposition of
the ability of Great Britain to con-
tinue the contest.

A correspendence of some length

+ The Frenchman continued in custody till the 7th of March, when he was sent
under the care of a messenger to Harwich, and embarked on board of a vesse

bound for Husum.

He had arrived at Gravesend in a vessel called the Toby, Van

oust master, declared from Embden, under Prussian colours, but supposed to

have come direct from Holland.
¢ March 5. q March 2.

}| Mr. Fox to M. Talleyrand, March 26.

ensucd,

ensued, in which,

7

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 175

as M. Talley-
rand observes, there is a cha-
racter of openness and precision,
that had not hitherto been seen in
the communications between the two
courts. The great difficulty con-
sistedin the admission ef Russia in-
to the negotiation. M. ‘Talleyrand
endeavours with much ingenuity to
represent that power as interposing
its authority between two great na-
tions fully competent to adjust their
own differences, but Mr. Fox in-
sists-on her being a party in the
question, and an ally of Great Bri-
tain, whose interests are insepara-
biy connected with her own. To
bring the discussion to a point, Mr.
Fox: states explicitly,* that his ma-

jesty was ‘willing to negotiate con-,

jointly with Russia, but would not
consent to negotiate separately. A
month elapsed without any answer
being given to this dispatch, and the
first overture may be said to have
failed in consequence of the deter-
mination of England not to nego-

tiate separately, and the unwilling--
ness of France to admit the inter-

vention of Russia. But, though no
arrangement took place, ‘* the
spirit of conciliation manifested on

both sides, was considered as a

great advance to peace;’’+ and in
the course of the month of May,
the English cabinet were, no doubt,
enabled to ascertain with greater

' precision, the views and intentions

of the court of St. Petersburg, and
enabled to determine how far the
substance and advantage of a joint
Hegotiation might be preserved,
without insisting on the forms, to

* Mr. Fox to M. Talleyrand, April 20.

t Id. to Id. April 8.

which France seemed to feel sa.
much repugpance.

Whether M. Taliyrand calculated
onthe probability of sich commu-
nications between the two courts,
or was only anxious to prolong a
correspondence, which might ulti- .
mately lead to a negotiation, he
wrote aletter on the 2d of June, in
the form of an answer to Mr. Fox’s
dispatch of the 20th of April, in
which, after some vague observae
tions on the nature of alliances,
and some trivial objections to a
joint negotiation, he proposes,—
‘¢ first, to negotiate in the same pre-
liminary forms, which were adopt-
ed during the administration of the
marquis of Rockingham, in 1782;
forms, which were not renewed _
with so much advantage in the ne-
gotiations of Lisle, but which were
perfectly successful in the negotia-
tions which preceded the treaty of
Amiens ;—secondly, to establish as
a basis two fundamental principles ;
the first, taken from Mr. Fox’s
letter of the 26th of March, name-
ly, ‘* That the two states should have
for their object, that the peace be
honourable for them and their re-
spective allies, and at the same time,
of a nature to secure, as far as it is
in their power, the future tranquillity
of Europe; the second principle
to be an acknowledgment on the
part of the two powers, of their
mutual right of intervention and
guaranty in coutivental, and in ma
ritime affairs. t

The English government does not
seem to have returned any immedi-
ate answer to this letter, Indeed,

+ From M. Talleyrand to Mr. Fox, June 2d.

though

176

though the form of the proposals
‘ contained init, gave it an appear-
ance of great precision and exact-
ness, some time scems to haveybeen
necessary to understand the mean-
irg of the French goverament, in
making a reference to the prelimi.
nary forms in the administration of
lerd Rockingham, and those which
preceded the treaty of Amiens ; for
they were not only dissimilar, but
itappears from Mr. Fox’s answer,
that by adopting the precedents of
1782, the French would hive com-
pietely established’ the mode of ne-
gotiation, to which they objected,
and admitted the principle, against
which M. Talleyrand, in the very
letter containing that offer, peremp-
torily protests, Whether these
considerations, or an expectation of
further communications from the
Russian cabinet, induced Mr.Fox to
suspend the correspondence, no an-
swer was made to this letter, till the
14th of June, by which time a new
channel of communication was
opened, and a fresh overture was
made from the French government,
which led to all the subsequent ne-
gotiation between the two coun.
tries. As, however, Mr. Fox an-
swered the letter of the 2d of June
without any reference to this new
negotiation, it may be right to close
our account of the direct corres-
‘pondence between M. ‘Talleyrand,
and the English minister, by stating
the substance of the last letter of
that corresponudence.* It consists
ef acivil bat convincing reply to
the objections urged by M. ‘Talley-
rand to a joint negotiation, a sim-
ple. statement of the preliminary

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

discussions in 1782, and a compa.
rison of the situation of England
then with relation to the allies of

France, with that of France to the

allies of Great Britain, at the date
of .the letter, and an offer of the
same forms of treating, which
France at that time thought proper
to insist upon. ‘* We then treated
with France and her allies. Let
France now treat with us and our
allies.” After acquiescing in the
basis offered in the second proposi«
tion, upon condition that the two
powers mutually agree to abstain
from all encroachment on the
greater or lesser states of Europe ;
and after expressing his hope, that
no difficulties in form rather than
in substance should retard the resto-
ration of peace; he implies, that
any mode of negotiation, to which
Russia will assent, will be agree-
able to Great Britain, and- takes
that opportunity of observing, that
an honourable peace was no less
conformable to the wishes of Rus-
sia, than to those of England and
of France.

Thus ended the direct corres-
pondence between the two ministers
for foreign affairs; and Mr. Fox
had probably strong reasons from
his communications with Russia, as
he had undoubted!y from the assu-
rances he had lately + received
through lord Yarmouth, to foresee
that the question of joint or sepa-
rate negotiation would no longer
be an obstacle to a more regular
and formal discussion of the inte-
rests and pretentions of Great Bri-
tain and her allies.

In the course of the above related

* Mr. Fox to M. Talleyrand, June 14th.
+ Communication from lord Yarmouth to Mr. Fox, June 13.

correspondence,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

-Iess liable to public observation ; and

Correspondence, «and in_ conse-
quence of the conciliatory manner
in which it had been conducted,
Mr. Fox had solicited as a personal
favour the release of several of his
private acquaintance prisoners at
Verdun, the peculiar circumstances
‘of whose detention had rendered
any arrangement for their exchange
impracticable, as it would have been
derogatory to the dignity of the
country to have acknowledged the
principle on which they had been
detained. The applications of Mr.
Fox were in many instances success-
ful, and among the persons named
by him was the earl of Yarmouth,
only son of the marquis of Hert-
ford, who together with his wife
and family, had been detained in
France since the commencement of
the war. On lord Yarmouth’s ar-
rival in London, early in June, he
communicated the substance of a
conversation with M. ‘Talleyrand,
which had passed at the desire of
that minister, for the purpose of
conveying through a secret and
confidential channel, the sentiments
and views of France, and the out-
lines of the terms, on which peace
might be restored between the two
countries. The terms sketched out
in the conversation seemed so fa-
vourable, that the English cabi-
net lost no time in conveying to M.
‘Talleyrand their disposition to com-
mence a negotiation, on the basis
contained in them, ‘The bearer of
the proposition was better able to
judge of, and to enforce the adhe-
rence to the terms proposed, than
any other person whatever ; thé re-

rendered Jord Yarmouth’s return

177

it was understood,* that excepting
himself, no one would have been
permitted to remain twelve hours in
France, without producing full
powers to negotiate a treaty of
peace. These were probably the
reasons, which induced the English
cabinet to direct lord Yarmouth to
return. Before his departure, Mr.
Fox, with an observation that we
were all mortal, requested him to
commit to writing the heads of the
proposals made by M. Talleyrand.
His + memorandum of a conversa-
tion with that minister, preserved
in the secretary of state’s office, and
afterwards laid before parliament, is
the only written evidence of the
proposals which induced Mr. Fox
to treat directly for peace with the
French government. As the un-
willingness of France to adhere to
her original offers not only occa-
sioned the first departure from that
spirit of conciliation, in which the
former correspondence had been
conducted; but was the real cause
of the ultimate failure of the nego.
tiation, the substance of those over-
tures necessarily forms the most
important part of the whole trans-
action. Unfortunately Jord Yar-
mouth could not foresee the neces»
sity of the disclosure of so confiden.
tial a paper. It consequently is not
drawn up in that methodical style
which is generally desirable in a
public document. The want, how-
ever, of official precision, and the
omission of some inferior points
were amply. supplied by his lord-
ship’s comments and explanations
in the house of commons, when the
subject came into discussion, From

* Lord Yarmouth’s speech in the House of Commons, Jan, 5, 1807.
+ Papers relating to the negotiation with France, No. 12,

| sidence of his family in France
|

| Vor. XLVI:

N the

178

the paper combined with those de-
clarations, it is clear that three spe.
cific ofiers were held out as induce-
ments to Great Britain to treat, viz.
the restoration of Hanover, the pos-
session of Sicily as a consequence of
the principle of the uti possidetis,
and a facility in the arrangement of
the form of treating, which, without
establishing a congress er recogniz-
ing the claim of a joint negotiation,
would not impair the advantages
which Great Britain and Russia
might derive from their close con-
nection and alliance.

. The restoration of Hanover was
considered as a point unconnected
with the basis of the treaty. It was
a compliment to the crown of Great
Britain in return for the recognition
virtual or stipulated, of the empe-
ror of France, and of the nu-
merous sovereignties conferred on
various branches of his family
since. the commencement of the
war, Bonaparte had in all pro~
bability promised the electorate to
the king of Prussia, if he had not
actually guaranteed the possession
of it to that monarch; but in or-
der to retain the power of amusing
the court of Berlin as long as he
might find his interest to do so, he
was naturally anxious to conceal
this offer of sacrificing her supposed
interests to the attainment of peace
with Great Britain, Such indeed
seems to have been-his motives in
preferring a message through lord
Yarmouth toa continuance of the
correspondence between the mini-
sters of the two countries. The
occupation of Hanover by Prussia
was in itself a reasonable plea, even
to Great Britain, for not commit.
ting the offer of its restoration to
writing, till further progress had
been made towards the conclusion

: |
ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

of peace. Many well informed
persons have, notwithstanding
these precautions, attributed the —
war between I’rance and Prussia to
the knowledge acquired by the lat.
ter of this overture, The conduct
of the Prussian cabinet, so empha.
tically termed inconceivable by Bo- ©

-naparte, is in this instance much

too unintelligible for us to unmask.
Future historians may obtain do- —
cuments to which we have no ac-
cess. It will be for them to deter
mine whether the promoters of the
campaign of 1807, in addition to
the other instances of their infatu-
ation, had actually the strange pre-
tension of punishing Bonaparte fer
his sacrifices in favour of peace, and
of avenging on France her predi- ©
liction of the rights of our sovereign
at the expence of projects for the
aggrandizement of Prussia. ‘The
Frenchemperor must have been more ~
and more aware of the hostility of ©
Prussia in proportion as the negoti-
ation advanced ; yet he never shewed
any wish to conciliate her dispo.
sitions or to recede from his offer of ©
restoring Hanover to its lawful se-
vereign.

On the other points of the nego=
ciation his conduct was very differs
ent. If, on the return of lord |
Yarmouth, the outward appear-—
ance of conciliation was preserved,
the substance of the terms demand-
ed was very unexpectedly altered, _
and the circumstanees of the two.
countries openly maintained by
M. Talleyrand to be materially’
changed in favour of France. The
fact was, that the French had either
ascertained that M. D’Oubril, the
Russian minister, was secretly aue
thorized to treat for a separate |
peace, or foresaw, with their usual
Sagacity, that the weakness of his
3

|

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

character would enable them to in-
timidate him into that fatal and in-
considerate measure. M. Talley-
rand, * therefore, predicted that
the advantages of a joint ncgotia-
tion were’ defeated, and openly
insisted on that circumstance as a
legitimate motive for extending his
demands, If this view of the subject
was not to be reconciled to high
and chivalrous notions of honour,
it must be acknowledged to be
within the usual line of policy,
which states prescribe to themselves;
and, that to have disdained the
advantage which France might
have derived from this change of
circumstances, would have been a
rare instance of forbearance among
the transactions between nation and
nation. The French government,
on the contrary, seem to have becn
elated with the prospect of success
likely to attend their negotiation
with M, D’Oubril. They had not
determined on the extent of the
fresh demands to which this new
State of things would, in their
judgment, entitle them; and, M.
Talleyrand, + in the first interview
with lord Yarmouth, after his
return to Paris, not only departed
entirely from his ‘clear and explicit
offer of Sicily, but indulged himself
‘in vague allusions to further de.
mands, and in peremptory repre-
Sentations of the necessity of nego-
_tiating with some person duly au-
‘thorized and empowered to treat.
‘This first deviation from the original
_ Overtures was received by the Bri-
tish ministry as the omen of the
failure of negotiation. From that
period Mr. Fox t is said to have
despaired entirely of its success,

* Papers, No. 14.

179

That great statesman, at all periods
of his life, attached uncommon im.
portance to the preponderance of
power in the Mediterranean ; and
it is probable that the value of the
island alone would have rendered
him less disposed to surrender
Sicily than any European posses.
sion, over which France had not
hitherto acquired a control. But
to the honourable mind of Mrs
Fox there must have been a yet
stronger objection to any cession of
that country. Not only had Great
Britain no right to cede it without
the consent of his Sicilian majesty,
but the court of Palermo, with all
its vices and imperfections, had a
claim on the gratitude and justice
as weil as on the magnanimity of
Great Britain and Russia. “The
obligation, indeed, was stronger on
the latter power, and, it is true,
that at that period the Russian minis
ster shewed little inclination to be
bound by it. But the correspon-
dence of Mr. Fox abundantly
proves that even the instances of
an ally, to whose wishes he was so
anxious to defer, would, with dif.
ficulty, have extorted from him any
compliance with a measure of so
doubtful a character. The value,
therefore, of the possession itself,
and the claims of the Sicilian court
on the protection of the allies must
have made such a demand on the
patt of France at any time a mate-
rial] obstacle to the progress of the
negotiation. The circumstances in
which it was made rendered it yet

-more discouraging. The English ca-

binet considered it not only unrea-
sonable in itself but as a departure
from the principles and basis of the

+ Papers, No. 14.

+ Lord Hollands Speech on the Slave Trade,

Ne negociation,

180

negotiation, a denial of the offers
which had been held out to them as
inducements to treat, and an indica.
tion of the little reliance to be placed
in the language or sincerity of the
French negotiators. The instruc:
tions therefore to lord Yarmouth
were distinct and peremptory. He
was directed to insist generally on
the recurrence to the original over-
tures. and to make the* readmission
of Sicily as the sine qué non of the
production of his full powers, which,
‘to avoid all pretence of cavil’”
were conveyed to him without de-
Jay. In the mean while the conduct
and language of M. D’Oubril, who
had arrived at Paris, and who on
the 10th of July opened his negoti-
ations in form with the French com-
missioner general Clarke, fully jus-
tified the expectations of M. Talley-
rand. It was soon manifest that no
scruple about Sicily would prevent
that minister from accepting such
terms as Bonaparte might choose to
grant, and nothing but the immedi-
ate and unqualified concurrence of
England deter him from signing a
separate peace. With the view of
postponing so fatal a step, and of se-
curing M. D’Oubril’s co-operation
on the other points in discussion, the
English cabinet seems seems for ove
moment to have been willingt ‘* to
ascertain whether any practicable
shape could be given to the proposal
of an exchange for Sicily.” This
guarded relaxation was evidently the
result of an extreme compliance
with the wishes of M. D’Oubril not
‘a variation of opinion on the import-
ance of the object, much less an
acknowledgment of the right of

* Papers, No. 15.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

+ Papers, Ne. 18.
|| Papers, General Clarke, No. 25,

France to recede from the original
basis, within the scope of which it
is carefully stated to be brought, in
Mr. Fox’s dispatch of the 18th of
July. But the fears and the impa.
tience of M. D’Oubril did not allow
him to wait till the sentiments of the
British cabinet were known, Such
was the success of the French nego-.
tiators that they intimidated him into
a belief that the delay of forty-eight
hours in the signature of a separate
treaty would expose Germany and
Europe to dismemberment and de.
struction, and that an immediate
acquiescence with the demands of
Bonaparte was the only method of
averting those evils. He accordingly
signed a treaty on the 20th of July,
andt without communicating to lord
Yarmouth some of the most material —
arlicles to which he had consented,
hastened, according to his own ex.
pression, to lay his work and his
head at the feet of his imperial
master. The French very naturally
regarded the signature of this treaty
in|| the light of an important vietory,
and by the same arts as they had
practised on M. D’Oubrilso far suc-
ceeded in terrifying lord Yarmouth
with the consequences of a rupture
or of delay, that they prevailed upon
him to produce his full powers, be-
fore the basis originally offered had
been again recognized, before the
extension of its application to Sicily
had been in any shape renewed, and
before the impression produeed on
the British cabinet by the precipi-
tate eonduct of M. D’Oubril had
been ascertained. General Clarke
was immediately appointed to treat
with lord Yarmouth on the part of

t Papers, No. 96. _

France,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.
rent, was a pledge that the cabi-

France, and thus—although ‘ the
discussions had, according to Mr.
Fox’s dispatch of the eighteenth of
July,* been prolonged solely for the
purpose of temporizing in compli-
ance with the wishes of M. D’On-
bril, Jord Yarmouth was actually
exchanging notes, and holding con-
ferences with a French commissioner
after that genfleman had signed a
separate peace and left Paris, and
before his court was apprized of
either of those events. The circum.
stances in which his lordship was
_placed were undoubtedly very em-
barrassing, and it is but just to ob.
Serve, that it would have required
great address and experience to have
withheld his full powers without
bringing the discussions to an abrupt
_ and unsuccessful termination.
as his instructions had been peremp-
tory, it is not any matter of wonder
that the English cabinet was+ not
Satisfied with the step which he had
taken. ‘The necessity of some other
negotiator ‘¢ fully instructed in the
sentiments of his majesty’s govern-
ment on all the various points of
discussion that might arise,’ + was
immediately felt; and the important
charge was entrusted to lord Lau-
derdale, a nobleman whose dis-
_cermment and talents ~ eminently
qualified him for the task, and
whose uniform disposition to a
pacific system of policy was a
strong earnest of the sincerity of
the British cabinet in their endea-
yours to obtain peace. Nor were
these the only recommendations of
lord Lauderdale. ‘he health of
Mr. Fox began at this period to de-
cline, and the nomination of his per-
sonal friend and tried political adhe-

* Papers, (No. 20).

But

+ Papers, (No: 26).
§ Papers, pai E, in No, 35.)

“

181

net continued to promote his views,
and te consult the spirit of his po.
licy-

The first endeavour of lord Lau-
derdale on his arrival at Paris, was
to bring back the French govern-
ment to the basis of the uti posside-
tis, and to the application of that
principle to the island of Sicily.
lord Yarmouth after having for
that purpose concurred with his
colleague in representing § formally
and officially the substance and ten-
dency of Talleyrand’s original over-
tures, left the subsequent part of
the negotiation exclusively in his
hands. The French negotiators,
(for M. Champagny, minister of
the interior, was soon appointed
joint plenipotentiary with general
Clarke), never actually admitted
the basis of the uti posszdetis, after
the arrival of lord Lauderdale, and
censtantly evaded the acknowledg-
ment of having in the first instance
proposed it. They contrived how.
ever, under yarious pretences, and in
one instance by an actual delay of
the passports for amessenger, to de-
tain lord Lauderdale at Paris, ‘till
it became the policy of Great Bri-
tain, as wellas France, to await the
decision of the coyrt of Petersburgh
upon the treaty which M. D’Ou-
bril had carried thither for ratifica-
tion.

On the 3rd of September a cou-
rier brought the intelligence to
Paris, that the emperor had refused
to ratify M. D’Oubril’s treaty, and
this refusal was not the conse-
quence of any representation from
the court of London, for it was de-
clared before any messenger arrived

{ Papers, (No. 26),

from

182

from London, or the English minis-
ter in Russia had received any in-~
structions from his court. M. Tal-
Jeyrand with* great apparent frank-
ness informed the British nego~
tiator of this piece of intelligence,
the day after its arrival in Paris,
and assured him that France was
now disposod to make peace with
England on more favourable terms
than she otherwise would have been
induced to admit. ‘The probability
of the ratification of M. D’Oubril’s
treaty being refused, had been fore-
seen, and lord Lauderdale was in.
structed ‘* to + consider the two
courts as having reverted to their
former situation with additional
bonds of union, resulting from fresh
proofs of their respective adherence
to the spirit and principles of their
alliance.” As it was soon obvious,
that the abandonment of Russia
was to be the price of the more fa-
vourable terms, so ostentatiously
announced to Great Britain the
honourable determination of our
court not to listen to any such pro-
jects, prevented any precise detail
of the concessions J’rance was wil.
ing to make for the attainment of
her object. It is however worthy
of remark, that no offer of Sicily
‘was even in the supposition of a
separate peace ever made during the
course of the negotiation. Mr.
Fox was now unable to discharge
the duties of his office. The princi-
ples, however, which he had lJaid
down, seem to have regulated the
conduct of the British cabinet
throughout the discussions. Anat.
tention not only to the interests but
to the wishes of Russia, a firm de-
termination to listen to no measure

* Papers, (No. 46).

~~,

+ Papers, (No, 41).

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

that could give her umbrage or
suspicion,and a strong desire to pre-
serve Sicily, amounting nearly toa
resolution not to abandon it, were
on the part of Great Britain, the
niost prominent features of the Jat.
ter, as they had been of the early
part of the negotiation. Lord Lau-
derdale was not authorized ‘‘ to £
sign any treaty except provisionally,
such treaty not to have its full
effect until peace should be cons
cluded between Russia and France 3”
but he was at the same‘time in
structed,§ ‘¢ to impart to the French
plenipotentiaries, the conditions
upon which Russia, (according to.
the full and perfect knowledge his
Britannic majesty had of the in.
tentions of that court,) would be
willing to negotiate with the
French government; to reduce
them into the form of a treaty in
the event of their being agreed to on
both sides ; and to insert an article
in the provisional treaty between
Great Britain, and France, by
which his Britannic majesty should
engage to employ his mediation for
the purpose of obtaining the acces-
sion of his majesty the emperor of
all the Russias to the said treaty.’?
It should seem that M. ‘Talleyrand
felt || little or no objection to the
above-described form of proceeding 5
but notwithstanding the conciliating
tone adopted by that minister, the
official note in which the promised
acquiescence of the emperor was sig+ ~
nified, breathed a very different
spirit. It contained much irrelevant
and offensive matter; it was con- —
ceived in the language of remon-
strance and reproach,-and @ barely —
conveyed a reluctant consent to the

{ Papers, (Enclosure A. in No. 49). _

$({bidem.) |] Papers, [No. 49, aud No. 50.] §f Papers, (Enclosure A, in No. 40):

proposal

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

proposal of lord Lauderdale. It is
manifest from this circumstance, as
well as from other passages of the
correspondence, that the impatience
of Bonaparte would have brought
the negotiation to an abrupt and
violent conclusion, but for the fre-
quent and wise interposition of his
ministers, who sometimes by address
and sometimes by representation,
contrived to soften the tone and
moderate the language of their offi-
cial communications. ‘The English
negotiator in *his reply to theabove-
mentioned paper, though he took
as much notice of the offensive to.
pics introduced into it, as was es-
Sential to the maintenance of his
own dignity, very judiciously com.
bined it with the personal assurances
of M. Talleyrand, and considered

it as amounting to a full admission’

of his proposal. But on the renewal
of the conferences it did not appear
that France was disposed to relax in
any one of her pretensions. In the
mean while Bonaparte had left Paris
for the army on the Rhine, and one
of the plenipotentiaries(gen.Clarke, }
as well as M, Talleyratid accom.
companied him on his journey. M.
Champaguy, who remained to con-
duct the negotiation, was neither
authorized to +relinquish the claims
of Joseph upon Sicily, nor to ac-
quiesce in tsuch an arrangement as
would have satisfied the court of St.
Petersburgh. The negotiation was
_ therefore at an end, and lord Lau-
derdale peremptorily insisted on his
passports. In the last conference
M. Champagny, though he had
Previously doubted his paqwers of
hearing lord Lauderdale upon the
Subject of Russia (notwithstanding

183

the assurance’ contained in $the pubs
lic note and §conversations of M.
Talleyrand) offered || to cede the
full sovereignty of Corfu to that
power. ‘This was rejected as in-
sufficient, which has led to the erro-~
neous opinion that the negotiation
was broken off solely because Great
Britain insisted on the cession of
Dalmatia to Russia.

It appears, however, that even if
Great Britain, departing from the
principles which had guided Mr.
Fox in the commencement of the
negotiation, had considered her own
views of the interest of Russia rae
ther than the wishes of thatcourt, im
a treaty provisionally signed for her
approbation, yetit would have been
impossible, in the shape in which it
was proposed, to acquiesce in the
relinguishment of Dalmatia, without
incurring the risk of forfeiting the
confidence of Russia, and neither
accomplishing a general, nor evena
separate peace after all. Had the
English ministers completed the part
of the treaty relating to Russia with.
out securing to that power the ob-
ject of which she was most desirous,
the French, by insisting on stipula-
tions, which England considered as.
utterly inadmissible, but to which
Russia was comparatively inditfer-
ent, would have thrown upon them
the imputation of sacrificing the in-
terests of their ally. his was the
more to be apprehended, because on
points of that description, especially
Sicily, the French had shewn no dis-
position whatever to relax, The con-
sequence would have been, that the
strength of the alliance between the
twocourts would have been broken,
The feeling of a common cause

* Papers, (Enclosure B, in No. 50.) | + Papers, (No. 51.) } Papers, (No. 52.)

Papers, (No. 49, No, 50, and Enclosure A, in i 50.)
4

|| Papers, (No. 52.)
woul

184
would have been destroyed, and the
two powers would have incurred,
both in appearance and effect, the
disadvantage of contending with
France for objects essentially dif-
ferent, and upon distinct and sepa-
rate prounds, The obvious policy
of France, when she despaired of
any separate peace with Great Bri-
tain, was to induce her to admit in
the project of a treaty such terms
as she foresaw would alienate the
affections, and shake the confidence
of her ally the emperor of Russia.
The honourable determination -of
our cabinet, and the firm but tem-
perate conduct of our negotiator
defeated this design, and his ear-
nest and peremptory demand of
passports was at length granted,
though they were accompanied with
a note* evidently composed under
the immediate direction of Bona-
parte. This paper insinuates that
the principles of Mr. Fox had been
abandoned by his colleagues and
successors ; that a departure from
the basis laid down by him had
thrown the first obstacle in the way
of pacification, and that to the loss
of that great man alone was to be
ascribed ihe further continuance of
the calamities of war. To these
charges Jord Lauderdale delivered
a spirited, manly, and convincing
reply. | Indeed no impartial person
can peruse the early part of the
negotiation, without being per-
suaded, that if the French had con-
ducted themselves towards Mr. Fox
as they did towards his successors,
the result must have been precisely
the same. Whether, if the life of
Mr. Fox had been fortunately pre-
served, confidence in that great cha-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

racter, reliance on the stability and
permanence of his power at home,
and- apprehension of the authority
of his name throughout Europe, and
in France in particular, might not
have induced Bonaparte to relax in
his pretensions, and to revert to the
councils of moderation which seem
to have dictated M. Talleyrand’s
first correspondence, is mere matter
of speculation. We have good rea-
son to believe that Mr. Fox himself
despaired of any such event, and
if our confidence in the weight of
his character is greater than his own,
it can in no degree affect the merits
of his successors and colleagues who
met with no such forbearance or mo-
deration in the councils of the ene-
my. The charge, ‘* that + the Bri-
tish government had resolved to
forego the prospect of a peace,’”
though probably intended by Bona.
parte to inflame the English public
against the administration, was little
calculated to produce that effect.
Through the industry of those most
hostile to the ministry, the public
were more prepared to censure the
terms of a peace than to lament the
continuance of war, and the rup-
ture of a negotiation was the last °
accusation whicha court party would
have thought it prudent, at that
time, to urge against the servants of
the crown. ‘The animosity so, stu-
diously excited at the commence.
ment of the war, was by no means
extinguished in the public, and an
incident soon occurred to shew that
motives yet more inexcusable con-
tributed to the general sentiment in
fav or of the rupture of the negotia-
tion® Though the grounds upon
which the discussions had been bro-

* Papers, (Enclosure B, in No. 55.)
‘i Papers, atoms B, in No. 55.)

ken

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

‘ken off were unknown, the intelli-
gence of lord Lauderdale’s departure
from Paris was received at Lloyd’s
Coffee House, with bursts of appro-
bation and shouts of applause; a
disgusting proof of the indifference
with which men can contemplate the
calamities of their species, when they
conceive that any personal advantage
can accrue to themselyes from the
continuance of them. In this in-
stance the policy was as short sighted
as the feeling was contemptible. The
capture ef Buenos Ayres had raised
yisions of conquest and of wealth as
extravagant as those of El Dorado,
and though the ministers could
Scarcely have been the dupes of that
delusion, they took littie pains to un-
deceive the pegple. Perhaps a go-
vernment weakéned by the loss of
its most efficient member, could
hardly be expected, at the moment
of breaking off a negotiation for
‘peace, to check a feeling so well
calculated to reconcile the public
to that calamity. Though there is
no réason to suspect that the in
fatuation was encouraged by those
in power, it was by no means con-
fined to the city of London. It
spread through every part of the
country, and as it is cur duty to
record the opinions of our country-
men, as well as the events which
gave rise to them, we must with
shame acknowledge that the preva-
lent.sentiment of the nation was joy
at the prospect of extended com-
Merce and conquest in South Ame-
rica, rather than disappointment at
the failure of peace, or grief at

the protraction of the horrors of’

war.

The preliminaries of peace signed
at Paris by D°Oubril and refused to
be vatified at St. Petersburg, con-

185

tained the following articles. Russia
gave up to France, Cattaro and all
the places occupied by her troops in
Dalmatia; ia return for which the
French emperor consented, at the
request of the emperor of Russia, to
restore Ragusa to its former state,
and to abstain from hostilities
against the Montenegrins. ‘The re-
public of the seven islands was de-
clared independent, but the Russiaus
were allowed to station 4000 troops
in its territory. The independence
of the Ottoman Porte was recog-
nized, and the integrity of its pos-
sessions guaranteed by both parties.
The French were to evacuate Ger-
many within three months, and the
Russians to withdraw all their troops
from the Mediterranean, except the
corps they were allowed to leave in |
the seven islands. No mention was
made of their Sicilian majesties in
the public treaty, but one of the se-
cret articles is said to have contained
a slighting declaration on the part
of France, that the emperor had no
objection to the late king of Sicily
and his wife finding an asylum
wherever they could. There was
no stipulation about Sicily; but by
another secret article, Majorca, Mi-
norca and lyiza were to be trans-
ferred from Spain to the duke of
Calabria, with the title of king of
the Balearic isles, on condition that
the ports of these islands should be
shut against the English during the
continuance of the war. ‘The only
article in favour of England, if it
could be so. called, was an admis-
sion on the part of the French em-
peror of the good offices of Russia
for the aitainment of a maritime
peace,

When this treaty was brought to

St. Petersburg, it was laid before a

couneil

186

council summoned specially for that
purpose;* and after comparing it
with the instructions given to M.
D'Oubril before his departure, and
with the subsequent orders sent to
him at Vienna, it was declared by the
council, that M. D’Oubril, in sign-
ing these articles, had not only de-
parted from his instructions, but had
acted directly contrary to their sense
and spirit; and upon this ground
his imperial majesty was advised to
withhold his ratification of the
treaty. His resolution to that ef-
fect was accordingly signified with-
out delay to the French govern.
ment, and notified by a circular let-
ter to all the Russian ministers at
foreign courts. M. ‘D’Oubril was
disgraced and exiled from court, but
neither deprived of his rank nor of
his appointments.
Notwithstanding the declaration
of the Russian council, that D’Ou-
bril, in signing this treaty, had acted
in the face of his instructions, the
very slight punishment to which he
was condemned for conduct so ine
excusable, if truly represented,
leaves some doubt upon the mind,
whether he had so far devjated from
his secret instruetions as to justify
the imputations cast upon him. On
the other hand, the difficulty of giy-
ing any rational explanation of the
change of opinion on the subject of
peace, which must be supposed to
have taken place in the court of St.
Petersburg after his departure from
Vienna, if he negotiated in confor.
mity to secret instructions which
were alterwards disavowed, inclines

* August 25th.

“ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806:

‘ter by the menacing language of

us to believe, that he must have des
s.rved in some degree his disgrace;
and his remarkable expression after
siguing the treaty, ** that he would
carry to Petersburg his work and —
his head, and lay them before the —
feet of his master,” seems to imply, |
that he was conscious of having,in-—
curred a dangereus responsibility, —
by acting in opposition to his instruc.
tions. 1t has been said, that he was —
led into this error by a private cons |
yersation which he had with the em. —
peror before his departure from St.
Petersburg, in which he imagined ©
that he discovered a more pacific
spirit and more accommodating po.
licy in his sovereign, than was cen-
tained in the public instructions of
the ministers; and to this circum~
stance, if true, may perhaps be im~
puted the mildness of ‘his punish-
ment. It has been also said, that in
addition to the impression made on
his weak and pusillanimous charac-

the French, he was precipitated
into the fatal measure of affixing
his name to the treaty, by an erro.
neous opinion, that the new mi-
nisters at St. Petersburg were less
favourably inclined to gland than
their predecessors, In this idea,
however, he was widely mistaken.
General Budberg, the successor of
Czartorinski, was 4 man of inferiox
talents and reputation, but equally
attached to the connection of Russia
with England, and disposed to make
every sacrifice and exertion to main
tain the alliance of the two powers,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 187

CHAP. X.

Unfitness of the Duke of Brunswick to be Generalissimo of the Prussian
Army—-Position of the Prussians before the Battle of Auerstadt—Of the
French—Defeat of the Prussian Left and Death of Prince Lewis of
Prussia—French get Possession of the Prussian Magazines—Battle of *
Auerstadt—Loss of ihe Prussians in that fatal Action—Errors of their
Generals—Surrender of Erfurt—Defeat of Kalkreuth in attempting to
retreat over the Hertz Mountains—Defeat of the Prussian Reserve under
Prince Eugene. of Wirtemberg—Release of the Saxon Prisoners and
Armistice between France and Sarony—King of Prussia escapes across the
Oder—Bonaparte enters Berlin—His Conduct at Berlin and Potzdam—
Capture of Prince Hohenlohe’s Army—Retreat of General Blucher to
Lubeck—That City taken by Storm, and the Remains of Blucher’s Army
forced to lay down their Arms-——Bad Defence of the Prussian Fortresses—
Surrender of Spandau, Stettin, Custrin, Magdeburg, Hameln, and Nieu-
burg—Incaston of Westphalia from Holland—Occupation of Hesse Cassel
and Expulsion of the Elector—Occupation of Hanover, Brunswick, and
Mecklenburg—Peace between France and Savony—Title of King conferred
on the Elector of Saxony—The Princes of the House of Saxe admitted into
the Confederation of the Rhine—Occupation of Hamburgh, and Confiscation
of all’ English Produce and Manufactyres found in that City—Berlin
Decree—Armistice between France and Prussia signed by Lucchestnt, but
refused to be ratified by the King of Prussia—French cross the Oder—
Progress of their Arms in Silesia—in Poland—Arrival of the Russtans at
| Warsaw—Their subsequent Retreat beiind the Narew—Miliary Precau-
‘tions of the French—Passage of the French over the Narew— Actions on
the Narew and Wkra—Defeat and Retreat of the Russians—Exaggerated
Accounts of the Sickness prevailing in the French Army.

FYCHE capital error of the Prus-
| + sian government, when it de-
| termined upon war with France,
was in the choice of its general. It
‘was at first settled, that the king,
| assisted by a council of general offi-
cers, should take the command of
his army in pexson. This arrange-
Ment was undoubtedly liable te
Many objections. A wilitary coun-

cil composed of generals, among
whom there was no marked superi-
ority of rank or character, and
controlled by a monarch, inexperi-
enced in war, diffident of -his abi-
lities, and therefore unsteady in his
determinations, governed -by mi-
nisters equally timid and irresolute
as himself, was, it must be confessed,
a most upfit instrument to oppose

; te

188

to the greatest military genius of
this or of any other age. But, ex-
ceptionable as ‘was the~ plan of a
military council to direct the ope-
rations of the war, it may be ques-
tioned, whether it was not exposed
to fewer objections than the ap-
pointment of such a commander as
the duke of Brunswick to be gene-
ralissimo of the army. - A more
unfortunate choice for that import-
ant situation it was impossible to
have made. The duke of Bruns-
wick had distinguished himself, in
early youth, under his uncle prince
Ferdinand, as an active, successful
partizan ; and had afterwards gain-
ed a high reputation in ‘courts, by
the prosperous issue of his expedi-
tion against the Dutch patriots in
IJolland; but that reputation,
which among military men had been
always somewhat equivocal, he had
subsequently forfeited by his mis-
carriages in France; and on no
occasion had he ever displayed the
talents of a great general, or shewn
a mind sufliciently capacious and
comprchensive to direct the move-
ments of a great army. A well.
disposed sovereign and well-bred
courticr, he was neither a good
general nor a great man. Elevated
to his present high command, not
by the opinion of his merit, or the
recollection of his services, but by
his skill and management of in-
trigue, it was soon evident, that the
narrowness of his mind was unequal
to the magnitude of a situation,
which he had ambition to covet,
but wanted ability to fill. Wrapped
up in mystery and concealment,
he had little intercourse with offi-
cers of’ merit, and admitted no
general but Mollendorf to his coun.
cils of war, where he discussed
military plans with the king, Haug~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

witz and Lucchesini. Immersed in

detafls, he bestowed on_ inferior

concerns the time, which should

have been occupied with business of.
importance; and yet so deficient
was he in method and arrange-

ment, that the sole result of his la«

bours was confusion and discon. —
tent. Unable to form and combine —
a well digested system of operations —
for the conduct of the campaign, —
his perplexed and contradictory —
orders, the irregular marches and

counter-marches of his troops,
shewed too plainly, that he pursued ©
no steady plan, nor had any well.
defined object in view. Disconcert-
ed and alarmed by every movement —
of the French, it was manifest, that
he had not penetrated the designs —
of the enemy, nor provided against
their success. So obvious was his
incapacity, that his army quickly
perceived his unfitness to command ~
them, and Jost all confidence in —
their general.

Early in October the Prussian
head-quarters were at Naumburg,
where also their principal magazines
were collected, and their army ex~_
tended itself in the country border.
ing on the Saale in Upper Saxony.
On the 4th of that month their”
head-quarters were moved forward —
to Erfurt, and on the 10th to
Weimar. The position of their
army was nearly as follows.

Their left, commanded by prince
Hohenlohe, under whom were
general Tauenzein and _ prince
Lewis of Prussia, occupied Saal-
feld, Schleitz, and Hof, and its
advanced posts extended to
Munchberg and Culmbach. Their
centre, commanded by the duke
of Brunswick, marshal Mollen-
dorf, and the king in person,
was distributed in the neighbour-

nots

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

hood of Erfurt, Weimar, Gotha,
and Eisenach, and its vanguard
under the duke of Saxe Weimar,
was stationed at Mecinungen on
the Werra. Their right com-
manded by general Ruchel exten-
ded to Mulhavsen. [From _ this
disposition of the Prussian army
it is probable, that had not the
duke of Brunswick been anti-
cipated by the French, it was
his intention to have begun hos-
tilities by bearing down with his
right on. Frankfort, with his
centre on Wurtzberg, and with
his left on Bamberg. A_ sepa-
rate corps under general Blucher
which had been stationed at
Gottingen, for the protection of
Westphalia, joined the main ar-
my before the battle. Hesse was
neutral, but the Saxons acted as
auxiliaries to the Prussians, and
served in the left under prince
Hohenlohe. The reserve of the
Prussian army under prince Eugene
of Wirtemberg, did not arrive from
Custrin till after the battle of Ayer-
‘stadt. ‘The whole force, Prussians
and Saxons, under the command of
the duke of Brunswick, did not
amount to less than 150,000 men.
While this immense army remain-
ed inactive on the banks of the
Saale, the French were collecting
_ their scattered troops and concen-
trating their forces in the neighbour-
hood of Bamberg. On the 6th of
October Bonaparte arrived in that
city, and on the sth the French
army was in motion to attack the
Prussians. Why the French were
suffered peaceably to assemble their
forces, without any movement of
| the Prussians to attack them before
the divisions of their army had
formed a junction, it seems difficult
to explain. If offensive operations

188

did not enter into the plan of the
campaign, why did Prussia hurry on
the war so unnecessarily ; why ad-
vance beyond her fronticrs, to meet
an enemy, whom she had determined
not to attack? was it to get the
start of Bonaparte in Saxony, and
prevent its elector from acting to-
wards her the part, which the
elector of Bavaria had done last
year towards Austria? but, had
that been her motive, would
Prussia have consented to the neu-
trality of Hesse, for no better
reason than to indulge the avarice
of the elector, who hoped to obtain
from England, by:an affected back.
wardness in the war, a larger sub-
sidy for his assistance? And, after
all; what were the Saxons and
Hessians in comparison of the Rus-
sians, from whom every step taken
by the Prussians in Thuringia was
removing them toa greater distance?
If the Prussians were too weak to
attack the French, before the
armies of the latter had united,
they were still less able to resist
them after their junction; and in
that case nothing remained for the
weaker party, but to fall back on
the allies, who were coming up to
its aid.

The position of the Prussian
army in front) was strong and
perhaps impregnable. But a wise
general, attentive to every danger
to which his troops are exposed,
should have refiected on the possi-
bility of the enemy turning their
flank: getting possession of their
magazines: shutting them up in a
country without resources; and
forcing them to fight at a disadvan.
tage, and, if worsted, without a
possibility ef escape. The maga.
zines at Hof, Zwickau, Weissen.
fels, and Naumburg were left with-

out

190

attacks of the enemy, and when cut
off from these, the Prussians had no
alternative but to fight or starve.
There were no resources in the
barren country of Weimar for
maintaining so large an army and
numerous cavalry as the Prussian.
There was no bread, no beer, no
brandy for their men, and no
fodder for their horses. When their
cavalry took the ficld on the morn-
ing of the battle of Auerstadt, the
horses had been without corn, and
the men without food for two
nights and a day. Another fatal
error in the disposition of the
army was its encampnient on the
left bank of the Saale, by which
the electorate of Saxony, the chief
fortresses of the Prussian States,
and the capital itself were laid open
to the enemy; and the Prussians,
in case of a disaster, were cut off
from Magdeburg, the only rallying
point, where they could assemble,
er place of refuge, where they
could be in safety.

The French’ army advanced on
the 8th, in three divisions. The
right, composed of the corps of
marshals Soult and Ney, and of a
division of Bavarians, set out from
Amberg and Nuremberg, joined at
Bayreuth, and from thence marched
against Hof. The centre com.
manded by the grand duke of Berg,
the prince of Ponte Corvo (Berna-
dotte), and marshall Davoust,
marched from Bamberg to Cronach,

and from thence to Saalburg and.

Schleitz. The left, composed of
the corps of marshals Lannes and
Augereau, advanced from Schweine-
furth upon Coburg, Graffenthal,
and Saalfeld. By these movements
the left wing of the Prussians, which
stretched to a great distance from

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

out . protection, exposed to the

their centre, was exposed to
attack of the whole of the French
army. Aware of their danger, the
Prussians at Hof, who were at the
extremity of the line, and in the
greatest danger of being cut off,
fell back upon Schleitz before the
arrival of marshal Soult. Some pri-
soners, however, were taken, and-
all the magazines at Hof fell into
the hands of the enemy. Soult, fol-
lowed by Ney, at the distance of
half a day’s march, pressed forward -
to Plauen in Upper Saxony, where
he arrived on the 10th. The
French centre passed the Saale at
Saalburg, after a slight resistance
on the part of the Prussians, and
advanced on the 9th to Schleitz,
where a body of 10,000 Prussians
was posted under the command of
of general Tauenzein. An action
ensued, in which the Prussians
were worsted with considerable Joss,
and next day the French advanced
to Auma, and on the 11th to Gera,
within haifa day’s march of Naum.
burg, where lay the great maga-
zines of the Prussian army. The .
French left had equal success with
the other divisions of their army. —
Lannes entered Coburg on the 8th, ~
and advanced to Graffenthal on the
Sth. On the 10th he attacked at -
Saalfeld the advanced guard of
prince Hoherlohe, commanded by
prince Lewis of Prussia, and gained
over it a signal victory. Prince
Lewis, to whose rashness and diso-
bedience of orders in quitting his
position at the bridge of Saalfeld,
and advancing to attack theenemy, ©
this misfortune was entirely to be
attributed, fell in the action. The
Prussians were completely routed,
and lost 30 picces of cannon, be-
sides 600 men killed, 1000 taken pri-
soners, and agreat number wounded.

By

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

_. By the success of these operations
the French, after turning the Prus-
Sian left, became masters of their
magazines, and placed themselves
between their grand army and the
Cities of Berlin and Dresden. On
the 12th, part of the French centre,
under. Marshal Davoust, entered
Naumburg, and took possession of

the Prussian magazines, which they ,

set on fire. Their army now ex-

tended along the right bank of the
Saale from Naymburg to Neustadt

Their first line was composed of the
corps. of Davoust, at Naumburg;
of that of Tannes, at Jeni; and of
that of Augereau, at Kahla. In
the second line was the‘grand duke
of Berg, hetween Zeitz and Leipzig;

the prince of Ponte Corvo, at Zeitz;

the emperor and Soult, at Jena;
and marshal Ney, at Neustadt.

The disasters of Schleitz and
Saalfeld, and the unfortunate death
of prince Louis, when known at
the Prussian head-quarters, pro-
duced there universal consternation
and dismay, though the extent and
consequences of these calamities were
far from being fully understood or
foreseen. Fears were entertained,
that the French, after breaking
through and defeating their left,
would advance to Dresden and take
Possession of Saxony. But so re.
miss were they in the most ordinary
precautions, and so absurdly con-
fident in the strength of their posi.
tions, that one of their patroles, sent
©ut from head-quarters towards
- Naumburg to reconnoitre, returned
Without going to Naumburg, be.
cause when half way they met a tra-
veller who told them there were no
news of the French at Naumburg,
From this state of blind security
they were roused by the blaze of
their magazines on the night of the

191

12th, which .at once disclosed to
them the real infentions of the ene-
my, and shewed how successful he
had been in accomplishing his de-
signs. Nothing now remained for
them but to risk a general engage.
ment withont delay. Nextday was
employed, on both sides, in making
arrangements for the important bat-
tle decisive of the fate of Prussia,
The French army extended from
Naumburg to Kahla, along the Saale,
a line of six hours march, its ceatre
being at Jena. The Prussians,
who had been collecting the whele
of their forces into ome point, were
assembled between Auerstadt, Wei-
mar, aud Jena. The two armies
were separated by the heights of the
Saale, which seemed \to afford aa
impregnable position to the Prus-
sians, and to oppose an insuperable
barrier to the French. But, by
some incredible oversight, the Prus-
sian generals, satisfied with guarding
the high road between Jena and-
Weimar, left the most important
passes of the Saale unoccupied, Of

this omission the French failed not

to avail themselves. During the
whole of the night of the 13th they
were indefatigably employed in se-
curing these passes, and transpor ting
cannon to defend them; in which
they were so successful, that, when
day broke, the Prussians saw thems
selves attacked in their elevated .
position, which they had considered
as an impregnable fortress ; and so
unsuspicious were they to the last
moment of their danger, that at
Rauhthal, the French, who had
penetrated by the neglected pass of
Swetzen, arrived within 300 paces
of one of their columns before its

approach was suspected.
At break of day the whole of the
French army was under arms. The
light

19g

light troops of the centre began the
action by opening a brisk fire on
the Prussians, which drove them
from their advanced positions, and
enabled the French line to extend
itself on the plain, and draw up in
order of battle. The Prussian left,
amounting to about 50,000 men,
were dispatched early in the morn-
ing towards Naumburg, to take
possession of the impregnable defiles
of Koesen ; but these were already
‘occupied by Davoust, whom they
attacked eleven times successively,
but in vain attempted to dislodge.
Their centre, consisting of 80,000
men, was opposed to the French
centre at Jena; and these were the
only two divisions of their army en-
gaged in the heat of the action.
Their right, under general Ruchel,
amounting to 12,000 men, did not
come up till their centre was
broken and thrown into disorder ;
and their rear guard, (formerly their
vanguard), commanded by the duke
of Saxe Weimar, was still at Mei-
nungen, 30 miles distant from the
field of battle. A thick fog obseured
the early part of the day; and when
it cleared up, the two armies beheld
each other at the distance of less
than cannon shot. The action be-
gan by some French _ battalions
taking possession of a small village,
from which’ the Prussians attempted
to dislodge them.. Lannes advanced
to support his countrymen, and
~Soult to get possession of a wood
upon his_ right occupied by the
enemy. Another body of Prussians
having made‘a movement upon the
French left, Augereau put his troops
in motion to repulse them, In less
than an hour the action became ge-
neral. ‘Two hundred and fifty or
three hundred thousand men with
seven or eight hundred pieces of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

artillery, scattered death in every
direction, and exhibited one of the
most awful scenes ever beheld.
‘The Prussian infantry behaved with
courage and firmness ; but their ca-
valry, worn out, fatigued, and dis-
heartened, maintained not its antient
reputation. The French cavalry
charged with the greatest spirit and
boldness; and their artillery per-
formed wonders. The most cou-
rageous soldiers could not approach
without trembling the shower of
balls that preceded the march of
their columns. Both armies ma-
nouvred with the same exactness as
on a field day, but the rapidity of
the French evolutions astonished
and disconcerted the Prussians.
Soult having got possession of the
wood, after a combat of two hours,
pressed forward ; and, at the same
instant, the French reserve, both
cavalry and infantry, advanced to
the front line, which, being thus
Strengthened, threw the Prussians
into disorder, and forced them to
retire. They rallied, however, and
returned to the action, which they
maintained for about an hour; but
they were again thrown into confu-
sion by the advance of the second
French reserve, composed of the
dragoons and cuirassiers under the
command of the grand duke of Berg.
The charge of this body of horse, at
the conclusion of the day, was ir-
resistible. Neither cavalry nor
infantry could withstand the shock,
In vain did the Prussians form them-
selves into square battalions: their
ranks were broken ; artillery, ca-
valry, infantry, all were put to rout.
The French reached Weimar as soon
their fugitive enemies.

While the Prussian centre and
right were thus completely defeated,
their left, repulsed by Davoust in its

repeated

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

repeated attempts to drive him from
the defiles of Koesen, was forced,
after a combat of several hours, to
fall back upon Weimar, at the
moment when the broken corps,
which had reached that city, were
attempting to retreat in the direction
of Naumburg. The confusion aris-
ing from these opposing currents
may be easily imagined ; in addition
to which, the innumerable baggage
waggons, that blocked up all the
roads leading to Erfurt, impeded the
retreat of the troops, and compelled
them to consult their immediate
safety by a precipitate flight. The
king himself was forced to quit the
high road, and, at the head of a
small body of cavalry, to escape from
this scene of disorder across the
fields. :

According to the French accounts,
gore than 20,000 Prussians were
Killed or wounded in this disastrous
action, and from 30,000 to 40,000
taken prisoners. The duke of
Brunswick * and lieutenant-gencral
Schmettaw were mortally wounded.
Above twenty generals and lieute-
nant-generals were made prisoners,
and 300 pieces of cannon and 60
Standards were taken.

_ The loss of the French is stated,
in their official reports, at 1,100
Killed, and 3000 wounded. None
of their officers above the rank of
a brigadier-general was either killed
or wounded.
~ Many were the errors of the
Prussian generals in this engage-
ment. In addition to those already
Ainted at in the course of this narra-

193

tive, the most fatal was their omitting
on .the 13th ta possess themselves
of the impregnable heights and de-
files of Koesen; their neglecting to
have any corps in reserve to sup-
port their battalions against the
double reserve of the French; their
leaving the duke of Saxe Weimar
with 16,000 men at Meinungen,
where he remained till next day,
unacquainted with what had passed ;
the absence of all concert and co-
operation between the two divisions
of their army principally engaged ;
and the unprepared state in which
they were found by the enemy when
the action began. After the duke
of Brunswick was carried off the
field, there was no commander in
chief to issue general orders to the
army. The corps fought singly,
without plan or combination, or
attention to the movements of the
enemy. When the action was lost,
the troops who escaped from the
field of battle fled in different direc.
tions, and, ultimately, were all taken
prisoners or dispersed, because no
rallying point to retreat upon had
been settled, in case such a disaster
should befal them.

A considerable body of Prussians
under marshal Mollendorf and the
prince of Orange Fulda made good
their retreat to Erfurt; but next
morning they were invested in that

.place by the grand duke of Berg;

and on the following day they sur.
rendered by capitulation. The pri-
soners taken at Erfurt amounted to
14,000.men, among whon, besides
Mollendorf and the prince of Orange,

* The duke of Brunswick was wounded in the face by a grape shot in the
beginning of the action, in consequence of which he was obliged to quit the field.
‘He was transported in a litter to Brunswick, where he arrived onthe 21st. Bat
‘the approach of the French, whose enmity he in vain attempted to soften, having
compelled him to seek a more distant asylum, he was carried to Altona, where he
died of his wounds on the 10th of November, in the 72d year of his age.

Vor. XLVIII,

were
0

194 ANNUAL RE
were many other oflicets of distinc-
tion. A park of 120 picces of
cannon, with all the requisite imple-
ments and ammunition, and maga-
zines of great value, fell at the same
time into the hands of the French.
Mollendorf, when taken prisoner,
was dangerously ill of his wounds.
A marked degree of attention was
shewn to him by the French, as one
who had done all that lay in his
power to prevent the breaking out
of hostilities ; while the duke of
Brunswick and others, whom they
denominated of the war faction, were
treated with the coarsest scurrility
and abuse in their official gazcttes,
and with extreme rigour when they
had the misfortune to fall into their
hands, or were reduced to the neces-
sity of soliciting their clemency and
indulgence.

‘Another division of the Prussian

‘army, under general Kalkreuth, at-
tempted to escape in a body over the
Hertz mountains ; but was overtaken
at the village of Greusen, and defeat-
ed with loss. Magdeburg was the
“quarter to which the fugitive columns
of the Prussians chiefly directed their
flight; and prince Hohenlohe,though
wounded, having reached that for.
“tress, a considerable army was col.
‘ected there under his standard.
“The garrison of Magdeburg amount-
‘ed to 12,000 men; but the place
was ill adapted for Sustaining a
‘siege or maintaining an army ; its
‘magazines having been emptied, with
4 fatal improvidence, to supply the
“grand army when it took the field.
Marshals Ney and Soult, and the
grand duke of Berg, followed the
Prussians tx their Hight to the walls

ef Magdeburt; and, in the total
seonfasion and disorder into which

. October 1 the

aig

SGISTER, 1806.

they were thrown: made a number
of prisoners, and got possession of a
great part of their artillery, baggage,
and ammunition.
On the other side of Weimar,
prince. Eugene of Wirtemberg, who
was advancing with the Prussian
reserve from *Custrin, instead of
falling back on the news of. the
battle, continued his march to Halle,
where he was attacked by the prince
of Ponte-Corvo *, and defeated with
considerable loss. In this engage-
ment, which destroyed the last entire
corps of the Prussian army, the
French took 5000 prisoners and 34
pieces of cannon. ‘The Prussians,
in their retreat, burned the bridge at
Dessau over the Eibe; but it was
quickly re-established by the French,
An attempt was also made to destroy

‘the bridge at W ittenberg, which the

French arrived in time to prevent.’
Previously to the battle of Auer-
stadt+, a proclamation had been is-
sued by Bonaparte, adilressed ta the
Saxons in the Prussian army, with |
the view of detaching themfrom, or
at least of rendering ‘them suspected
to, their allies; and, immediately —
after the battle, 6000 Saxon pri-
soners, who had been taken in the
action, were set at liberty on giving
their parole not to serve against the
I'rench; whose sole object, they -

‘were assured, in taking up arms,

had been to preserve the independ-
ance of the Saxon nation, and to
prevent it from being incorporated
with the Prussian monarehy. These
measures were accompanied’ by a
fricndly message to the elector at
Dresden, in consequence of which
that priuce, who had been preparing
to fly from his capital, remained
there, withdrew from his connection.

+ On the 11th,
with

“HISTORY OF EUROPE.

With Prussia, and soon after con-
cluded a treaty of peace and alliance
with France. Ueavy contributions
were, nevertheless, imposed on the
electorate for the suppert of the
French army; and the city of Leip-
zig, which had been long a place of
deposit for English merchandize,
was occupied, without delay, by a
French column under general Ma-
con; * whose rigorous search for
English goods and property in that
city is less remarkable than his an-
ticipation of the famous Berlin de-
cree, in his declaration to the mer-
chants of Leipzig, that the island of
Great Britain was in a state of
blockade.

_ The unfortunate king of Prussia,
who had behaved with great gal-
lantry in the battle of Auerstadt,
arrived at Charlottenberg, near Ber-
lin, on the 17th, and from thence
continued his route to Custrin on
the Oder. From Custrin he soon
after repaired to Osterode in West
Prussia, and from Osterode to Ko-
nigsberg, where he remained at the
end of the year, without having
again joined the army. He was
followed to Custrin by the garrison
of Berlin, which was withdrawn
from that city on the 2ist, anda
provisional administration appointed
to maintain the public tranquillity
till the arrival of the French. ‘This
last event was notlong delayed. On
‘the morning of the 25th the corps
of marshal Davoust entered Berlin,
and was next day followed by that
of Augereau. Bonaparte had ar-
rived on the 24th at Potzdam, where
he stopped to examine the apart-
ment and visit the tomb of the great
Frederick. Ile ordered the sword
of that great man, his scarf, the

195

ribbon of his order, the black eagle,
and all the colours he took in the
seven years war, to be sent to the
Hotel of the Invalids at Paris, asa
present to the old soldiers who had
served in the Hanoverian war, and
memorial of one of the greatest ge-
nerals recorded in history. Hehad
already seized an opportunity of
gratifying the long wounded vanity
of his countrymen, by taking down
the monument erected in comme-
moration of the battle of Rosbach,
and ordering it to be conveyed to
Paris, as a proof that the disgrace
which that day had brought on the
French arms. was at length effaced.
At Potzdam he was informed that
Spandau had surrendered, though
held by a strong garrison, and amply
provided with stores and ammuni-
tion. On the 27th, he made his
public entry into Berlin; and next
day he gave audience to the foreign
ministers of powers in amity With
France, resident in that city; to
the Lutheran and reformed consisto-
ries, whom he assured of his pro-
tection ;
court of appeals, to whom he gave
instructions how to administer jus.
tice, and to the civil authorities of
the city, to whom he recommended
strongly to maintain a vigilant po-
lice. ‘¢ I will not suffer any win-
dows to be broken,” saidhe: ** my
brother the king of Prussia ceased
to be a king from the day when
prince Lewis Ferdinand was bold
enough to break the windows of
his majesty’s ministers: his majesty
should have ordered him to be
hanged.”?” Some of the persons,
who presented themselves before
him, on this and ‘other occasions,
were received with bitter taunts and

* Oc tober 138th ‘

studied

02

to the members of tlie

1g6 AN

studied mortifications, on ae of
the share which they or their rela-
tions were supposed to have had in
lighting up the flames of war ;. but
no one was forbid his, presence, ex-
cept prince Llatzfeldt, head of the
provisional government of Berlin.
That nobleman, accused of acting as
a spy for prince Hohenlohe, and of
sending him intelligence from Berlin
of the military movements of the
French, was, a few moments after-
wards, arrested and delivered over to
a military tribunal, by which he
would have been inevitably con-
demned to death, and, in a few
hours executed, but for the inter-
cession of his wife, the daughter of
the minister Schulewburg, whose
grief and despair extorted his par-
don from Bonaparte.
While these scenes were acted at
Berlin, the wreck of ,the Prussian
army, collected at Magdeburg under
prince Hohenlohe, was making an
unsuccessful attempt to gain the
banks of the Oder. With a force of
near 40,000 men, but disheartened
-and dispirited, including the whole
of the Prussian guards whe had es-
caped from the battle of Auerstadt,
- that general set out from. Magdeburg
for Stettin, after sending forward
detachments of cavalry, to destroy
the bridges, over which the French
must pass to intercept his march.
He appears to have proceeded with-
out interruption to Zehdenick on
the river Hevel. But, at that place,
the advanced guard of his army, con-
sisting of 6000 cavalry, was attacked
by the grand duke of Berg and
generals Lasalle and Grouchy, with
a body of light cavalry and dra-
goons. A hot action, ensued, ia
which the Prussians were worsted,
with the loss of 300 killed and.700
wounded. After this affair, the

NUAL RiE.G TS, TE R,

1806.

French generals, who had no. in-
fantry to support them, pushed for-
ward to ‘T emplin, which lay in the
line of the prince of Hohenlohe’s
march, in order to stop his progress
till their infantry under marshal
Lannes should come up. But the
Prussian general, by making a de
tour through Furstenberg, avoided
Templin, and reached Boitzenberg,
without having been again compelled
to fight. Near Boitzenberg another
action ensued, in wliich 500 of the
Prussian gensdarmerie were made
prisoners. A second detour by
Schoenermark became necessary, in
order to reach Prenzlau, where the
army hoped to find bread and forage,
of which it stood much in need,
But no sooner had the Prussians
reached the heights of Prenzlau,
than the French skewed themselves
on their right.
mediately ensued, in which the su-
perior numbers and artillery of the
latter compelled the former to re-
treat with precipitation into the
town. All hope of reaching Stettin
was now extinguished. That city |
was seven German miles from Prenz-
lau. The Prussians were without
bread or forage, and almost without
ammunition. The French were pre-
paring to renew the attack, and
reinforcements were every instant
coming..up to join them. In this
deplorable situation, prince Hohen-
lohe saw no resource, but to accept
the terms of capitulation offered to
him, and accordingly surrendered
with the whole forces under his com-
mand, amounting te about 17,000
men. This misfortune happened on
the 28th, and next day a body of
6,000 men, belonging to his army,
which had pushed forward by ano-
_ther route to Pasewalk, was forced
also tosurrender. There appears to

have

An engagement im- ~~

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

have becn wo fault of prince Ho-
henlohe in this unfortunate retreat,
unless it be true, as the French
insinuate, that he lost two days
unnecessarily at Magdeburg.

The rear of prince Hohenlohe’s
army, commanded by general Blu-
cher, had~ reached Boitzenberg,
and was preparing to set out for
Prenzlau on the morning of the
29th, when intelligence arrived of
the surrender of the main body of
the army on the preceding evening.
Blucher immediately resolved to
changehisroute, and direct his course
towards Strelitz, in the hope of
meeting with the corps commanded
by the duke of Weimar, which had
not been engaged in the’ battle of
Auerstadt, and had since been at-
tempting to cross the Elbe. His own
corps was 10,500 strong, and con-
sisted of the Prussian reserve, which
after its defeat at Halle, had been
taken from prince Kugene of Wir-
temberg, and placed under his com-
mand by prince Hohenlohe. “On the
30th, Blucher had the good fortané
to join, in the nejghbourhood of
Strelitz, the duke of Weimar’s corps
of 10,000 men, which, after passing
the Elbe at Havelberg, had reached
Strelitz by the way of Rhinsberg,
after falling in with a third corps,
commanded dy the duke of Bruns-
wick Oecls; but, together with this
fortunate occurrence, he received
the unweleome news, that Soult had
also crossed the Elbe, and was be-
tween him and that river with his
army. Having taken the command
of these three corps, Blucher resolved
on making an attempt to pass the
Elbe at Lauenburg, in order to re-
inforce the Prussian garrisons in
lower Saxony, and with that view
directed his march through Meck-
Jenburg to the lake of Schwerin,

197

where he arrived on the 3d Novem-
ber, In this march he was hotly pur-
sued by the French,and several sharp
actions took place, particularly at
Wahren, and in the village of Fahre
near the lake of Schwerin. The
French corps, commanded by the
prince of Ponte Corvo pressed upon
his rear; that of Soult om his left
intercepted his communication with
the Elbe, and frustrated his design
of crossing that river at Lauenburg 5
while a third division, under the
grand duke of Berg, advancing on his
right along the skirts of Swedish Po-
merania, took prisoners some of his
straggling columns, and prevented
him from seeking refuge with hisarmy
under the walls of Stralsund. Hem-
med in onall sides, he had no alterna-
tive but te throw himself into Lu-
beck, or with troops exhausted by
hunger and fatigue, to risk an engage.
ment with an enemy greatly his supe- |
rior in numbers. In Lubeck hehoped
to enjoy some repose, and refresh
his men after the severe fatigues
they had undergone. Lut his indes
fatigable enemy was at hand. One
of the gates of Lubeck was forced,
and a combat ensued in the streets
and squares of that city, in which
the Prussians were worsted, and
many corps of their army cut lite-
rally in pieces, besides 4000 made
prisoners. The unfortunate citi-
zens of Lubeck, who had no con-
cern in the quarrel of which they
became the victims, suffered all the
horrors incideat to a place taken by
storm, and were abandoned for
some hours to the lust, cruelty, and
rapacity of the conquerors. Blu.
cher, who had brought down these -
calamities on their unhappy city,
made good his retreat from this’
scene of horror and devastation,
and reached the frontiers of Danish
O 3 Holstein

198

Holstein with the small remains of
his army; but less able than ever to
hazard an engagement with the
French, and not daring to violate
the neutrality of the* Danish terri-
tory, he was there forced to surren-
der. The dismal affair of Lubeck
fo0k place on the 6th of November,
and on the following day Blucher
Surrendered at Swartau with his
army, which was now reduced to
Tess than 10,000 men. A body of
1,600 Swedes, on their way home
from Lauenburg, who had been
detained by contrary winds at the
mouth of the Trave, were also com-
pelled to lay down their arms.

The surrender of the army under
general Blucher left no corps of
Prussians in the field upon the
German side of the Oder; and his
obstinate and skilful resistance, as
it was the most glorious, so it was
the last of their exertions to avert
the total ruin and downfal of their
monarchy. ‘Their fortificd places
seemed emulous which should first
‘open its gates to the enemy, and
those, which were best supplied
with the means of defence, were
commonly the first to surrender.
When Spandau capitulated,* the
French observed, that, well de-
fended, it might. have sustained a
siege of two months after the
trenches had been opened. Stettin
surrendered on capitulation to the
first column of French troops,
which appeared before it,+ who
found to their surprise, that it con-
tained a garrison of 6000 fine look-
ing troops, 160 pieces of cannon,
and abundant magazines of al! sorts.
Custrin, a place of considerabfe
strength, and of great importance
on account of its situation upon the

*' Oct. 24... "F Oct 29

ANNUAL REGISTER,

sa RNOVe le

1806.

Oder, surrendered to marshal Das
voust as soon as it was invested and
summoned, { though its garrison
consisted of 4000 men amply pro-
vided with magazines. Magdeburg,
the bulwark of the Prussian mo.
narchy on its western frontier,
capitulated to marshal Ney§ after a
few bombs had. been thrown into
the city; and Hameln, the chicf
fortress of the electorate of Hano-
ver, had not even that excuse for
its surrender. || Tn Magdeburg
were found 22,000 troops, includ-
ing 2000 artillery men; and in
Hameln there was a Prussian garri-
son of 9000 men, with six months
provisions and stores and ammu-
nition of every kind. ‘The French
general, to whom the place was
given up, had no forces with him,
except two Dutch regiments and a
single regiment of French light in.
fantry. ‘Never were the effects of
panic terror more visible or more
fatal than in these occurrences,
The battle of Auerstadt had de-
prived the Prussians of all courage
and confidence, and seemed even to
have bereft them of understanding,
While the grand French army
was proceeding in this “ uninter.
rupted course of victory and suc-

‘cess, an inferior army, assembled at

Wesel under the command of Louis’
Bonaparte, the newly created king
of Holland, overran the Prussian
provinces of Westphalia, and pe-
netrated into the electorate of Hano.
ver; and a still smaller corps under
general Dandaels took possession of
Kimden and East Friezeland. At
Munster and other places,, valu.
able magazines fell into the hands.
of the invaders; and ‘no resistance
was any where made to them,
§Nov. 8. {] Nov. 20, ie
: * Hameln ©

HISTORY OF EUROPE:

Hameln was given up to general
Savory in the manner already re-
Jated, and Nienberg, the last place
of the electorate held by the Prus-
sians, capitulated a few days after-
wards.* The surrender of Plassen-
berg, a small fortress in the territory
of Bayreuth, completed the con-
quest of the Prussian fortresses in
Germany to the west of the Odcr.

In the mean time marshal Mortier,
who had formerly commanded in
in Hanover, after taking possession
of Fulda in the name of his sove-
reign, made a sudden irruption into
Hesse, and expelled the elector
from his capital and dominions.
The pretences for this violence,
were the aucicnt treaties of subsidy
and alliance between Hesse and
England, and certain acts of the
present elector and of the heredi-
_tary prince before the battle of
Auerstadt, inconsistent with the neu-
trality which they professed. ‘The
fortresses of Hanau and Marburg
were ordered to be destroyed; the
magazines and arsenals to be re-
moved; the Hessian troops to be
disarmed and disbanded ; and the
sovereign arms of Hesse Cassel to
be every where taken down, Re.
sistance to these orders, which
must have been fruitless, was not
attempted by the elector. ‘The
Ilessian troops suffered themselves
to be disarmed, and part of them
engaged in the service of France.
But, though possession was thus
peaceably obtained of Hesse, such
was the severity of the contributions
and other vexations imposed on the
inhabitants, and such their dread
of the French conscription being
introduced among them, that to-

* Nov. 25.

tNov. 27:

199

wards the close of the present yeary
the country people flew to arms
against their oppressors, and joined
by the disbanded Hessian soldiers,
surprised and defeated some French
detachments quartered in the vil-
Jages. Similar insurrections broke
outat Lingen in Westphalia, and at
Bayrenth and other places. But
these disturbances, though harassing
and alarming to the French, thea
engaged in carrying on war in the
heart of Poland, were sappressed
without difficulty, and the authors
of them punished and disarmed.
-While the elector of Hesse was _
thus expelled from his dominions, be-
cause he had sold the blood of his
subjects to England, and because
his existence on the frontiers of the
French empire was incompatible
with its safety; the duke of Mec-
klenburg Schwerin was exposed to
the same fate,+ because he was
related to the emperor of Russia,
and because the Russians had taken
unjust possession of Moldavia and
Wallachia. As in these instances
the princes, thus despoiled of their
territories, had observed the stricte
est neutrality in the late hostilities,
it was natural that the houses of
Brunswick Lunenburg and Bruns-
wick Wolfenbuttel, which had
taken an active part in the war,
should be deprived of their states
by the same authority. Within
ten days after the battle of Auer-
stadt the house of Brunswick was
declared to have lost the sove-
reignty of its ancestors; and soon
after the occupation of Hesse,
Mortier marched into Hanover,
and took formal possession of the,
electorate.|| Of all the princes, of

t Oct. 25.

|| Nov. 14. The same ceremony had taken place in the dutchy of Brunswick,

on tle 3isto October.

O 4

Germany

400 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Germany, who had joined with
Prussia in the war, none were
treated with clemency or indulgence
by the French emperor, except the
elector of Saxony and the princes
of the house of Saxe. By a treaty
signed at Posen on the 11th of
December the elector was de-
clared king of Saxony, and he
and the other princes of the house of
Saxe were admitted into the con-
federation of the Rhine, and re-
ceived under that denomination
among the new vassals of the
French empire. ‘The dukes of
Saxe Weimar and Saxe Goth: were
‘in the number of princes, who con-
sented to hold their dominions upon
these terms.
From Pete and Hanover Mor-
tier proceeded to Hamburgh, which
he entered without opposition on
the 19th of November, and next
day he issued an order for the
sequestration of all English produce
and manufactures found in the city,
whether belonging to English sub-
jects or to other persons. State.
ments were demanded from the
merchants and bankers, of the
English manufactures or funds
arising from the sale of English
manufactures in their possession ;
domiciliary visits were threatened
te enforce compliance; and those
who gave false returns, were me-
naced with summary punishment by
martial Jaw. To strike greater
terror, the English merchants at
Hamburgh were put under arrest,
-and though afterwards yeleased on
their parole, they were placed under
a guard of soldiers, and threatened
to be sent to Verdun. These acts
of violence brought less profit to
the French, than they did harm to
the Hamburghers. The trade of
Hamburgh was annihilated, while

the amount of English property and

manufactures confiscated was incon-

siderable. Before the armed force

sent to Cuxhaven to stop the Eng-

lish vessels at the mouth of the

river, arrived at that place, the

merchantmen apprised of their

danger had made their escape The

seizure of Hamburgh had been long

foreseen, and though the French’
minister in that city persisted to

the .Jast in his declarations that

its neutrality would be respected,

little credit had been given to his

assurances. The fate of Leipzig

had been a warning to the mer-

chants of Hamburgh. No exertions

had been spared by the factors and

commercial agents of the English,

in disposing of their goods and

winding up their concerns before

the arrival of Mortier and his —
army; 80 that, after all, the most

valuable prize from this expedition

proved to be the corn found in

the magazines of Hamburgh, great

quantities of which were sent to

Berlin, where apprehensions of
famine began to be entertained.

But the order for confiscating
English property at Hamburgh,
and the rigorous though ineffectual
measures taken to enforce it, were
not insulated acts of violence and
rapacity, but parts of an extensive
plan for excluding the produce of
English industry from the conti-
nent, which the French emperor,
in his present intoxication of suc.
cess, vainly imagined he had power
to accomplish. This new system
of warfare he promulgated at .
Berlin on the 20th of November, in
a decree interdicting all commerce
and correspondenee, direct or indi-
rect, between the British dominions
and the countries subject to his
controul. By this decree the Bri-

tish

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

tish islands were declared to be in
a state of blockade ; all subjects of
England found in countries occu-
pied by French troops were de-
clared prisoners of war, and all
English property was declared law-
ful prize; all letters addressed to
Englishmen or written in the Eng-
lish language were ordered to be
_ stopped; all commerce in English
produce and manufactures was
prohibited ; and all vessels touching
at England or any English colony,
were excluded from every harbour
under the controul of France. The
pretext for these infringements of
the law and practice of civilized
Naticas was founded, partly, on the
extension given by England to the
right of blockade, and partly on
the difference in the laws of war
by sea and by land. By land the
_ property of ai enemy is not con-
sidered lawful prize, unless it be-
longs to the hostile state. By sea
the property of unarmed, peaceable
merchants is liable to capture and
confiscation. By land no one is
considered a prisoner of war who is
not taken with arms in his hands,
By sea the crews of merchantmen
are considered prisoners of war
equally with the crews of armed
vessels. For these reasons the
French emperor declared, that the
regulations of the decree, which he
now promulgated, ‘‘ should be
regarded as a fundamental law of
the French empire, till England
recognized the law of war to be one
and the same by sea and by land,
and in no case applicable to private
property or to individuals not bear-
ing arms ; and till she consented to
restrict the right of blockade to
fortifed places actually invested by
a sufficient force.”

Oa these reasons we shal! mercly

201

observe, that the superiority of
England by sea being at that time
as greatand undisputed as the’superi-
ority of France was by land, the
difference between the laws of war
by sea and by land was entirely to
the advantage of England and to the
disadvantage of France; and in
these circumstances it was not unna-
tural for the French emperor to
attempt either to confine hostilities
at sea within the same limits to
which they were restricted by land,
or to extend to a war by land all
the rights claimed and exercised by
belligerents at sea, But, though’
it was the interest of France to
attempt such an innovation in
public law, the decree was not
less an innovation of the most per-
nicious -kind, on account of its
tendency to revive the ancient
laws of war, which the progress of
civilization had gradually softened.
Nor was the assertion in the pre-
amble of the decree less a falsehood,
that. the conduct of England is
not conformable to the law followed
by other civilized states, and Jaid
down and approved of as the law
of nations; for the law of Eng-
land with respect to blockade and
capture at sea is the same, which
all writers on public law have held,
and all nations, France not except-
ed, have followed. That part of the
decree, which declared the British
islands to be in a state of blockade,
at a time when the fleets of ‘France
and her allies were confined within
their ports by the naval forces of
England, was an empty menace,
which the French government had
no power to enforce, nor as it
afterwards appeared, any intention
to act upon. But those parts of
the deeree which prohibited all
commerce in English produce or

manufactures,

202

manufactures, filled the commercial
cities of the continent with dismay,
asa measure fatal to their prosperity.
Deputatious were sent to Bonaparte
from Hamburgh, and from Nantes,
Bourdeaux, and other cities of
France, to solicit, upon this head,
somerelaxation of a decree, not fess
injurious to his own subjects than
to the English. But his answers
Were-stern and uncomplying. When
told by the merchants of Hamburgh,
that ‘‘ these measures would involve
them in universal bankruptey, and
banish commerce from the conti-
nent,” his reply is said to have been,
so much the better; the bank-
ruptcies in England will be more
numerous, and you will be less able
to trade with her. England must be
hnmbled, though the fourth century
should be revived, commerce extin.
guished, and no interchange of com-
modities left but by barter.” But
notwithstanding these alarming ap-
pearances, this decree soon became
perfectly harmless and inoperative.
Some slight and temporary embarass-
ments in commerce were ex pcrienced
from it at first; but, in a short time,
though formally extended to Hol-
land and other countries under the
controu] of France,its existence was
only known by the bribes given to
generals of division and custom-
house oflicers for omitting toenforce
it, and by the occasional confiscation
of some unfortunate vessel, which
had neglected that necessary precau-
tion,

Immediately after the battle of
Auerstadt, the king of Prussia had
applied to Bonaparte for an armis-
tice, and though his request of a
cessation of hostilities was refused,
he was encouraged to senda pleni-

* Nov, 10th,

ANNUAL REGISTER,” 1866.

+ Noy. 16th, t

potextiary to the French head quar:
ters to negotiate peace. Lucchesini
was accordingly dispatched thither
without delay, and arriving there
on the 22d of October, Duroc was
named on the part of the French
emperor to negotiate with him. At
first the Prussian minister was amused
with hopes of concluding a peace
on the terms which he was autho-.
rized to offer; but as the situation
of his sovereign became every day
more desperate, by the capture of
his armies and surrender of his for-
tified places, the demands of the
French rose in proportion; and, at
length, the emperor Napoleon, ex-
plicitly declared, that he would
never quit Berlin nor evacuate Po.
land, till Moldavia and Wallachia
were yiclded by the Russians in
complete sovereignty to the Porte,
and till a general peace was con-
cluded on the basis of the restitution
of all the Spanish, French, -and
Dutch colonies and possessions taken
by Great Britain during the war*.
With this declaration all hopes of
peace vanished, instead of which an
armistice was now proposed by the.
French, and after much fruitless ne-
gotiation concluded by Lucchesini +
ou terms so disadvantageous to his
master, as well as impossible for him
to execute, that reduced as his cir-
cumstances were, he refused to ra-
tify it.[ To justify him in this
determination it is sutlicient to men-
tion, that he was made to purchase
by this convention a suspension of
military operations, without any
hope of peace, and witha reservation
to France of a right to renew hos-
tilities after ten days notice, by
surrendering Dantzig, Graudenz,
Colberg, Breslau, or, in one word,

Noy, 29d,

almost

HISTORY OF EUROPE. - 208

almost all the fortified places in
his possession, besides engaging,
what he could not perform, to pre-
yent the entrance of the Russian
troops into his dominions. Despe-
rate as was the chance of war, it
was better than submission to such
conditions.

While this negotiation was going -

en, the French were prosccuting the
war with unremitted actiyity. ‘Two
corps of their army crossed the
Oder early in November; the one
under the command of marshal
Davoust entered Posen on the 10th;
and the other, consisting of the
troops of Wirtemberg and Bavaria
with Jerome Bonaparte at their
head, undertook the conquest of
Silesia, where victory seemed easy
and sure, as there was no army to
contend with, and the fortified
‘places were destitute of the means
of defence. But the panic, which
had delivered up so many Prussian
-fortresses without resistance, had

egun to subside. Great Glogaw,
the capital of lower Silesia, though
invested on the 8th, and defended
by a garrison of only 2500 men,
held out till the 29th; and Breslau,
though bombarded for more than
three weeks, did not surrender till
the 5th of January, 1807. Re-
peated sallies were made by the
garrison, and the besiegers were re-
pulsed with loss in an attempt to
_stormsome of the works. Nothing
could exceed the gallantry and
firmness of the inhabitants during
the bombardment, though the town
was set on fire in different places,
and many persons were killed,
and many houses and churches de-
stroyed, An attempt was made to
raise the siege by the prince of
Anhalt Pless ; but his army, drawn
from the _garrisoas in upper Silee

sia, after being repeatedly defeated,
was at length dispersed. This dis-
aster extinguishing all hopes of re-
lief, Breslau surrendered by capitu-
lation.

‘As the attempts of the French
emperor to excite insurrection in
Poland were attended with little
effect, and failed ultimately of suc.
cess, it will be unnecessary to enter
at length into the measures taken
by his emissaries for that purpose,
or to make extracts of their speeches
and proclamations. Dombrowski,
a Polish exile in the French service,
was the chief actor in this scene, and
even the celebrated Kosciusko was
brought again upon the stage. Some
little sensation was produced in
South Prussia, where the French
armies were in force, and where the
nobles were discontented with the
Prussian government, for interfering
with their privileges, and abridging
their antient authority over their
serfs, But even in this part of the
country none of the great nobles
joined the French, or showed a dis.
position to profit by their flattering
offers of raising Poland again to her
former rank among nations, and
avenging her of her now hum-
bled oppressors. In Russian Poland
all classes were reconciled to their
chains, and the nobles in particular,
delighted with the splendor and
consideration they enjoyed at Peters-
burg, had lost all recollection of the
republic of Poland and diberum veto
of their ancestors, as completely as
those who now summoned them to
freedom had forgotten the rights of
man and republic one and indivi- »
sible.

The Russian troops, advancing to
assist the Prussians, reached Warsaw
before the French, and having taken
porsetsion of that city with 4 view

to

904 ANNUAL

to maintain it against the enemy,
they sent forward a detachment to
Lowicz, to defend the passage of
the river Bzura. But this corps
was attacked on the 27th of No-
vember by the advanced guard of the
grand duke of Berg’s division, and
driven back with loss to Blonie.
General Benningsen, who com-
manded the Russian army, having in
the mean time received more accu-
rate information of the French force
marching against him, determined to
abandon Warsaw and repass the
Vistula with his troops, and not con-
tent with this retrogade movement,
he continued his retreat beyond the
Warew. The French entered War-
saw on the 28th and 29th, and
applied themselves immediately, with
the greatest industry, to fortify the
suburb of Prag on the opposite side
of the river, and to re-establish the
wooden bridge over the Vistula,
which the Russians had burned in
their retreat. ‘The same military
precautions were taken at Thorn by
marshal Ney, and at Zakroczym by
marshal Augereau. At both places
bridges were thrown over the Vis-
tula, protected by formidable works,
which at once facilitated the advance
of the army, and secured, if neces-
sary, its retreat. In addition to
these measures Of precaution, the
fortresses of Custrin, Stettin, Span-
dau, Wittenberg, Erfurt, and Mag-
deburg were placed in the best pos-
sible state of defence, and strongly
garrisoned, forming a chain of posts
between the French army in Poland
and the heart of Germany. And,
besides compelling the confederates
of the Rhine to furnish their full
contingents to the army, a message
was sent from Berlin to the French
senate, before the departure of the
emperor to Poland, desiring that

- ‘.
~

REGISTER, 1806.

the conscripts of 1807, who by law
could not be called out to serve till
the following September, might be
placed at his disposal on the Ist of
January, 1807. ‘This prudence and
caution, worthy of an experienced
general, and most suitable to the
circumspect and wary character of
Bonaparte, appeared to the Russians
the result of fear and apprehension ;
and this conceit filled them with a
barbarous exultation and stupid con-
fidence in their arms. ‘hat such
should have been the impression on
the Russians, who know no tactics
but marching straight forward to
battle, and have no resource after
battle but victory, does not in the
least surprise us; but that the same
opinion should ever have prevailed
elsewhere, does indeed fill us with
astonishment; ‘we cannot, however,
forget, that for a short period there
were men of understanding who
seriously believed, that the con-
queror of Austria and Prussia was
afraid of the half-civilized half-dis-
ciplined savages of the north.
_ The Russian general Benningsen
having formed a junction behind the
Narew with the second division of
the Russian army under the com-
mand of Buxhoevden, and further ,
reinforcements having arrived with
Kamensk oy, who had been appointed
by the court of St. Petersburg com-
mander in chief of the army, the
Russians began again to advance,
and fixing their head quarters at
Pultusk, threatened to drive the
French over the Vistula. But while
they were anticipating triumphs, and
celebrating with fireworks atSierock
the junction of their three armies, a
small French detachment passed in
the night over the Narew, and be-
fore morning had entrenched itself
so strongly, that the Russians could
' net

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 005

not afterwards dislodge it. A bridge,
similar to those thrown over the
Vistula, was immed:ately constructed
and fortified with works; and when
this was finished, the whole French
army began at once to move forward,
in order to bring the united Russian
and Prussian armies to a gencral
engagement.

The French emperor having left
Berlin on the 25th of November,
and remained at Posen till the 16th
of the following month, receiving
addresses and congratulations from
the Poles, arrived at Warsaw on
the 18th; and on the 23d, put him-
self at the head of his army and
crossed the Narew. The French
army was distributed in the following
manner. The right, consisting of
the divisions cf Lannes, Davoust,
and the grand duke of Berg, and
commanded by Bonaparte in person,
having crossed the Narew at the
above-mentioned bridge, was op-
pused to the left flank of the Rus-
sians, who were so injudiciouly
drawn up by their generals as to be
exposed to its attacks in this un-
favourable position. ‘To the left of
this great division of the army was
the corps of Augereau at Zakroczym
on the Vistula, and at a still greater
distance in the same direction was
the corps of Soult, which had crossed
that river at Polock. The French
left, consisting of the divisions of
Ney, Bessieres, and the prince of
Ponte Corvo, after having advanced
from Thorn to Golub, and from
thence to Sierpsk, was directed to
attack the Prussians under general
Lestocq, and, by a rapid movement,
to cut off their communication with
the Russians. These orders were
executed by Ney and Bessieres with
_ their accustomed promptitude and
success, ‘The chief actions were at

Biczun and Soldau, in both of which
the Prussians were defeated with
considerable loss of men and artil.
lery, and thereby prevented from
forming a junction with the Russians.
‘These actions took place on the 23d
and 26th of December. The opera-
tions of the French right began on
the night of the 23d, by an attack
on the yillage of Czarnowo, on the
Narew, where the Russians were in
great force, and had erected bat.
terics ; but, after an obstinate re-
sistance their batteries were carried,
and their troops dislodged by the
French. Next day, thearmy under
Kamenskoy was driven frem its
entrenchments at- Nasiclsk, and
compelled to fall back several
leagues; and the same day Augerean
passed the Wkra.at Kurscomb and
defeated a body of 15,000 men,
who disputed with him the passage
of that river, On the 25th, there
was no action of consequence. The
Russian columns, broken and dis.
persed, retired before the French
in disorder, and nothing saved them
from being entirely cut off, but the
shortness of the days, which was
favourable to their escape, and the
badness of the roads, which pre-
vented the advance of the French
artillery. At this critical moment
Kamenskoy, the Russian commander
in chief, left his army and retired to
Ostrolenka. The cause of his de-
parture has been variously explained.
His enemies gave out, that the late
reverses of the army had disordered
his mind, and rendered him incapa-
ble of the command, But there are
some who pretend, that he was the
only one of the Russian gencrals
who was aware of their danger, and
and that he left the army in disgust
and despair, when he found his
authority insufficient to curb the

inconsiderate

206

inconsiderate ardour of the younger
generals, who were determined on
risking another engagement. In
consequence of the departure of
Kamenskoy, the command of the
Russian army was divided between
Benningsen and Buxhoevden, the
former at Pultusk, and the latter at
Golomyn. Both were attacked by
the French on the 26th, and both
made an obstinate resistance. ‘They
were both, however, driven from
their positions, and forced ‘to retreat
with precipitation, leaving behind
them great part of their baggage
and artillery. Soult -had been sent
forward by another road to cut off
their retreat; but the horrible
slonghs, the consequences of rain
and thaw, retarded his march, and
saved them from total destruction.
According tothe French accounts,
the Russians lost in these actions 80
pieces of cannon, all their ammuni-
tion waggons, 1200 baggage carts,
and 12,000 men, killed, wounded,
and prisoners. ‘heir own loss they
admit to have been 800 killed and
2000 wounded; among the latter
were six general officers, and one

general ‘of dragoons was killed.
After the action of the 26th; the

French army went into cantonments
on the banks of the river Orzyk,
and the emperor ibdige ol anti aa
to Warsaw.

An account of the battle of Pal.
tusk, claiming the victory for the
Russians, and making no mention of
the preceding engagements, or of
the battle of Golomyn,- was ad-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

dressed by gencral Benningsen to
the emperor of Russia, and pub-
lished in the Petersburg gazette.
Similar intelligence was ‘transmitted
to Vienna and other parts, and ea-
gerly disseminated over Germany
and the north, where implicit credit
was given to it by all who had suf-
fered from the oppression of the
French, or who trembled at the pro.
gress of their arms. It was added,
that besides this disaster in the field;:
dyséntry and other camp diseases
were making dreadful havoc in their
armies, and “had already greatly re-
duced their effective strength. The
confidence with which these accounts
were circulated, and the minute
detail of circumstances with which
they were accompanied, imposed for
a time-on the mosé sceptical and
desponding. Some of those, who |
in former wars had’ most ‘despaired

ef success against France upon the

continent, from any league or com-

bination of ifs princes, began now

to indulgein chimerical expectations,

and to hope from Russia and Poland .
what Austria and Prussia had cons

tended for in vain. But this delu-

sion was of short duration. | The

grossness of Benningsen’s misrepre-

sentations was soon detected, and

certain intelligence was obtained,

that though the French soldiers were

far from enjoying such exemption. .
from sickness as their official bul-
letins announced, the diseases pre-
valent in their army were neither so
general nor so fatal as reported and
believed by their enemies.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 207

CHAP. XI,

Rupture between Russia and Turkey. —Cazses that led to it.—Invasion of
Moldavia and Wallachia by the Russians. —Slate of the Turkish Empire. —
Continuance of Var between the Russians anid Persians,—Inatercourse
between France and Persia.—Austria displeased with the Russians jor
tnvading Turkey.—Internal Ajfairs of dustria.—Courts of Inquiry.—
Military Reforins.—Conduct of the King of Sweden.— Annexation of
Holstein to Denmark.—Holland erected into a Kingdom in favour of

_ Lewis Bonaparte.—Internal Affairs. of Holland.—Speech of his Batavian
Majesty at the vpening of the Dutch Legislature— Domestic Affairs of
France.—Strains of Klattery addressed to Bonaparle—at Munich—at
Drris.— Meeting of the French Legistature—Opening Speech of the
Emperor.— Report of the State of the Empire by Champagny.—Imperial
Decrees.—Venice annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.—Naples ‘given to
Joseph Bonaparte.—Berg and Cleves to Murat.—Guastalla to Prince
. Borghese.— Neufchatel to Berthier.— Revival df Feudal Benefices in Italy.
— Benevento assigned to Talleyrand—and Ponte Corco fo Bernadotte.—
Order of the Iron Crown —M essage to the French Senate, communicating
the Berlin Decree—Report on the French Finances.—Revival of the
Tax on Sualt.—Convocation of the Jewish Sanhedrim at Paris.—Co-esta-
blishment uf the Jewish with the Catholic, Lutheran, and reformed Religions.
—Ideus of Religious Toleration entertained in Praace.—Prohibition of
Commerce in English Goods throughout Switzerland.— Proclamation of the
Papal Government against harbouring Malcontents in the States of the
Church.—Warlike Preparations in Spain—suddenly Countermanded.—
Danger of Portugal during the Negotiation between France and England.
Threats of invading that Kingdom by the Vrench.—Ear] St. Vincent sent

with a Fleet to the
Gwvernment.— Army assembled at

Tagus with offers of Assistance to the Portugueze
Plymouth.—General Simeve and Earl of

Rosslyn sent to Portugal.—Instructions of the English Commissioners.—
Result of the Expedition equally uscful aud honourable to Eugland.

\ HILE these events were pass-
ing in Poland, hostilities
broke out unex ectedly between
Rassia and the Porte. This termina.
tion of the friendship and alliance
which had subsisted between these
two powers since the invasion of
Ezypt by Bonaparte, was brought

about partly by the machina-
tions of the French ambassador at
Constantinople, and partly by the
inconsiderate ambition and preci-
pitate violence of the court of St.
Petersburg,

It had been settled by a conven«
tion between Russia and Virkey in
3 1806,

208

1802, that the hospodars of Mol-
davia and Wallachia, when once

appointed by the Porte, should

remain in office for seven years, and
should on no account be removed
from their governments Defore the
expiration of that term, without
the concurrence of the Russian mi-
nister at Constantinople. That such
a stipulation was derogatory from
the sovereignty, claimed and exer-
cised by the Ottoman Porte for
ages in these provinces, cannot be
denied, But the terms of the con-
vention were clear and precise, and,
when concluded and ratified, any
contravention of its articles by one
of the contracting parties, without
the consent of the other, could not
but be regarded as a breach of
treaty, affording to the other party
a just ground of complaint, and on
refusal of redress a justifiable cause
of war. The convention might
* have’ been originally improvident on
the part of the Turks, as being in-
compatible with the dignity and
inconsistent with the interests of
their empire, but when concluded,
they were bound to abide by it,
and had no right to abrogate or set
it aside without the cousent of
Russia.

Affairs were in this posture, when
the Ottoman government, alarmed at
the progress of the French power,
consented to send a special embassy
to Paris, to congratulate Bonaparte
on his assumption of the Impcrial
dignity; and contrary to its former
determination, agreed.to receive an
anybassador from France, This con-
cession was regarded as an import-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ant victory by the French cabinet,
and to improve the advantage it

‘had gained, general Sebastiani was

selected to be its ambassador at the
Porte, as a person eminently quali-
fied to promote its views in that
quarter, by persuading Turkey
to break her alliance with Russia
and England, and revert to her
antient connection with France.
Fully instructed in the part he was
to act, no sooner had Sebastiani
arrived at Constantinople, than he-
laid before the divan the treaty be.
tween France and Russia, recently
signed at Paris by D’Oubril; and
contending that an article of that
treaty, which guarantied in general
terms the integrity and indepen.
dence of the Turkish — empire,
amounted to a virtual repeal of the
convention concerning the hospo-
dars, which he knew to be disa-
greeable to the Turks, he succeeded »
in persuading the Porte to. recal
the reigning hospodars and appoint
others in. their place, without con-.
sulting the Russian ambassador, or
regarding his formal protest against
these measures.* Having carried
this point against the Russians,
while it was still uncertain whether
D’Oubril’s treaty would or would
not be ratified by the court of St.
Petersburg, the French negotiator
proceeded next, as soon as he under-
stood the ratification of that treaty —
had been withheld, to present a note
to the Ottoman government,+ in
which he demanded that the passage
of the Bosphorus should be shut
against all Russian ships of war, as
well as against every other vessel

* Sebastiani arrived at Constantinople on the 10th of August. The hospod&rs

were displaced on the 24th, fourteen days after bis arrival,

been signed on the 20th of July.

‘ ' + Sept. 16.

D’Oubril’s treaty had

of

'

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ot’ that nation, bringing troops,
ammunition, or provisions; though
he knew, that by treaty between
Russia and the Porte, that passage
was open to the vessels of the
farmer, without exception or limit-
ation, If these and other demands
in his note urged with equal in-
solence and contempt of good faith
and of the obligations of treaties,
were instantly complied with, he
assured the Turks of the friendship
and protection of his master, the
great Napoleon ; butif not immedi-
ately acceded to, he threatened them
with instant war, and announced
the presence of a formidable French
army in Dalmatia, ready to punish
or defend them, according to the
party they espoused. ~
The Porte, instead of resenting these
insolent proposals in the manner they
deserved, whether governed by the
intrigues, or terrified by the threats
of Sebastiani, shewed a disposition
to comply with his desires, and
-communicated the note received

from him to the English and Rus-.

sian ambassadors at Constantinople,
jn erder to obtain their advice in
' this critical juncture of its affairs.
Both these ministers, as was to be
expected, remoustrated in the
strongest terms against the waver-
ing, undecided policy, which had
Yately directed its councils; but
_ their representations made little
impression on its government, til}
the Russian ambassador, Italinski,
threatened to leave Constantinople,
and began to make preparations
for his departure* Alarmed at
the threats of the Russian minister,
as they had been formerly dismayed
by the menaces of Sebastjani, the

* Sept. 29. + Oct. 15.

t Michelson entered Moldavia on the 23d of wiitamober: ;
Me

Vou. XLYIIIL

209

Turks yielded a second time to
their fears, reversed their late or.
ders, restored the deposed hospo-
dars in the manner, required by
[talinski, and acceded in fact to all
his demands, +

All cause of war between Russia
ana Turkey seemed now removed,
when suddenly a Russian army
under general Michelson entered
Moldavia, and took possession of
Chotzim, Bender, and Jassi.¢
What were the motives ef Russia
for this unprovoked aggression, and
on what grounds it is to be justified,
we confess that we are yet to learn.
The march of general Michelson
was accompanied by a proclamation,
but the grievances which it enume-
rated, were either frivolous or un-
founded, or wrongs already re.
dressed, or matters of complaint
which ave not just grounds of war
betwecn independent states. ‘The
Porte, it is true, had violated its
engagements with Russia by de-
posing the hospodars; but this
error, which was momentary, had
been subsequently retracted and
atoned for. It had hesitated about
refusing a passage through the. Bos-
phorus to Russian armed vessels ;
but this hesitation, which - arose,
not from its ill will to Russia, but
from its fears of France, had been
overcome; and its last declarations
to Italinski had been assurances of
its determination to maintain invio.
late its alliance with the court of St.
Petersburg. If the invasion of
Moldavia was caused by an appre~
hension, Jest the French should
take possession of that- province,
an apprehension which considering
the position of the armics it is

ditkenti

210

Wifficult to believe was ever seriously
entertained, ought not the Russians
to have apprized the Ottoman go.
vernment of their intentions, before
they committed so violent an act,
as to enter, in a hostile manner,
the territory of anally, and occupy,
without notice, his towns and pro-
.vinces? But so far was Russia from
seeking to coneiliate the Porte, or
from disguising the ambitious views
that influenced her conduct, that
Ttalinski was left a full month at
Constantinople after the commente-
ment of hostilities, without instruc.
tious to explain her reasons for
passing the Ottoman frontier with
an army ;* and in the articles of
eapitulation of Chotzim terms
were inserted by her generals,
which plainly shewed, that she
Jooked forward to the permanent
possession of that fortress. It is
indeed but too evident from a re.
view of these transactions, that
Russia availed herself of the recent
compliances of the Porte with Se-
bastiani, as pretexts to cloak her
Own ambitious projects, and that
views of conquest and aggrandize~
ment, and not of just and reason-
able satisfaction for injuries, were
her motives for this unscasonable
diversion of her forces.

When the news of Michelscn’s
invasion reached Constantinople,
that city was filled with indignation
and surprise. The cry for war was
Joud and universal, especially among
the janizaries and ulemas, whose
religious fanaticism and general
hatred of Europeans were inflamed
by the perfidy of the faithless Mus-
covites, the objects alike of their
superstitious dread and deep-rooted

ANNUAL REGISTER, i808.

aversion. But, so unwilling wd
the Turkish government to engagé
in hostilities with Russia, that not-
withstanding this ardour on thé
part of the people. more than thirty —
days were suffered to elapse, bes
fore war was determined upon and
declared. A Russian brig, which
attempted to pass through the
Streights of Constantinople, brought
matters at last to a crisis. This
vessel was stopped by the Turkish
batteries, + and the dispatches which
it bore for the Russian. minister,
and which are said to have been
explanatory of Michelson’s inva-
sion, were thrown overboard and
lost. This event determined I talin=
ski to Jeave Constantinople without
delay. He accordingly embarked
in the Canopus, an English 74,
which had been for some time at
anchor in sight of the Turkish capi-
tal, and contrary to the old but
barbarous custom of the Ottomans,
he was suffered to depart without
molestation.t Next day a rescript
from the Grand Seignior to the
Grand Vizier was published, con-
taining a formal declaration of war
against Russia. Great preparations °
were made by sea and land for

carrying on hostilities with vigour,

Paswan Oglou, pacha of Widin,
formerly pursued as a rebel, but
now invested with legitimate autho-
rity in the revolted province,
which he had successfully mains ©
tained against his sovereign, and
Mustapha Bayracter, ayan of
Ruschuk, had been already coms |
missioned to repel the infidels by —
force, and to oppose the further
progress of their invasion, The
pachas of Romelia were how or-

* Mr. Arburthnot’s letter to the dragoman of the Porte, Dec. 13.

+ Dee. 25. T Dec. 29,

dered

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

@ered to advayce towards the Da.
nube to support them; and an
“army was assembled in Asia, at the
head of which it was announced
that the Grand Vizier would take
the field in spring, bearing the
sacred standard of the empire. ‘The
naval armaments of the Ottomans,
as far as their means would allow,
‘corresponded to their military pre-
parations. ‘Their fleet was got in
readiness and manned with the best
sailors they could procure; and to
prevent any hostile designs upen
their capital, orders were given to
put the castles of the Dardanelles in
the best possible state of defence.
The ambition and injustice of the
Russians seemed to have infused
life and activity into the worn-out
‘and exhausted carcase of the Ot.
toman power, which once the
terror, had long been the scorn of
Christendom.

In the mean time the Russians
‘ander Michelson, after having com-
pleted the conquest of Moldavia,
‘entered Wallachia, and having de-
feated a body of troops, which the
ayan of Ruschuk had sent to oppese
them, they took possession without
resistance of Bucharest,* the capital
of that province, and from thence
sent detachments in all directions.
At the close of the year they were
masters of the three provinces of
Moldavia, Bessarabia, and Wal-
Jachia; and threatened to cross the
Danube, and join the revolted Ser-
vians under Czerni George; whe
after gaining repeated victories over
the Turks, and nearly driving them
from Servia, were at this time em-
‘ployed in the siege ot Belgrade.

Never had there been a period
when the Turkish empire seemed in

* Dec. 27.

2h

greater danger of immediate destruc.
tion than the present; Egypt in a
state of anarchy ; Mecca and Me.
dina in the hands of the Wachabees ;
Bagdad independant; the Servians
flushed with victory, and masters of
néarly the whole of their fruitful
province ; the janizaries discon-
tented with the European tactics
introduced into the army; the
councils of the Divan distracted by
the epposite factions of France and
England ; a Russian army on the
banks of the Danube; a French
force collected in Dalmatia; an
English fleet cruizing before the
Dardanelles, and a ship of war at
anchor within sight of the seraglio;
all professing friendship and attach.
ment-te the Porte, but all denoune
cing enmity against it, unless its
counsels were submitted exclusively
to their direction. By what accidents
the Ottemans have obtained a respite
from the dangers that encompassed
them, by what mismanagement they
were thrown into the arms of
Franee, and how they afterwards
escaped from the resentment of the
English, forms part of the history
of the succeeding year, which it is
not our business at present to anti-

-cipate.

_ Towards the end of November an ‘
English fleet of three ships of the
line and four frigates, commanded
by admiral Louis, made its appear-
ance off Tenedos, and iwo vessels,
the Canopus of 74 guns, and the
Endymion of 44, passed through
the Dardanelles without opposition,
and cast anchor before Constanti-
nople. ‘The Canopus was after-
wards employed in carrying away
from that city Italinski, the Rus-
sian ambassador. The Endymion

Pe kept

e129

kept its station before the seraglio
point at the end of the present
year; and in the beginning of the
next, rendered a similar service te
Mr. Arbuthnot, the English ambas-
sador; when, yielding to his fears
of Turkish violence, he unfortu-
nately determined on quitting Con-
‘stantinople, and abandoning the field
of diplomatic warfare to his more
dextrous and successful adversary.
While Russia by her conduct to-
wards Turkey was unnecessarily
increasing the number of her ene-
mies, part of her forces continued
to be occupied on the shores of the
Caspian, in gaining fruitless victo-
ries and making useless acquisitions
cat the expence of the Persians. Un«
able to contend with her arms, and
hopeless of assistance or relief from
England, whose good offices for the
restoration of peace with Russia,
they had in vain solicited during Mr.
Pitt’s last administration, the Per-
Sians, in the course of the present
year, sent an embassy to Paris, to
request the aid and cultivate the
friendship ‘of Bonaparte. That
-restless and ambitious conqueror,
,whose views were still turned te-
wards the east, had already dis-
patched M. Doulcet Pontecoulant,
a member of the French senate, on
a secret mission to Persia, to pro-
mote his schemes and advance his
interests in that quarter.
_ The invasion of Moldavia by the
Rassians, besides other bad ‘conse-
quertces to the allies, excited the
jealousy and ill-humour of Austria,
and produced inher cabinet a tem-
porary alienation from their cause.
The system of Austria during the
present campaign had been that of a
eautious and prudent neutrality.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1808.

When war between France and
Prussia became inevitable, she ase
sembled a formidable army on the
frontiers of Bohemia, but declared
at the same time to the belligerent
powers, that she had no other in-
tention in taking this. step, than to
maintain inviolate the integrity of °
her territories.* While the fortune
of the war was uncertain, those
assurances appeared to both parties
satisfactory, and no one presumed
to find fault with. her conduct, or
doubt the sincerity of her profese
sions. But, when the Prussians were
driven across the Oder, an imperi-
‘ous message was delivered at Vienna
in the name of the French emperor,
‘demanding the recal of the Austrian
troops from the frontiers of Bohe-
mia, and insisting on their return to
their usual quarters. ‘To this order
the Austrian ministers had the pru-
dence to submit without delay or
hesitation. Jt was at the moment
when this humiliation was fresh in
their recollection, that the Russians
chese to awaken their jealousy and
alarm their fears by advancing to
the Danube, and threatening to en-
compass them on the side of Turkey
with the dominions or vassals of the
court of St. Petersburg.

‘Towards the close of the present
year the courts of inquiry, which
had been appointed to sit on the
conduct of the Austrian officers,
accused of misbehaviour in the cam.
paign of 1805, brought their la-
bours to a conclusion. Many offi-
cers were in ccnsequence of these
inquiries degraded and dismissed
from the service. The prince of
Auersberg, who had neglected to
burn the bridge at Vienna, though
he had received positive orders to

-™® A circular note of count Stadion to the foreign ministers at Vienna,

destroy

HISTORY OF EUROPE:

‘destroy it, was condemned to ten
years imprisonment; and general
Mack received sentence of deaih by
the unanimous verdict of his judges.
But the emperor remitted the capi-
tal part of his punishment, and
softened the severity of many of the
other sentences.

While these wholesome examples
of rigour were given, some reforms
of importance were made in the
constitution of the Austrian army
under the direction and authority of
the archduke Charles; but, whe-
ther these were sufficient to correct
the manifold evils of the military
system, to which the government of
Vienna has been too long wedded,
time, and experience of their effects
have not yet enabled us to decide.

The king of Sweden, who had hi-
therto waged against France a
harmless war of official notes and
virulent proclamations, began about
the close of the present year, to
exchange real blows with his adver-
sary: A body of Swedish troops,
who had been stationed in Lauen-
burg, were made prisoners at Trave-
munde, as they were endeavouring
to make their escape to Sweden by
sea ; and towards the end of De-
cember marshal Mortier advanced
with a small army to the frontiers
of Pemerania, in order to form the
siege of Stralsund, and drive the
Swedes from the Isle of Rugen. An
attempt had been previously made
by the French emperor to open a
Separate negotiation for peace with
the king of Sweden, for whose cha.
racter he expressed the highest
esteem and consideration; but his
profiers were rejected with disdain
by that high spirited monarch, and
the Swedish envoy at Hamburg, who

gtg

had listened to the overtures of hig
emissary, was severely reprimanded.
for giving ear to them.
Denmark persevered daring -the’
present year, in the maintenance of
that pacific system, which was most’
suitable to the smallness of her
means, and best adapted to secure
the happiness of her people; and’
in consequence of the interruption
of trade in the North of Germany,
occasioned by the progress of the
war, and the decrees of the French,
she thereby greatly improved her
commerce and navigation, and trans-
ferred to herself a great part of that
trade, which used formerly to be
carried on under Prussian colours’
and through Prussian ports, On’
the dissolutien of the Germanic
constitution, the king of Denmark’
formally aunexed Holstein to his
other dominions, as an integral part
of the Danish monarchy, and de.
clared it to be for ever separated
from the Germanic empire, and to
owe no allegiance but to himself *,
Holland was this year dobmed
to experience a revolution more
singular than unexpected. With
that restlessness of character which
must ever be at work, and that -
proneness to regulation and love’
of uniformity, which the habits of a
military life naturally inspire, Bo.
naparte had no sooner abolished the
name of republicin France, than he
sought to extinguish that appella-
tion in the rest of Europe. The
Cisalpine republic was transformed
into the kingdom Italy ; the Lign-
rian was absorbed into the great
empire ; the free cities of Germany
were made over to the vassal kings,
who approach the foot, or decorate
the steps of his throne; and such

* Declaration of his Danish majesty, Sept. 9th,
Bre

; Was

Oa

was liis rage for harmony and regu-
larity in: the political edifice he was
erecting, that even the people of
the United Provinces, born and nur-
tured under republican institutions,
were compelled to descend to the
level of other nations, and to ac-
knowledge a fellow mortal to be
their sovereign. After such discus-
sion and deliberation as military
despots permit to their subjects,
this. important change was an-
nounced publicly at Paris, by a de-
putation of Dutchmen sent for that
purpose from the Hague *, Lewis
Bonaparte, a younger brother of
Napoleon, was sclected to be the
king of Holland, and unwillingly
dragged from ther frivolitics and de-
lights of Paris, to superintend, in a
foggy climate, the concerns of a la-
borious, parsimonious, and impo-
verished people, who had yet to
teach their lips the accents of
Joyalty, and their necks the obei.
gance due toa king. It is but jus-
tice, however, to acknowledge in
favour of the new king of Holland,
that since his elevation to the throne
he seems to have taken a deep and
laudable interest in the welfare of
his subjects, and that on several oc.
casions he has counteracted the ar-
bitrary orders and regulations of
his brother; when they interfered
with the commerce‘and prosperity
of his kingdom.

As the new constitution, which
accompanied the new king, has no
guarantee but the will of its author,
it hardly deserves our notice. It
may be remarked, however, that by
oue of its articles, the government
of the colonies, and ail that relates

* June 5th. Admiral Verhuell, formerly a leader of the stadtheldersan Foctions.

was at the head of this deputation.
+ State Papers, p. 700.

ANNUAL REGISTER; 18906.

to their internal administration, ie”
vested exclusively in the kingt;-

a provision which, considering the

vast extent and importance of the-

Dutch colonies in comparison of
the mother country, would alone
render all checks and limitations of
the royal prerogative nugatory and
inefiicacious.. By another article of
the same code, the guardianship of
the king of Holland, when a minor,
unless the queen-mother should haps
pen to be alive, is vested in the
French emperor, to be placed by
him in whatever hands he is pleased
to select; and, by a treaty with
France, reckoned, we suppose, of
equal authority with the constitu-
tional act itself, it is stipulated that
the king of Holland, by virtue of
his office, shall enjoy the “dignity
of grand constable of France t.
The ancient flag of Hollayd, by
another article, is to be quartered

with the imperial eagle of France 3

nor is it disguised, nor, indeed, at-
tempted to be disguised, in any part
of this transaction, that Holland,

though governed by a Separate king,

is to be considered as virtually a
province of the great empire, and
subject in all international relations
to the will of its chief.

The history of King Lewis, for

the first half year of his reign, ta

which we are necessarily confined,
presents few events of importance,
While Bonaparte was gaining the
battle of Auerstadt, and pursuing
the wreck of the Prussian army after

its defeat, the king of Holland overs.

ran Westphalia, and penetraied
without opposition into Hanover.
General Daendels, formerly a re-

t Treaty concluded by Talleyrand and Verhyell, May 24th,

publican

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

publican officer of the Louvestein
party, entered East Friesland at the
head of another part of the Dutch
army, and reduced that province to
obedience. At the conclusicn of
the campaign, King Lewis returned
to the Hague; and having there
assembled the states of his king-
dom*, he made them an opening
speech, in imitation of the orations
which his brother Napoleon ad-
dresses, on similar occasions, to the
legislators of France. In_ this
speech he ingenuously owns that
the finances of Holland are in the
greatest possible disorder,, and that
its foreign commerce is nearly an-
nihilated : nor does he hold out the
expectation of any solid improve-
ment in these particulars till the
return of peace, on the restoration
of which he announces many great
works and useful establishments to
‘be undertaken. In the mean time
he recommends two orders of knight-
hood to be instituted, the one to be
called the order of merit, and the
other the order of union; and he
informs the deputies, that enlighten.
ed men, in various parts of the
country, are employed in framing
new codes of ciyil and criminal law,
and devising new forms of judiciary
establishment, which in due_ time
shall be submitted to their consider-
ation. Such is the rage of innoya-
tion in every slip and scion of the
imperial stock, that a country sub-
ject to their » ra must not only
submit to them as its masters, but
change, at their caprice, all its. an.
rient laws and institutions, how-
ever useful and suitable, or venera-
ble and respected. ‘The only con-
solatory information in the speech
of his Batavian majesty relates to

* Dec. 5th.

P4

215,

the. colonies still retained by the
mother country, which he represents:
to bein a flourishing condition.

It shews us the notions entertained
of representative government by the
new military despots of the conti«
nent,when we observe, that only three
days before the meeting of this le-
gislative assembly, + the king of
Holland had, of his own authority,
issued a royal decree, extending to
all his dominions the provisions of
the celebrated Berlin decrce of his
brother Napoleon; and the ideas
which the same class of persons ens
tertain of the liberty of the press,.
may be collected from the boast of
the same royal personage to his lee
gislature, that he had taken effec.

. tual measures to repress the insolence

of some journalists, who had ex-
pressed themselves with unbecoming, -
freedom of foreign powers. The
journalists whom he punished might
possibly deserve the chastisement
they receiyed ; but thesummary pros
ceeding"by which their licenciousness
was checked, affords a melancholy
sample of the subdued and degraded
state into which the once free press
of Holland has unhappily fallen.
The domestic history of France,
during the present year, is uncoms
monly barren of incidents, and cons
tains little else but an account of the
journeyings and other acts of Bona-
parte, before whom the senate, tri.
bunate, legislative assembly, and
other public bodies of his empire
have dwindled into insignificance,

‘and ceased to excite our interest or

awaken our curiosity to their pros
ceedings,

Immediately after the ratification
of the peace of Presburg, the Frenck
emperor, haying first had an intere

+ Dec, 1st, "
view

916

‘view with the archduke Charles in
the neighbourhood of Vienna, quit-
ted that capital,* and set out for
Munich on his way to Paris. At

Munich he stopped a fortnight, in’

order to be present at the marriage
of his step-son Eugene Beauharnois
with a princess of Bavaria; and, in
honour of the nuptials, he took this
opportunity of declaring Eugene
his adopted son, and of appointing
him his successor in the kingdom of
Italy.t Great were the festivities
at Munich on-this joyous occasion,
as well as on account of the royal
dignity assuined by its elector. ‘The
grossest adulation was addressed to
Bonaparte, ‘and, however extrava-
gant and misplaced the flattery, it
was received by hin as no more than
his due. It was discovered by the
courtiers at Munich, that of all
persons who had worn the imperial
purple, the» one most resembling
Bonaparte was Titus, because Titus
had been called the delight of the
human race, and to convey to him
the pleasing discovery, in a manner
sufficiently delicate not to wound his
modesty, the Clemenza di Tito of
Metastasio was acted in his presence
at the public theatre of Munich;
‘¢ when all eyes were instantly di-
rected to the Titus of France, and
all voices raised’ in prayers for his
life and happiness.” + From Munich
dhe repaired to Stutgard, and from
Stutgard to Carlsruhe; to enjoy si-
wnilar homage and adoration from
his other vassals; and on the 26th
of January he arrived at Paris, where
strains of flattery, still more soothing
and gratifying, were prepared to
* Dec. 28th, 1805.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

meet his royal ear, and recompeace’
him for all his toils and services for
the good of his people. But as we
have little taste for such composi-
tions, we shall not fatigue our rea.
ders with extracts from adulatory ha-
rangues. Much allowanceis undoubt-
edly to be made for the enthusiasm
really felt on the return of so great
a conqueror after such glorious and’
splendid successes. But the flattery of
the French senate was gross and
fulsome, and marked the absence of
every free or noble sentiment m —
that assembly. ** Happy are they,”
said Francois of Neufchateau, ** who
‘¢ have escaped or survived our un
“ fortunate discords, to witness the
‘“‘clory of their country, and to
‘contemplate the brilliancy and
‘¢ prosperity, which Heaven sheds
‘on this empire, since the senate,
“6 the peeple, and God himself have
*¢ placed the sceptre in hands wor-
“6 thy to bear it||.” Happier they,
might the French nation’ have re-
plied, who closed their eyes in death,
before their country was reduced
to servitude, after so much blood
unprofitably shed to assert its frees
dom; happier the soldiers who fell
at Fleurus, than the veterans who
have lived to conquer under Bona-
parte.

The next public proceeding in
France which engages our attention,
is the meeting of the legislative bady,
and the opening speech delivered by
the emperor on that eccasion.§ The
chief feature of this speech, besides
a natural and not exaggerated ac-
count of his successes, and a-studied
and well deserved encomium on his

+ By letter to the senate, dated Jan. 12, 1806.

t Vie de Bonaparte, t. 8 p- 72.

|| Address of the senate to the emperor by Frangois da Neufchateau, Jan. 29th,

§ February 22d.

army,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

army, was the expression of his desire
to make peace with England, which
led in the manner we have already
related, to the first negotiation be-
tween Mr. Fox and_M. Talleyrand.
The speech of the emperor was fol-
lowed, at a subsequent meeting,*by
a report of the state of the empire
by M. Champagny, minister of the
interior, containing a repetition and
amplification of the topics, touched
upon more slightly by his master,
and an ostentatious account of the
labours in which the government
was engaged for the improvement
and prosperity of France. We had
designed to have extracted from this
report whatever tended to illustrate
or make known the present state of
the French empire, but we have
found in it little accurate or precise
information, and some assertions
and statements of the correctness of
which we are in doubt. Much is
said of the public spirit of the
country, and great praise bestowed
on the ardor and alacrity with which
the young conscripts obey the sum-
mons to arms, <A minute account is
given of the exertions of the govern-
‘ment in repairing and constructing
‘ports and naval-arsenals, bridges,
and canals. ‘Two new cities are an-
‘nounced by the name of Napoleon.
ville, which are to be reared, the
‘one in Morbihan, the other in La
Vendée; and the port Bonaparte,
worthy of his name, will soon, it is
‘said, be an object of terror to Eng-
Jand in the channel.

Ever anxious to connect his fa-
mily with the other princes of
Europe, Bonaparte announced,
about the same time, + to the senate,
his intention of marrying the princess
Stephanic Beauharnois, niece of the

* March 5th,

217

‘empress Josephine, to the heredi-
tary prince of Baden.

His next communication was of
more importance. On the 3ist of
March he snbmitted to: the senate
a variety of decrees for its appro
bation; by the first of which he
established various regulations for
the education of the princes of his
imperial house; by the second he
annexed the Venetian territories to
the kingdom of Italy ; by the third
he conferred the kingdom of Naples
on his brother Joseph; by the
fourth he bestowed the dutchies of
Berg and Cleves, in full sovereignty,
on his brother-in-law Murat; and
the principality of Guastalla on his
sister Paulina, and her husband,
prince Borghese; by the fifth he
gave to Berthier the principality of
Neufchatel; by the sixth he united
to Lucca, the countries of Massa,
Carrara, and Garragnana; and by
the seventh he created a number of
dutchies, with suitable revenues, in
Italy, to be distributed among the
civil and military officers, who had
distinguished themselves in his ser~
vice, and to be held by them in
property, transmissible by inherit.
ance to their direct descendants in
the male line. The last of these
decrees presents the curious spec.
tacle of the revival of benefices by
Bonaparte, within less than twenty
years after the extinction of the
feudal institutions, derived from the
victories and destructive conquests
of Charlemagne. It should seem,
from many recent occurrences in
the history of Europe, that in the
moral and political, as in the natural
and physical world, there are certain
limits not to be transgressed, within
which, amidst all the apparent exu-

+ March ¢th,
herance

218

uberance and variety of nature,
every thing subject to her power is
irresistibly and irrevocably con-
fined.

The erection of the duchy of
Benevento into a fief of the French
empire, in favour of Talleyrand, with
the title of prince and duke of Bene-

vento ; aud the grant of the duchy of ©

Ponte Gorva to.marehal Bernadotte,
by a similar tenure, followed some
months after the preceding esta-
blishments *., Cardinal Fesch, uncle
of Bonaparte, was appointed at the
same time to be co-adjutor and. suc-
cessor of the archbishop of Ratisbons
arcb-chancellor of the Germanic
empire. A new order of knighthood
was also instituted for the kingdom

of lialy, calied the order of the Irou
Crown, and estabtished on the foot-
ing of 200 knights companions,
besides commanders and other bigher
dignitaries. Many Frenchmen as
well as [talians were decorated with
the insignia of this order.

The last communication made by
the French emperor to his senate in
the present year was of his cele-
brated Berlin decree, of which we
have already given some account in
a preceding part of the present chap-
ter. This communication} was ac-
companied by a most ingevicus and
artful report of Talleyrand in justi-
fication of that measure, in which it
is represented, in a manner calcu-
lated to impose on a superficial
reader, as a necessary act of retalia-
tion, called for by the violence and
injustice cf England, and calculaied
for the general good of civilized
Hations. ‘The same message stated
the determination of the emperor not
to evacuate Berlin, Warsaw, or any

* June 5th.

¢ Dated May 30th. The convocation met on Saturday the 26th of July.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1906.’ .

of his other conquests, till a general

peace should be concluded on the
basis of the restitution of the Frenchy
Dutch, and Spanish colonies, to the
mother countries ; and it concluded
with demanding, that the conscripts
tor t807 should be placed at his
disposal in the ensuing January,
in place of the September following,
The answer of the senate contained

as usual, a grateful acknowledgment -

of the emperor’s condescension, an
expression of profound admiration
of his wisdom, and an unqualified
acquiescence in his demands,

A report on the French finances,
presenied to the emperor in the

month of April, by Gaudin, minister |

of finance, estimates the expence of
the government for the current year
at $04 millions, The same report
informs us, that the system of direct
contributions continued to be so
unpopular in France, that the
government had been induced con-
siderably to diminish their amount,an
operation, which it had been enabled
to accomplish by the increasing pro-
ductiveness of the customs, and
other branches of indirect taxation,
For a similar reason it had now de-
termined to abolish the turnpike

duties throughout France, having ~

found ‘them odious, vexatious, and
unproductive ; and in future to
raise the sums necessary for making
and repairing the highways and
bridges, by a moderate duty on salt,

collected at the place: of its fabri- ;

cation.

A convocation of Jews from the
principal cities of France, which
was this summer assembled at Paris
by order of Bonaparte f, excited
much curiosity andattention through-

+ Dated November 21st.

aut

" ee

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

eut Europe, The pretext for calling
this meeting was to devise some
expedient for exciting a spirit of
honest industry among the indivi-
duals of the Jewish persuasion, in

order to induce them to abandon .

the scandalous and dishonest acts, to
which the greatest part of them have
Tecourse habitually to obtain a
livelihood, These objects were
stated to the convocation by M.
Molé, in the name of the emperor,
after which, various questions were

proposed to its members, respecting.

their laws and usages, which they
were desired to consider maturely
and answer at their leisure. The
questions first put to them related
to their use of polygamy and di-
vorce among themselves, and to the
lawfulness of their intermarriages
with Christians. They were next
asked, what civil relations they were
permitted by their law to hold with

ersons of a different religious per-
suasion from themselves; whether
they could lawfully render obedience
to the civil laws and institutions of
the state; and whether they consi-
dered themselves bound to take up
arms in its defence. They were
then questioned about the jurisdic-
tion and authority of their rabbins,
and about the mode of their election;
and they. were asked, whether their
present usages in these respects might
not lawfully be changed. Last ofall,
they were questioned on the subject
of usury.

_ These inquiries had for their object
hot only to shew that the Jews were
not debarred by the peculiarities of
their religion, from the enjoyment of
the same civil privileges as the mem-
bers of other religious communities,
but to ascertain, whether the same
influence and patronage, which the
French government had acquired

_ been summoned,

219

by. means of the concordat, over the

clergy of the Catholic, Lutheran, —
and reformed persuasions, might not

be extended to the Jewish priesthood.

The answers of the convocation were

so conformable to the wishes of
Bonaparte, that a grand sanhedrim

was summoned to meet at Paris, for
the purpose of considering the same_
questions, and giving a solemn opi-.
nion with respect to them, which.
should be afterwards considered as.
obligatory on all persons professing,
the law of Moses. The time fixed
for the meeting of the sanhedrimy
was the 20th of October; but as
its discussions were prolonged to
the ensuing year, it falls not within
our province at present, to give an
account of its deliberations. We
cannot forbear, however, mention-
ing in general, that the results of this
assembly were satisfactory, and Core
responded in every respect with the
views and intentions for which it bad
Its members were
prevailed upon to acknowledge, that.
their laws concerning marriage and
divorce were subordinate to the
regulations of the civil magistrate ;
that their precepts respecting diet
might be dispensed’ with during mi-.
litary service, or absence from home
for any other cause; that their
present form of church government
might be lawfully changed, having-
no other origin but in views of
expediency ; and that their prohibi-
tion, and in other cases, their.
permission of usury, related to cha=.
ritable loans, and not to mercantile -
transactions. In return for these
concessions and explanations, thé
French government undertook tg
pay stipends to the Jewish ‘priest-
hood, and succeeded in giving such
aform to their church establishment,
as ensured to the state a complete
influence

.

220

influence and command over their
elergy. There are, consequently,
in the French empire, four religions
established by law, and pensioned by
the state—the Catholic, the Luthe-
ran, the Reformed, and the Jewish.
No other modes of worship are
legally tolerated in that extensive
empire ; nor, we believe, suffered to
be exercised in public; but no
French subject is prevénted from
following in private the dictates of
his conscience, or conclusions of his
reason; nor deterred by eivil disa-
bilities from professing any religions
er none. In this singular mixture of
Taxity and strictness, of toleration
snd intolerance, we discover the
true character and principles of the
present ruler of France. Careless
of what faith his subjects may pro-
fess, he is jealous of whatever may
endanger his own authority. Indif-
ferent about religious uniformity, he
sas ambitious of power and influence
ayer the priesthood, as those who
have been most a ixious to maintain
it. The church with which he is
willing to form an alliance, is not
one and indivisible, but manifold as
the modes of faith among his sub-
jects. But no sect, however harm.
less its tenets, and innocent its prac-
tice, is permitted to have public
worship in his dominions, unless its
spiritual directors are under his
influence and controul. Liberty
of conscience he affects to consider a
patural right, independent of the
magistrate ; but freedom of worship
he holds to be a civil right, depend.
ing on the permission of the magis-
trate, who may grant or refuse it at
his pleasure. .
Switzerland, surrounded by France
wod her allies, and cut off by the

* Jn March.

+ April 48th.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

peace of Presburg from every power”
that could assist her in re-asserting
her freedom, affords us in the present '
year no events of importance to
commemorate. When_ possession
was taken of Neufchatel and Valen-
gen by the French *, great quantities
of English merchandize were seized
in these provinces, where they used
to be deposited by the merchants of
Basle, till opportunities were found
of introducing them clandestinely
into France. Loud complaints of
this illicit traffic were inserted in the
Moniteur +, and a formal remone
strance against it was presented by
Talleyrand to the Swiss minister at
Paris; upon which orders were
issued by the Helvetic diet for sup-
pressing it, and for putting a stop to
all commerce in English goods
throughout Switzerland. The mer-
chants, whose effects had been seized
at Neufchatel, having imprudently
petitioned the French emperor to
have them restored, were arrested at~
the requisition of his minister at
Basle, and detained in custody till —
they gave security to abstainin future —
from this forbidden commerce. Si.
milar measures were taken against
the introduction of English goods and
manufactures into the kingdom of
Italy, and other states dependent
upon France.

The states of the church having
become an asylum and place of ren-
dezvous for the malcontents and
insurgents of the kingdom of Naples,
a severe edict was issued by the.
pepal government t, ordering all
persons of that description to be
expelled from the ecclesiastical teTs
ritories, and prohibiting its subjects —
from affording them, on any pretext
whatever, assistance or relief,

t¢ Sept. 17th. ‘
Spain

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

~ Spain continued to languish in
servitude and obscurity, under the
@ebasing administration of the prince
of the peace, while that minion rose
dlaily in power and importance,
through the undeserved favour and
misplaced confidence of his abused
and besotted sovereign. The prince
of Asturias, heir apparent of the
crown, though less an object of jea-
lousy and hatred to his ‘mother
and her paramour since the death
of his wife, was still carefully ex-
cluded from any share of the go-
vernment, and scandalously left
without influence or authority in
the kingdom, over which he was
destined one day to reign, unless
prevented by the criminal projects
of those, whom the ties of nature
and obligations of duty ought to
have made the mest faithful guar.
dians and steadiest supporters of his
rights. Men of virtue and talents
lamented in exile or retirement the
degradation of thetr country ; while
the nation at large, animated with a
noble ambition and emulation of
its ancient glory, contemplated its
fallen state with surprise and indig-
nation, and could hardly suppress
its resentment against the authors
of such intelerable disgrace and hu-
miliation. ‘To one who knew well
the temper and character of the
Spanish people, it was evident that
a mass of combustible matter was
collecting in that kingdom, which a
spark only was wanting to light up
to the astonishment and admiration
of Europe.

When certain intelligence reached
Spain of a negotiation for peace be-
tween France and: England, the
self-importance of the prince of the
peace was offended that he had not

‘treme.

591

been consulted in the matter, nor ine
vited to become a party to the ne-
gotiation; and when the secret ar.
ticles transpired of the treaty con-
cluded between France and Russia,
by which it appeared that Bona.
parte had transferred the Balearic
isles to the duke of Calabria, with.
out the formality of even communi-
cating his intention to the court of
Madrid, his indignation became ex-
In the first transports of
his wrath, he issued proclama-
tions *, calling upon the loyalty and
patriotism of his countrymen, and
ordering a considerable augmenta-
tion of the Spanish army and milis
tia, while he privately opened a
confidential intercourse with the
court of Lisbon, preparatory, as
was supposed, to a renewal of
friendly communications with Great
Britain, But his designs of eman.
cipating his countrymen from the
French yoke, if they ever assumed a
definite form, were extinguished,
before they had matured into ac-
tion, by the disasters of Prussia. On
the news of the battle of Auerstadt,

‘the levies that had been ordered

throughout Spain were hastily coun.
termanded ; and to conceal the real
object of the armament, a ridiculous
tale was fabricated, of a project said
to have been entertained by the
English government, of invading
Andalusia with an army of Moors,
to prevent which, it was pretended,
these extraordinary preparations had
been made. So flimsy a pretext
was not calculated to impose upon’
Bonaparte; but occupied as he was
at that moment with his designs on
Poland, he judged it pradent to dis-
semble his resentment, and wait for
some more favourable epportunity

* October 9th and 11th.

to

999

to take vengeance for the meditated
injury. He, therefore, expressed
himself to be perfectly satisfied with
the conduct of his ally, bat took
this opportunity of soliciting the
aid. of a body of Spanish troops, to
assist him in his wars in the North.
Glad to have escaped so well from
the danger, into which his rashness
had nearly plunged him, the prince
of the peace acceded. most readily to

- this demand, and, indifferent to the
fate of his countrymen, though he
must have felt that he was delivering
them over as hostages for his future
conduct, he sent 16,000 men, under
the command of the marquis of Ro-
mana, an able and distinguished
‘officer, to act in conjunction with
the troops of Bonaparte, in com.
pleting the subjugation of the .con-
tinent.

. In the course of- the summer the
‘attention of the British government
was anxiously directed towards the
critical situation of Portugal. It
had for a considerable time been
manifest, that as soon as France
should terminate all her differences
with the Germanic Powers, and
establish such a peace in the North,
as her unexampled successes entitled
her to dictate, she would turn her
arms against the only remaining
ally of England upon thecontinent ;
‘and there wes but too much reason
‘to apprehend, that she would easily
‘succeed in dissolving ‘that ancient
‘connexion, if not in making herself
mistress of the Portuguese ‘domi-
ions. This apprehension. was
founded upon the want of energy
which had of late years been. con-
‘spicuous in the comrts both of Lis-
bon and Madrid; and the feeblo
‘state to. which the resources of both

* M. D’Araujo,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806,

had been reduced by a long course
of the worst species of government,
both civil and ecclesiastical. In the
last war too, it was evident that the —
Spanish cabinet, so far from oppos-
ing any obstacle to the destruction
of its weaker neighbour,had actively
assisted France in the invasion
afforded an easy passage to the
French troops, aud taken the pro-
vince of Olivenza, as a recompence,
at the peace which followed. There
was no reason whatever to expect in —
the present instance, a better con-
duct on the part of the queen of
Spain and prince of the peace, whose
influettce was become more abso«
lute than ever, and whose views
were at least as wavering, and, of
consequence, as subservient to
France as they had been at any
former period of the war. The
predominance of the French in-
fluence at Lisbon, had in the mean
while displaced the boldest and most
upright class of Portuguese states-
men, and ptt into their stations a
set of feeble and corrupt ministers,
the mere creatures of the court,
intriguers who, with a single ex.
ception, possessed nothing like ta-
tents or capacity for government 5
while that one*, though unques-
tionably a man of distinguished abi-
lities and much experience, was
greatly suspected of being lukewarm
in the cause of his country, and was
certainly a person of too unsteady
a line of politics to render him an
object of implicit confidence to any.
party, in so extraordinary an emer
gency. - The Portuguese army,
under such rulers, had wasted away
to a skeleton, and could scarcely be
said tobe on a better footing, either
in numbers, discipline, or appoint.

ment,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ment, than it was when count La
Lippe began to attempt its reforma-
tion. In this government, so ad-
ministered and so supported, the
people, far from placing any confi-
dence, took no manner of interest,
and there could be little doubt, that
had the Prench invaded the country,
their progress would have been ob-
Served with perfect indifference by
the great body of the inhabitants.
These things were not unknown at
aris, where, except the negotia-
tions with Englasd and’ Russia,
nothing now remained, since the
peace of Presburg, to occupy the
attention of Bonaparte, and to
delay his favourite project of sub-
duing the last ally of England.
Should those negotiations fail, as
there was but too much reason to
fear they must, from the extrava-
‘gant pretensions of the enemy, and
the general repugnance of both the
‘court and the people in this country,
to any such peace as the situation
‘of the continent entitled us to ex-
pect; then it was evident that the
invasion of Portugal would be the
first step of the French government,
Scarcely any thing else, indeed,
remained to be done—for it was the
‘only stake which England still had
to lose on the continent of Europe.
And even during the course of the
negotiation this threat was held out
in the plainest terms, while authentic
fntelligence from different quarters,
proved that some advances were
made in carrying the menace into
execution. The British government,
therefore, saw clearly that at all
‘events Portugal must be invaded ;
that a blow, would in all probability
‘be struck at that defenceless ally,
during the progress of the nego-
tiation, and for the purpose of has-

one

993

tening ifs conclusion; that to a
certainty, even if it were delayed
so long, the rupture of the negotia
tion would be the signal for im-
mediately marching an army from
Bayonne to the Tious. it became,
therefore, the first care of the Bri=
tish ministry to provide the means
of assisting our ancient ally with
forces proportioned to the magni~
tude of the threatened danger, and
with the promptitude which its
imminency demanded.

Orders were immediately diss
patched to the eazl of St. Vincent,
who was then cruizing off Brest, at
the head of the Channel fleet, and
within little more than a week after
the intelligence had been received 6€
the threatened attack, and oaly ten
days after the menace had been held
out to the British negotiators at
Paris, that famous commande r rode
at ancher before Lisbon, with a
squadron of six sail of the finest
ships of the lite. By treaty we
are restricted from keeping more
than this number in the Tagus at
time. So that the admiral
ordered another vessel which ac.
companied him to cruize off the
coast, and made the other ships
PES her by turns. The rest of
the Channel fleet, and the squadron
off Ferrol, were in readiness to
reinforce rhe detachment at a moz
ment’s notice, if any occasion should
require it.

In the mean time, and with the
same dispatch, a large and well ap-
pointed army was assembled at Ply-
mouth, the destination of several
detachments of our forces having
been changed for the present, in
order to atiord the means of speedily
assisting the Portuguese government,
Lieutenant-generals Siméce and the

2 earl

294
earl of Rosslyn, with their. staff,
were immediately sent to join lord
St. Vincent in the Tagus *, and to
open, in conjunction with him, such
a communication with the court of
Lisbon, as might at once lead to a
full understanding of the extent of
the threatencd danger, the means
of resisting it, and the best mode of
co-operating for that purpose. Ge-
neral Simcoe was taken ill on the

' voyage, and his malady increased so
rapidly after his arrival, that he was
under the necessity of speedily re-
turning to England, where he died
a few hours after be landed. The
negotiation was, therefore, carricd
on by lord Rosslyn and the admiral.
Tt would have been difficult to find
persons better qualified for the ma-

nagement of this important affair. °

The high name of lord St. Vincent,
so renowned over every part of the
world, was held in particular vene-
ration in Portugal, where he had se
often commanded, had gained his
greatest victory, and from which,
indeed, he had even taken his tithe
after that memorable expioit.. He
had lived so much among the Por-
tuguese, and rendered himself so
popular both with the court and
the country, that they never thought
of him as a foreigner, but familiarly
termed him a countryman of their
‘own. Lord Rosslyn, whose servicés
in the Mediterranean were well
known in these parts, had also
Served as second in command with
sir Charles Stuart for several years,
the last time t at an English army
was sent to the assistance of Portu-
gal. His talents for affairs, and the
activity of his disposition, as well

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

as his conciliatory manners, qualj-
fied him peculiarly wel] for carrying
on the communication between the
British government, or the military
force sent to the Tagus, and the
court of Lisbon. Add to this, that
both the admiral and the general
enjoyed, in the greatest degree, the
confidence of the English adminis-
tration, to which, by the political
sentiments, as well as by personal
counexions, they were intimateiy
attached. The army collected and
embarked at Plymouth, was held in
readiness to sail at a moment’s
warniug, as soon as the state of
the negotiation at Lisbon required
it. But it was with a becoming
caution and a dne tenderness for
the _ critical circumstances of our
ally, that the British government
did not send it ever in the first in,
stance, but waited until the precise
extent and imminency of the danger
should be ascertained. Had an
army been suddenly sent with the
fleet to the Tagns, a pretext would
have been afforded to Bonaparte for
his meditated invasion; and the
transaction would have borne an
appearance, of all others the most
to be avoided, of imposing on the
Portuguese goyernmentthe necessity
of adopting our plan of defence. . It
was better on every account to
delay the expedition until the enemy
should actually invade Portugal, or
until our ally should require our
assistance and co-operation for her
defence.

It was the obvious and single in-
tention of the British cabinet in the
whole of this proceeding, to assist
Portugal against France, and to give

* Lord Rosslyn and General Sincee arrived at Lisbon on the 25th ef August,
and found Lord St. Vincent with his fleet at anchor in the Tagus,

this

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

this aid in the way that should be
deemed most acceptable by herself.
Upen this plainand certain principle
the instructions of lord St. Vincent
and his coa‘juters, were entirely
founded. They were ordered, in
the first place; to communicate thé
intelligence received from various
quariers, of the hostile designs en-
tertained by France, and to encou-
rage, by every offer and argument,
_ any disposition to resist them, which
they might perceivein the prince re-
gent or his ministers. In a word,
they were to offer the whole naval,
military, and pecuniary resources of
England, in so far as the same wére
‘disposable, to assist the Portuguese
iP defending themselves from. the
threatened invasion. It was, how-
ever, to be considered as a possible
case, that the court of Lisbon might
be found either too timid, or ‘too
slothful for the crisis in which it was
placed. The influence of the coun-
cils, or the terror of the army of
France, might prevent our ally from
adoptivg the vigorous measures pre-
scribed by the dangers of the occa-
sion, Or,it might be, that upona
full and fair investigation, Portugal
should be found wholly incapable
of defence, against the combined at-
tacks of France and Spain, — In this
case another offer, equally liberal,
was to be made on the part of the
rilish government. In the event
of bis finding that the court of Lis-
bon either could not or would not
defend itself, lord St. Vincent was
instructed to offer the whole of his
fleet, with the army already em-
barked, and waiting his signal to
sail, as well as the most liberal sup-
plies of money, for the purpose of
securing the Portuguese government
a safe retreat in the Brazils, and
establishing them there as an inde-
Vor. XLVI.

‘should,

295

pendent state. Thus, if the court
of Lisbon either chose to defend
Portugal, or was afraid to run the
hazard ‘of ‘such a cottest, or found
itself unable to resist the enemy, or.
from whatever cause, preferred a
tetreat, in either case the British
government offered to plate the
whole resources of the empire at
its disposal ; without a single'equi-
valent, except that of saving an an-
cient ally ; without any security for
the future; upon no condition or
bargain whatever, except that Por-
tugal should do her best to resist or
to escape. ‘The transactions so dis~
graceful to the English name, which
have recently taken place elsewhere,
render it necessary’ to add, what
might otherwise have beeh taken
for granted, that no idea whatever
was entertained of taking the fleets
‘or arsenals of Portugal in security
or as a deposit; and that such a
demand was never hinted at, either
in the instructions of the mission, or
in the communications held with the
court of Lisben. _ we TEES!
There was, however, a'third case,
highly improbable no doubt, ‘but
still within the bounds Of ‘possibi-
lity, and to be provided for accord.
ingly. If the court of Lisbon
from indecision and ~ the
influence of a French party in its
councils, both refuse to defend its
dominions in Europe, and to retreat
to those in South America; if it
should persist in a resolution neither
to fight nor to fly, but determine to
remain and be voluntarily swallowed
up, with its whole resources; by the
invading enemy,’ it thea became
the duty of England to prevent those
resources from falling info the hands
of France, and accordingly the ad-
miral and general were instructed.
to declare, that should the “enemy
Q inyade

226

invade Portugal, and should the
court refuse both to gppose him and
to escape from him, then it would
become necessary to prevent the
fleet from falling into his hands.
This was, indeed, a thing so self.
evident, that it was scarcely neces.
sary to mention it ; but the British
government, for the sake of pre.
serving to the end that frankness
and plain dealing which had all
along marked. their proceedings
towards this old ally, deemed it pro-
per to add the above to the other
instructions. ‘The case to which it
should be applicable was scarcely a
conceivable one, but it was more
safe and accurate to provide for
every possible combination of cir-
cumstances.

During the interval between the
sailing of Lord St. Vincent’s squa-
dron, and the opening of the com-
munications at Lisbon, in the begin-
ning of September, a considerable
change had taken place in the as-
pect of affairs in the North. The
Emperor of Russia had refused to
ratify D’Oubril’s treaty, the king
of Prussia had begun his prepara-~
tions for making war upon France,
and it was also apprehended that
Austria would not remain neutral in
so extensive a centest. The natural
consequence of this unexpected
change of circumstances, was the
abandonment of the designs upon
Portugal for the present ; the troops
on their march to assemble at Ba-
yonne were countermanded ;_ the
French ambassador at Lisbon, ge-
neral Junot, instead of proceeding
to his destination, was sent away to
the crny inGermany ; a large body
of Spanish treops was marched to
the assistance of France in the
North, and Bonaparte and his mi-
nisters left Paris to join the armies.

3

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

A respite was thus obtained for Par.»
tugal, which it was evident must las€
at least as long as the new war
should continue; and that country
might be considered as altogether
safe, until the allies should be again
completely conquered, and theirnew
coalition dissolved.

When this change took place,
time had only been afforded the ne-
gotiators at Lisbon to open their
business, and ascertain the disposi-
tion and resources of the Portuguese
government. They found on the
part of the prince regent, the best
possible disposition towards Eng-
land. The cabinet was, indeed,
feeble, both in talents and spirit, but
was well inclined to do whatever
might reasonably be expected, should
the threatened dangers approach
nearer. The liberal and disinterest.
ed offers of the British government
were received with the warmest ex~
pressions of gratitude, and the
friendly solicitude shewn by that
generous ally, made a deep and last-

‘ing impression upon the prince.

When the unexpected intelligence
arrived, that hostilities were re-
commencing in the North, the court
of Lisbon deemed it advisable no
longer to request the protection of
the British admiral, and it was cvi-
dent, that for the present, the land-
ing of any English forcein Portugal,
could only serve to give umbrage at
Madrid, without answering any
good purpose. The troops were
accordingly disembarked at Ply-
mouth, lord St, Vincent returned
to his station off the Tagus, and
lord Rosslyn sailed for England,
carrying back with him the most
friendly and sincere expressions of
the prince regent’s gratitude to the
British government, and thestrongest
protestations of his increased confi.

dence

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 227

dence in so faithful an ally. The
universal sentiment of the court of
Lisbon was, that for the present
they were not exposed to danger ;
as soon as the necessity should re-
turn, they would expect the same
kind assistance from England, either
in defending them from the ene-
my, or in helping them to retreat
to Brazil, should resistance be
deemed impossible. In the mean
time the happiest effects resulted
From this mission ; the union between
the two courts was drawn closer

than before ; the most salutary re.
forms were undertaken in the mili-
tary establishment of Portugal, as
well as in the finances, in concert
with England ; and no doubt could
remain, that if a proportionate de-
gree of prudence and promptitude,
should be shewn hereafter, in as.
sisting the prince when the moment
of attack arrived, he would either
make a stand in conjunction with
us, or retire to his American do
minions under our protection.

CHAP.

228

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

CHAP.. XITei

Naval Transactions —Vigilance and Activity of the Board of Admiralty—
Great Nuinber of marauding Squadrons of the Enemy at Sea—Rochefort
Squadron—Brest Squadron —Sir T. Duckworth’s Victory—Fate of the
Squadron under Admired Villaumez—Capture of Linvis by Sir J. B. War-
ren—Capture of four Frigates by Sir S. Hood—Summary of the Navat
Successes of the Present Year—Conquest of the Cape of Good Hope by
Sir D. Baird and Sir H. Popham—Unauthorised expedition of Sir H.
Popham to the Rio Plita—Capture of Buenos Ayres—Reconquest_of
that Place aud Cupture of the English Garrison by the Inhabitants—Re-
fiections on the Lelicy of the English Government in regard to South
America—Delusions of the English People on that Subject—Expedition of
Miranda lo the Spamsh Main— Revolution in St. Domingo—Conspiracy of
the Negroes in Trinidad—Prosperity of the United States of America—
Pacific System of Mr. Jcjferson—Differences of the United States with
Spain—with Engiand —Impressing of Seamen—Colonial Trade— Maritime
Jurisdiction— Negotiations on thse Points—Treaty of Amity, Commerce,
and Navigation signed by Lord Holland and Lord Auckland on the- Part
of Great Britain, and by Mr. Monroe and Mr. Pinckney on the Part of

the United States of America.

rf Mee British navy maintained
during the present year its ac-
customed superiority over the ene-
my. Rut,thoughsuccessful inevery
action, it could neither achieve the
same victories, nor sustain the same
calamitics as in the preceding cam-
paign. It had neither a Nelson to
lose, nor a hostile fleet like that of
Trafalgar to vanquish. its efforts
were directed to the humbler But
useful service of protecting from in-
sult and depredation the colonies
and commerce of the empire, left ex-
posed at the commencement of the
year, without adequate means of de-
fence, to the numerous squadrons of
the enemy, which during the winter

months had. cluded the vigilance of
»

our blockading fleets, and escaped
to sea. Much praise is due to the
board of Admiralty, which under
these circumstances was called to
the naval administration of the coun-
try, for the sagacity and judgment
with which it traced the course of
these marauding expeditions, and
for the vigilance and promptitude
with which it provided against their
designs and baffled their plans. So
hotly was the enemy pursued and so
closely watched in every quarter,

that after threatening to lay waste .

our colonies and interrupt our com-
merce, he was compelled to renounce
these projects and consult his safety
by a precipitate and ignominious

flight. Few of his ships employed

——

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

in these expeditions returned to
France. The greater part of them
were taken or destroyed by the
English, while others perished from
storms insearch of some friendly har.
bour to shelter them from the pur-
suits of their enemy.

‘The only squadron of the enemy,
that got back to France during the
present year without any disaster,
was the Rochefort squadron, which
had sailed from that port about mid-
summer 1805, with orders to repair
toa certain latitude, and wait there
for the arrival of the other squadrons
of the combined fleet. After cruiz-
ing in vain at the place of rendez-
vous and taking and destroying a
number of vessels, neutral as well as
English, and falling in with and cap-
turing the Calcutta of 56 guns, this
‘squadron had at length the good
fortune to return to Rochefort about
the beginning of the fear, bringing
with it above 800 English prisoners
on board.

The ficet that escaped from Brest
harbourin December 1805* was not
equally fortunate. This fleet con-
sisted originally of 15 ships of the
line, 6 frigates,and 4 corvettes: but
after having been ten days at sea, it
separated into different squadrons,
one of which, consisting of 5 ships
of the line, 2 frigates,and a corvette,
commanded by Admiral Leisseigues,
made directly for Saint Domingo
and having arrived at that port
without any accident,+ disembarked
a body of troops and supply of am-
munition, which it had on board,for
the use of the colony. After ha-
ving performed this service, the
French admiral loitered away in the
bay of Occa for more than a fort-
night, taking in water and repairing
the damages sustained by his ships in

* December 13th,

t January 20th.
Q3

229

their voyage ; at the end of which
period he was fortunately descried
by sir John Thomas Duckworth, ¢
who was cruizing in these seas with
a squadron of 7 ships of the line
and 4 frigates, and had received
intelligence of the arrival of a
French fieet at St. Domingo. ‘The
French admiral, who was greatly
inferior in strength, endeavoured to
make his escape on the appéarance
of the English squadron, but being
speedily overtaken, an action cow-
menced, which lasted with great fu-
ry for near two hours, at the conclu~
sion of which three of the French
line of battle ships remained prizes
to the English, and two were driven
on shore and burned. The two
French frigates and corvette put to
seaand made theirescape. ‘The loss
of the English in this engagement.
was 64 killed and 294 wounded.
No officer above the rank of a mid-
shipman was killed, but several were
severely wounded, ‘The French had
760 killed and wounded on board
of the three ships that were taken,
and they no doubt lost a propor.
tiowal number iu the two others that
were destroyed.

Another division of the Brest
squadron, commanded by admiral
Villaumez, was originally destined
for the Cape of Good Hope; but
having touched at the isle of No-
ronha, the admiral was there inform-
ed of the capture of that settlement
by the English ; upon which he
proceeded to San Salvador in Brazil,
and after remaining there for some
time to refresh his seamen, among
whom symptoms of scurvy had be-
gan to appear, he set sail for the
West Indies.§ and arrived without
accident at Martinique in the end of
June. The squadron which Villau-

§ April 21st.
mez

¢ February 6th.

230

mez conducted to Martinique con-
sisted of six ships of the line and
one frigate, to oppose. which sir
Alexander Cochrane, the English
admiral upon the station, had at
. that moment only four ships of the
line and three frigates; but with
this inferior force he gallantly pur-
sued the enemy, in order to watch
his motions and eheck any enter-
prizes he might meditate. No sooner
had the French admiral collected
the whole of his squadron at Marti-
nique, than he put again to sea, and
steered to the north, followed at a
distance by Cochrane, who, though
he avoided an engagement, hovered
in sight of the enemy’s squadron, to
prevent him making any attempt on
the ports or shipping of the English
islands. In passing St. Thomas’s*
the French slackened sail for the En-
glish, as if desirous of coming to
action, but Cochrane, considering
the inferiority of his force, the
French having been joined by ano-
ther ship of the line and three fri-
gates after they left Martinique, de-
clined fighting, and satisiicd with
having traced the course of the €ne-
my to Porto Rico, returned to Tor-
tola, leaving two frigates to watch
their motions.+ It was fortunate
for the French admiral that he lost
so little time at Martinique : for on
the 12th of July sir John Borlase
Warren arrived at Barbadoes with
six sail of the line, which had been
dispatched from England with un-
exampled promptitude,t on the first
surmise of the French having re-
passed the line and directed their
course to the West indies. Ano-

* July 6th.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ther squadron under sir Richard Stra-
chan ‘had been previously sent
out to cruise for them; and when
news arrived of their escape from
the West Indies, a third squadron
under sir Thomas Louis put to sea
to intercept their return ;§ besides
which, blockading squadrons watch-
ed all the principal ports of the
continent, into which they could at-
tempt to enter. i
So many provident and well com-
bined precautions must have been
followed by the capture of the
French squadron, if it had ventured
on returning to Europe, or had thé
ships of which it was composed,
continued cruizing together at sea.
But the French admira! seeing all
his plans frustrated by the vigilance
and activity of his enemies, deter-
mined on consulting the individual
safety of his ships by dispersing
them in’ different directions. The
Veteran of 74. guns, commanded by
Jerome Bonaparte, seems to have
been the first that separated from
the rest of the squadron, and td
have been .the most fortunate in
its voyagehome. On the 16th of
Augustas this vessel was about three
hundred leagues west of Brest, to
the northward of the Azores, it fell
in with the homeward bound Que-
bec fleet, under the convoy of the
Champion frigate, and took and de-
stroyed six vessels Jaden with timber
and other valuable articles ; and on
the 26th of the same month after
having been chaced by an English
man of'war, it reached in safety
the coast of Brittany, and got into
the small harbour of Concarneau,

+ July 8th.

} Sir J. B. Warren sailed from Spithead on the 4th of June, where he bad lost

several days from contrary winds, after he had got orders to sail.
Villaumez owed the escape of his squadron.

To this delay
§ August 28th,
‘ under

~_

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

under the protection of batteries,
where,though the vessel was strand-
ed, the stores and guns were saved,
and the captain and erew got on
shore. ;

After the separation of Jerome
from the admiral, which took place
in the gulph of Florida, the rest
of the squadron encountered a tre-
mendous gale of wind,* in which
they suffered most severcly. ‘The
admiral’s ship,the Foudroyant, of 84
guns, reached the Havannah under
jury masts, after an action with
the Anson frigate of 40 guns, which
drove her for protection under the
batteries of the Moro Castle.+
The Impeteux, after having lost
her masts, bowsprit, and rudder in
the storm, and being otherwise da-
maged, was standing in for the
Chesapeak under jury masts, when
she was descried by three of the
vessels of sir Richard Strachan’s
squadron, and having taken ground
as she attempted to escape, was
there burned by the boats of the
Melampus, and her crew made pri-
soners.t ‘Two other seventy-fours,
which got into the Chesapeak, after
having been greatly damaged in
the storm, were eventually destroy-
ed by the English on the American
coast, while the Cassant, which was
supposed to have foundered at sea,
arrived at Brest in the middle of Oc-
tober. :

The French admiral Linois, who
had so long wandered about the In-
dian seas, unmolested and unat-
tacked,and carried on with success a
predatory and most destructive war
against our commerce in the east,
was this year intercepted, in his re-
turn to France with his plunder, by

# Aug. 18th, + Sept. 15.

{ Sept. 14.
q August 25rd,
Q4

931.

sir John Borlase Warren,§ and
brought to England, with the Maren-
goof 80 guns, and the Belle Poule.
of 40 guns, being the only two ships
under his command,

Five large frigates and two cor-
vettes, with troops on board for the
West indies, having escaped from
Rochefort, were next day|| met at
sea by a British squadron under
commodore sir Samuel Hood, and
after a running fight of several
hours, four of the five frigates were
compelled to strike. ‘The loss of
‘the English in this action amounted
to 9 killed and 32 wounded ;' but
their gullant commander received a
severe wound in the right arm,
which rendered the amputation of
the limb necessary.

It would be in vain to recapitu-
late all the individual instances of
courage, enterprise and skill exerted
by the British navy in the various
actions ‘in which it was engaged
during the present year. ‘The
capture of the Pomona frigate on
the coast of Cuba, { though defended
by a strong castle and a formidable
line of gun boats, all of which were
destroyed by the two English fri-
gates, the Arethusa and Anson, en-
gaged in this enterprise ; the action
between the French frigate the
Salamander of 44 guns, supported
by batteries and troops provided
with musketry and field pieces on
shore, and the Englishship the Cons-
tance,of 24 guns, assisted by a sloop
of war and a gun brig, in which
both vessels were stranded and lost,
though not till after the Freuchman
had been compelled to strike his
colours, and been taken possession
of by the English ; and the boldness

§ March 13th, — || Sept. 25th:

and

252

and intrepidity displayed in nume-
rous actions, in which vessels were
cut out from under the protection of
batteries, or in other circumstances
unfavourable for attack ; reflect
honour on those who succeeded in
such hazardous enterprises, and
add, if possible, to the glory ef the
body, by the ‘individuals of which
they were atchieved. The enemy,
whose enfeebled squadrons were re-
duced to marauding expeditions, in
which, when detected, they had re-
course rarely to resistance, more
frequently to flight, saw with rage
and disappointment his ports block-
aded by our triumphant squatirons,
and the ocean covered with our
vessels, armed and unarmed. Mor-
tified, with the failure of his hopes,
and despairing of success in hts
maritime schemes, he had recourse,
as we have already mentioned, to
the wild and furious project of de-
stroying commerce and navigation,
since he could not participate in
their fruits, But occupied as he was
with the continental war, he. had
not leisure to prosecute his pur-
poses, which terminated for the pre-
sent year in empty threats and idle
declamations, or led at most to some
‘partial and unjust confiscations.
The commerce of England went on,
unconscious of the Berlin decree,
and flourished the more, the greater
the efforts of Buonaparie to wither
and destroy it. Founded in the
wants and necessities of the conti-
nent, his fruitless exertions to ex-
tinguish it shewed, that however
great his power, it was still limited;
that however submissive his sab-
jects, it was still possible for them
to act against his will.

Four ships of the line were taken

* March 4th.

ANNUAL RE

+ June 21st

GISTER, 1806.

from the enemy during the present
year, and seven destroyed or rene
dered useless. Thirteen frigates
were taken and one destroyed ; and
from 30 to 40 schooners, corvettes
and national brigs, besidesa great
number of privateers, were taken or
destroyed. To counterbalance these
successes, the only loss sustained by
his majesty’s navy was that of the
Athenienne, of 64 guns, which,with
its captain and 300 of the crew,
perished unhappily in its way to
Sicily, by striking on some hidden-
rocks in the Mediterranean ; and
that of the Constance already men-
tioned, stranded .on the coast of
France, with its prize the Salaman-
der. Two transports with troops
on board for Gibraliar were taken
early in the year by the French
squadron under admiral Villaumez 3
but the troops were afterwards re-
taken by sir [lome Popham,* with
the frigate into which they had been
put. Themostvaluable prize taken
by the enemy was the Warren
Hastings Kast Indiaman, which,after
along and well-contested action, was
compelled to strike+t to the Piedmon-
tiese, a French frigate of 44 guns,
and was afterwards carried into
Mauritius. Some damage was
done early in the year, by a
Freuch squadron, on the coast of
Africa, to the vessels engaged in
the slave trade ; and several ships,
employed in the Greenland and
Newfoundland fisheries, were taken
and destroyed by the Guerriere,
French frigate of 50 guns, which,
however, was afterwards taken ia
its way homet by the Blanche,
after a sharp action, near the Ferroe
islands, .

An expedition against the Cape

ft July 19th,
of

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

_ of Good Hope had sailed from Eng-
land in autumn 1805, at the moment
when hostilities, were breaking out
onthe continent, and when trom
the plan of operations concerted
between the British government and
its allies, it might have been ex-
pected, that the whole of our dis-
posable force would have becn em-
ployed i in some continental »diver-
sion ; instead of being directed to
an object, which howe ever valuable
and important in itself, should never
have been perinitted to interfere
with the deeper and more impor-
tant game, in which we were éh-
gaged nearer home. [ut it was the
consfant error of Mr, Pitt's admi-
nistration, to be engaged ia the pur-
suit of two objects at once, and his
misfortune, and that of his country,
that, in attempting both, he often
succeeded in neither, and was sure
always to fail in the most impor-
tant. in the present instance,
though Europe was lost, the Cape
of Good Hope was taken and re-
duced under subjection to Great
Britain.

The force destined don this con-
quest consisted of about 5000 land
troops under sir David Baird, with
a proportional naval force, com-
manded by sir Home Popham.
Having touched at San Salvador for
refreshments, the expedition sailed
frem that place on the 26th of
November, and reached Table Bay
on the 4th of January, 1806. It
was theintention of the command-
ers to have disembarked the troops
‘without delay ; but when the fleet
arrived at its anchorage, the evening
was too far advanced to attempt a
landing; and next morning the surf
ranso high, that it was found im-
practicable to land the troops where
it was at first intended ; nor could

233

any safer or better landing-place be
discovered, after a close examination
of the shore from Lospard’s Bay
to Cape town. In this emergence,
it was determined to go -northward
to Saldahna *Bay, about 18 or 20
leagues distant from Table Bay,and,
however difficult the march’ from
thence to Cape town, it was judged
better to submit to that inconveni-
ence than to hazard any further de-
lay in disembarking the troops. In
consequence of this determination
brigadier general Beresford was
sent to Saldahna Bay with the 38th
regiment and 20th light dragoons,
the rest of thearmy being next day
to fellow him 5 but next morning
the surf was so much abated, that it
was resolved to land the army at
Lospard’s Bay, as at first intended.
The disembarkation was conducted
with great order under the protec-
tion of the flect, and though a few
sharp shooters appeared on the
heights and somewhat annoyed the
troops, only two persons were
wounded by their fire, and the land-
ing would haye been attended with
no greater loss than this, but for
the accident of a boat upsetting, by
which 35 soldiers were drowned.
The whole of the army having land-
ed on this and the following day,
except the detachment sent to Sal-
dahna Bay with general Beresford,
sir David Baird began his march to
Cape town on the morning of the
Sth, and having reached the summit
of the Blue Mountains,he there des
cried the enemy drawn up in the
plain and prepared to receive him.
They were commanded by general
Janssens, governor of the colony,
and their force amounted to about’
5000 men, chiefly cavalry. Their
position was good, and was strength-
ened by 23 pieces of cannon, The
force

234

force under sir David Baird a-
mounted toabout 4000 men. The
necessary dispositions having been
made for the attack, the action
was begun by brigadier general
Ferguson’s brigade, which advanc.
ed against the enemy’s left, under
a heavy, but ill directed fire of mus.
ketry and grape-shot. The Dutch
received the British fire without
quitting their ground, but, at the
moment of charging, they gave way
and fled from the field with preci-
pitation. In this action the loss of
the enemy exceeded 709 killed and
wounded, while that of the British
army amounted only to 15 killed
and 197 wounded, and missing.

After this engagement there were
no obstacles to impede the progress
of the army under sir David Baird,
except such as arose from the
searcity of water and want of pro-
visions, or from the natural diffi-
culties of the country through
which they had to pass. They
reached the Salt river on the 9th,
where they proposed to encamp,
but atlag of truce having arrived
from the town with offers to capi-
tulate, the articles were soon set-
tled, and the troops put in posses-
sion of Fort Knocke that same
evening. Nextday the capitulation
was signed, and the town surren-
dered.

After the battle of the 8th, general
Janssens: retired with a body of
forces to MHottentot Holland’s
Kloof, a pass leading to the district
of Zwellendam, and seemed dispos-
ed to maintain himself in the inte-
rior against the English. But ge-
neral Beresford having been sent
against him, he was prevailed upon

* January 18th.

ANNUAL REGIST BR, 1806.

to surrender upon terms, by whiclt
the conquest of the colony was com-
pleted, and its internal tranquillity
secured. By the articles of capitula-
tion signed with general Beresford,*
it was settled that general Janssens
and his army should be sent back
to Holland and not considered as
prisoners of war, in return for the
complete surrender of the colony
and its dependencies,

Sir Home Popham, the navak
commander employed against the
Cape, had contributed materially
to the expedition being undertaken,
by the intelligence he had com-
municated to his majesty’s govern-
ment+ of the defenceless state of
that important settlement, and of
the probability that it would be
soon reinforced from Europe. He
had also, in common with other
naval officers, been occasionally
consulted by Mr. Pitt and lord
Melville about their designs on
South America, and at their desire
he had conferred with general Mi-
randa on that officer’s views and
projects in that quarter. The re-
sult of these communications had
been his appointment to the com-
mand of the Diadem of 64 guns,
in December 1804, for the pur-
pose ‘‘ of co-operating with gene-
ral Miranda, to the extent of tak-
ing advantage of any of his pro-
ceedings, which might tend to our
attaining a position on the continent
of South America, favourable to the
trade of this country.’”’{ But he
had been afterwards given distinctly
to understand, that from deference
to Russia, all projects of that na-
ture had been for the present aban-
doned ; and when sent to reduce

t In July, 1805.

t Lord Melville’s evidence in sir II, Popliam’s trial, March 9th, 1807, -

the

HISTORY OF-EUROPE.

the Cape, no instruction, direct or
implied, public or confidential, had
been given to him, which could
authorize his leaving that colony,
and employing the force, under his
command, in any service uncon-
nected with its conquest or pre-
servation. His~ mind, however,
which had been formerly occupied
with schemes of conquest in South
America, was some time after the
reduction of the Cape, again turned
to such speculations, in conse-
guence of information received of
the weakness of the Spanish colo-
nies on the Rio Plata, and exagge-
rated reports of the disaffection of
the people towards their govern-
ment. Having also got accounts
from Europe of the dissolution of
the third coalition, and of the re-
duced state of the French marine,
in consequence of the battle of
Trafalgar, and being satisfied, that
the squadron of Villaumez, origi-
nally destined for the Cape, had
gone to the West Indies, he was so
far influenced by these considera-
tions, and by the prospect of public
and private gain from the conquest
of Buenos Ayres, that, forgetful of
his duty as an officer to remain in
the station which his superiors had
assigned to him, he determined on
carrying off the whole of the naval
force at the Cape, and attempting
with it some exploit in the Rio
Plata; and having perswaded sir
D. Baird to acquiesce in his plans, he
obtained from that officer a small
body of troops under general Beres.
ford, to co-operate in any enter.
rize he should attempt.

Thus assisted, he sailed from the
Cape about the middle ef April,
leaving that settlement without an
armed vessel to protect it from in-
sult, and directed his course in the

235

first place ‘to St. Helena, where
he had the address to procure from
the governor a small reinforcement
to his little army, which after all
did not exceed 1600 men, including
marines, With this very inade-
quate force for so great an enter-
prize, he steered for the Rio Plata,
and arrived at the mouth of that
river in the beginning of June.
It was now debated, whether an
attack should be made on Buenos
Ayres or Montevideo, and the
former being preferred, the troops
were removed from the line of bat-
tle ships into the transports and
frigate that accompanied the ex-
pedition, in which, after surmount-
ing with great skill and perseve.
rance the difficulties of a most in-
tricate navigation, they arrived be-
fore Buenos Ayres on the 24th of
June, and next day disembarked
without resistance at the Punta de
Quilmes, about twelve miles from
that city. A body of Spaniards
placed on a height at two miles
distance, witnessed the landing of
the British army without opposing
it, and general Beresford having
marched against them on the fallow-
ing morning, they {fled with preci-
pitation at the first fire, leaving
behind -them their artillery. No
other difficulty occurred ‘after this
success, except the passage of a
river, which it was necessary to
cross, before getting to Buenos
Ayres ; but this being eflected with
the help of rafts and boats, the
bridge having been burnt by the
enemy, general Beresford entered
the city on the 27th, the viceroy
having previously abandoned it and
fled to Cordova, with the small
body of troops under his com.
mand,
While the army was thus em-
ployed

236

ployed in the conquest of Buenos
Ayres, the line of battle ships of
the squadron made demonstrations
before Montevideo and Maldonado,
in order to alarm and occupy the
garrisons of these places, in which,
as it afterwards appeared, were
stationed the regular troops of the
colony, while the defence of Buenos
Ayres, from its situation supposed
to be less liable to attack, had been
committed to the militia. To this
accident, and to the misconduct
aud timidity of the viceroy, who
was quite inexperienced in military
affairs, the success of an expedition,
undertaken not more in defiance
‘of the rules of discipline than in
opposition to the dictates of pru-
dence, may in a great measure be
attributed. In justice, however,
to the British commanders it must
be added, that in the execution of
their enterprize, they displayed
great boldness and intrepidity, and

that after victory they shewed a™~

degree of forbearance -and modera-
tion to the vanquished, which re-
fiects on them the highest credit.
Though the town was without de-
fence when the English army ad.
vanced to it, favourable articles
of capitulation were granted to the
inhabitants; and not only was the
private property of individuals on
shore religiously respected ; but the
coasting vessels found in the river,
which by the laws of war were
good prize to the captors, though
valued with their cargoes, at a mil-
lion anda half of dollars, were re-
stored by proclamation to the
rightful owners. Policy had no
doubt its share in this liberal con-
duct ; for there were not seamen
to spare from the fleet to navigate
ihese vessels, and if they had been
destroyed, the yiews of traffic, in

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

which the expedition originated,
must have been entirely frustrated ;
as these coasters afforded the only
means of maintaining a commercial
intercourse with the interior, ex-
cept the expensive, and in the pre-
sent state of the country, uncertain
communication by caravans. About
1,200,000 dollars of public money
were found in the town and. sent
to England ; besides which, public
property in quicksilver and Jesuit’s
bark, to the value of ‘near three
millions of dollars, was scized for
the benefit of the captors; but,
before it was secured on board of
ship, the place, as we shall after.
wards have to relate, was eiptce
by the enemy.

We have already noticed ais
extravagant joy and delusive expece
tations, which the news of the cap-
ture of Buenos Ayres diffused
through every part of the British
empire. A circular manifesto from
sir Home Popham to the principal
mercantile and manufacturing cities,
announcing and certainly not un-
derrating the value of the market
he had opened, spread widely and
rapidly the most exaggerated no-
tions of his conquest ; “and led, as
was naturally to be expected from
so unusual and anprecedented an
address from such authority, to
many rash and improyvident mer-
cantile speculations, in which the
adventurers had reason afterwards
amply to lament their credulity.
The delusion was universal, and al-
lowing much for ignorance and
want of reflection, incredibly and
unaccountably great. It was for-
gotten, that Buenos Ayres and
other parts of South America
had been always supplied with
English goods through Spanish. or
neutral bottoms; and, though a

direct

HISTORY OF- EUROPE.

direct trade, by affording our ma-
hufacturcs at a cheaper rate than a
€ircuitous one, might increase the
demand for them, it was-not to be
Supposed, that this could be in any
proportion to the sanguine’ expec.
tations and over speculations of the
public. Inexhaustible mines ; fer-
tile, salubrious plains; an innocent,
unoffending population, cruelly op-
pressed by their former masters,
and gratefully repaying with sub-
mission and obedience the British
valour that had rescued them from
slavery ; were the false and flat-
tering images, that dazzled every
eye, and banished sober and cool
_ reflection from every bosom. It
was not considered, that our new
acquisition was 1800 miles distant
from the mines of Potosi; that the
intermediate country was inhabited
by a hardy, unsettled race, expert
in the management of their horses
and spears, and as invincible in de-
fensive war as the Arabs of the de-
sert; nor that Buenos Ayres itself
owed its wealth and importance,
not to its natural resources derived
from the fertile but uncultivated
territory that surrounds it, but to
its accidental and artificial pre-emi-
nence, as the capital of an extensive
government and emporium between
the mother country and her more
distant colonies. ‘They who knew
any thing of South America, were
sensible that the possession of
Buenos Ayres, though inconvenient
0 Potosi and Peru, no more led to

€ subjugation of these countries,

an the possession of Macao
Teads to the conquest of China.
They foresaw, that our invasion,
Whatever might be its ultimate con-
Sequences, would in the first in-

237

stance destroy the established chan-
nels of commerce, and they were
not sure that it would open others
in their room. ‘They allowed, that
Buenos Ayres was an excellent
agricultural farm; but it must first
be settled and improved, they con.
tended, before it could afford a
market for ourmanufactures. But
such reasoners were few in humber,
and amidst the general delusion
their voice was unattended to and
unheeded. ;
When intelligence reached go.
vernment of sir Home Popham’s un-
authorised departure from the Cape,
and meditated invasion of South
America, orders were instantly dis-
patched to recal him home, and put
a stop to his expedition, These
orders were too late to prevent his
enterprize ; and when the news of
his success arrived, the strong obs
jections to his plan were drowned
in the universal joy at the fortu=
nate result of his operations. A
conquest, which the government
would not have made, it had not
the resolution to ‘abandon; or pos.
sibly, deceived by the ease with
which the victory had heen gained,
it gave into the popular delusion,
and supposed that South America
required only to be attacked, in
order to be subdued. {It cannot
be said, that it countenanced or
promoted the sanguine calculations
of the mercantile part of the com-
munity, except by issuing the cus-
tomary order of council for regu-
lating the trade of his majesty’s sub-
jects with the countries that fall
under his arms ;* but on the other
hand, it took no pains to dissipate
these errors, or to undeceive the
public with respect to the grossness

* Sept. 17.

of

238

of its illusions, It is also to be feared,
that in resolving to maintain this
unexpected conquest,it was far from
adopting the system best calculat-
ed to preserve it. When the immense
extent and scattered population
of the Spanish colonies are consider-
ed, and the habits, prejudices, and
character of their inhabitants taken
into the account, it must be obvious,
that no foreign power can reduce
to obedience or retain in subjection
such extensive regions, so amply
provided with the means of defen-
sive warfare, except by gaining over
the population of the country, and
attaching them to the party of the
invader. But, however discon-
tented with their government, none
but the refuse of a people will join
an invading army of foreigners, un-
less with the hope of obtaining free.
dom and independence by their as-
sistance. . We ought, therefore,
either to have renounced all views
upon the continent of South Ame-
rica, or have proclaimed to its inha-
bitants, that in the exercise of legi-
timate war against their government,
we came to assist them in establish-
ing their independence, to conclude
with them treaties of commerce and
alliance, and to pledge ourselves,
if they accepted our offers, to make
no peace with their present govern-
ment, in which they should not be
included and recognised as free and
independant states. But, if we
were not prepared to make such a
declaration, it must be confessed,
that it was honourable in our go-
vernment not to excite popular in-
surrectionsin the Spanish colonies,
till we had made up our minds to
support them throughout, For,
nothing could have been more base,

* August 4th.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

than to have encouraged the cola-
nists to take up arms against their
sovereign, and afterwards to have
abandoned them to his vengeance.
But, long before the system pro-
per to be followed with Buenos
Ayres came to be discussed in the
British cabinet, that settlement was
in the hands of the enemy. The
Spaniards had been taken by sur-
prise and beaten by a handful of
men, because attacked where they
were unprepared for resistance;
but no sooner had they recovered
from their panic, and discovered
the smallness of the number of their
opponents, than ashamed of their
defeat, they began to concert mea-
sures to expel their invaders.
Emissaries from Buenos Ayres ex<
cited the country people to arms,

and an insurrection was organized

in the heart of the city, under the
eye of the English commander in
chief, which seems to have escaped
his vigilance, till it had arrived at
maturity, and was ripe for action.
Liniers, a French colonel in the
Spanish service, crossed the river in
a fog,* unobserved by the English
cruizers, and landed at Conchas
above Bucnos Ayres, bringing with
him about 1000 men from Monte
Video and Sacramento. Encourag-
ed by this reinforcement, the armed
levies from the country, which had
been defeated by general Beresford
in a sally, advanced again to the
city and summoned the castle to
surrender.+ ‘I'he whole inhabitants
of the town were nowin arms, and |
the danger appeared so imminent,
that the English had determined to. ;
evacuate the place and retire to their
ships ; but they were prevented by
the state of the weather, and after

t+ August 10th.
a dese

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

a desperate action on the 12th in
the streets and great square of the
town, in which they were attacked
with incredible fury, and severely
annoyed by a destructive fire from
the windows and balconies of the
houses, they were compelled to lay
down their arms. The terms on
which they surrendered, became af-
terwards a subject of dispute and
recrimination between generals Be-
resford and Liniers, who acted as
commander in chief of the Spani-
ards. This much only is certain, that
contrary to the articles of capitula-
tion signed by Liniers, the English
were detained prisoners of war and
marched up the country. The loss
of the British army in the action of
the 12th amounted to 165 killed
wounded and missing, besides 1300
made prisoners. Thus terminated
the first expedition to Buenos Ayres,
and such were the bitter fruits of an
enterprize, undertaken without au-
thority,and originating ina ‘‘ breach
of public duty,’’ which, though al-
leviated by circumstances, was ad-
judged by a court martial to be
‘¢ highly censurable,” and, for the
general good of his majesty’s ser-
vice, deserving of a ‘‘ seveie repri-
mand.’’* \
Sir H. Popham, the origin of all
these calamities,was on board of ship
when the city was retaken; after
which with the squadron under his
command, he continued to blockade
the river, till the arrival of troops
from the Cape of Good Hopet cna-
bled him to recommence offensive
operations. He then attempted, in
the first place, to make himself mas-
ter of Montevideo, but finding it im.

+

239

possible for his ships to get near
enough to batter the walls, he was
forced to desist from this enterprize.f
A body of troops was then landed
at Maldonado, under colonel Vas-
sal, and the Spaniards haying been
driven from that place and from the
isle of Gorriti§, a sufficient space
was gained for the encampment of
the troops, aud a tolerably safe an-
chorage procured for the ships. In
this situation our army in South
America remained at the end of the
present year, rectiving successive
reinforcements from. England and
the Cape, and preparing for further,
and as it turned out, still more dis-
astrous successes.

The fear of disobliging the court
of St. Petersburg had determined
the English government, after listen-
ing under two successive administra-
tions || to the projects of Miranda,and
encouraging to a certain degree his
designs, ultimately to refuse him its

assistance. Disappointed jn his
expectations from. England, — that
adventurer had recourse to the

United States of America, which
were at that time upon bad terms
with the court of Madrid; and
though he failed in persuading the
cautious, timid administration of
Mr. Jefferson to take an open part
in his enterprize, he was sufiered to
fit ont a small armament at New
York, with which he set sail for the
Spanish main.* * His force consist~
ed of the Leander armed vessel: oi
18 guns and two small schoon.
ers, on board of which he had some
arms and ammunition, and iacluding
seamen, about 360 adventurcrs ot
different nations. Such were the

* Sentence of the court martial in the trial of sir H Popham, March 11th, 1807.

+ Oct. 5th and 12th.

} Oct. 28.
| Mr. Addington’s, and Mr. Pitt’s, in 1804. q In 1805,

Oct. 29th and 36th.
** In March 1806-
meaus

Be

2.40

means with which he attempted the
invasion of Caracas, without any
secret co¥respondence with the ‘in-
habitants, to caren tans him in his
undertaking, much jess amy distinct
or positive assurances of their aid
and support in his enterprize. The
sole ground of his hopes was the
spirit of disaffection to the mo-
ther country, supposed to prevail in
the Spanish colonies, and desire to
establish independent governments
for, themselves. Being a natural
born’ subject of the king of Spain,
‘he was sure of being punish: ‘d asa
traitor by any Spanish governor,
into whose hands he fell: and as
he had no commission from any
“state fo make war on the Spanish
settlements, his followers were lia-
ble to be treated as pirates, if made
prisoners. Such, however, was the
juconsiderate enthusiasm and con-
fidence of success, which animated
these adventurers, that the dange
of an ignominious death made no

impression upon them, nor deterred.

them in the least from pursuing their
enterprize.

Instcad of proceeding directly to
his destination, Miranda stopped
at St. Domingo, with views, it is
said, of procuring assistance from
that island, in which he was disap-
pointed. ‘Thisdelay was extremely
prejudicial to his enterprize, because
it gave time to the governor of Ca-
racas, who received from thence
intelligence of his design, and of the
forée with which he was accompani-
ed, to fit out a squadron to prevent
his landing. From St. Domingo he
wert to the small island of Aruba,
where he stopped to take in wag
and was pursuing his voyage to the

continent, when he was attacked by

* April 7th.

ANNUAL 'REC

ESTER,

a Spanish brig. of 20 guns and a
schooner of 1¢ guns near Puerto
Cabello.* - “An action ensued, in
which he lost his two schooners, but
escaped’ himself in the Leander to
Grenada. Fifty. seven of his fol-
lowers were taken in the schooners
and carried to Puerto Cabello, where
they were tried for piracy, ten of
them condemned to death, and the
rest, three boys excepted, to ten-
years imprisonment in different for-
tresses. .
From Grenada Miranda repaired
to Trinidad, and,nowise diseoncert-
ed with his failure, began to prepare
there for a second. expedition. A
number of adventurers, attracted by
the hope of plunder, crowded to his
standard, and the captains of seve-
ral British vessels on the coast ha-
ving undertaken to protect his

1806.

landing, he set sail under their con-_

voy, and disembarked at Vela de
Coro,+ Little , opposition — was
made to him at that place,or at Coro,
of which he took possession next
day ; but the people of the country,
instead of joining him, abandoned
their habitations and fled at his ap

proach. After attempting in vain
to bring them back by promises
and proclamatiens, and seeing no
appearance of any moyements in his
favour, he was compelled at length,
from despair of succeeding in his
enterprize, to reimbark for Aruba,
from whence he returned to Trini-
dad. The failure of this expedition
is not, however, te be considered as
a proof of the coldness and indif-
erence of the Spanish Creoles to in-
dependence, but rather as a conse.
quence of their distrust of Miran.
da, and bad opinion of the success
of his enterprize. ;

+ August 2d.

~~

Tl Alia

|

HISTORY OF

While these events were taking
place on the Spanish main, the ne-
groes of Hispaniola rose against
Dessalines their chief, who in imita-
tion of Bonaparte had assumed the
title of emperor of Hayti, and hav-
ing attacked him unawares, put him
to death,* a catastrophe he had me-
rited by the cruelty and injustice of
his government, and provoked by
the indulgence of a jealous and vin-
dictive temper, against which no
Station or services afforded protec-
tion. His successor Christophe
contented himself with the humbler
title of chief of the government of
Hayti, and in that capacity issued
a remarkable proclamation,+ open_
ing to neutral nations the com-
merce of his dominions on princi-

ples the most liberal and enlight--

ened. ; ;

Towards the close of 1805 a for-
midable conspiracy of the negrocs
of Trinidad against the white inha-
bitants was fortunately detected a
few days before the time fixed for
its execution. It was to have bro_
ken out on Christmas eve with cir-
cumstances of great barbarity. The
ringleaders were seized and punish-
ed, and for greater security, martial
law was for some time established in
the island.

The United States of America
continued to prosper under the pa-
cific administration of Mr. Jefferson,
and protected by their neutrality,
which in the midst of so many belli-
gerent powers they were still able,
though with difficulty, to maintain,
they extended their trade and na-
vigation beyond all former example.
Fromthe ist of October 1805 to
the 30th of September 1806 their
exports were valued at 101 millions

* Oct, 17th,
Vor, XLVIJI.

EUROPE. O41

of dollars, of which 41 millions were
in native commodities and the rest
in foreign goods re-exported. Their
revenue, arising almost entirely
from the receipt of customs, which
in 1805 had not exceeded 13 milli.
ons of dollars, rose in 1806 to near
15 millions. The reduction of their
national debt proceeded as ra
pidly asthe conditions on which it
had been contracted would permit,
aud at the close of the present year
the sum actually redeemed amount-
ed to 23 millions of dollars, equal to
more than = of what remained un-
paid. “The tranquillity of their In.
dian frontier was secured by the
wise and just policy of their go.
vernment towards the native tribes,
whose esteem and confidence it had
gained by the unvarying rectitude
of its conduct in all its transactions
with them, and by its unceasing at-
tention to promote their happiness
and welfare. So successful had
been its exertions in eradicating the
prejudices,ard softening the charac-
ter of these savages, that many of
their tribes were engaged in the
pursuits of agriculture and house.
hold manufacture, and some had
disposed of part of their territory,
to purchase the means of improving
the remainder, and enable them to
subsist their families, while preparing
their farms. In the prosecution of this
wise'and laudable policy,the brightest
part by far of Mr. Jefferson’s adminis-
tration, he was powerfully seconded
by his precursors in this beneficent
work, the Quakers of Pensylvania,
who had been for some years dili-
gently employed in inspiring the
American savages with a taste for
the comforts of civilized life, and in
teaching them arts which’ they had

+ Oct. 24th,

former!
R y

4 . ,
in his addresses to congress,

oug) «ANNUAL
formerly rejected and despised. A
treety of peace between the regency
of fripoli and the United States

bad rendered the navigation of the
icditerranean more secure to the
citizens’ of the latter, than_it had
been at any period since the decla-
ration of their independence ; and
though a misunderstanding had
arisen with the’ regency of Tunis, it
served rather as an excuse for not
withdrawing their squadron from
the European seas, th: an asa ground
of seriously AbpreRending tlie Le-
newal of hostilities with that power.
Nothing, then, seemed necessary to
consolidate the pacific system of
Mr. Jefferson, but an amicable ad.
justment of the points in dispute be-
iween the. United States and the
governments of Spain and England.
Yor, as to France, great as were
the outrages of her marauding
squadrons on the ships and com-
merce of America, Mr. Jefferson
never ventured to allude to them
though
he expatiated largely om every, spe-
cies of injury sustained from Kn
gland, and inveighed bitterly avainst

the new princi ibtes of maritime law,.

which he accused her of having in-
terpolated in the law of nations.
The differences between Spain
and the United States of America
arose partly out of the illegal cap-
tures of American vessels by Spa-
nish-cruizers daring the late war,
and partly out of the uncertainty
of the limits of Louisiana. ‘lhe
Spanish minister for foreign affairs
had signed a convention at Madrid
in 1802, which admitted that the
Americans were entitled to compen-
sation for injuries done to their com-
merce by the subjects of Spain, and
settled that commissione;s should be
mutually named to investigate their
: 3

REGISTER,

1806.

claims. But before this convention
was sent back from Washington
with the approbation of congress,
the sale of Louisiana and other events
had taken place, which determined
the Spanish government to refuse to
ratify it, without the insertion of
additional articles to which the
Americans would not aceede. The
sale of Louisiana to the Unite
States, contrary to the solemn: pro-
mise of the French gov ernment, ne-
ver to alicnate that province thant
the knowledge and" ‘consent of
Spain, had offended and alarme
the court of Madrid, and drawn
from it some ineffectual remon-
strances, which however, with ifs usual
weakness and timidity, it addressed
not to Paris but to Washington,
While indisposed by this transac.
tion towards the Americans, and
jealous of their views on its colo-
nies, it learned with Surprise that
congress had laid claim to a consi-
derable part of Florida, as_ included
in the cession of Louisiana, and had
passed an act empowering the pre-
sident, of the United States to erect
fortifications, construct ports, and
build ‘ custom-houses in districts,
which in the apprehension of the
Spaniards, were clearly parts of the
Spanish territory, It was at this
moment that the convention of 1802
was brought back to Madrid for
ratification ; and in such circum-
stances itisnotto be wendered at,
that the Spanish government refused
to confirm this agreement, until all
matters in discussion between the
two nations were finally adjusted ;
nor does it appear to us, that in
this refusal it acted either unwisely
or unfairty. There could beno ob-
ligation on the Spaniards to make
compensation for past injuries to
the Americans, while the Ame-
: ricans

HISTORY OF EUROPE. . 243

¥icans were committing injuries on
the Spaniards. If Spanish cruizers
hadjillegally captured the vessels of
Americans, the Americans had en-
croached on the territories of Spain,
and, this encroachment had not been
the unauthorised act of a private in-
dividual, but the effect of asolemn
enactment of the legislature. The
reality of this injury, itis true, was
denied by the Americans, who con-
tended that the territory ciaimed by
the jipaniards was part of Louis.
jana; but till the limits of that pro-
vince were settled, the Spaniards,
who were in possession of the de.
batable ground, were entitled to re-
tain it, and to resent any attempt of
the American government to dis-
possess them. It was clear from
the language and concuct of the
Americans, that the acquisition of
one or of both the Floridas was an
object on which they were bent;
and having succeeded so well in
getting Louisiana from France, in
exchangefer a sum of money and
an old debt of the national conven-
tion, there was but too much rea-
son to suspect, that they had formed
a similar project with respect to the
Floridas ; that aware of the pecu-
niary embarrassments of the court
of Madrid, they pressed forward
their commercial claims, not for the
purpose of procuring itidemnifica-
tion to the individuals who had

been injured, but with a view of
terrifying by the magnitude of their
demands, and possibly of bribing by
the offer of an immediate supply of
money, that needy and profligate
court into a surrender of one or
both of those valuable provinces.
It was quite consistent with such
an indirect course of proceeding
in the American government, that
it raised pretensions to a consideya-

ble district in Florida ; for, though
its claim might not bear examina.
tion, it would facilitate a negotia-
tion for the cession or purchase of
the province, and keep out of
sight the true nature of the transac
tion,

Such being the views of the Ame-
ricans, it does credit to the penctrae
tion and address of Cevallos, the
Spanish minister, that he detected
and defeated their design, by refu-
sing, to proceed in the question of
pecuniary compensation, till the
territorial limits were first adjusted.
In this state have the Spaniards and
Americans continued since 1804,
the Spaniards keeping possession of
the river Mobile and other parts of
West Florida claimed by the United
States, and refusing to execute the
convention of 1§02, till the Ameri-
can government renounces its un-
justipretensions upon Florida; while
the president,in his annual reports
to congress, contents himself with
turning phrases about his own mo-
deration, and contrasting it with the
violence and obstinacy of Spain.
At one time, indeed, ia the course
of the present year, it seemed as if
the disputes between the two coun-
tries were proceeding to extremities.
A body of Spaniards entered Louis-
iana from the side of Mexico, and
took a position in an old French
settlement on the Red river, which
clearly belonged to the United States,
But in consequence of the remon-~
Strances of the Americans against
this aggression, accompanied b
threats of more active hostility, the
Spanish commander was induced to
fall back tothe Sabine river; and
this river was afterwards fixed upon
by mutual consent as the line of se-
paration between the troops of the
two nations, till the boundaries of

R 2 the

244

the province should be settled by
authority.

A conspiracy was formed, during
the present year, by some private in-
dividuals in the back settlements’ of
the United States, to make war on the
Spaniards, without waiting for orders
from the federal government,and arms
were collected and other preparations
made for this extraordinary under-
taking. But information of the de-
sign having been given to the Ame-
rican government, effectual mea-
sures were taken for preventing
and suppressing the enterprize.
Colonel Aaron Burr, late vice
president of the United States, was
accused of being the leader of this
conspiracy, and the object of it
was supposed to be no less hostile
to the federal government than
to the Spaniards. Indictments
for treasonable practices were pre-
ferred to the grand jury of Ken-
tucky against colonel Burr and
general Adair, one of his associ-
ates, but both bills were rejected
for want of evidence.* The sub-
Sequent proceedings against Mr.
Burr fall not within the limits of our
present volume, but afford a striking
example either of the inadequacy of
American courts of law for the at-
tainment of justice, or of a spirit of
inveterate hostility in his political
adversaries, which reflects little cre—
dit on the good sense or moderation
of our Trans-Atlantic brethren.

The complaints of the United
States against Great Britain rela-
ted to our practice of impressing
British seamen found on board of
their merchant. vessels upon the
high seas; to our violation of their
neutral rights by seizing and con-
demnuing their merchantmen, though

“ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

engaged in a lawful commerce 5
and to our infringement of their
maritime jurisdiction upen their
coasts.

The first they contended was a
practice derogatory to the honour
of their flag, and inconsistent with
their rights as an independent na-
tion ; and with better reason ‘they
argued, that it led to great outrages
and abuses, and that while it lasted;
there could be no sincere or cordial
friendship between Great Britain
and the United States. It continu+
ally happened, that native Ameri
cans were impressed by our sea
officers on pretence of their being
Englishmen, and forced to serve in
the English navy; and such was
the similarity of language and ex.
ternal appearance between individu-
als of the two nations, that with
the fairest intentions, these mistakes
could not always be avoided. Buta
practice, that led necessarily to such
an intolerable abuse, however it
might be justified in the abstract on
the principles of public law, could
not be endured by any independent
state, unless from inability to resist
the injury. It was the duty of
the United States to protect
their lawful trade from interrup-
tion and outrage, and to vindicate
their citizens from’ compulsory ser-
vice in the battles’ of a foreign
power. They were ready to ac-
quiesce in any measures that could
be devised, to prevent deserters from,
the British navy from finding refuge
in the American territory,or shelter
on board of American ships, but
they could no longer permit the li-
berty of their citizens todepend on
the interested or capricious sentence
of a British officer.

* Dec. 5th. -

Is

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

To this it was answered on the
part of Great Britain, that no pow-
er but her own could release her
subjects from their duty of allegi-
ance, and that provided she in-
fringed not the jurisdiction of other
independent states, she had a right
to enforce their services wherever
she found them. But no state had
such jurisdiction over its merchant
vessels upon the high seas, as to
exclude a belligerent from the right
of searching them for contraband of
war, or for the persons or property
of enemies ; and if in the exercise
of that right, the belligerent should
discover on board of a neutral ves-
sel itssubjects who had withdrawn
from their lawful allegiance, upon
what ground could the neutral re.
fuse to give them up? If the sub-
jects of an enemy are not protected
from a belligerent by the neutral-
ity of the vessel in which they are
- found, on what pretence can it be
alledged, that the subjects of the
belligerent, which institutes the
search, are entitled to protection?
It is impossible to maintain, that the
belligerent may seize what belongs
to its enemy, without violating neu-
tral rights, and yet not reclaim what
is its own. No reason can be
given why a neutral vessel has not
a right to protect the enemy of a
belligerent, that will not equally
shew, that it has not a right te pro-
tect one of his subjects. But, if
the right to impress be clearly in
favour of the belligerent, it is one
too important to Great Britain in
her present situation, too essential

to her safety in the war in which
she isengaged, to be abandoned or
relinguished for an instant, unless
some unexceptionable plan can be
devised, of attaining the same end,

245

by means less, violent and less liable
to abuse. The difficulty of distin-
guishing between an [nglishman
and an American is no argument
against the right of impressing,
though it is a good reason for being
cautious and reserved in the exer-
cise of it. If an American happens
to be impressed as an Englishman,
he ought to be released as soon
as his national character is ascer-
tained, and should receive ample
compensation for the injury done
to him ; and if any outrage or
unnecessary violence has marked
the conduct of the belligerent officer
who conducted the search, or if
there is reason to believe that his
mistake has been wilful, an exempla-
ry punishment should teach him in
future, when he enforces the rights
of his country, not to violate those
of neutrals.

But clear and indisputable as was
the principle that America was
bound to offer an adequate substi+
tute for the present practice of im-
pressing seamen, before she could
justly expect frem Great Britain to
desist from it, the public mind was
so inflamed in the United States, by
stories of thousands of Americans
forced to serve in the British navy,
of American ships upon the high
seas deprived of their hands by Bri-
tish cruizers, and compelled to put
into the nearest port for want of
seamen to pursue their voyage, and
of other outrages still more extra-
ordinary and unpardonable, that
looking only to the abuses of
the right, their popular leaders
went into the extreme of deny-
ing its existence. A bill upon
‘this principle was brought into
congress, but fortunately for the
credit and interest of the coun-

R 3 try

246

tryitwas rejected by the senate,
as from its repugnance.to every
principle of honesty and hamanity,
it must have brought indelible dis-
grace on ‘he American name, and
from the violence whichit authorized,
it must inevitably have led to imme-
diate hostilities with Great Britain.
When it was at length determined
by the American: government to
send a special mission to England,
for the adjustment of differences
between the two nations, our prac-
tice of impressing on the high seas
was stated as the first in importance
of their grievances, and their pleni-
potentiaries were instructed to urge
the abandonment of a practice so
disgraceful and injurious to their
country as the point most essential
to its peace, honour and tranquillity.

With respect to the second ground
of complaint, we had conceded to
the Americans, in the late war,
permission to trade with the colonies
of the enemy, for articles intended
for their domestic consumption ; and
In case no market was found in the
United States for articles imported
with that intentions we had permit-
ted them to re-export these articles
to any port, in any part of the
world, not invested by our blockad-
ing squadrons. But we had con-
stantly refused them permission to
trade directly between the colonies
of the enemy and the mother coun-
try; and we professed to tolerate
the indirect communication above
mentioned, on the supposition, that
the goods so transmitted had been
interded originally for American
consumption, and would not have
been re-exported, but for want of a
market in America. ‘* It is now
distinctly understood,” sdys his

* Dated March 16th, 1801, and officic

to Mr. Rufus King

>?

t July 5th, 1800.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

majesty’s advocate-general in a rea
port officially communicated © by
lord Hawkesbury to the American
government, and transmitted to all
our viee-admiralty courts abroad,
as a rule for their future guidance
and direction, * ** that the produce
of the colonies of the enemy may
be imported by a neutral into bis
own country, and may be re-ex-
ported from thence even to the
mother country of such colony.
The direct trade, however, between
the mother country and its colonies,
has not, I apprehend, been recog-
nised as legal, either by his majesty’s
government or by his tribunals.
What is a direct trade or what
amounts to an intermediate impor-
tation into the neutral country, may
sometimes be a question of some
difficulty. But the high court of
admiralty has expressly decided,
that landing the goods and paying
the duties in the neutral country,
breaks the continuity of the voyage,
and is such an importation as lega-
lizes the trade, although the goods
be reshipped in the same vessel, and
on account of the same neutral pro-
prictors, and be forwarded for sale
to the mother country.” The de-
cision of the high court of admiralty,
to which sir John Nicholl alludes
in this report, was probably the
judgment pronounced by sir Wiiliam
Scott in the case of the Polly, + in
delivering which that learned judge
expressed himself in the following
manner. ‘** An American has un-
doubtedly a right to import the pro-
duce of the Spanish colonies for his
own use; and after it is imported
bona fide into his own country, he
would be at liberty to carry them
on to the general commerce of

ally communicated by Lord Hawkesbury

on the 11th of April following.

Europe.

HISTORY OF! EUROPE.

Europe. It is not my business to
say, what is universally the test of
a bona fide importation. [tis argued,
that it would not be sufficient, ‘that
the duties should be paid, and that
the cargo should be landed. If
these criteria are not to be resorted
to, I should be at a loss to know
what should be the test; and I am
strongly disposed to hold, that it
would be sufficient, that the goods
should be landed and the duties
paid.” * From this guarded opinion
of sir William Scott, -with the com-
mentary furnished by lord Hawkes-
bury, it came to be universally un-
derstvod in America, that the mere
act of landing the goods, and ‘* pay-
ing the duties in the neutral country,
was suflicient to break the con-
tinuity of the voyage; and leval.
ize the trade” in the eyes of our
court of admiralty. And’ it must
be confessed, that this. conclusion
was fully warranted by the words
of lord Hawkesbury’s communica.

tion, which the American govern.

ment was bound to consider as an
official expression ‘of the deliberate
determination of our government on
this important question. The opinion
of sir William Scott, it is true was
somewhat different, for that-learned
jadge held, not that landing the
goods and paying the duties render-
ed the importation a bona fide im-
portation, but that these criteria
were the best evidence of a bona fide
importation.
tant the consequences to which this
distinction afterwards Jed, as no
allusion was made to it in lord

awkesbury’s official paper, ‘nor
any effect given to it by our prize
courts, the American government

* Robinson’s Reports, vol. 2, p- 368.:

But however impor. :

247

was not entitled to bring it into dis.
cussion, or demand to what extent
it was meant to be carried. Soon
after this correspondence the peace
of Amiens put an end for a short
time to all questions of this nature.
When hostilities recommenced be-
tween France and England, the
merchants of America, recollecting
the footing on which this trade had
been placed at the conclusion of the
former war, embarked in it without
apprehension as a commerce’ per-'
fectly lawful; and carried it on to
an immense extent, and without
interruption till summer 1805, when
a new ground of decision was adopt-
ed by our admiralty courts, which,
suddenly and without the smallest
warning, exposed the whole of
their trade to seizure and condem-
nation. It was now decided, that
the proof of payment of duties in,
America was no evidence of a bona
Jide importation into that country ; +
because payment of duties in
America does not mean that the
duties have been actually paid in
money, but that they have been
secured by bonds: and from the
peculiar system of revenue laws
established in the United States, the
merchant, who re-exports goods
previously imported, gets a profit
by his transactions with the custom-
house, instead of suffering any loss
or deduction from his gains. The
importer, where the duties are as-
certained, gives bonds for the
amount; but if, next day, he should,
enter the goods for exportation
again, he is entitled to debentures
from the custom-house, payable on
the same days with the bonds, and
made out for the same sams, with

+ This point was first decided in the case of the Essex, May 18053 and after
an elaborate discussion, the same decision was pronounced in the ease of the

William, March 1806.

R 4

a deduction

248

a deduction of only 3% per cent,
which is retained for the govern-
ment, The bonds lie unissued in
the custody of the revenue oflicers ;
while the debentures are an assign
able and transferable security, ca-
pable of being recovered by a sum~
mary process ; aud should the im-
porter fail, enjoyitg a priority be-
fore all private demands. ‘The re-
sult of the who'e operation, there-
fore, is, that the government lends
to the private credit of the merchant
the character of a public security,
for his bonds deposited at the
custom-house, and receives 32 per
cent. on the amount of these bonds
in return for the accommodation
which it affords, But excellently
as this system is adopted to the pre-
sent situition of America, it de-
stroys entirely as evidence of a bona
jide importation, the proof of the
duties having been paid or secured
in the United States according to
law; for the law of the United
States does not require, that the
duties should be paid in the first
instance, and though secured by
bonds, these bonds, with the tri-
fling deduction of 35 per cent, are
retired, not by payments in money,
but by producing the correspond.
ing debentures, which in the mean
time have been negotiated and con-
verted into money. Our courts,
therefore, acted in perfect consis-
tence with the principle of their
former decisions, when, these facts
being made known to them, they
refused any longer to. admit the
payment of duties in America as a
proof of a bona fide importation.
But, on the other hand, the mer-
chants of America, who»without
looking to the legal grounds of our
former decisions, had trusted. to
9 c!

~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 18306. *

lord Hawkesbury’s communication,
informing their government, that
*¢ landing the goods and paying the
duties legalized the trade,”’ and had
in consequence embarked _ their
capital in a commerce, which they
were taught from such high autho-
rity to consider as a legal and per-
mitted trade, when they saw their
vessels captured by our cruizers
without any previous warning, and
brought into our ports for adjudica-
tion, naturally complained of the
violence and inconsistency of our
conduct, and accused us loudly of
robbery and injustice. Meetings
took place in all the principal com-
mercial cities of America; declara-
tions and resolutions were voted ;
and petilions and remonstrances
addressed to the president and legis~
lature. Congress, as was natural,
caught the flame, with which it
was surrounded, and after several
injudicious, and inflammatory re-
solutions, passed a non-importation
act against the manufactures of Great
Britain, * to take effect on the 15th
of next November, In the mean time
the commissioners sent to negotiate
with Great Britain, were instructed
to obtain from her government some
clear and precise rule for regulat-
ing their trade with the colonies of
the enemy, not liable to be changed
by orders of council or instructions
to cruizers, and not exposed to the
uncertainty of determinations re-
specting the intention of parties.
The third ground of complaint
on the part of the Americans was
of infinitely less importance than
the others, and their demand to have
their maritime jurisdiction defined
and respected, was so just and
reasonable, that no objection could
be made to it. An unfortunate

April 18th.

accident,

‘ HISTORY OF EUROPE

accident, in which an American
seaman happened to be killed,
- within sight of New York, * bya
shot from the British armed vessel,
the Leander, had drawn attention
to this subject and rendered some
regulation indispensable; but no
difficulty could occur in settling a
point, which was already settled
by the law of nations, The affair
of the Leander having taken place
during the elections at New York,
Sreat use was made of it by the
federal party, to excite odium
against the president, and bring dis-
credit upon his administration, on
pretence that foreigners were en.
couraged to commit such outrages,
by their knowledge of the weakness
and timidity of his government. To
counteract these desigus Mr. Jeffer-
Son issued a violent proclamation,
accusing of murder the captain of
the Leander, and prohibiting that

and some other British vessels from ~

entering the harbours, or remaining
within the jurisdictional limits of
the United States. + The captain
of the Leander was afterwards tried
in England for the death of the
American seaman and acquitted.

' As the conferences, which were
held in London for the adjustment
of these differences, by Mr. Monroe
| and Mr. Pinkney on the part of
the United States, and by lord
| Holland and lord Auckland on the
part of Great Britain, though
brought to a conclusion before the
| close of the present year, terminat-
ed in a treaty, from which the
president of the United States
thought proper to withhold ‘his rati-
fication, it will be unnecessary for
us to enter minutely into the results
of the negotiation. It appears,

* April 25th.

+ May 3d.

249

however, from the papers since
pubiished and laid before parlia-
ment, that the commissioners on
both sides were animated by a
sincere desire to establish a firm and
lasting friendship between the two
countries, on terms the most advan-
tageous to both. And, considering
the state of public opinion in Ame-
rica, and the instructions which
they appear to have received from
their government, the American
commissioners, in particular, evin-
ced in the strongest manner their
disposition to conciliation, when
after many fruitless conferences held
in the hope of devising some ade-
quate substitute for the practice of
impressing on the high seas, they
consented, contrary as it appears to
their instructions, to proceed in
the other articles of the treaty,
without any further satisfaction up-
on this head, than an official paper
from lord Hollamd and _ lord
Auckland, ¢ pledging the govern-
ment of Great Britain, ‘¢ to issue
instructions for the observance of
the greatest caution in the impres-
sing of British seamen, and of the
greatest care to preserve citizens of
the United States from any molesta-
tion or injury, and to afford imme-
diate redress upon any representa-
tion of injury sustained by them,”
and engaging besides, at any future
period, ‘* to entertain the discus-
sion of any plan that should be
devised to secure the interests of
both states without any injury to
rights to which they are respectively
attached.”

In the other questions between
the two countries the negotiators.
were more fortunate in bringing
their labours to a successful issue.

t Nov. 8th.
On

250

On. the subject of the circuitous
trade permitted to the United States
between the colonies of the enemy
and other parts of the world an
article was framed, * which satisfied
the American commissioners, by
Substituting a clear and precise rule
for the regulation of that commerce,
in place of the uncertain and change-
able system under which it had
hitherto been conducted. The prin-
ciple of this article was taken from
lord Hawkesbury’s communication
to Mr. Rufus King, defining the
_ difference between a continuous and
an interrupted voyage; but besides
requiring, as in that communication,
that the goods should be landed and
the duties paid in the neutral coun.
try, this article expressly stipulated,
that on re-exportation there should
remain after the draw back a duty
to be paid of one per cent. ad valo-
rem On all articles of the growth,
produce and manufacture of Kurope,

* Article 11th.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

and on all articles of colonial pro4
duce a duty of not less than two
per cent. ad valorem. ‘The mari-
time jurisdiction of the United States
was guaranteed by another article +
against the alledged encroach.
ments and violations of his majesty’s
cruizers, and on account of the
peculiar circumstances of the Ame-
rican coast, an extension of mari-
time jurisdiction to the distance
of five miles from shore was mutually
conceded by both parties in the
American seas, on certain condi-
tions and with certain limitations
expressed in the treaty, On the

other articles of the treaty, for the —

reason alrea!y given, we think it
unnecessary to dilate; and have
therefore only to add, that the
commercial stipulations \contained
in it, appear to have been framed
on the fairest and’ most liberat-
principles of reciprocal advantage
and utility to the two countries.

’

+ Article 12th.

HISTORY OF EUROPE. Q52

CHAP. XIII.

East India Affairs—Death of Marquis Cornwallis—succeeded by Sir
G. Barlow—Peace with Scindia and Holkar—Massacre at Vellore—
Honours to the Memcry of Marquis Cornwallis—Recall of Sir G, Bar-

low—Appointment of Lord Minto to be his Successor—Lust Illness and
Death of Mr. For—Remarks on some Parts of his Character—Changes

in the Administration occasioned by his Death—Dissolution of Parliament
—General Hlection—Affairs of Ireland.

4 bee appointment of marquis
4 Cornwallistobegovernor gene-
ral of Bengal, had given universal
satisfactionin England,and was calcu-
lated to produce the most beneficial
consequencesin India. Much was ex-
pected from his judgment and expe-
rieuce, and more from his integrity
and moderation. In his former ad-
ministration of our Indianempire,he
had added to the glory of our arms
and increased the security of our
ower, without alarming the jea-
ousy of the native princes, or pro-
woking them to combine im _alli-
ances for ourdestruction. With his

} military and political successes he
had united the higher glory of
consuliing the happiness and pro-
moting the welfare of the people

| committed to his care, by the
wisdom and benevolence of his

| political institutions, and by the
| equity and mildness of his govern-
jment. He was now deputed to
|Tudia in different and more criti-
jeal circumstances, After a long

and unaccountable acquiescence in
a system diametrically the reverse
of his, the government of India
had recourse to him to repair the.
mischiefs of inordinate ambition,
and boundless prodigality ; to con~
solidate conquests pursued in defi.
ance of solemn and repeated de-
clarations of the legislature ; to
introduce order and regularity in-
to finances exhausted aud dilapi-
dated by every species of waste
and profusion ; to restore peace to
nations harassed and worn outby
a succession of destructive and
sanguinary wars; and to inspire
confidence in those, who had been
taught by a sad experience, to
view every act of the British go-
vernment in India, as part of a
scheme to. destroy their liberties
and independence, under the in-

sulting mask of friendship, protec-
tion and alliance.

Such were the objects, for which
at so advanced a period of life, and
witha constitution broken by in-

firmities

952.

firmities, this excellent and res-
pectable nobleman was induced to
undertake a voyage to India, with
little prospect of ever revisiting a-
gain his native country. When he
arrived at Calcutia,* he found the
finances of the company in a most
deplorable condition, and, without
some great reduction of expendi-
ture, quite unable to meet the con-
tingencies of the war. Vast sums,
he discovered, were lavished on irre<
gular troops, ‘* Who, if dismissed,
would be less formidable to us in
the field, than by remaining as they
were, a distressing drain on our
finances ; while the regular troops
were little short of five months, and
many of_the public departments,
on which the movements of the
army depended, were still more in
arrear.”’+ Favourable terms | of
peace had been granted to the Ra-
jah of Bhurtpore, + after the loss of
4000 men in fruitless attempts to
reduce him to unconditional submis-
sion. But Holkar, though repeat.
edly defeated, was still in arms ; and
Scindia, dissatisfied with our con-
duct and jealous of our designs, had
imprisoned our resident, and waited
only for a favourable opportunity
to recommence hostilities against
us. In this perilous situation of
affairs no time was to be lost. The
immediate wants of the army were
supplied by detaining the treasure
destined for China, and borrowing
asum of money from the govern-
mentof Madras, Having provided
for this exigency, the new governor.
gencral proceeded without delay,

* July 8th, 1805.

+ Letter of marquis Cornwallis to the court, of directors, dated on 9th Au
gust 1805, quoted in the house of commonsin the debate on Mr, Johnstone’s motio
t April 9th, 18@5.
\| Dispatch of the court of directors, April 3, 1805

fur papers, March 10th, 1806.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

accompanied by asmall escort, t
take the command of the army, an
had reached Gazypour in Benares
w hen his death§ deprived his coun
try, at this critical juneture, of hi
services. He had previously, how:
ever,communicated,in conversation
his views of government to sir George
Barlow,second_in the council,and by)
letter, to lord Lake, commander i
chief of the forces,and had also oper
ed a correspondence with Scindia)
We have, therefore, reason to be.)
lieve, that, though prevented b
death from accomplishing the grea
work, for which he had quitted En.
gland, his journey was not in vain
butthat it contributed materially t
restore in India that system of jus
tice, moderation, and forbearance,
which he had so earnestly at heart.
and was so eminently qualified t
practise.

Sir George Barlow, though h
had been formerly the ready instru-
ment of other men’s ambition, and
had even incurred on that accoun
the censure of his superiors||, bemg
now fully instructedin their wishes,
applied himself in good earnest t
the restoration of peace, and suc-
ceeded in that work with a facility,
which shewed plainly to what causes
the long continuance of the war was
to be attributed. Peace was signe
with Scindia on the 22d of Novem-
ber, and with Holkar on the 24t
of December, and complete tran.
quillity thusrestored to India, with-
in five months after the arriva
of marguis Cornwallis at~ Cal-
cutta. By the treaty with Scin-

§ Oct.dth,
di

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

‘dia*, the fort of Gualiorand terri-
tories of Gohud were restored to
that chief, and the river Chumbul
declared to be the boundary on the
nnorth between his states and the
dominions of thecompany. Consi-
derable pensions were also settled
upon him and upon his wife and
daughter for their respective lives ;
and the company engaged not to
enter into any treaties with his tri-
butaries, nor to interfere in any
shape in his internal arrangements,
with them or with the family of
Holkar. By the treaty with
Holkar+, that chief was acknow-
ledged as the friend of the com-
pany, and permitted to return with
his forces to Hindostan, by a'route
prescribed to him. His possessions
to the North of the Boundee hills,
then occupied by the British forces,
were ceded to the company, but
part of them were afterwards res-
toredto him. He also renounced
his claim to the district of Koonch
in the province of Bundlecund, but
the company engaged to settle it,
in jaggbire, upon his daughter,
provided his conduct at the end of
two years continued to merit their
approbation. The company on
| their side engaged to have no con-
| cern with the ancient possessions of
the Holkar family, situated to the
south of the river Chumbul, and
| agreed to restore all their conquests
from that family in the Dekhan, ex-
| cept the fort of Chandore and some
other districts, which, however,they
| engaged to give back at the end of
eighteen months, provided the
conduct of Holkar were in the mean
time satisfactory. | Holkar also,
, like Scindia, became bound to en-

* State papers, p. 702.

253

without the consent of the British
government ; and both chiefs enga-
ged never to admit into their coun-
cils or service, Serjee Rao Ghautka,
that person having been proclaimed
an enemy to the British govern-
ment.

After the conclusion of peace
with Holkar, nothing occurred du-
ring the present year, to disturb the
tranquillity of the British empire
in- the east, except the alarming
spirit of mutiny and revolt, which
broke out among the native troops
in the pay of the company, in dif-
ferent parts of the peninsula of In.
dia. ‘fhe first and most fatal evi-
dence of this spirit of disaffection
appeared in the massacre at Vellore,
the circumstances of which were as
foliows. On the 10th of July, about
two o'clock in the morning, the
European barracks at Vellore,
containing four complete compa-
nies of the 69th regiment, were
surrounded by two battalions of
Sepoys in the Company's service, .
who poured in .a heavy fire of
musketry, at every door and win-
dow, upon the soldiers: at the
same time the European sentries,
the soldiers at the main guard, and
the sick inthe hospital, were put
to death ; the officers houses were
ransacked, and every person found
in them murdered. Upon the
arrival of the 19th light dragoons,
under colonel Gillespie, the Sepoys
were immediately attacked; 600
cut down upon the spot, and 200
taken from their hiding places and
shot. There perished, of the four
European companies, about 164,
besides officers ; and many Bri-
tish officers of the native troops were
murdered by the insurgents. Sub.
¢ State papers, 706,

sequent

254

sequent to this explosion there was
a mutiny at Nundydroog ; and, in
one day, 450 Mahometan Sepoys
were disarmed and turned out of
the fort, on the ground of an
intended massacre. It appears
also from the information of the
commanding officerat'T richinopoly,

that a spirit of. disaffection mani-,

fested
riod at
to gain ground in
tion.

As the sous of the Jate Tippoo
Sultan and other Mahometans of
high rank, who had _ been attach-
ed to the fortunes of that prince, re-
sided in the palace of Vellore when
the mutiny broke out, they. were
suspected of being concerned in it ;
and ifit be true, that soon after the
firing commenced, the standard of
Tippoo was hoisted on the palace ;
and that some of the native officers,
engaged in the mutiny, confessed,
after the affair was over, that had
they succeeded in getting possession
of the fort, they expected to have
been assisted from the Mysore coun-
try, their share in it is manifest,
But the demonstrations of a similar
spirit, which broke out in other
parts of the peninsula about the

same time,or soon after the massacre
of Vel ae shew plainly, that there
were predisposing causes of a more
general nature for this alarming
commotion. Oneof these is said to
have been an attempt of the military
men at Madras, to change the shape
of the Sepoy turban into something
resembling the helmet of Kuropean
light infantry, and to prevent the na-
tive troops from wearing, on their
forcheads, the marks characteristic
of their various casts. But the

itself about the same pe-
Bangalore, and seemed
every direc.

* Proclaination of the Madras governmest, Dec. 3rd, 1806.

ANNUAL REGISTER; 1806.

cause, to which the government of

Madras appears to have been dispos-
ed chiefly to attribute this alarming
spirit of disaffection among the
native troops, was a report in-
dustriously spread, and credulously
believed among, them, that it was
“* the wish of the British government
to convert them by forcible means
to Christianity.”* That such a
wicked and absurd project was ne-
ver entertained by our Indian. go-
vernment, we trust it is unnecessary
to assure our readers. So far from
imposing our religion by force upon
our Indian subjects; our govern.
ment has, in general, wisely abstain-
ed from giving any countenance or
support to those fanatical associa.
tions, which from this,or other coun-
tries of Europe, have essayed, with -
small success, to introduce their re-
ligious opinions into India, It must
be confessed, however, that of late
the restless spirit of fanaticism has
insinuated itself into eur Indian.
councils, and though it has not yet
ventured to solicit more than indul-
gence and assistance in spreading
its flames over India, such is the
jealousy of the natives both Mussul-
men and Gentoos,*and the subject
of religion, that it requires little spi-
rit of. prophecy to foresce, that
unless checked in time, it will lead
to the subversion of our Indian em-
pire, and the massacre of our coun-
trymen dispersed over that distant
land. But the attention of the
public has been drawn to this sub-
ject, and we trust, that the massa-
ere of Vellore, as it was the first,
will be the last fruit of this med-
dling and mistaken piety.

When intelligence of the death
of marquis Cornwallis reached

England,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

England,*those who knew the criticat
Situation of our India empire, were
alarmed at the consequences of the
chief command devolving on sir
George Barlow, who as second in
the supreme council of Bengal,

succeeded on that event te the gic
of governor general. The minis-
ters, however, who were themselves
going out of place in a few days, did
pot think they were justified in these
circumstances, to propose any per-
manent arrangement for India;
bot before retiring from office, they
could not deny themselves the gra-
tification of being the moyers of an
address to his majessy, fox the erec-
tion of a public monument, in St.

Paul’s Cathedral, to the memory of
Tord Cornwallis. + + It is worthy of
remark,that in pronouncing a pane-
gyric on that noble lord, the topic
éhiefly insisted on both by the mo-
ver § and seconder || of the address,
as bringing into view the most use-
ful and | meritorious of his public ser-
vices in India, was his settlement of
the land revenues of Bengal on a
permanent footing, by which a
fixed and certain property in the
soil was given to the zemindars, to
be held by them and their poste-

3 Jan. 29th.

t, 24 Geo, 3. sess.
t Feb. 3rd.

255
rity for ever on unalterable condi-
tions, secure from the exactions, and
independent of the favour or caprice
oftheir rulers. for it is not alittle
singular, that while the execution of
this measure was represented. as the
most brilliant act of lord Cornwal-
lis’s administration, for which ora-
tions were pronounced in his praise,
and monuments voted to his memo-
ry, the original author and proposer
of the plan, though the ablest and
most upright statesman ever employ-
ed in the management of our eastern
empire, was not only suffered by the
company to pass unrequited for his
share in that iransaction, but was
defrauded by the silence of these
encomiasts, of the praise he so just-
ly deserved, for having been the first
to discern and proclaim the advan-
tages of asystem, ** the good effects
of which would amply justify any
encomium thatcould be passed upon
them.” {_ ‘That our readers may not
accuse us of dealing in rash assertions
we have sibjoiued in a note some
extracts from a work of Mr. Fran-
cis**, which willsatisfy them, that it
is to the benevolence and wisdom of
that gentleman, that our Indian sub-
jects are indebted forthe first sugges.

2. cap. 52 § 24.
|] Lord Castlereagh.

{| Mr. Grant chairman of the East India Company.
{| Mr. Grant's speech on the 3d of February 1805—Cobbett’s debates, vol.

| 6. p. 122.

** Extracts from a plan for a settlement of the revenues of Bengal, Raharand
Orixa, by Philip rancis, submitted to the court of directors, and dated froin Cal-
cutta on the 22d of January 1776—published in 1782.

§ 53. When the gross sum tobe levied from the country is determined,as well
for the revenae as forall charges incident to it, each zetindary should be assessed’
its proportion, and let that sum be declared the quitrent of these particular lands

in perpetuity.”

Ҥ 55. The quitrent of each zemindary being fixed, the zemindar must be in-

formed, that the due discharge of his rent is the tenure

by which he holds

his lands, ¥ vith every possible assurance thatno‘farther demands will be made upon

him.”

tion

256

tion of asystem of internal policy on
which such high and deserved com-
mendation was on this occasion be-
stowed.

When the new ministers came in-
to-office, the first object that =called
their attention, was the necessity
of making some immediate provision
for the supreme government of In-
dia, and as the circumstances of that
country would not bear delay, they
determined till some permanent ar-
rangement should be devised on re-
commending to the court of direc-
tors the continuance of sir G. Bar-
low in his present situation, with the
necessary powers for bringing to a
conclusion the treaties with the na-
tive princes, which he was then ne-
gotiating. With this recommen-
dation the court of directors readily
and cheerfully complied.

Whatever consequences were af-
terwards attempted to be drawn from
this nomination, aJl the parties con.
cerned in the transaction, under-
stood when it took place, that the
appointment was merely a tempo-
rary one, and liable to be changed.*
Yet when some time afterwards,t
the wishes of his majesty’s govern™
ment were conveyed to the court of
directors, in the usual manner,
through the board of controul, that
sir George Barlow might be recalled,
and lord Lauderdale sent to India,
in his place, the directors shewed
the greatest repugnance both to the
yecal of the one and to the nomina-
tion of the other, and after much
discussion. and correspondence, the
question being put by their chairman
on the recal of sir G. Barlow, it
was carried in the negative by a great

~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

majority.t To what. causes we
should attribute this, the first op-
position ever made by a court of
directors to the recommendation of
a governor general by his majesty’s
ministers, we are ata loss to deter-
mine. The honourable court may
have considered lord Lauderdale as
a personal and political friend of
Mr. Fox, and embraced this oppor-
tunity of shewing, that the events of
1784 were not yet effaced from their
memory. They may have thought
that the commencement of a new
and as many persons supposed, a
disjointed administration, was a fa-
vourable opportunity for advancing
pretensions, which under the ma-
nagement of lords Melville and
Castlereagh, they had never ventur.
ed to bring forward. They may
have been influenced by persons
hostilely disposed towards the new
administration, and desirous to im.
pede and embarrass it by so unexpect~
ed an opposition. But, whatever
were their motives, his majesty’s
ministers, who had not recommend-
ed the recal of sir G. Barlow without

just grounds, in their opinion, for

that recommendation, felt themselves
compelled, when they found the
directors as obstinate as they were
refractory, to advise his majesty to
exercise the power vested in him by
law§, of reealling sir G. Barlow by
a warrant under his sign manual
This exertion of authority was vio-
Iently impugned in the house of
lords by lord Melville,|} who con-
tended, that, though the words of
Mr. Pitt’s ludia bill authorized minis-
ters in what they had done, the spi-
ritand meaning of the act were con-

* Lord Melville’s speech, July 8th, Cobbett's debates, vol. 6. p. 953.

+ May 12th. ;
|} July Sth.

May 20th,

9

me

§ 24 Geo. 3. sess. 2. cap. 25. §

trary

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

trary to it; and forgetful, it should
seem, of the argument so recently
held by his lawyers atthe bar of
Westminster hall, he maintained
generally, that in construing acts
of pavliament, the words of the law,
however clear and explicit, were to
be disregarded and set aside, when
inconsistent with what was known
to have been the intention of the
‘parties who proposed the law, a8
collected from: the proceedings of
parliament and other collateral evi-
dence. He concluded by reproach-
ing bitterly the ministers for the
indecent avidity with which they
grasped at the patronage of India.
Po this attack. lord Grenville re.
plied, that ‘* for hisown part, he
- always wished. that those who were
accused should be tried by the law
itself, and not. by any fanciful in-
terpretations and constructions,
that could be put upon it by other
people. The noble lord must ad-
mit, that.the law gave a power of
recaly and he could. hardly deny
that where there was a right there
was also a duty. The noble lord
must also recolject, that from the
passing of the act in 1784, tothe
year 1801, there had not beena
single governor general appointed
either to Bengal or Madras, that
had not been recommended by him-
Self to the directors; and from
180i to the present time the same
System of recommendation had been
continued. If the house would
eall to their recollection all that had
passed during those 22 years, they
might be surprised, that the charge
ef grasping at Indian patronage

come from that noble lord.”*
The motion of lord Melville, which
was for copies of the correspon.

* Cobbett’s Debates, Vol, VII. p. pe
iad

Vou. XLVIL.

7

‘
(957
dence between the board of cont
troul and the court of directors,
relative to the recal of sir G. Bar-
low, was: then negatived; and lord
Lauderdale having declined + to
urge farther his pretensions to the
office of governor general, the die
rectors gave way to the next res
commendation of government, and
appointed lord Minto~to that high
situation. Thus ended, through the
moderation of lord Lauderdale and
the forbearance of ministers, a cons
test, which, we trust, will eventu-
ally lead to a clear settlement of
the question, whether the real and
effective nomination to the chief
government of India is to reside in
the crown ef England, or in the
directors of the East-India company.

The rapid decline of Mr. Fox’s
health, which was: now too appa«
rent to be longer disguised, had
great effect, it is said, in determining
lord Lauderdale to withdraw lis
pretensions to the government of
India, He probably foresaw a most
pertinacious opposition to his ap.
pointment on the part of the direc.
tors, and it was natural that he
should be unwilling, in the then
critical and dangerous state of his
friend, to harass and disturb his mind
with a contest for any personal
interest of his own. It was, indeed,
but too true, as he justly anticipa-
ted, that the life of that great and
excellent statesman was drawing
fast toa close. Mr. Fox had re.
ceived from nature an uncommon
vigour of constitution, and notwiths
standing the irregularities of his
youth, he had enjoyed uninterrupted
health till about two years before
his death, when the seeds of the dis.
order, to which he fell afterwards a

+ About June, 20th.
victim,

258
victim, were probably formed.
Having in the summer of 1804 made
too free use of the waters of Chelten-
ham, he was soon after seized with
a pain of his right side, which from
its consequences was probably oc-
casioned by an affection of the liver;
and though he soon got apparently
well from that attack, he never en-
joyed again his former health, but
‘was subject to frequent invasions of
a disorder of his bowels. In the
beginning of 1806 he attended the
funeral of Jord Nelson, and being
- then exposed for many hours to the
eold, he was seized with a return of
his complaint, and was never en-
tirely free from it afterwards for any
length of time. In this state of
health he was called to take a prinei-
pal part in the direction of his ma-
jesty’s councils, and besides his
office of secretary of state for fo-

reign affairs, he was prevailed upon.

to undertake the fatiguing duty of
daily attendance in the house of
commons, as leader in that assembly
on the part of government. The
Jabour and anxiety of these avoca.-
tions probably accelerated the pro-
gress of his disease, and certainly
prevented him from having recourse
in time to the measures necessary
for his recovery. At length, about
the middle of June, he became so
Seriously indisposed, that he was
forced to discontinue his attendance
- in parliament. Symptoms of both
general and local dropsy declared
themselves, and so rapid was the
progress of his complaint, that after
the middle of July, though informed
of every step taken by his colleagues
in the negotiations with France, he
could seldom be consulted by them
on that or any other public mea.
~ sures, till they had been carried into
effect. It was at length thought ne-
3

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

cessary by his physicians to have
recourse to the usual eperation for
his relief ,which was accordingly per-
formed for the first time on the 7th
of August and repeated again on
the 3ist. After both operations he
fell into a state of languor and. dee.
pression, but his medical attendants
never absolutely despaired of his
case till Monday the 7th of Septem.
ber, when he sunk into an alarming
state of lowness, in which he lar.
guished till the evening of Saturday
the 13th, when he expired. He re-
tained to the last his senses and un-
derstanding, and till a very short
time before his death he continued
to have confident hopes of his re.
covery. The cause of his death was
ascertained to have been a schirrous
affection of the liver.

Thus died within a few months
after his illustrious rival, one of the
most eminent statesmen and distin=- _
guished assertors of public freedom,
who has appeared in England. The
most prominent feature of this great
man’s character was an ardent love
of liberty, and generons detestation
of cruelty, hypocrisy and oppression.

“Never was his voice raised in de-
fence of violence or injustice, nor
his aid refused to any one, who im.
plored his assistance against oppres-
sion or persecution. His most vio-
lent adversaries, when deserted and
betrayed by those in whom they
had placed their confidence, found
in him a zealous champion and stre-
nuous advocate for their rights. His
bitterest enemy, whose malignant
hostility had pursued him through.
out life, when sinking under perse-
cution and abandoned by every one .
else, met unexpectedly in him with
an active, indefatigable and success
ful defender, But if his heart was
generous and forgiving, his under.
standing

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

standing was of the highest order.
‘Fo .the other qualities of a great
statesman and political leader he
added the rare endowment of a truly
philosophical genius, which impelled
him, in every subject that occupied
his mind, to investigate its prin-
ciples and trace them in their con-
sequences and effects. It was this
turn of mind, which gave their pe-
culiar value to his speeches in par-
liament. The quickness and clear.
ness of his apprehension ; the ful-
ness and accuracy of his memory ;
_ the comprehensiveness of his views

and reasonings; the acuteness and
soundness of his logic ; the spright-
liness and pleasantry of his wit; the
warmth and sincerity of his feel-
ings ; the simplicity, force and vari-
ety of his language; eminently qua.
lified him for public debate: but it
was to the general principles, un-
folded and illustrated in his speeches,
that they owed their distinguishing
merit of being the best sources of
constitutional knowledge, and pro-
foundest lessons of politicaland prac-
tical wisdom.

As a private man, Mr. Fox’s affec--
tions were warm, his temper kind,

his manners simple, and his disposi-
tion easy, open and unsuspecting.
His views, as a statesman, were, in
general, pacific ; but no man ever
shewed less apprehension of the hor-
rors of war, where national honour
was concerned ; and till the antient
system of European confederacy
was dissolved, no man showed more
attachment to the wise and provi-
dent policy of maintaining a balance
of power upon the continent. In
the early part of his political career,
it may be questioned, whether, in
his system of foreign politics, too
much weight was not given to Prus-
pia ; and in the latter part of his life,

>

959

it may be doubted, whether he had
not formed a higher opinion of the
power and resources of Russia, than
subsequent events have justified.
But in the general accuracy of his
knowledge and justness of his yiews
of foreign politics, he was unri-
valled among the statesmen of his
day, and has left no one behind him
in any degree his equal. His opi-
nions on subjects of domestic poli-
tics are teo well known to beal-
luded to here at any length. His
principles with regard to the En-
glish constitution were those of the
Whig Aristocracy, moderated and
tempered by strong popular sym-
pathies, and an invincible confidence
in the good sense and good inten-
tions of the people of England.
When the duke of Brunswick’s in-
famous manifesto ushered in the
coalition of kings against France,
it was impossible with the character
and sentiments of Mr. Fox, that
he should not be incensed by such
arrogant and insulting menacesy
and fixed upon the side of. those,
who were contending for their
political rights and independence.
The separation that followed, from
some of the oldest and dearest
of his political and persona
friends, affected him nearly, and had
almost induced him to abandon pub.
lic life, and retire into the country.
But regard for other friends, who
had taken a deeper interest than
himself in these transactions, and a
sense of the duty he owed to, the
public, at that critical moment, pre-
vented him from executing his pur-
pose. The course of subsequent
events necessarily connected him
more intimately, than at any former
period of his life, with the more
democratic or popular branch of
the whig party; and the alarming
$2 atata

~ repeated,

6

the one hand with Mr. Hume’s eu-
thanasia to its constitution, and in
danger, on the other, of being a
prey to popular excesses, which
might lead to the only state ‘of
things, that could make any one
doubt’ whether the despotism of
monarchy was not the greatest of
all evils, inclined him more favour.
ably to parliamentary reform, than
he had ever been, while the whig
party was only beaten but not dis-
persed. ‘he doctrine he had held
after the death-blow received by
the popular. branch of ‘the consti-
tution in'1784, had formerly been,

‘that the power of the house of com-

mons ought to be first restored,
and its constitution considered af-
terwards. . Hé now thought it bet-
ter to invert the order, and to say
parliament sheuld first be reformed,
and then restored toits just influ.
ence. From that period to his
death, Mr. Fox enjoyed the un-
bounded confidenee of the more de-
mocratic or popular whigs, who
first under lord Chatham and after-
wards under Jord’ Lansdowne, had

formed a distinct party during the

preceding part of the present reign.
By what steps he succeeded in re-
uniting them afterwards with the
more aristocratic whigs, who had
gone over to the court, during the
alarm produced by the French re-
volution, and from whom they had
so long been separated, is too re-
cent and too well known to be here
It is to ‘be regretted,
that the union of these parties, so
necessary for the preservation of
public freedom, and so essential-to
the common object of both, was so
long delayed, and that when made,
it was not more firmly ‘consolidated
befere the loss of ‘him, iby whose

“ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

wine
state of the country, threatened on .

tried integrity and conciliatory cha.
racter it had been chiefly, if not
entirely, effected. ib ot
At the period of Mr. Fox’s death,
the strength and popularity of the
administration were much inferior
to what they had been at the;time
of its accession to power. . The
country had expected from the ta--
lents and reputation of its members,
either the restoration of peace, or
more successful prosecution of the
war, 4nd in both expectations it
had been disappointed. It. had
lodked to important reformsin pub-
lic expenditure, and to a rigid en-
quiry into past malversations and
abuses. It was not satisfied with
the exertions of. ministers in regard
to the first; and with respect to the
second, its hopes had been grievously
damped by the acquittal of lord
Melville, which was very generally
construed into a proof, either of
weakness that was unable, or of
connivance that was unwilling to
punish him. The coldness with
which the prosecution of lord Wel-
lesley was viewed by one part of
the government, and the indecent
warmth, with which his defence was
undertaken ‘by another part, had
disgusted and offended a numerous
and respectable part of the commu-
nity, to whom that nobleman was
particularly obnoxious. The ine
crease of the income tax was uni-
versally felt, and the suppressien of
exemptions, however profitable to
the exchequer, had added severely
to its pressure on the poor and ine
dustrious, ‘The additional allows
ance to the princes of the blood
had made a great impression on the
public mind, not-on account of the
magnitude of the sum, but'because
the proposal originated with those,
whose professions of economy were
still

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

still fresh in its recollection. The
reform of the army was the justest
claim to popularity, which the ad-
ministration had yet to offer, but
the art of their political opponents
had contrived to represent its au-
thor as an enemy and contemner
ef the volunteers, and to excite
against him in the minds of that
numerous and respectable’ body of
men, feelings of unmerited resent-
ment and indignation. By similar
arts, the American intercourse hill,
a measure which had no other fault
but that of doing nothing, was re-
presented -to the shipping interest,
as infallibly calculated for their
destruction. In addition to these
causes of unpopularity, the feeble
and injudicious management of the
patronage of government, by which
the friends of administration had
been disgusted, and its enemies en-
couraged without being econciliated,
had weakened the usual influence
of government, strengthened the
jealousies:: and suspicions among
its partisans, and excited the hopes
and increased the boldness of its
opponents. From the ‘union of
these causes there was a general
spirit of discontent and dissatisfac-
tion spread over the nation, at the
moment when the death of Mr.
ox seemed to Joosen the bonds,
that held together the different
members of the administration.

; So sensible was the opposition of
the declining power and popularity
of the ministry, that during Mr.
Fox’s illness, some of its leaders are
understood to have made private
“overtures to the court, for taking
back the reins of government,
which they had sutiered to drop
from their hands some months be-

fore. How these overtures, if ac- -

~
‘ey

ly made, were received, we are

261
unable to communicate to our read-
ers, That they were followed by
no immediate effects, does not sura
prise us. It was still uncertain,
whether Mr.Fox might not recover 5
and in case of his death, it is not
improbable, that hopes were enter.
tained, of being able to form without
a struggle, anew administration, in |
which his friends would be left out.
The account of his death was reo
ceived at court with coldness and
indifference, and such inquiries into
the particulars of that event as
curiosity dictated, were studiously
addressed to those, who from the

‘recentness of their connection with

him, were the least likely to receive
from them gratification, or consider
them as marks of an interest in his
fate. .No haste was expressed to
fill up the vacancy occasioned by
his death. It was rather desired,
that due consideration should pres
cede the formation of the new mi-
nisterial arrangements, which that
event rendered necessary. But if
expectations were harboured, that
lord Grenville, on whom the sug
gestion of the new arrangements
naturally devolved, would take this
opportunity of separating from Mr.
Fox’s. friends, they were com-
pletely disappointed. That noble-
man seems, on the contrary, to
have taken pains to shew, that his
attachment to his new associates
had been strengthened, instead of
being impaired by their connection,
and that even an event like this,
which left him the choice of his
future partners in the government,
was insufficient to detach him from
them. He recommended lord
Howick to succeed Mr Fox in the
foreign office; Mr. Grenville to be
first lord of the admiralty in the
plate of lord Howick; Mr. Tierney

; te

262

zo be president of the board of con-
zroul in the place of Mr. Grenville,
who had succeeded to that office,
with a cabinet place, on the ap-
pointment of lord Minto to the
government of Bengal ;. lord: Sid-
mjnouth to succeed to the presidency
of the council, from which lord
Fitzwilliam, on account of bad
health, was desirous to withdraw ;
and lord Holland to succeed lord
Sidmouth as lord privy seal. In
zhese appointments, it is worthy of
wemark, that lord. Holland, the
nephew of Mr. Fox, was the only
mew member brought, into the
cabinet. When these new arrange-
ments were submitted to his majesty,
he was graciously pleased to ac-
quiesce in them.

The only measure of the new
ministry, that falls under our notice
in the course of the present year,
is the dissolution of parliament,. on
which we confess that we cannot
bestow our commendation. Even
the advocates of this whig admini-
stration, we apprehend, must admit,
that in this measure they sacrificed
to temporary expediency the per-
manent interests of the constitu.
tion. The crown has unquestion.
ably the right of dissolving parlia-
ment. But from the composition
of that assembly, the exercise of
this right tends infallibly to increase
the influence of ministers in the
house of commons ; and, therefore,
were it ever to become the usual
practice of our government, for
those in office to dissolve parlia-
ments, when not constituted to
their liking, these assemblies, in-
fluenced by the terrors of a prema-
ture dissolution, which is always
inconvenient and expensive to their
snembers, would lose all spirit of
liberty or resistance, and become

at

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

the tame and servile instruments of
court. If septennial parliaments
are found to be of too long dura-
tion, it would be better at once to
revive the triennial act, than palliate
the evil by a remedy, which, every
time it is repeated, adds to ‘the in-
fluence of the crown over the repre-
sentatives of the people. We are
not ignorant that particular situa.
tions and emergencies call for this
exertion of the prerogative ; but we
know of no. sufficient reason to
justify the advice to exercise it on
the present occasion.. There was
ne difference of opinion between
the two houses of parliament,
Peace, it is true, had not been ob=
tained; but the causes, that had
led to a rupture of the negotiation,
were unknown to the public,, when
parliament was dissolved ; and judg-
ing from past experience, there
could be no apprehension of too
strong a disposition to péace in the
existing house of commons, or of
any reluctance in its members to
concur in the most expensive mea,
sures for the vigorous prosecution
of the war.

The returns to the new parlia-
ment were such as greatly to add
to the weight and influence of the
friends of administration in. the
house of commons. The whig
party, which had been driven out
of the representation of Yorkshire
in 1784, recovered one of the seats
for that great and independent
county. In Norfolk, after a hard
fought contest, both members ree
turned were Whigs. One of the
seats for Liverpool was carried by
the abolitionists, against the traf.
fickers in human flesh. But on the
other hand a friend of administra~
tion was turned out of the repre.
sentation of Southwark, and an-

: othey

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Other lost the city ef Norwich.
Westminster was the scene of a
most violent contest between a
friend of government anda on
tented whig; and one of the stats
for Middlesex was lost to the
popular party, by 4 wanton and
personal attack of sir Francis Bur-
dett on the memory of Mr. Fox.
Ireland enjoyed tranquillity du-
ring the greater part of the present
year, under the mild and concilia-
tory government of the duke of
Bedford. It may be questioned,
indeed, whether the system of con-
ciliation, pursued by that amiable
and excellent nobleman, was not
carried farther than prudence justi-
fied, or popular discontent could
bear. Since the catholics could
not be gratified with the restoration
of their privileges, they ought to
have been soothed by the public

263—352

and marked disgrace of their
enemies, and relieved from future
apprehension by purging, without
delay, the magistracy of their tor-
turers and persecutors. Towards
the close of the year, disturbances
broke out in the north-west of
Ireland, occasioned by a banditti,
who went about in the night time
under the name of Threshers, com-
mitting every sort of crime and out-
rage. Strong applications were
made to the Castle, to have these
disturbances put down by the ine
surrection Jaw, the usual remedy in
Ireland on such occasions; but the
duke of Bedford refused to have
recourse, without necessity, to so
violent a remedy, and by proper
use of the ordinary and regular
authority of government, he suc-
ceeded in repressing and putting 2
stop to these excesses.

[ 353 ]

CHRONICLE.

JANUARY.
ist. J WURING the action off

Trafalgar, a woman was

- stationed below, handing up powder
in the enemy’s ship L’Achille,which
was burnt in the engagement. She
escaped in the following extraordi-
nary manner.

‘¢ After the ship was dismasted
and had struck, she came upon
deck. About this time the ship
took fire; her rigging lying across
her, it soon became impossible to
extinguish the flames,and all the peo-
_ ple,who were able to swim, began to
guither. The woman then went
down to the lower deck, while the
fire was raging above, and _ staid
there nntil the gans began to fall
through the main deck; she then
_ gotout of the gun-room port on the
back of the rudder, and undressed,
but would not trust herself to the
_ water, till the melted lead from the
tafleril ran down, and burnt her
head, shoulders, legs, and several
parts of the body. Then, com-
mitting herself to Providence, she
jumped into the sea, and was about
half an hour, as near as she could
guess, without any thing to sup-
port her: she then, fortunately, got
hold of a piece of cork, which she

Vor, XLVIII,

™

found floating: Soon after, a man,
who was swimming near, brought
her a smail piece. of plank, which
she got under her breast—this was
the only support she had ; and, after
being. an hour and a half in the
water, was taken up by one of the
Belleisle’s boats, the officer of
which, with that humanity and at.
tention to the weaker sex, which,
we hope, will ever characterize a
British seaman, immediately pulled
off his coat, and some other part of
his cloaths, to cover her, She was
soon after put on board the Pickle
schooner, from whence she was gent
on board the Revenge the next
morning. She found on board the
Pickle her husband, who had also
escaped, and who was brought to
the Revenge with her. They were
both landed at Algesiras, on the
ship’s arrival at Gibraltar, after she
had been fitted out by the officers
in adress as suitable to her sex as
the conversion of dressing gowns,
&c. would admit of. She was young,
handsome, and very intelligent. She
wasa native of French Flanders—her
name Jannette.”

The four vergers of St. Paul’s
cathedral, who have the exclusive
property of the body of the church,
are said to make more than a thou-

Ries Oa" sand

354

sand pounds by the daily admis-
sions to sce the preparations for the
funeral of Lord Nelson; the door-
money is taken as at a puppet-shew,
and amounted for several days to
more than 401. each day!!

This morning a meeting took
place near Nottingham, between
ensign Butler, of the 36th regiment,
and ensign Brown, who was on the
recruiiing service.in that town. The
parties fired together by signal ;
when, unfortunately, ensign Brown
was shot through the heart, and in-
stantly expired, without uttering a
word. Ensign Butler immediately
disappeared. —

A nautical clock was lately stolen
from the dbservatory of col. Beau-
foy, at Hackney Wick, which was
avery extraordinary piece of me-
chanism. It has four hands, the first
of which points at the number of
yards a ship sails; the second shows

the hundreds of yards, from 100 to-

2,000 ; the third specifies the num-

ber of miles, from one to ten; and

the fourth the tens of miles, from

10 te 100. This curious machine

is put in motion by a log line, and

the whole is considered as a great dis-
covery in navigation.

During the funeral procession of
Jord Nelson up the river, a lady of
the name of Bayne (related to the
late captain William Bayne, who
Jost his life in the West Indies, under
Lord Rodney) was so affected at
the scene, that she fell into hysterics,
and died a few minutes after,

4th. The house of Mrs. Head,
near Aylesbury, was broke open,
and she and herson murdered. ‘The
son was found in a pond near the
house, with his head nearly severed
from his body, and the mother in
the house, dreadfully mangled.

* Faran Durn.—Abouta year ago,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

a duel was to have taken place at
Liverpool, between major Brookes
and colonel Bolton, in consequence
ofa quarrel; but the affair being
known, they were bound to keep
the peace for one year. After this,
the animosity between them in-
creased daily, and each reproached
the other with having informed the
officers of justice of their i ‘ontion
to fight. The time for which they
were bound to keep the peace
elapsed on Friday week, when 2
challenge passed, and an immediate
meeting was determined upon.—
They met, and at the first fire major
B. was killed on the spot. ‘The
colonel has absconded.

5th. Funerat or Lorp Netson,
The Great Hall at Greenwich hos-
pital was this day (Sunday,) thrown
open for the admission of the public
to see the coffin which contains the
body of our naval hero, when the
confusion and impetuosity of the
crowd, who had long been waiting
for admission, was such as perhaps
was never equalled.—It is calculated
that upwards of 20,000 persons
were unable to gain admission. On
the second and third days the crowd
was equally great ; but some troops
of horse guards having arrived to-
assist the volunteers, the ingressand
egress were effected with more re-
gularity. though not without many
persons sustaining severe injury.

The arrangements of the solem-
nity wereas follows :—In the fune-
ral saloon, high above the corpse, a
canopy of black velvet was suspend-
ed, richly festooned with gold, and
the festoons ornamented with the
chelenk, or plume of triumph, pre-
sented to his Jordship by the grand
seignior. It was also decorated
with his coronet, and a view of the
stern of the San Josef, the Spanish

admiral’s

CHRO

- admiral’s ship, already quartered in

his arms. On the back field, beneatlt
the canopy, was emblazoned an
escutcheon of his arms ; the helmet,
surmounted by a naval crown, and
enriched with the trident and palm
branch in saltier—motte, ** Paimam
qui meruit ferat.” Also his shield,
ornamented with silver stars, with
the motto,—** Tria juneta in uno ;”
and surmounting the whole upon a
gold field, embraced by a golden
wreath, was inscribed in sable cha-
racters,the word ‘¢ Trafalgar,” com-
memorative of the proudest of his
great achievements.—The Rev. Mr.
Scott, the chaplain of the Victory,
and who, in consequence of his
lordship’s last injunctions, attended
his remains from the moment of his
death, sat as chief mourner in an
elbow chair at the head of the coffin.
—At the foot of the coffin stood a
pedestal, covered with black velvet,
richly fringed with alternate black
and yellow, and ‘supporting a hel-
metsurmounted bya naval crown,
ornamented with the chelenk or tri-
umphal plume, with models richly
gilt, and his lordship’s shield, gaunt-
jet, and sword.—Ten mourners
were placed, three on each side of
the chief, and one at each corner of
the coffin, allin deep mourning, with
black scarfs, their hair full powder-
ed, in bags.—Ten banners, elevaved
on staves, and emblazoned with
various quarterings of his lordship’s
arms and heraldic dignities, cach
bearing its appropriate motto, were
suspended towards the coflin, five on
each side.—A railing, in form of a
crescent, covered with black, en-
closed the. funeral saloon from the
Great Hall, by the elipsis of which,
from right to left. the spectators ap-
proached and receded.—Both the
hall and saloon were entirely sur-

NICLE. $55

rounded at the tops by rows of
silver sconces, each with two wax
lights, and between each two an
escutcheon of his lordship’s armorial
dignities.

The aquatic part of the proces.
sion took place on Wednesday the
8th. The entrance of the several
city companies into their barges,
and the embarkation of the difierent
parties at Greenwich, occupied a
considerable time. At ten o’clock,
the company not having arrived to
fill the barges, the River Fencibles
were obliged to proceed towards
Greenwich ; the barges then, with-
out attending to any particular
order, rowed down the river singly,
as soon as they had taken in their
company. About twelve o'clock,
all the persons who were to assist in
the ceremony, were assembled at
the Governor’s house. The body
was then carried frem the saloon
through the Great Hall, and placed
on board the state barge—the coffin
was covered with a velvet pall
adorned with escutcheons.—There
were four barges connected with
the funeral, which were covered
with black cloth ; the company in
these were all in mourning cloaks
over their uniforms: all the com-
panies’ barges folowed.—The pro.
eession moved much faster than
was apprehended, the barges being
rowed by picked men, and the
whole arrived at Whitehall soon af-
ter three o’clock. The corpse was
afterwards removed to the admi-
ralty, amidst a double line of troops.
—-Minute guns were fired the whole
time of the procession by water,
and the flags of all vessels in the
river were lowered on the masts,

Betore break of day on Thursday,
(9th) the most extensive military pree
parations were made for the burial

Aa? of

356

of this illustrious warrior; At ten
o'clock upwards of 100 carriages,
of which 6O were mourning coaches,
had assembled in Hyde Park.—In
St. James’s Park were.drawn up all
the regiments of cavalry and infan-
try, quartered within 100 miles of
London, who had served in the cam-
paigns in Egypt, after the victory
at the Nile; and a detachment of
flying artillery, with 12 field pieces,
and their ammunition, tumbrils, &c.
—The following is the order of the
procession from the admiralty to St.
Paul’s, which was headed by the
duke of York, his aides-de-camp
and staff :

A detachment of the 10th light
dragoons.—F our companies of the
42d Highlanders.—The band of the
Old Buffs playing Rule Britannia,
drums mufiled.—The 92d regiment,
in sections, their colours honourably
shattered in the campaign of Egypt,
which word was inscribed upon
them, borne in the centre, and hung
with crape.—The remaining com-
panies of the 42d, preceded by their
national pipes, playing the dead

march in Saul.—The 21st and 31st.

regiments, with their bands playing
as before. —Remainder of the 10th
light dragoons ; trumpets sounding,
at intervals, a solemn dirge,—
Eleventh dragoons.—Scots Greys,
preceded by six trumpeters sound-
ing the dead march.—Detachment
of flying artillery, with twelve field
pieces and tumbrils.—Six marshal-
men, on foot, to clear the way.—
Messenger of the college of arms, in
2 mourning coach, with a badge of
the college on his left shoulder, his
staff tipped with silver, and furled
with sarsnet.—Six conductors, in
mourning cloaks, with black staves,

* This committee, to whom it wasreferred to arrange the ceremonial part to

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

‘ !

headed with viscounts’ coronets.—
Forty-eight pensioners from Green
wich hospital, two and two, in —
mourning cloaks, with badges of the
crests of the deceased on their shoul-
ders, and black staves in their hands.
—Twelve marines and forty-eight
seamen of his majesty’s ship the
Victory, two and two, in their or-
dinary dress, with black neck-hand-
kerchiefs and stockings, and crape
in their hats.—Watermen of the
deceased, in black coats, with their
badges.—Drums and fifes.—Drum
major.—Trumpets.—Serjeant trum. —
peter.—Rouge Croix pursuivant of
arms (alone in a mourning coach,)
in close mourning, with his tabard
over his cloak, black silk scarf, hat-
band and gloves.—The standard
borne in front of amourning coach,
in which was a captain of the royal
navy, supported by two lieutenants,
in their full uniform coats, with
black cloth waistcoats, breeches,
and black stockings, and crape
round their arms and hats.—Trum-
pets——Biue Mantle pursuivant of
arms (alone in a mourning coach,)
habited as Rouge Croix.—The gui-
don borne in front of a mourn.
ing coach, in which was a captain of
the royal navy, supported by two
lieutenants, dressed as those who
bore and supported the standard.—
Servants of the deceased, in mourns
ing, in amourning coach.—-Officers
of his majesty’s wardrobe in mourn-
ing coaches.—Gentlemen,—Esquires.
—Deputation from the common
council of London.*—Physicians of
the deceased in a mourning coach,
— Divines, in clerical. habits. —
Chaplains of the deceased, in cleri-
cal habits,.and secretary of the dee
ceased, in a mourning coach.—

- Trumpets,

b be

CHRONICLE.

Trumpets.—Rouge Dragon, pur-

-Suiyant of arms (alone, in a mourn-

ing coach,) habited as Blue Mantle.
—The banner of the deceased, asa
knight of the Bath, borne in front of

a mourning coach, in which were:

a captain of the royal navy, sup-
ported by two lieutenants, dressed
as those who bore and supported
the guidon.—Officers who attended
the body while it lay in state at
Greenwich, in mourning coaches.—
Knights bachelors. — Masters in
chancery and serjeants at law.—So-
licitor general.—Attorney general.
—Prime serjeant.—Judge of the ad-
miralty.— Knightmarsha].—Knights
of the Bath.—Baronets.—A gentle-
man usher (in a mourning coach)
carrying a carpet and black velvet
cushion, whereon the trophies were
to be deposited in the church.—
Comptroller, treasurer, and steward
ofthe household of the deceased (in
a mourning coach) in mourning
cloaks, bearing white staves.— Next
followed the carriages -of the dif-
ferent degrees of nobility, and great
law officers, who’ attended to show
their respect to the memory of the
deceased, beginning with the younger
sons of barons, and ending with
flukes.—Duke of Cumberland, ina
coach and six.— Duke of Kent, in a

- €oach and six.— Duke of Clarence,

in a coach and six.—His royal high-
ness the priuce of Wales, ina coach

and six; preceded by a coach and
$ix, im which were his royal high-

iess’s aides-de-camp.—Five trum-
peters sounding a solemn dirge.—

357

A herald (alone in a mourning
coach) habited as the other officers
of arms.—The great banner, borne
in front of a mourning coach, in
which were a captain and two lieu-
tenants, as with the other banners.
—Gauntlet and spurs, helm and
crest, target- and sword, surtout,
each borne in front of a mourning
coach and four, in which were
heralds, habited as before. — A
mourning coach, in which the coro-
net of the deceased, on a black vel-
vet cushion, was borne by Claren-
cieux king of arms, habited as be-
fore, and attended by two gentle-
men ushers.—The six lieutenants of
the Victory, habited ‘as before,
bearing the bannerolls, intwo mourns
ing coaches.—The six admirals ; viz.
Caldwell, Hamilton, Nugent, Bligh,
sir R, Curtis, and sir C. M. Pole,
in like habits, who were to bear the
canopy, in two mourning coaches,
—Four admirals; viz. Whiteshod,
Savage, Taylor, and Harvey, in like
habits, to support the pall, in @
mourning coach.

The coffin, stripped of its velvet
pall, and placed on a funeral car,
supported upon a platform, covered
with black cloth, and festooned.
with velvet richly fringed, and des
corated with escutcheons on each
side, between which were inscribed
the words, ** Trinidad” and ‘*Bucens
taur.”—The car modelled at the
ends, in imitation of the hull of the
Victory. Its head, towards the
horses, was ornamented with a figure
of Fame. The stern, carved and

Aa 3 painted

be observed by the corporation at large, at the funeral of lord Nelson, consisted of

the following twelve gentlemen :
Samuel Birch, Esq.
John Nichols, Esq.
4. Dixon, Esq.
‘tL. Marriott, Esq.

Dan. Pinder, Esq,
Sol. Wadd, Esq.
J. Boak, Esq.
John Orde, Esq.

Sir W. Rawlins, Knt.
T. Goodbehere, Esq,
J. Taddy, Esq. ,

E. Colbatch, Esq.

558

painted im the naval style, with the
word ‘¢ Viétory” in yellow raised
letters on the lanthorn over the
poop. The coffin, placed on the
quarter-deck, with 1ts head towards
the stern, with an English Jack pen-
dant over the poop, and lowered
half staff. There was an awning
over the whole, consisting of an ele-
gant canopy, supported by four pil-
Jars, inthe form of palm-trees, and
partly covered with black velvet.
The corners and sides were deco-
rated with black ostrich feathers,
and festooned with black velvet,
richly fringed; immediately above
which, in the front, was inscribed, in
gold, the word ‘* Nite,” at one end:
on one side the following motto—
*¢ Hoste devicto requievit:” behind,
the word ‘* J’rafalgar:” and, on the
other side, the motto-—** Palmam
qui meruit ferat.” Thecarriage was
drawn by six Jed horses, in elegant
furniture.—Then followed,

Garter principal king of arms (in
a mourning coach,) habited as the
other officers of arms, with his scep-
tre, attended by two gentlemen
ushers. —The chief mourner, sir
Peter Parker, in along mourning
cloak, with his two supporters,
being admirals lords Hood and Rad-
stock, and his train-bearer, the
Hon. captain Blackwood, all in
mourning cloaks, over their full
uniform coats, black waistcoats,
breeches, and stockings, crape round
their arms and hats,—Six assistant
mourners, beivg admirals (in two
mourning coaches,) in mourning
cloaks as before.—Norroy king of
arms (in a mourning coach, ) habited
as the other officers of arms.—The
banner of emblems, in front of a
mournifig coach, in which were a
eaptain and two lieutenants of the
royal navy, as with the ether ban-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ners.—Relations of the deceased, im
mourning coaches.—Officers of the
navy and army, according to their
respective ranks, the seniors nearest
the body.—The wholein 50 mourn.
ing coaches.—The private chariot
of the deceased lord—empty—the
blinds deawn up—the coachman
and footman in deep mourning, with
bouguets of cypress—The whole
moved on in solemn pace through
the Strand to Vemple Bar gate,
where the lord mayor of London,
with the corporation, waited to re-
ceive the procession. On the ar-
rival of the military preceding the
whole, his lordship advanced, and
spoke a few words to the duke of |
York. As the pr cession advanced
within the city, the carriages of the
common council, as had been pre-
viously adjusted, fell in before the
physicians of the deceased ; the al-
dermen and sheriffs before the mas-
ters in chancery ; and thelord mayor
between the prince of Wales and
the heralds at arms. i
In this order the procession en-
tered the cathedral, which was filled
at an early hour with spectators of
the first distinction: the highland
regiments, whopreceded it, entered
the church, and ranged themselves
on the outer side of the passage.—~
A party of sailors closed the pro- ©
cession, bearing the three flags
of lord Nelson’s ship, “ The Vice.
tory.”—From the lateness of the
arrival of the corpse, most of the
service was performed by torch-
light.—The order of interment was
as follows :
The body, having been taken from
the funeral car, was borne into the
church and choir by eight seamen of
the Victory, according to the fol-
lowing order :—Tue Bopy, covered
as before.—The pall supported by
admirals,

CHRONICLE.

fdmirals, three admirals on each
side supporting the canopy.—-Three
lieutenants on each side bearing
bannerolls.—The chief mourner, and
his two supporters, were seated on
chairs at the head of the body, and
the six assistant mourners, and four
supporters of the pall, on stools
on each side. The relations of the
deceased were also near them in the
choir.—The officers of the navy and
army, who followed in the proces-
sion, remained in the body of the
church.—The carpet and cushion
(on which the trophies are afterwards
to be deposited) were laid by the
gentleman usher who carried them,
on a table placed near the grave,
and behind the place which was oc-
cupied by the chief mourner.—The
coronet and cushion, berne by: Cla-
rencieux king of arms, was on the
body, and the canopy borne over it.
—At the conclusion of the service
in the choir, a procession was made
from thence to the grave, with the
banners and bannerolls as before ;
the officers of arms proceeding with
the trophies ; the body borne and
attended as before ; the chief mourn.

* The following inscription is on the coffin:

359

er and his supporters, who placed
themselves at the head of the grave ;
and the assistant mourners, and the
relations of the deceased, near them.
The service at the interment being
over, Garter proclaimed the style 5
and the comptroller, treasurer, and
steward of the deceased, breaking
their staves, gave the pieces to Gar-
ter; who threw them into the grave.
The interment being thus ended,
the standard, banners, bannerolls,
and trophies were deposited on the
table behind the chief mourner ; and
the procession, arranged by the offi-
cers of arms, returned.

A grand funeral canopy of state
was borne over the coffin by six ad-
mirals, of black vetvet, supported
by six small pillars, covered with the
same material, and crowned by six
plumes of black ostrich feathers 5
the vallens were fringed with black,
and decorated with devices of fes-
toons and symbols of his lordship’s
victories, and his arms, crest, and
coronet, in gold. ‘This canopy was
removed from over the body a little
before it was lowered, that thesplens
dour of the ornaments of the eoffin*

Aa 4 might

; DEPOSITUM.
The Most Noble Lord HORATIG NELSON,
Viscount and Baron Nersown of the Nix,

and

of

Burnham Thorpe, in the County of Norfolk.
Baron Neison of the Nile, and of Hilborough in the said County.
Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath;
Vice-Admiral of the White Squadron of the Fleet;

jan
Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty’s Ships and Vessels in the Mediterranean.

: also
: Duke of Brow7#, in Sicily;
Knight Grand Cross of the Sicilian Order of St. Ferdinand, and of Merit,
y Member of the Ottoman Order of the Crescent;

and
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of St, Joachim.
Born September 29, 1758,

_ After a series of transcendant and heroic Services, this gallant Admiral fell gloe.
niously, in the moment of a brilliant and decisive Victory over the Combined Fleets
ef France and$pain, off Cape Trafalgar, on the 21st of October, 1805,

360

might be rendered more visible to
the spectators. ‘There was an ex-
cellent contrivance for letting down
the body into the grave. A bier
rose from the oblong aperture under
the dome, for the purpose of sup-
porting the coflin, This bier was
raised by invisible machinery, the
aparatus being totally concealed. be-
low the pavement of the church.—
The procession departed in nearly
the same order in which it arrived.

_ When the duke of Clarence as-
cended thesteps of St. Paul’s, he
suddenly stopped, and took hold of

the colours that were borne by the.

Victory’s men, and after conversing
with one of the gallant tars, he
burst into tears.—On the entrance
of the tattered flags within the com-
munion rails, the prince of Wales,
after conversing with the duke of Cla-
rence, sent and requested they might
be brought.as near the grave as pos-
sible, and on observing them, al-
though at some distance, the tears
fell from his-royal highness.

8th. In the afternoon, about
three o’clock, the mansion-house oc-
cupied by Lord Lowther, at Cot-
tismere, near Grantham, was disco-
vered to be on fire, occasioned by
some defect in the flues under the
apartment in which his lordship, the
viscountess, and the hon. Miss Low.
ther, usually slept; all of which
were destroyed before the flames
could be subdued: the rest of the
house was fortunately preserved,

Oth. As a young girl, named Ca-
rey,’ was returning from the market
of Drogheda, to her father’s house
at Talleyesker, with bread, tea and
sugar, she was waylaid by. some
villains, near Mr. Davis’s lime-kilns,
on the north.road, who dragged her
into a field, and after debauching
her, abused her in so shocking a

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

manner as to leave her for dead. —
Early the following morning, as
Mr. Davis’s man was coming to
town to chapel, he heard the moans
of a person in distress, and went
into the field, where he found her
Jying in a furrow, and nearly co-
vered with water. Having procured
immediate assistance, he brought
her to his house; but she was so
much exhausted that she could not
give any account of the villains, She —
_was afterwards removed to the
house of a relative near town, and
died the next day. A coroner’s in-
quest was held on the body, who
found a verdict of wilful murder
against some person or persons un-
known. She was not robbed of the
articles she was carrying.
Cambridge.—The rev. Dr. Clau-
dius Buchanan, vice-president of
the college of Fort William, in Ben-
gal, has proposed a prize of 500.
to bachelors of Jaw, masters of arts,
and persons of superior degree of
the university of Oxford, for the
best work in English prose, em-
bracing the following subjects, which
has been accepted :—I. The proba-
ble design of the Divine Providence
in subjecting so large a portion of
Asia to the British dominions,—--II.
The duty, means, and consequences
of translating the scriptures into the
oriental tongues, and of promoting
christian knowledge in Asia.—ILI.
A. brief historic view of the progress
of the gospel in different nations,
since ifs first promulgation ; illus-
trated by maps, shewing the lumi-
nous tracts throughout the world ;
with chronological notices of its du-
ration, in particular places, The
regions of Mahommedanism to be
marked with red, and those of Pa-
ganism with a dark colour..
Among the many extraordinary
‘ inter

C Hi OW 1EC LE,

inferpositions of Providence, the
following circumstance stands aimost
unparalleled :—-During | the height
of the storm on Thursday se’nnight,
a stack of chimnies belonging’ to
Mr. Bignel, of Shepherd’s Bush,
without the slightest notice to afford
preparation for escape, fell through
the roof of the house into his bed-
room, with a most tremendous crash,
breaking a beam which lay length-
ways over the bed, through which
it was forced, and at last rested
against the floor: the other part de-
stroying at the same instant a child’s
bed, placed immediately opposite.
The ends of the wall fortunately re-
mained fixed. At the first alarm,
Mr. Bignel directed his aid to the
protection of his youngest child (on-
jy three months old) lying by his
side, and succeeded at length in
escaping from the ruins, with his
wife much bruised, and the infant
unhurt; and afterwards he extri-
cated the child in the other bed from
its perilous situation, who had re-
mained asleep during the whole of
this terrific scene. Whien it is added,
that the brick-work, wood, lath,
and mortar that fell weighed nearly
two tons, it will give an imperfect

‘idea of this miraculous escape.

_ 10th. In the hurricane of wind,
lightning, and hail, a2 most melan-

choly accident happened to the

Jaunch of the Hibernia, of 110

_ guns, which had been sent on shore,

at Plymouth, for stores: returning
té the ship in Cawsand Bay, in the
evening, it then blowing a violent
gale of wind, notwithstanding every
exertion was made by the crew, she
was obliged to bear away, it is sup-
posed to put back to Plymouth, or
to endeavour to. weather the Men-
stone, and get into Winbury river.
However, be it what it may, she

361

capsized near the land, andall hands,
upwards of thirty-six, were swamped
in this dreadful weather. he licu-
tenant and several men reached the
shore, and were saved; but the mid-
shipman and 18 poor fellows were
drowned, and their remains washed
on shore near Winbury:—The coro-
ner’s inquest sat on their bodies,
and a verdict—‘* found drowned,”
was returned by the jury.

1ith. A man was executed ‘at
Dublin for cow stealing. At the
commencement of the fatal ceremo-
ny, the rope broke, and the unfor-
tunate wretch fell upon the railing
before the entrance of the prison.—.
He was brought up to the place of
execution, dreadfully bruised and
cut,- and the awful sentence of the
law was completed without any fur-
ther obstruction.

13th. At the Clerkenwell sessions,
J. L. Barrow, G, Wintle, S. Davis,
J. Marryat, and Sarah Grover, in
usurious connexion, were convicted
of conspiring to prevent a bank-
rupt, named Hathaway, from ob-
taining his certificate, because he
would not connive with them to let
them put in their claim for money
lent him at an exorbitant interest,
and which they wished him to swear
was a transaction for goods. On
the 17th sentence was passed on
them as follows: Marryat, Barrow,
Wintle, and Davis, to be imprisoned
two years, and pilloried, within the
first month of their imprisonment, in *
Finsbury-square. Sarah Grover to
be imprisoned six months.

15th. A dreadful accident hap- ~
pened to Thomas Whittington, esq.
of Hamswell House, near Bath, by
the machinery of his threshing-mill
catching his hand, which tore off his
arm, and fractured the opposite col-
lar bone. Heis since dead,

The

$62

The society of arts have been en-
gaged in investigating the genius ofa
child, only nine years of age, who
has the extraordinary talent of stain-
ing glass in a manner that surpasses
belief, and is equal to the produc-
tions of the first masters. His mo-
ther was fifty years of age at the
time of his birth, and he at present
supports her, together with his sis-
ter, by the exertion of his prema-
ture abilities. -

Dr. Ashbury, of the Methodist
church in America, ina late publi-
cation, speaking of the increase of
that religious sect within thirty-tive
years, announces, that in the United
States, 120,000 persons were in
their fellowship, and that 1,000,000
attended their ministry 5 so as to
include a seventh part of the popu-
lation of the United States. It has
in America 400 travelling preachers,
and 2000 local preachers.

Queen Elizabeth, who died at
Greenwich, was brought thence to
Whitehall, by water, in a grand
procession. Itwas on this occasion,
as Camden informs us, that the fol-
lowing quaint lines were written :-—

The queen was brought by water to
Whitehall :

At every stroke the oars did fears let

fall ; 5

More clung about the barge; fish under
water

Wept out their eyes of pearl, and swam
blind after.

I think the bargemen might with easier

thighs,

Have row’d her thither in her people’s

eyes ;

For howsoe’er, thus much my thoughts
have scann’d,

She had come by water, had she come
by lund.

An ingnisition was taken on the
body of R. Edwards, who cut his
throat at his lodgings, in Queen.

_ preceding evening.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

street, Grosvenor-square. It aps

peared, by the, evidence of Mrs. J.

Beard, at whose house the de-

ceased lodged, that he was taken

ill of a fever on Sunday last, and on

Monday he appeared in a state of

high delirium. About ten o’clock

he requested the witness to procure

him some porter, which was done,

and on her return he was sitting up-

right in the bed, having cut his throat

during -her absence. The witness

edid not perceive what had nappened
at the moment of her return, for he

had covered himself over with the

bed-cloaths, and threw himself on his

back. He, however, groaned bit-

terly, andon the witness moving the

covering of the bed, she discovered

him weltering in his blood. She

perceived a razor by the bed-side.

Mr. Davies, an apothecary in Duke-

street, was sent for, and alsa a sur-

geon. Mr. Davis stated, that the

deceased had procured some medi-

cines of him in the morning of Sun-

day, personally, and he supposed him

to be deranged. The surgeon con-

firmed the opinion of Mr. Davis ;

for although the deceased appeared

sensible some time after the wound

had been bound wp, on being inter-

rogated, he seemed ignorant of what

had happened.—V erdiét—Insanity.

16th. An inquisition was taken

at the Triumphal Car, Piccadilly, on

the body of Miss Elizabeth Butler,

who expired in Bond-street on the

The deceased
resided at Somer’s Town. She had
been at the house of a friend in Hae
milton-street, Piccadilly. On her
return she was observed by a gen-
tleman leaning against a post, and
vomiting, at the corner of Burling-
tou-gardens. Mr. Tibbs, a chy-
mist in Bond-street, was applied to
for assistance, and on examining the
deceased

_ nacing attitude.

: C Hi RO Ni C LE.

deceased she was quite dead, and it
was discovered she had broken a
blood-vessel.— V erdict— Died by the
visitation of God.

A few days ago, as the daughter
of Mr. Johnson, of Appleby, near
Brigg, six years old, was stirring
the fire, the flames caught her dress ;
she ran into the street for assistance,
but expired before it could be pro-
cured.

A pay-master of militia, has been
adjudged by a general court-martial,
to be discharged from the service for
infamous behaviour, unbecoming an
officer and a gentleman, in charging,
at sundry periods, for greater quan-
tities of meat than were actually re-
ecived for the use of the regiment,
whereby government was fraudu-
lently over-rated with considerable
sums, which, by the court, he has
been awarded to make good.

19th. An unfortunate occurrence
happened at Cuxhaven, on the last
arrival of the Prince of Wales packet,
with the mails for the continent.
Baron Henry Gustavus Wrangle, a
remarkable fine young man, lieute-
nant in the 1st regiment of Swedish
guards, and of a distinguished fa-
mily, was on board the above-men-
tioned vessel : his baggage was land-
ed at the German hotel, when some
ditlerence arose respecting the ex-
pence of delivery. ‘The sailors,
who undertook this business, in-

__ sisted on the return of the property

if their demand was not satisfied.
Words ensued, and at last the inso-
lence of the claimants becoming in-
Supportable, the young nobleman
seized a knife from the dinner table,
and directed it at the heart of one of
them, who had advanced in a me-
The blow was not
fatal ; but, until the result should be

363

known, the baron was placed under _
a guard, at the governor’s house.
As Gabriel ‘Tattersal, better
known by the name of Doctor,
one of the company of Old Bathers,
at Brightou, was hauging aeross one
of the groyns to dip water, he was
overpowered by a strong gale of
wind from the west, and forced into
the sea, where, though an excellent
swimmer, he soon sunk, and was
drowned, in the presence of many
spectators on the beach, some of
whom soon put off in a boat to his
assistance, and in about half an
hour recovered the body. On its
being brought to shore, every means
recommended by the Humane So.
ciety were tried to restore animation,
but in vain, as the vital spark had
totally lefthim, The fatality of the
accident is attributed to his great coat
having been blown over his head, as
he was falling, which so entangled
him that he was unable to exert his
skill in swimming.—Verdi¢ét—Acci-
dental death. The deceased was a

. descendant of the renowned Capt.

Nicholas ‘Tattersal, who, in the year
1651, favoured the escape of King
Charles EI. from these shores, by
taking him privately on board his *
coal brig im the night-time, and
safely Janding him at Fescamp, in
Normandy.
2ist. Reber Patterson, an attor-
ney, who was convicted at the Old-
Bailey sessionsin December last, of
defrauding Mr. Rolfe of 130]. under
pretence of getting him a place in
the Ordnance, stood in the pillory,
pursuant to sentence, in frout of
Newgate. This offender was assisted
in his villainy by Thomas Newsham,
a clergymau, who has since been
transported.
22d, A melancholy accident cccur-
red

$64

red at Fern House, Wilts, the seat of
Thomas Grove, esq. The muslin
dress of Miss Mary Ann Grove, an
amiable young lady, thirteen years
of age, fourth daughter of Mr.
Grove, by some accident caught
fire, when there was no one in the
apartment with her but a younger
sister, who was incapable of assist-
ing her. Terrified by her alarming
situation, Miss Grove ran eut of
the house; but unfortunately no
- one was at that instant on the spot ;
and when she again entered, flew to
an apartment in which Mr. Henry
Bankes of Salisbury happened to
be on business ; she was entirely en-
veloped in flames, and though Mr.
Bankes used every possible exer-
tion, with the assistance of two ser-
vants, to extinguish them, and was
much burnt in those laudable efforts,
they were unavailing, till the young
jady’s clothes were nearly consumed.
Surgical assistance was immediately
procured, but she survived the acci-
dent only till the morning ef the
24th, when death relieved her from
her sufferings.

26th. Sincvnar Ber.—Lately a
bet of 5s. was decided in the Castle-
yard, York, between Thomas Hodg-
son, and Samuel Whitehead, both
debtors: it was, which of them was
to appear as the most singular and
original character. ‘The former was
decorated with a ten guinea bank
note on his waistcoat breast, a num-
ber of five guinea notes down the
same, and on both sides of his coat-
breast, with guinea notes on his
shoulders and arms of his coat;
round his hat-band were a great
number of five guinea notes, and
near the top of the hat-crown was
fixed a purse of gold, which went:
round the same ; on his back a paper
with the words, ** John Bull.”—

ANNUAL REGISTER, i806,

Whitehead appeared in a woman’s
dress on one side, witha silk stock-
ing, a neat slipper, and that side of
his face painted. The other side of
his face and body resembled a negro
with a man’s dress, with a new boot
aud spur. ‘The wager was given in
favour of Hodgson, whose bills
amounted to 375 guineas, inde-
pendent of the gold. We are ex-
tremely sorry the whole of the mos
ney cannot be converted (as it cer-
tainly ought) to the use of his law-
ful creditors.—Fye, fye honesty!
but probably thou wilt be remember-
ed in the next insolvency act.

The storm was very violent at Li-
verpool on Friday se’nnight. It came
on at N. about one p. m. preceded
by the heaviest thunder, and the
most vivid lightning ever seen. Tor
upwards of one hour the whole of
the northern hemisphere was in a

complete blaze of the most forked,

angry, and blue flashes of electrical
matter that can well be conceived,
attended with a strong sulphurous
smell that was extremely offensive.
The storm continued with nearly
unabated violence for 36 hours, and
closed with an electric discharge,
similar to that of acannon. Afishs
ing-boat, with six fishermen in it, ,
belonging to North Meols was lost.
One of the crew of the Sarah,
Lightfoot, was struck on the back of
the head by the electric fluid, which
passed between his clothes and his
body, and suffocated him instantly ;
no other damage was done to the
ship or crew. Several vessels were
forced from their anchors and driven
on shore, and it is greatly feared
much shipwreck has happened on
the western coasts of the kingdom.
27th. On opening the vault be- |

longing to the family of J. Norris,
esq. in the church of St. Peter’s
Mancrolt,

CHRONICLE

Mancroft, Norwich, a live bat was
found therein, of a greyish colour,
where it had probably Jaid in a tor-
pid state, a solitary companion for
the dead, more than 32 years, the
distance of time since the vault was
before opened.

Corron.—Iin January, 1806, the
stock of cotton, in Great Britain,
exceeded that of the same period in
1805, from 20 to 30,000 bags, Our
informant adds, that the import will
not be less from Orleans this year,
than from 50 to 60,000 bales, and
the increase from Carolina and
Georgia, at least one third more
than in 1805.

. The following is taken from the
New York Evening Post, of De-
cember 13 :—*‘ On Friday last the
well known Leib, one of the re-
presentatives of Pennsylvania, and
the leader of the Duane party, and
Joseph H. Nicholson, one of the
representatives of Maryland, met in
the congress lobby, about one
o’clock, when Leib immediately
called Nicholson a liar, and: there-
upon commenced one of the best
fought battles recorded in the an-
nals of congressional pugilism. The
fight continued until the 64th round,

when Leib had received such blows

as deterred him. from again facing
his man. He protracted the fight,
falling after making a feeble hit. In
the round which ended the fight,
those who backed him advised him
to resign, which he did, after a com-
bat of one hour and seventeen mi-

nutes. The combatants were both

very much beaten.” —An admirable
picture of American legislators.
29th. About two o’clock in the
afternoon, the earth from the roof
of a coal-pit, at Horsforth, near
Leeds, about twenty yards deep,

fellin ; two men and a boy were at

365

work in the pit; the boy was killed
by the earth falling upon him ; the
men lived some time after, and could
plainly be heard by the people wha
flocked from-every part to dig them
out. One of them survived till four
o’clock the next morning, at least
he was never after heard. He had
previously said that both his fellow
sufferers were dead. No labour
was spared to get them out; but
as the p¢ople increased their exer-
tions, the earth fell in more and
more, and at Jast com pletelyburied
the poor colliers in her bowels.

Rain Gavuer.—lIt appears that
the qnantity of rain which fell dur-
ing this month, was 3 inches 27-
100ths. That of the correspoading
mouth, in 1805, 2 inches 44-100ths 3
in 1804, 4 inches 18-100ths ; and in
+803, 2 inches 29-100ths. The
quantity of rain in the preceding
month, exceeds that of any other
during the last two years, excepting
the month of November, 1804,
when it measured 5 inches 44-100ths.

The freedom of the city of Lon-
don, and a sword of the value of
100 guineas, have been voted by
the common council, to captain
Thomas Mastermin Hardy, captain
of the Victory, (the late lord Nel-
son’s flag-ship). The lord-mayor
delivered into the courthis majesty’s’
warrant, respeciiag his lordship’s
rank in the procession at lord Nel-
son’s funeral. The court voted their
unanimous thanks to the lord-mayor
for his conduct on the occasion.

A court of directors, held at the
East India House, came to an agree-
ment. to wear mourning for one
month, in compliment to the me-
mory of the deceased marquis Corn-
wallis.

Drep.— Dec. 29th. Sir Beversham
Filmer, bart. of East Sutton Place,

near

366

near Maidstone, in his eighty-seventh

ear.
Jan. 4th. At Bath, the rev. Charles
Barton..

At Runwell, in the Ise of Wight,
sir William Oglander, bart.

5th. At his mansion at Benham, in
Berkshire, his serene highness the
margrave of Anspach, Bareuth, &c.
A violent cold seized him while
hunting on New Year’s Day, which,
after three days illness terminated
his life, in the 69th year of his
age. In 1791 he married Lady
Craven, whose refined taste and
judgment in the fine arts, joined to
his engaging manners and behaviour,
made their residences at Beitham,
and Brandenburg House, Hammer-
smith, the resorts of all the taste,
genius, and wit, both foreign and
domestic ; and great as his hospita-
lity was, his hand and heart were so
open to charity, that the language
of the Scripture might be applied to
him, being a father to the fatherless,
He was buried in the village church
of Speen, near Newbury, in a vault

belonging originally to the family of .

the Cravens. The funeral was at-
tended by the hon..Keppel Craven,
who had lived with the margrave
from his infancy ; earl Craven; the
hon. Berkeley Craven; his excel-
lency baron Jacobi, the Prussian mi-
nister; and his two chamberlains,
lieutenant-colonel Berkeley, and
- Mr. Hamilton.
‘adorned with escutcheons of his
arms, was borne by the friends who
were with him at the time of his de-
cease; Mr. Swartskotl, Mr. Carr,
Mr. Canning of Speen, doctors, Win-
terbottom and Sainsbury, of New-
bury, Mr. Rivers, Mr. Simons, and
Mr. Nixon. Several gentlemen
from Newbury, and the volunteers
of that town, attended with the ser-

The pall richly-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

vants of the household, and a nume-
rous body of poor people, who had
continually been supported by his
bounty, came to pay their last tri-
bute of respect to their benefactor.

At Nawer-house, Ross-shire, ge-
neral sir Hector Monro, K. B. and
colouel of the 42d, or Royal High-
land regiment.

FEGRUARY,

3rd. In consequence of some re-
pairs which the sewers were under-
going in the Strand, close to St. Cle-
ments’s church,ahackney-coachman,
unacquainted with the interruption,
drove upon the railing by which the
opening was surrounded, and one
of the horses -was_ precipitaied -a
depth of several feet, whilst the
other lay over the mouth of it, ap-
parently dead. The coachman was
thrown from his box, and severely
bruised. Afier much labour the
horse was extricated, apparently not
much hurt,

4th. The Lord Chancellor ad.
dressed the court of chancery to the
foilowing effect:

‘¢ Before 1 take leave of this
court, I wish to address a few words
to you, gentlemen, expressive of the
feelings 1 entertain for the respect.
ful attention | have, on all occasions,
experienced from you. have
doubted whether the more dignified
manner of parting would not be
simply'to make my bow to you and
retire; but, observing that 1 have
deen represented yesterday, and the
day before, to have addressed you on
the subject, [ shall not resist the im-
pulse I-feel to say afew words.

‘¢ [ quit the office | hold without
one painful reflection. Called to it
by the authority of these whom it
was my duty to obey, 1 have exe-

cuted,

CHRONICLE

euted it, not well, but to the extent
of my humble abilities, and the time
which I have been able to devote to
it ; andI enjoy the grateful feeling,
that there is no suitor of this court
who can say | have not executed it
conscientiously. Thereis yet, how-
ever, one painful emotion, by which
I am assailed—it is the taking leave
of you. In retiring into private
life, 1 am upheld by the hope that
I shall carry with me the continued
esteem of a profession, for which [
feel an attachment that will descend
with me to the grave.

‘6 For the great attention, respect,
aad kindness, I have always received
from you, accept, gentlemen, my
sincerest thanks, accompanied by
my best wishes for your long con-
tinued health and happiness, and

uninterrupted prosperity.”

s)

Mr. Pigott, the new attorney-ge-
neral, evidently affected, made a
brief answer to the chancellor, in

' the name of the whole bar.

5th. This morning was executed
in the Old Bailey, Leonard. White,
for cutting and wounding William
Randall, a watchman, in the execu-
tion of his duty, in Little Ormond-
street, Bedford-row.

In the court of king’s bench, an
application was made on behalf of
colonel Thornton, for leave to filea
criminal information against Mr.

_Fiint, for challenging him to fight a

duel, and horse-whipping him on

' the race-ground at York, last sum-

mer, &c. ‘The quarrel arose out of
a bet of 1500 guineas, which Mr.
Flint claims to have won of colonel
Thornton, by the race he rode
against Mrs. Thornton, whose bets
were adopted by her husband.
Whereas colonel Thornton maintains,
that of the bet alluded to, 10001.

367

was a mere nominal thing, intended
to attract company to the race, and
that nothing more than 500 guineas
were seriously intended by the par-
ties. After a full hearing of the
whole case, lord Ellenborough was
of opinion, that the case before the
court was one in which their lord-
ships ought not to interpose with its
extraordinary power. On the con-
trary, he conceived that it would be
degrading its process to interfere in
favour of such parties in such a
cause. Colonel Thornton had
chosen to appeal to the Jockey
Club, and should have abided by
their decision. He had, however,
not found them exactly fitting his
notion of justice; aud, therefore,
for every thing that had -happened
since, he must have recourse to the
ordinary mode of obtaining redress,
namely, by preferring a bill of in-
dictment at the sessions of the
county. The other judges being of
the same opinion, the rule was dis-
charged.

6th. As five boys were coming
on shore at North Shields, from the
Ship Pomona, the boat unfortunate-
ly got upon a ship’s hawser, and
upset. Four of them got hold of
the rope, but the fifth, who was a
Scots lad, (to whom they had given
a passage from Mona Island, where
he had been shipwrecked, and suf-
fered many hardships) went to the
bottom, and before assistance could
be rendered the others, one of them,
a boy belonging to London, let go
his hold, and was likewise drowned.
One of the bodies was found two
days after.

Provenine Maron.—The Cock-
burnspath agricultural society had
their first annual ploughing match
on the 20th ult. in a clover lea field

be-

.

368

belonging to. Mr. Wood, tenant. in
Path-head. ‘Twenty-one ploughs
appeared on the field. ‘The day was
, favourable. The ploughmen finished
their respective tasks with great ex-
pedition, and in a masterly style.—
The work was, on the whole, so
well executed, that the judges had
the utmost difficulty to determine
the prizes. ‘The society gave cach
of the competitors a comfortable
refreshment, and half-a-crown to
drink.
ploughing match are very conspicu.
ous, as the greatest emulation now
subsists amongst the ploughmen in
the neighbourhood,

Upon the motion of Mr. deputy
Birch, at a court of common coun-
cil, after much discussion, and seve-
ral divisions, it was atlength carried
by 77 agaiust 71, for a monument
to be erected in the Guildhall of

the city of London, to the memory '

of Mr. Pitt.

8th. The court of king’s bench,
after the judicial business was over,
being cleared of al] but the counsel,
the thanks of the bar to lord Ers-
kine were moved by Mr. Daryll, (se-
nior of the outer barristers) and se-
conded by D. P. Coke, esq. M.P.
The following are copies of the re-
solutions :—

Resolved unanimously, That the
following address be presented to
the right honourable lord T. Erskine,
now lord high chancellor ; and that
Edward Dayrell, and Daniel Parker
Coke, esqrs. being the senior bar-
risters of this court, do present the
same:

‘¢ That we cannot deny ourselves
the satisfaciion of presenting our
sincere congratulations-to the right
honourable Vhomas lord Erskine,
on his appointment to the office of
lord high chancellor of Great Bri-

/

~_

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

The good effects of this:

tain, and of expressing the deep im-
pression made upon us by. the uni-
form kindness and attention which
we have at all times experienced from
him, during his long and extensive
practice amongst us ; and we further
beg leave toassure his lordship, that
in retiring from us he is accompa.
nied by our best wishes for his health
and happiness.”

‘The following is the reply of lord
chancellor Kirskine to the above ads |
dress.

¢¢ Gentlemen,
¢¢ T cannot express what I felt up-
on receiving your address, and what
I must ever feel upon the recollec-
tion of it.

*¢ { came originally into the pro-
fession under great disadvantages—
bred in military life, a total stranger
to the whole bar, and not entitled to
expect any favourable reception. from
similar habits or private friendships,
my sudden advancement into great
business, before I could rank, in
study or in learning, with others,
who were my seniors also, was cal-
culated to have produced, zz.com-
mon minds, nothing but prejudice
and disgust.. How, then, can I look
back without gratitude upon the
unparalleled liberality and kindness
which, for seven-and-twenty years,
I uniformly experienced among you,
and which I feel a pride, as well as
a duty, in acknowledging, alone en-
abled me to surmount many painful
difficulties, and converted what
would otherwise have been a condi-
tion of oppressive labour, into an
uninterrupted enjoyment of ease and
satisfaction.

*¢}am happy that your partia-
lity has given me the occasion of
putting upon record this just tri-
bute to the character and honour of
the English bar,

{
¢ My

CHRONICLE,

&¢ My only merit has been, that I
- was not insensible to so much good-
ness ; the perpetual and irresistible
impulses of a mind deeply afiected
by innumerable obligations, could
not but produce that behaviour
which you have so kindly and so
publicly rewarded.—lI shall for ever
remain, gentlemen, your affectionate
and faithful humble servant,
6¢ ERSKINE.””
&¢ Lincoln’s Inn Fields,
Feb. 9, 1806.”

8th. This morning the committee
_ appointed to try the merits of the
_ Middlesex election assembled, the
right honourable I. Corry in the
chair. No opposition was made by
sir Francis Burdett-to the petition
of Mr. Mainwaring; and two of
the votes of the former being dis-
qualified, the latter has since been
returned duly elected. ‘The above
was a matter that had been pre-
viously understood by both parties
for some time past.

Oth. ** Mr. Ryan, at whose house,
in Marlborough street, Dublin, the
meetings of the Roman Catholic
committee were held, wrote to Mr.
Fox, congratulating him on his ac-
cession to political power, and hoped
that he would not forget his friends
the Irish Catholics, who had always

supported him. Mr. Fox answered
_ the letter rather in a general manner ;
thanked the gentleman for his con-
_ gratulations ; said, that, either in
or out of office, he would not forget
the Irish Catholics, and that Mr.
Ryan might make what use he should
think proper of his letter.

In the Irish court of chancery lord
Redesdale took an opportunity to
allude to the change of ministers,

' and thank the barristers for the
attention they bestowed during his
chancellorship.

Vor. XLVIII.

369

13th, A deputation from the
university of Dublin waited upon this
royal highness the duke of Cumber-
Jand, at St. James’s Palace, with
the grant of the office of chancellor
of the university of Dublin.

Came on the election of a member
of parliament for Westminster.
After the usual proclamation, Mr.
Fox appeared upon the hustings, .
supported by Mr. Byng. The lat.
ter gentleman addressed the electors,
and congratulated them on the
change that had taken place in his
majesty’s councils : he observed that
Mr. Fox, in accepting a place of
great public trust, was not actuated
by personal or interested motives.
In the present momentous crisis,
his object was to serve, and, if pos-
sible, to save his country. He was
not a man who would deceive or de-«
sert them; and it was only by the
firm support of the people, that his
friend and his colleagues could hope
to make this nation safe and happy
athome, andglorious and respectable
abroad. He then proposed there-elec-
tion of Mr. Fox, which motion was
seconded by Mr. Wishart. Mr. Fox
afterwards addressed the electors,
and explained the meaning of the
Jaw which rendered a new election
necessary for a man who had ac.
cepted a place in his majesty’s coun-
cils. He declared that he could
have but little inducement to accept
such a situation, at a period when
there was much more reason to fear
disappointment than to expect suce
cess. ‘* We-can discern (said Mr.

Fox) little consolation for the past,

and but small hopes for the future.
There is, undoubtedly, one splendid
exception to the general gloomy
state which we have to look to, I:
mean the very high reputation so
justly earned by the British navy.

Bb Let

370°

Let us hope that the immortal day
of Trafalgar, though so dearly pur-
chased by the death of the great and
heroic character who commanded on
that occasion, will more than com-
pensate for all that Britain has suf-
fered in every other quarter. Un-
der these circumstances it is that we
have come into office. We have
acted upon public grounds, unin-
fluenced by any motives of ambition
or personal interest. We have un-
dertaken an arduous duty in a pe.
rilous crisis, and without much pros-
pect of succeeding as we could
wish. But whatever may be the
difficulties we have to encounter,
your support will enable us to meet
them with confidence, and to over-
come them witheflect. With regard
togeneral politics, { feelihatit would
not be suitable, at my time of life,
nor to the long connexion that has
subsisted between us, to make pro-
fessions. lam now what I always
have been—a friend to liberty, an
enemy fo corruption, and a firm and
decided supporter of that just weight
which the people ought to have in
the scale of the constitution.””—
After tumults of applause and ac-
clamation, the high bailiif declared
Mr. Fox duly elected. Mr. Fox
then got into the chair prepared for
him, which was crimson damask,
richly gilt, and covered with laurels,
and was chaired round Covent-Gar-
den. The usual practice of pulling
down the hustings commenced, the
instant Mr. Fox entered the chair.
They began to demolish them from
the foundation, when the roof came
down with a crash, ard buried near
twenty under ifs. ruins 5 some of
them were much hurt, but none dan.
gerously.

As James Coleman, bricklayer,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

of Swardeston, Norfolk, was ringing
a bell in Swardeston church, whet
half up, the crown and cannons
broke from the bell, and it came
down through both floors, breaking
the door that covered the well-hole
in the lower floor, and killed him in-
stantly on the spot.

A FEMALE CONJUROR. Jean
Maxwell was lately tried before the
steward depute of Kirkcudbright,
and a jury, for swindling Jeanie
Davidson, a simple girl, who con-
sulted her upon a love story, out of
several sums of money, and other
articles. She pretended she was
educated at Oxford, and was ac-
quainted with the occult sciences,
and that the devil would appear to
her in the shape of a sow or a bull,
aud money must be given to lay
him. Upon these pretences, she
nearly turned the poor girl’s head
(who was before that time far gone
in love) and extorted her money.
The jury found her guilty, and the
steward depute sentenced the pri-
soner to be imprisoned for twelve
months, in the jail of the Burgh,
and to stand in the pillory for an
hour once every three menths during
that period.

14th. A man named John Gow
thorpe exposed his wife for sale in
the market, at Hull, about one
o'clock, but owing to the crowd
which such an extraordinary occur
rence had gathered together, he was
obliged to defer the sale, and take
her away. About four o’clock,
however, he again brought her out,
and she was sold for 20 guineas, and
delivered in a halter to a person
named Houseman, who had lodged
with them four or five years.

There is aperson, one Lambert,
now living at Leicester, who is sup-

posed

CHRONICLE.

osed to be the heaviest man known
im the kingdom. He weighs upwards
of 46 stone, and is only 45 years of
age.
A singular cheat was practised by
a person at the Near Bank in Leeds.
A hen laid eggs, on which were
legible charaéters, announcing the
coming of Christ. Great numbers of
credulous people were attracted to
the spot, and many of them, no
doubt, departed with the idea that the
world would soon be at anend. Some
gentlemen, hearing of the matter,
took great pains to discover the
trick; and, it has been actually

ascertained, that, after the charac-

ters had been badly scrawled on a
common egg, it was cruelly forced
again into the hen’s body, and that
she of course parted with it in the
above-méutioned state.

15th. Last week two men were
killed by an explosion of inflamma-
ble air in a coal-pit at Boyles-Hal]
eblliery, near Audley, in Stafford-
shire; this is the second accident of
a similar kind in a very few months,
in the same pit; by the former,
eight were the unfortunate sufferers.

16th. A male infant,'((newly born)
was fonnd in Bellam Dyke, next Uf-

| ington Ford, with a cord tied roand
itsneck, and another round its body,

to which a stone was attached,
evidently, with an intention of sink-
ing the same—The coroner’s inquest
sat on the body on ‘Tuesday, and
brought in a verdict of wilful murder
against some person or persons unknown.
18th. A boy, son of Mr. Cuthbert,
fisher, Newton, Ayr, was drowned
in the dam at the head of that town.
He was not missed till the miller
jobserved that the water did not flow
: through the grate tothis mill-wheel,
aid on examination, found the body
ef the child.

371

19th, The ponderous iron bridge
that had been just erected over the
new cut at Bristol, near the Bath
road, fell down, with a tremendous
crash and was shivered and separat.”
ed into thousands of pieces. ‘T'wo
men were killed upon the spot, and
others severely injured.

William Bontein, late purser of
the Trusty, (for forging the signa
tures of the captain, &c. for the
purpose of defrauding the Victual-
ing Board of ship stores) stood in
the pillory, opposite Somerset.
house.

Holywell, in Flintshire, has been
the scene of several distressing acci+
dents.—A boy had his thumb carried
off by the explosion of a gun he was
firing. —On the same day, a woman
fell into St. Winifred’s well, and, in
spite of every exertion, was drowned,
A young man was drawn in amongst
the cog-wheels in a corn-mill, had
one hand split, one foot torn through
the heel, and the other leg so crushed
as to require immediate amputation.
—A boy riding on a cart, drove
against a turnpike-gate and broke
his leg —A boy and girl’s clothes
took fire, in consequence of which
they languished but a few hours,
and expired.—A poor woman, who
had been in a state of derangement
for some time, went into an out.
building, and, by the use of a small
cord, put an end to her existence.

An attempt was made about four
o’clock, to carry off several dead ,
bodies from the church-yard of the
parish of St. Anne, Westminster,
by three or four depraved wretches,
who, it is supposed, had got over
the brick wall next Princes-Street,
Soho. In consequence of an alarm
being given at the watch-house, the
constable of the night, the watch.
house-keeper, and as many assis-

Bb2 tants

372

tants as could be procured on so
sudden an emergency, repaired to
the church-yard, and secured one of

the men in his attempt to escape ,
Girth before

over the wall next Princes street.
On examining the church-yard, it
appeared that no less than five graves
had been broken up, and the bodies
of two persons were discovered lying
on the ground, wholly without
covering. ‘lhe coifins, in which the
bodies had been deposited, were
put in by the depredators about two
feet beneath the level of the ground.
But we have the satisfaction of
informing the public, that the villains
did not succeed in their design,
it being ascertained that not a single
body had been carried off, and those
left above ground were buried
in the same coffins, in the presence
of their friends.
The man who was apprehended
states his name to be William Hillier,

lodging at No. 5, King-street, Bo...

rough; that he is a married man,
and has one child, and that he is a
cabinet-maker by trade; but not
giving a satisfactory account of him-
self to the rev, Joseph Jefferson,
the magistrate before whom he
was examined, he was committed to
the house of correction as a dis.
orderly person ; and some suspicions
attaching to the grave-digger, he
was immediately dismissed. |

Thesacks which had been brought
for the purpose, as it is supposed,
of carrying away the bodies, were
left behind, the men not choosing to
take them in their hurry to avoid
detection.

At Wakefield cattle market, there
were about 196 beasts, and 3700
sheep. Fat beasts sold well, and at
increased prices. ‘The sale af sheep
was dull, and the prices were on the
decline.

-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

The following are the dimensions
of the Makerstoun Ox, slaughtered
at Kelso:

Ditto behind
Length, from the point of
the shoulder to the end

of the buttock 6 10
Ditto, from head torump10 2
Standard height 6.8
Across the hucks 2 10

At Morpeth there was a full mar-
ket of cattle, which met with dult
sale: many not sold. The show of
sheep was not great, and there being
a great demand, they met with ready
sale. Beef from 6s. to 7s. Mutton
6s.6d.to 8s. per stone, sinking offals.

At Bridgnorth fair fat beasts, to
sink the offal, sold from 6d. to 63d.
per pound; fat sheep from 7d. to
7id. to sink the offal, few of the
latter being brought to market on
account of the large quantity of
turnips on hand, which have of late
run much in the top; cheese from
55s. to 65s. per cwt. of 120lbs. salt
butter from 10s. 6d. to 11s. 6d. per
gawn of 12lbs, ~

Lately was shot, in the parish of
Holford, on the Quantock-hills,
about 14 miles from Taunton, by
Henry Sweeting,esq. a brown eagle,
of the male kind, he measured 7 feet
4 inches from the extremity of his
wings, and three feet from head to
tail ; he was discovered whilst hover-
ing over Mr. Sweeting’s spaniel, and
lived about ten hours after he was
shot,

Mr. Thomas Griggs, sen. butcher,
of Cowbit, near Spalding, killed a
hog-pig, (which he purchased the
Ath of June preceding for one gui-
nea) which weighed as follows, viz.
fat and offal, 9 stone, earcase, 4Q
stone.

20th. Ricut

CHRONICLE.

20th. Ricur mon. w. pPitt’s LY-
{NG IN STATE.—At nine o’clock, a
crowd began to assemble in New
and Old Palace Yards, to see this
distinguished statesman lying in
state in the painted chamber. The
crowd completely filled the avenues ;
and at ten o’clock the doors of the
lobby of the house of commons were
thrown open.

On passing the raised lobby of
the house of commons, the spec-
tators entered the long gallery,
which was hung with black, lighted
up by seventy-one wax-lights in tin
sconces, and attended by Bow-strect
officers. The spectators then pro-
ceeded to the painted chamber, the
passage to and from which was in a
horse-shoe form, and at the upper
end of which was placed the coffin,
on bearers, completely covered with
a pall. ee

On the right of the latter was
placed ten silver candlesticks, on
' pedestals, covered with black cloth
and large wax tapers, interspersed
with four elegant flags, with the
various insignia of the several offices
of the deceased, and his arms. At
the foot of the coffin was placed the
king’s banner, with an admiral’s
streamer and jack rolled, with his
shield and sword, and his arms em-
_ bossed, on a raised platform; over
which we observed his helmet and
other insignia, surmounted by the
anchor, supporting a crane, (the
Chatham crest ;) on the left of the
coffin was placed the same number
of wax lights and banners as on the
right, with Mr. Thomas as principal.
At the head of the coffin also, ten
gentlemen of the wardrobe, attend-
ants, in deep mourning cloaks and
scarfs, with twelve other gentlemen
» porters, variously dispersed.
The whole of the painted chamber

373

was also hung in black, the upper
part of which displayed a deep silver
border, about a foot deep, which
greatly added to the sublimity of
the scene.

All around the chamber were tin
sconces ; we noticed 132 wax lights ;
between each light was a banner,
with the Chatham arms, elegantly
painted.

At the head of the coffin, under
the canopy, was placed the escutch-
eons and banners of the Chatham
arms. ‘The canopy was surmounted
by plumes of black and white ostrich
feathers, with a deep painted
border, representing a viscount’s
coronet, and the Chatham crest,
in drapery and wreaths. From
thence the spectators retired through .
the new door of the house of lords
into Old Palace Yard.

At four o'clock, the magnificent |
and mournful spectacle was closed,
without any accident whatever ; a
fact which reflects the greatest praise
on the police, as the crowd was at
last very numerous. Some of the
light-fingered tribe made their ap-
pearance, but they were easily dis-
persed.

The ceremony of lying in state
continued till Friday evening, the
Qist instant.

22d. This being the day appoint-
ed for the public interment of Mr.
Pitt, at an early hour New Palace
Yard, Union-street, King-street,
and the Sanctuary, were covered
with gravel. At ten o’clock a party
of the 3d regiment of guards arrived,
and were stationed inside of the
railing, from Westminster-Hall gate
to the west door of Westminster
Abbey —A number of the life
guards were stationed at all the lead-
ing streets, to regulate the carriages

b3 oa

S74

on their way to the parliament
house. The tickets direeted all
those who were to walk in the pro-
cession to be set down with the
greatest order at the doors of the
honse of commons and lords,

On their entrance, the heralds
and proper officers from the college
ofarms were stationed to conduct
them totheir proper places in the
procession. Sir Isaac Heard ar-
rived before twelve o’clock; and
having inspected the arrangements
made by his officers, the procession
began to move. Athalf past twelve
it came out of Westminster-Iiall,
which was announced by the drums
and fifes playing the 104th psalm in
a very solemn manner, and trumpets
and kettle drums playing a dirge.
The procession moved in the fol-
lowing order :—

The lord chamberlain’s officers.
The standard carried by general
Lennox, supported by Mr. Steele
and Mr. Long.

‘The guidon carried by brigadier
general Hope, supported by

_ Mr. Rider and another
gentleman.

The deceased and earl Chatham’s
domestics.
About one hundred members of the
house of commons.
Twenty elergyman in their
canonicals.
Six trumpets.

The bannerand crest of Mr. Pitt,
supported by Mr. Wilberforce
and another gentleman.
Fourteen officers who attended the
deceased when lying in state.
Eighteen knights and_ bachelors.
Baron Sutton in his full robes.
Thelord mayor of London.
The speaker of the house
of commons.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Ten bishops.
Thirty-two peers, followed by their
royal highnesses the dukes of
_ York, Cumberland and

Cambridge.

Helm and crest, sword and target,
surcoat, borne by Somerset, Lan-
caster, and Chester, heralds.
THE BODY.

Chief mourner earl Chatham, the
brother of the deceased, sup-
ported by carls Westmore-
land and Camden.

Sir Isaac Heard, Garter king at
arms, carried the staff of office.
The banner of emblems,
Carried by Mr. Percival, the late
attorney -general, and supported
by Mr. Canning and Mr. Rose.
About 50 relations and friends of

the deceased. .
The Cinque Port volunteers, with
crape on their hats and left arms.

The first of the procession entered
Westminster Abbey at one o’clock,
but it was above half an hour after,
before the body entered. Dr. Vin-
cent, the dean, the prebends, minor
canons, and gentlemen of the choir
were ready to receive them; and on
the entrance of the corpse, they be-
gan to sing Dr. Croft’s funeral ser-
vice, which they continued to do till
the body was placed in the centre of
the choir, when the regular burial
service was read by one of the minor
canons. The avuthem, burial ser-
vice, &c. was the same as that sung
at the funeral of lord Nelson, at St.
Paul’s.

The burial service was read by the
dean.

Till twelve o’clock there were but
few more persons in the neighbour.
hood than when common business is
proceeding. Palace Yard and the
streets adjoining the Sanctuary were

by

CM ROS I CL

by no means crowded when the pro-
cession was moving. Severa! scaf-
folds and temporary seats were erect-
ed; some of them hada few per-
sons, and others none.

Among the distinguished per-
sonages, besides the royal dukes,
were the dukes of Montroseand Kut-
land—marquisses of Buckingham,
Thomend, and Abercorn — earls
Spencer, Temple, Romney, Win-
chelsea, and Camden—lords Sid-
mouth, Borringdon,Paget,M’ Donald,
Pomfret, Kelly, Rivers, Bulkeley,
Hood, Hawkesbury, Elliot, Gran-
tham, Castlereagh, Auckland, and
Carrington — archbishop of Can-
terbury — bishops of Bath and
Wells, Norwich, Bristol, London,
Lincoln, Ely, Exeter, and Chester,

After pronouncing his titles over
his grave, the herald declared, nun
sibi sed patric vixit.

An ingenious mechanic, of Nor-
thampton, has invented and made
acannon, on an entire new con-
struction, which will prime, load,
and fire itself ten times in the short
space of one minute..

Manacement or Pres.—The fol-
lowing experiment, which was lately
made by a gentleman of Norfolk, is
of the highest importance to all
those concerned in breeding pigs.
Six pigs, of the genuine Norfolk
breed, and of very nearly equal
weight; were put to keeping at the
same time, and treated the same, as
to food and litter, for the space of
seven weeks, ‘Three of them were
left to shift for themselves as to
cleanliness; the other three were
kept as clean as possible, by a man
employed for the purpose, with a
eurry-comb and brush. ‘The last
consumed in seven weeks fewer
peace by five bushels than the other

373

three, yet they weighed more when
killed, by two stone and four pounds,
upon an average, or six stone twelve
pounds upon the whole.

MippLesex Sessions. — Scipion
Charles Victor August Legarde
Marquis De Chambonas, was con-
victed of defrauding Mon. Bertrand
De Molleville, of different sums of
money, under pretence of establish-
ing certain business,

‘The prosecutor was the author
of the history of the French Revo-
lution, aud the defendant was a
French emigrant, and one of the
noblesse, Our limits will not per-
mit us to enter into particulars. The
defendant was .sentenced to six
months imprisonment in Newgate.

23d. A few days ago the wife of
Mr. Carter, cow keeper, close to
Oxford-street turnpike, went to
feed an old blind hackney-coach
horse, when he turned his head
round, and seized the poor woman
with his teeth by one of her breasts,
and so held her for a second or two;
she was got away, but has been dan-
gerously ill ever since ; the place
immediately swelled as large asa
peck loaf,which, in a few days after,
was reduced by leeches, and it will
yet be some time before she can at-
tend to her business. This same
horse has before tried several times
to kick her, and squeeze her against
the sides of the stall, and she hag
narrowly escaped.

24th. Courr or Kine’s Benca.—
The following very important case,
which has been long depending, came
on to-day.—TheKing v. General Tho»
mas Picton.—This wasa prosecution
instituted against the defendant, late
governor of theisland of Trinidad,
for putting Louisa Calderon to the
question, or torture. After the plead-

Bb 4 ings

376
ings in the indictment had been read
by the junior counsel in the usual
form,

Mr. Garrow~thus related the cir-
cumstances of the case :

‘¢ The island of Trinidad surren-
dered ‘to that illustrious character,
sir Ralph Abercrombie, whose name
will ever incite gratitude and admi-
ration, in the year 1797 ; and he en-
tered into a stipulation, by which
he conceded to the inhabitants the
continuance of their laws, and ap-
pointed a new governor, until his
majesty’s pleasure should be known,
or, in other words, until the king of
England, in his paternal character,
should extend to this new acquisi-
tion to his empire all the sacred pri-
vileges of the Jaws of England. I
have the authority of the defendant
himself for stating, that the system
of jurisprudence adopted under the

‘Spanish monarch, for his colonial
establishments, was benignant, and
adapted to the protection of the sub-
ject, previous to the surrender of
this island to the British arms.

‘¢ In December, 1801, when this
crime was perpetrated, Louisa Cal-
deron was of the tender age of ten
or eleven years. ~ At that early
period, she had been induced to live
with a person of the name of Pedro
Ruiz, as his mistress, and although
it appears to us very singular, that
she should sustain such a situation
at that time of life, yet it is a fact,
that, in this climate, women often be-
come mothers at twelve years old,
and are ina state of concubinage,
if, from their condition, they can-
not form amore honourable con-
nection. While she lived with Ruiz,
she was engaged in an intrigue with
Carlos Gonzalez, the pretended
friend of the former, who robbed
him of a quantity of dollars. Gon-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

zalez was apprehended, and she also,
as some suspicions fell upon her in
consequence of the affair. She was
taken before the justice, as we, in
our language, should denominate
him, and in his presence she denied
having any concern in the business,
The magistrate felt that his powers
were at an end, and whether the
object of her denial” were to protect
herself or her friend, is not material
to the question before you. The
extent of his authority being thus
limited, this officer of: justice re-
sorted to general Picton ; and I have
to produce, in the hand-writing of
the defendant, this bloody sentence :
—Inflict the torture upon Louisa
Calderon.—You will believe there
was no delay in proceeding to its
execution. The girl was informed,
in the gaol, that if she did not con.
fess, she would be subjected to the
torture; that under this process
she might probably lose her limbs or
her life, but the calamity would be
on Her own head, for, if she would
confess, she would not be required
to endure it. While her mind was
in the state of agitation this notice
produced, her fears were aggravated
by the introduction of two or three
negresses into her prison, who were
to suffer under the same experiment,
for witchcraft, and as a means of
extorting confession. In this situa-
tion of alarm and horror, the young
woman persisted in her innocence,
the punishment was inflicted, im-
properly called picketing, which is
a military punishment, perfectly
distinct. Thisis not picketing, but
the torture. It is true, that the
soldier, exposed to this, does stand
with his foot on a picket, or sharp
piece of wood, but, in mercy to
him, a means of reposing is afforded
on the rotundus major, or interior ve

the

CoHVRVO UN T C4L-E:

the arm. This practice, I hope,
will not in future be called picketing,
but pictoning, that it may be recog-
nized by the dreadful appellation
which belongs to it. Her position
may be easily described. The great
toe was lodged upon a sharp piece
of wood, while the opposite wrist
was suspended in a pully, and the
other hand. and foot were lashed to-
gether, so that it was impossible she
could afford herself any relief fro.n
the anguish she suffered. In this
state of agony, she confessed that
Carlos Gonzalez had stolen the pro-
perty, and was continued in this
dreadful situation, under the inspec-
tion of a magistrate, during the
space of fifty-three or fifty-four
minutes by a watch, which was pro-
vided, from some supposed notion,
that the torture could not be inilict-
ed for more than an hour at atime,
and that the pleasure of seeing the
victim might not occasion it to be
continued longer than the personal
security of the officer rendered pru-
dent. The first punishment not
being sufficient, the horrid ceremony
was again repeated.”

[The learned counsel here pro-
duced a drawing in water colours, in
which the situation of the sufferer,
and the magistrate, executioner, and
secretary was described. He then
proceeded : | :

“¢ Jt appears to me, that the case,
_ on the part of the prosecution, will

be complete when these facts are
established in evidence ; but. I am
to be told, that though the highest
authority in this country could not
_ practise this on the humblest indivi-
dual, yet, by the laws of Spain,
it can be perpetrated in the island of
' Trinidad. I should venture to as-
sert, that if it were written in charao-
ters impossible to be misunderstood,

377

that if it were the acknowledged law
of Trinidad, it could be uo justifica-
tion ofa British governor. Nothing
could vindicate such a person but
the law of imperious necessity, to
which we must all submit. It was his
duty to impress upon the minds of
the people of that colony, the great
advantages they would derive from
the benign influence of British juris-
prudence; and that in consequence
of being received within the pale of
this government, torture would be
for ever banished from the island.
It is, therefore, not sufficient for
him to establish this sort of apology;
it is required of him to shew, that
he complied with the institutions
under the circumstances of irresisti-
ble necessity. This governor ought
to have been aware, that the tor-
ture is not known in England; and
that it never will be, never can be,
tolerated in this country.

‘¢ The trial by rack is utterly un-
known to the law of England,
though once, when the dukes of
Exeter and Suffolk, and other mi-
nisters of Henry VI. had laid a de-
sign to introduce the civil law into
this kingdom, as the rule of govern-
ment, fora beginning thereof, they
erected a rack for torture, which
was called in derision the duke of
Exeter’s daughter, and still remains
in the Tower of London, where it
was occasionally used as an engine
of state, not of law, more than once
in the reign of queen Elizabeth.
But when, upon the assassination of
Villers duke of Buckingham by
Felton, it was proposed in the privy
council to put the assassin to the
rack, in order to discover his ac-
complices, the judges, being con-

‘sulted, declared unanimously, ta

their own honour, and the honour
of the English law, that nosuch pro-
ceeding

378

ceeding was allowable by the laws
of England.” Rushw. Coll. i. 638.

‘¢ Such are the observations of the
elegant and learned author of the
commentaries on the law of England
on this subject; and as the strongest
method of shewing the horror of the
practice, he gives this question in the
form of anarithmetical problem.

‘¢ The strength of the muscles,
and the sensibility of the nerves
being given, it is required to. know
what degree of pain would be neces-
sary to make any particular indivi-
dual confess his guilt.

‘¢ But what are we to say to this
man, who, so far from having found
torture in practice under the former
governors, has attached to himself
all the infamy of having invented
‘this instrument of cruelty? Like
that called the duke of Exeter’s dangh-
ter, it never existed until the defen-
dant cursed the island with its pro-
duction, I have incontestible evi-
dence to shew this ingenuity of
tyranny in a British governor, and
the moment I produce the sangui-
nary order, the man is left abso-
lutely without defence. The date
of the transaction is removed at
some distance, It was directed that
a commission should conduct the
aflairs of the government, and
among the persons appointed to this
important situation, was colonel
Fullarton. In the exercise of his
duties in that situation, he obtained
knowledge of these facts, and with
this information, he thought it
incumbent on him to bring this de-
fendant before you, and with the
defendant, I shall produce the victim
of this enormity, whom, from the
accident of my being conducted into
aroom by mistake, I have myself
seen. She will be presented before
you, and you will learn she at this

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

moment bears upon her the marks
of the barbarity of the defendant,
In due time you will hear what my
excellent and amiable friend near me
has to offer in behalf of his client ; I
state the case at present with full

confidence in your verdict: I ask .

nothing from your passions ; nothing
but justice do I require, and I have
no doubt at the conclusion of this
trial that you will be found to have
faithfully exercised your important

duty.”

IVitnesses for the Prosecution.

Louisa Calderon, attended by a
Spanish interpreter, was then sworn,
and examined by Mr. Adam.

Were you at lrinidad in 1798 ?—
Yes.

Were you acquainted with Pedro
Ruiz ?—Yes.

Did you live in his house ?—Yes.

Were you there when the defen-
dant was governor of the island ?—
Yes.

Do you remember a robbery com-
mitted in the house of Pedro Ruiz?
—I do.

Were you suspected of commit-
ting that robbery ?—I was, and also
Carlos (Gonzalez.)

Do you remember his being ap-
prehended ?—Yes.

Were you, and your mother, also
taken up.?—Yes, the same night.

Before whom were you carried ?
—Before governor Picton.

Did he order you to be committed
to prison ?—Yes.

Under what guard were you con-

veyed thither ?—-By three soldiers.

‘To what apartment of the prison
were you consigned ?—To the wo-
man’s side.

Before you were sent there, what
did the defendant tell. you ?—That
if Idid not confess, the hangman
was to put his hand upon me.

De

4

CHRONICLE. 379

- Do you know a person of the
name of Beggorrat ?—Yes.

Is he an Alcalde (magistrate ? )—
Yes; he came to me in prison, and
examined me frequeatly as to the
robbery.

Was there an Escrivano (notary)
of the name of Francisco de Castro,
who also attended ?—Yes.

After some examinations, were

you carried into aroom where there
was a picket erected in the gaol ?—
Yes.
_ {The witness was here desired to
give a description of this instrument
of torture, and of the manner in
which it was applied to her person,
which she did nearly in the way in
which it was explained in the open-
ing of the learned counsel. When
the drawing above-mentioned was
handed to her, representing, in a
striking manner, her situation, sur-
rounded by her judges and execu-
tioners, she gave ashudder expressive
of horror, which nothing but the
most painful recollection of her si-
tuation conld have excited ; on which
Mr. Garrow expressed his concern,
that his lordship was not ina posi-
tion to witness fhis accidental, but
conclusive evidence of the fact. |

Lord Ellenborough objected to
the exhibition of this drawing to the
jury, until Mr. Dallas, on the part
of his client, permitted it to beshewn
to them. The examination then
proceeded.

How long did you remain tied up
in this situation?—Three quarters
of an hour.

_ Were you upon the spike all that
time ?—Yes.

Were you at any time drawn up
by the rope connected with the pul-
ley ?—Yes.

Had you seen any persons in the.

/
same unhappy condition before ?—.
Yes, two others.

What was the effect of this tor-
ture ?—I was in great agony, and,
after it, my wrist and foot were very
much swelled.

Were you asked to make confes-
sion of the robbery, before you
were tied up ?—Yes ; Beggorrat en-
quired if I would declare who took
the money.

Were you sworn before the tor-
ture was applied ?—No; but the
holy cross was held up before me.

Did you confess ?— Yes; after I
was suspended, I said Carlos took
the money.

[Several questions were then pro-
posed as to the time the punishment
was inflicted, whieh appeared to be
about Christmas, and by subsequent
interrogatories, it appeared she was
taken into the gaoler’s room, where
she saw Carlos, to learn if she had
herself taken the money. ,

Where did you go after you left
the gaoler’s room ?—To the sameap-
partment where | had been suspend.
ed. I was kept there all night.

Were you putin irons ?—Yes, in
grillos (fetters for the legs.)

Describe what these grillos are.—
They are formed of an iron bar, fas-
tened to the ground, to which are
attached two rings to receive the
legs. ,

{A drawing of this instrument was
then produced, which the witness
said was an exact representation of
the griilos. |

Were you put upon the picket
next day ?—Yes, upon the same in-
strument, and in the same manner 5
it was in the morning.

How long were you kept upon it?
—Twenty-two minutes. There was
a watch to shew the time ; Alvarez

Beggorrat,

-

380

‘Begerrat, Francisco de Castro, and
Rafael, an alguazil (constable) were
present.

With which arm were youied up
the second day?—With each, one
after the. other, and JI was so sus-
pended, that I could just touch the
spike by extending my toe.—(My
feet were without shoes or stock-
ings, she said; im reply to a
question by Lord Ellenborough).
She then described, that she was
seized with a fainting fit, and
that she knew nothing of the time
or circumstances of her recove-
ry.

Were you again put in irons ?—
Yes, in the gréllos, the same even-
ing.

How long were you in this state ?
—All the time | was in prison, dur-
ing eight months.

Are there any marks of the inju-
ry you received now apparent on
your person ‘—On my wrists there
are, but none on my feet.

[The witness now exposed the
seam or callus, formed on her wrists
in consequence of the torture. |

To some questions, on the cross-
examination by Mr, Dallas, she said
that she did not know how long she
had been relcased before she was
brought over; that she came with
colonel Fullarton, and that she had
been maintained by Mr. White, of
the treasury.

Don Rafael Shando, also assisted
by the interpreter, said, that he was
an alguazil in the island of Trinidad,
in the year 1801; that he returned
from the interior of the country on
the 22d of December, and saw
Louisa Calderon in gaol; that they
were then giving her a glass of
water, after bringing her down from
the torture. She was supporting
herself ona table; it was about se-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ven o’clock in the evening. Beggor.
rat desired witness to bring Carlos
up, and told her that she must re-
peat to Carlos what she had said to
him. After th‘s interview, at which
nothing transpired, she was instantly
putin the gri/los, and in the same
room in which she had suffered the
torture. The apartment was like a
garret, with sloping sides, and the
grillos were so placed, that, by the
lowness of the room, she could by
no means raise herself up during
the eight months of herconfinement.
On the 23d of December she was
again put to the torture, between
eleven and twelve in the morning,
and she remained in this situation
twenty-two minutes by the watch.
[The witness here examined the
drawing, and described the position
much in the way it had been before
represented, and then added, |
She fainted twice in his arms.—
Beggorrat sent vinegar to the execue
tioner, to administer to her in this
situation. There was no advocate
appointed to attend on her behalf,
and no surgeon to assist her. No
one but a negro belonging to Bullo
the gaoler, to pull the rope. As
soon as she was taken down, she
was put into the grillos. The wit-
ness had seen her sister bring her
victuals, but never noticed the ad-
mission of her sister or her frierid
into the gaol. The witness had been
four or five years in the post of al-
guazils He never knew the torture
inflicted in the island until the arrival
of the defendant. There had been
bef6re no instrument for the pur-
pose. The first he saw was in the
barracks, among the soldiers. Be-
fore Louisa Calderon, the instru-
ment had been introduced into the
gaol perhaps about six months. The
first person he saw tortured in Tri-
nidad

CH RON CLL E.

nidad was by direction of the defen-
dant, who said to the gaoler, ‘* Go
and fetch the black man to the
picket guard, and put him to the
torture.” After the eight months
confinement, both Carlos and Louisa
_were discharged.

On his cross-examination, by Mr.
Laws, he said that Carlos was dis-
charged at the time the judge ordered
him to bring the money; that he
went from the island, he did not
know by whose orders, and that he
took his passage for Margarita,

Don Juan Montes said, that he
was acquainted with the hand-writing
of the defendant, and proved the do-
cument containing the order of the
torture expressed in these terms :

“* Anlicase la question a Louisa
Calderon.

(Signed) ‘* Tuomas Picton.”

After some observations from Mr.
Dallas, which were ‘answered by
Mr. Garrow, the lord chief justice
ruled, that the application of the
alcalde Beggorrat, which led to the
issue of this order, should be read.

Mr. Lowten then read the repre-
sentation of this officer, advising
that slight torture should be applied,
stating that his own authority was
incompetent to do it, without the
orders of the governor, and giving
the result of the proceedings, in the

- course of the examinations Louisa
Calderon had undergone. The in-
strument was countersigned by l’ran-
cisco de Castro.

Mr, Garrow.—‘* Then follow,
my lord, the service of the order,
and the acts of torment.”

Lord Ellenborough.—‘* Does it
appear, that the defendant was ac-
quainted with the subsequent pro-
ceeding ?”

it,”’

Mr. Garrow.——** I do not want»

381

Mr. Harrison now proceeded with
the testimony of Don Juan Montes,
who said he had known the island
of Trinidad since 1793; that the
torture was never introduced, until
after the conquest of the is!and, and
was then practised by order of the
defendant ; it was first used with
the military in 1799, and two years
afterwards in the gaol. ~

Mr. Garrow said, that he had
more witnesses to produce, if ne-
cessary, of the first respectability 5
but from regard to the time of the
court, he should here close the
case on the part of the crown, unless
it should be required by the counsel
for the defendant, that it should be
proved that general Picton was go-
vernor of the island.

Mr. Dallas, for the defendant,
rested his defence upon ‘the follow-
ing statements :—

ist. By the law of Spain, in the
present instance, torture was di-
rected; and being bound to admi-
nister that law, he was justified in
its application.

Qdly, The order for the torture,
if not unlawfully, was not mali-
ciously issued.

3dly. If it were unlawful, yet if
the erder were erroneously or mis-
takenly issued, it is a complete an-
swer to a criminal charge.

The learned counsel entered at
considerable length into these posi-
tions, during which he compared the
law of Spain, as it prevailed in Tri-
nidad, with the law of England as it
subsisted in some of our ownislands ;
and he contended, that the conduct
of general Picton was gentleness and
humanity, compared to what might
be practised with impunity under
the authority of the British govern-
ment.

After a long interlocutory discus-

sion,

382%

sion, several items of the examina-
tion taken on the island, for the pur-
pose of this cause, were read by the
clerk of the court. The next tes-
timony adduced was that of Mr.
Glocester, the attorney-general of
his majesty in the island, who de-
posed to the authenticity of several
books on the laws of the island,
among which were the rizondo, the
Curia Philippica, the Bobadilla, the
Colom, and the Recopilacion de
Leyes.

Various.passages in these books
were then referred to, and translated,
for the purpose of shewing that tor-
ture was not only permitted in cers
tain cases, but in the particular in-
stance hefore the jury.

On the part of the prosecution,
dou Pedro de Vargas was then
called to contradiét these authorities.
He said that he had studied the law
of the West India Islands under the
dominion of Spain seven years, and
that he had practised it two years.
In the course of his enquiries and
experience, he had never known any
book of authority cited to justify
the application of torture; it was
true, ‘an ancient edict, as early as
the year 1260, mentioning torture,
had been referred to by some learn-
ed persons in colonial law, but this
authority had long been considered
obsolete and nugatory, so that no-
thing now remained either to sup-
port the principle or the practice.
After the cross-examination of this
witness,

Lord Ellenborough.—‘* The sin-
gle question for your consideration
is, whether, by the Spanish laws
observed in Trinidad, the defendant
was justified in inflicting torture
upon the prosecutrix? I would ad-
vise you by all means to divest your-
selves of every thing that may in-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

flame your minds, so that you may
give impartial attention to the pre-
sent case. he inquiry for you to
make is, what was the subsisting
Jaw by which Trinidad, at the time
it was taken by sir Ralph Aber-
crombie, was governed? The va-
rious authorities upon the subject of
the distribution of justice in Spanish
courts do not mention the infliction
of torture, and therefore the right of
applying it, if it can be applied at
all, must depend upon authorities

before us, or upon the jurisdiction

of the judge. Weare not madeac-
quainted at what time Trinidad was
annexed to the Spanish colonial
possessions, or what code of laws
were then instituted. Depositions
of witnesses have been read, who
have known the island for 32 years,
and one of them was born there, and
swears torture was never adminis-
tered. Mr. Nugent also says, he
knew Trinidad for twenty years,
and never saw the torture inflicted,
or had ever secn the instruments,
and therefore it is absolutely with-
out any proof to support it. Mr.
Glocester speaks to books of autho-
rity, which he stated to be in use
when he was in the island; but the
existence and reference to them can
certainly not extend beyond the pe-
riod when he himself was acquainted
with them.’’ His lordship having
made some farther observations,
respecting the different authorities
produced, concluded as follows :—
‘6 The question, then, resolves it-
self to this, viz. whether in the ab-
sence of usave for 32 years, you
will infer that the Jaw of Old Spain
so necessarily involved that of Tri-
nidad, as to induce you to believe,
that as the practice of torture is
allowed by the one, it is also by the
other. If youare of opinion that it

does,

CHR went CE’ E: 38$

does, you will be to good as to say
so, that it may be inserted in the
special verdict, if not, you will find
the defendant generally guilty.”

The jury immediately returned,
that they were of opinion that no
such law did exist which would
authorise the defendant in inflicting
the torture, in consequence of which
general Picton was found guilty of
every charge.

Lord Ellenborough.—** Mr. Dal-
las, you will have the advantage of
all objections on a motion for a new
trial.”

Mr. Dallas.—‘‘ Yes,my lord, there
are many points in the evidence of
which I may avail myself.”

27th. Mr. Pirr’s wit was this
day proved by W. D. Adams, and
W. Huskisson, esquires, and is as
follows, in three separate schedules:

«J owe sir Walter Farquhar one
thousand guineas, from October,
1805, as a professional debt.

cow bre r??

66 12,0001. with interest, from
October, 1801, to Mr. Long, Mr.
Steele, Lord Carringion, Bishop of
Lincoln, Lord Camden, Mr. Joseph
Smith, and [ earnestly request their

acceptance of it. I wish, if means
can be found for it, of paying double
the wages to all my servants who
were with me at my decease.
SON, Pier.

“TI wish my brother, with the
bishop of Lincoln, to look over my
papers, and to settle my affairs. I
ewe more thanI can leave behind me.

Ba WY, Pipr.74

The following uncommon in-
stances of fecundity have this sea-
gon occurred in the flock of John
Wythe, esq. of Eye: Feb. 18, a
Norfolk ewe yeaned three lambs.—
20, another three.—21, another
five. —23, another, four.—Sameday,

another, three. —25, another, three.
—27, another, four.—Thus seven

ewes yeaned 25 lambs, all alive.

MARCH.

2nd. A melancholy accident haps
pened on the road between Exeter
and Exmouth, at that part where
the roads from Clyst 4nd Newcourt,
join that between ‘Topsham and
Topsham bridge. As lieutenant-co-
lonel Bagwell, of the 6th dragoon
guards, was riding on a party of
pleasure, with some oflicers of his
acquaintance, his horse suddenly
took fright, and after galloping off
with great fury, threw his rider with
such force, thatit fractured his skull
most dreadfully, and killed him on
the spot. Medical assistance was
procured in a few minutes, but it
was too late to be of service. The
body was removed to Topsham,
where the coroner held an inquest,
which returned a verdict of acci=
dental death. The lieutenant-colo-
nel was in the prime of life, and |
universally beloved and esteemed
by the whole regiment, as well as
by all who knew him. He is the
son of John Bagwell, esq. member
of parliament for the county of
Tipperary, and brother to the re-
presentative in parliament for the

borough of Clonmell in Ireland.
3rd. Capt. Whitehead, of the
revenue cutter, Eagle, carried a
smuggling vessel into Shields, which
had run about twenty boat loads
previously on shore, yet a consi-
derable quantity of spirits is left on
board. She is a new lugger, only
seven weeks off the stocks, from
Flushing, rigged in the Dutch man-
ner, manned with French, Fle.
mings, Dutch, Prussians, and, it is
said,some English; but the chief part
of

354

of the crew eseaped in their boat.
A considerable seizure of smuggled
goods took place at Preston, near
North Shields, a few days since.

The reverend Rowland Hill has
travelled through Kent ; he preached
on Sunday week to 700 of the
children who attend the Sunday
schools ; aud on Wednesday morn-
ing following vaccinated as many as
applied to him before nine o’clock,
at Chatham.

4th. An accident of a serious na-
ture happened last week, at Mrs.
Ash’s, of Linton, Kent.—The fa-
mily had been somewhat alarmed
by the appearance of persons lurk-
ing about the house for some nights,
and there having been several rob-
beries in the neighbourhood lately,
they thought they would be pre-
pared ; accordingly, a brace of pis-
tols was removed [rom a place where
they had laid several years, and were
supposed not to be loaded. The
maid-servant accordingly. snapped
one of them, which did not flash,
and afterwards snapped it. several
times; Miss Ash took the same

pistol from the servant, and pointing,

it close to her sister, snapped it—
when, to their utter astonishment,
it went off, and the ball penetrated
her chest, close to the collar-bune.
The ball was not immediately ex-
tracted, but favourable hopes were
entertained of her recovery. Yet,
it must be considered. particularly
fortunate that the pistol did not go
’ off in the servant’s hand ; for once,
‘ while she snapped it, she held it
close to the man servant’s head.

An extraordinary change of for-
tune happened toa poor old woman,
who resides at Rothsay, in Scotland.
J. Mitchel, esq. who died at St.
Vincent’s, proved to be her -only
brother, of whom she had not heard

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

for many years, and left her pro-
perty to the amount of 50,000I.

The following melancholy cir
cumstance happened lately in the
north of Scotland:—A gentleman
and his wife went to bed in perfect
health, and were found .quite dead
in the morning, being suffocated by
a fire of peats in the roomin which
they slept. There had been no fire
in the room for some time, and it is
supposed the chimney had been
stopped up. Slecping with fires in
bed-chambers is a dangerous prac-
tice.

6th. The following very singular
circumstance took place at Hove,
on Saturday last: —As Mr. Wichels,
senior, a gentleman much and de-
servedly esteemed, and who was for-
merly a resident ‘of Brighton, was
entertaining a few select friends at —
his hospitable marine villa~at Hove,
a hare, sans ceremonie, paid them a
visit, and instantly crouched down
against one of the legs of the ban-
quetting table. Poor puss was soon ©
made a captive, which task was
scarcely performed, when Mr.
Bridger’s pack of harriers, in full —
cry, surrounded the house. The ©
hare, it seems, had afforded the ©
pack an excellent chace ; from the ©
severity of which she had suddenly |
withdrawn as above described, and
was now, in better hAcalth than spis—
rits, presented to Mr. Bridger, who ©
accompanied his dogs, and by whose —
order the timid animal was ulti-
mately permitted, without farther —
interruption, to range at large.

A woman of the name of Eliz.
Brown, after travelling 13 miles, |
was delivered of a child at the Globe ©
Inn, in Carlisle, though she had not
arrived an hour before. And on
Blonday se’nnight, Jane Irving,
about eleven at night, walked. to the
2 workhouse, —

CHRONICLE

workhouse without assistance, and
was there, in less than an hour, de-
live ed of a fine boy, immediately
after which, notwithstanding every
persuasion, she walked to her
lodgings in English-street, a quarter
of amile distant, ‘This is her 6th
birth.

In consequence of a butcher of
Stretford, near Manchester, having
‘disappeared from the period of the
late flood, a report prevailed that an
apparition had been frequently seen
at midnight, near Cross Bridge, be-
tween Stretford and Cross-street,
where there is generally a standing
pool of water ; a town-meeting was
convened, which came to a resolu-
tion of having the place pumped
dry. The business was accordingly
undertaken, and, after several day’s
labour, completed on Thursday,
when the body of the butcher was
found. He was generally supposed
to have been robbed and mardered ;
but on examining the body, money
and other valuables were fouod in
his pockets; a circumstance which
evidently proves his death to have
been accidental. ‘The most ridicu-
lous and unaccountable reports have
been circnlated on this subject. ‘The
cattle are said to have refused to
drink the water, and horses, passing
that way, to have shook and trem-
bled under their riders. The ghost,
it was said, was seen in the form of
a dog, and at other times in that of
aman, uttering dreadful yells of dis-
tress.

7th. A large fossil skeleton, of an
animal similar to a crocodile, was
lately found at Daddridge, Gloces-
ter, in a solid stratum of lime-stone,
twenty fect thick, and imbedded
fifteen feet below the surface. The
skeleton is ten feet and a half in

Jength, and all parts are perfeét,
You, XLVIILI.

385

The jaws are in high preservation,
and the teeth even covered with
their enamel ; one of them, on being
broken, appeared so much like the
fracture of petrified wood, that an
idea has been started, that many fos-
sils, hitherto supposed to be of ve-
getable, are of animal origin.

This day, about one, a fire broke
out at the house of an organ- builder,
in Southampton-court, ‘lottenham-
court Road, which was occasioned
by leaving a fire in the workshop
when the men went to dinner, ‘The
engines did not arrive till some time
after the fire began, but by five the
flames were extinguished.

8th. A fire broke out about ten
this night, at the house of Mr. Field,
corn-chandler, in Shoreditch, and
communicated to a neighbouring
house, occupied by a dyer. About
twelve the flames were got under.

9th. The thunder storm of this
night burst on the kitchen chimney
of Walter Grey, esq. at Southgate,
and did considerable damage to it.
10th. The frost in the neighbour-
hood of Kelso, ia Scotland, was par-
ticularly severe. A hurricane, ac-
companied by a cousiderable fall of
snow and hail, occurred on this day,
and destroyed the famous elm tree,
which had existed for ages, on the
banks of the Teviot, and was known
by the name of the 7'rysting Tree. —
On the succeeding ‘{hursday, Fah-
renheit’s thermometer in that town
was as low as nine degrees.

Cure ror Dearness.—Mr. Sitni-
koff, a merchant at Moscow, was
deprived for half a year of the fa-
culty of hearing, and submitted to
various applications without success,
At last he filled his mouth with the
smoke of tobacco, closed it firmly
as well as his nostrils, and thus com.
pelled the smoke to find a passage

Ce through

386

through his ears. The next day he
feit a crash in each ear, and ever
since his hearing has been perfeétly
restored

On Thursday se’nnight a blind
man undertook, for a small wager,
to run against the mail coach, be-
tween Halifax and Bradford, a dis-
tance of near eight miles: he ar-
rived at Bradford twelve mivutes be-
fore the coach, having been allowed
to sét off five minutes before it. On
his arrival at Bradiord, a bye-
stander would have it that he could
see. In order to convince hin that
he was totally blind, he gave leave
for his eyes to be covered with a
plaister, and said he would run the
other wan back again to Halifax,
but he refused the blind man’s chal.
lenge.

13th. The fall of snow was so
heavy in Kent, that the Dover coach
was yesterday greatly retarded in
its progress to town. On its arrival
at Barham Downs a complete stop
took place, the snow being there of
the amazing depth of ten feet. The
mail was taken out of the coach,
and forwarded by a messenger, on
horseback, to town, where it did
not arrive till two o’clock. <A great
number of men were collected on
Barham Downs, who cut a passage
throngh the snow for the coach, and
enabled it to continue its journey.
Tt did not arrive in London till six
at night.

14th. A poney, the property of
Mr. J. Moore, of Mildenhall, in
Suffolk, fora trifling wager, galloped
from the above place to Bury, and
back again, (a distance of 25 miles, )
in 1 hour and 29 minutes. He was
allowed two hours, but performed it
31 minutes within the time. The
weight of the poney is only 25 stone,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1866.

its height under 13 hands, and the
rider weighed 11 stone.

16th. The parish church of St.
Peter, at St. Alban’s, which had
been a long time under repair, for
the re-building, the centre tower,
and contracting the chancel, was
opened with two appropriate ser-
mons, by the vicar, Mr. Roberts ;
that in the morning from Eph. iv. 4.
that in the evening from Matthew
Xxvili. 20.

i9th. This morning between one
and two, a large mass of the vene-
rable remains of the ancient wall of
Rochester castle gave. way with a
dreadful crash, and falling on a shed
occupied by Mr. Butcher, coach.
maker, entirely destroyed the same,
and damaged several chaises, &c.
which were standing under, and near
it. Tho mass which fell was thirty
feet high, and above twenty in
width, and it is supposed to have
been occasioned by the moisture
sapping the foundation of it,

20th. Joseph Gardam, an old man,
aged 70 years, was, by a strong
gust of wind, blown into a tub of
boiling glew, at Hull, by which
he was so severely scalded that he
died.

A brawn (a cross of the Bark=
shire and Hampshire breed) was
killed afew days since by Mr. Jones,
of Brymbo, near Wrexham, which
weighed, after cleaning, 760 pounds,
and the fat on the back was five
inches thick. ‘The sire of this ani-
mal was killed about two years ago,
which weighed 21 score.

21st. A person who worked at
thé brewery in Fast Smithfield, late
the king’s brewhouse, having come
into the possession of some property,
a friend called on him to congratu.

late him, and they adjourned toa

public.

C HIB GN TC tLe.

public-house in the neighbourhood.
Shortly after, Lee, a night con-
stable, came in with his truncheon
in his hand. The deceased jocosely
asked him, whether he ever struck
any body with that stick ? He with
good humour replied, he did some-
times ; and raising it, as if to flou-
rish it over his own head, it unfor-
tunately alighted on the other’s
head, where, injuring a vital part,
almost instant death was the conse-
quence.

The same day, at Charing Cross,
as the mother of an infant, about
nine months old, was handing it out
of a stage-coach to another person,
it dropped between them, the horses
at the instant moving, the near hind
wheel went over the child’s head,
and killed it on the spot.

A second Roman pavement has
Jately been discovered in the metro-
polis, of which a coloured print will
be published. ~

22d. A duel was fought on Gal-
Jey wood Common, near Chelmsford,
Essex, between lieutenant Turrens,
and Mr. Fisher, surgeon, both of
the 6th regiment of foot, in barracks
there. The parties, with their se-
conds, arrived on the spot appointed
for the encounter, at day-break,
when the preliminaries having been
settied, they took a short distance,
and turning round, fired at the same
instant. The lieutenant received his
antagonist’s ball in the groin, and
immediately fell; on which Mr,
Fisher went up and took him by
the hand, expressing much regret at
the lamentable consequence that
had ensued; as, from the nature of
the wound, he was apprehensive it
would prove mortal. Assistance
having been procured, the wounded
gentleman was removed to a wind-
mill, at a short distance, and as soon

387

as possible conveyed from thence to
his apartments in the barracks, where
every attention was rendered that
his unfortunate situation could re-
quire. ‘he ball having lodged on
the side opposite to which it enter-
ed, was extraéted by Dr. Welch, a
four o’clock the same afternoon, but
he expired between nine and ten
o’clock on Sunday morning. An
inquisition was taken before J. O.
Parker, junior, esq. coroner, on
view of the body, on Monday, and
verdict returned of wilful murder
against Mr. Fisher and the two
seconds, one of whom is under ar-
rest: Mr. Fisher and the other have
absconded.

A Woman to trt!—There,is a
custom, which most likely is: pecu-
liar to a small district in the western
part of Cumberland. A few days
ago, a gentleman from the neigh-
bourhood of Whitehaven, calling
upon a person at his house in Ulpha,
was informed that he was not with-
in ; he was gone to church ; there
was ‘* a woman to let!’ On en-
guiry as to the meaning of this sin-
gular expression, it was thus ex-
plained :—When any single woman,
belonging to the parish, had the
misfortune to prove with child, a
meeting of the parishioners is called,
for the purpose of providing her a
maintenance in some family, at so
much per week, from that time to a
limited time after delivery ; and this
meeting, (to give it the greater sanc-
tion) is uniformly holden in the
church, where the /owest bidder has
the bargain ! And on such occasions,
previous notice is given, that on such
2 day there will be ‘* a@ woman to
Tet !”

Dick Jarrett, called the miser, at
Rye, lately died possessed of pro-
perty to the amount of nine or ten

Cc2Q thousand

388

thousand pounds; he was never
married, but lived by himself, per-
forming all the business of the house,
&c. and his dress corresponded with
his disposition. Not long since, he
complained of the hardness of the
times. Formerly it cost him to live
on, only 5 of 6/. per annum, but his
Jast year’s expenditure was 13/. He
would lend his money out where he
could get good security. Under a
brick, since taken up, in the pre
mises where he resided, have been
found near 300 guineas, This eccen-
tric character had beer by him,
which had been brewed forty years
ago, and some had been kept ever
since his christening (but by whom
first provided, for the purpose, we
cannot say,) to be drank at his fu-
neral. aboveseventy years old. How
he has disposed of his money we have
not heard.

Coronen’s [nquest.—An inqnest
was held on the body of Elizabeth
Trout, a young woman of Little
Sheffield, Yorkshire, who, ina fit
of despair, drowned herself in a
pond on Sunday week. ‘The deli.
berate manner in which she put an
end to her existence is somewhat ex-
traordinary ; the pond heing frozen
over, she broke a hole in the ice,
just to admit her head, which she
‘put into the water, and her body re-
mained quite dry.

‘23d. Letters from the society far
the suppression of vice to the ladies
who patronize the Sunday concerts
under the direction of Salomon,
after an apology for their inter.
ference with what was done in the
private houses of persons of the
exalted rank of those ladies, expa-
tiate against the impious’ conduct of
the ladies who patronize the playing
of music in their own houses on the

Lord’s Day, They complain of the

ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1806.

exorbitant salaries paid to the Itae-
lians for their entertainments, and
rail severely at the rude conduct of
the servants about the doors of per-
sons of distinction.

The French Charlatan of a cer-
tain venerable duke was most awk.
wardly treated a few evenings since
by some ladies of pleasure, in the
neighbourhood of St. James’s, for
keeping too large a poundage out of
his master’s bounty. Two of them
tore the skirts off his coat, pretend-
ing to contend for the possession
of his person, while a third had near.
Jy poisoned him by emptying the
contents of his own phials upon his
head. In this plight he was turned
into the street, aud compelled to
seek refuge in a hackney coach that
was previously waiting for him.

25th. Bow Srreet.— An infor-
mation against Russell came
on, to recover the penalty of 2001.
under an act of parliament, for
keeping a house where an unlawful:
game of chance was played, for.
merly known by the name of the
Little Go, but now distinguished,
to avoid the penalty, by the name of
Irory.

_ Mr. Canst appeared as counsel ©
on the part of the defendant, aad
pleaded not guilty to the charge.

Ar. H , the informant, stated
to the sitting magistrates the mode
of practising this system of robbery.
The game was a species of lottery ;
several tickets, made of ivory, with

‘numbers upon them, were put into

a box by the master of the table,
and the poor persons fixed on the
numbers they were to insure. It
was usual for the common people to
fix on low numbers, always under
100, not to overburthen their minds
with a complication of figures; thig
was well known by the persons who,

Niet kepg

CH Bio) Nabi .LiE.

kept the game, and they took care
never to put any, or at least very
few, numbers under 100, into the
box ; of course, it was seldom or
never that any of the poor wretches
gained a prize. Against the present
defendant, he said, he did not in-
tend to produce any evidence, as he
was not the object that he wished
the arm of justice to be raised against,
—There was a man of the name of
it whom he wished to fasten
himself on; this man was the main
Spring by which the defendant and
many others were set in motion.

They acted as his servants, and he’

received the greater part of the
profits. By these means, this Mr.
H—-— had squeezed from the poc-
kets of the lower order of the peo-
ple in the city of Westminster, in
the course of a very short time, no
less a sum than 50,0001. At pre-
sent, he had evidence against him
which must convict him; and, by
having the present defendant ac-
quitted, he meant to bring him for-
ward as a witness, to supply a link
in the chain, whieh he thought was
wanting.

As there was no evidence pro-
duced, the present defendant was ac-
quitted.

_ Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, the cele.
brated translator of Epictetus, died
this month at the advanced age of 89
years. She very early in life dis-
covered the superior cultivation
which her mind had received from
the superintendance of her worthy
father; and her only brother, Henry,
received his classical education from
her before he went to Canterbury
school ; from which he was admit-
ted of Corpus Christi College, Cam-

389

bridge.. Mrs. C.' has published all
the works, of Epictetus. which are
now extant, The learning and ability
which the authoress has displayed
in the execution of this task are well
known, and have received that ap-
plause which is so justly their due;
the work may-with justice be pro-
nounced to do honour to her sex
and to her country. Besides this
production which forms the chief of
her literary labours, she has pub-
lished a volume of poems, which
are celebrated in the works of lord
Lyttelton, who had perused them
in manuscript, and at whose parti-
cular request they were offered to
the world. As compositions, their
merit and beauty cannot be too
highly applauded. Sublime simpii-
city of sentiment, melodious sweet-
ness of expression, and morality the
most amiable, grace them in every
page.

APRIL.

Ist. While two constables were
conducting a man to Hereford, from
near Fawnhope, he suddenly plun-
ged from the road into the river, near
Mordiford, and, after wishing his
conductors a good night, was drown-
ed! Much blame is said to attach
to the people who had the care of
this unfortunate man, as they did
not make the smaliest effort to save
him.

At Lancaster assizes, Edward
Barlow, aged 69, (who has been the
executioner for the county for

Cc3 twenty

$90

twenty years, during which time he
has officiated upon 84 criminals, )
was tried for horse stealing —Guilty,
death.

Last week T Barns and J. Sinott
were executed near Winchester. ‘At
the place’of execution, Sinott con.
trived ‘to slip back the string by
which his hands were 'pinioned, and
when the rope and cap were fixed,
he took both off, and resisted their
being replaced, and the javelin-men
were called to hold him, before the
rope and cap could be again adjus-
ted. Barns waited his fate with the
greatest resignation,—Sinott was
a seaman, and was convicted of
cruelly cutting and ‘maiming Joln
Bell, aseaman. ©

5th. Richard Patch, was tried
in Surry, at Horsemonger-lane, for
the murder of Isaac Blight.

Mr. Garrow said, he should pro-
ceed to state the relative situation of
the prisoner and the deceased, and
the nature of the premises where the
transaction took place. From the ac-
count he should give of the premises,
it would result that it was absolutely
impossible that the -deceased could
have met his death from any other
hand:—he shorfld then detail other
circumstances, whence the same re-
sult must necessarily follow. Mr.
Garrow proceeded to state, that Mr,
Blight was a ship-breaker—that be
had a sister of the prisower for his
servant, in the spring of 1803—that
the prison:r visited his sister; ex-
pressed himself distressed, and en-

tered into Sir. Blight’s service for

mere victuals and drink ; afterwards

‘he hada salary. Mr. G. then de-

tailed the circumstance’ of Mr

‘Blight’s having been in embargassed
9

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

circumstances, and of having made
some nominal transfer to the prisoner
in 1803. Last August, Mr. Blight
went to Margate; the prisoner con-
ducted his business, and was to re-
ceive one-third of the profits, for
which he was to pay 12501.—250}.
he did pay, and for the remainder,
he gave a-draft for 1000l. on one
Goom. On the 16th September,
he said that Goom could not take
the draft up. A fresh one was given,
which was to be due September
20th. On the 19th September, Mr.
Blight ‘went to Margate; the pri-
soner was left at Deptford, and in
the evening sent the servant, Kitche-
ner, for oysters. While she was
absent, a gun was fired through the
shutters; which gun, Mr. Garrow
said, he meant to say was not fired
by an enemy, but by the prisoner,
with a view to the fatal catastrophe.
Fron the nature of the premises, no
person could escape from the gate
nor by water. On the next day,
the prisoner wrote to Blight, giving
him an account of the transaction,
and concluded by saying, that he
should be glad to see him. Blight
arrived in town on the 23d Sepe
tember; the prisoner did not say
that the 10001. draft was not taken
up, but led the deceased to believe
the money was safe; he then went
to London, witha strict charge from ©
Mr. Blight to bring the money with
him, On his return they spent the
evening together, and (for the first
time) in the back-parlour, where the
deceased was shot. At eight o’clock
the prisoner quitted the deceased,
went to Kitchener, and asked for the
key of the counting-house, stating
himself to be ill. He went through

the

CO RAOON 1 Ci. £.

the counting-house to the privy, and
shut the deor hard—Kitchener in-
stantly (as she says) saw the flash
of the pistol, and Blight came into
the kitchen wounded. She rushed
out, and shut the street-door. ‘The
difficulty here was, that she should
have heard the privy door shut, and
the pistol flash at the parlour door,
at the same moment. The prisoner
came ir immediately to Blight. Mr.
Garrow then proceeded to state,
that when the surgeon, Mr. Ashley
Cooper, was called in, he asked the
deceased whom he suspected? The
answer was, Mr. Patch tells me he
has reason to suspect one Webster.
But Mr. Garrow said, he would
prove that he was not the murderer,
by showing where he was at the
time ; he named another person of
the name of Clarke, because he had
had a quarrel with Blight ; but this
_ man also would be proved to have
been elsewhere. Mr. Garrow next
proceeded te dwell upon the motives
that could have induced the prisoner
to commit the murder. He wished
to possess part of the business, but
without payment of the considera-
tion-money. In all his representa-
tions about the draft for 1000l.
there was not one word of truth.
What was his conduct subsequent
to the fatalevent? He told Mrs.
Blight the 10001. was paid, and got
the papers relative to the business
from Mrs. Blight; he talked to the
witness Kitchener as to what she
shouldsay. He was in the uniform
practice of wearing boots; but he
should prove, that when Blight was
murdered, he had shoes and stock-
ings—the stockings were afterwards
found in the sleeping-room, plaster-
ed with mud, such as was on the
wharf, The pistol he could not pro-

$91

duce, but the ramrod was found in
the privy.

The first witness called was Mr.
Richard Frost, a publican, who kept
the Dog and Duck. ‘The first part
of his testimony (for he was called
in a second time.) related merely to
the fact of the death of Mr. Blight.
He stated, that on the morning of
the 23d September last, he was sent
for by the prisoner, in consequence
of the deceased having been killed
by a pistol shot: he went, and found
him leaning on his hands, and
wounded.

Mr. Ashley Cooper said, he was
called in to the assistance of Mr.
Blight. Upon examining him, he
found he had received a wound near
the navel, and another in the groin.
He observed that they were gun
shot wounds; and, as the body of

~ the deceased was considerably in-

flated, he pronounced them mortal :
he observed the bowels coming
through the wounds, The next
morning Patch came to him, said
the deceased was in ex!reme pain,
and wished to know whether any
thing could be done for him. The
witness told him he feared there
could not. This was abont seven in
the morning. He roseand went to
him, and found him in a very swol-
len state. He promised to returnin
the afternoon with a physician. He
went to town. and came back with
Doctor Babbington; but Mr. Blight
had beeu dead about three quarters
of an hour. He had not the smallest
doubt that the wounds were the oc-
casion of his death.

Richard Frost was again called up
to speak to the firing of the gun.
He stated, that on Thursday, the
19th, there was the report of the
firing of agur at Mr. Blight’s house;

Cce4 a. he

392

he went ot to ascertais the cause,
but he did not perceive any person
coming from the premises; and he
was in a situation in which, had the
person who fired it attempted to
make his escape, he must have ob-
served him :— it was about eight
o’clock in the evening, and it was
dark ; but he was near enough to
Aaveseen any one run away, or climb
the wall.

Miss Ann Davis and Miss Martha
Davis, sisters, who happened to be
walking by the premises in a dif-
ferent direction from the last wit-
ness, stated, that they also saw the
flash, and heard the report of a gun,
and must have scen any person at-
tempting to escape; but all was
quiet, and they concluded that the
gun was fired by some one on the
premises.

After this head of evidence, to

establish that the gun fired on the’

Thursday preceding the death of
Mr. Blight was not by any stranger,
but by the prisoner, wi(nesses were
then calied to relate the circum.
stances which occurred on the 23d.
Mr. Michacl Wright stated, that
he was going past Mr. Blight’s house
alittle alter eight, when he heard
the report of a pistol in the house ;
and having become acquainted, by
rumour, of the former attempt, he
was indneed to 0 up to the house
witha view to offer his assistance—
he knocked for some time, and was
not admitted: but insisting on having
the door opened, Mr. Patch made
his appearance, and began inform-
ing him what a dreadful accident
had happened. The witness was
impatient at hearing this story: he
ought that some means should be
rather adopted to pursue the mur-
derer, and recommended Patch to
commissian him te apply to Bow-

7

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

street ; as an enquiry taking place
instantly after the assassination,
would most probably be attended
with success. Patch seemed reluc-
tant, and thought that no good ef-
fect could result from it. ‘Phe wit-
ness was rather indignant at his as-
sistance not being accepted, and
therefore went away.

Hester Kitchener’s evidence ap-
plied to the two days. She stated,
that on the 19th she had been or-
dered by the prisoner to shut up the
shutters of the house earlier than
usual. Her master and mistress
were then at Margate. At eight
o’clock, the prisoner sent her out
for some oysters ; and, as she re-
turned, she heard the report ofa
gun; but through the court-yard,
the only passage to the house, she
did not see any one. When she
saw Patch, he cried, ‘¢ Oh, Hester,
I have been shot at!’?—She rejoins
ed, ‘* Lord forbid !”?—They then
looked for the ball, which she found,
The witness continued to state that
her master returned to town on the
Monday morning ; that in the even-
ing he and the prisoner drank tea
together in the back parlour, and
afterwards had some grog. Her mas-
ter was fatigued, heavy, andsleepy
with his journey and the liquor.
Patch came down in a hurry to her
in the kitchen, and, complaining of
a pain in his bowels, wanted a light
to gointothe yard. She gave it to
him, as also the key of the counting-
house, through which it was neccs«
sary he should pass. She heard him
enter the back place and slam the
door after him, and immediately she
heard the report of the pistol—Her
master ran down into the kitchen,
exclaiming, ‘*O Hester, I am a
dead man !’’ and supported himself
upon the dresser. She ran up to

shut ©

Cig Bop Nal Dk.

shut the door; and as she was half
way down the passage, on her re-
turn, she heard Patch knocking vio-
lently for admittance. He asked
what was the matter ; she told him ;
on which he went down and offered
his assistance. He asked the de-
ceased if he knew of any one who
could owe him a grudge? Mr.
Blight answered, no, as he was not
at enmity with any man in the
world.

Mr. Christopher Morgan was pass-
ing by when the fatal shot was fired;
he went to the house, and saw Mr.
- Blight lying in a wounded state,
and recommended Mr. Patch, in the
first instance, to search the premises
all over. Patch told him, and his
friend Mr. Berry,who was with Mr,
M. to go and search an old ship that
was off the wharf, as he had reason
to think that the perpetrator might
have escaped there ; for he heard a
noise in that direction on the night
when the gun was previously fired.

They went, but found that the ship.

was lying at the distance of 16 feet
from the wharf; that it was low
water; that from the top of the
wharf to the mud was ten feet, that
the soil was soft mud, and that any
one who might attempt that way
must have been up to his middle ;
besides, the mud did not bear the
_ appearance of any one having passed
through it; he was therefore per-
fectly convinced that no,one escaped
over the wharf towards the water.—
Mr. Berry corroborated this evi-
dence.

Six other persons, who happened
to be in different directions leading
from Mr, Blight’s house to the pub-
lic roads, most distinctly proved,
that when the shot was fired, which
killed Mr, Blight, every thing was
quiet on the outside ofthe premises ;

395

that there was no appearance of any
person attempting to escape; and
if there had, that there was no
possibility of his eluding observa-
tion,

The next series of evidence went
to infer, that the prisoner was carry-
ing on a system of delusion and
fraud against the deceased, in re-
spect to certain pecuniary transac.
tions between them. It was proved
by Mrs. Blight, the deceased’s wi-
dow, that her husband, who had
fallen into some embarrassments,
had, in order to mask his property,
made a nominal assignment of it to
Patch : but the assignment was not
to be carried into effect, unless the
trustees of his creditors should, as
he apprehended, become importu-
nate. This confidential assignment
Patch wished to convert into an ab-
solute sale for consideration given
on bis part; but Mrs. Blight declar-
ed, that he had never paid her hus-
band any money, excepting 250).
part of 1,250l. the consideration for
a share of his business.

The next strong branch of evi-
dence referred to the stockings which
the prisoner had on the night that
Mr. Blight lost his life. It -was
proved that he generally wore
boots ; but the witnesses memory
enabled them to say,that he had shots
and white stockings on, the even-
ing of the 23d.—Mr. Stafford, of
the police-office, stated, that, on ex-
amining the bed-room of Mr, Patch,
they were folded up like a clean
pair ; but that on opening them, the
soles appeared dirty, as if a person
had walked in them without shoes :
the inference from this was, that the
prisoner had taken off his shoes in
order that he might walk out of the
necessary without being heard by the
maid,

The

394

The last important fact was the
discovery of the ramrod of a pistol
im the privy, and the proof, that that
place had not recently been visited
by any person suffering under a
bowel complaint. This, and a vast
variety of circumstantial evidence,
which our limits will notadmit of our
detailing, concluded the case on the
part of the crown.

The prisoner, being called upon
for his defence, delivered ina long
and elaborate address, supposed to
have been written by his counsel,
which he requested might be read
by the officer of the court: it began
by thanking the learned judge for
moving his trial from a place where
prejudice might have operated
against him; complained much of
that prejudice having been excited
against him by premature reports in
the public journals ; and then en-
tered into a general train of argu-
ment, inferring, that in a case of life
and death, jaries ought not to con-
vict upon circumstantial evidence ;
the more especially, where they ap-
peared, as in the present case, so
dubious. We stated, that whatever
might be the result of their judg-
ment upon the evidence, was almost
a matter of indifference to him on
his own account ; for he was borne
down and subdued by the unjust
prejudices of the public, by the long
imprisonment he had endured, and
by the enormous expences to which
he had been subjected ; but he had
those relations who made life dear to
him: he had children who looked
up to him for support, and who
would not only be dishonoured, but
ruined, by his death. The only evi-
dence which he adduced was that of
three persons, who spoke to his Be-
neral character.

The lord chief baron summed up

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

the evidence in the most perspicu-
ous manner, Occupying nearly twe
hours in commenting upon every
part of it.

The jury retired for about a quar.
ter of an hour, and on their return,
pronounced a verdict of Guilty.

His lordship then proceeded to
pronounce the awful sentence of
the law :—he observed, that the
prisoner had begun his career of
guilt in a system of fraud towards
his friend ; he had continued it in
ingratitude, and had terminated
it in blood, He then directed that
he should be executed on Monday,
(afterwards changed to Tuesday,)
and that his body should be deliver-
ed for dissection.

Patch heard the sentence with a
degree of sullen composure border.
ing upon apathy, as if he had pre-
viously made up his mind to the
event. He had the appearance of a
decent yeoman, and was about 38
years of age.

6th. Surorsnire Bacon! —Mr.
Smith, of Upton Magna, killeda pig
last week, of which, when slaughter-
ed, the two sides Weiched 678lbs.
the two leaves 75lbs.. head 65lbs,
making in the whole, with the mid-
gen, which weighed 50lbs. 868lbs.
This astonishing animal was out of
one of the finest sows in that part of
the kingdom. When alive she mea-
sured 9 feet 8 inches long, and 1 yard
6 inches high.

One day last week, as a waggon
belonging to Mr. Turner, at the
White Lion inn at Wragby, was
passing over Langworth bridge,
loaded with two chaldron of coals,
the south side of the bridge gave
way, and the waggon and horses)
were precipitated into the river.
‘The shaft horse was drowned.

On Wednesday evening an alarm-

a ing

ing fire broke ont in one of the
‘stables belonging to the Talbot inn,
‘Malton, by which seven or eight
horses were burnt to death. ‘The
fire was fortunately got under before
any other particular damage was
done.

A melancholy accident happened
at a cottage adjoining the city walls
in St. Stephen’s, Norwich, on Satur-
day last, by the occupier mistaking
apaper of gun-powder for black
lead, which she used in cleaning a
stove, when it suddenly exploded,
and herself withthree children were
so dreadfully burnt as to endanger
their lives. They were all conveyed
‘to the county hospital.

Last week, a horse was killed in
the New Inn Entry, Dundee, by a
large hogshead of sugar, while cart-
ing, occasioned by the horse and
cart standing facing the foot of the
entry (instead of across,) which hay-
ing a declivity, the hogshead, when
_ put in, rolled over the cart and the

body of the horse, the head of which
was instantly crushed.

A melancholy catastrophe hap-
pened atthe mouth of the harbour
of Padstow.—T. Rawlins, esq. of
that port, haying a ship in readiness
to set sail on that day, gave an ipvi-
tation to the captain, Mr. T. Fil-
kins, Mr. Hitchins, and some other
gentlemen, to dine with him; when,
after dinner, Mr. I". with five others,
determined on accompanying the

captain on board ; after which, the
evening coming on, they resolved
toreturn, and having a small boat
provided, the company got into it,
with the exception of one young
man, who remonstrated against pro-
ceeding on shore without a larger
boat. However, the rest of the
company laughed at him, and, at
_ fast, prevailed on him to get in,—

CoH ae CON LC. 2b.

395

No sooner had they put off from the
ship, than a heavy surf completely
swamped them, and every soul dis-
appeared before assistance could be
rendered, with the exception of Mr.
I’. who was rendered breathless by
being dreadfully jammed between
the boat and the ship; and although
taken up soon after, every exer-
tion to save his life proved unavail-
ing.

8th. Execution oF PatcaH.—
From all the circumstances of the
case, a confession of his guilt would
have given great satisfaction to the
public mind; and accordingly, the
attempt to obtain one was zca-
lousy pursued after his conviction.
The rev. Mr. Mann, rector of Ber-
mondsey, and chaplain to the pri-
son, together with three dissenting
ministers, attended him in his cell,
In their interviews with him, he
evinced the strongest proofs of 'a
penitent sinner ;* but invariably de-
clined to give any answer to the
urgent entreaties of the clergymen,
to acknowledge the crime for which
he was to die. The only answer
that could be drawn from him to
these entreaties was, ** 1 have con-
fessed my sins before God, and I
believe in the lord Jesus Christ for
the salvation of my soul; but as to
the crime with which I am charged,
I do not feel any inclination to
gratify the curiosity of men.” The
rey. Mr. Mann frequently urged, as
an example for his imitation, the
conduct of Herring, found guilty of
coining, and sentenced, with his
wife, to sufferat the same time; who,
he said, had confessed his guilt, and
acknowledged the justice of his sen-
tence: but all his exhortations were
to no purpose. At one time, on
Monday, Patch manifested consider-
able alarm in his communications

with

396

with Mr. Mann: and when that gen-
tleman informed him that his friends
were waiting to take their last fare-
well of him, he extlaimed—*é Is it
really to be so? is no mercy to be
expected for an innocent man?”
Mr. Mann remained with him until
a late hour on Monday evening.
The three dissenting ministers re-
mained with him all night; during
the whole of which, he appeared
extremely penitent and devout. In
the course of the night, he took a
few glasses of wine ; and about two
o’clock, having become much ex-
hausted, he laid down upon his bed.
The dissenting ministers remained
by his side until four o’clock ; when
he rose and drank two cups of tea,
‘with which he appeared somewhat
refreshed.

About half-past six o’clock on
Tuesday morning, the rev. Mr.
Mann, and the curate of the rev.
Rowland Hill, came to the prison ;
and after a short interview with
Patch, they, and Herring and his
wife, who were to be executed for
coining, were conducted to the cha-
pel. Patch and Herring went with
the rev. Mr, Mann to the altar, and
resumed their devotions; the wo-
man, being a Roman Catholic, went
to the left side of the chapel, witha
priest, the rev. Mr. Grifliths.

At eight o'clock, Patch arid Her-
sing received the sacrament. At
thirteen minutes past eight, Herring
came out of the chapel into the pri-
son, where Jack Ketch, of New-
gate, was in waiting to knock off
his irons, On his return to the
chapel, Patch came out, at seven-
teen minutes past eight, for the same
purpose, He was dressed ina good
suit of mourning, and appeared in
excellent health.—His complexion
was florid as usual, and he stood

ANNUAL REGISTER, isoé: '

firm, and with very great compd- |
sure, while the hangman was tying
his arms. After this process, he
returned with a firm step to the
chapel, and resumed his devotioris.

At five minutes before nine o’clock’
the high sheriff, the under sheriff,
their officers and attendants, with
their wands, came to the door of the
cliapel, and demanded the bodies of
the unfortunate sufferers: and im-
mediately after, they began to move
in the usual order, followed by Mr.
Ives, the keeper ofthe prison. First,
came Herring and his wife, and next
Patch, with Jack Ketch on his right,
carrying in his right hand a cutlass.
When they got to the open yard,
Herring and his wife were placed in
a sledge, and drawn to the entrance
of the staircase leading to the appa-
ratus for the execution, Herring
and his wife ascended the stairs with
as much firmness as could be expect-
ed. Patch displayed his usaal intres
pidity.

While Jack Ketch was in the act
of fastening the ropes, the rey, Mr.
Mann attended Patch, and, for thé
last time, attempted to draw from
him a confession, but with no bette®
success. The sheriff then went to
him, and entreated lim to confess 5
but he steadily refused. At thi¢
time the cap was drawn down upon
his face, and every thing was pre-
pared to launch him into eteriitys
Apparently displeased at being pres-
sed so much upon the subject, he
now threw, himself coisiderably
back with impatience. From the
violent motion of his bedy, some of
the spectators supposed that he
meant to break his netk, as Aber-
shaw did on Kennington common:
others apprehended that he was
fainting away. Neither of these
however, appeared te be the cage
an

and it was evidently the result ofa
wish to avoid all further entreaty.
r. Ives, observing Patch throw
imself back, ran to him, and ex-
claimed, ‘‘ My good friend, what
are you about:” Mr. Patch took
im by the hand, and conversed with
him for about a minute and a half;
nd, when he was loosing him, he
arted his hand apparently with
uch reluctance. A great anxiety
was, at this moment, expressed by
he bye-standers, to know whether
Mr. Patch had confessed his guilt to
Mr. Ives, in this conversation, Mr.
Ives answered, with great polite-
ness, to all inquirers, that he could
not at present divulge what Mr.
Patch had communicated to him,
and he persevered in this determina-
tion, notwithstanding the pressing
Solicitation of one of the magistrates.
He said, however, ‘* I believe him to
be the mn? meaning the man who
murdered Mr. Blight.

At fiye minutes past nine o’clock
the sentence of thejaw was enforced
by the falling of the drop. ‘The
sufferers were suspended in the
following order—At the east end
of the drop hung Patch—on his left
hand the woman, and on her right
her husband.

Patch was about 38 or 39 years
of age— Herring about 60, and
his wife, a very lusty woman, al-
though she appeared beyond 40,
was only 35.

Patch was an athletic broad shoul-
dered man, about 5 feet 7 inches
igh, and strong made in propor-
tion ; his florid looks never forsook
him, but these arose from his con-
stitutional formation ; his lips, how-
ever, were pale enough to indicate
suificiently the state 144 his mind.

Thus perished, by me haads of the

CH Hoey 1 OC LE.

397

common executioner, Richard Patch,
the perpetrator of a crime at which
humanity shudders.—If the least
shadow of a doubt could remain as
to his guilt, we might perhaps temper
our observations on the subject ;
but we do not hesitate to say, that
never did a criminal more deserved-
ly suffer the last punishment of the
law, and never were less emotions
of pity excited in the surrounding
multitude,

IIad a full confession of his guilt
been wrung from him by the extra-
ordinary and praiseworthy exertions
made for that purpose, his appa-
rent contrition would have entitled
him te some commiseration ; but
meeting his fate as he did, he
was guilty of an act of injustice to
the innocent persons whom he him.
self had slandered.

In the surrounding multitude,
only one sentiment, that of abhor-
rence at his guilt, seemed to prevail;
and we hope that the awful fate of
this wretched man will operate as
an incitement to all classes of society
to persevere in a course of virtuous
and honest industry.

After the bodies had hung an
hour, they were taken down, and
the body of Patch conveyed to the
hospital for dissection, pursuant to’
his sentence. The bodies of the
other two sufferers were delivered
to their friends.

The concougse of people present
was incalculable.

Monuments.—A legacy left for
adorning St. James’s-square. The
following is an extract from the will
and testament of the donor, dated
the 6th of July, 1724:

‘¢ [ will and bequeath a sufficient
sum of money to purchase and erect,
in St, James’s-square, an equestrian

status

598

statue in brass to the glorious me,
mory of my master, king William
the Third. (Signed)

SamvuEen TRAVERS.”

In the subsequent year (1725) an
act of parliament was passed for
adorning the said square. ‘The be-
quest appears to have been totally
forgotten, until the money was
found in the list of unclaimed divi-
dends. ‘The matter has been se.
riously taken in hand since this dis-
covery, and the noble square will
receive its ornament from the hands
of Mr. Bacon.

The following is the return just
made to the house of commons, of
the importation of Spanish wool
into Great Britain, in the course of
the last ten years, viz.
Yrs. lbs. \¥rs.
1796, 3,439,242|1801,
1797, 4,609,759|1802,
1798, 2,609,268|1803,
1799, 5,027,836|1804, 7,340,886

_ 1800, 8,395,528|1805, 7,160,537
13th. MARLBoROUGH-sTREET,—
A nest of swindlers, consisting of
four persons in one family, viz. the
father, mother, son, and daughter,
has been found out, and the father,
who acted as valet to the daughter,
who called herself a Mrs. Wake-
field, has beeu taken inta custody
by Levett. Since the apprehension
of the father, whose name is M‘Ea-
vy, alias M‘Kay, &c. &c. the bro-
ther, Henry M‘Eavy, has been se-
cured by Craig, one of the consta-
bles of St. Anne’s. Mrs. Wake-
field is now in the king’s bench, and
her mother, who acted as her house-
keeper, is since in custody. The
father and son underwent a long exa-
mination at Marlborough-street, and
such was the anxiety of tradespeople
to view them, and others to prefer

lbs.
6,538,674
6,510,869
4,773,522

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

i

charges, that the avenues of the |
office were filled at an early hour.
The depredations committed on the’
public by this family, exceed any §
thing of the kind we have heard o ]
in a similar way. There were about §
forty persons ready to prefer charges”
against the prisoners and their col-
leagues. Amongst the tradespeople |
who gave their depositions were,
Mr. Clark, milliner in the Strand
who had supplied Mrs. Wakefield:
with goods to the amount of between.
601. and 701. by the representation)
of her servants, who stated her hus-}
band to be a man of independent
fortune.
Robert Sewell, coal-merchant, in
Portman Mews, had been defrauded)
in a similar manfier, by the repre-
sentation of Mrs. W’s. character, by)
her father and brother.
Matthew Fratil, a victualler, i
Oxford-street, was precisely in thef
same situation.
Mr. Swan, a fishmonger, in Port.
man-street, had engaged to supply
Mrs. Wakefield with fish, and on
delivering his bill, at the expiration
of a month, according to agreement,
the lady had fled with her domestics,
A jeweller, at No. 145, Piccas
dilly, had let out apartments te
Mrs. Wakefield, at 15 guineas per
month. She represented herself 2
the wife of a gentleman of fortune
in Essex, and her family consisted
of two maid-servants, a valet, and a
footman ; the two last of which weré
the prisoners. They were attire¢
in livery, and the jeweller was in
formed by them, that Mr. Wakefield
kept his horses, curricle, &c, but he
would not bring them to London,
as he preferred a country life
These, and numberless other imposk
tions, have been pactis ed by Mrss
W. ang

bSF

CH RJONA OLE

W. and her father, and brother: she
was fortunate enough to obtain from
the jeweller's shop jewellery to the
amount of about 26]. the day after
she had entered her apartments, which
she desired immediately to pay for.
A bill was delivered, when she re-
collected she had not sufficient mo-
ney to spare until the arrival of her
husband in a day or two, and she
paid 101 in part. The next day
she looked out a gold watch, value
20 guineas, and appendages, and
other jewellery, to go to the ball of
a lady of distinction. Many arti-
fices were resorted to, which would
be too voluminous for detail, to
cover the frauds; but the jeweller
at length suspecting his customer,
and finding that Mr. Wakefield did
not appear, sought means to recover
the debt, which was nearly 1001.
aod put an execution into the house.
Mrs. Wakefield was arrested at this
moment, and on searching her apart-
ments, the property had been re-
moved. She, convulsed with laugh-
ter, was surprised that the jeweller
should be such a fool as to expect
to recover the property, and she
informed her mother, her house-
Keeper, that had it not been for
her meanness in attempting to savea
few shillings, she should have left
the apartments before she was ar-
Tested. Mr. Wakefield was a stu-
dent at law, and separated from Mrs.

By extraordinary artifices, she
procured him to marry her under
a false name, which renders the
marriage void. It was stated by
one of the witnesses, thatin one in-
stance a tradesman in Mortimer-
street was referred to by the pri-
soner, and he represented her to be
the wife of a man of 50001, per
annum. He would have been glad
to have let his first floor te*her, had

399

it been unoccupied. Mr. Layton,
a milliner, in Berkeley-square, had
supplied Mrs. W. with goods to the
amount of 401. He gave her credit
from her appearance and equipage.
Her valet and footman wore liveries,
with a silver band to their hats, and
they represented her husband as a
man of considerable fortune. Mrs.
W. when she got the goods, at dif.
ferent times spoke of many ladies of
distinction, some of whom Mr. L.
supplied, and the lady expressed
her satisfaction at getting to a fa-
shionable shop. Mrs. W. ordered
her bill, and on its being delivered
she had fled. It would be impossi-
ble to enumerate the various arti-
fices resorted to by this family to
carry on their frauds. The two
prisoners were proved to have been
in the coalition by various circum-
stances, and they were remanded,
whilst methods should be used to
bring up Mrs. Wakefield. ;
After the examination of M‘Eavy,
and Henry, his son, on Wednesday,
the mother, Ann M‘Eavy, and Wil-
liam, another son, the footboy to
Mrs. Wakefield, were apprehended.
The mother, who, it has been stated,
acted as housekeeper to Mrs. W. re-
presented herself to have been merely
a companion to Mrs. Wakefield, at
161. per annum. On being ques-
tioned whether she was not the mo-
ther as well as the housckeeper of
Mrs. W, she said relationship had
certainly tied her to her. The son
was examined apart from his mother,
but he refused to answer questions
without consulting her. He did not
know what relationship Henry, the
footman, was to him. On being
asked if M‘Eavy was not his father,
he said ** he was his mother’s hus-
band,” and he believed Mrs, Wake
field was his eousin, ‘The two pri-
soners

400
soners were committed, and to be
brought up again with their relations
on the following day.

15th. William ‘Tyrrel was in-
diéted for an assault on Mary Mills.
The prosecutrix stated, that she was
married, buat had been separated
from her husband, She had an al,
lowance of half a guinea a week,
from a Mr. Moore, of Suffolk-
street, St, Luke’s. She was going
to the house of her benefactor, on
the 2d of January, when the de-
fendant, in company with another
person, scized her at Islington, hur-
ried her into a hackneycoach, and
took her to a mad-house, at Hox-
ton, where they left her. She was
confined there three weeks, the first
few days of which she was accommo-
dated with people of the better or-
der; but her money being exhaust-
ed, she was turned into another
ward amongst mad people, and her
situation was so dreadful, that she
was nearly deprived of her faculties.
After having been three weeks in
this situation, she solicited some
Jew boys, who were allowed to vend
their commodities through a little
hole in the door of her apartment,
to convey a letter to Mr. Moore.
This was refused. She at length
found in her apartment an old dry
inkstand, and having procured the
feather af a chicken, she, with a
little water, was enabled to commit
her distresses to a piece of paper she
accidentally found, and threw it out
of the window, which was fortu-
nately picked up by some person
in the street, by which it found its
way to Mr. Moore, who, on re-
ceiving the letter, repaired to the
mad-house, and with considerable
difficulty was admitted, when he
gonveyed her to his housa She

“ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

knew the defendant, and she be«
lieved the other man belonged to
the mad-house. She at that time
suspected Mr. Mills had been the
author of her misery.

Mr. Nares, the magistrate, stated,
that he understood the prosecutrix
had been taken up by an order,
signed by the apothecary of the
mad-house; he had investigated that
fact, and he could say that the man
alluded to had never seen the pro-
Secutrix.

The chairman was amazed at such
conduct, which had seldom been
heard of.

Mr. Alley stated, that he, and
other gentlemen at the bar, would
at any time conduct a prosecution
against the husband, the mad-house
keeper, and the defendant, for a
conspiracy ; and advised the prose-
cutrix to lose no time in indicting the
whole of them.

The jury, without hesitation,
found the prisoner guiltyp—Judg-
ment respited.

26th. Courr or Krine’s Bencu.
—The King versus governor Pic-
ton.—Last term the defendant was
found guilty of torturing Louisa
Calderon, one of his majesty’s sub-
jects in the istand of ‘Prinidad,

Mr. Dallas moved yesterday
morning for a new trial. He stated
that the defendant was a person of
respectability and character in his
majesty’s service, as governor of the
island of Trinidad. He solicited for
a new trial upon the following
grounds :

1. The infamous character of the
girl, who lived in open -prostitution
with Pedro Rauiz, and who had
been privy to a robbery committed
upon her paramour, by Carlos Gon-
aalez, and wher a complaint found

against

CHRO NT C LE,

against her had been brought before
a magistrate, she refusing to confess,
had been ordered to be tortured.

2. That governor Picton, who
condemned her to this torture, did
not proceed from any motives of
malice, but from a conviction that
the right of torture was sanctioned
by the laws of Trinidad ; and that
he was rooted in this opinion, by a
reference to the Jegal written autho-
rities in that island.

3. That whatever his conduct
might be, it was certainly neither
personal malice, nor disposition to
tyranny, but resulted, if it should
prove to be wrong, from a misap-
prehension of the laws of Trinidad.

A. That one of the principal wit-
nesses in this trial, M. Vargas, had
brought forward a book, entitled
Recapitacion des Leys de los Indes,
expressly compiled for the Spanish
colonies, which did not authorize
torture.—The defendant had no op-
portunity of ever seeing that book,
but it had been purchased by the
British institution, at the sale of the
marguis of Lansdowne’s library,
subsequent to his trial; and having
consulted it, it appeared that where
that code was silent upon some cri-
minal cases, recourse was always to

be had to the laws of Old Spain, and |

these laws, of course, sanctioned the
wifliction of torture.

The court, after some considera-
tion, granted the rule to shew cause
for a new trial.

MAY.

2d. A circumstance took place at
the house of a gentleman of fortune
in the neighbourhood of Chelsea,
which for a while caused considera«

Vou. XLVI.

40}

ble uneasiness in the family. An
elderly woman, of shabby appear.
ance, knocked at the door of the
house in question, and requested to
have an interview with the lady of
the house on an affair of considera-
ble importance. She was refused
admittance by the servant, when she
insisted on her right of access to the
house, being nearly related to the
family by marriage. The gentleman
was not at home, and the intruder
was shewn into a back room, where
she had an interview with one of
the daughters.—She represented her-
self as being the wife of her father,
to whom she had been united in
wedlock, “as long since as 1772.
This assertion caused great uneasi-
ness in the family, as the intruder
mentioned the place where the gen-
tleman of the house resided, and
with hearty tears she insisted on pro-
tection under the roof. She was
suffered to remain in the house until
the return of the alledged husband,
whom she seized with apparent an-
guish and fondness. He, however,
knew nothing of her, and her sub.
sequent conduét was such as to re-
quire her detention. Her name, it
appears, is King.

The abuses committed in the West
Indies, are said to exceed every thing
that was ever stated in romance.
The commissioners are stated to have
discovered that forged bills and re-
ceipts, for articles never purchased,
and bills drawn on government
indorsed under forged and fictitious
names, were common and notorious.
They found a most base collusion
between the officers of government,
and the merchants and contractors,
by which the latter were allowed to
charge stores at a much higher rate
than they might have been ebtained

d for

402

for in the market. | In one instance
it was discovered, that to conceal
this iniquity, a bribe of 87,000]. had
becn given ;. in another a bribe of
35,0001. ‘Vessels, houses, stores,
&c. were usually hired at most ex-
travagant rates, in consequence of
fraudulent contracts, where others
might have been obtained much
cheaper. But worse than either of
these iniquities was the diabolical
fraud of suffering the merchants and
contractors to furnish his majesty’s
troaps with inferior and bad rum,
and other articles, at an extravagant
rate, by which the lives of the troops
wereendangered, as well as the coun-
try defrauded. And, for the purpose
of committing these practices, all
free competition for the supply of
articles was prevented ; and every
obstacle was put in the way, even
of the purchase of bills on the trea-
sury. They were dated in one island
and négociated in another; and they
were sold at a much more advanta-
geous exchange than that at which
the officers debited themselves in
their accounts.

The following instance of cold-
blooded economy, in Bonaparte, is
mentioned as a fact:

When the English force, under
sir J. B. Warren, had put into St.
Jago, after the capture of the Ma-
vyengo and Belle Poule, admiral Li-
nois requeed of sir John permis-
sion to assemble the French officers,
for the purpose of reading to them
an imperial edict, which he had by
him for some time, and which ma-
terially affected his and their in-
terests. The English admiral hav-
‘ing accordingly assented to this de-
mand, with all that urbanity and
politeness which distinguish him, the
French officers were got together, to
the amount of nearly 70, when the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. :

instrument in question was read to
them by admiral Linois. It began
by reciting, that his imperial ma-
jesty, Bonaparte, having had serious
cause of chagrin and displeasure, at
the repeated checks and disasters his
naval force had hitherto experienced
in the contest with England, was de-
termined that it should undergo a
thorough reform, Then, after many
regulations for the better ordering
and conducting his navy in time of
hostility with other powers, and for
the excitement of his sailors to he
roic deeds, it concluded by stating,
that in future all officers of his
navy, who were captured by the
enemy, should be from that moment
reduced to one-fourth of their actual
pay: ‘* And you, gentlemen,
therefore,”’ continued Linois, ‘¢ with
myself, are hereby so reduced, and
we must shift, as well as we can,

with the little that remains !”
Suockine Massacre.— Account of
the Massacre of the Officers and Crew
of the Ship Atahualpa, communicated
by Capt. Isaacs of the Montezuma.—
*¢ Theship, Atahualpa, had beenlying
at anchor in Sturgis cove, up, Mill-
bank Sound, three days. The na~
tives had, during that time, been .
remarkably civil. On the 12th of
June, 1805, they came off in several
canoes, and desired captain Porter
to purchase their skins; and about
ten o’clock, Calete, the chief of one
of their tribes, desired captain Por-
ter to look over the side, and see
the number of skins in his canoe.
Capt. P. was complying, but was
obliged to bend over the rail, when
the chief threw his eoat over his
head, stabbed him twice between his
shoulders, threw him overboard, and
gave the signal for a general attack.
‘¢ Mr. John Hill, the chief mate,
was shot through the body, but ran
below

CHRO NI CLE:

below, got his musket, returned on
deck, shot the chief, and gave him
his mortal wound.

‘¢ John Goodwin,
mate, shot dead.

«© John G, Rackstraw was dag-
gered, and died immediately.

‘s {uyman Plummer was daggered,
and lived until theship was got cut,
when he requested the surviving
crew to take care of the ship, and
find captain Brown.

ss Isaac Summers, cooper, Luther
and Samuel Lapham, Peter Spooner,
seamen, and John Williams, cook,
were all killed. The cook defended
himself bravely, as long as his hot
water lasted, but that being ex-
pended, they cut him down with an
axe. Three seamen, one Sandwich
islander, and a Kodiac Indian, were
dangerously wounded. Five more
of the crew were slightly wounded ;
and three men and a Sandwich
islander were all that escaped un-
hurt.

‘¢ These four at length bravely
ushed through the crowd of In-
dians, got below, and finding a few
muskets loaded, fired them through
the loopholes, in the break of the
forecastle, which terrified the na-
tives, and many jumped overboard.
The four men then regained the
deck, and after fighting some time
with a few Indians, who seemed de-
termined to hold their prize, killed
or drove all overboard. One canoe
was now scen under the bows, en-
deavouring to cut the cable; but
a swivel was brought from the after
part of the ship, and discharged at
them ; ten were killed by the swivel,
and one by a musket-shot, so only
one was left alive in the canoe.

‘¢ The crew lost their jacket
Knives, by plunging them into the
sculls of the Indians, from whence

the second

403

they were unable to draw them out.
After the decks were cleared, the
topsails were loosed, when the ship
swung her head off shore, the cable
was cut, and after some time beat-
ing, was able to get out of the
Sound. Two days after were off
Newatta; the wind coming a-head,
shaped a course northward.

‘¢ On the 13th of June, deposited
the bodies of our murdered shipmates
in the deep.”

10th. This evening, at nine
o’clock, a dreadful fire broke out at
the dwelling-house of Mr. Steptoe,
butcher, in Bear-alley, Fleet-market,
which consumed nearly the whole
of his house, and a part of the ad-
joining one: very little of the pro-
perty was saved. Mr. and Mrs.
Steptoe were both at their shop in
the market when the’ accident hap-
pened, and three fine children, who
were in bed, perished in the flames.

Asa young girl, named Anderson,
of Deeping St. James, Lincolnshire,
was returning from school, she was
struck by a fire-ball, which caused
her instant death.

Christopher Simpson, lately exe-
cuted at Lancaster for highway rob-
bery, confessed he had broken open
above eighty houses, stolen thirty
horses, an] committed more high-
way robberies than he could re-
member !

The Gazette of this night con-
tained his majesty’s proclamation
for a new copper coinage, of 150
tons of penny-pieces, 427 tons and
a half of half-penny pieces, an1 22
and a half tons of farthings. The
peuny-pieces are in the proportion
of 24 to the pound avoirdupois of
copper, and so on with the others,

The Vigilant, of 74 guns, in ore
dinary at Portsmouth, which sunk
in January, is raised. It appears

Dd 2 that

404

that her sinking was not occasioned
by any leak ; but it is supposed the
water, at various times, came in at
the scuppers, and from the inatten-
tion of some persons on board her,
she was neglected to be occasionally
pumped,

A few days ago, at a sale of old
furniture at Wolverhampton, a
poor woman bought an arm chair
for a few shillings ; and shortly af-
terwards, on attempting to repair it,
she found, in the stuffing of the back
and bottom, gold and silver coins of
George I. to the amount of 100l.
The broker, on hearing of the cir-
cumstance, applied for legal aid to
recover the property, but without
effect.

It does not appear to be yet de-
termined how far the plan of drill-
ing and dibbling wheat answers the
purposes of the farmer; but the
following experiment, by Mr. Charles
Miller, of Cambridge, shows to what
an astonishing extent the increase
of wheat may be carried with
care :—

On the 8th of August, he took up
a plant of wheat, which had been
sown in the beginning of Junc, and
divided it into 18 parts, each of
which was transplanted separately ;
about the latter end of September,
they were again removed, and di-
vided into 67 roots ; in the end of
March following, and beginning of
April, they were separated into 500
plants, which yielded 21,109 ears;
and the single grain thus yielded
570,000 fold! the produce mea-
suring three pecks and three quar-
ters, and weighing 47]b.

12th. The college committee met
at the India-house; after which
Charles Grant, esq. the late chair-
man; the,honourable William F.
Elphinstone, the present chairman ;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

Mr. Parry, the deputy ; the secres
tary; Mr. Wilkins, the librarian,
and the rest of the members of the
committee, proceeded from the
house in two carriages, for Haily-
bury, near Hertford, in order to
assist at the ceremony of laying the
first stone of the college, to be
erected there for students, intended
for the company’s civil service in
India.

Last week Matthew Mark Wat-
son, a youth about 106 years of age,
was found hanging in a cellar at
Huntingdon ; on being taken down,
various experiments were tried to
bring him to life, but tono purpose,
—A spirit of inguiry led this youth
to hang himself, in order to ascertain
what sensations it would produce !

A short time since, a woodcock’s
nest was found by some children
gathering fuel in Calyin’s wood, in
the parish of Bucklebury, Berks ;
the rarity of this excited a great
deal of curiosity in the neighbour-
hood, and drew numbers to the spot:
the bird was daily flushed from the
nest by her unwelcome visitors, who
had thus repeated proofs that the
eggs did not belong to one of any
other genus, nor to another of the
numerous species of the snipe; they
are considerably larger than the
partridge’s, nearer the size of the
Guinea-hen’s, and speckled with a
darker brown; the nest, placed on
the ground, consists of dry leaves
and feathers, which the hen appa-
rently has plucked from her body.

Mr. Ekington, the celebrated
drainer, got last year from some
boggy land which he hired of lord
Crew, the amazing produce of 174
bushels of good oats, from 5 bushels
and eleven quarters of seed, sown
broad-cast. ‘This extraordinary re-
turn has been made from land which

a few

C HEREIN I CLE

a few years ago was not worth one
shilling per acre, but is now actually
worked to profit by exhausting crops
without manure.

Earl Nelson, and his heirs, by a
message from the crown, since con-
firmed by parliament, is to have a
grant of 50001. per annum, and
120,0001. to purchase a family
estate.

14th. A ball of fire fell on a cot-
tage, at Claverand-green, in the
forest of Dean, and forced its way
through the roof into the kitchen,
where T. Davies, the owner, and
his wife and child, were sitting, but
happily without doing any damage,
although a cask of gun-powder was
in the same room, where it was
kept for the use of the mine works
in the forest.

15th. Owing to the cold of last
night, several hundreds of the swal-
low tribe, called Martins, had clung
to the toll-table, against the turnpike
house, at Whalley, in Yorkshire ;
those again had others covering
them, four or five in thickness, all
of whom seemed quite in a torpid
state ; several dozens were stroked
off the board, and those taken up
appeared completely lifeless, until

about seven this morning, when the

san’s warmth caused re-animation,
and they gradually moved off to the
water-side, a distance of about 30
yards; in a short time afterwards
they began to skim the surface of

the water, and fly with the usual.

vigour of those birds.

17th. This morning, about one
o’clock, a dreadful fire broke out
at Hungerford, Berks, and before
assistance could be procured, ten
houses were completely destroyed.

A singular swan was lately shot
by John Kirkup, groom to sir
Wilfred Lawson, bart, ef Bray-

405

ton-house, which weighed eighteen
pounds and a half. It measured
across the wings eight feet twe
inches, and in height six feet one
inch. It is of a remarkable colour,
and is supposed to be the largest
ever seen in Cumberland.

This being the anniversary of Dr.
Jenner’s birth-day, the friends of
the reyal Jennerian society held
their annual festival at the London
tavern, at which were present about
300 persons, including the duke of
York, the earls of Westmoreland,
and Kgremont, prince Castelcicala,
doétor Jenner, and many of the
most eminent of the medical profess
sion. After a variety of loyal and
appropriate toasts, the health of the
illustrious chairman, the duke of
York, was given; when his royal
highness was pleased to say, ‘‘ Gen-
tlemen, I have, from the first insti-
tution of the society, been a warm
friend to it, from a conviction that
it must be of unspeakable beriefit to
mankind. I am sorry to learn
that some misrepresentations, from
interested and sceptical individuals,
have thrown a temporary damp
upon it, and in some measure
retarded its well-intended exertions ;
but, I have no doubt, it will soon
evince to the world, that the advan.
tages resulting from it, are above all
Gpposition, and that its good effeéts
will speedily be extended to every
quarter of the globe. No man can
more completely wish its success
than I do; I request you will ac-
cept my thanks for the very flatter.
ing manner in which you have pro-«
posed my health, and give me leave
to drink your’s int return.” This
short address was received with
rapttrous applause.

Dr. Lettsom, in an animated
speech, observed, ** As the small.
- Dd3 pox

406

pox is thé most loathsome and fatal
disease that afflicts the human race,
it might have been supposed that,
when inoculation was firstintroduced
into this country, it would have been
adopted with general consent; but
unfortunately it was but partially
encouraged ; in consequence of
which, it increased the fatality of
the small pox, by increasing infec-
tion ; insomuch that, during the 42
years after the introduction of inocu-
Jation, the deaths in London by the
small pox were upwards of - 1700
more than in the 42 preceding
years..-At length, however, the
discovery of the cow pock by Dr.
Jenner has put it into our power
completely to exterminate the small
pox ; and, from its safety and secu-
rity, it was natural to conclude,
that all parents would feel an ar-
dour to save their children, by
gratefully accepting a_ blessing,
which would for ever protect them
fromthe worst species of pestilence.

‘¢ That this sentiment did very ge-
nerally prevail, was obvious from
the decrease of deaths in the metro-
polis ; for, from the average number
of 2500, it gradually fell to 1200,
to 1000, and in 1804 to little above
500 in the year by the small pox.

‘* To the honour of the medical
profession, this new discovery,
which was calculated to annihilate
their greatest pecuniary source of e-
molument, was very generally en-
‘couraged by them. Unfortunately,
however, for these kingdoms, two
professional gentlemen in this city,
the only physicians I beleve in the
world, not only opposed _vaccina-
tion, but widely circulated unfound-
ed assertions against it, and even ad-
vertised gratuitous inoculation for
the small pox. These occurrenees
teok place eurly in 1805 ; and the
3

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

deaths by the small pox hence rapidl ¥
increased, and a greater number of
infants perished in 40 days, than
during the whole preceding year;
insomuch that for many successive
months there died one infant by the
small pox in every two hours, in-
cluding both night and day. Lament-
able is it toadd, that the governors
of the hospital for inoculation adop-
ted the same practice; and in one
year this infectious pestilence was
communicated to 2300 persons, and
in the vicinity of the most populous
city in Europe; thus generating a
pestilence, the extent and fatality of
which cannot be ascertained; for
this pestilence, whilst apparently
dormant, retains its active malignan-
cy foraseries of years.

*¢ At the moment of adopting this
baneful practice, the governors cir-
culated the following resolution of
a general court, * That vaccination
might, under divine Providence,
have prevented the calamity of the
increased fatality of the small pox.’
After this avowal of a truth, they
recommended the inoculation of the
small pox, in consequence ‘ of the
prejudices and ill-founded objec-
tions against inoculation.’ These are
their own words and mode of rea-
soning ; and every person would be
indulgent to prejudices that do not
militate against the safety and hap-
piness of the community. Like the
amiable Fontenelle, 1 would say,
‘if both my hands were filled with
truths,’ under such circumstances,
‘ fT would open but one at a time.’
But this does not apply to preju-
dices, the indulgence of which is
productive of public injury ; for, if
reason were always subservient tu
prejudice, neither improvement nor
reformation would ever have enlight-
ened the werld. When Censtantine’

the

CHRONICLE.

the great overcame the prejudices
of paganism, and embraced christia-
nity, the Romans pleaded their pre-
judices in favour of combats by gla-
diators; but the emperor immedi-
ately interdicted them, although they
were infinitely less fatal than the
small pox. It is indeed a strange
climax in our policy, that; whilst we
incur a considerable expence in
maintaining the laws of quarantine
against the infections of the plague
and yellow fever, we are ata con-
siderable expence in supporting a
public institution for keeping up a
pestilence more dangerous and fatal
than the plague and yellow fever
combined: What should we think
of the Egyptians, should they pub-
licly support 2 pest-house for gene-
rating the plague ; or the Americans
for disseminating the yellow fever?
We may hope, however, that the
governors of the hospital for inocu-
lation, who are persons of the high-
est respectability, will ultimately
discourage prejudices inimical to the
community; for; as long as they
continue to inoculate the small pox,
and give asanction to the practice,
the extermination of this pestilence
will never be effected: but, with
their support, and our exertions,
with those of other similar institu-
tions, we may ultimately witness this
happy consummation. This society
alone lms vaccinated 20,000 persons,
and distributed upwards of 20,000
charges of the vaccine fluid, since
the last report only. Thus, by its
efforts, riot only these kingdoms,
but nearly all parts of the world,
have been supplied with this saluti-
ferous' dew of heaven, the good
effects of which will, I hope, be re-
lated by some person more compe-
tent to itshistory, Weare thus be-
come the centre of communication ;

407

and all nations look up to us for ina
struction. With these brilliant pros«
pects before us, like a skilful gene-
ral, who, in order to ensure success,
inereases his exertions the nearer he
approaches to victory ; so it becomes
us to persevere in the glorious cause
we have espoused. And although
our expenditure has necessarily ex-
ceeded our income, the liberal sup-
port and donations we now hope for
willenable us to triumph oyer the
most insidious and malignant enemy
of the humanrace.”

The rey. Rowland Hill then ad=
dressed the company, with regard
to the salutary effects of vaccina-
tion; and to offer a few striking
facts that had taken place under his
own immediate observation. He
then said, ‘‘ I have myself inoculated
upwards of 5000 subjects; and [
have not failed in a single ihstance.
Ihave also made every inquiry in
all those parts of the country which
I have occasionally visited, and I
have uniformly received the most fa-
vourable and flattering accounts of
the good effects resulting from it
where¥er it has been introduced. It
is calculated that not less than 40,000
persons die yearly of that pestilen-
tial disease; the small pox;.and I
think it will well become the legisla-
ture to inquire how far men ought
to be suffered to be thus the means
of killing themselves. It is one of
the primary blessings of this island
that itis a land of liberty ; butit is
at the same time a great pity that
we should thus have liberty to ‘kill
one another. Ihave {felt this senti-
ment most sensibly ; and, in addi- |
tion to the number | have myself
inoculated, [have so warmly recom-
mended the practice in the chapel I
possess on the other side of the wa-
ter, that upwards of 4000 more .

Dd4 bave

408.

have been inoculated, who have all
done well; and thus I may say I
have been the means of inoculating
10,000 ; so that, on the average of
one in six dying, I have had the
happiness to preserve the lives» of
about 1600 of his majesty’s sub-
jects. Strange to tell, there are per-
sons, and those too men of breed-
ing and education. which ought to
have taught them better things ; me-
dical men, who, to raise themselves
from oblivion, would wish to rise to
fame on the ruins of this benevolent
institution, and by the continuance
of one of the greatest scourges wilh
which human nature was ever afflic-
ted. ‘hese men, I am sorry to say,
circulate the grossest misrepresenta-
tions and falsehoods against vacci-
nation, through the medium of low
and illiberal pamphlets. One of
these redoubtable authors has told
us, in the effervescence of his wis-
dom, ‘that vaccination may be
performed as well by a fool as a phi-
losopher.?. ‘The number of men
who die annually of the small pox
in this kingdom would man three
ships of the line, form three regi-
ments, or turn into the fields so
many hundreds of stout labourers.
What a consideration !”

The health of Dr. Jenner having
been enthusiastically given ; he thus
addressed the company : ** Gentle-
men, I beg leave to offer you my
most sincere thanks for the honour
you have done me in drinking my
health, and for the very flattering
manner in which that honour has
been conferred. After the very ani-
mated speech of his royal highness
the duke of York, our illustrious
chairman, on the subject of vaccina~
tion, and the very important infor-
mation conveyed to us in the ad-
mirable oration of my worthy friend

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

Dr. Lettsom, but little remains for
me tosay on the subject. I can-
not, however, sit down without in-
forming you that I continue to re-
ceive from every quarter of the
globe the most agrceable informa-
tion respecting the progress of vac-
cination ; and these accounts have
been equally satisfactory from what-
ever quarter they have arrived. I
can safely aver, it would be difficult
to point outaspot, however remote,
where its influence has not been felt.
It has pervaded all parts of the civi-
lized world, from the north to the
south ; from the Ganges to the Mis-
sissippi. But, gentlemen, while I
exultingly communicate this intelli-
gence, equally flattering to your
feelings as to mine, itis a matter of
great regret to me, that here, in this
metropolis, in the very centre of the
British empire, vaccination proceeds
with a comparatively languid and
tardy step. To what cause, gen-
tlemen, can this be ascribed? You
will ascribe it to no other than the
insidious effects of afew interested
individuals, who, by distributing
their delusive papers, have too well
succeeded in contaminating the minds
of the lower orders of society. I
will not suffer myself to believe that
these effects have been extended be-
yond this class; and to those who
know something of the nature of
the human mind, how poor must
their triumph appear !—Hitherto I
have avoided taking any public no-
tice of the publications alluded to:
I have no reason to regret it, as the
task of refutation has been so ably
performed by many enlightened and
philanthropic individuals, both in
and out of the profession. But,
gentlemen, a charge of a specific
nature having been brought forth in
one of these productions, wherein I

am

C HR Nr Cabo;

am named as having failed in a series
of vaccinations in the West of Eng-
jJand, | think it a duty incumbent
on me now to declare to you, that
not a single individual there men-
tioned, and wha is subsequently said
to have had the small pox, was ever
vaccinated my me. After this de-
claration, I leave you to make your
own comments on the whole of this
very extraordinary publication.”
This unaffected and interesting ad-
dress was received with loud and rei-
terated plaudits.

Mr.Murray the secretary, accord-
ing to the usual custom, read the
report of the annual general court,
which stated, that the number of
persons inoculated at the central
house, and other stations in the me-
tropolis, since the last annual re-
port, is 6,560, making the total,
since the commencement of the in-
stitution in 1803, 19,471 persons ;
and that 19,182 charges of vaccine
matter had been supplied, free of
expence from the central house
alone, since the period of the last
report; which great supply of vac-
eine virus much exceeding that of
former years, affords a strong pre-
sumption that the Jennerian inecu-
lation has considerably increased.

The secretary also read a com-
‘munication from T. Parry, esq. an
Fast-India director, informing the
Society, that the practice of vaccine
inoculation had been introduced. at
Macao and Canton in China, under
the auspices of an English Mandarin,
sir George Staunton, with such suc-
tess, as to promise to save the lives
of millions of people in that exten-
sive empire.

Mr. Ring read an English trans.
lation of a Latin Jetter from Dr.
John Reyss, of Mackow, in Poland,
addressed to ** Dr, Jenner, thc il-

409

lustrious exterminator of that pes-
tilential disorder the small pox ;” in
which he compliments the doctor
highly for his discovery ; wishes that
joy and festivity may prevail on his
birth-day ; requests to be enrolled
among the honorary members of the
society ; and ‘‘ to be favoured with -
a portrait of Dr. Jenner, and a
small slip of cloth of the colour he
most delights in, that Dr. Reyss
and his friends might be able to
wear coats of that same colour on
the 17th of May, the birth-day of
Dr. Jenner.”

The earl of Egremont, one of the
earliestand most ardent supporters
of vaccination, bore testimony to
various misrepresentations and false-
hoods circulated in his neighbeur-
hood respecting the practice.

18th. Wrymoutu.—Last night
was landed at the Custom-house the
last chest of dollars from the wreck
of the Abergavenny, which com-
pleted the 62 chests recovered by
Mr. Braithwaite, who, with much
perseverance and ingenuity, has suc-
ceeded. The total of the 62 chests
is about 70,0001. value. He is
going to proceed immediately on the
cargo.

This morning, about ten o’clock,
a boy named Francis was drowned
off Strand-lane. He was cleaning
the top of the cabin of a barge, and
fell over-board.

20th. A court ofdirectors of the
Fast-India company was held,at three
o’clock, which continued to sit un-
til nine in the evening, to deliberate
on the propriety of recalling sir G.
Barlow from the scat of govern.
ment in India, and the appoint.
ment of lord Lauderdale in his stead;
when a division took place, and
there appeared, for the recal of sir
G. Barlow and the appointment of

lord

410

Jord Lauderdale, fowr,—Against it,
eighteen.

21st. A few daysago, the dairy-
maid at Bayham Abbey, in Sussex,
the seat of lord Camden, threw her-
self into the moat, and was drowned.
Verdict, lunacy.

The long coach, which conveys
passengers from the mail coach of-
ficein Dublin, to the packets at the
Pigeon-house, was stopped this night
about ten o'clock, by ten men
armed with swords and pistols, who
vobbed eight passengers, near to the
canal bridge. The villains obliged
the passengers to come out of the
carriage one by one; amongst them
were lord Cahir and Mr. George
Latouche, whom they robbed of
near 5001.

ProvipenTiAL Escapr.—As capt.
Jones, of the royal Flintshire mi-
litia, quartered at Hythe, who had
that morning accompanied the regi-
ment to field-exercise, on the heights
near Folkstone, was standing with
several officers, near the edge of the
cliffs, the earth suddenly gave way
under him; in consequence of which
he was instantly precipitated to the
distance of 28 yards, in an oblique
direction from the top; but was
most proyidentially stopped in his
fall, by a small abutment on the
surface of the rock, against which
his foot accidentally struck. In this
dreadful situation he Jay suspended
near a guarter of an hour, without
daring to move, before any effectual
assistance could be rendered him.
Searcely, however, had this dis-
tressing circumstance occurred,when
Thomas Roberts, a private in the
regiment, alarmed at the truly peri-
lous condition of his officer, endea-
voured, at the obvious risk of his
own life, to extricate him ; but, un-
fortunatdy, in the attempt, literally

any material injury.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

fell from the top to the bottom of

_this tremendous precipice, being a

distance of 549 feet (of which 261
fect were quite perpendicular.) Pro-
videntially, the latter in his fall did
not touch the captain, who, anxious
to save him, had already extended
his hand to him for that purpose.
During this interval, 4 rope was ex-
peditiously procured from the sig-
nal-house ; and a noose being made
atoneend, it was lowered to the
spot where captain J. lay ; when
he, with much difficulty, succeeded
in fastening it round his body ; and
was thes gradually drawn up by thé
spectators, who still for some time
doubted the possibility of rescuing
him ; however, at length he happily
escaped without having sustained
The soldier,
though terribly cut and bruised in
the head and various parts of his
body) was taken up alive, and with-
out asingle bone being fractured, on
the beach, near a storie-quarry, and
immediately conveyed to the regi-
mental hospital at Hythe ; where, to
the utter astonishment of every one,
he is now able to walk about, and
is declared by the surgeon of the
regiment out of all immediate dan-
ger. The height of the cliff, having
siuce been accurately taken by an
officer of the regiment, is found by
actual admeasurement as follows :
Yards. Feet.
Oblique distance of cap.
Jones’s fall
Perpendicular height
from the above point
downwards
Remainder (again obli-
que) to the base —

28 or 84

87 or 261.

68 or 204

183 or 549

29d. The chancellor’s prizes in
the university of Oxford for the pre-
sent

CHRONICLE.

sent year were this day adjudged to

Edward Garrard Marsh, bachelor-

of arts, late scholar of Wadham col-
lege, and now fellow of Oriel col-
Jege, for the English essay—Post-
humous Fame ; and to John Latham,
commoner of Brasenose college, for
the Latin verses—Trafalgar : also
the prize, by a private donation, to
Henry Allen Johnson, commoner
of Christ-church, for the English
verses —T'ravels of discovery into the
interior of Africa.

The rev. Mr. Wood, second mas-
ter of St. Paul’s grammar school,
put a period to his existence, by
hanging himself.

A boat belonging to the grand
junction company arrived at Mr.
Homer’s Paddington wharf, which
has been fitted up in Northampton-
shire, for the purpose of bringing,
at once, near 100 live fat sheep to
the London market. This being
the first attempt of the kind, it ex-
cited considerable curiosity. It con-
sisted of a common canal boat, that
had, by way of ballast, a lading
ef ten tons of lime-stone; on this
there were two slight decks, ata
proper distance above each other,
and a roof of thin boards above, to
shoot off the rain; the space be-
tween each of the decks was divided
by sliding boards into near fifty se-
parate pens, so that each sheep had
a distinct one to itself, in which he
could either stand or lie down at
pleasure. On the arrival of the
barge alongside the wharf, the slid-
ing boards at the side of the boat,
and between the pens, were taken
out, and the sheep jumped on the
wharf in a few minutes. The boat
left Braunston on the 20th, at three
o'clock, and in 53 hours arrived,
after a journey of upwards of 95
miles. itis expested that a boat

4)1

Jaden with sheep will weekly arrive’
in future.

24th. A dreadful fire happened in
Langford this day, which consumed
in its progress two breweries, and
above fifty dwelling houses.

Twochildren, brother and sister,
the boy about ten, the girl seven
years of age, while playing a few
evenings ago, near the new dock at
Leigh, both fellin. There was
eight feet water in the dock at the
time ; when captain Nash, of the im-
press service, and a private of the
Argyllshire militia, named Frow,
were let down with ropes round
their bodies, and succeeded in pre-
serving the sufferers, after they had
both disappeared,

In the court of king’s bench, a
Mr. Jukes, on an indictment pre.
ferred against him by Mr. Henry
Erskine Johnston, the comedian, for
an assault in the boxes of Covent-
Garden theatre, was found guilty.
The offending party proposed terms
of accommodation, which wereac«
ceded to.

This morning, a pleasure-boat
was nearly upsetin Black wall reach,
by tacking about ; and a lad, named
Smith, beingstruck by the main-sail,
was forced overboard, and drowned.
A similar accident happened on
Thursday at Bugby’s hole, in the
same neighbourhood.

The same day, a man who at-
tempted to undress the body of a
labourer, who died by suffocation a
few days since, in consequence of
sleeping by a brick-kiln near town,
in order to put it ina shell, was so
overcome by the efiluvia, that he was
deprived of his senses, and soon ex-
pired.

An accident happened this day to’
Mr. Charles Buxton, on his return
from Epsom. Mr, 8B. in his phaeton

and

412

and four, overtook a friend in a
barouche, drawn by the same num-
ber of horses; and a deterinination
being manifested to try the speed of
the horses and the skill of the dri-
vers, arace was the consequence.
At Ewel, on turning a corner, Mr.
Buxton’s phaeton was upset, and
he and Mr. Hugh Atkins, a Russia
broker, were thrown with such vio-
lence, that each gentleman, strange
to say, had a thigh broken and
three ribs.

25th, This morning, about two or
three o’clock, a man and woman
were seen walking, arm in arm, de-
Jiberately down Bridge-street, Black-
friars, and separated at the stairs of
the bridge. The woman, soon after,
walked on the projection under
the coping of the bridge, as far as
the third lamp, and then threw her-
self on the bed of the river; and it
being low water, she was killed on
the spot.

An unfortunate affair happened
in Falmouth this day. As some men
attempted to escaped from the hired
armed ship Humber, in contempt of
the threats of the lieutenant of that
ship, who repeatedly declared he
would fire upon them if they did not
return, that officer discharged a mus-
ket, and shot one of them through
the heart. The coroner’s jury who
investigated the affair returned a ver-
dict of accidental death.

27th. Last week a dreadful hur.
ricane occurred at Sunderland, ac-
companied with thunder and hail.
The shipping in the harbour, which
amounted to nearly 500 sail, were
thrown into extreme danger and
confusion 5; many were damaged,
and several driven ashore and wreck-
ed, as were a number of boats,

This day, at a bear-baiting in
Tothill-fields, one of the bears hav.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ing broke loose, fastened upon 2
person of the name of Shawe, whom
he tore very much with his paws,
and would have destroyed him, but
for the assistance of the people.

Mr. Exwyn’s Pictrurrs.—A se-
lection of the choicest pictures of
this celebrated collector was brought
on Friday to the hammer ; annexed
are the prices of the principal pic-
tures :——

Guineas.

Teniers—A landscape, with

the Chateau of the painter,

to Mr. Slater, for . . 460
Wouverman—Agrand Hawk.

ing, to Mr. Duncombe . 906
P. Veronese — Mars and

Venus united by Love, to

Lord Breadalbane ., . 320
L. Da Vinci —Madona and

Child, toditto . . . 670
N. Poussin——-A Landscape . 430
Rubens—His. old Nurse by

Candlelight, to Mr. Beck-

ford oa hele Shi ie SOR
Ditto — Conversion of St.

Paul, to Mr. Beckford . 4000

Quapruervs. — On board: the
Union East Indiaman, lately ar-
rived in the London docks, is adog
from St. Helena with two noses ;
and on board the Kolus, lying along
side her,are a beautiful young lioness
and tigress, the latter is fastened by
a rope on the quarter deck, and is
so tame, that a stranger may with
safety handle it. ‘There are also on
board the same vessel, a black sheep
with six horns, anda great variety
of birds, all from the river Plata.
The whole atford delight to the
lovers of natural history.

A -REMARKABLE HEN.—For the
three last summers, a hen, the pro«
perty of Charles Ranken, at Auchs
mairn, parish of Cadder, has tre-
quently laid eggs of an extraordi-

nary

G@HRON ECL E,

gary size and weight. Within these
few weeks, she has laid three eggs,
each of which measures, in diame-
ter, 64 by 74 inches, and weighs
full $4 ounces, and generally, on
the day before she lays the large
egg, she has an egg of an ordinary
size,

28th. The late tempest was in
many paris of Wales particularly
yiolent and extensive. At Mon-
mouth, the elements seemed ta be in
a perfect blaze ; though the claps of
thunder, which followed the light-
ning, were not soloud as might have
been expected.—At Landoga-on-
the-Wye, near Monmouth, a piece
of meadow-ground was covered over
with loose stones, which the con.
yulsion brought down from the sur-
rounding heights, amounting in
weight to nearly 200 tons.

A soldier lately returned from the
Indies is now at Tuddenham, who
says, he was present at the death of
Joseph Clark, whilst abroad ; and
that he confessed to him that he
committed the robbery and set fire
to the house of Mrs. Syer, at Had-
leigh, for which Sarah Lloyd, the
servant maid, with whom he in-
trigued, and who admitted him into
the house, was executed.

29th. Seven waggons loaded with
casks of specie have arrived at the
bank of England, under the escort
of a party of light horse. The
casks contain the 400,000]. in dol-
lars, sent some time since from the
bank to Hanover, and which was
Juckily got away before the Prus-
sians took possession of that place.

30th. The directors of the East
India company took the sense of a
general court of proprietors upon
their late proceedings, which de-
cided, by 18 agatnst 4, for the gon-
tinwance of sir George Barlow, and

413

of course the rejection of the earl
of Lauderdale. At the general
court for this purpose, the fol-

‘lowing resolution was taken by bal.

lot :-—

‘¢ That this court, having consi.
dered the papers laid before it, most
highly approves of the zeal mani-
fested, and the conduct pursued, by
the court of directors ; and regards a
firm adherence to the principles
maintained by the court of directors
to be indispensibly necessary to pre-
serve the salutary authority over the
government of india vested by law
in the court of directors, to restrain
a profuse expenditure of public
money, and to prevent all schemes
of conquest and extension of domi.
nion ; measures which the legisla-
ture has declared to be repugnant
to the wish, the honour, and the
policy, of the nation. And this
court doth assure the court of di-
rectors of its most cordial and zea.
lous support, with a view to pre-
serve unimpaired the rights and
privileges of the East-India com-
pany.”

At six o’clock, the glasses were
finally closed and delivered to the
scrutineers, whe reported the num-
bers to be,

For thequestion . 928
Againstit . . . 195
Majority . 733

Dicyv.— At Brompton, after a
short illness, aged 44 years, Mr.
Palmer. He wasa man of uncom.
mon corpulency, and was induced,
about three weeks siuce, to go to
London, in order to see that prodigy
of bulk and fatness, Mr. Lambert.
Mr. Palmer weighed about twenty-
five stone, or 350 pounds ; and al-
though five men, of moderate size,
have been buttoned in his waistcoat,
he was comparatively of diminutive ©

: size

Al

size when placed by the side of
Mr. Lambert. -. The windows of
the tap-room were obliged to be
taken out on Sunday, to admit of
the corpse being taken from the
house ; from which to the place
of interment it was cafried in a
waggon, as no hearse could be pro-
cured which would have been suf-
* ficiently capacious to admit the coffin
into it.

25th. At Inverary Castle, his
grace, John duke of Argyll, mar-
quis of Lorn, (lord Sundridge,
1766,) a field marshal in the army,
colonel of the 3d regiment of foot
guards, honourable master of the
king’s household in Scotland, keeper
of Dunstaffnage and Carrick, and
governor of the British society, &c,
&c. His grace was born in 1722,
and is succeeded by his eldest son
George, marguis of Lorn, now duke
of Argyll.

And on Sunday morning died, at
Roseneath, Colin Campbell, esq. an
old and intimate friend and faithful
servant of his grace, as chamberlain
and bailie of Roseneath. He had
completed his 04th year in February
last. His grace and bailie Campbell
had both been of the old Highland
watch, and were the only survivors
of that matchless corps.

The late duke of Argyll married,
March 3, 1759, Elizabeth, daughter
of John Gunning, esq. and relict of
James, duke of Hamilton, father of
the late duke; by whom, who died
December 20, 1790, he had issue—
George John, born February 17,
1766, who died an infant.—George,
marquis of Lorn, born September
22, 1768 ; succeeded to the barony
of Hamilton, on the death of his
mother — John Douglas Henry
Edward, born December 24, 1777
Augusta, born March 31, 1760;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

married to captain Clavering, and
has issue — and Charlotte Susan
Maria, born June 2], 1775, married
to captain Campbell.

The remains of the duke were
deposited in the burying-place of
that illustrious family, at Kilmun.
The following are the particulars of
the ceremony, (as reported by an
eye-witness,) which was performed
in the most private manner pos-
sible :—

About ten o’clock, the princess
Elizabeth revenue brig, Henry Beat-
son, esq. commander, sailed from
Roseneath, with the corpse of his
grace; also, the prince William
Henry, captain Hamilton ; prince of
Wales, captain M’Kinnon (acting.)
revenue cutters ; and the Campbel-
town packet Henrietta, having on
board his grace, George duke of
Argyll, lord John Campbell, lady
Augusta Clavering and daughter,
lady Charlotte Campbell, sir Alex-
ander Campbell, of Ardkinglas,
with otber friends, and the servants
of the Jate illustrious nobleman.
‘The whole came to anchor in Holy
Loch, between twelve and one
o’clock, nearly opposite the family
burying-place. The body of his
grace was towed in his barge by the ©
crew of the princessElizabeth,dressed
in nankeen, with crapes round their
hats, and received on a platform,
near which the present duke, lord
John, &c. were landed. At asmall
distance, lady Clavering, and the
other ladies, came on shore, accom.
panied by sir Alexander Campbell,
&c. and procecded to the vault,
where they waited the procession.

A part of captain Hamilton’s
crew was placed on each side of the
path thatleads toit, dressed in white
frocks, with black velvet caps trim.
med with silver, The corpse of his

grace

CH: RoO, No1:C..LE;

grace was carricd to the tomb shoul.
der high, by the Kilmun volunteers ;
upon entering which it was laid next
to the duchess. All then returned
from the vault except those of the
family, who, after remaining for a
few minutes, went on board captain
Hamilton’s cutter, and proceeded to
Ardincaple, A salute of nine guns
was fired on their going ashore.
The brig and the other cutter also
fired a salute upon leaving Holy
Loch.

The outer coffin was covered with
crimson silk velvet, and had two co-
ronets, one at the head and another
at the foot. ‘The following is the

inscription :—

Field Marshal
JOUN DUKE OF ‘ARGYLL,
‘Se. Sc. Fe.
_ Died 25th May, 1806,
Aged 83 years.
The mourners wore sashes, with
a large knot upon the right shoulder,
and another at the left thigh.

JUNE.

5th. This morning, about three
o'clock, a fire broke out at the Key
hotel, Chandos-street, Covent gar-

_ den, which in ashort time was burnt

tothe ground. The house was a
bagnio of the first description, and
the most frequented of any in the
metropolis. The following circum.
“stances came out before the coroner’s
jury, sitting on the body of a
gentleman who perished in the
flames. he inquisition was taken
on the 6th, at the White Lion, Hem.
ming’s-row, St. Martin’s-lane, before
Anthony Gell, esq, coroner for
Westminster.

George Thorpe, waiter at the
Keybagnio, stated that the deceased,

4i3

with a lady, came to the house
(which was kept for the present by
a Mr. Hamerton) at twelve at night,
on the 4th of June; the gentlemaa
appeared to be very much ine-
briated; and, after having been a
short time in the house, supper was
served up in a bed-room. After
the cloth had been cleared, the gen-
tleman said he should go, but the bell
rung soon after, for the chamber-
maid to assist in undressing the lady.
The deceased, on the maid’s euter-
ing the room, was lying prostrate
on the floor, by the bed-side. The
chamber-maid left the raom at a
quarter before three o’clock, anda
quarter after three, witness heard a
violent screaming. He repaired to
the landing-place on the first floor,
where the lady, in her chemise only,
was standing with a candle, the
bed-room being in one entire blaze,
She begged of the witness to save
the gentleman ; but the flames issued
so rapidly from the room, that he
durst not attempt to enter. The
house was divided, and in that part
where the fire broke out, none but
the deceased and his companion
slept, except a domestic in the attic
story. It wassome time before tha
other part of the house caught fire;
and cousequently by the alarm
which the witness and the chamber-
maid kept up, the other companies
had time for flight.

Jane Devaynes, (who stated her
name tobeso, but who has forseveral
years been known about the theatres
by the names of Kemble and Stirling}
stated, that she was in company
with the deceased at the Key. Her
first acquaintance with him was ace
cidental, on Whitmonday last;
since which time he had almost daily
visited her, at her apartments in
York-street, - Mary-le-bone. He

came

416

eame to her residence at ten o’clock
at night, on the 4th inst. and was
then inebriated. He insisted on
sending for three bottles of wine,
one of which was drunk; witness
had put the other two on her sidc-
board, thinking her companion had
had enough. In the evening, they
took a coach, and repaired to the
Key, which house, the deceased said,
he was well acquainted with. She
then related the circumstances of her
going to bed, and being alarmed, as
described by the waiter. Witness
said she knew nothing of the de-
ceased’s name, nor where he lived.
He had a great deal of paper pre-
perty about him, which he had
shewn to her in the evening, She
always considered him to be a cler-
man.

Elizabeth Hannam, chambermaid
at the Key, corroborated what had
fallen from the preceding witnesses.

Mrs. Clark, (the late hostess at
the Key) only knew the deceased
personally.

A Miss Llewellyn gave an ac-
count of the deceased visiting her ;
but she knew not his name. He
was aman of low stature, sometimes
dressed meanly, and wore his hair
curled in one curl, with powder,

There being vo further evidence
to throw any light upon the subject,
the jury returned a verdict of—<4c-
cidental death.

Tt has been since stated, and it is
feared with too much truth, that the
gentleman who was thus burnt to
death, was a Mr. Garner, who kept
an academy in Brompton-row, on
the high road leading to Fulham,
Mr. Garner was a widower, and, it
is said, a few months since paid his
addresses to a young lady of consi-
derable pecuniary expectations ;
but meeting with a repulse, it is sup-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

posed that the disappointment af-
fected his intellects, as his subse.
quent conduct evinced strong symp-
toms of derangement.

9th. An alarming fire broke out
this morning, between twelve and
one, at the house of a baker, in
William-street, Pimlico. ‘The house
was entirely consumed, and a child
in it was burnt to death.

iith. The following malefactors
were executed this morning, oppo-
site the debtor’s door, at Newgate,
in pursuance of their sentences, viz.
—G. Calder, for personating A.
M‘Gogan, a seaman on board the
Caroline frigate, and by that means
defrauding ‘1’. Good, navy agent, of
2231. G. R. Walker, and C, Dodds,
for forging and uttering a will, pur-
porting to have been left by major
Hawkins, G. Hemmings and G.
Bevan, for extorting money from
the rev. Mr. Orde.

By the Leopard, of 50 guns,
arrived at Portsmouth this day,
intelligence was received of the to.
tal loss of the Lady Burgess, out-
ward-bound East Indiaman, com-
manded by captain Swinton. She
sailed in company with the fleet, on
the 3ist of March, from Portsmouth,
and continued with them till the day
she was lost, which happened on the
20th of April, when she struck ona
sunken rock, between St. Jago and
Bonavista, at two in the morning,
and went entirely to pieces. The
number of persons onboard the Lady
Burgess, was 184; 34 out of this
number perished. Among the latter ©
are, Mr. Cock, the chief mate, and
Mr. Dick, the purser; as also,
Messrs. Monk, Binny, and Kidd,
eadets. All the rest of the passen-
gers, officers, &c. were saved.

At the suit of lord Cloncurry, a
fiat for 10,0001. was lately marked |

in

CoH BONA CL E:

in Dublin, against sir John Pigott
Piers, for crim. con. with lady C.
Sir J. P. P. is, as generally happens
in such cases, an old friend of the
husband, and was an inmate in the
house at the time of the alleged se
duction, Lady C. is a beautiful wo-
man, the daughter of an officer. His
lordship met her at Rome, where he
fell in love with, and married her.
Sir J. P. P. is a widower. The lady
is not permitted, as in England, to
range at large with her paramour,
but is confined in the castle of
Lyons, in the county of Kildare,
long-famed for its beautiful scenery,
placed on a hill, and overlooking
the grand canal from Dublin to Kil-
dare, Queen’s county, &¢ It was
the hospitable and princely abode,
for ages, of the Ayimer family, the
ancestors of the countess of Ken-
_ Iaare.
18th. This afternoon, about four,
a boy crossing Fleet-street, was
knocked down by the pole of a
gentleman’s carriage. The coach-
man endeavoured to stop; but the
horses kicked the child on the head,
and immediately drew the carriage
over ifs neck, which killed it on the
Spot; no blame is imputed to the
éoachman, who used every exertion
to prevent the accident.
23d. This evening a:scaffold gave
way at the Mint, in: the Tower,
where they were making some re-
pairs, by which accident three men
were unfortunately killed on the
Spot, and many others severely
wounded.
_ Atthe public-office}Queen-square,
John and Jane Barrington were
- committed for trial, charged with at-
tempting to extort money from lady
Frances Compton, by counterfeit-
ing the hand-writing of lady George
Cavendish, requesting the former

Vor. XLVIII.

417

lady to befriend the prisoners, as
deserving her attention. kt is sup-
posed they had carried on this.
species of frand for a length of
time. :
In: the court of king’s bench,
Robert and Henry Kennett, father
and son, were brought up for judg-
ment, being convicted: of va \con-
spiracy to defraud certain creditors
under a commission ef bankruptcy.
They were both sentenced to twelve
months’ imprisonment, and the fa-
ther°to stand once in the pillory, in
Oxford-street.
24th. This. aftertioon, a pair of
spirited horses ran away with a cur-
ricle from Hatchett’s, in pra
down Dover-street, threw down Dr.
Reynold’s coachman, who was pass-
ing at the time, and wounded him
dangerously. Two other men were
thrown down, and slightly injured.
25th. In the court of exchequer,
at Dublin, major Bland, of the 47th
foot, laid his action against captain
King, of the commissariat depart-
meut, for criminal intercourse. with
his wife. ‘The forfger had been ab-
sent from Kurépe for a length of
time, during which the lady had not
heard from him: At length, cons
cluding he was dead, she listened to
the addresses of the defendant, and
married him. These accounts were
contradicted by the certainty of the
lady having received remittances
from her husband. On the plaine
tiffs coming home, the circum.
stances of the case were developed
—an action was commenced, and
damages were laid at 10,000]. but
the jury gave a verdict for only
300l.
26th, The inhabitants of Ando-
ver were much alarmed by a whirl.
wind, which, from the description,
nearly resembled a West India tor-
Ee nade,

418

nado. It «arried up three hay-
cocks in a field near the town, be-
longing to Mr. T. Heath, to a
height past calculation, as a great
part of the hay was literally carried
beyond tlie reach of the human eye.
When seen again, the estimated
height was upwards of 800 feet. It
fell in different parts of the town
and neighbourhood, a portion of it
full half a mile from the spot whence
it was carried up. ‘The consterna-
tion of the labourers in the fields
was very great, but can more easily
be conceived than described.

It is said that the marine soap, to
wash with salt-water, manufactured
from earth found upon the earl of
Warwick’s estate, will produce to
that nobleman a profit of 10,000l.
a-year. .

a7th. A verdict, with 3001. da-
mages, went against Mr. Briggs, son
of sir J. Briggs, in the court of
king’s bench, for the seduction of
Betsy Harris, the daughter of a far-
mer and butcher, in Monmouth-
shire.

Mr. R. L+—~ decided a cele-
brated match at whist, by which he
has won 6000 guineas. The match
occupied no less than six days in
playing out ; during which time the
parties took very little rest.

28th: Mr. Moulton, horse-dealer,
of Kensington, being in a single-
horse chaise, in Hyde-park, at.
tempted to drive the horsg into the
Serpentine river, to give him water ;
the horse, plunged, sunk, and threw
out Moulton, and a boy with him,
when Moulton, the boy, and horse,
were all drowned.—Same afternoon
_a Newfoundland dog, in plunging
for astone thrown into the above
river, brought up the body of a
young woman by the hair of her

ANNUAL: REGISTER,

1806.

head : she was genteclly dressed, ahd
appeared to have lain some time.
The deceased proved to be aservant,
of thename of Collins, about twenty
years of age, who had lived last with
a family in Kensington-square, and
had been missing near a week.

Last week a ewe sheep, belong-
ing to Mr. Dannerly, of Dinthill,
was killed, on account of a super-
natural conception. It appears that
the sheep, after having been incau-
tiously opened, had four lambs,
which were extracted from the
body alive; one of them is since
dead, but the other three are al!
likely to do well.

The archbishop of Canterbury
being engaged on his quadrennial
visitation, a few days ago went to
Hythe, in Kent, in his coach and
six. Stopping there that night, by
some accident the stable into which
his grace’s horses were put, caught
fire; and, notwithstanding the ut-
most exertions were made fo save
the horses, three of the poor animals
perished in the flames.

Egremont-house has just expe-
rienced the sad vicissitudes of for-
tune, to which fashion has of late
so wantonly reduced so many
‘* principalities and powers.” After
descending from a noble earl to an
opulent woolstapler, it was knocked
down the other day by the hammer
of the auctioneer, to Thomas Ber-
nard, esq. the Jate benevolent trea-
surer of the foundling hospital, for
16,000]. including the furniture.

29th. Early this morning a party
of friends, consisting of Mrs. Van
Butchel, the wife of Dr. Martin
Van Butchel, of Mount-street ; her
second son, Mr. Isaac Van Buts
chell; three misses Aston, daugh-
ters of Mr. Aston, gun locksmith,

of

CHER Wiic Pe

&f Robinson’s lane, Chelsea, and
nine others, went up the river in a
our-oared cutter, belonging to God-
frey, of Lambcth, to Richmond,
where they dined and spent the
day. On their return in the even-
ing they hoisted a sail. About half
past nine o’clock, as they were sai!-
ing through Fulham-gut, they ran
athwart a sailing barge, lying at
anchor, which stove in the side of
the boat, and she upset, in conse-
quence of which the whole of the
company were plunged into the
Tiver. Some of them clung to the
cable of the barge, and some to the
sides. Mr.J. Van Butchel, striking
his Head against the barge, sunk
never to rise again. The three misses
Aston, held by the side of the
barge for aconsiderable time. Two
of them, Ann and Hannah, sunk,
their strength being exhausted ; the
ebb tide sucked them under the
barge, and they rose no more. The
remainder were saved by boats pass-
ing by at the time.

Diep. — 24th. At Tunbridge-
‘wells, Charles Francis Sheridan,
esg. elder brother of the right ho-
nourable R. B. Sheridan. His ill-
ness had been of some duration, and
_ was borne with exemplary fortitude.
Mr. C. F. Sheridan was many years
a member of the Trish parliament,
and secretary at war in that king-
dom, previous to the question of the

regency, when he resigned his seat.

‘and office. He was a gentleman of
most distinguished talents as an au-
thor, both in history and political
controversy ; and no man was more
universally beloved and respected in
private life. Mr. C. F. Sheridan has
left a widow and several grown-up
children. Mrs. Sheridan was Miss
Bolton, niece to the right honoura-
ble Monck Mason.

419

JULY.

Picron-stootinc. — A long-ex-
pected pigeon-match, between the
celebrated Morton, and Keats, the
bargeman, was decided at Child’s-
hill, in favour of Keates, who, out of
21 shots, killed 17, which fell with-
in the bounds; two others fell ata
short distance, the othertwo, though
hit hard, escaped. Moreton only
killed 11 out of 21. Keates having
missed his first and third bird—six
to ‘four on Moretou,—Another
match, at five pigeons each, took
place between a Berkshire gentle-
man and Mr. Collisson, of some ces
lebrity at the sport. Mr. C, killed
his five birds, which was the num-
ber allotted to each party ; and his
opponent, who missed his first shot,
lost after Mr. C. had killed his fifth
bird.

3d. At a general court of the
corporation of ‘lrinity-house, held
on Thursday, the right honourable
earl St. Vincent was unanimously
elected an cldef brother, in the room
of the right honourable William
Pitt deceased ; and captain Jonathan
W ilsou was elected ait elder brother,
in the room of captain Effingham
Lawrence deceased.

Loxp Nerson’s Witt.—The fol-
lowing additional codicil to the
will of his lordship, was proved on

the 4th instant at Doctors Com-

mons :—
CODIcrL.

“¢ October the 21st. one thousand
eight hundred and five, then in
sight of the combined fleets of
France and Spain, distant about
ten miles,

«‘ Whereas the emifent services
of Emma Hamilton; widow of the
right honourable sir William Ha-

Ee? milton

420

milton, have been of the very great-
est service to our king and country,
to my knowledge, without her re-
ceiving any reward from either our
king or country: first, that she
obtained the king of Spain’s letter,
in 1796, to his brother the king of
Naples, acquainting him of his in-
tention to declare war against Eng.
Yand ; from which letter the minis-
try sent out orders to then sir J.
Jervis, to strike a stroke, if oppor
tunity offered, against either the ar-
senals of Spains or her fleets: that
‘ neither of «hese was done is not the
fault of lady Hamilton; the oppor-
tunity might have been offered. Se-
condly, the British fleet under my
command could never have returned
the second time to Egypt, had not
Yady Hamilton’s influence with the
queen of Naples caused letters to
be wrote to the governor of Syra-
cuse, that he was to encourage the

fleet being supplied with every thing,

should they put into any port in Si-
eily ; we put into Syracase, and re-
ceived every supply—went to Egypt
and destroyed the French jieet !—
Could I have rewarded these ser-
vices, I would not now call upon
my country, but as that has not been
in my power, I leave Emma lady
Hamilton, therefore, @ legacy to my
king and country, that they will
give her an ample provision to
maintain her rank in life. I also
leave to the beneficence of my coun.
try, my adopted daughter, Horatia
Nelson Thompson, and I desire she
will use in future the name of Nel-
son only. These are the only favours
T ask of my king and country at this
moment, when I am going to jight
their battle. May God bless my
king and country, and all those I
hold dear—my relations it is need-

ANNUAL REGISTER; 1806.

Tess to mention; they will of course
be amply provided for.
‘¢ Netson 4nD Bronte.”
‘¢ Witness, Henry BLAcKWwoop.
T. M. Uarpy.”

The above article fully explains
the unmanly and implacable ven-
geance with which Bonaparte pur-
sues the queen of Naples. To the
friendly offices of that unfortunate
princess, obtained by lady Hamil-
ton, lord Nelson, in his last mo-
ments, has declared, by his will, that
this country is indebted for the glo-
rious victory of Aboukir, and tle
consequent defeat and flight of Bo-
naparte.

Prymovurtit.—A dreadfal accident
happened on board a Swedish ship,
just as she came to an anchor in
Catwater. A Toaded gun was fired,
which burst, and killed Mr. Mann,
pilot, and so wounded Mr. M’An- ,
sland, a pilot, and two Swedish sea~
men, that they all died this morning.
This port has lost two excellent pilots
in Mr. Mann, and Mr. M’Ansland,.
who were well acquainted with alk
the different parts of the harbours
and anchorages of this port.

4th. The fishing-boats of Lowes-
toft and Yarmouth were unusually
successful last week. By the for-
mer, as many mackarel were caught
in one night, as sold on the beack
for 12601.—The first hundred sold
this season, fetched Sl. they were
afterwards sold for 5s. per hundred,

A singular robbery has been com-
mitted in the British Museum. <A
person whe has been in the habit of
visiting that place for upwards of a
year, has stolen, at different times,
from the portfolios, a number of
scarce and valuable engravings, by
the Dutch masters, to the amount of
15901. He sold them to printsellers.

It

CHRONICLE

Tt is stated, that a committee have

‘investigated the particulars of the

robbery, and come to a resolution
that Mr. Dighton, who is charged

‘with being concerned in taking the

valuable articles, should not be pre-
secuted, on condition that he re-
store the whole of the property
that is missing. Mr. Beloe, in whose
department it happened, has been
dismissed for negligence. If the
trustees could prosecute, this would
be compoundins felony; but, it is
understood, that through the negli-
gence of Mr. B. in not making a
catalogue, the property in the arti-
cles stolen cannot be proved, and
that a prosecution would be fruit-
less.

As a waggon belonging to Mr.
Kent, of Abingdon, in Berkshire,
was going out of the New Iun in
the Old Bailey, it was discovered to
be on fire, caused by an unforeseen
accident, by which property to the
amount of fear 4001. was destroyed ;
the remainder of the goods were saved
by means of engines, and the exer-
tions of the peopie of the inn;
several chests of tea were among the
property lost.

Miss Holbeck, of Sloane-street,
riding in Hyde Park, with another
Jady and servant, her horse took
fright, ran through Cumbcrland-
gate, turned to the left in Oxford-
Street, and galloped up the Edge-
ware-road. ‘he lady kept her seat
with great courage, until the horse
rather slackened his pace; when,
being exhausted, she lost her forti-
tude, fainted, and unfortunately fell
on her head. She was taken up
speechless, and conveyed to a sur-
geon.

The rev. Mr. Milner,:a titular
bishop of the Romish church, the
sey. Mr. Wheeler, a clergyman of

421

the same persuasion, with Mr.
Gadd, a sutveyor, and Miss Gadd,
his sister, were tried upon an indict-
ment, in the court of king’s bench,
charging them with unlawfally con-
spiring together to prevent the mar-
riage of Mr. Taylor, surgeon, of
Islington, with Miss Pike, a young
lady of fortune, after the marriage
deeds were drawn, and the wedding
clothes bought. It appeared that
the parties had influenced Miss Pike
to give up Mr. Taylor; but it like-
wise appeared that Mr. Taylor had
paid his addresses to Miss Gadd, and
had quitted her for the pursuit of
Miss Pike. The defendants were
acquitted.

5th. In the same court, an issue,
directed by the court of chancery,
was tried to ascertain the validity of
the will of the late lord Chedworth 5
when the will was established. The
ground taken by the heir at law
was, that his lordship was not of
sound mind, and competent to make
a will; but so far from this being
the fact, Mr. Garrow called lords
Dartmouth, Moira, Suffolk, and
Eldon ; sir Charles Bunbury, colonel
Hilsted, Mr. Cowper, of the house
of lords, Mr. Jekyll, and many
other witnesses, to prove the sanity
of the deceased. The noble lords,
and Mr. Jekyll, spoke as to their
acquaintance with him, not only at
college, but subsequently. ~ They
considered him a nobleman of the
most intelligent mind, well versed in
politics and literature. These, as
well as the other witnesses called,
were of opinion, that no man was
better qualified to make a valid will
than his lordship. —Mr. Dallas ad-
dressed the jury on behalf of the
heir at law, and inferred the want
of sound understanding in lord
Chedworth, mercly from a variety

Ees of

- 429

of eccentricities and singularities in
“his behaviour. He called two wit-
nesses, who rather confirmed the
evidence of his lordship’s sanity
dian otherwise.—Lord Ellenbo-
rough stopped the cause, and the
jury found a verdict for the plain-
“tiff, establishing his Jordship’s will.

Vhe sheritis inspected the inte-
vior of Newgate, and humanely
gave directions that the long ward
on the debtor’s side should be
appropriated for the use of the un-
fortunate persons who might choose
to work at their respective trades
for the benefit of themselves and
families.

At the Middlesex sessions, Ed-
ward Eggerton, Richard Clements,
and John Whitfield, were tried, and
sentenced to three years’ imprison-
rent in the house of correction, for
attempting to break open the shop
of Mr. Pristman, silyersmith and
jeweller, in Princes-street, Soho, on
Sunday, the 11th of May last, at
three o'clock in the afternoon !

Elizabeth Barnet voluntarily sur-
rendered herself for trial at the Old
Bailey, being indicted for robbing a
man of the name of Rouyellet, of
40). while living with him in the
Fleet prison, upwards of twelye
months since. Rouvellet had Jately
been committed to IIlchester gaol, by
the magistrates of Bath, on a charge
of forgery. He wished to put off
the trial, but was brought to town
by Habeas Corpus, double-ironed,
and compelled to . proceed. The
prosecution appearing to be insti-
tuted from motives of revenge. and
the charge unfounded, the prisoner
was aoniutled:

vth. During a violent iden of
thunder ard lightning, four horses
that were at plough under a tree, at
Hints, near Lichfield, were all killed

ANNUAL REGISTER;

1806.

by one flash. The driver was stu-
pified, but is likely torecover. The
above finishes another convincing
proof of the danger of standing un-
der a tree during a storm.—At Ut.
toxeter, the thunder was accompa-
nied with an extraordinary hail-
storm: some hail-stones which fell
at Boylstone, are said to have mea-
sured three inches in circumference.
Mr. Walker, of Brook End, near
Uttoxeter, had a cow killed by the
lightning. :

10th. In the court of king’s
bench, a black man, named Jack.
son, obiained a yerdict of 500]. da-
mages, against captain Livesay,
commander of the slave ship, Lord
Stanley, from Liverpool to Africa,
and thence to the West Indies, for
the most inhuman treatment ever
heard of, by various punishments,
and the most cruel flogging, from
the captain and others, which was
repeated for several days, till at last
the blood burst from. the wretched
man’s breasts. ‘The surgeon, on the
trial, described the shocking state
of his back, and said, that for eigh-
teen inches square, the flesh sloughed

off. Itis now scarcely healed.
11th. Apmiratty Sesston.—A
session of the court of admiralty
was held at the Old Bailey, before
sir W. Scott, a full bench of civi-
lians, Mr. Justice Le Blanc, &c.—
Acow, a Chinese sailor, was indicted
for the wilfal murder of another
Chinese, of the name of Anguin, on
the 24th of May last, on the high
seas, viz. on board the East India
ship, called the Travers, on her
voyage home, near the Azores.
The principal evidence was Robert
Oliver, second mate of the ship,
who stated, that on the 24th of May
last, between two and three o’clock
in the morning, as he was on watch,
he

CHBON IC LE.

he heard a person moaning in great
distress ; he called up two men, who,
on going below, cried out, **O
God! a man is murdered!” Others
came up, who saw the prisoner
standing, with a knife in his hand,
which was covered with blood: the
deceased was lying near him. The
prisoner made no resistance; but
when they took him into custody,
he said, ‘* Me kill Anguin—An-
guin tell me lie—China fashion—
me kill Anguin, me kill Anguin—
you hang me.” The head was nearly
severed from the body. There were
two mortal stabs, one of which had
penetrated the heart, the other the
loins, There were in all nine
wounds. The other witness corro-
borated this account. It did not
appear that the prisoncr and the
deceased had any quarrel on board,
but they had some dispute on shore.
Lhe prisoper, by his interpreter,
said he must be hanged by the Eng-
Jish law, and did not desire to live :
he said he cut the man’s head off.—
The jury having found him guilty,
sir W. Scott pronounced sentence
of death upon the prisoner, who
seemed to take but little concern in
it. He was ordered to be hanged
on Monday next, at Execution
Dock ; but his sentence was after-
wards respited until the Friday fol-
lowing, on account of the tide serv-
ing more conveniently for the time
of execution.

Richard Curling, John Forwood,
Thomas Moss, John Sanders, and
Thomas Reed, were indiéted for
stealing on the high seas, sixty-five
fathoms of small bower cable, value
58], and an anchor, value 101. the

property of Messrs. Joseph Wales, —

and C. Y. Bonner. The prisoners
are all pilots, who resided on the
goast of Kent, and three of them

423

went on board the Traveller brig,
captain Ballard, to conduct the ves-
sel into Ramsgate, from the Downs:
while on board, a plan was entered
into by the prisoners and the captain,
to cut away the cable, and that a
rope should be fastened to it, by
which it could be recovered by two
men, who were in.a boat. ‘This
was done, and the captain, accord-
ing to his own statement, committed
this fraud in conjunction with the
prisoners, to make the loss more se-
vere on the underwriters, and con-
sequently more profitable to the
owners, who, very laudably, insti-
tuted this prosecution. The trial
excited a great deal of interest, but
our limits only allow us to give this
abstract. Three of the prisoners
were found guilty, and Sanders and
Reed, the men who were in the
boat, were acquitted, for want of
sufficient evidence to establish their
guilt.

A tremesdous storm of thunder,
lightning, and rain commenced this
morning, at eight, in the metropolis,
and lasted until eleven, without in-
termission. It excited universal ter-
ror. The lightning entered a house
under repair in LKast-street, Man-
chester-sguare ; the blaze was so
violent, that every one apprehended.
that the whole house was on fire,
but no injury was sustained, except
the breaking of a few panes of glass.
‘Two persons, in the house adjoining,
were forcibly struck with the light.
ning. A ball of fire fell into the
area of the lottery-office, in Somer-
set Place ; it forced open the door,
and drove Mr. Pearce. the secretary,
who was standing at the window,
with a person who was with him, to
the opposite side of the room.—
Another ball feli in the Thames, op-
posite Arandel-sirecet, As M

Ee4 Ors

424

Jones, a builder, of Newcastle-street,
was standing with his two sons, and
$iX or seven workmen, at the rear of
his house, a ball of five fell in the
midst of thém; but it burst upon
an iron grate, and sunk into the
vault, Jeaving a sulphureous smell.
‘The storm cammenced at $ A. M. at
Stanmore, from the S. W. and
continued to rage, with unabated
violence, for two hours. On the
North-east side of liarrow Weald
Comnion, a thatched hovel, where
thirteen persons, of both sexes, had
taken shelter, was set on fire by the
lightning, and a woman, having a
child at the breast, was killed, whilst
the iniant miraculously escaped. A
boy was also so much scorched as
to be without hopes of recovery.—
At Portsmouth, about half past ten,
the brig William, captain Denning,
from London, bound to Jamaica,
coming into St. Helens,was destroyed
by the ‘ightning, which struck the
head, of the maintop-gallant-mast,
passed through that, down the top-
mast, main-mast, and pierced the
decks into the hold, where it set the
@argo on fire. The captain and
crew were obliged to abandon her,
and landed at Portsmouth. At Deal,
jin the afternoon, there was a tre-
meadous thunder-storm, with hail
and rain; the lightning was very
vivid and quick ; it struck the main-
top-gallant-mast of his majesty’s
bom) Prospero, shivered to pieces
the top-mast, and damaged the main-
mast; one man was killed, named
Joseph Perkins, and several other
of the people were knocked down,
but. recovered. A corn mill, be-
Jonging to Mr. John Croft, of
Caistor, go. Lincoln, was much da-
_Maged. and a boy in the mill killed,
by the lightning. Nine sheep, be-
longing to Mr. Sibsey, of Bassing-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

ham, “near Carlton le Moorland,
were also killed. At Gainsborough,
there was a very uncommon fall of
rain; accompanied with loud claps
of thunder, and vivid flashes of
lightning. ‘Three pigs were struck
dead at Morton, and two fine horses,
in a close near Lea, were killed —
At Peterborough it was extremely
violent, and the inhabitants were
much alarmed by a fire ball burst.
ing in the market-place. in Rut-
land, at Ashwell, a hay-stack, be-
longing to Mr. Chamberlain, was
burnt. At Langham, Mr. Sherrard
had a sheep killed. and a cow be-
longing to Mr. Ellicot was also
killed, by the lightning The hail
came so violent at Leigh, as to
break many windows. ‘This morn-
ing, a boat belonging to the Sheer-
ness tender, lying in Hull Roads,
was sent to Sunk ‘sland, with seven
hands, to bring on board lieutenant
am! Mrs. Fox. between nine and
ten they had proceeded but “a short
distance from the shore, when W.
Mazarello, the cockswain, aged
about nineteen, standing erect, was
struck dead by the hghtning, and
fell overboard.’ Mr. and Mrs. Fox
were much stunned, and the rest,
except one man, were all struck
down, but soon recovered. The
body of Mazarello was soon after-
wards picked up: his clothes were
burned to rags, and the case of his
watch was melted. ‘Lhe old block-
honse-mill, at Hull, was struck by
the lightning, and one of the main
timbers split. William Curtis, Ia-
bourer, of Patrington, was next day
found dead in a field near that town,
having, it is supposed, experienced
the fatal effects of the lightning : the
hoe with which he was at work is
supposed to have operated as a con-
ductor, Near Exeter the etfiects

were

CHRONICLE

were extraordinary: in Moreton
church yard, the earth was torn from
several graves, aid human skulls
thrown to a considerable distance ;

and, near Bow, about 50 trees were.

cut in twe, as if done witha saw.
The report of the thunder was like
that of artillery fired in regular suc-
cession. About two, the inhabi-
tants of Ipswich were much alarmed,
as the crashes of thunder shook ma-
ny houses; and at the hill barracks
it was still more awlul; as the elec-
tric fluid communicated with a range
of stables, and struck down nne
horses, two of which were killed.
The stables were set on fire, but
it was soon extinguished. Near
twenty persons were struck down by
the lightning, but none killed. A
barn, at Framlingham, belonging to
$. Kilderbee, esq. of [pswich, was
burnt down by the lightning. The
storm was truly awful in Birming-
ham and its neighbourhood. The
lightning split the crane at the canal
‘office in that town. Its effects in
the country adjoining have been
dreadiul —A man was killed by the
lightning at Teffont. At Dumfries
the peals were loud, and the flashes
uncommonly vivid. The lightning
_ struck the house of James Kirk,
at Mains Riddell, Colvend, shattered
the chimney-head, and, descending
‘the chimney, broke the hearth-stone
_to pieces. Two cows were killed,
- by the lightning, while grazing in a
field near Ecclefechan.
ADDITIONAL PARTICULARS OF THE
LATE VIOLENT STORMS. Sutton
Place, near Guilford, in Surrey, the
seat of John Webbe Weston, esq.
was struck by lightning, when he
and his lady had a most wonderful
escape. ‘They werein bed, in aroom
_ in which was a sash-window facing
the West ; the head of their bed stood

“not torn into pieces,

425

to the South, about six inches from
the wall, and opposite to the feet of
it was the chimney; at the wall be-
hind the bed’s head were two pulls
for a bell which hung in the room
below, from the middle of which pulls
a wire went down the wainscot and
through the floor. Inthe room be-
low there was a window (under that
in the bed chamber) secured by up»
right iron bars. ‘I'he lightning en-
tered at the S. W. corner of the bed-
room, tore off the paper and plaster
from the wall, took the wire of one
of the pulls of the bell, which it
melted into small globules, some
round like shot, some long, and run
down the wire in the centre into the
room below, where it seems to have
been conducted upwards by the iron
window bars, and to have entered
the bed-room again by the window
above. where nearly every pane of
glass was broken, and where the
skirting-board was forced into the
room ; from thence it went up the
chimney, displac'ngasmalliron back,
forcing out the bricks on the east
side of the chimney above the roof,
and splitting a chimney-pot, on the
top, which fellin all directions. When
Mr. and Mrs, Weston awoke, the
room was full of fire ai.d rubbish; but
no farther mischief was done. — At
East Horsley,a few miles off,two ox-
en belonging to W. Currie esq.were
killed.—An oak in the grounds of
Loseley, near Guildford, was strip-
ped of its bark,and the body,though
was split and
shivered so as to hate scarce a sound

timber in it. |
12th. A meeting of the principal
gentlemen of the county of Essex
was held at the Angel inn, Ilford,
agreeable to advertisement, for the
purpose of considering the propricty
of applying to parliament for an
, act

426

act to makea road from London to
Tilbury; when several resolutions
for the above purpose were proposed
by sir Thomas H. Lennard, and car-
ried by a large majority. A sub-
scription was immediately opened,
and several thousand pounds sub-
scribed. Should the above patriotic
proposal be carried into execution,
it will reduce the distance from Lon-
don to Tilbury, on the Essex side,
eight miles, and thereby afford a
very great accommodation to all
persons travelling, or connected
with the shipping interest of this
country, particularly benefit the
towns through which it will pass,
and facilitate the conveyance of fish
to the London markets.

This day the West India dock
company opened a new dock at
Blackwall, appropriated for ships
outward-bound, and the Phenix
West Indiaman, captain Douglas,
belonging to Messrs. Hibberts and
Co. was warped into the bason from
the import dock, amidst the ap-
plauses of many thousand spectators.
The vessel was decorated from stem
to stern with the colours of every
nation, surmounted with the British
standard.

14th. The storm which happened
this day seems to have been one of
the most extraordinary ever remem-
bered in the eastern part of this
island. From a quarter past one,
for three hours, the sky was uni-
formly and deeply clouded, and the

rain and hail, with few and short,

intervals, came down in torrents.—
Soon after the storm began, it was
thought advisable by the magistrates
attending to the business of the quar-
ter sessions in Bury St. Edmonds,
to take down the great chandelier in
the Shire-hall, it being deemed a
powerful conductor; in doing this,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

however, mischief had very nearly
happened, as the clerk of the peace
narrowly escaped a fatal blow from
the fall of part of it. In a very

few minutes after came one of the

strongest flashes, and a violent ex_
plosion, at the distance of two se-
conds, equal to 2200 feet nearly ;
or little more than one third of a
mile. ‘There were three other ex-
plosions, the most distant of which
from the flash did not exceed eight
seconds. The lightning was ex-
ceedingly red and dense. On this
day, a mare, in a pasture belong-
ing to Mr. Beeton, of Hardwicke,
was struck dead under a tree, which
was also shivered to pieces. A pop-—
lar tree, in the meadows, near
Stamford-bridge, which stands be-
tween two stacks of hay and clover,
was stripped of its bark, and nearly
splitin halves, but not thrown down,
and most probably, by its attraction,
preserved the stacks from fire.-—In
some parts of Middlesex this storm
was very violent, and particularly
at Sunbury, where the lightning
struck the church, and has done
some damage to the tower.—At
three, a hurricane took place near
IIyde Park, when a cloud burst
over Chesterfield-street, Curzon-
street, and Queen-street. Thebody
of water fell with such rapidity, as
to fill the cellars of the inhabitants,
and formed a complete current in
Shepherd’s Market, and it was with
difficulty that the gratings of the
drains were dragged up, so as to
admit the water, and thereby pre-
vent great damage.

Counr or Kine’s Bencu.—The
King v. Dorant—This was a prose-
cution for perjury, instituted by
Rouvellet, the man who prosecuted
Elizabeth Barnett, at the Old Bai-
ley, on Saturday, for an alledged

robbery,

CH RIONT CLE, 427

robbery. The prosecutor appeared
in fetters. His evidence was so
vague and contradictory, that lord
Ellenborough stopped the trial, and
the defendant was acquitted. It
appeared in the course of the pro-
ceedings, in this wicked prosecution,
that it was instituted for the vile
purpose of invalidating the evidence
of Mr. Dorant, who is to be an evi-
dence against Rouvellet, at his ap-
proaching trial for forgery. After
the trial the prosecutor was con-
ducted back to IIchester gaol, from
whence he had been removed by
habeas corpus, to give evidence on
this iniquitous prosecution, and
“against the woman, Barnett, above-
mentioned. .

16th. During the storm: this day,

‘a remarkable strong flash of light-

ning, followed by a _ tremendous
crash of thunder, attracted particu-
Jar attention at Salisbury, about two
in the afternoon ; and at this mo-

' ment a poor man, named Whitlock,

servant to farmer Maton, of Pitton,
was struck dead by the lightning.

17th. This evening, the lightning
and thunder were very sharp, and
twelve lambs, grazing in-a field be-
longing to Mr. Thomas Parsons, of
Great Barton, Suffolk, were struck
dead.

A yery singular and brilliant me-
teor was seen by many of the inha-
bitants of London, in broad day-
light, this evening, about eight
o'clock, passing in the southern and
western part of the hemisphere,
from about 8S. E.to N. W. it ap-
peared about one-fourth of the dia-
meter of the moon, but more bril-
liant than Venus ever appears, and
moved with very great swiftness,
nearly in an horizontal direction,
Jeaving 4 conical tai] of light aud
pparks behind it.

The meteor described was ob-
served very clearly over the Hyde,
at Edmonton, by persons passing
between 8 and 9 o'clock.

A gentleman who was angling in
the Mersey, near the Cheshire
shore, killed two fine congers, one
weighed 241\|bs. the other 12!bs.

18th. Acow, the Chinese sailor,
convicted at the last admiralty ses»
sion, for the murder of Anguin,
another Chinese, was hanged at Ex-
ecution Dock. He was conveyed
from the Old Bailey in a cart, and
appeared dreadfully dejected.

Marta. — ‘* ILnow come to
relate to you an eyent of the most
melancholy description, and almost
unparalleled in regard to the dread-
ful and miserable consequences. Ié
happened this morning. A maga-
zine took fire, and blew up with an
explosion scarcely ever known to
be equalled; by it 370 barrels of
gunpowder, and above 1600 shells
and grenades, were blown up. Such
an immense quantity as 40,000lbs.
of guupowder must occasion the
most dreadful havock and destruc.
tion. The houses adjacent in every
direction were thrown immediately
into ruins ;—and how shocking it
was to the inhabitants you may easily
conceive, as there was no chance of
escaping. The buildings are all of
stone, of immense thickness. It is

calculated that one thousand persons

have either perished, or are dread-
fully maimed. ‘The principal suffer-
ers are the Maltese,who chiefly lived
near the place. One man has lost
his wife aud six children; others
nearly the same ; and whole families
are buried together. Those who
escaped momentary death, perhaps,
are shockingly dishgured and maim-
ed, and crawling abeut in amiserable

condition

428

condition. Fourteen artillery-men,
who were in the magazine, were of
course blown to atoms. ‘The band
of a regiment (the 39th) were just
playing ‘* God save the King,” near
the place; two were killed on the
spet; the whole remainder were
much wounded. The guards on duty
were killed, The magazine was situ-
ated on the side of the water oppo-
site to the city of Valetta ; it is call-
ed Barmola. Stones were thrown
over to us, some to the distance of
two miles.
the water-side, and the bed of the
sea was so shook by it, that it rose
up and overflowed the banks,
Two vessels (small ones) were sunk.
Immense stones were thrown up,
which fell into the water; others on
the ships and rigging: one I saw,
which fellon a vessel just arrived,
weighed an hundred weight. ‘The
guard-ship, the Madras man of war,
is moored some distance from the
disastrous place; but a stone fell
upon the quarter-deck, and broke
the thigh of the gunuer, who had
Jately arrived. A Mr. Woodhouse
bere, who, with his brother, has a
great wine-making concern in Sicily,
has lost 250 pipes of it, worth nearly
70001. They were at some little
distance from the place; but the
shock was se great that the casks
burst. ‘The churches are filled with
the dead. A friend of mine, just
eome from the ruins, says, that he
was walking over them, when he
lighted on the head of a woman,
Her whole body was crushed flat ;
and, although it is only a few hours
since thegeneralcalamity took place,
her body, owing to the intense heat,
was entirely putrified. Itis supposed
that the men were employed in
cuttingaway the fuses from the shells,
or doing something like that, when

It was situated close to’

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

a spark arose. The merchants have
begun a subscription of 2001. a piece
for the relief of the poor sufferers.
A whole town I may say is destroy=
ed. The accident happened this
morning about a quarter past 6.
‘They say there are now buried in
the ruins 1000 barrels of gunpow-
der that are in danger; but I trust
in God it is untrue, for, were that
to blow up, it would bring all Malta
in ruins.”

23rd. This day, during the storm
of thunder and lightning, about two
o'clock, a labouring man named
Tytheman, ploughing in a field be-
longing to John Potter, esq. at
South Weald, Essex, for shelter
against the violence of the rain, re-
paired with his horses under a tree
in the field; when he and both
horses were struck dead by a flash
of lightning. ‘There were no marks
of violence upon the man, except a
small perforation in the crown of his
hat, apparently as if the electric
stroke took an upward direction
through it; the horses were lying
back to back, and appeared as if

they had died without a struggle.
Buonaparte Jately ordered an
assembly of the principal French
Jews in the empire, who were
summoned accordingly by M. Mole,
one of their elders. He stated that
his majesty had appointed commis-
sioners to treat with them respecting
the bad conduct of many of their
members with respect to their reli-
gion —** Thelaws,’\says he, ** which
have been imposed upon persons of
your religion have been different all
over the world ; they have been too
often dictated by theexigency of the
moment. But, as there is no exam-
ple in the Christian annals of any
assembly like this, so you, for the
first time, are to be impartially
judged,

CHBONT CLE.
_ judged, and your fate decided by a

Christian Prince. It is his majesty’s
wish that youshould become French;
it is your duty to accept this title,
and to consider that you, in fact, re-
nounce it, whemever you shew your-
selves unworthy of it.’—The fol-
lowing questions, proposed by his
majesty, were then read by the se-
cretary of the meeting ; and a time
appointed for receiving the answers:
—* 1. Is the Jew permitted to
marry more thau one wife ? — 2.
Is divorce permitted by the Jewish
religion 7—3. Can a Jewess inter-
marry witha Christian, or aChristi-
an female with a Jew; or does the
law prescribe alone that Jews should
intermarry ?—4, Are the French, in
the eyes of the Jews, brothers or
aliens ?—5. What in all cases are the
eonnections which their law permits
them to maintain with the French
who are not of their religion ?—6.
Do the Jews who were born in
France and have been treated as
French citizens by the laws, consi-
der France as their native country ?
Are they bound to defend it ? Are
they under any obligation to obey
the laws, and to follow all the regu-
lations of the civil code ?— 7. Who
are they whoare called rabbins ?>—
8. What civil jurisdiction do the
rabbins exercise among the Jews?
What power of punishment do they
possess ?—g. Are the mode of chu-
sing the rabbins, and the system of
punishment, regulated by the Jew-
ish laws ;_ or are they only render-
ed sacred by custom?—-10. Were the
Jews forbidden by theirlaws to take
usury of their brethren? Are they
permitted or forbidden to do this of
Strangers?—-11. Are those things
proclaimed which are forbidden to
the Jews by their laws 2”

426

The Jewish assembly at Paris
has answered three of the questions
proposed to it, respecting Jewish
marriages, as follows : that the Jew-
ish law, in the strictest sense, per-
mits polygamy, divoree, and mixed
marriages, but that these are limited
by practice and usage. To the
question which relates to the duties
of French citizens, the assembly is
said to have answered im the fullest
manner.

24th. As James Dixon, a letter-
carrier of the town of Windsor, was
delivering his letiers, he was struck
blind with the lightning.

The metropolis was this day again
visited by a most awful and tre-
mendous storm. It commenced
about two, o'clock, and continued,
with undiminished violence, until
three. ‘The clouds descended to the
very house-tops, and the city was
enveloped in darkness. The rain
fell in such torrents, as to resemble,
in a great degree, those periodical
descents of the deluge so common in
the West Indies. The flashes of
lightning were uncommonly vivid in
the neighbourhood of the Strand.—
A man was struck by the lightning
in Drury-laze, but did mot sustain
any material injury. A ball of fire
struck one of the poles, near London
Bridge, for mooring the barges, and
shivered it to pieces. The clouds
charged with the electric matter came
from the S. W. The reports were
first heard from a considerable dis-
tance, but gradually approached the
capital ; as, in the latter part of the
time, there was not an interval of
half a second between the flash and
the explosion. ‘The rain and hail
were incessant, ‘The water rose so
high in the lower parts of the city,
as to fill the kitchens and cellars of

the

430

the houses ; and in some parts of the
Borough, bridges of boats were con-
structed for the foot passengers.—
The flashes of lightning were un-
commonly vivid. ‘the masts of se-
veral ships in the river were shivered
from top to bottom; and we under-
stand, at Islington, one or two
horses were knocked down. The
effects of the storm have been seri-
ously felt in the environs of the me-
tropolis, where many gardens have
been completely inundated and de-
stroyel. In St. Giles’s the cellars
were so flooded, that the people
were obliged to quit them to save
their lives. A house in FJint-strect,
near the King’s Berich, wasdamaged ;
the chimney was thrown down, the
roof destroyed, and the windows
forced out, happily without any one
sustaining the least injury. An
apartment in the house caught fire,
but was extinguished.

25th. The rain commenced this
morning between one and two, and

poured down in torrents for a consi-:

derable time. All the kitchens in
that part of Oxford-strect which lie
between Bond-street and Manches-
ter-square, were completely inun-
dated. In Bird-court,.in James-
street, and other streets in the same
neighbourhood, the distress of the
inhabitants was inconceivably great.
In these houses the water was at
least four feet deep. The founda-
tion of a house in Bird-court, and of
another at the entrance into Davies-
street, are so much injured, that
carpenters have been employed to
prop them up. In the lower part
of Piccadilly, opposite to the house
intended for Lord Barrymore, the
water rose to the height of three
feet, and was impassable for several
hours.

ANNUAL REGISTER;

1806.

' 28th. Two fire-balls were observ
ed to fall nearly at the same time ;
one in Etton field, near Peterbo-
rough, the other near Woodcroft,
happily without doing any injury.—
A fire ball entered the chimney of a
house in Bisbrook,near Uppingham,
and went out at the door; there
were several children in the room,
but happily no lives were lost.

29th. Krrkenny.‘* Ihave indecd
abundant cause of thankfulness that

Iam permitted once more to write
to you, as my preservation, in com-
mon with the inhabitants of this city,
has been truly providential. Yester-
day, about 2 o’clock, the most tre-
mendous thunder-storm I ever heard
began here, and continued with in-
creasing fury till near four. The
whole atmosphere seemed on fire,
the lightning quite vivid and forked,
threatening universal destruction,
and iustantly succeeded by such
thunder as seemed to be destined for
the desolation of the entire city.
Torrents of rain fel] almost during
the whole time; and, occasionally,
dreadful hail,in size abouta pigeon’s
egg. One young woman was kill-
ed; I saw her this morningthe
hair on the front of her head tom-
pletely burned — the gable of thé
house where she was, split, and the
glass in the window broken. In
another housea man was struck quite
senseless,and the electric fluid passed
along the entire direction of the bell,
and consumed it to ashes, leaving a
mark similar to that which appears
after the explosion of gunpowder.
On the roof of a third, it tore away
about three yards of the slating, and
killed a bird on the top. I could
not conceive any thing on this earth
more awful or terrific. The conster-
nation was universal.”

AUGUST.

CHRONICLE. -

AUGUST.

9d: At the Sussex assizes, which
were held at Lewes, the following
cause (for cruelty to a dog) came on:
—Hicks versus’ James Collard.—
Mr. Morris said, the declaration set
forth, that the plaintiff had a valu-
able dog; that the defendant beat
him, and rubbed his sides witha
eaustic liquid; in consequence of
which it became necessary to destroy
the animal. To this the defendant
had pleaded, that the dog trespassed
upon his premises, and that he beat
him to keep him away.—The plaintiff
was astable keeper at Brighton, and
the animal destroyed was his yard
dog. The defendant was a druggist
and chemist, who had a bitch in his
house, to which the dog paid oc-
casional visits. In one of those visits
the defendant secured the dog, most
cruelly poured on him oil of vitriol,
and turned him out. In the course
of the next day, it corroded the
flank of the poor creature until his
bowels actually dropped out, and it
became necessary to put the animal
out of its misery. It was stated in
confirmation by a witness, that the
morning after the liquid had been
applied,about five o'clock he firstsaw
the dog ; it was then running about
the yard in great agony. The hair
on the back was hard, as if burnt,
but on the sides, where the dog had
licked himself, the flesh was torn
away, and there was but athin skin
between that and the bowels. The
tongue of the animal, by licking
itself, was burnt as hard as_a coal,
and was sostiff that it appeard as if
it had been bent. About twelve
o’clock, the skin on the flank was’
eaten in holes, and the bowels drop-
ped out on the ground. In this

431

state they shot the dog. ‘Two other
witnesses proved to the same effect.
—At the conclusion of the éxami-
nation of witnesses, thejudge(Barea
Macdonald) observed, that his feel-
ings had beenso deeply lacerated by
what he had heard, that he could
not recapitulate the evidence.
Such an act of wanton wickedness
and cruelty, he said, he had never
before heard of, and he hoped that
he never should again. He regretted
that the law would not permit him
to punish such a miscreant as he de-
served ; but advised the jury to give
the most ample damages that the
law would allow. —'The damages
were only laid at five guineas, the
value of the dog, consequently the
jury could give no more.—Five gui-
neas were therefore awarded.

At eleven o’clock A. M. there
was an awful thunder-storm in Kast
Lothian. The morning was fine,
but between ten and eleven the
sky became dark and stormy, and
soon burst into Joud peals of thun-
der, preceded by flashes of lightning
uncommonly vivid. ‘The lightning
broke upon the manse of Gladsmuir,
and struck dead a female servant.
The manse was for some time filled
with smoke and sulphur, but no
other damage happened to it, than
the falling of some slates from the

‘roof.

In the north of Scotland, large
tracts of land still remain under water.
In the parish of Urquhart, about 18
miles from Inverness, a bridge was
carried off by the current, and three
men who were on it at the time
perished.

4th. This day was cut, in the gar-
den belonging to Thomas Taylor, of
Norton, near Stockton, co. Dur-
ham, a melon, which measured, ia
circumference over its two ends, 36

inches,

4.32,

inches, and betwixt them, in adirec-
tion perpendicular to its axis, 28
inches ; weight, 1lolbs.0}0z. Itis
thought to be the largest ever grown
in this part, or perhaps in Eng-
land.

6th. A party of boats at Wey-
mouth went ona sailing match, when
one, the May-Flower, with five
hands, upset, and immediately went
down; the men were all saved except
one of the name of Strictland, a
shoemaker, who sunk with the
boat.

7th. A grand conference of the
methodists closed at York on Satur-
day last. The increase of the society
this year amounts to near SOOO.
Seventeen preachers have been ad-
mitted into full connection, and near
forty more ontrial. Fifty additional
chapels have been erected in the
course of the year. At the above
conference the rev. Adam Clarke
sat as president, and Dr. Thomas
Coke as secretary. Upwards of
20,000 members were present on the
occasion.

About one o’clock this morning
the sugar-house of Mrs. A. Moles.
worth, in Union-street, Shadwell,
was discovered to be on fire. In
two hours the interier of the sugar-
house was entirely consumed: the
dwelling-house escaped with little
damage. ‘The premises, we hear,
were insured for 7500/.

This day, at 12 o’clock, the ope-
ration of tapping was performed by
Mr. Cline on Mr. Secretary Fox,
and upwards of 16 quarts of water
were removed. The operation was
performed in the presence of Dr.
Pitcairn, Dr. Vaughan, Dr. Moseley,
Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Tegart, and Mr.
Cline junior.

The same day, James Branscomb,
esq. was chosen sheriff of London ;

3

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

and has accepted the office, together
with Jonathan Miles, esq.

A dreadful fire broke ont this
evening, in the extensive warehouse
and stores belonging to Mr., Bennet,
sugar-baker, at the corner of Con-
duit-strect, Shadwell, by which the
whole of those valuable premises
were destroyed, together with
sugar, molasses, &c. to an immense
amount,

An effort, by two motions, in the
court of chancery, was made to re-
vive the question of the sanity or in-
sanity of the late lord Chedworth ;
and the main spriag by which the
point of insanity was to be insisted
on, was an affidavit of the rev. Dr.
Parr, of Hatton, in Warwickshire,
The doctor, in his affidavit, states,
that he very reluctantly came for-
ward, at the instance of the heir at
law, lieutenant-colonel Alexander
Wright, of the 77th regiment ; he
nevertheless states, that notwith-
standing lord Chedworth’s highly
cultivated mind, his brilliant fancy,
and his superior talents, yet he be-
lieved him at times to be deranged,
and of so unsound a judgment, that
it would have been proper at those
times to have placed him under per-
sonal restraint. This affidavit was
repelled by the counsel on the op-
posite side, by the production of
several letters from Dr.

the life time of the latter, all of
which conveyed the most exalted
idea of his lordship’s understanding.
—The lord Chancellor (after advert-
ing to the strong and powerful evi-
dence produced on the trial, in the

‘court of King’s bench, of lord Ched-

worth’s sanity) particularised the
case of the attorney general v. Pan-
ther, in which Jord Thurlow laid
down a maxim, from which he said”

no

Parr hime -
self to lord Chedworth, written in -

.

CH RPGEN I GL.

ho jidges should depart: It was,
that the onus should be with those
who asserted the insanity, and that
it was not sufficient to show that the
party had been suspected of a mor-
bid imagination at particular periods
of his life ; but it must be proved
that he was actually deranged at the
time of doing the acf, the validity of
which was questioned. His lordship
concluded, by refusing to granta new
trial, and hoped that the matter of
costs would be the only thing here-
after to be discussed.

Sth. This evening, on finishing a

housein Brick-lance, Spitalfields, the ~

bricklayers went on the most ele-
vated part of the building to drink a
gallon of beer, with three huzzas. In
their hilarity, four persons fell to
the ground; one was killed on the
spot, and the others were taken to
the London hospital ; one of whom
is since dead, and the other two not
likely to recover.

9th. A wooden house in Lambeth
Marsh took fire, owing to the boil-
ing over of some varnish, ‘The ad-
joining houscs were pulled down ;
and the flames prevented extending,

On Bushy Heath, near Rickmans-

_worth, several men and women were

employed in the making of bricks.
When the storm came on, one of the
women, to appease the crying of her
infant child, placed it on her breast,
and ran towards her cottage, which
she had nearly reached, when the
lightning struck her in a terrible
manner; it burnt her body to a
cinder, and tore her limbs from their
places : one of her legs was found
20 yards from her body; but the
child remained unhurt. The light-
ning next set fire to her thatched
cottage, in which were her four
other children, one of whom was
killed, and another so dreadfully
Vor. XLVIII.

433

scorched that its life was despaired
of, though hopes are now enter-
tained of its recovery. The cottage,
and the whole of the poor man’s
furniture, were entirely consumed.
—The storm at Newcastle was ex-
tremely awful. A violent squall of
wind arose from the S. W. which
sunk a pleasure boat belonging to a
gentleman in South Queensferry,
then near the island of Inchcolm.
The owner of the boat, his servant,
a skipper, and two tradesmen, all
residing in Queensferry, tnfortu-
nately perished.

CaArxisre.—This afternoon’ came
on a most dreadful storm. It com-
menced about 4 in the afternoon,
and continued till near 8, at which
time it was as dark as it used to be
at9. Thelightning was amazingly
vivid, and appeared one continued
flash; the thunder, teo, was tre-
mendous. A large barn at Linstock
(farmed by John Lennox), two
miles from this city, was struck by
a fire-ball. ‘The barn contained SO
cart-loads of hay, valued at 250/.
—As 5 or 6 people were employed
in the cellar of the new brewery
here, athunder-bolt penetrated into
it, and struck all to the ground.
The eldest son of Mr. Ross was se-
verely injured, but there are hopes
of his recovery. At Coldbeck, the
storm was equally severe. A cow,
the property of the high sheriff, was
killed by the electric fluid.

10th. This morning as several
young men and boys were bathing in
the Serpentine river, a young man
named Smith, a good swimmer, was
seized with the cramp, and sunk.
‘The spectators ran to the receiving-
house to give the alarm. ‘The body
was found in about 20 minutes, and
taken to the receiving-house; and
in half an hour life was restored.

Ff 14th,

434

14th. This day a fire broke out
at Pill, owing to the obstinacy of a
gentleman’s servant, in setting fire to
the thatch taken off some old build-
ings; which communicating to the
adjoining houses, three were burnt
to theground. ‘Three poor families
have been deprived of a home.
_ 1oth. The thunder-storm of this
day has done infinite damage in va-
tious parts of the country. At
Northfield End, near Henly, a fire-
ball entered the chimney, and passed
through the windows, after greatly
injuring the house.—Two men and
a boy, who were dressing wheat in
abarn, at Harrington Tiger, near
Huntingdon, were struck dead by
the lightning, and the barn burnt ;
as were a fat cow and three sheep,
belonging to Mr. Handley, of Decp-
ing Fen.—In Haddon lordship, two
beasts, the property of Mr. Dean,
and a horse near Cambridge, perish-
ed.—A fire-ball entered the work-
house at'Godmanchester, but passed
out at the front door, without doing
any injury. It afterwards entered
the hut of a poor man opposite, M.
Budge, who was killed while sitting
ina chair; after which it exploded.
—Three fat bullocks grazing in a
field, and belonging to Mr. I’. Sad-
ler, of St. Osyth, were destroyed by
the lightning.—A barn in the pos-
session of Mr. B. Wiggins, of Hag-
geley, near Maldon, was consumed,
together with the contents, part of
the corn of this year’s growth.
_ This evening, aboutseven o’clock
as Mr. Nettlefield, stockbroker,
with a female relation, was driving
his gig towards Maidenhead, the
horse took fright, and running ona
bank, the lady was thrown out, and
killed on the spot.
_ Three children amusing themselves
a few days ago in a sand-hole, at

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Bank Top, Manchester, a part of the
rock above them gave way, and
killed them all on the spot.

At Rudford, near Gloucester,
two sheep were killed in a
field ; and, on the ‘Tewkesbury
road, a post-chaise horse, belonging
to the Bell inn, was strack down,
but soon recovered the shock. A
poor man was killed near Staple-
ton; he hada scythe on his shoulder,
which, no doubt, served to attract
the electric fluid. A very fine horse
was killed at Tortworth, in Glou-
cestershire. A valuable horse, the
property of Farmer Daily, was
struck dead at Witney; and two
others were killed near Henley. One
of the Bath coaches was overturned
on Twyford bridge, by the horses
taking fright at the lightning ; but
none of the passengers were injured,
though the ceach was thrown into
the stream. At Godstone, in Sur-
rey, the lightning struck two men
who were hoeing turnips in a field,
and killed one of them on the spot,
The other, after remaining some
time senseless on the ground, re-
covered as from a swoon, and ap-
peared much surprised and shocked
at finding his companion dead, At
Dunstable the lightning fell on a
house, formerly the Bull inn, but
now fitting up for a brewery, and
fired a stable in which were five
waggon-horses; they were got out
safe.—Joseph Bridge, employed by
Mr. Ford, of Rayleigh, near
Shrewsbury, in mowing oats, en-
deavoured to shelter himself under
an oak, which he had nearly reach-
ed, when he was struck dead. —A
large oak growing iu a field in the
parish of Sherstone, Wilts, belong-
ing to Mr. John Deverell, was
struck by the lightning. <A large
limb, weighing four or five cwt. was

a

8 severed

C+H ByO Wd C aa Es

severed off completely from the
body of the tree; nearly the whole
of the bark of the body of the tree
was alsotorn off, and scattered round
in‘small pieces, to a distance of 20
yards from the tree.

Mr. Anthony Daffy Swinton,
late vender of Datfy’s Elixir, under-
went a long examination before

three of the commissioners of bank- |

rupts, at Guildhall. At his former
examination he talked much of a
Miss Moore, who he said had lived
with him, and had burned the me-
morandums which constituted his
accounts. The commissioners issued
orders for the appearance of Miss
Moore, to be examined. Miss
Moore did not appear; but the
bankrupt confessed that he himself
burnt the leaves torn from the ac-
count-book, for which hesubstituted
clean ones, and gave orders to a
young man of the name of Hall to
fill up the blank pages with fabri-
cated accounts, and to write with
different pens, and three different
sorts of ink, to make it appear as if
wrote at different times. He like-
wise gave in, the same day, a list of
things concealed at various places by
his desire. ‘The commissioners told
him, that from what he had stated
at his several examinations, they
thoughtit their duty to send him to
Newgate; to which prison, after
hearing Mr. Const as his counsel, he
was committed.

20th. A most atrocious fraud was
committed on a number of gentle-
mew at the stock-exchange, it being
the settling day, by a foreign Jew,
of the name of Joseph Elkin Daniels,
who has for a long time been a con-
spicuous character in the alley.
Finding that, in consequence of
the great fluctuation of omaium, he
was not able to pay for all that he

od
435

had purchased at an advanced price,
he hit upon a scheme to pocket an
enormous sum of money, and with
which he ‘has decamped : 31,0001.
omnium was tendered to him in the
course of Thursday ; in payment for
which he gave drafts on his bankers,
amounting to 16,816/. 5s. which
were paid into the respective ban-
kers of those who had received
them, to clear in the afternoon.
Having gained possession of the
omnium, he sold it through the me-
dium of a respectable broker, re-
ceived drafts for it, which he cleared
immediately, and set off with the
produce. On his drafts being pre-
sented, payment was ‘refused, he
having no etiects at the banker’s.
2ist. There was this day the most
destructive overflow of water in the
vale of St. John, near Keswick, that
has been experienced there since the
memorable water-spout of the year
1749. This, too, is supposed to
have been occcasioned by the burst-
ing ofa cloud upon the mountains.
About 2 P.M. the water came rush-
ing down the gill, between Fisher-
place and Brattah, with such force,
as to overflow the channel of the
river, and to do considerable da-
mage. ‘The principal mischief was
sustained by Robert Walker, of
Iisher-place, whose grounds are
nearly all covered by rubbish,
washed down from the sides of the
adjoining mountains. At the time
the wide-spreading torrent was
sweeping. every thing before it,
down the sides of the mountain,
there was scarcely any rain at the
bottom. ‘The scene was terrible in
the extreme. In the former visita-
tion (1749,) a mill was washed
down. The millstone has not been
found to this day. .
_ 29d. Early this morning a very
Ff 2 ’ handsoure

436

handsome young woman, about 18
years of age, dressed in a white mus-
lin gown with long sleeves and yel-
low gloves, straw bonnet, and vel-
vet shoes, was found in the agonies
of death, by the watchman in Belvi-
dere-row, near the king’s bench
prison; she lay between two carts.
On being taken up, and on opening
the door of Mr. Gibbs, near the
spot, she fell forward, and breathed
her last. After the body was con-
veyed to the watch-house, it ap-
peared that she had received several
severe bruises about the head ; there
were likewise some marks of vio-
lence about her throat and neck ; a
piece of flesh was also found to be
cutand torn away from thelower
and secret part of the body! On
Saturday evening, an inquisition was
taken on the body, at the Yorkshire
Grey public house, opposite St.
George’s workhouse; when, after
a long and minute investigation, the
jury returied a verdict of ** Wilful
Murder against some person of per-
sons unknown.” ‘The deceased, it
was proved, was an unfortunate girl
of the town; but all who knew her
agreed in giving her the best charac-
ter that a woman in her situation
could have. The deceased was ad-
dicted occasionally to liquor. Whe-
ther to the jealousy of man, or the
envy of women, (ainoug whom, we
understand, she was an object of
jealousy,) her death is owing, re-
maius at pseseut enveloped in uncer-
tainty.

At the Suffolk assizes, held at
Bury, among other prisoners who
received sentence of death, were
Luke Castle and Samuel Wheeler
(both under 22 years of age,) fora
burglary in the dwelling-house of
Mr. John Chapman, of Stradishall,
and stealing sundry articles of wear-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ing apparel, &c.— The atrocious
conduct of thesé two offenders can-
not but convince every reader of
the justice of their sentence. The
villains, who had long infested the
neighbourhood, and belonged to a
gang of that class denominated gip-
sies, ‘entered at midnight the dwel-
ling-house of Mr. Chapman, whe¢
resided therein alone, most cruelly
beat and tortured him with a bayo-
net, in order to extort from him his
property, and afterwards attempted
to enclose him in a hutch, which not
proving of a sufficient length, they
threatened to shorten him by cutting
off his head ; however, they con-
tented themselves with binding him
down in his bed with a table-cloth,
still continued the use of the bayo-
niet until the sufferer was nearly ex-
hausted ; they then, before they de-
parted, obliged him to kiss a bible;
and swear he had no property but
what they had taken ; and with
shocking imprecations threatened, if
he attempted to unbind himself be-
fore they returned, to murder him.
In this situation he remained about
an hour; when one of the villians
came back, determined to put in
practice his horrid intention, had he
found him in any other situation,
but that in which he left. him.—=
Jane Ellis, who was an accomplice,
was admitted evidence against them.
At the Surrey quarter sessions, in
Horsemonger-lane, of seven lamp=
lighters found guilty of stealing oil
from the proprietors of Vauxhall,
three were sentenced to three
months’ imprisonment, and four sent
on board the tender.—Thomas Ro-
gers, for assaulting and beating his
wife, and attempting to put her into
a copper half full of boiling water,
was found gui/ty.—He prayed to be
allowed to serve as a soldier. The
learned

CHRONICLE

Jearned Chairman (Serjeant Onslow)
replied, that he could not think of
disgracing the king’s service so much
as to send so cowardly a fellow into
it; and then passed sentence of two
years’ imprisonment, and to find
sureties.—No less than three pri-
soners were in the list of commit-
ments, charged with ill-treating fe-
male children; one, M’Manus by
name, was convicted, and received
sentence to suffer one year’s impri-
sonment ; the others escaped through
defeét of evidence.

After agreat number of gentle-
men had been previously excused
serving the office of sheriff, on pay-
ing their fines of four hundred
pounds and twenty marks, James
Branscombe, esq. has been elected
by the livery, sheriff of London and
Middlesex, to serve with Mr. Miles;
since which Mr. Branscombe has
given bond to serve the office.
Richard Phillips, esq. citizen and
stationer (of Bridge-street, Black«
friars,) was nominated with Mr.
Branscombe ; but the show of hands
was decided to be in favour of the
latter gentleman. —

Mr. Joseph Edge, aged 62, a na-
tive of Macclesfield, in Cheshire,
lately undertook, on several bets
amoanting to upwards of 2000 gui-
neas, to perform a journey of 172
miles in 50 successive hours, which
he completed in 49 hours and 20
minutes! This aged pedestrian
started from the Angel inn, in Mac-
clesfield, exactly at 12 o’clock at
night of the 6th instant, and arrived,
accompanied by two gentlemen i ina
gig, at the Swan with two Necks,
Lad- -lane, at 20 minutes past one
o'clock in the morning of the 9th.

At the Somersetshire assizes, held
at Wells. J.D. R. Rouvellet was
found guilty of forging the accep-

437

tance of Messrs, Child and Co. toa
bill of exchange for 4201. by which
he defrauded Madame Simson, lace
dealer, of Bath. He was convicted
principally on the evidence of Ki.
zabeth Barnett, who at that time
lived with him as his wife, and saw
him commit the forgery. The trial
lasted twelve hours. Elizabeth Bar-
nett being the chief witness against
the prisoner, that circumstance ac-
counts for his haying instituted both
a criminal and civil prosecution
against her, if possible to get her out
of the way ; in arder to prevent her
giving evidence against him upon the
trial.

Eleanor Whitford was tried at
the Surrey assizes ; she standing in-
dicted for having intermarried with
John Whitford, on the 26th of
November, 1801, at Gretna Green 5
and afterwards, at the parish of St.
Mary, Lambeth, in the county of
Surrey, on the 19th of May, 1806,
feloniously intermarried with Ro-
bert Jacques James, her former hus-
band being still alive —Not having
room for a detailed account of this
trial, we can only state, that Mrs.
Whitford appears to have forsaken
her husband in consequence of his
having been unfortunate in business.
Mr. James, a pretended wealthy old
gentleman, whom she afterwards
married at Lambeth church, had
previously taken apartments af
Whitford’s house; and hence Mrs.
Whitford’s desertion of her hus-
band, and subsequent mercenary
union with James, on the presump-
tion that her Gretna Green mar-
riage was not legally binding. The
man who married the parties at
Gretna Green, David Lang, a to-
bacconist, was calléd to establish the
first marriage. He stated, that he
performed the ceremony over the

Ff 3 prisoner

438

f

prisoner and her husband, in his
way; that was, he read nothing, but
he said something off the tongue,
and authorised them to cohabit to-
gether. Being questioned if he had
any certificate of the marriage, he
replied ** No, only the names of
David Lang, Bleanor Whitford,
John Whitford, written on paper.”

The chief barondeeming it neces-

sary to have proof that the marriage.

was legally solemnized according to
the laws of Scotland, Mr. Curwood,
the counsel for the prosecution of-

fered Mr. Lang as an evidence to

that point ; but the lord chief baron
said, he should not receive the’law
of Scotland from a tobacconist. ‘the
prisoner was in consequence ac-
quitted for want of evidence of
the law of Scotland. This decision,
however, in no way affects the ques-
tion as to the Jegality or illegality of
Gretna Green marriages, for his
lordship said, he could only know
the law of Scotland from evjdence in
the cause. He said also, he would
have taken the evidence of a Scotch
advocate, but could not take that
which was offered,

RemaArkaste Case. — Mr.
Scholes, surgeon, of Holmfirth, lately
tapped a young lady, (a Miss
Pearce,) for the dropsy, and took
from her 53 quarts of water and pu-
trid matter.

25th. At the Lancaster assizes,
which closed this day, 13 prisoners
received sentence of death: John
Barlow, for stealing six pieces of
calico ; Luke Lockard and Peter
Higgins, for forgery ; James Side-
bottom, . for stealing a waistcoat,
&c. Ralph Bolton, for a burglary ;
Charles Johnson and RobertThomas,
for forgery ; James Yates, for
wounding and ravishing Mary Hoyle,
of Spolland; Isaac Hitchen, aged

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

62, for an assault, with intent to
commit an unnatural crime on John
Knight. (he was one of the most
affluent men in Warrington; his
wealth is said to exceed 60,000/.)
James Stockton, Thomas Fox, and
Joseph Holland, for a similar of.
fence on ‘Thomas Taylor ; and John
Powell, for an unnatural crime with
John Knight. The judge (baron
Graham,) in the most impressive
manner, advised the eight last-men-
tioned malefactors to prepare to
meet the fate which the laws of their
country had affixed to their heinous
offences. Hopes of mercy were held
eut to the other five. It appeared
on the trials of Hitchen, Stockton,
Fox, Holland, and Powell, that
they regularly assembled at the
house of Hitchen, on Monday and
Friday evonings; and that they called
one another brother. ‘The judge
very properly ordered that no notes
should be taken on these trials, nor
any young persons be allowed to pe
present at them. Five of the per-
sons charged with unnatural of-
ences were admitted as evidences for
the crown. Stockton, Powell,
Holland, Lockard, Higgins, and
Yates were executed on the 13th,
on the new drop, erected at the
back of the castle. Stockton
first ascended the scaffold ; he ap-
peared much agitated, indeed his
limbs seemed almost inadequate
to their task. Powell seemed much
affected, though he did not display
such dejection as the former. Hol-
land appeared in a state of the great- _
est agitation ; the contrition of his
countenance truly indicated the pe-
nitence of his mind; on the scaffold
his feeling appeared the most acute ;
he seemed impressed with all the
horrors consequent to a situation so
awful, and to implore the pardon of

an

© -HIR/OON FT CLE E.

an Almighty God with the greatest
fervency. He was a man advanced
in years, of a gentlemanly appear-
ance, and possessed of a handsome
property. Yates (a young man)
ran up the scaffold steps, and seemed
little affected ; Lockard and Hig-
gins (young men) appeared greatly
dejected. Hitchen and Fox are
respited.
26th. The waters about Keswick
rese up to an unusual height, from
the excessively-heavyy rains which
fell the preceding night, and much
damage hasbeen done. The water-
wear, at Forge, is washed down,
which will occasion a stop in the
_ totton-works, and carding and ful-
ling-mills. The carding-mill at Stair
is also washed down. Considerable
damage has been donenear Brough-
ton in Furness, Conistone, and
ether’ places in that part of the
country, by the washing down of
bridges, &c.—The lightning struck
four pit-men, who had taken shelter
in a new building at St. Helcn’s,
Lancashire, the windows ef which
were not glazed. One of them,
who had just stepped forward to
look at the appearance of the sky,
was killed on the spot, and two of
them were so debilitated, that they
were obliged te be put to bed. The
watch and chain, belonging to the
man who was killed, were complete-
ly melted. ;
_ We have to record another in-
stance of the violence and atrocity
of Buonaparte. A bookseller, M.
Palm, residing at Nugemberg, for-
merly an imperial town, and under
the special protection of Prussia, has
been dragged from his house to the
fortress of Brannan, and there tried,

and shot by the sentence ofa’French -

military commission, for no greater
erime than yending, in the way of

499

his trade, a book respecting the
government of France under Napo-
leon. He was a man of the highest
integrity, and his unhappy fate is
universally lamented. ‘This atro-
cious aét, placed beyond a doubt by
private letters, is only slightly al-
luded to in the German papers. The
fact is, that there is not one journal-
ist within three days journey of the
French army, who has not the fate
of the Nuremberg bookseller con-
tinually before his eyes.

The fatecf M. Palm, has excited
in Germany an interest that does the
greatest honour to the feelings of hu-
manity. He was 40 years of age,
and born at Schondorf.

His conduct, when sentenced to
death by the French commission at
Brannan, was so heroic, that it de-
serves to be generally known.
—This brave man was offered his
pardon, upon condition that he gave
up the author of the work; which
he refused to do even at the place of
execution, exclaiming, ‘* that he
would rather die than betray the
author.”’ 3

To intimidate others, Buonaparte
ordered 6000 copies of the sentence
of the mock tribunal to be circulated
all over the continent. Some patriots
at Berlin, in return, subscribed for
the publication and distribution of °
60,000 copies of the inclosed letter
which he wrote to his wife some
hours before his execution, The
general indignation this murder has
excited every where in Germany is
excessive. The pity of his fate is
only surpassed by the abhorrencé of
the tyrant who commanded and di-
rected the assassins who perpetrated
this atrocious deed. hide

“6 In the Dungeon of the Military
Prison of Brannau, August 26,
Ff 4 1806.

440

1806.—Six o’Clock in the Morn-
ing.
‘6 MY DEAREST BELOVED,

¢* When you read these lines you
are a widow, and our dear, dear
children have no longer a father.
My destiny is fixed; in five hours I
cease to live. But though I diesthe
death of acriminal, you know that
I haye committed no crime; I fall
a victim of the present calamitous
times! times when an _ untimely
death can neither dishonour a man
whose whole life has been irre-
proachable, nor throw a stain on
his surviving family. In our mise-
rable days what virtue has not ex-
pired by the hands of the execu-
tioner !—Do not let your affliction
for the fate of a husband deprive you
of firmness to support the duties of
amother. Our dear, dear babies
(Oh, my God! I shall never more
press them or you to my bursting
heart!) have now a double claim
on your maternal love, as well as
on your maternal tenderness. Im-
plant on their tender minds all those
virtuous sentiments’ which made
their good mother so very dear to
their unfortunate father. I advise
you to collect, as soon as possible,
the wreck of our fortune (if any,)
and to retire with it to England or
America. In those fortunate lands
innocence is still secure, and pa-
triotism is yet revered.—In my last
fervent prayers I recommend you
all to the protection of an Omnipo-.
tent Providence, and to the com-
passion of those contemporary pa-
triots of all countries whose noble
bosoms sympathise with my own
feelings, and deplore, if not weep,
over the destruction of liberty in
wretched Germany. — Reward the
friend who delivers this ; and for-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

give, and teach our dear children ta
forgive, my murderer. May hea-
ven pardon him as muchas I do!
I cannot—I dare not say more ;—
my breast is too full. Oh, my
God! never more to behold and em-
brace them and you ! !!-Almighty
Creator, bless and preserve you all,
until we meet in another and better”
world, to part no more! —With
my last breath, your ever affectionate
husband,
Joun P, Paum.

29th. The theatre. royal, now
erecting at Manchester, was let ta
Mr. M’Cready, at 1600/. a year,
and an annual free benefit for a pub-
lic charity. —

Cooke, the aétor, brought an ac,
tion, at the last Carrickfergus assizes,
against Mr. Atkins, the manager of
the Belfast theatre, for thesum of 1277,
10s. asa balance due to him for an
engagement in the year 1804. But
it appeared in evidence, that Cooke
(in consequence of his want of at-
traction, and the consequent loss of
the manager) agreed to give up the
sum in question, upon condition of
receiving a ring, in token of Mr. At-
kins’ respeet ; which wasaccording-
Jy given to him. The jury, of
course, found a yerdict for the de-
fendant with costs.

The city of Bath was visited
with a most tremendous storm of
thunder, lightning, and hail, be- -
tween the hours of two and four
this morning. No accident in the
town. A ball of fire fell on a house
at Twerton, which was entirely con-
sumed ; andit is reported that every
inhabitant perished.—A stable be-
longing to a farmer on the new
Gloucester road was burnt, and six
valuable horses.

SEPTEMBER.

€H RQHN it CL £.

SEPTEMBER.

ist. This morning, at six o’clock,
@ fire broke out at the distillery be-
longing to Messrs. Smith, Cook,
and Tate, in Millbank, Westmin-
ster, which burnt with incredible
fury for near two hours, destroying
the valuable steam engine, estimated
at 5000]. being capable of working
eight stones at one time, in the pro-
cess of grinding corn and maJt. A
great quantity of corn was also de-
stroyed ; fortunately the dwelling-
house escaped. ‘The damage is esti-
mated at 60,0001. which was chiefly
insured. The first partner in the
above firm is W. Smith, Esq. M. P.
for Norwich.

3rd. Was executed at Ilchester,
pursuant to his sentence, J. Doerke
Romney Rouvellet. From the time
of his sentence, to the hour of his
execution, he evinced a pious, man-
ly, christian fortitude ; denied, with
his dying breath, the crime for which
he suffered, and said, ‘* that he was
the victim of a perjured woman,
whom he forgave, as well as all the
world.”

4th. A dreadful catastrophe took
place in Angel-court, Charing-cross,
ina house of ill fame. Margaret
Smith, a young woman, being in
_ company with a man who used to
frequent her lodging, and two wo-
Men, an altercation arose, and she
_'was-severely beaten by some of the
party, and suddenly precipitated
from a two pair of stairs window
into a cellar below ; but whether
she leaped out to avoid the blows,
Or was thrown out by the others,
we do not learn. Her skull was
fractured, and also some of her
limbs ; and in this state she was car-
ried to the Westminster Infirmary,
With little hopes of recovery, The

441

two women and the man were taken
into custody.

At the execution of Matsell, at
Birmingham, for maliciously firing
at and wounding a watchman of
that town, being desired to give
a signal the moment he wished to be
turned off; when every thing was
ready, he threw up a handkerchief
that he held in his hand, and ex-
claimed, ‘* Here goes !”

Mrs. Forsyth opened her house
at Broadstairs, that Mrs. Siddons
might give readings for the benefit
of the Sea-bathing Infirmary, at
Margate. The tickets, about 300,
were 10s. 6d. each ; they were all
issued by private hands, the name
of the party being put down on the
back, and indorsed when transfer-
red. This benevolent design was
fully answered, but unfortunately
ill repaid. While the bustle of the
company engaged the attention of
Mrs. Forsyth and family, a servant
went into a bed-room and stole 2
box of jewels, worth upwards of
9001, the property of Mrs. Forsyth.
{ They have been since returned. |

Steephill, a beautiful seat on the
back of the Isle of Wight, has been
burnt to the ground. :

7th. At night, some vile incendi-
ary set fire toa rick of barley, con-
taining the produce of sixteen acres
of land, belonging to the hon. John
Monckton, at Fineshade, near Stam-
ford, and the same was entirely con-
sumed, Fortunately no other mis-
chief ensued, although numerous
stacks were standing near. At a
small distance from the rick yard,
where the fire began, a letter was
found, without a superscription,
the contents of which were of the.
mast diabolical nature, » threatening
to shoot the keeper, should he dare
to proceed thirty yards from that

place ;

442

place: to give greater weight to
their infernal machinations, a bullet
was enclosed in the letter.

Mr. Sainsbury, of Weston, has
obtained the astonishing number of
2000 grains of Egyptian wheat from
two ears, sown in his own garden,

The board of agriculture has this
year offered various premiums tor
the promotion of that useful sci-
ence; among which are the three
following ; viz.

1. ** To the person whe shall pro-
duce to the board, a model of the
best and cheapest cottage, on a
scale of one inch to a foot; with es-
timates of the expence of erecting
it—from five to ten guineas, accord-
ing to merit.

2. **It having been represented
to the board, that there are roads
in some parts of the kingdom, where
much carriers’ work is regularly
dene with one-horse carts; and as,
in such cases, it is conceived that it
might be easy for such carriers to
substitute oxen, or spayed heifers,

in some of their carts for compari-'

son, the board will give to the car-
rier, or other person, who shall
make the experiment in the most sa-
tisfactory manner, during one year,
and report the result to the board—
fifty guineas.

*¢ ft is required that the oxen be
fed in the same manner as the horses,
and not to be under five years old.

3. *¢ To the person who shall dis-
cover aprinciple, which may lighten
the draught of oxen to carriages—
twenty guineas; being the amount
of a legacy left by the late colonel
Goate, of Brent Eleigh, Suffolk, for
this specific purpose.”

§. As Mr. W. King, of Adder-
bury, Oxon, was going to church to
be married to a Miss Williams, of
Banbury, the constables met hin

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

within a few yards of the church.
doer, and took him away (for leave.
ing a former family ehargeable to
Adderbury), to the great grief and
alarm of the intended bride, who had
just entered the church.
8th. Some gentlemen shooting in
a wood on Kingsdown, near Bath,
discovered @ man lying motionless.
Finding some symptoms of life still
remaining, they had him conveyed
to a house. His tame is John
Lockyer, and he is well known in’
Bath. Being on his way home on
Tuesday evening the 19th of August,
during the tremendous thunder-
storm, he was struck senseless by
the lightning ; how long he remain-
ed in that state he has no conception,
but on recovering his recolleétion
he was incapable of standing. That
a human being should exist 20 days
without any subsistence, but the lit-
tle rain-water he was able to catch
in his shaving cup, and by chewing
the surrounding grass, will appear
incredible, but it is a faét, and will
be clearly substantiated. His senses
appear to have recovered much
sooner than his powers of speech, or
the use of Tris limbs. He was con-
scious of his situation long before
he had the ability to speak, or the
inclination to move. ‘The medical
men who attend him expeét he
will recover the partial use of his
limbs. The following are the me-
moranda he minuted on the slate
leaves of a black letter case; and
which book is bent and cockled up,
evidently appearing to have becn
soaked through by the wet: “¢ T am’
just able to pencil! this—I belicve the
fatal thunder-storm(to me) was on-
the 18th of August (It was on the
19th). [should not have known how
the,time went on only by hearing the
guns go off for partridge shooting
the

/

CHRONICLE.

the first of September, and it is now
the fourth I am pencilling this.—
From the above time till now I have
not had any thing to put in my
mouth.” On another leaf he had
written on the day he was discover-
ed :—“ As I was going across this
wood to Farleigh, L was struck
down by a violent clap of thunder,
where I lay senseless for God knows
how long. When I came to myself
my hands and feet were swelled
very much, so that I could notstand
nor have I eat or drank any thing
for three weeks past.—God only
knows my sufferings.” He has
since undergone the amputation of
one of his feet.

Thisday,a fire broke out in North-
fleet dock-yard. Aboutone, smoke
was seen issuing from the store-house,
and flames burst out immediately
afterwards. Water was procured,
and the engines speedily brought,
but not in time to save any part of
the building, or itscontents. About
2 o’clock the roof fellin. Two fine
seventy-fours, nearly completed, are
upon the stocks, within 20 or 30
yards, but happily the fire was to
leeward of them. ‘The flames were
extinguished before night, without
communicating to any other part of
the premises,

Oth. ‘This day was married, at
Slinsford church, Dorset, Viscount
” Marsham, son. of Karl Romney, to
Miss Pitt, only daughter and heiress
of William Morton Pitt, esq. with a
fortune of 60,0001. and an estate of
12,0001. per annum, independent of
the estates of her father. The cere-
mony took place in the presence of
Lord Rivers, Mr. and Mrs. Las-
celles, Lord Barham, Mr. and Mrs.M.
Pitt, Mrs. lremonger, &c.—Mr. and
Mrs. M. Pitt gave the lady away ;
while Col. Noel and Miss Beckford

443

officiated on the occasion.—In thé
early part of the morning the whole
of the unmarried female branches of
the neighbouring tenantry and vil-
lages attended at Kingston-house,the
seat of W. M. Pitt, esq. each female
attired in an elegant white muslin
dress, provided for them, as a pre-
sent on the occasion, by Miss Pitt.
After refreshments, about 40 couple
proceeded, two and two, before the
procession to the church, strewing
the way (before the happy couple),
in the ancient style, with flowers of
every description. After the cere-
mony they returned in the same or-
der, attended by nearly 300 spec-
tators, where adinner, consisting of
English hospitality, was provided on
the occasion in booths on the lawn ;
and the festive eve concluded witha
ball on the green, in which the no-
bility present shared in the mirth,
At an early hour in the evening, the
happy couple and suite set off in
post chaises to pass the honey-moon
at the lady’s own seat, Enchcome-
house, Dorset.

The workmen employed in dig.
ging the foundation for the new Blue
Coat Hospital at Gloucester (intend-
ed to be ereéted upon an elegant
and extensive plan, on the site of the
antient building in Kast-gate street)
lately discovered, about six feet be-
low the surface of the earth, the re-
mains of a very curious tesselated
Roman pavement, 30 feet long, and
20 wide, divided into compartments,
enriched with a great variety of
scrolls, frets, and other architeétu-
ral ornaments, and having a wreath-
ed or braided border. The colours
are white, red, bluish, grey, and
pale and dark brown. The ¢essera
ave mostly cubes of different sizes,
from one half to three quarters of
an inch ; some are triangular, and

of

444

of various other shapes.
ment on which the pavement is laid
is about an inch thick, and appears
to be composed of sand, pounded
brick, and lime, forming together a
very hard substance. The inter-
stices are filled up with cement, so
hard that it is even more difficult to
break than the tessere themselves.
The white and pale tessere appear to
be of hard calcareousstone, and bear
a good polish ; the red are of a fine
sort of brick; the bluish grey are
-of a hard argillacious stone, found
in many parts of Gloucestershire,and
called blue yas ; and the dark brown
appear to be of the granite found at
St. Vincent’s rocks near Bristol.

As some workmen were employ+
ed in sinking a cistern at Messicurs
Gardiner’s factory at Leicester, they
found, 10 feet below the surface of
the earth, the remains of a large
Roman building, the walls of which
were 4 fect thick, composed of alter-
nate layers of forest stone and Ro-
man brick. From the similarity of
the structure to the ancient temple
of Janus or Jewry Wall,it is suppos-
ed to have formed part of that
work, from which it is about 100
yards distant.

The King George Packet, of and
from Parkgate, for Dublin, was
lost at night, near Hoyle Bank, and
all on board perished, except five
men anda boy; 125 persons were
drowned, among whom were seven
cabin passengers,

16th. Mr. Daniels was brought
up for examination before the lord
mayorat the Mansion-house ; when
his buying 30,000I. worth of omni-
um, selling it again, and running
away with the money to the Isle of
Man, with a variety of other cir-
cumstances, being proved by Mr.
Montifiorc, his broker, and other

The ce-

rs

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

persons, the lord mayor ordered
the prisoner to be brought up next
day.

17th. The lord mayor, after con
sulting with the council for the pro-
secution, and the. prisoner’s coun-
sel, determined to liberate Mr. Da-
niels; which being done, he was
detained on lord Ellenborough’s
warrant, to make his appearance
to a commission of bankruptcy. —
Ile has since been liberated.

18th. A court of bank proprie-
tors was held ; when it was an-
nounced by the governor, that the
half-yearly dividend, about to take
place, would be 3} per cent, toge.
ther with a bonus of 5 per cent.
The bank likewise to pay the pro-
perty tax on the dividends.

On the 25th of August his roy-
al highness the prince left London
and called at Bushy Park, to take
with him, as by appointment, his
brother the duke of Clarence. —At
half past. five, the royal brothers
set out from Bushy Park, accom-
panied by culonel Lee and major
Bloomfield. Theirs royal high-
nesses slept that night at Benson,
Oxfordshire, and passed through
Oxford about one o’clock on Tues-
day ; they then proceeded to Blen-
heim, and drove through the Park,
expressing themselves highly gratifi- —
ed with both the internal and exter-
nal beauties of that magnificent place,
and at the same time testifying their
regret that they could not devote
more time to vicw and inspect them.
Their royal highnesses next pro-
ceeded to the earl of Guildford’s at
Wroxton Abbey, where they dined ;
on Wednesday a round of enter-
tainments were provided for the
amusement of the royal guests du-
ring their stay, among which was 2
play, performed on Friday. Their

royal

CHRONICLE, 445

toyal highnesses, on their route to
Ragley, the delightful mansion of
the Marquis of Hertford, stopped at
the Lion iun, in Stratford, where
the volunteers were assembled to
receive them. The prince of Wales
was waited upon by the mayor and
corporation, who presented a loy-
al address to his royal highness,
accompanied with an elegant box,
adorned with an appropriate in-
cription, made of the celebrated
mulberry-tree planted by the im-
mortal Warwickshire bard. While
at Ragley, the royal brothers visit-
ed Warwick and Warwick castle.
Their royal highnesses, after leaving
Ragley, passed through Shrewsbury
about half past five o’clock on ‘Tues.
day afternoon, on their way to Ross
Hall,the seat of Cecil Forrester, esq.
M. P. to which place they were
escorted by a detachment of the
Shrewsbury yeomanry. — Their
royal highnesses, afterleaving Ross
Halli, proceeded to Loton, the seat
of Sir Robert Leighton, bart. and
from thence to ‘Trentham Hall, on a
visit to the marquis of Strafford.
At all the places they visited, the
gentry and country people assem-
bled, to testify their respeét and
leyalty. Addresses were presented
from various corporations, &c.
and most graciously answered.
The volunteers who turned out were
noticed with great and peculiar con-
descension by the royal tourists.
On the 18th instant the prince. of
Wales and duke of Clarence paid
a yisit to Liverpool, to which place
they went from Knowsley in acoach
and six of the earl of Derby’s, fol-
lowed by 20 other carriages. On
their arrival, they were received by
the duke of Gloucester, the dra-
g°o0n guards, Devon militia, Liver-
°

~

pool yolunteers, &c. After the
royal brothers had inspeéted the
docks and yarious other establish-
ments, they partook of an elegant
dinner provided by the mayor, and
in the evening returned to Knowsley.
The entertainment cost the corpo-
ratien of Liverpool not less than
10,0001. The number of persons
who flocked to Liverpool upon the
occasion was immense, and their
Joyalty was commensurate with their
numbers.

The propensity of dogs to worry
and destroy sheep in the night has
recently been severely felt in the
valuable flock of col. Anstey, of
Ibsley House Hants ;—Ten sheep
three lambs, and a Spanish ram, of
the Merino breed, have been killed,
and fifteen sheep and three lambs
wounded, by a dog of the old spani«
el breed, and a mongrel bitch,

A raven Jately died belonging to
Mr. ‘Tindall, at the Marquis of
Granby inn, in Lincoln, aged 29
years. When first taken, he fre-
quently took his flight from the inn
for amonth or five wecks, and re-
turned again. He had one thigh
broken twice.

Ann White, single woman, is
committed to Bedford goal, by the |
coroner, on suspicion of throwing
her new born female child into a
privy, at Dunstable. It is singular,
that three days before a new-born
infant was taken out of the same
privy, and the inquest found that
such child was still born. From cir-

.“amstances produced in evideuce, it

“appeared that Ann White was the
nother of both children.

A poor woman, who was lately
about to be tried in Ireland for a
capital offence, was asked by the
judge if she had any counsel or

attorney ?

446

attorney ? She replied very serious-
ly, ‘‘She had no counsel but God
and no attorney but his lordship,’’

19th. A dreadful accident happen-
ed this morning, in Harp alley,
Tower-Street. Two old houses,
one in possession of a publican, and
both let outin lodgings to a number
of poor families, fell down, and bu-
ried the inmates, 26 persons, in the
ruins. Weatherhelt, the landlord,
his wife, and son, fell from the up-
per story, and were found nearly
together in the rubbish, where the
cries of the two latter had brought
the people totheir relief. The hus-
band was taken out quite dead, by

the side of his wife; the son and’

wife were both bruised, but not so
as to endanger their lives. A wi-
dow woman, named Darlington,
whose husband was killed last year,
by accident at Woolwich, had a
child killed ; and a man named La-
cy lost a daughter. All the rest,
though buried under the ruins where
they remained for several hours,
were taken out alive.

The same morning, at 10, an ex-
plosion took place ina house in
Eagle-court, Red-lion-square, occa-
sioned by a private stil] bursting
in the kitchen. The premises were
much damaged. ‘The kitchen was
occupied by a person of the name
of Williams, who ranaway. The
Excise Officers seized on all the ma-
terials, besides a quantity of wash.

20th. This day, the treasure taken
from the Spanish settlement, Bucnos
Ayres, was brought to town in
eight waggons, on cach of which was
a Jack Tar, holding a flag, on which
was inscribed the word Treasure ; as
also on the caravans, R. M. the
initials of Royal Money. ‘They
were escorted by the Loyal Britons,
commanded by col. Alexander Da-

ANNUAL, REGISTER,

1806.

vison, the rear being brought up by
the Clapham voluntcers, command-
ed by col. Bestead. The cavalcade
proceeded along Whitehall, passing
the Admiralty, and along Pall-mall
into St. James’s square, where it
halted in front of col. Davison’s
house, and the men received some
refreshment. At 3 itarrived at the
Bank, where 1,086,203 dollars, and
a box filled with jewels and precious
stones, were deposited. The field-
pieces and colours taken at Buenos
Ayres were carried to the Tower.

21st. A duel was fought this morn-
ing between Baron Hompesch anda
Mr. Richardson, of Colchester, in
consequence of the Baron, who is
near-sighted, running against Mr.
Richardson and two ladies in the
street. On the exchange. of the
third pistol Mr. Richardson was shot
through the body.

23rd. At ten o’clock this night
the Admiralty telegraph, _ lately
erected on Haldon, near Exeter, and
which communicates with Plymouth,
by some accident canght fire, the
whole of which, together with the
glasses, &c. was entirely destroyed.

29th. At acommon-hall this day
sir William Leighton, knight and al-
derman, was elected lord mayor for
the year ensuing,

OCTOBER.

ist. An unfortunate accident
occurred at the new works, building
fora magazineat Chatham. A large
arch, eighty feet long, and sixteen
feet wide,containing nearly 100,000
bricks, having been finished, in
taking away the centres, which
had been raised for turning it, the
pressure of the brickwork proving
too great for the abutments, which

gave -

CHRONICLE.

ave way, the arch fell in, and,
melancholy to relate, killed eight
men, and very materially wounded
two others. What renders this
circumstance still more distressing is,
several of the unfortunate sufferers
have left very large families. A
comfortable provision has been made
by the board of ordnance for the
widows and orphans. The widows
to be allowed one shilling per day,
as long as they shall continue un-
married, and an allowance of six-
pence per day to be granted to each
of the children, to be continucd
until they respectively arrive at the
age of 18 years.
2nd. At Brompten, in Kent, in
consequence of the frames employ-
ed in turning the arehes of a maga-
zine building there being removed,
_ before the work was sufficiently dry,
the building gave way. ‘fen work-
"men were buried in the ruins, of
whom six have been dug out life-
less, and it is feared that the others
have shared the same fate. The
arches are supposed to have con-
tained 60,000 bricks.

It is with great concern we have
to state the following melancholy
accident. Her royal highness the
Princess of Wales was this afternoon

-on her way to the seat of Mi.
Locke, at Norbury Park, near
Leatherhead,Surrey, in a barouche,
attended by Lady Sheffield and Miss
Hiarrict Mary Cholmondeley, and
wasdriven by her royal highness’s

“ownservants. On their arrival at
Sutton, they took post horses, and
were driven by the post-boys belong-
ing to the cock inn. — Her royal
highness’s horses and servants were
left to refresh in order to take her
home that evening. Her royal
highness proceeded to Leatherhead,
when on turning a sharp eorner to

‘extreme caution,

447

get into the road which leads to
Norbury Park, the carriage was
overturned, opposite to a large tree,

against which Miss Cholmondeley

was thrown with such violence, as
to be killed on the spot. She was
sitting on the front seat of the ba-
rouche alone. Her royal highness
and Lady Sheffield occupied the
back seat, aud were thrown out to-
gether. ‘They went into the Swan
inn, at Leatherhead. Sir Lueas
Pepys, who lives in that neighbour-
hood, and had not left Leatherhead
(where he had been to visit a pati-
ent) more than a quarter of an hour,
was immediately followed, and
brought back; and a servant was
sent to Mr. Locke’s, with an ac.
count of the accident. Mrs. L,
arrived in her Carriage with allex-

pedition, and conduéted the princess
to Nerbury Park, where Sir Lucas
Pepys attended her royal highness
and, as no surgeon was at hand,
bled her himself. On the following
day the princess returned to Black-
heath. Her royal highness receiy-
ed no other iijury than a_ slight
cut on her nose, and a bruise on one
of her arms. Lady Sheffield (wife
of Lord Sheffield, who was with her,
did not receive the slightest injury.
—An inguest was held on the 4th,
before ©. Jemmet, esq. coroner
for Surrey, on the body of Miss
Cholmondeley, at the Swan inn
Leatherhead. It appeared, by the
evidence of a Mr. Jarrat at Leather-
head, and of an hostler belonging
to the inn, that the princess’s carri-
age, drawn by four horses, with
two postilions, while turning round
a very acute angle of the road, was
overturned. ‘he drivers, through
had taken too
great a sweep in turning the corner,

Which brought the carriage on the

rising

448

rising ground, and occasioned its be-
ing upset. The carriage swung
round’a great tree before it fell.
When the surgeon saw the princess
of Wales, she most benevolently de-
sired him to go up stairs, as there
was a lady who stood more in need
of his assistance. Thesurgeon (Mr.
Lasydell, of Great Bookham) then
went to Miss Cholmordeley, and
found her totally deprived of life.
There was a violent contusion on
her left temple ; and her death ap-
peared to have been occasioned by
the rupture of a blood vessel. The
jury rettirned a verdict of Acciden+
tal Death. Miss Cholmondeley
was born in 1753,and was the daugh-
ter of the late Hon. and Rev. Ro-
bert Cholmondeley, reétor of Har-
tingford-Bury, and St. Andrews,
Hertford, who was son of the third
earl of Cholmondeley, and uncle to
the present éarl. Her mother is
living, and resides in Jermyn+street.
On the 8th, at 12 o’clock, the re-
mains of this unfortunate lady were
interred in Léatherhead church,
close to the spot where lady
Thompson, wife ofsir John Thomp-
son, some years since lord mayor
of London, is buried. The body
was, on the evening of the sixth, re-
moved from the Swan inn to an un-
dertaker’s near the church-yard,
and was followed to the grave by
her brother, George Cholmondeley,
<sq. one of the Commissioners of
excise; the hon. Augustus Phipps ;
William Locke, esq; S. Gray, ésq.
and several other gentlemen. The
fatal spot where this amiable lady
met her sudden death is still visited
by crowds.

SwitzerRLanp.—On the 2nd ult,
at five in the evening, the Knippe-
nouhl Rock, which formed the sum-
mit of Mount Rusenberg, was on a

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

sudden detached from its situation +
and at the same time part of the
mountain, of several feet thick, on
the western side, and about 280 feet
thick on the east side, gave way, and
fell into the valley. which separates
thelake ofZug from that of Lauwertz,
and some houses in the village of
Stein. One part of the mountair
fell into the lake of Lauwertz, which
caused such an agitation in the wa-
ters of the lake, that they overthrew
a number of houses, chapels, mills,
&c. along the southern shore. Up-
wards of 1000, persons were the vic-
tims of this calamity. A society of
thirteen travellers were dn the road
from Arth to Schwitz: nine who
walked first perished; the othet
four escaped. In this convulsion,
enormous pieces of rock were car-
ried through the air to. prodigious
distances. The lake of Lauwertz
tias lost above 4 quarter of its ex-
tent. That rich plain, which was
so beautiful, now presents a moun- |
tain of near 100 feet in height, a2.
league dnd a halfin length, and as
much in breadth. The villages of
Goldau and Rothen, consisting of
115 houses; that of Busingen, of
126; and that of Kuslock, have
totally disappeared. Of Lauwertz,
which lost 25 houses, there remain
10 buildings, all much ddmaged.—
Twenty years since, general Plyffer
predicted this catastrophe, from the
knowledge that he had of the na-
ture of the mountain. A professor
of Schwitz said, that above Spiets-
fleu was a sea of water, which had
undermined the rock for several
years, and that below, there was a
cavern of great depth, where the
waters were engulphed. ‘The quan-
tity of water which has fallen during
the preceding years has hastened
this catastrophe, and the rains of

' some

_ harbour, were thrown down.

CHR ONT CLE.

some weeks past have decided it——
On the 10th, 800 persons were em-
ployed in digging for the bodies of
those who were destroyed by the
falling of the mountain at Schwitz.
In forming a channel to draw off the
waters, between thirty and forty la-
bourers were swallowed up by a tor-
rent of muddy water, which broke
in upon them suddenly.

By official accounts received from
Malta, it appears that the loss occa-
sioned by the explosion ofa powder
magazine, which happened on the
18th of July, amounts to—royal:
artillery 14, thirty ninth foot 3,
Maltese troops23. The number of
inhabitants who suffered by the ex.
plosion does notexceed 200. Some
houses, and a small part of one of
the curtains in the town of Vittori-
osa, on the Cottoniera side of the
We
are happy to add, that no officer of
the army or navy was either killed
or wounded. '

On the 30th of August, a violent
shock of an earthquake was felt at
Rome. At Velletri some houses
and the church of St. Salvador were
thrown down. Very large chasms
appear in the walls of the palace of
Ruffinella, which is uninhabitable.

Half of the beautiful palace at Za-

‘garola is aheap of ruins. At Nemi
the cloister of the Minorites is ruined,
and the church divided in four parts.
‘The stone edifices at Marino, and

other places, are untenable. The

house of Lucien Buonaparte is so
considerably damaged, that he has
“been obliged to take refuge in Rome,
with the whole of his family.—
The shock was most severe at
Abruzzo, where several persons were
killed and wounded.

4th. As some children were lately
playing on a straw-stack, belonging
Vor. LXVIII,

-

449

to Mr. Coulson, of Bottle Barns,
near Morpeth, one of them, Mr. C.’s
daughter, was sliding down, whena
fork, which had been left upright
against it, penetrated her side and
caused her death,

7th This morning, at nine, Earl
Percy, accompanied by Mr Whit-
bread, Mr. Elliot, Mr Byng, and se-
veral other friends, assembled on the
Idustings in Covent-garden, to pro-
ceed to the electian of a represen-
tative for Westminster. After ad-
ministering the oath to the High
Bailiff, Mr. Whitbread addressed
the eleétors, and lamented the im-
possibility of finding a man of such
exalted talentsand enlightened views

_as Mr. Fox, whom he characterised

as the best friend England ever had,
He then alluded to the refu-al of
Messrs. Sheridan and others, who
had been applied to, to represent
the city, and declared that he could
confidently propose Earl Percy for
their choice, as a candidate who
united all the high qualities which
could give force to his pretensions.
His speech was received with loud
applause ; and seconded by Mr. El-
liot. Lord Percy was then almost
unanimously elected. He expressed
his thanks forthe honour which had
been conferred upon him, and paid
a tribute to the memory of Mr Fox,
whose charaéter,- he declared, he
highly esteemed, though he had not
the honour of being personally
known to him, and whose exam-
ple he should always endeavour to
make the guide of his public conduét,
His Lordship then bowed, and retir-
ed from the hustings. In the usu-
al scene of confusion which arose on
scrambling for the materials of the
hustings, no person was seriously
hurt. Acrimson gilt chair, elegant-
ly decorated with laurel, was”
G¢ brought

/

450

brought on the shoulders of eight
or ten men to the door of Hudson’s
hotel, where Lord Percy had retir-
‘ed; his Lordship was then chaired
round the market in the usual form,
and afterwards carried in the same
state down Southampton.-street, and
along the Strand to Northumber-
land house, where the populace were
regaled with bread and cheese and
porter. ft ]

Sth. This night an attempt was
made to destroy the flotilla at Bou-
logne. ‘The damage done proves to
be very considerable; though not
more than 300 rockets were dis-
charged. One of the messengers
who came over with Lord Lauder-
dale, saw three héuses which had
been set on firé and burnt by the
rockets) What damage was done
to the shipping could not be well
ascertained, on accountof the strict
wateh kept over the whole embassy,
It was said, by some, that only three
rockets had fallen on the ships, which
had been taken up and thrown into
the water withoutdoingany mischief,
So much, however, were the enemy
terrified by the extraordinary na-
ture of the attack, as well as occu-
pied in counteracting its effects, that,
during the half hour the boats re-
Mained before the town, one shell
ouly was discharged at them. ‘The
rockets or arrows are portable, and
any town which ean be approached
within two miles, would be endan-
gered by theiroperation. Thesue-
ecss against the shipping would have
been infinitely greater, had not the
boats approached too near the town.
The fire in the town was seen burn-
ing from Dover the morning after
the attack. "

11th. A few days since, a large
eblong British or Danish barrow
was opened in the parish of Duntest-

7
name,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

bourne-Abbots, Gloucestershire ; in
which was found a kistraen, or crom-
tech, containing about 8 or 9 bodies
of different ages, many of the bones
of which, and the teeth, were entire.
The whole length of the barrow,
diagonally, was about 50 yards;
straight over the stones about 40;
the width about 30 yards ; and the
distance between the two. great
stones 24 feet. ‘The barrow was
composed of loose quarry-stonés,
Jaid in strata near the great stones,
and brought trom a distance. The
largest stone, which has been long
known in the country by the name
of the Horse-Stone, is of the kind
of grey-withers, or Stonehenge: it
is flat on the Kast side, and round:
on the’side which is in the barrow ;
is 12 feet high from the base, and
13 in circumference. The other
stone lies almost flat on the ground,
and is about three yards square, and
one toot thick. Thiscovers the kis-
traen which contains the bones, and
which is divided into two cells,
about 4 feet square each, and 6 deep,
There is little doubt of its being Bri

tish ; and it may be called the early
altar, or family monument. ‘There
are several other barrows in the
neighbourhood ; and it is singular
that the farm adjoining is called
‘Tack Barrows, probably a corrup-
tion or abbreviation of some other
The bones are reburied, but
the barrow, and the tomb, will be
left open some time longer for the
inspection of the curious. __

A dreadful riot took place a few
days ago in Ratcliffe Highway, be-
tween a party of Lascars and ano-
ther of Chinese sailors, who have
come home in the ships from India.
They met nearly 200 in number in
Angel-Gardens, Wapping, and as-
sailed each other with all sorts of

weapons,

Ci ReGen Clk:

weapons. After several were se-
verely wounded, 18 of the ringlead-
ers were secured by the police.—
Four Lascars had a narrow escape,
as they had cords round their necks,
and were just aboutto be turned off
from a bedstead, and so hung, when
they were rescued by a party of
British seamen.

12th. Peymeurn.—This morning a
duel was fought by Mr. Armstrong,
a midshipman of thePrince of Wales,
and Mr. Long, midshipman of the
Resistance, which sailed lately from
that port, leaving him behind. It
terminated fatally to the latter.—
His antagonist’s ball entered his right
side, and lodged in his left shoulder.
_ This circumstance took place at
half past eight o ‘clock, and was not
made known till threé in the after
noon, when the port-admiral order-
ed search to be made for the deceas-
ed. He was found lying on his
back, his hat on, his pockets
turned out, aud a cane lying across
his arm. ‘The quarrel originated
at a hopinPembroke-street. . Mr.
L. was a youth of afiable manners,
about 18 years old, and, it is said,
nearly related to the duke of Mon-
trose. — The jury returned a ver-
diét of Wilfui Murder, in conse-
quence of which Armstrong ‘and
the two seconds have been appre-
hended, and are now in irons.

14th. A meteor was observed

about eight this evening at Swansea;
‘during the short time it was visible,

it illuminated a considerable extent

of the country.

i6th. Two fine young oxen, the
property of J. A. Dalrymple, esq.
of the Gatehouse, Sussex,died lately
sosuddetily, that the men who attend-
ed them could scarcely believe
them to be dead. On opening them
it appeared, from the stomach, that

451

they had been licking a gate which
had just been painted with white
lead and oil, and which had occasi-
oned their death. A similar accident
took place a short time since, under
the observation of Mr. Tooths, in
Kent. ,

19th. G. Rick was this day gored’
to death by a bull at Pickworth,
near Falkingham ;— the deceased
had lived with the proprictor of the
bull, but had been obliged to leave
his service, in consequence of a
determined hostility which the ani-
mal had manifested towards him 5
they had not seen each other for
some time, when the bull, having
strayed from his pasture, met and
kitled the object of his enmity.

A professorship of military sur-
gery has lately been instituted in the
university of Edinburgh, by order
of his majesty.

Five hundred and twenty an
silver coins haye lately been disco-
vered near Cartmeil in Lancashire,
by two labourers employed in get-
ting stones, on aa estate belongiig
to lord George Henry Cavendish.
They were inclosed in an unglazed
earthen pot. ‘he coins are all in
a state of high preservation, and are
now in the possessiou of lord Caven-
dish. The earthen vase was broken
to pieces before its contents were
discovered.

25th. This day the parliament,
which stood prorogued to the 29th
of O@ober, and ‘which was to meet
for the dispatch of business on the
29th of November, was dissolved ;
and writs issued fora new parliament
to be assembled on the 15th of De-
cember.—The privilege of franking,
at present dormant, recommences
on the Oth of November.

Among the personages who late-
ly attracted public notice at Brigh-
Gg 2 tan

452

ton was an original, or would be
original, generally known by the
appellation of the green man. He
dressed in green pantaloons, green
waistcoat, green frock,green cravat;
and though his ears, whiskers, eye-
brows, and chin, were powdered,
his countenance no doubt, from the
reflection of his clothes, was also
green. Heate nothing but greens,
fruits, and vegetables; had his rooms
painted green, and furnished with
green sofa, green chairs, green tables
green bed, and green curtains. His
gig, his livery, his portmanteau, his
gloves, and his whip, were all green.
With a green silk handkerchief in
his hand, and a large watch chain
with green seals, fastened to the
green buttons of his green waistcoat,
he paraded every day on the Steine.
This morning at 6 o’clock this gen-
tleman leaped from the window of
his lodging on the south parade,
into the street, ran from thence to
the verge of the cliffuearly opposite
and threw himself over the precipice
to the beach below. Several per-
sons immediately ran to his assist-
ance, and carried him, bleeding at
_ the mouth and ears, back to his
lodgings. ‘The height of the cliff,
from'whence he ‘precipitated him-
self, is about 20 feet perpendicular.
From the general demeanour of the
above gentleman, itis supposed heis
deranged. His name,we understand,
is Henry Cope,and that he is related
to some highly distinguished fami-
lies.
30th. ‘We are sorry to record the
serious disaster which has befallen

the fleet from Jamaica, Thefollow-
ing have foundered.

Tons, Men. Saved.
Pallas, 335.112 1)
Rashleigh, 232 11 all.
Ferty-second, 266 12. only 1

~

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.
Ann, . 220 * ead eval,
Coverdale, 385 25 all.
Nutwell, 426 99 ©-all.
Herculean, 0646 25° 22
Frances, 326 13 all.
Exeter, 508" GRO?
Erin, 290 18 none.
Achilles, 267, = «14 =~ all.
African, 374 20M PVP Sy
Cumberland, — —_- —

Tons 4419»

Seventy people drowned, exclu-
sive of passengers. ‘The Cora, 155
tons, and the Sally, 263 do. were
abandoned by their crews during
the gale. They have been since
found at sea, and the former carried
into Philadelphia. The Union is
put into Virginia dismasted. The
Jaue sprung a leak, and bore away
for America, Seven sail, bound to
America, parted for their destinati_
ons ; four of them known to be ar,
rived. The Minorca, for London
parted off the Havannah. Thir-
teen parted during the gale, seven
of which have arrived ; and five re-
main unaccounted for, viz. Jean,
184 tons; Concord, 315 do; Ac-
teon, 260 do. Pursuit, 302 do.
and Aurora, 267 do.

Recapitulation.— 13 foundered ;
2 abandoned; 2 gone to America ;
7 parted, bound to America; 1
parted, without leave; 71 arrived,
with Franchise and Penguin; 7 —
arrived before ; 5 unaccounted for; |
1,{Carmathen, for London, put in-
to Bermuda. Total 109.

NOVEMBER,

3d. Mr. William Watt, of* Bol-
lington, near Macclesfield, having
occasion to look at the water-wheel
ofa neighbouring mill, the wheel
caught him, and he was. literally
crushed to atoms.

A

C HRS

A pauper, named John Venn, in

-Pontefraét. workhouse, aged 84,

last week hung himself. The de-
ceased was one of the six marines
selected to shoot admiral Byng, and
often said that he was sure his bail
killed him.

5th. Two Italians, one named
Nardi, an artificial flower-maker,
and the other Grandi, were this day
charged, at Bow-street, with se.
verely wounding a young man, of
the name of Broad, a printer. A dis-
pute took place that evening in
Long-acre, respecting the West-
minster election, when the young
man received a stab in the arm, which
cut the principal artery : and, had
nota surgeon immediately attended,
he must have bled to death. Ie is
since dead and the prisoners com-
mitted for trial.

8th. The mail coachmeu, on
communicating the intelligence of

the return of lord Lauderdale from

Paris, at the villages as they passed
along, were cheered by the inhabi-
tants with shouts of applause ; and
the general cry was, *‘ eternal war,
rather than a dishonourable peace!”

9th. This day the usual civic ce-
remonies took place. The different
companies proceeded by water to
Westminster hall, where the new
lord Mayor, sir W. Leighton, was
sworn into office, and returned to
Guildhall to dinner, where a ban-

_quet was served up with the usual

costly. abundance. Amongst the
company present were, the lord
Chancellor ; the duke of Norfolk ;
the earls of Moira, Spencer, and
Lauderdale; lords Grenville, Hol-
land, Howick, Mahon, Minto,
Rendlesham ; sir Samuel Hood, sir
I. Burdett; Mr. Sheridan, Mr.
Mellish, &c,—As the procession by

Water passed Hungerford Stairs, a

Nel i€ .LE,.

boat containing 15 persons was
overset, several of whom would have
been drowned, but for the exertions
of the watermen belonging to the
apothécaries’ barge.

12th. This day, two young per-
sons (sisters) were admitted into the.
house at Cupersbridge, Lambeth,
belonging to the society called * the
refuge for the destitute.” They
were the first objects received inte
the house. They were reduced to
very great distress, wholly, as it ap-
pears, by the neglect and cruelty of
others, and not from any misconduct
of their own. Several persons pre-
viously had been relieved from the
funds of this very benevolent and
national undertaking, for which
the objects wha receive immediate
benefit of it, and the community at
Jarge, are indebted to the rev. E.
W. Whitaker, son of the late ser.
jeant. .

This night the house of Mrs,
Baldwin, an old lady, aged $7, at

453

- Broadfield, in Kent, was broke open

by 8 or 10 ruffians, which they rob-
bed of money and plate totheamount -
of.about 148l.

13th. A few days since in Wherl-
Abraham and Creuve Mues, iw

-Crowan, in consequence of a water-

spout that fell in that neighbour.
hood, the water fan with such vio-
lence as to break down the boun-
daries round the mouths of the
shafts, and choaked the adit, which
forced the water back into the lump
or place where the fire-engine draws
the water out of the deep part of the
mines, and where the men generally
work; 40 or 50 of them made their
escape up the ladders ; and to pre-
vent their breath being taken away
by the violence of the water falling
on them, they threw their woollen
shirts over their heads, and with dif-

@ 23 ‘diculty

A454

ficulty reached the summit. Five
men are missing, and no doubt they
are drowned. ‘The loss to the ad-
venturers in these mines is estimated
at nearly 6,000/.

DREADFUL MURDER AND kOR-
BERY.—A. most barbarous murder
‘was committed at Edinburgh :—At
five o’clock, William Begbie, a por-
ter to the British linen company at
Leith, was stabbed and murdered,
in Tweedale’s Close,: leading to the
British linen company’s office, at
Edinburgh, and robbed of a sealed
parcel, in a yellow canvass bag,
containing the following particulars:
viz.

1300/. of sir William Forbes and

- €o,’s notes, in notes of 20/. cach.

10007. in notes of Lieth banking

company, of 20/. each,

1400/. in notes of different banks, °

of 20/7. 102. and 352.

210 Guinea notes of
banks.

410 Twenty shilling notes of dif-
ferent banks.

The weapon with which the mur-
der was committed was found upon
the spot.—Every exertion has been
made, and is still making, to disco-
ver the perpetrator of the above

different

murder, but hitherto without effect.,

The notes to the yalue of 300/. have
been since found, 1807,
' A young lady, daughter of a
noble Jord, was united in wedlock
toa gardener, a few days since. The
bride was at a seminary for young
ladies, in the New Road, Mary-le-
bone; and, in taking her daily
walks, she used to pass the nursery
in which the bridegroom pursued his
daily labour. She became enamour-
ed of his person, and a match was
speedily formed. The young lady is
considerably under age.

Opp mArniace. — At Stroud,

ANNUAL (REGPS TER,

1806.

Gloucestershire, Samuel Holder,aged
70, and who has lost both his legs
many years, to the widow of Isaac
Wildry, who was drowned in the
Stroud canal a short time since. The
novelty of the match brought to-
gether a large concourse of specta-
tors ; at the head of whom was one
of the old veteran’s daughters, who
expressed her disapprobation of the |
alliance, by ringing a sheep-bell,
beating a cannister, and other noisy
implements, which were suspended
to different parts of her body. The
old gentleman was conycyed to and
from church on the shoulders of a
friend, who was occasionally re-
lieved, in this arduous task, by the
willing efforts of the bride herself!

The king has been pleased to
grant a pension of 100/. to the widow
of Mr. Scott, secretary to lord Nel-
sou, who was killed in the celebrated
battle of Trafalgar, during her life;
and 25/. a year to her three sons, till
they become of age. Considerable
difficultles arose at the admiralty in
sanctioning the application, in con.
sequence of there being no prece-
dent for granting a pension to a se-
cretary’s widow.

14th. A fire broke out, at nine
o'clock at night, at Flamsted’s End,
Cheshunt, at Mr. Godfrey’s, japan-
ner, formerly a considerable tinman
in Fabernacle Row, Moorfields. It
was occasioned by over-heating the
stoves for drying new-invented tea-
tables composed of various layers of
rags and paper pounded ina method
superior to Clay’s of Birmingham,
and in three hours destroyed the
dwelling-house, a large -malting-
house, and buildings adjoining,
forming a kind of square. Mr. G,
his wife, and four children, and the
furniture, were saved 3. but a sow
and six pigs perished in the. flames.

The

CHRONICLE.

_ The family had received repeated
warnings by the excessive heat,
which had more than once threaten-
ed such consequences.

At East Bourne, a carter who had
come with a team from Rye, to take
away the theatrical luggage belong-
ing to Messrs. Jonas and Penly,
looking after his horses, received a
kick on his head from one of them,
that dashed out his braios, although
he was well acquainted with the vice
of the animal, and had, in conse-
quence, but a few minutes before he
met the fatal accident, cautioned a
stranger in the stable not to go near
him,

15th. This day a post-chaise was
hired at the King’s Arms Inn, in
Salisbury, to go beyond Colling-
bourne. After setting down his
fare, the driver was returning at
night towards Collingbourne, a
dreary road, with which he was un-
acquainted, and it was so dark as
to make it impossible to see the road.
Thus situated, he unfortunately
drove over a precipice, at the bot-
tom of which he was found dead the
next morning. The chaise was near-
ly broken to pieces, and the horses
so much hurt as to render them
nearly useless,

A poor woman named Gibbs, of
Sheffield, passing lately through
_ Anglis-lane, Coventry, with her in-
fant in her arms, six months old, fell
into the mill-dams, and both were
_ drowned.

17th. Late at night, or early the
next morning, the chapel belonging
to Greenwich hospital was broke
open. ‘The strong outer door had
been forced, as well as the inner
one, whichis of solid mahogany,
nearfour inches thick, and which,
we understand, cost 5001. the vestry
door was likewise broke open, and

455

the iron chest, in which the sacrament
plate is deposited, had been at-
tempted, in which act it was sup-
posed the villains broke their iron
crow, as part of one was found near
it, and there is no doubt but the
plate was their object : they, how-
ever, made off with two of the
minister’s surplices, the sacrament
linen, and the gold sconces be-
longing to the pulpit and reading
desk. t

18th. In the court of king’s
bench, Mr. Garrow moved for leave
to file a criminal information against
a Mr. Ambrose Charles, one of the
clerks of the bank, fora libel, con-
tained in a letter addressed by him
to lord Grenville, reflecting upon
the character of lord Moira. The
specific charge contained in the letter
was, that earl Moira, availing him-
self of his official situation, had
gambled.in the funds, through his
agents, and most imprudently lent
his name to the most important dis-
coveries of secrets atlecting the
state. The earl of Moira, in his
affidavit, directly negatived all the
imputations laid to his charge, and
asserted, that he never had divulged
any of the secrets of government.—
The Jetter of Mr. Charles was dated
the 17th of last August.—Rule to
show cause granted.

Louru.— The officers of the
Louth volunteer infantry feel them-
selves called upon, however reluc-
tantly, to adopt and make public
the following resolutions, in conse-
quence of the unpleasant state of
the finances of the corps. They say
reluctantly, not from any regret at
relinquishing their military titles,
rendered almost ridiculous by Mr.
Windham’s sarcastic observations,
therefore not desirable ; but from a
conviction that their country is not

Gg 4 in

—

456 ANNUAL
a
in a better state now than when the
British parliament. first formed, and
one of the ablest men it has
had to boast of sanéctioned, the sys-
tem under which they, have aéted
for three years past. Could they
continue their services with satisfac-
tion (o their own feelings, credit to
themselves, and service to their king
and country, they would persevere
in giving up their time, attention,
and those pecuniary demands their
respective situations require: but
from the pressure of the debt the
corps labour under, it is impossible.
The times require the exertions of
all ranks of men, and England de-
mands *¢every man to do his duty ;”
but that does not imply that one in-
dividual is to make greater sacrifices
than another, where all should unite.
‘The Louth volunteer infantry has
hitherto done its duty equal with
most corps in the kingdom. Should
the members, therefore, from ne-
cessity, be obligedto withdraw their
services, they will have some con-
solation in the reflection, that their
merit as volunteers stands unim-
peached ; that they can offer them-
selves a three years’ example te be
improved upon; can leave their
situations to be replaced by those
who have hitherto done nothing,
and who not only have not exerted
themselves personally, but in some
instances smileck with contempt at
the exertions of others. ‘This corps
was amongst the foremost to asso-
ciate in the common cause, to avert
the greatest of all evils ; and, if the
then existing executive government
can be credited, the volunteers of
Great Britain have largely contri-
buted to prevent the dangers which
appeared to hang over the nation,
ready to reduce it to a state similar

tv that of which the continent at

REGISTER, 1806.

this aapmcnte exhibits a miserable exe
ample :-—

Resolved unanimously, That the
corps, unless relieved from its pre-
sent embarrassmeats, cannot longer
continue: associated with credit. to
itself. That the corps has completed
three years of service, and is ready
to continue those services, if pro-
perly sopported: but, faiting of that
support, themembers consider them-
selves as justifiable in laying down
their arms, when no longer looked
upon as useful or necessary, and
whilst they are entitled to some
credit, they hope, for their steady ad-
herence to the system under which
they enrolled, and their attention
to military discipline. That the
corps continue its services till the
24th of December, 1806; before
which time a hope is entertained
that the public may come forward,
and thereby prevent the painful ne-

‘cessity of terminating its services at

that period. That the corps be called
together ; the motives that have in-
fluenced the conduet of their officers
in this instance, and the absolute
necessity of firmly adhering to the
above resolutions, be laid before
them, and fully explained, in order
to prevent any future debt being
incurred, and further disgrace at-
taching itself in consequence to the
corps: That the thanks of this
meeting be given to lieutenant-
colonel Clarke, commandant, for his
unremitting attention to the dis
cipline and internal management
of the corps since its first forma-
tion, and for his ready. assistance in
carrying into effect the object of wi
meeting.
(Signed by all the officers. )

Heforbihe corps left the field, on

having the resolutions entered into

by their oflicers read to them, the

privates

‘ CHRON IT CL E.

privates subscribed 7s. each, rather
than the corps should be dismissed.
The officers are determined to en-
courage so laudable a spirit in the
men ; and, we trust, their liberal in-
tentions will be generously seconded
by the public.

-19th. At Guildhall, Edward
Wright, alias My Hearty, between
70 and 80 years of age, was charged
with stealing a piece of silk hand-
kerchiefs, out of a shopin Barbican,
and fully committed. The excuse he
made was, that he wanteda shirt. He
isa very old offender, having been
tried more than 70 times, at the
different sessions. Ife has been up-
wards of 50 times publickly whip-
ped, and was once capitally con-
victed.

A meeting of the Sierra Leone
Company took place lately at the
new London tavern, in Cheapside,

Mr. Thornton in the chair; when.

the honourable gentleman read a
report of the state of the company.
It concluded with observing, that,
in consequence of one of the objects
for which the company had been
formed, viz. the abolition of the
slave trade, being in a fair train of
being accomplished, the company
being considerably in debt, andthe
_ expences unavoidably increasing, the
governors recommended the giving
up the colony togovernment. Mr,
Thornton has attended a committee
_ of the privy council, and made an
offer of the company’s charter.
received for answer, that the offer
should be laid before his majesty.
It is supposed some difficulty will
arise, on account of the company
_ wishing to retain some power in the
colony, although they give up the
charter.
Ata village in Norfolk, we are
told, a person fills the following

He

457

offices :—Churchwarden, overscer;
parish-clerk, sexton, constable, sur-
veyor of the high ways, assessor of
the land-tax and assessed taxes, and
of the property-tax, collector of the
same, and bailiff of the manor.—
This man has not been selected to
discharge these important duties
either for his personal qualifications,
or for the extent of his property, as
he unfortunately has but one arms
and, though the only tradesman in
the parish, is a pauper, and receives
relief,

A Hint.—Those who send game
to the metropolis, by coaches, &c.
are recommended in all cases to send
letters of advice, and likewise to
put some Alistinguishing mark on
the game, to prevent its being
changed.

Her royal highness the princess
‘Elizabeth has designed and etched a
series of 24 plates, representing the
progress of genius. They display
great taste and fancy, and are in-

‘tended as presents for the select and
particular friends of her royal high-
ness.

ExectionRerartee.—Once of the
orators before the hustings at Covent
garden lately roared out to Mr.
Whitbread, ‘+ If your porter were

_as strong as your assurance, it would
do astonishingly well.’? — ‘* But,”
replied Mr. Whitbread, ‘‘if it were
as strong as your émpudence, I could
not live by it!”

Mr. Curwen, in his address to
the electors of Carlisle, defined a
whig in these words :—‘* He should
entertain a constitutional jealousy
of the executive government; his
eye should be steadily’ fixed upon
ministers, and his ear turned to the
people.”

24th. A seaman named Wells,
who was active in the murder of

the

458

the captain, surgeon, &c. of the
Hermione frigate, was executed on
board the Salvador del Mundo, off
Plymouth. |

About six o’clock, this morning,
the debtor’s confined in Newgate
were alarmed by hearing something
fall into the yard, and afterwards
a faint groaning, as. if from a per-
son in distress. -On alarm. being
given, Storer, a turnkey, went into
the debtors’ yard, where he disco-
vered two men, who had been em-
ployed to watch at the top of the
gaol during Sunday night, in a situa-
tion too skocking to describe. One
of them, of the name. of William
Lec, had fallen upon an iron ball,
which had taken off the top part of
his skull, and dashed his brains out,
which were scattered upon the pave-
ment ; the other, of the name of
Robert Simpson, had, if possible,
suffered a still more shocking death,
for he had fallen upon some iron
spikes, one of which entered in the
thick part of his thigh, and penc-
trated a considerable way into his
body! Medical assistance was
called ; but it proved useless, as
neither of them could have existed
many moments after their fall. The
only possible way of accounting for
this melancholy accident is, that
there is a small division at the top
of the gaol, which they had to cross,
and Simpson, the constant watch-
man, and who has been watchman
at Newgate ever since it was built,
had that night unfortunately left his
Janthorn at home; and it is supposed
that, in going round the gaol, they
must have forgotten this division,
and their miserable death was the
consequence. ‘Lhe coroner’s jury
saton their bodies, and returned a
verdiét of —Accidentally killed.

26th. ‘Phis morning the following

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

convicts were executed before the
debtors’ door at Newgate: viz.
Charles Louis Languis, Joseph
Westwood, and Alexander Macken-
zie, for forgery : J. Beasley, for
returning from transportation be-
fore his time had expired ; and James
Vaughan, (a watchman of Mary-
bone,) for representing himself as
next of kin to corporal Leason, de-
ceased, for the purpose of fraudu-

‘lently obtaining prize money.

28th. In consequence of some
language used by sir Francis Bur-
dett, on the hustings, at Brentford,
in speaking of Mr. Redhead Yorke,
the latter sent, last night, a letter to
the baronet on the subject; and it
being apprehended by their respec
tive friends that a duel would be the
consequence, Mr. Yorke was this
day arrested, and obliged to find bail
to keep the peace ; and we under-
stand that sir Francis was obliged to
give similar security.

An attorney, named Dance, was
brought up for judgment in the
eourt of king’s-beach, he having
libelled a Jew baronet, sir Manasseh
Lopez, and was ordered to be im-
prisoned twelve months in New-
gate, and to be struck off the roll of
attornies,

29th. "A subaltern officer was
sued for finery, supplied to his wife,
by a milliner, in his absence; the
lady, at the same time, living in a
state of open prostitution with other
men. ‘I'he cause was tried in the
court of king’s bench; when the

judge and jury would neither admit

the articles supplied to be meces-
saries, nor that a subaltern officer,

‘under stich circumstances, should

pay 146/. 13s. 3d. to support his
wife ina state of abandoned profli-
gacy. This was evinced by a ver- -
dict being given for the defendant.

3 DECEMBER, |

CHRONICLE,

DECEMBER.

ist. This morning, about eight,
a bear, belonging to Mr. Bradbury,
clown at the Circus, got loose in the
yard adjoining the theatre, and im-
" mediately seized a fine boy, son ofa
Mr. Wilson who keeps the billiard
rooms close by. ‘lhe boy was
much hurt; but is recovered. The
animal, which had been considered
as altogether harmless, had become
ferocious from hunger, which im-
pelled him to tear up the stake to
which he was fastencd. ‘The bear’s
throat was cut.

5th. John Andrew Nardi, and
Sebastian Grandi, were indicted at
‘the Old Bailey, for the wilful mur-
der of William Broad, on the 5th
of November last. ‘The two pri-
soners were Italians, one a feather
maker, and the other a preparer of
colours. ‘They had gone out fan-
tastically dressed, in -the evening of
the 5th, during the Westminser
election, and at length gota mob
around them in Long Acre. Nardi
being provoked, and hard-pressed,
drew a knife, and cut the deceased,
who had assaulted him, in the arm ;
the repeated bleeding of which oc-
casioned his death, in St. Bartholo-
mew’s hospital. Upon the whole
of the evidence it appeared that the
prisoners had been more sinned
against than sinning. The jury found
them both not guilty, but that Nardi
was insane. The court ordered him
to be kept in prison until his ma-
jesty’s pleasure should be known,
under the provisions of a late act of
parliament.
_ At the Queen-square office, eight
boys, the oldest not 15 years of age,
part of a gang of 50, were examined
for stealing a great number of arti-

456

cles of brass, iron, lead, &c. A
constable stated, that a woman of
the name of Davison, in Swan-yard,
Drury-lane, kept a lodging-house
for the reception of such boys,
without any other accommodation
than straw to lie upon. Such- of
them as brought home no stolen
property, were turned out of doors.
A woman of the name of Horn, in
Short’s Gardens, Drury-lane, used
to buy the stolen goods from Davi-
son, which she re-sold to a man of
the name of Fisher, in St. Gies’s.
These three persons are in custody.
While the constable, with two other
officers, were in the shop of Fisher,
a bricklayer’s labourer entered,

‘offered three pieces of lead for sale

to one of the officers, conceiving
him to be the master of the shop,
and told where he had filched them ;
when he was likewise taken into
custody. ‘Ihe boys are to be sent
to the Marine Society.

In the court of king’s bench, a
man of the name of Rich was in-
dicted, at the instance of the Society
for the Suppression of Vice, for cir-
culating and vending indecent prints.
He was found guilty on the clearest
evidence. Ail good men will join
in supporting them, whilst they keep
to their proper line of duty and
activity.

13th. Last night the neighbourhood
of Plymouth experienced a severe
tempest. It was with great difficulty
the mailand other coaches proceeded,
as the horses refused to face the storm
on Haldown Heath, and -often re-
trograded for some distance, ere
they could be controlled. A small
vessel, laden with tobacco and wine,
drove from her anchors in harbour,
and was lost, with every one on
board.

14th.A few day’s since a respect-

able

460

able farmer, of Rowfant, Sussex,
on his réturn from shooting, pro-
ceeded to draw the charge; and,
having returned to his pouch such
of the shot as came easily out, pur-
sued the practice common in such
cases, of knocking the butt end of
his gun against the cicling, in order
to dislodge the rest, whilst his right
haud was employed at the muzzle to
catch them. By this the cock was
forced down, the powder discharged,
and the hand dreadfully lacerated.
A surgeon extracted a portion of
felt from the wound; but some
fragments remaining, they brought
on a mortification. ‘The unfortu-
nate man refusing to submit to am-
putation, expired under great ageny,
leaving a widow and six children.

This night, about half past seven,
a fire broke out in the elaboratory
of Mr. Maud, in St. Paul’s-alley,
Hare-court, Aldersgate-street. The
conflagration was dreadful. The
flames spread with the greatest
rapidity, and the poor unfortunate
inhabitants who lived adjoining, had
scarcely time to save even their
lives. ‘Their furniture and other
effects are completely destroyed,
The whole of Paul’s-alley, up to
Barbican, in three quarters of an
hour became a heap of ruins.

15th. Owing to the wet and tem-
pestuous state of the weather, the
Cliff to the east of Brighton, be-
tween the Steine and the Crescent,
has been undermined by the tide,
and a great piece of it fell down
this day. The road to Rottingdean
is completely severed. Ten unfi-
nished houses were blown down,
~ 16th. A correspondence has taken
place between the deputy high bailiff
of Westminster, and Mr. Paull, in
which the latter refuses to pay any
part of the expences incurred by the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

‘pan, the pistol missed fire.

: 1806.

high bailiff, in taking the poll at the
late election,, except his proportion
for erecting the hustings.

17th. Mr. William Ludlam, with
whom the philanthropic annuity plan
originated, called ‘a meeting this day
at the London Tavern, and, on
being opposed by some of | the
stock-holders, he grew outrageous,
and proposed to such of the gentle-
men as were. dissatisfied with’ his
management, to purchase . their
shares at a guinea premium. -Many
of them acceded to the proposal.
As soon as the proceedings were
over, he ordered dinner for himself
and his clerk, in the front parlour 5
and, on the waiter bringing in a
dish of mutton chops, he threw
them at him, and before he could
quit the room, discharged at him the
rest of the dishes, with their contents,
besides a decanter, and the wine
it contained. One of the dishes
perforated a valuable painting in the
room. On the waiter turning
round, he saw a horse pistol] pre-
sented at him, and, before he could
utter a word, Mr. L. snapped it at
him, but no powder being in the
These
outrageous proceedings alarmed the
whole tavern, and no person could
be found to enter the room. Mr,
L. kept ringing the bell violently,
but to no purpose. ‘At length Mr.

Peacock, one of the masters of the |

tavern, entered the room, when Mr.
L, after making him drink a glass of
wine, got between him.and_ the
door, and, snatching up two pistols,
threatened to shoot him dead if he
stirred. ‘The lord-mayor, who was
dining at the tavern with a select
party, made out a warrant for his
apprehension ; but Mr. L. by this
time aware that measures were tak-
ing to seize him, sent his clerk to

his —

C-H R/O¢UMT CLE

his coachman, to order him to drive
the carriage as close as possible to
the windows of the room in which
he was—to keep on his box——the
step was to be ready let down, and
the two footmen placed up behind.
All this the clerk had done, according
to direction. Mr. L. then ordered
Mr. Peacock to open the parlour
windows, and at this moment a
waiter, unapprized of ‘the transac-
tion, entering the room, he fired a
pistol at him, loaded with three
balls, which lodged in the wall; then,
throwing some wine, and the con-
tents of a butter-boat, in Mr. P.’s
face, he jumped out of the window
into his carriage, which drove fu-
riously off, atid he has not since been
heard of. A commission of lunacy
against him has been taken out.
The Termagant, which arrived at
_ Portsmouth this day, brought the
_ melancholy intelligence of the total
loss of the Athenienne, of 64 guns,
on her passage to Malta, by striking
en the Esquerries rocks, near Tunis,
in a gale, on the 20th of October
Jast. he following are the names
of the persons, above the rank of
sailors, who lost their lives: Capt.
Rainsford ; lieutenants Swinburne,
M‘Millan, and Salter ; capt. Stains,
and lieutenants Moss and Minden,
of the marines; Mr. Griffin, sur-
geon; the boatswain, carpenter,
and gunner; Messrs. Hennell,
Rome, Morrison, Newman, Fitzge-
rald, and Blackburn, midshipmen.
Passengers: Licutenant Barker, of
the Melpomene ; ensign Banker,
of the 37th regiment ; aud the car-
penter of La Bergere sloop. Per-
sons saved: Liutenants John and
James Little, and —— Pym; Mr
Goodwin, purser; Messrs. Man-
ning and Francis, midshipmen ; Mr.

ad ‘

401

Parker, master; Mr. Cannon, mas-
ter’s mate. Passengers: Brigadier
general Campbell; Mr. Byron, sur-
geon of the Endymion ; Mr. Dyer,
to join the Juno; Messrs. G.
Thorn, J. M‘Lean, and $. Wells, of
La Bergere. Seamen saved, 1215
women, ditto, 2—123. Officers and
seamen lost, 347.—The conduct of
captain Rainsford is spoken of in
the highest terms. When the ship
struck, he declared he would be the
last to quit her. It was owing to
his presence of mind, and the autho.
rity he employed, that so many lives

-were saved. The ship had on-board

10,000]. in specie.

‘19th. A widow woman, of South-
wick, near Oundle, had three horses
poisoned a few days ago, in conse-
quence of their eating the fibres of a
yew tree.

20th. This morning about ten,
a violent storm of wind, thunder,
lightning, and hail, came on at
Alnewick. The hail-stones, which
were driven by thé gust with un-
common force, consisted of pieces of
complete ice, three quarters of ar
inch square. Very great damage
was done to the windows and glass-
work, at Alnewick ; and at Swans-
field, Mr. Sealey had 260 squares of |
glass broken ; and’ others sustained
similar losses. The skirts of the
storm reached Newcastle. It was
very severe to the westward. The
flag-staff, on the new quay at
Whitehaven, was shattered by the
lightning, and several panes of
the light-house were broken. In
Liverpoo], between twelve and one,
the wind was so tremendous, as to
blow down a new built house in
Nile-street, unroof several houses,
and upset a boat on the river, in
which there were three men return-

ing

462

ing from a vessel lying at the Rock,
who were all drowned.

A notice appeared in the Gazette
of this evening, for carrying into ef-
feét the act for abolishing all fees
and holidays in the Custom-house
department; excepting only the
following hotidays, viz. Sundays,
Christmas-day, Good Friday, the
anniversaries of the restoration of
king Charles the second, of the
coronation of the king, and of the
birth-days of their majesties, and
the prince of Wales

A gentleman who had lost 301. to
a fashionable lady at play, presented
the amount in Bank notes. This
drew from the lady an affected re-
mark, ‘* that at the great houses she
frequented, nothing but gold was
used.” —** In the little houses I
frequent, madam,” replied the gen-
tleman, ‘* nothing but paper is
used.”— Honi soit, &c.

It was decided lately in the court
of king’s bench, in a cause, The
King 2, Wilson, that all foreign let-
ters to English merchants, although
brought by their own ships, must go
through the Post-oflice.

Last week a malster of Wher-
well, near Andover, Hants, was
fined in the penalty of 2001. for
making a quantity of malt in an un-
entered room, And an inhabitant
of Chilbolton, in the same neigh-
bourhood, was informed against, for
having in his possession a supply of
malt, “the duty on which had not
been paid.

John Tasker, ostler at the George
Inn, at Spilsby, and Rebecca Smith,
of that place, lately went on foot
940 miles together, to Gretna
Green, to be married. Having
made this experiment of their fitness
to tug through the rugged road of
life together, te their mutual satis-

ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1806.

faction, the Vulcan of the Borders
riveted them into one, and, turning
their faces homewards, they re-trod
their steps—whether with the same
harmony as they went, ‘¢ this depo-
nent saith not.”

In a late report made to the
Central Vaccine Committee, at
Paris, it is stated, that by the exer-
tions made throughout France, for
propagating the vaccine inoculation,
the number of individuals who
underwent the operation in the 42
departments, during the last twelve
months, amounts to 125,992, which
gives a total of near 400,000 for all:
Krance; and by supposing, as in
the last year, that number to be
1,088,157, it will appear, that one-
third of the infants born last year,
have been vaccinated. From a
number of experiments which have
lately been made in France, it has
uniformly resulted, that the small
pox has never had any effect upoa
those who have regularly gone
through the vaccine infeetion.

22d. A fire broke out in the
Dock-yard, at Portsmouth, which
threatened alarming consequences.
Between four and five o’clock the
flames were seen to burst from the
house in which the rope is baked,
and the twine tarred, for the use of
the sail-makers. The wind was
high, and blew directly towards the
rigging and sail lofts, between which
and the fire was a quantity of light
dry timber. Lieutenant Smith of
the Audacious, hastened on shore
with a party of sailors, to assist in
extinguishing it; but.no buckets
were at hand: a supply was imme-
diately procured from the Auda-
cious ; and, by the exertions of the -
seamen, the fire was prevented from
spreading farther.

The same night the following

dreadful

C HORA aw TiC 0k:

dieadful accident happened to the
driver of the mail coach from
Bristol to Birmingham, within afew
miles of Thornbury: ‘The coach
was going at a brisk rate, when the
guard observed the driver to fall off
his seat, between the horses ; he got
down, and endeavoured to stop
them, but in vain. He then suc-
ceeded in regaining his seat behind
the coach, till the animals slackened
their pace, when he drove the coach
in safety to Thornbury, where he
procured a horse, and returned to
the man, whom he conveyed back.
Surgical assistance was instantly
procured; buat it was fruitless, \as
one of the wheels had passed over
his neck, and, itis supposed, killed
him on the spot. He has left a wife
and two children.

25th. Nine dwellings, with nu-
merous out-houses, corn stacks, &c.
were destroyed by accidental fire at
Acomb, near Ifexham.

In consequence of a heavy swell
in the river Couway, the boat which
‘carried the Irish mail was unfortu-
nately lost, with the following per-
sons on board: Peter Allison, of
Liverpool; John Godwin, of Cow-
bridge ; John Ilunt, esq. his address
at J. Heard’s, Ballast-oflice, Dublin ;
Thomas Tipton, the guard ;
Carpenter, a son of the guard of
that name, coming from school from
Yorkshire; Richard Kdwards,
“smith, Holyhead ; Charles Harrison,
Limerick, not yet found—his trank
picked up; Francis Rouse, Con-
way; ‘Thomas Hughes, Thomas.
Roberts, Owen Jones, and John
Reynold’s, boatmen, Conway. ——
Roberts, tanner, Holyhead, by the
assistance of the mail bag, and a
boatman, by the assistance of a
trunk, were saved.

‘The same day a stone bridge of

463

four arches, over the river Crae, at
Newton Stewart, was carried away
by the floods.

26th. Vhe tide rose to such a
height in Ipswich, that mest ef the
streets were inundated. ‘The water
was two feet deep, near St. Peter's
chureh, and the common quay was
nearly overflowed. At iiampton,
Sunbury, Chertsey, and similar
places, near the banks of the
‘Thames, the whole of the country
was under water; avd Kingston
aad Putney bridges were fora time
nearly impassable.

The whole of the Scotch coast
has suffered much during the last
and preceding week, frow the unu- _
sual height of the tide, both of the
sea and rivers. On the 2Oth inst.
the river Stinchar, at the town of
Ballantrae, rose to a prodigious
height, and overflowed the highway
for nearly 200 yards. About eleven,
while the 9th troop of the 1st dra-
goons, on their route from Hamil-
ton for Ireland, attempted to pass
the water, five of the horses, with
their riders, were borne down by the
rapidity of the current. The men,
from the weight of their accoutre-
ments, were some time before they
could disengage themselves from the
animals. ‘lhe inhabitants plunged
in to their assistance, and, at the
risk of their own lives, succeeded in
saving those of the soldiers.—At
Rothsay, the tide lately rose so
high, that both the quays were co-
vered with water, and many barrels
of herrings washed over, ‘The water
in the houses at this port was 48
inches deep.

This afternoon, about half past
one, was one of the highest tides
ever remembered. Boats were
rowed into Palace and Little Scot-
Jand Yards; and the water filled

most

464

most of the cellars about the Horse-
guards and Parliament-strect.. A
number of wharfs, cellars, and
warehouses, from the top of Upper
Thames-street to the bottom of
Lower Thames-street, and in Bridge-
street, Blackfriars, were completely
inundated ; and also the Lower
apartments of several houses in
Horsleydown. The irjury sustained
is considerable. ‘The moon was at
full, but the wind was fortunately
westerly. Fifteen years have
elapsed since those quarters expe=
rienced such a visitation.

27th. This day the Thames again
rose considerably higher than on
the preceding day, at Rotherhithe,
Lambeth, and Milbank, as well as at
the newly embanked cut at the Isle
of Dogs, where serious injury was
occasioned by the inundation. Near
Lambeth horse-ferry a sow and 12
pigs were drowned.

28th. About twelve o’clock, one
of the arches of Haydon-bridge,
Northumberland, 95 feet in span,
fell in, with a most tremendous
crash, at the time that a number of
people were going over it to church.
One man sunk with the ruins to the
depth of 40 feet, by which his thigh
was fractured, and he was other-
wise much bruised; but he is still
alive. The bridge had long been in
a state of decay.

1

BIRTHS in the Year 1806.

Jan. 1. At Laugharne castle,
county of Caermarthen, the wife of
major R. J. Starke, a son.

In the Royal Crescent, Bright-
helmstone, the wife of Kean Osborn,
esq. a daughter.

4th. In Green-street, Grosvenor-

ANNUAL REGISTER, ;1806.

square, the wife of capt. Byng, R.N,
a still-born son,

5th. The wife of Edward Rigby,
esq. mayor of Norwich, a daughter.

At Edinburgh, the wife of capt.
Halkett, R. N. a daughter.

11th. At the Union Fire-office,
Cornhill, the wife of Mr. Charles
Philip Galabin, a son.

13th: In Baker-street, Portman.
square, the wife of J. Boddington,
esq. a danghter. |

14th, The wife of John Biddulph,

esq, of Champion-hill, Surrey, ason.

16th. At the Rectory-house’ at
Acton, Middlesex, the wife of .the
rev. Mr. Antrobus, ason.

19th. In Park-street, Grosvenor-
square, the countess of Banbury, a
daughter.

2ist. At the house of Hamilton
Nisbett, esq. in Portman-square, the
countess of Elgin, a danghter.

24th. At Little Bookham, in Sur-
ry, the wife of liceut. general Man-
ningham, a daughter.

Feb. 1. In Great George-street,
Ilanover-square, the wife of Thomas

Sheridan, esq. (son of R. B. S. esq.)

ason.

Qd. At Packington-hall, county of
Warwick, the countess of Aylsford,
a daughter.

3d. At Shroton cottage, county
of Dorset, the wife of lieut. colonel
Seymour, ason,

4th. At the Government-house,
Guernsey, the wife of lieut. colonel
Doyle, a daughter.

6th. At his seat in Lincolnshire,
the lady of sir Thomas Whichcote,
bart. a son:

The lady of sir W. Ramsay, bart.
a son.

At Glasgow, lady Janet Bucha-
nan, a daughter.

8th. The wife of Richard Congreve,
esg. of Linley-hall, Salop, a son.

Oth, The

C. HiRiOW 1.C:E E.

9th. The lady of sir Henry Oxen-
don, bart, of Broome, Kent, a
daughter. ;

llth. At Rafabareh, the coun-
tess of Loudon and Moira, a
daughter,

At Waterville, county of Kildare,
Ireland, the lady of lord Dunboyne,
a son.

13th. At Pimlico, the wife of
lieut. colonel Ellict, ason.

14th. In Manchester-street, Man-
chéster-square, the wife of John
Murray, esq. a daughter.

The wife of John Finch Simpson,
esq. of Laund abbey, county of
Leicester, a son.

The wife of Richard Topp, esq.
of Whitton, Salop, a daughter.

17th. At Haughley-park, Nor-
folk, the wife of George Jerning-
ham, esq. ason.

20th. At her house in Pall-Mall,
lady Holland, a daughter,

21st. At her house in Portland-
place, the countess of Mansfield, a
sen.

In Worfolk-street, Grosvenor-
square, lady Ogilby, a daughter.

_ Lately, at Winchester, lady Sarah
Crespiguy, a son.

Mrs. Elizabeth Cook, aged 64,
wife of Mr. Thomas C. of Weobly,
Herts, aged upwards of 70, a dangh-
ter, being the only child they have
had, after a marriage of more than
_ 20 years.

At the house of sir Richard King,
in Devonshire-place, the wife of
captain Rowley, R. N. a son.

23d. At Orton, near FPeterbo-
rough,the countess of Aboyne,ason.

25th. At Sudbrook-park, near
Richmond, lady Mary Stopford, a
daughter.

28th. At his house at Mickleham,
' Surrey, the lady of the honourable
Vou. XLVIII,.

465

D. M. Erskine, M. P. for Ports.
mouth, a daughter,
March 7th. In Henrietta-street,
Cavendish- -square, the wife of Sa-
muel Bosanquet, junior, esq. a son.
9th. The wife of Mr, Crane, hat-
ter, of Maidstone, three sons. - 5

10th. In Devonshire-street, Port-
Jand-place, the wife of capt. Rolles,
a son.

16th. The lady of the honour-
able lieutenant general St. John, 2
daughter, who died in a few hours.

17th. At St. John’s Wood-house,
viscountess Mahon, a son.

At Rodmarton, county of Glou-
cester, the wife ef the rey. Daniel
Lyfons, ason.

18th. In Great Ormond-street, the
wife of serjeant Best, M. P. a son.

22d. At Bath, lady. Charlotte
Drummond, a son.

24th. In Grafton-street,
Charlotte Duncombe, a son.

3ist. The wife of J. J. Smith,
esq. alderman of Castle Baynard
ward, a son.

April 2d. At the house of general
Brownrigg, in. Audley-square, the
wife of Major Nesbitt, a son and
heir,

_At Baldon house, Berks, the lady
of sir Christopher Willoughby, bart.
a daughter.

4th. At Moreton, co. of Dorset,
lady Harriet Frampton, a daughter.
va 6th, and 7th. The wife of

ir, Joseph Nicholson, of Penning-
4 near Ulverston, farmer, abe
sons and a daughter.

6th. At the admiral’s house, in
Portugal-street, Grosvenor square,
the hon. Mrs. Berkeley, a son.

8th. In Dover-street,: Piccadilly,
the lady of the honourable John
Bridgman Simpson, a daughter.

9th. At Wolhampton, near Ly-

Hh mington,

lady

466

mington, Haunts, the lady of sir
' George Prescott, bart. a daughter.
12th. In Mansfield-strect, Port.
Jand-place, the wife of F. Plaistow
Trapaud, esq. a son.
13th. At Dorchester, M. M‘Dow-
an, a soldier’s wife, of the Innis-
killen dragoons, three sons, two of
whom are since dead,

14th. At the rectory, North
Luffenham, Rutland, the wife of
lieutenant-colonel Ainslie, inspector
of Lincolnshire, a son.

17th. The wife of John Faux, of
Norton-Malerward, county of So-
merset, two sons and a daughter,
being the third time of her having
three children at a birth.

. 22d. The wife of Benjamin Hob-
house, esq. M. P. for Grampound,
a daughter.

25th. In Portman-square, lady
Louvaine, a son.

At Grantham, county of Lin-
coln, the lady of sir Montague
Cholnieley, bart. a daughter.

27th. At Berlin, the wife of Mr.
Jackson, ambassador to the court of
Prussia, a son.

28th. Mrs. Davies, of the Strand,
a sou.

May 2d. At Ockham-park, near
Ripley, Surrey, the lady of lord
King, a daughter.
_ 4th. The wife of the reverend Mr.
Collin, of Quendon, Essex, a son.

7th. At the rectory, Beaconsfield,
the wife of the reverend W. M.
Bradford, ason.

9th. In Fitzroy ieee the wife
of Charles Lambert, esq. two daugh-
ters, one still born.

10th. In Queen Anne-street West,
the hon. Mirs. Boyle, a son.

11th. In Grosvenor-square, the
duchess of Beaufort, a daughter.

In George-street, the wife of
George Smith, esq. M, P. a daughter.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

15th. The wife of Henry Otway,
‘esq. of Stanford-hall, county of Lei-

cester, a daughter.

14th. In Charles-street, Berkeley-
square, the wife of Charles Jenkin-
son, esq. a daughter,

17th, At Fulham cottage, Mid-
dlesex, the wife of S.F. Lettsom,
esq. a son.

18th. At Oxford, the wife of co-
lonel Cox, a son.

206th. The wife of William Wind-
ham, esq. of Dinton, near Salisbury,
a daughter.

22d. The wife of Mr. J. Bowyer
Nichols, printer, Red-lion passage,
Fleet-strect, a son.

At the house of admiral Sir John
Orde, in Gloucester-place, Portman-
square, lady Orde, a daughter.

24th. At Lillingstone Dayrell,
Bucks, the wife of Richard Dayrell,
esq. a-son.

At Charlton, Kent, the wife of
John Atkins, esq. M. P.a son.

28th. At South Lambeth, the
wife of Ashburnham Bulley, esq. a
daughter.

Lately, at Hermandston, in Scot-
land, lady Sinclair, a daughter.

In Lansdown-place West, Bath,
the lady of vice-admiral sir Charles
Knowles, bart. a daughter.

In Cumberland-place, lady Bo-
ringdon, a son.

29th. At Brixworth-hall, county
of Northampton, the wife of Walter
Strickland, esq. a daughter.

31st. At Ingestree, countess Tal-
bot, a son.

June 1, In Grosvenor-square, the
wife of colonel Gore Langton, M.
P. for Somersetshire, a daughter.

The wife of James Christie, esq.
of Pall Mall, a daughter.

At his house in Lincoln’s Inn
Fields, the wife of C. Pullen, esq. a
son,

2d. At

CHIRIO'N 1 CL E.

9d. At Weston, the wife of the
rey. Christopher Sykes, a daughter.

Athis house at Plymouth-dock,
the wife of rear-admiral John Sut-
- ton, a daughter.

4th. At Airly-ledge, in Scotland,
viscountess Arbuthnot, a son.

6th. The wife of William Owen,
esq. of Woodhouse, co. Salop, ason
and heir.

8th. In St. James’s square, lady
Grantham, a daughter.

9th. At Ensham-house, co. Dorset,
the wife of brigadier-general Monro,

a daughter.
* 10th. At Gosport, Hants, the
wife of Mr. W. Midlane, a son.

llth. At South-End, Essex, the
lady of the hon. Edward-John Tur-
nour, youngest son of the late E. of
Winterton, a daughter.
' 47th. The wife of the rev. Mr,
Skinner; rector of Camerton, Somer-
set, a daughter.

- At her house in Wimpole-street,
lady Elizabeth Loftus, a still-born
son.

i9th. At Bath, the wife of lieut.-
col. Blackford, a son,
_ At Dovenby-hall, the wife of J.

D. B. Sykes, esq. high sheriff of the
county of Cumberland, a daughter.

In Charlotte-square, Edinburgh,
the wife of col. Horner, of Mells
park, co. Somerset, a daughter.

2ist. In Cheyné-walk, Chelsea,
the wife of the rev. Weeden Butler,
jun. a son.

_ At Bradfield-house, Bucks, the
wife of Richard Orlebar, esq. a son
and heir.

24th. In Stretton-street, Picca-

dilly, the countess of Chichester, a
daughter.

Lately, in Dublin, the hon. Mrs.
Hans Blackwood, a daughter.

At Dalkeith- house, in Scotland,
Jady Caroline Douglas, a daughter.

467

At Paisley, Mrs. Fraser, wife of
Mr. J. F. manager of the theatre
there, a daughter, being her eigh-
teenth child.

At Sydney-lodge Southampton,
the hon. Mrs. Tenant, a son.

In Chatham- place, Black-friers,
the wife of Henry Budd, esq. a
son.

15th.(O.8.) AtSt.Petersburgh,the
wife of Robert Busk, esq. an Eng-
lish merchant there, a son.

26th. The wife of W. Earle
Welby, esq. of Nottinghamshire, a
son.

In George-street, Hanover-
Square, countess Cowper, ason and
heir.

The lady of the hon. lieut.-col.
Plunket, of the Coldstream reg. of
guards, ason. ‘

28th. In Portland-place, the lady
of the hon. Henry Blackwood,
captain in the royal navy, a daughs
ter.

At his house in the Close, Salis
bury, the wife of the rev. Changelior
Douglas, a son.

July 2nd. At Ipswich, the hon.
Mrs. Leighton, wife of Knyvett L.
esq. of Ford, co. Salop, and sister of
lord Viscount Doneraile, a son and
heir.

At the Temple, Rothley, the wife
of Thomas Babington, esq. M. P. for
Leicester, a son.

9th. In Clifford-street, the wife
of G. B. Mainwaring, esq. M. P, for
Middlesex, a son.

At Sutton vicarage, near York,
the lady of the hon, and rev. Edw.
Rice, a daughter.

10th. The wife of R. H. Bod.
dam, esq. of Bull’s-cross, Enfield, a
son.

At Plymouth, the wife of Stephen
Love Hammick, esq. surgeon-ex-

Hhe2 traordinary

468

traordinary to the prince of Wales,
a son,

lith. At Park farm, Tooting,
Surrey, the wife of William Abbott,
esq. a daughter.

At his “house in Ely-place, Hol-
born, the wife of Richard Price, esq.
a son. se pei

12th. The wife of John Hill,
esq. of Hardwick, co, Salop, ason.

13th. Mrs, R. Twink, of Nor-
folk-street, Strand, a daughter.

The wife of Joseph Rose, esq. of
Tovill- place, Canterbury, a dangh-
ter.

At Denham-green, the hon. Mrs,
Erskine, of Cardross, a son.

14th. At his seat, St. Bride’s-hill,
co. Pembroke, the wife of C. A.
Phillips, esq. a daughter.

15th. At Bishop’s-court, Exeter,
the hon. Mrs. Paget, a son.

In South Audley- street, the coun-
tess of Albemarle, a daughter.

16th. At sir Laurence Palk’s in
Bruton-street, lady Elizabeth Palk,
a son.

i7th. At Lymington-lodge, Hants,
the wife of Matthew Gossett, esq. a
son.

At Inverness, in Scotland, the
wife of Alexander Macdonell, esq.
of Glengarry, a son and heir.

19th. The wife of Mr. Horatio
Robson, of Piccadilly, da” seventh
successive daughter.

The wife of capt. Gold, of the
royal artillery, a son.

At the cottage at Bridlington, the
wife of Marmaduke Prickett, jun.
esq. a son.

20th. At Mulgrave castle, lady
Mulgrave, a still-born child.

2ist. At Brompton, the wile of
lieut.-col. Home, a daughter.

24th, At Darnhall, in Scotland,
the hon. Mrs. Oliphant Murray, a
daughter,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

Lately, at St. John’s, Newfounds
land, the hon. Mrs. Mason, wife
of capt. M. of the royal navy, a
son.

At Dublin, the countess of Bel-
niore, a daughter.

At sir Hercules Langrishe’s, St.
Stephen’s green, Dublin, the wife
of the rev.Dean Langrishe, a daugh-
ter.

At Eccles, in Scotland, the wife
of Jn. Maitland, esq. sheriff of the
county of Wigton, a daughter.

The wife of lieut.-gen. England,
commander in chief of Plymouth
garrison, a son.

At Hensington-house, Woodstock,
co. Oxford, the wife of Dr. Black-
stone, adaughter. ~

At Halswell-house, co. Somerset,
the wife of Charles Kemeys Tynte,
esq. a daughter.

At Bath, Mrs. Matchem, wife of
George M. esq. and gister to the
late lord Nelson, a son, being her
nioth child,

28th. At lord Baston’s, in Gros
yenor-street, the hon. Mrs. Frede- ,
rick Irby, a sou and heir.

30th. In Lamb’s Conduit-place;
Guildford-street, the wife of T. W.
Plummer, esq. a daughter.

Aug. 1st. The wife of Francis
Freeling, esq. of the general post-
office, a son.

At Lumford Bakewell, co. Der-
by, the wife of Robert Arkwright,
esq. asoi.

and. At Dublin the lady of the
right hou. Maurice Fitzgerald, knight °
of Kerry; a son.

3d. in Herttord-street, May-fair,
the lady of the hon. brigadier-gen.
Stewart, a sou.

In Clarges-street, the lady of the
hon, sir Edward Crofton, bart. a
son and heir.

At

CH RUOON Ti COL“E,

At Estcot, Devon, the lady of sir
John Kennaway, bart. a daughter.

At Dalhousie house, in Scotland,
the countess of Dalhousie, a son and
heir.

4th. At Kirkhale, co. Northum-
berland, the lady of sir William Lo-
raine, bart. a son.

6th. At Edinburgh, the lady of
sir J. B. Riddell, bart. and daughter
of the earl of Romney, a daughter.

7th. In Harley-street, Cavendish-
square, the lady of sir William
Beechy, a son.

At Largie-house, in Scotland,
lady Macdonald Lockhart, a daugh-
ter..

8th. In Spring-gardens, the wife
of Mr. Alderman Hunter, a sop.

9th. In Harcourt-place, Dublin,
the hon. Mrs. Burton, a son.

At Derby, the wife of I. C. Girar-
dot, esq. a daughter.

1oth. In Lincoln’s-inn- fields, the
wife of John Disney, esq. a daugh-
ter, -

13th. At Hengrave cottage, Suf-

folk, the wife of Rt. Gage Rook- »

wood, esq. a daughter.

16th, At the Rock-house, Crom-
ford, co. Derby, the wife of Peter
Arkwright, esq. a son.

19th. The wife of Walter Shairp,
esq. of Gower-street, a still-born
child,

Qist. At Ratton, Sussex, the hon.
Mrs. Thomas, a daughter.

224. At gen. Pigot’s, in Hert-
ford-street, May-fair, the lady of
lord Henry Fitzroy,ason.

23d. At Southampton, lady Char-
lotte Howard, a son.

In Portland-place,
Acheson, ason and heir.

The wife of Benjamin Pead, esq.

Paice. Essex, a daughter.

24th. The wife of William Sims,
esq. of Mile-End, a son.

viscountess

469

Lately, at Tramore-lodge, Water-
ford, the wife of Edward Lee,
esq. M. P. for Waterfordshire, a
son and heir.

At Updown, near. Deal, the lady
of sir Samuel Chambers, a daughter,

At Marham, near Narborough,
the wife of a tailor, named Parkin-
son, three children; all, with the
mother, doing well.

25th. At Farley-house, Surrey,
the wife of capt. Pierrepont, R. N.
a son.

e7th. At Ellerker, near South
Cave, co. York, the wife of Thomas
Leeson, esq. two sons; one since
dead.

29th. At Thorndon-hall, lady
Petre, two sons ; the youngest sur-
vived only a few hours ; and the other
died in 11 days.

30th. The wife of Alexander
Hume, esq. of Gloncester-strect,
Portman-square, a son.

31st. At Flookburgh, the wife of
Rawcliffe, three sons ; all, with
the mother, likely to do well. The
father served 12 years in the royal
navy, and was discharged in conse-
quence of a hurt.

Sept. 1st. At Duryard-house,
Devon, the wife of Robert Hunt,
esq. a son.

At Edinburgh, the wife of admi-
ral Duddingston, a son.

and. In Upper Gower-street,
the wife of major Macdonald, ason.

3d. At Great Clacton, Essex, the
wife of lieut.-col. Harvey, of the
79th foot, a son.

4th. The wife of Mr- William-
John Galabin, printer, of Ingram.
court, Fenchurch-street, a daugh- -
ter.

5th. At her house in Welbeek~
street, Cavendish-square, lady Char-
lotte Goold, a son.

Hh 3 6th. In

470

6th. In Portland-place, the wife
of Henry Fawcett, esq. a son.

8th. At Chatham, the wife of
lieut.-col. Desborough, of the royal
marines, a son.

9th. Athis house in Lamb’s Con-
duit-street, the wife of G. S. Hol-
royd, esq. a danghter.

lith. At Kelly, in Scotland, the
Jady of the hon, major Ramsey, a
daughter,

At Edinburgh, the wife of major
James Cunninghame, a son.

16th. In Baker-street, Portman.
square, the countess of Cork, a
daughter.

19th. At Little Ealing, co. Mid-
dlesex, the wife of col. Drinkwater,
a daughter.

23d. At Southgate, Middlesex,
the wife of William Curtis, esq. a
daughter.

At Grange, near Wakefield, the
seat of John Lister Kaye, esq. lady
Amelia Kaye, a daughter, .

At Penrice castle, co. Glamorgan,
Jady Mary Talbot, a daughter.

At his seat at Thame park, co.
Oxford, the wife of Philip T. Wyk-
ham, esq. a daughter.

25th: The wife of James John-
stone, esq. of Alva, in Scotland, a
son.

26th. Hon.
Stewart, a son.

At her house in Manchester-
square, Jady Lambert, a son.

At the right hon. sir Hercules
Langrishe’s, on Stcphen’s-green,
Dublin, the wife of Thomas St,
George, esq. a daughter.

Lately, the wife of H. Howard,
esq. M. P. for Gloucester, a Roeehe
ter.

The lady of sir D, Mackworth,
bart. a son.

At Taunton, the wife of William
Hanning, esq. a daughter.

Mrs. Montgomerie

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

In Dublin, the lady of the hon.
Peter Boyle Blaquiere, a son.

28th. In the royal Crescent, Bath,
the wife of Charles W almesley, esq.
asou.

29th. The wife of major Young,
of the royal Bucks militia, ason.

At Middleton-hall, co. Caermar-
then, the lady of sir William Paxton,
a son.

30th. The wife of the rev. H.
Sainsbury, of Beckington, a son.

Oct. ist. At Tiverton, Devon,
the lady of sir John Duntze, bart. a
son and heir.

4th. At Hope, near Manchester,
the wife of Charles Bayley, esq. of
Calcutta, a daughter.

7th. The wife of Thomas Smith,
esq. of the Chapter-house, St. Paal’s,
a daughier, being her thirteenth
child.

At Saltash, Devon, the wife of
brigadier-general Nepean, a son.

sth, At Bath, the wife of major
Gray, a daughter.

9th. At Netherby, co. Cumber-
Jand, lady Catharine Graham, a
daughter.

At Berlin, her highness the elec-
toral princess of Hesse, a prince.

10th. At Hanwell, Middlesex, the
wife of Wm. Ramsay, esq. of Ja-
maica, a daughter.

1ith. The wife of Mr. Becket,
brewer, of Enfield, Middlesex, a
son,

12th. At Letierfoury, in Scot-
land, the lady of sir James Gordon,
bart. a daughter.

13th. In Wimpole-street, the
wife of John Archer Houblon, esq.
a son,

14th. The wife of William Ma
son, esq. of Tower-hill, a son.

At Bangor castle, in the north of
Ireland, the lady of the right hon.
col, Ward, ason,

15th, At

CHRONICLE.

15th. At Rolleston-hall, co. Staf-
ford, the lady of sir Oswald Mosley,
bart. a daughter.

Lately, at the house of sir Edward
Baker Littlehales, bart, in the
Phenix park, near Dublin, lady
Elizabeth Littlehales a son and heir.

In Merrion-square, Dublin, the
lady of the right hon. George Knox,
M. P. for the university of Dublin,
a son. :

At Loftus-hall, near Dublin, lady
Emily Henry, a son.

At Chichester, the wife of Wm.
Tufinell, esq. M. P. for Colchester,
ason.

At Barham court, near Maid-
stone, Kent, the wife. of the rev.
Gerard Noel, a daughter.

In Hertford-street, May-fair,
the wife of John Dent, esq. M. P.
a son.

At Kingston, near Canterbury,
the wife of the rev. Cooper Willyams,
ason.

18th. At Lincoln, the wife
of the rev. Henry-John Wollaston,
a son.

The wife of Farnworth,
esq. and daughter of the late sir
Richard Perrott, bart. a son and
heir.

igth. In the City-road, the wife
of Thomas-James, Riley, esq. of the
general post-office, a daughter. ©

20th. The wife of Charles Stuart,
esq. of Stow, ‘co. Gloucester, a son,

23d. The wife of Archdale Wil-
son Tayler, esq. of Barham-wood,
Herts, a son, being her eighteenth

_ child. ;
In Gloucester-place, the wife of
' James Hewett Massy Dawson, esq.
a daughter.

24th. In Cumberland-place, the |

lady of sir William Blackett, bart. a
daughter.
The wife of Charles Manners,

471
esq. of Edmonthorpe-hall, co. Lei-
cester, a son. :
25th. In Russell-square, the wife
of William Everett, esq. a daughter.
26th. At Marske-hall, co. York,
the lady of the hon, Lawrence Dun-
das, M. P. a son. ah
27th. The wife of WilliamForbes,
esq. of Callendar, Scotland, a son
and heir. On the following day, a
number of the inhabitants of Fal-
kirk caused a bonfire to be kindled
in the market-place of that town,
the bells to be rung, and in the even-
ing assembled, and drank with much
pleasure the healths appropriate to
such an occasion, which were the
more strikingly iateresting, as there
has not been an heir born to-the
estate of Callendar for nearly 180
years, that estate having been for-
feited 1745.
27th. In Fitzroy-square, the wife
of William Haslewood, esq. a daugh-
ter.

The wife of the rev. John Owen,
of Fulham, Middlesex, a son and
daughter.

Lately, at St. Petersburgh, the
empress of Russia, a princess.

The wife of John Rowe, jun. of
Cawsand, shipwright, three daugh-
ters; onesince dead. On the same
day, her husband’s apprenticeship
expired.

29th. AtHadham, Herts, the wife
of William Hamilton, esq. a son.

30th. The wife of the rev. John
Rush, of Chelsea, a son.

Nov. 2d. At Gloucester, the wife
of Jas. Weller, esq. a daughter.

4th. The lady of sir Hungerford
Hoskyns, bart. of Harewood, co.
Hereford, a daughter.

5th At the rectory-house at Ross,
co. Hereford, the wife of the rev.
Canon Underwood, a son. ‘

6th. In Lansdown crescent, Bath,

Wh 4 the

472,

the wife of Duncan Campbell, esq.
a daughter.

In Hind-street, Manchester-sq.
the wife of lieut.-col. Hughes, M.P.
a son.

7th. The wife of the rev. John
Bramstone Stane, of Forest-hall,
Essex, a daughter.

At Rolles, Essex, the seat of her
father, admiral Harvey, M. P. for
Essex, the wife of William Lloyd,
esq. of Aston, co. Salop, a son and
heir.

9th. The wife of Henry Brown,
esq. of North Mimms place, Herts, a
daughter.

10th. At St, Alban’s, the wife of
F.. Todd, esq. of Bury-strect, St.
James’s, a daughter,

At Lutterworth, co. Leicester,
the lady of the hon. and rev. Henry
Ryder, a son.

At Tregenna castle, co. Cornwall,
the wife of Samuel Stephens, esq.
M. P. a son.

The wife of Fred. Neby, a jour-
neyman glass-cutter, living at No.
73, Red Lion-strect, Holborn, three
daughters, all likely to live.

16th. In Gloucester place, the
wife of E. Fletcher, esq. a daughter.

17th. The wile of Edward Austin,
esq. of Godmersham park, Kent, a
daughter.

19th. In Upper Charlotte-street,
Fitzroy-square, the wife of Thomas
Cadell, esq. a son.

_ 94th. The wife of George Lac-
Kington, esq. of Finsbury-place, a
daughter.

In Upper Seymour-street, lady S.
M. Stanley, wife of sir Thomas 5S.
bart. of Houghton, in Cheshire, a
son and heir.

In Portman-square, the marchio-
ness of Winchester, a daughter,

24th, In North-street, Chiches-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ter, lady Henry Somerset, a son
and heir.

26th. At Brompton, the wife of
the rev. Clement Cottrell, of north
Waltham, co. Hants, a son.

in Harley - street, Cavendish-
square, the wife of Henry Hughs,
esq. a daughter.

27th. In Hatton-street, the wife
of Mr. Charles Rivington, ason.

Dec. 2nd, At Walthamstow- house,
Essex, the lady-ofsir Robert Wigram,
bart. M. P. for Wexford, a son,
being ber twentieth child, and
fifteenth son now living.

3d. In Lincoln’s-inn-fields, the
wife of J. A. Park, esq. a son.

In old Buvlingtonstreet, the
countess of Clonmel], a daughter.

5th, At Enfield, the wife of W.
A. Gregory, a daughter.

In Russell-square, the wife of
Claude-George Thornton, esq. a
daughter.

8th. At Ochtertyre, in Scotland,
lady Mary Murray, a daughter.

gth. At his house in Piccadilly,
the lady of sir Francis Burdett, bart.
a daughter.

At Mrs. Chester’s, at Hampton
court, the wife of Anthony B. St.
Leger, esq. ason and heir,

The wife of Valentine Kitching-
man, esq. of Carltonhustwaite, co.
York, a danghter.

10th. At Melton-Mowbray, co.
Leicester, lady Elizabeth J. Nor-
man, a daughter.

11th, At Mamhead, Devon, the
Jady of the hon, Robert Dundas,
M. P.ason.

The wife of William Jones, esq.
marshall of the king’s bench aah
a daughter.

In Wimpole-street, the wife of
William Corbett, esq. a daughter.

At Taplow-house, Bucks, the

hon,

CHRONICLE

hon. Mrs. Grenfell, wife of Pascoe
G. esq. M. P. a daughter.

18th. At the vicarage-house,
Wakefield, the wife of the rev. Dr.
Munkhouse, a daughter.

20th. At Edinburgh, the wife of
colonel Robert Anstruther, adju-
tant-general of Ireland, a son.

At Redbourn-hall, co. Lincoln,
lady William Beauclerc, a daughter.

. 25th. At Dover, the wife of Wil-
liam Bagster, esq. assistant-commis-
sary, a son.

27th. The wife of D. Jennings,
esq. of Fenchurch-street, a son.

.28th. At Maxton, near Dover,
Kent, lady Forbes, a son.

At St. Faith’s near Norwich, the
wife of Thomas Twining, esq. of the
Bengal civil establishment, a son and
heir.

At Chelsea, co, Middlesex, lady
Emily Wellesley, a daughter.

30th. The wife of Wilbraham
Egerton, esq. of Tatton park, Che-
shire, ason and heir.

3ist. The wife of St. A. Warde,
esq. of Hatfield, near Doncaster, co.
York, a son.

MARRIAGES for 1806.

Jan. 1st. At Chevening, in Kent,
Mr. James Ferguson, printer to
€arl Stanhope, to Miss Varley, of
Chevening. 5
John Martin Cripps, esq. of Stan-
tons, Sussex} to Miss Rush, dauzhter
of sir William Beaumarice ~R. of
Wimbledon, Surrey.
Richard Shawe, esq. of Dulwich-
hill, Surrey, to the eldest daughter
of Nathaniel Bogle French, esq. of
the same place.

- Richard Staples esq. son of the
right hon, John §, of Lisson, co.

473
Tyrone, to Miss Montgomery,
daughter of Hugh M. esq. of Bel.
fast.

D. Henry Smith, esq. of Croom’s-
hill, Greenwich, Kent, to the eldest
daughter of John Voase, ésq. mer-
chant.

2nd. Mr. Morris, surgeon, of Lei-
cester, to Miss Fox.

Capt. Oliver, of the royal navy,
to Miss Lane of Southtown cottage,
near Yarmouth.

4th. At Chelsea, Mr. William.
George Thompson, son of Thomas
T. esq. of Castle-street, Leicester.
square, to Miss Eliza-Catharina
Barker, daughter, of Francis B. esq.
of Hans-place.

9th, Brigadier-gencral Clephane,
M. P. for Kinrossshire, to Miss
Letitia Bold, daughter of John B.
esq. of Brunswick-square. —

1ith. At Rostherne church, in
Cheshire, Wilbraham Egerton, esq.
eldest son of William E. esq. of Pat-
ton park, M. P. for that county, to
the youngest daughter of the late
sir Christopher Sykes, bart.

13th. At Wanlip, co. Leicester,
sir Charles Grave Hudson, bart. to
the eldest daughter of the late Peter
Holford, esq. one of the masters in
Chancery, with 50,0001.

At Wolverhampton, the rey. Wil-
liam Leigh, of Solihull, to Miss
Proud, daughter of Samuel P. esq.
of Biiston,

At Bristol, the rey, A, Lendon, to
Miss Seyer, daughter of the rey. S.
S. of the Fort.

16th. At Plumstead, in Kent,
Kyrle Erle Money, esq. captain in
the Herefordshire militia, and son of
Wm. M. esq. of Llornhouse, co.
ilereford, to the only daughter of
Domigick French, esq.

At Lambeth, Henry Pilleau; esq.
of

474

of Upper Kennington-green, Surrey,
to Miss Franklin, of Essex: place,
Lambeth.

Robert Buswell, esq. of Arthing-
worth, co. Northampton, to Mrs.
Wright, of Lubbenham, co, Lei-
cester,

18th. At Dublin, Brigadier-ge-
neral Dyott, aid-du-camp to his
majesty, to Eleanor, second daugh-
ter of the late Sam. Thompson, esq.
of Green Mount, co. Antrim.

20th. At Weston - Underwood,
Bucks, Frederick Hall, esq. of
Eskelith-house, co. York, to Mrs.
Barclay, of Weston.

22d. Rey. Manley Wood, M. A.
to the daughter of the late Joseph
Boone, esq. of Aldgate.

23d. By special licence, at the
house of James Ramsay Cuthbert,
esq. in Berkeley-square, George
Freke Evans, esq. of Bulgaden-
hall, co. Limerick, brother of sir J.
F, bart. to the right hon. lady Car-
bery.

At Clifton, near Bristol, Clement
Debbieg, esq. to lady Charlotte
Butler, sister to the earl of Lanes-
borough.

24th, At Storringion, W. Cham-
berieyne, esq. of Rolyenden, co.
Kent, to Miss F. Bisshopp, daughter
of col. H. B. and grand-daughter
of sir Cecil B, of Parham park,
Sussex.

28th. Capt. John Hayes, R. N.
to Miss Pye, of Walwerth, Surrey.

30th. Richard Charles Head
Graves, esq. of the West Suffolk
militia, to the hon. Cassandra ‘I'wis-
Icton, youngest daughter of the late
lord Say and Sele,

Feb. Ast. At Dublin, John
Crampton, esq. M. D. to Miss Char-
lotte White, sister to sir John Jervis,
bart.

At Liverpool, Mr. James Salmon,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

professor of music, to Miss Munday;
a young Jady of great promise as an
oratorio singer.

At St. Andrew’s, Holborn, Jas.
Tiume, esq. to Miss Grant, of Bath.

2nd, Rev. John Dryden Pigott,
rector of Habberley, to Fanny, se-
cond daughter of Henry Bevan, esq.
of Shrewsbury.

3rd, At Cheswick, W. Devayncs,
esq. M. P. for Barnstaple, to Miss
Wiseman.

At Cardington, co. Bedford, the
rev. Jn. Foster, M. A. vicar of West
Thurrock, co. Essex, to the hon:
Miss St. John, eldest daughter of the
Jate lord St. J.

At Liverpool, the rev. R. K. Mil-
ner, M. A. to Miss Richmond.

4th. Rev. James Leonard Jack-
son, to Miss Lousia Hyde Wollaston,
daughter of the rev. Frances W. of
Chislehurst, Kent.

6th. At Lynn, Wm. Wheatley
Walker, esq. lieutenant of the 2d
dragoons, or royal Scots greys, to
Miss Melvin, of Norwich.

7th. At Edinburgh, sir Thomas
Gibson Carmichael, bart. of Stirling,
to Janet, second daughter of major-
general Thomas Dundas, of Carron-
hall. ;
8th. At Dublin, by special licence,
William Annesley, esq. son of the
hon. and rev, the dean of Down, to
Miss E. F. Reynell, of Balnalack,
co. Westmeath.

10th. At Ide, near Exeter, John-
Charles Fanshawe, esq. of Franklyn,
to Frances-Delia, second daughter
of the rev. W. H. Carrington, of »
Ide.

1ith. Mr. Henry ‘Townshend,
jun. of the manor-house at Aston-
Flamvile, to Mrs. Hill, only sur
viving daughter of the late Mr.
Lovett, of Sapcote, co. Leicester.

12th, At Peterborough, John

Webb

Webb Cole, esq. to Miss Collier, of
the Minister close.

13th. At Norwich, Mr. Henry-
Robert Bowles, aéting-manager of
the theatre royal there, to Mrs.
Aickin, of that theatre.

15th. Mr, Samuel Cotterell, sur-
geon, at Hinckley, co. Leicester, to
Mrs. Lee.

20th. Anthony Peacock, esq. of
South Carlton, to Miss Willson.

22d. Horatio Gilchrist, esq. of
Stamford, to the eldest daughter of
Edward Theed, esq. of Hilton, co.
Cambridge,

Lately, at Tincoln cathedral,
Hamelyn Trelawny, esq. son of sir
Henry’. bart. of Trelawny-house,
London, to Miss Rogers, daughter
of Jos. R. esq. of Seaview.

Rey. Mr. Jones, late pastor of
the Unitarian congregation at Hali-
fax, to Miss Rees, daughter of Dr. R.

Mr. John Stanton, manager of
the Iuddersfield, &c, theatres, to
Mrs. Francis,

| Samuel Denton, esq. of Gray’s-

inn, to Miss Helena-Cornelia Paas,
daughter of the late Mr. Cornelius

_P. of Holborn, engraver to his ma~
jesty.

26th. Rev. Clement Cottrell, rec-
tor of Waltham, Hants, to Georgiana

jdaughter of John Adams, esq. of
Brompton.

27th. At Exeter, Montague Par-
Ker, esq. captain in the north Devon
militia, to Miss Newcomb, of Teign-
mouth. i

March Ath. At Mary-la-Bonne
church, John Gilbert Francklyn,
esq. to Mrs. Stevenson, widow of
the late major-general S. of the Ben-
gal cavalry,

At Leeds, Mr. William Buck, of
Bank Newton, near Gargrave, to
Miss Hardacre, of Long Preston.—
In the evening ef the same. day,

CAT RIG RTC LE:

475

Mr. John Buck, an eminent grazier,
and father of the bridegroom, died
suddenly, while the marriage was
celebrating at his house.

6th. Thomas Halliday, esq. of
Wimpole-street, to Maria-Margaret,
second daughter of the rev. James
Morrice, of Flower, co, Northamp-
ton, and of Betshanger, Kent.

Rev. William Castell, vicar of
Brook, and reétor of ‘Threxton,
Norfolk, to Miss Dennis, of Col-
chester.

8th. Geo. Gordon, esq. to Miss
Elmslie, daughter of John E. esq. of
Berners-street.

Mr. Kennet Dixon, of Angel-
court, Throgmorton-street, to Jane,
eldest daughter of Dr. Dennisou, of
Broad street-buildings.

lith. At Wakefield, co. York,
Daniel Gaskell, esq, to Miss Hey.
wood, daughter of Benjamin H. esq.
of Stanley-hall, near Wakefield.

At Bristol, rear-admiral Sotheby,
to lady Mary-Anne Bourke, daugh.- |
ter of the late earl of Mayo.

At Kirkby-Fleatham, co. York,
Thomas Robson, esq. of Holtby-
house, in the parish of Hornby, to
Catherine, second daughter of sir
William Young, bart.

13th. At Rothwell, near Leeds,
Jn. Newbery, esq. lieut.-col. of the
Sussex militia, to Miss Cleaver,
daughter of the rev. Dr. ‘C. rector
of Malton, co. York,

15th. AtSt. Mary-Ja-Bonne, ‘capt.
Bates, of the 2d regiment of life-
guards, to Harriet, youngest daugh-
ter of thelate William-Edward Smith,
esq. of the treasury.

17th. John St. Barbe, esq. to.
Miss Thomas, both of Winchmore.
bill.

Frederick Bevan, esq. to Miss
Buxton, eldest daughter of sirRobert
B, bart,

20th. At

7

276

20th. At Dublin, by special li-
cence, by the bishop of Kildare,
Dugald Campbell, esq. private se-
cretary to his excellency the earl of
Hardwicke, to Miss Kingsley.

William Dyke, esq. of °Wood-
borough, Wilts, to Hannah, youngest
daughter of J. Richards, esq. of

. Newbury, Berks.

Lately, at Ratisbon,' M. de
Fenclon, a descendant of the cele-
brated archbishop of Cambray, to
Miss Von Reinach, canoness of the
former temporal abbey of Heider-
munster.

At Chiswick, Henry Hobhouse,
esq. of Hadspen-house, co.Somerset,
to Harriet, sixth daughter of John
Turton, esq. of Turnham-green,
Middlesex.

Peter Daly, esq. of Lime-park, in

Treland, to MissMac Evoy, of Baker-
street, Portman-square.
- 26th. At Bath, Walter Wilkins,
jun. esq. of Marslough, co. Radnor,
onlyson of W. W. esq. M. P. for
that county, to the hon. Catherine-
Eliza-Marianna Devereux, fourth
daughter of the late, and sister of
the present, viscount Hereford.

Rev. Dr. Clarke, of Jesus col-

lege, Cambridge, to Angelica, second
daughter of sir William Rush, of Pall
Mall.
. 27th. By special licence, Stephen
Tottenham Cassan, csq. of Wexford,
to lady Lucy-Anna-Maria Hall, re-
liét of the late Clotworthy H. esq.
of the same place.

At Liverpool, the rev. Jos. M.
Dickyn, B. A. of Dodleston, co.
Chester, to Miss Haliday, daughter
of J. H. esq. of Rose-place.

Rey. Herbert Randolph, rector
of Lercomb-Basset, Berks, and vicar
of Chute, Wilts, to Jane, youngest
daughter of the late Benj: Wilson,
esq. of Great Russel-strect.

-
‘

7 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

29th. C. Magnay, esq. of Clap- —
ham, Surrey, to Miss Harriet Bur-
don,

Lieut.-col. Thomas Powell, of
Clifford, co. Hereford, to Mrs. Dew,
of Whitney-court, in the same
county. ety

April 1st. John Sympson Jessopp
esq. of the Inner Temple, and of ©
Waltham Abbey, Essex, barrister at
law, to Miss. Eliza Bridger Good-
rick, daughter of the late Bridger
G. esq. of Bermuda.

2d. Capt. Thomas Prowse, R. N.
to Miss Mudge, of Devonshire.

5th. At Westbury, the Rev. Jas.
Eyre, ~son of the late Dr. E. of
Whyly, to Penelope, third daugh-
ter of the late Thomas Hele Phipps, ©
esq. of Leighton-house, Wilts.

7th. In Harley-street, Cavendish ©
square, by special licence, Samuet
Peach, esq. of Wadden, co. Glou-
cester, to Amelia, second daughter
of the late James Baillie, esq. of
Ealing-grove, Middlesex, M. P. for —
Horsham, Sussex.

Rev. B. F. Fowler, reétor of As-
terby, co. Linc. to Miss Mary Alli-
son, of Louth.

At Cambridge, Mr. John Mar-
shall, university library-keeper, to
Miss Baldrey.

8th.. George Henry Crutchley,
esq. of Sunning-hill-park, Berks, to
Miss Burrell, daughter of the late
sir William B. bart. |

At Fulford, near York, William —
Wotton Abney, esq. captain in the

royal horse-guards, blue, to Miss

Richardson.
Oth. Charles Watkin Williams ©
Wynn, esq. M. P. to the eldest
daughter of sir Foster Cunliffe,

bart. of A&ton-park, co. Denbigh.
Lately, at York, capt. Samson,
son of the late Dr. S. of Beverley,
and captain in the 3d West York
militia,

CHRONICLE

militia, to Miss Anne Story, of Bi-
shop-Wearmouth. ;

’ At Pontefract, the rev. J. Pym
Williamson, of Guisborough, to Miss
F. Taylor,

At Branton, near Scarbérough,
Richard Smailes, esq. of Troutsdale,
captain in the Pickering Lythe vo-
lunteers, to Miss Elizabeth Beal, of
Birdsall.

Joseph Cornthwaite, esq. of Sion
college, to Agnes, second daughter
of the rev. Edward Wellaston, rector
of Balsham, Cambridgeshire.

Oth. Rev. Thomas Newcome, rector
of Shenley, Herts, to Miss Charlotte
Winter, third daughter of Thomas
Bradbury, W. esq. of Shenley-hill.

10th. Ralph Bernal, esq. of Fitz-
roy-square, to Anne-Klizabeth,

only daughter of Richard-Samuel

White, esq. of New Ormond-street,
Queen-square.

At Sherborne castle, - Dorset,
"ee Bariatinsky to the hon. Miss

utton, daughter of lord Sher.
borne,

‘Thomas Amyot, esq. private se>
cretary to the right hon. William
Windham, to Miss Colman, daugh-
ter of Mr. C. surgeon, of Norwich.

1ith. At St. George’s, Hanover
Square, sir Stephen-Richard Glynnes
bart. of Hawarden castle, in Flint-
Shire, to the hon. Miss Mary
Neville, second datghter of lord
Braybrook.
14th. By special licence, at Laura
Chapel, bath, Wm. Fauquier, esq.
of Heath-hall, co. York, to Mar-
giret, seventh daughter of the late
Ju. Fisher, esq. of Malshanger,
Hants.
16th., By special licence, by the
| bishop of Cork, at the house of the
| archbishop of Tuam, Thomas Hope,
esq. of Duchess-street, to Miss

477

Lousia Beresford, youngest daughter
of his grace. ©

At Lincolu, John Plomer Clarke,
esq. of Welton-place, co. Nor-
thamptou, to Anna-Maria-Char-
lotte, eldest daughter of the laté
sir John, and sister to sir Henry
Nelthorpe, barts. of Scawby, co.
Lincoln.

17th. Capt. Henry Digby, R. N;
first cousin to the éarl of Digby, to
viscountess Andover, widow of the
late lord viscount A. and daughter
of Thomas Coke, esq. M. P. for.thée
county of Norfolk.

At Clifton, near Bristol, Louis.
Charles-Peter Bonaventure, Comte
de Mesnard, knight of the order of
Malta, and of New Qiuebec-street,
Portman-square, to Miss Blundell,
of Clifton.

18th. Claude-George Thornton,
esq. of Austin-friers, to Frances-
Anne, second daughter of Samuel
Smith, esq.of Wood-hall-park Herts,
M. P. for Leicester.

19th. At Portsmouth, lieut. Wil-
son, town adjutant of Portsmouth
garrison, to the only daughter of
capt. Hebburn, of the royal veteran
battalion.

20th. Sir Arthur Wellesley, K.B.
to Miss Pakenham, niece of admi
ral P;

22d. At Hatfield Broad Oak,
James Hamerton, esq. eldest son of
James H. esq. of Hellifield Peel, co.
York, to Miss Chamberlayne,
daughter of Stanes C, esq. of Ryes,
Essex.

At Scopswick, co. Lincoln, Mr.
H. Whyers, of Wigtoft, grocer, to
Miss Anne Nelson, of Scopswick,
niece of lord N.

23d. At Harnford, Hants, the
seat of the earl of Clanricarde,
Henury-Joseph Tichborne, esq. eldest

son .

475

son of sir Henry TI. bart. to Miss
Burke, daughter of sir Thomas B.
bart. of the county of Galway in
Ireland, and sister to the countess of
Clanricarde.

24th. At St. George’s Hanover-
square, George Browne, esq. to
Janc, youngest daughter of the late
colonel Cony, of Walpole, co. Nor-
folk.

At Guilsficld, co. Montgomery,
Richard }ill, esq. son of the rev.
Robert H. of Hough, in Cheshire,
to the eldest datghter of the late
Richard Mytton, esq. barrister at
law, of Chester.

William Whiston, esq. of Pishtofl-
hall, co. Lincoln, to the youngest
daughter of the late major Hart, of
Woodstone, Hunts.

John Drummond, esq. banker,
Charing-cross, to Miss Barbara
Chester, daughter of the late Charles
C. esq. of Chicheley, Bucks, one
ef her majesty’s maids of ho-
nour.

25th, John Abernethie, esq. of
Cumberland-street, to Miss Susan
Harris, daughter of the late Richard
H. esq. of Sandown-house, Hsher,
Surrey.

a6th. John Coke, esq. of Wood-
house villa, Notts, to Miss Wilmot,
of Spondon, co. Derby.

asth. At Huddersfield, co. York.
Mr. Godfrey Macklethwaite, aged
$4, to Mrs. Anne Booth, aged 80.

29th, At Torrie-house, in Scot-
land, Jas. Moray, jun. esq. to Miss
Erskine, daughter of the late and

_sister of the present sir William KE.
bart. of Torrie.

At Beaminster, the rev. George
Feaver, to Miss Adney, of Brimley,
co. Dorset.

30th. Stephen Morgan, esq. mer-
chant, of Archangel, to Miss Ban-
nister, daughter of John B. esq. of

' 2

ANNUALSRE

GISTER, 1806.

Gower-street, Bedford-square, the
celebrated comedian. is

May 1st. At Bath, Benjamin Lin-
thorne, esq. to lady Lester, relict of
sir John L. é

At Mount Juliet, the seat of the
earl of Carrick, by special licence,
Francis Savage, esq. M.P. for the
county of Down, to lady Harriet
Butler, third daughter of the earl of
Carrick.

ad. At Mary-la-Bonne church,
lord Robert Seymour, to the hon.
Miss Chetwynd, sister to lord vis-
count C, Se i
- 6th. George Green, esq. of Black-
wall, to Miss Unwin, of Bromley.

gth. At the house of lord Henry
Fitzgerald, in Stratford - place,
Charles Lord Kinnaird, to the lady
Cecilia-Olivia Fitzgerald, fifth daugh-
ter of the late duke of Leinster.

At Mary-la-Bonne church, Wil-
Joughby .Cotton, esq- captain in the
3d regiment of foot-guards, to the
hon. Augusta-Margaret Coventry,
daughter of lord viscount Deer-
hurst.

At Chesterfield, the French gene-
yal D’'Henin, to Miss Eleanor-Jane
Dickson.

1ith. At Stockport, Mr. James
Lomax, printer and bookseller, to
Miss Clarke, of Gatley-hall, near
Stockport.

12th. Francis Witham, esq. of
Gray’s-inn, to Mrs. Hatton, of Kast+
street, Red Lion-square.

At Canterbury, the rev. William
Payler, to Miss Maria Highmore,
daughter of the late John H. esq.
and grand-daughter of the late
Anthony H. esq. of Wincheap, near
Canterbury. :

Rev. Samuel Hart, vicar of Al-
ternon, Cornwall, to Miss A. Cory
of Holsworthy. 5 ;

At Wandsworth, co. Surrey

CH R.ON ICL E.

Siegmund Rucher, ‘esq. of Hunter-
street, Brunswick-square, to lucy,
youngest daughter of Henry Gard-

ner, esq. of Downe-lodge, Wands-
worth.

13th. At Camberwell, Surrey,
Wm. Curteis, jun. esq. to Miss
Hains, of Blackheath.

14th. William Colville, esq. of
Dublin, to Miss Eliza Farren, youn-
gest daughter of Charles F. esq. of
the same city.

15th. Charles Vardon, esq. of

’ Battersea-rise, Surrey, to Marian,
eldest daughter of the late Wm. Pat-
terson, esq. of Jamaica.

At Chester, Robert Foulkes
Currie, M. D. to Miss Ravenscorft,
daughter of the late Thomas High-
Jord R. esq. of Davenham, in Che-
shire.

17th. The hon. William Herbert,
son of the earl of Caernarvon, to

the hon. Letitia-limily-Dorothea

Allen, youngest daughter of lord
viscount A.
_ Byspecial licence, the honourable
and rey. Pierce Butler, third son of
the earl of Carrick, to Miss Maria
Sophia Vernon, third daughter of
John V. esq. of Clontarf castle,
county of Dublin.

19th. At Lambeth palace, by spe-
cial licence, the hon. Hugh Percy,
third son of the earl of Beverley, to
‘Miss Manners Sutton, eldest daugh-

ter of the archbishop of Canterbury.
- AtkinsEdwin Martin Atkins, esq.
of Kingston-Lisle, Berks, to Miss
Anne Cook, of Upper Wimpole-
street. ,

At St. Bride’s church, London,
Robert Rashdall, esq. of Boston,
county of Lincoln, to Miss Bonner,
of the same place.

. At Stamford, county of Lincoln,
‘the rey. Peter Geary, B. D. of New-

479
port, in the Isle of Wight, and fel.
low of ‘Trinity college, Oxford, to
Miss Judd, daughter of the late Sa-
muel J. esq, of St, Martin’s, Stam-
ford.

20th, At the earl of Chatham’s,
in Dover-strcet, Piccadilly, by spe-
cial liceuce, by the archbishop of
Cashel, lieutenant-colonel Pringle,
to Miss Eliot.

21st. At Great Dalby, county of
Leicester, Robert Hall, esq. of the
45th foot, to the only daughter of
Samuel Maltby, esq. of Shelton,
county of Nottingham.

22d. At Pancras church, the rer.
Willian Belton Champneys, son of
the vicar of that parish, to Miss
Martha Stable, of the Terrace, Ken-
tish ‘Town. ‘

James Caulfield, esq. of the county
of Tyrone, in Ireland, to the hon,
Harriet Crofton, daughter of baro-
ness Crofton.

At Mersham, Kent, the reverend
Charles Hughes, of Barham, to the
eldtst daughter of sir Edward
Knatchbull, bart.

24th. Ralph Bigland, esq. Nor-
roy King of Arms, to Miss Lorimer,
eldest daughter of Mr. L. of Eye,
Suffolk.

Lately, at Gibraltar, lieutenant
Buchanan, of the Royal Engineers,
son of the reverend Dr. B. of Wood-
mansterne, Surrey, to Miss Harriet
Smith, daughter of general. Smith,
commamling the Royal Artillery
there.

24th. By special license, at Clon-
tarf church, Bertram Mitford, esq.
youngest son of William Mitford,
esq. of Exbury, county of South-
ampton, and nephew to lord Redes.
dale, to Frances, second daughter
of John Vernon, esq. of Clontarf-
castle, county of Dublin.
27th,

ANNUAL R

27th. George Armstrong, esq. of
the 50th foot, to Miss Maria Swym-
mer, daughter of the late W.5. esq.
ef Rowberrow-house, county of
Somerset.

29th. At Gloucester; Mr. Jabet,
banker, of Birmingham, to Miss
Bridgens.

Trine. << Att Chelsea, the sevenand
Thomas Pearson, B. D. viear of
Sparsbolt, county of Berks, to Mrs.
Hyde, of Sloane-street.

2d. Henry Mitturne, esq. of St.
James’s-street, to Miss Honora
Calmady Richardson, daughter of
John R. esq. of Bridge- end, county
of Glamorgan.

Mr. Kirkby, of Horncastle, coun-
ty of Lincoln, druggist, to Miss
Thomasin Beaumant, daughter of
the late rev. Thomas B. rector of
Raithby, near Spilsby, and one of
three sisters born at one birth.

3d. Lieutenant-colonel Birch, as-
sistant quarter-master general, to
Ethelred Anne, eldest daughter of
J. Reynardson esq. of Holywell,
county of Lincoln.

5th. At Hackney, John Dun-
ston, esq. of Old Broad-street, to
the eldest daughter of Thomas War-
burton, esq.

Rev. Thomas Jones, of Peter-
house, Cambridge, to Miss ‘Tennant,
daughter of the reverend C.T. of
Samson’s-hall, Suffolk.

Henry Hartoid, of Cavendiskh-
strect, to Miss isther Rycroft, sis-
ter of sir Nelson R. bart. of Farn-
ham, Surrey.

At Mary-le-bone church, lieut,
colonel Rudsdell, lieutenant-gover-
nor of Sheerness, to Mrs. Biscoe, of
Limpsfield, Surrey.

10th, At St. George’s Hanover-
square, Osborne Markham, esq.
son of the archbishop of York, to

3

480

EGISTER, 1806."

lady Mary Thynne, sister of the
marquis of Bath.

At Mary-le-bonne church, Charles
Cunningham, esq. son of git Wile
liam C. bart. of, Robertland, to
Frances, youngest daughter of the
late sir John Call, bart. of White-
ford. AR

Rev. John Headlam, rector of
Wycliffe, to Maria, youngest daugh-
ter of the rev. Thomas Wilson,
Morley, of Eastby house, county
of Lincoln.

1ith. At Streatham, Surrey, W.

S. Burnett, esq. merchant, to Miss
Hicktug. ‘daughter of Thomas H.
esq. of the island of St. Michael.,

At Edinburgh, Lord Rollo, to
Miss Agnes Grieg, daughter of —
G. esq. of Gayfield- place.

12th. Major Thomas Weston, of ©
the late 14th garrison battalion, to
Miss Cooksedge, of Downing-street,
Westminster. -

14th. At Long Melford, Suffolk,
John Middleton, esq. nephew to
sir W.M. bart. of Crowfield, to
Miss Mary Burroughs, of Elmore,
house, county of Herts. ‘

16th. William Fisher Hulse, esq.
of Cossington, major of the Leices-
tershire militia, to Miss Dora Alex-
ander Cricket, one of the daughters
of the late Charles Alexander C.
esq. of Smith’s-hall, Essex, M- P.

At Aston, Shirley Perkins, esq.
of Sutton Coldfield, county of War-
wick, barrister atdaved to Mrs, Wal-
ker, widow of the late _capt. W.
and eldest daughter of Charles
Sharpe, esq. of Hoddam-castle,
Dumfrieshire.

Rew W. C. Cruttenden, of Bury,
to Theophila, second daughter of
the rev. Edward Mills, lecturer, of
St. James’s, Bury, and prebendary
of Lincoln, |

17th

CHRONIC LE.

17th, AtSt. Nicholas Cole Abbey,
Fish-street, Mr. Nicholas Charring-
ton, of Mile End, to Miss Nicholls,
daughter of John N. esq. of Warn-
ham, Sussex.

At St. Martin’s in the Field’s,
Viscount Fitzharris, eldest-son of
the Earl of Malmesbury, to the ho-
nourable Miss Dashwood, niece to
the earl of Effingham.

Colonel Arthur Vansittart, of

Shottesbrooke, Berks, M. P. for
Windsor, to the honourable Miss
Caroline Eden, 4th daughter of lord
Auckland;
_ Thomas Greenwood, jun. esq. of
Kentish Town, to Miss Munden,
daughter of Mr. M. of Covent-gar+
den theatre.

18th. Rev. James Blenkarne, M.
A. vicar of St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate,
to Miss K. S, L’Heureux, of West-
ham, Essex.

19th, Sir W. Pratt Call, bart. of
Whiteford-house, county of Corn-
wall, to lady Louisa Forbes, sister
of the earl of Granard.

John Richard King, esq. of the
Navy-office, to Martha, youngest
daughter of Vincent Litchfield, esq.
of the Council- office.

Mr. Smith, of the Liverpool thea.
tre, to Miss Stevens, of Park-street,
late of Drury-lane theatre.

_ At Bath, lord W. Stuart, son of
the marquis of Bute, to the ho-
nourable Georgina Maude, sister of
viscount Hawarden.

21st. Prince Christian Frederick,
of Denmark, to the princess Char-
lotte, danghter of the reigning duke
of Mechlenburg.

Joseph White, esq. late solici-
tor to the treasury, to the eldest
daughter of the late William Cham-
berlayne, esq. formerly of the
treasury, and one of the commission-
ers for auditing the public accounts.

Vou, XLVIIT,

’

491

Rev. Henry Barry Domville, to
Miss Russel, daughter of William
R. esq. of Powick, county of Wor-
cester.

23d. At the earl of Carlisle’s
house, in Grosvyenor-place, by spe-
cial license, William Sloane, esq. son
of col. S: of Harley-street, to lady
Gertrude Howard, daughter of the
édrl of Carlisle.

At St. George’s, Hanover-square,
Thomas Parry, esq. to Mrs. Bering-
ton, widow of William B. esq. of
Moat-hall, county of Salop.

24th. At Hampstead, Robert
Smith, esq. of Aylesbury, Bucks,
to Mary Susannah, second daughter
of sir James Watson, kunt. late one
of the judges of the supreme court
of judicature at Bengal.

John Goodeve, esq. banker of
Gosport, to Miss Hurry, of Yar-
mouth.

25th. At St. Mary-la-Bonne
church, the rev. George Augustus
Lamb, son of T. P. L. esq. of
Mountsfield-lodge, Rye, Sussex, to
Miss Julia Louisa Bancroft, daugh-
ter of Dr. B. of Margaret-street, Ca-
yendish-square.

26th. At St. George’s, Hanover-
square, C. G. Mundy, esq. second
son of F.R.C. M. esq. of Mark-
eaton, county of Derby, to the
only daughter of C. 8. Massingberd,
esq. of Orinsby, county of Lincola.

At the chapel of Bromley-palace,
Kent, by the bishop of Rochester,
and by special license, Andrew
Wedderburn, esq. of Upper Gros-
venor-street, to the honourable
Louisa I den, fifth daughter of lord
Auckland.

27th.. At Kesgrave, colonel Tho-
mas Pogson, of Kesgrave house, to
Miss Emily Myers, of Woodbridge,
Suffolk.

29th. At Westbourn, Sussex, the

li rev.

482

rey. Thomas De Lacy, M. A. arch-
deacon of Meath, to Miss Moutray,
daughter of the late John M., esq.
commissioner of the navy.

30th. Mr. Postle Jackson, of Ips-
wich, to Miss Burcham, of the same
place.

Lately, at Dublin, by special li-
cence, W. Marriot, esq, to Mary
Anne, eldest daughter of Art.
Keene, esq. of Chariemont-street.

At:St.. James’s, Piccadilly, capt.
“Egan, of the Royal Artillery, to
Miss Blaquiere, daughter of the late
col. James B. and niece of lord B.

July 1st. At St. Mary-la-Bonne
church, and on the same day,
by special licence, at the Roman
eatholic chapel, in King-street,
Portman-square, by the bishop of
‘Nantes, Armand Comte de Barde,
to Mademoiseile Adela de St. Her-
mine, youngest daughter of the
marquis de St. H. and niece to the
duke de Polignac.

‘a At St. George’s, Bloomsbury,
Mr. Kemble, of Covent-garden
peltisg to Miss De Canip, of Drury-
lane theatre.

At Alresford, the seat of lord
Spencer, Chichester, by special Ji-
cence, and by the honourable and
reverend Charles Stewart, the hon.
colonel William Bligh, brother. to
the earl of Darnley, to lady Sophia
Stewart, daughter of the earl of
(Galloway.

3d. At the house of the marquis
of Wellesley, Nyde-park-corner,
William Abdy, esq. to the eldest
daughter of the ma ais.

5th. William Wadd, esq. of
Clifford-street, to. Miss Mackenzie,
only daughter of John M. esq. of
Upper Guildford-street.-

Rev. Athanasius Laffer, to Miss
Jenkins daughter of Alderman J. of
Exeter.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Lately D. Oliphant, esq. second
in council at Prjnce of Wales’s
Island, to Miss Wedderburne,
daughter of sir David Wedder.
burne, and sister to the lady of Phi-
lip Dundas, esq. the governor.

At Dublin, Nathaniel Sneyd,
esq. M. P. for the county of Cavan,
to Miss Anne Burgh, daughter of .
‘Thomas B. esq. commissioner of his
majesty’s revenue.

At Lochend, in Scotland, lieut.
colonel Dalrymple, of the 10th foot,
to the only daughter of the late sir
P. Warrender, bart. of Lochend,

Benjamin Cooke Griffinhoofe,
esq. of Gray’s-inn, to Miss Sax, of
Hackney.

7th. At Clayworth, Notts, capt,
George Acklam, R. N, to Miss
Acklom, of Wiseton.

Henry Dunster, esq: of South-
wark and the Inner Temple, solici-
tor, to Mary, second daughter of
John Evans, esq. of Hertford.

At Hardingstone, county of Nor-
thamton, Mr. Henry Hughes, of
Northampton, solicitor, to Miss A.
Smyth, youngest daughter of the
rev. Edmund Smyth, late of Great
Linford, Bucks, clerk, deceased,

8th. At the house of lord Dandas,
in Arlington-street, viscount Milton,
only son of carl Fitzwilliam, to the
hon. Miss Dundas, eng of lord
Dundas.

Capt Dalbiac, of the 4th (or
Queen’s own) regiment of dragoons,
to Kleanor, youngest daughter of |

the late Henry Shelley, esq. of |

Lewes, Sussex. }
Benjamin Edward Hill, esq- to |
Miss Braithwaite, daughter of Ri- |
chard B..esq. admiral of the white.
11th. Mr, John Bleadon, of Ba- |
singhall-street, to Migs Mead, of the
Old Jewry.
12th. At Bedlington, Satie li
2 Thomas |

CH B:O,N 1 C L E:,

Thomas Read Kemp, esq. to Miss
' Baring, daughter of Sir Francis B.
bart. of Stratton-park, Hants.

Capt. Macgregor, of the 88th foot,
to Miss Parry Jones, daughter of
Thomas Parry J. 2sq. ahd alain,
county of Carnarvon.

14th. William. Dent, junior; esq.
of Thirsk, county of York, to Miss
Dent, daughter of William D, esq.
of Brickendonbury, Herts.

15th. At, St. George’s Hanover-
square, the rev. John Briggs, rector
of Little Burstead, Essex, and late
fellow of king’s college, Cambridge,
to Miss Isabella. Ekins, second
daughter of theate dean of Carlisle.

At Mary-le-Bonne ;church, the
rev. Robert Stevens, to Miss Mason.

At Stroud, county of Gloucester,
J. Hillhouse Wilcox, esq. one of the
sherifis of Bristol, to Miss Margaret
Wathen, daughter of sir Samuel W.
of Stratford-house, in the same
county.

1Gth- Mr. Mackinlay, bookseller
in the Strand, to Miss M. Oates, of
Tottenham.

At Southampton, John Baillie,
esq. of Sherwood park, to Anne,
youngest daughter of the late R.
Wilson, esq. of the island of St.
Christopher..

Benjamin Bromhead, esq. eldest
son of colonel B. of Lincoln, to Miss

‘Hunt, of Pall Mall.

17th. The honourable William
Henry Hare, son of lord Ennismore,
to the only daughter of Isaac Bough,
esq. of Upper Wimpole-street. °

At Merton, Surrey, Robert
Christie, esq. of Mark-lane, to Miss
A. Newton, daughter of J. N. esq.
of Merton abbey.

At Hendon, Middlesex, lieutenant
colonel P. Carey, of the 28th foot,

_to the eldest daughter of the late
lieutenant-general Hewett. ,

dest daughter of the rey.
‘Welton, vicar of Sandridge.

483

19th. At Lewisham, Kent, MF.
Hommey, esq: of Charlton, to Miss

Henry, of Sydenham, daughter of

the late David H. esq.

_ 20th. At Northfleet, Kent, Wm.
Ritchie, esg. of Deptford, to Miss
Sarah Pitcher, daughter of ‘Thomas
P. esq: of Northfleet.

22d. At St, George’s, Hanover-
square, by the honourable and sev.
G. Wellesley, the honourable Mr.
Bagot, brother of lord B, to. Miss
Pole, daughter to the hon, VW. P. of
Berkeley-square,—Also at the same
time and church, Robert Campbell,
esq. of Scotland, to Miss Harriet
Wynne, of George-street, Hanoyer-
square.

By special licence, by the hishep
of London, at his Lordship’s chapel,
at Fulham, the right hou. Nicholas
Vansittart, secretary of the treasury,
to the hon, Catharine Eden, second
daughter of lord Auckland.

At Sandridge, near St. Alban’s,
Mr. Joseph.Maddox, an, emipent
wire-worker in Crooked-lane, Lon-
don, to Miss Elizabeth Welton, el-
Robert

Henry Plunkett, esq. of the 50th
foot, to Miss Newcombe, of Strat-
ton, county of Gloucester.

Rev. Thomas Bowdler, M. A. to
Pheebe, second daughter of Joseph
Cotton, esq. one of the directors of
the East India Company. ~

Rev. J. D. Haslewood, to. Miss
Dixon, daughter of the late Marcus
D. esq. of Barwell-court, near King-
ston.

Philip Mayow, esq. of Gray’s

_ Inn, to Miss Elizabeth Deane, of

Devonshire-street.

93d. At Burgh castle, Suffolk,
Admiral M‘Dougall, to the only
daughter of Richard Wright, esq. of
Harling-hall, Norfolk.

riz At

484

At Lambeth, colonel Thornton,
late of Thornville Royal, county of
York, to Miss EF. Causton, of Mun-
den, Essex.

24th, At St. George’s, Hanover.
square, the honourable Henry
Brand, to Miss Pyne Crosbie, daugh-
ter of the honourable and reverend
dean C. and niece to the late earl of
Glandore.

George Hamilton, esq. of Dublin,
to Miss Newman, daughter of John
N. esq. of Skinner-street, London.

27th. At Hackney, James Lud-
lam, esq. of Homerton, to Miss
Lyley, of Noble-street.

28th. At Devonshire-house, by
special licence, lord Ossulstone, son
of the earl of Tankerville, to Made-
moiselle De Gramont, daughter of
the duke De G. and grand daughter
of the duke de Polignac.

Dr. Yelloly, of Finsbury-square,
to the only daughter of the late Sa-
muel Tyssen, esy. of Narborough,
Norfolk.

At Farringdon, Thomas Good-
lake, esq. of Letcombe, to the only
daughter of W. Yarnton Mills, esq.
of Wadley-house, Berks.

Lord Walpole, to Mrs. Chamber-
layne, of Sackville-street.

At St. George’s church, Dublis,
by special licence, lord viscount
Monck, to the lady Francis Trench,
fifth daughter of the late earl of
Cloncarty.

30th. Rev. H. Davis, vicar of Se-
merton, to Miss Anna ‘Barrett, of
Charlton Adam, county of Somer-
set.

3ist. R.B. Pollard, B. A. of Ca-
dogan-place, Sloane-street, to Miss
Frances Crispe, of Snodland, Kent.

Rev. Charles Gardner, D. D. rec-
tor of Sutton, Surrey, to Miss
Swayne, of Dorking.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

At Camberwell, William Loftus,
esq. captain in the 16th foot, to Miss
Macqueen, of Wyndham-place,
Surrey.

At Hereford. the rev. Dr. Mor-
gan, canon-residentiary, to Miss
Underwood, daughter of the rev.
Mr. U. of Hereford.

At Fdinburgh, lord Elphinstone,
to lady Carmichael. »

At Cholsey, Berks, W. Butler,
esq. sole heir of W. B. esq. of Ash-
bury, Berks, to Miss Bacon, of
Henley.

At Glasgow, Dr. James Sanders,
president of the Royal Edinburgh
medical society, to Miss Hardie,
daughter of Henry H. esq. merchant,
of Glasgow. ;

At Southwell church, William
Smith, esq. to Miss Pigot, daughter
of the late rev. J.P. of Eperstone,
Notts.

At Plymouth, admiral Boger, to
Mrs. Drake, widow.

Mr. Bush, grocer, of Little Buck-
ingham, to Miss Jones, sister of the
rev. Mr. J. of South Brickhill.

Aug. 1st. At Dunglass, in Scot-
land, sir James Montgomery, bart.
to lady Elizabeth Douglas, daughter
of the late earl of Selkirk.

At Haverfordwest, in South
Wales, George Silk, esq. of Doc-
tor’s Commons, to Mary, youngest
daughter of the late Joseph Fortune,
esq. of the former place.

At Coleorton, county of Leices-
W. W. Bailey, esq. captain of the
Coleorton volunteer infantry, to
Miss Mary Hibertson, of Dunmore-
hall, Essex.

Mr. Yonge, gentleman commoner
of Oxford, to the eldest daughter of -
Edward Newport, esq: of Keyford- _
house, Somerset.

5th. At Halifax, Henry Ingram,
esque

|
|

~

CHRONIC LE.

esq. to Miss Anne Moore, of
Brockwell, :

7th. R. B. Dean, esq. of Lin-
coln’s-inn, to Miss S. Owen, daugh-
ter of the late Mostyn Owen, esq.
of Woodhouse, Salop.

At Wooton-Wawen, county of

“Warwick, the rev. M.'T. Becher,

head-master of the royal grammar-
school, at Bury, to Mrs. Scott.

9th. William Balston, esq. of
Maidstone, in Kent, to Miss Val-
lance, daughter of Thomas V. esq.
of Cheapside.

Mr. Patman, bricklayer, to Mrs.
Jones, both of Enfield.

At Kilham, county of York, Mr.
William Cranswick, to Miss Jane
Setterington, youngest daughter of
Mr. Anthony S.

11th. At Lambeth-palace, by the
archbishop of Canterbury, the hon.
Charles Anderson Pelham, son of
lord Yarborough, to Miss Simpson,
daughter of the honourable John
Bridgeman S.

AtStroud, county of Gloucester,
Isaac Dighton, esq. of Bristol, to
Miss Wathen, daughter of sir Sa-
muel W, of Stratford-house, in the
same county.

12th. Rey. Pinkstan Arundel
French, rector of Odcombe, county
of Somerset, to Miss Smith, of Sy-
denham,

At Sodbury, the rev. Thomas
Brooke, vicar of Mangotsfield, to
Miss Isabella Frances Brooke,
daughter of the late H. F. B. esq.

13th. Arnold Wainewright, esq.
to Louisa, second daughter of John
Crooke, esg. of Kempshot park,
Hants.

14th. At Mitcham, Surrey, ——
Brandon, esq. to Miss de Symmonds,
daughter of de S. esq. and niece
te the Messieurs Goldsmid.

Rey. G. Malcolm, of Trinity

485

college, Cambridge, to Miss Helen
Little of South-street, Finsbury.
square.

16th. Ralph Clarke, esq. of
Hauxley, county of Northumber-
land, to Miss Mount, of Merton,
county of Surrey.

17th, At Boyle farm, near King:
ston, Surrey, lord Foley, to lady
Cecilia Fitzgerald.

18th. At Edgeware, Richard
Brown, esq. of Lower Tooting,
Surrey, to Miss Williams, daughter
of John W. esq. commissioner of
his majesty’s customs.

19th. At her grace’s house, in
Portman-square, John Manners,
esq. M.P. for Ilchester, and second
son of the right honourable Lady
Louisa Mannérs, to her grace the
duchess of Roxburgh.

At All Saints, Newcastle-upon
Tyne, Mr. Ibbetson, eldest son of
the rev. Adam I, vicar of Garton, to
Miss Manners, sister of the rev.
Moses M. and youngest daughter of
the late Mr. Edward M.

‘At Gormanstown, in Ireland,
Richard Caddell, esq. of Harbours
town, county of Meath, to the hon.
Miss Southwell, daughter of the late
viscount S,

2ist. Mr. Robert Fearnley, of
Leeds, attorney, to Miss Milner,
daughter of the rev. James M. of
Hunslet.

At Pitsford, county of Northamp-
ton, Richard Clarke, esq. of the 3d
or prince of Wales’s dragoon guards,
to Philippa, only daughter and
heiress of the late rev. G. Tymms,
of Dallington, near Northampton.

At Hampstead, John Armitage
Brown, esq. to Miss Jane E. Mavor.

23d. At Easingwold, lieutenant
W. Ogilby Fraser, R. N. and bro-
ther to the titular lord Lovat, to
Miss Preston.

lis 25th

486

25th, At: Simpson, Bucks, W~
Lowndes, esq. of Whaddon-hall,
in the same county, to Miss Han-
mer, daughter of the rev. Graham
H. of Simpson. '

' At Bentworth, Hants, the rev.
Francis Filmer, rector of Crundale,
Kent, son of sit Edward F. bart: to
Mary Anna, second daughter of the
late rev. Henry Jackson Close, rec-
tor of Bentworth.

At Meopham church, in Kent,
Edward Knatchbull, esq. eldest son
of sir Edward K. to Miss Honey-
wood, daughter of the late, and sis-
ter of the present sir John H,

26th. At Clifton, Richard Bent-
ley, esq. of Raymill cottage, Berks,
to Maria, youngest daughter of the
late, ahd sister of the present sir
James Hannam, bart. of Dean’s-
court, county of Dorset.

John Fisher Barker, esq. of Bir-
mingham, to Miss Watson; also W.
Lardner, esq. surgeon, of Birming-
ham, to Miss Margaretta Watson,
daughters of William W. esq. of
Borough Uigh-street, Southwark.

At East Stone-house, Devon,
Spelman Swaine, esq. captain in the
royal navy, to Sophia, eldest daugh-
ter of the late rev. Charles Le Grice,
of Bury, Suffolk.

27th. At Bath, James Protheroc,
esq. of Bristol, to Caroline, eldest
daughter of James Choppin, esq.
of the island of St. Vincent.

‘At Castle Huntley, in Perthsire,
lieutenant colonel Inglis, of the
Edinburgh militia, to Charlotte
Elizabeth, second daughter of the
late sir Philip Ainslie, of Pilton.

Robert Awsiter, esq. of Southall-
green, to Miss Crowther, daughter
of the rev. Mr. C, of Islington.

28th. At Exeter, Wintringham
Loscombe, esq. captain in the 18th,
os royal Irish regiment of foot, to

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Catherine, second datghter of Ro-
bert Russel, esq. of Exeter.

Rev. T. W. Cogan, vicar of Fast
Deane, Sussex, fo Miss S: Parker,
daughter of Henry P. esq. of Stoke
Newington.

At Hackney, Mr. John Austin, of
Cornhill, stockbroker, to Mrs.
Collier, widow of William C. esq, of
Stoke Newington.

At Canterbury, capt. Charles So-
ber, of the Ist dragoon guards, to
Mrs. Bytheca, reliét of the rev. G.
B, and daughter of Thomas Kemp,
esq. of Coneyborough, near Maid.
stone, Kent. _

$0th. Charles Fasset Burnett,
esq. of Vauxhall, to Miss Barons,
only daughter of Denham B. esq. 0
Clapham, Surrey- :

Sept. Ist. At St. George’s Hano-
ver-square, the hon. capt, Herbert,
son of the earl of Caernarvon, to
Miss Head.

Mr. Judson, writing-master, to
Miss Cawdron, “only daughter of
Mr. C. of Enficld, sheriff’s officer.

Rey. Francis Thomas Hammond,
rector of Wydford and South
Mimms, to Miss Maria Lovelage, of
Quideham, Norfolk.

2d. At St. Paul’s, Covent-garden,
the rev. Mr, Steward, to Miss Al-
derley.

3d. Rev. J.T. Wilgress, fellow of
Trinity college, Cambridge, to the
eldest daughter of William Scoones,
esq. of Tunbridge.

Ath, At Lennel-house, in Scotland,
the honourabte Gibert Elliot, eldest
son of lord Minto, to Mary, eldest
daughter of Patrick Brydone, esq.

Mr. Thomas Sharpe, of Fen-
church-strect,, to Frances, eldest
daughter of Joseph Sibley, esq.
of St. Alban’s.

5th. Rey. John Hole, rector of
Woolfordisworthy, and Broadwood

Kelly,

+ C HON TP. Cle

Kelly, Devon, to Sophia, second
daughter of the late Nathaniel
Brassey, esq.

6th. AtBath,P.Latouche,jun. esq.
to the hon. Miss C. Maude, daugh-
ter of the late lord Hawarden.

8th. At Melburn, county of
Derby, Henry Walker, esq. eldest
son of Joshua W. esq. of Clinton,
county of York, to the only daugh-
ter of Edward Abney, esq. of
King’s Newton, Derbyshire.

9th. Lord Marsham, to Miss Pitt.

10th. At St. Clement Danes, in
the Strand, Charles Pipon, esq. of
the East India Company’s service,
to Martha, third daughter of Sir

‘John Dumaresgq, of Jersey.

11th, Arthur Champernowne, esq.
of Darlington, Devon, to the eldest
daughter of the late Jn. Bullet, esq.
of Morval, Cornwall.

At Finedon, county of Nor-
thampton, the rey. Samuel Wood-
field Paul, to Charlotte, second
daughter of John English Dolben,
esq. and grand daughter of Sir W.
D. bart.

12th, er Sileby,.county of Lei-
cester, Overton, Dawson,
esq. son of ow, D. esq. of Islington,
Middlesex, to Miss Mariell, Paris,
daughter of Wm. P. esq. merchant,
of Sileby.

13th. Thomas Bowdler, esq. of
St. Boniface, in the Isle of Wight,
to Mrs. Trevenen, eldest daughter of
John Farquharson, esq, and widow
of capt. T. who was killed in the
moment of victory, while command-
ing a Russian ship of the line, ia
the battle with the Swedes, 1791.

14th. At the private chapel in
Winchester house, Chelsea, Wiiliam
Gosling, esq. of Roehampton, to
the hon. Charlotte De Grey, second
daughter of lord Walsingham. ’

487

15th. Mr. Daniel Crosthwaite,
of Keswick, son of the proprietor |
of the celebrated museum there,
to Miss Westray, of Hadley, Mid- -
dlesex.

16th, At Oulton, the rev, Samual
Pitman, M.A. to Miss Bell, sole
heiress of the late Coulson Bell, esq.
of Oulton-hall, Norfolk.

18th. ‘Thomas Savill, esq. jun. of
Coleman-street, to Miss Savill,
daughter of Wm. S. esq. of Batter-
sea-rise, Surrey. id

20th. At Oswestry, Salop, Ilenry
Brooke, esq. of the county of
Donegal, in Ireland, to the eldest
daughter of Mrs. Macartney Hume,
of Lissanoure castle, co. Antrim.

22d. At Margate, Thomas Kyn-
wood Bowyear, esq. major of the
Hereford militia, to Miss Le ade
of Canterbury.

23d. AtClaybrook, the rev, Geo,
Clarke, chaplain to the royal mili-
tary asylum at Chelsea, to the only
daughter of Thomas Dicey, esq. of
Claybrook- hall.

25th. At Westport-house, in Ire-
land, Jn. Cator, esq. of Beckenham.
place, Kent, to the eldest daughter
of Ross Mahon, esq. of Castlegar,

‘co. Galway, and niece to the mar-

quis of Sligo.

27th. Mr. John Cox, of Great
Queen-street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields,
to Jane, only daughter of Mr. Tho,
Axtell, of Pentonville.

30th. Mr. James Robinson, of
London, surgeon, son of the rev,
T. R. vicar of St. Mary’s, Leicester,
to Miss Chorley.

Oét. 1st. At Waltham abbey,
John-Hen. Elvington, esq. captain
in the 13th light dragoons, to the
only daughter, of James Reed, esq:
of Warlies park, Essex.
2d. At Kingston, Bek Mr.

li4 Rt.

*

438

Rt. Baldwin, of Lamb’s Cenduit-
street, to Maria, daughter of Henry
Baldwin, esq. of Kingston.

Mr. W. F. Chapman, of Dalby
terrace, to Miss Zeiltzke, of Pen-
tonville.

3d. At Rattery, sir Henry Carew,
bart. of Haccombe, to the only
daughter of Walter Palk, esq. of
“Marley, Devon,

4th. At Langford, J. Dawson,
esq. of the Ist royal Surrey militia,
to Miss Whitby, of Bath-Llampton-
house, Wilts.

6th. At Exmouth. co. Devon,
Cheselden Henson, esq. of Bainton-
house, co. Northampton, to the only
daughter of the rev. Leigh Hoskins
Masters, of Derbyshire, late rector
of Lympsfield, Surrey.

8th. Richard Teasdale, esq. of
the Inner Temple, to Mrs. De la
Chaumette, widow, daughter of the
late Rawson Aislabie, esq. of New
ington, Middlesex.

11th. By special licence, the rev.
George Moore, eldest son of the Jate
archbishop of Canterbury, to Miss
Harrict-Mary Bridges, youngest
daughter of the late sir Brooke B.
bart. of Goadnestone, Kent.

13th. At Freeland house, in
Perthshire, Wake Hore, esq. of
Harperstown, co. Wexford, Ire-
land, to the hon. Mary-Elizabeth-
Thornton Ruthven, daughter of the
Jate James Lord Ruthven.

14th. A. C. Macartney, esq. cap.
in the royal artillery, to Miss Wool-
let ; and Samuel Judd, esq. of Stam-
ford, to Miss Lousia-Anne Woollett;
daughters of the late Nicholas W.
esq. of Sittinghourn, Kent.

Mr. Walker, bookseller, to Mrs.
Sael, both of the Strand.

16th. Alexander Maitland, esq. of
King’s-arms-yard, Coleman-strect,

A

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

tq the eldest daughter of Charles
Gordon, esq. of Gower-street.
18th. John Kettle, esq. of Over
Seile, co. Leicester, to “iiss Mac-
kenzie, daughter of the late captain
George M. of the 66th foot.

Stanley Stokes, esq. af Dactor’s
Commons, to Miss Manton, of
Dover-street. ;

20th. Archibald Gloster, esq. his
majesty’s attorney-general for the
island of Trinidad, to Miss Thomp.
son, of Lower Tooting, Surrey

23d. At Chatham, capt. J. M.
Jones, of the royal Denbigh militia,
to the eldest daughter of colonel
D’ Arcy, of the royal engineers.

24th. Mr. P. builivant, solicitor,
of Grantham, to Miss Anne Hussey
Coles.

25th. John-Charles Purling, esq.
to the second daughter of Nathaniel
Middleton, esq. of Townhill, near
Southampton.

At Chatham, Kent, Thomas Wa-
therston, esq. surgeon in the royal
navy, to Miss Anna Bryant, daugh-
ter of the late rev. George B. re¢ctor

of Wootton - Courney, co. So-
merset.
26th. At Godalming, Surrey,

John Allen, esq. of Sunbury, to
lady Frances Turnour., daughter of
the late earl of Winterton.—Also, a
short time since, at the same place,
F. Remington, M. D. of Guildford,
to lady Anne Brown, relict of George
Gordon B. esq. of the royal navy,
and eldest daughter of the late earl
of Winterton.

28th. Richard Frankland, esq. of
Ashgrove, co. Cork, to Miss God.
frey, daughter of sir Wm. G. bart.
of Bushfield, co. Kerry.

At Braceborough, therev. Thomas
Toller Hurst, M. A, rector of Carl.
by, and Braceborough, to Miss

Smith,

CHRONICLE.

Smith, daughter of Mr, Wm. S.
draper, of Stamford, co. Lincoln.
At Ashby St. Leger’s, the rev.
J.Wilson, of Welton-house, co.Nor-
thampton, to Miss Kelsick.

30th. Rey. Francis Pelly, reétor.

of Siston, co. Gloucester, to the
only daughter of George Anson
Nutt, esq. of Birmingham.

Nov. 1st. Mr. Kerby, bookseller,
of Stafford-street, to the only daugh-
ter of the late James Billing, esq. of
Battersea, Surrey.

William Rawson, jun. esq. of
Mill-house, co. York, to the only
daughter of the late John Priestly,
esq. of Thorpe, near Halifax,—Also,
John Rawson, jun. esq. of Halifax,
brother tothe aforesaid, to Elizabeth,
second daughter of Edward Mark.
land, esq. of Leeds.

John Aldington Perry, esq.*of
the Minories, to Frances, eldest
daughter of E. Colebatch, esq. of
the same place.

Ath. At Liddal-bank, in Scotland,
major Malcolm, of the royal ma-
rines, to Miss Jane Oliver, fourth
daughter ; and Archibald Little, esq.
of London, to Miss Agnes Oliver,
fifth daughter of Wm. O. esq. of
Dinlabyth.

James Hook, esq. of Charlotte-
street, Bedford-square, to Miss
Harriet Horncastle James, daughter
of Joseph J. esq.

At Edmonton, Middlesex, the rev.
J. Morgan, late chaplain of his ma-
jesty’s ship San Josef, and secretary

to vice-admiral sir Charles Cotton,
bart. to the eldest daughter of the
Jate John Freeman, esq. of Newing-
ton-green.

6th. AtSandwich, William Boys,
esq. of Woodnesborough, to Eliza,
fourth daughter of the late Benj.
Sayer, esq. of Deal,

489

7th. At Lambeth church, Mr.
William Biven, to Miss Charlotte
Hodson.

8th. AtSt. Mary-la-Bonne church,
Joseph Timperton, esq. of Upper
Harley-street, to Miss Kyte, daugh-
ter of the late rey. Dr. K.

10th. At Nottingham, Mr. 'dward
Godfrey Smith, solicitor, of Newark,
to the eldest daughter of Mark Huish,
esq.
11th, At Pewsey, Wilts, W. P.
Taunton, esq. of the Middle Temple,
barrister at law, to the only daugh-
ter of the rev. Joseph Townsend,
rector of Pewsey.

12th. At Thornton, co. Leices-
ter, Mr. Rowland, an opulent
grazier in Hampshire, to Miss
Buckley.

13th. At Ruabon, co. Salop,
lieut.-col. Shipley, eldest son of the
Dean of St. Asaph, to Miss Char-
lotte Williams Wyan, sister of sir
W. W. W. bart.

Charles George, esq. late of St.
John’scollege, Cambridge, toEmma,
youngest daughter of JosephButcher,
esq. of Cambridge.

15th, At Clifton, John Ryley,
esq. to Miss Catherine Coxe, daugh-
ter of the late gen. C. of Henrietta.
street, Cavendish-square.

At Holywell church, Oxford, Mr.
Humphry Wightwick, wine-mer-
chant, at Henley, to MissMaryTur-.
ner, second daughter of the late Mr.
Robert 'l’. of that city.

16th. At Liverpool, CharlesGus~
tavus Frisk, esq. to Miss R. Davis,
daughter of the late Robert D. esq.
of Ruthin, North Wales.

- 17th. At Ashton-under-Line, Mr.
William Clark, to Miss Cowdroy,
daughter of Mr. Wm. C. printer of
the Manchester Gazette.

18th. Sir Walter Brisco, bart. of

Crofton

490

Crofton co. Cumberland, to Miss
Lester, eldest daughter of Mrs.
Cooper, of Hammersmith.

2ist.. At Belton, co. Lancaster,
the rev. John Romney, of White-
stock-hall, and fellow of St. John’s
college, Cambridge, to Miss Ken-
nal, of Kendal, in Westmoreland.

22d. Mr. William Ludlam, sur-
geon, of Leicester, to Miss Parker,
of Newark.

, 25th, At Stoke Golding, co.
Leicester, Mr, Toulmin, surgeon, of
Stanton, to Miss Gallaway, daughter
of the late rev. John Cole G. vicar
ef Hinckley.

27th. At Chelsea, the rev. Wm.
Marsh, vicar of Basilden, Bucks, to
Miss Maria Chowne Tilson, daugh-
ter of the late John T. esq. of Wat-
lington park, co. Oxford.

29th. At St. Mary-la-Bonne,
Henry Hawley, esq. eldest son of
sir Henry H. hart. of Leybourne
grange, co. Kent, te C>therine-Eli-
zabeth, eldest daughter of sir John
Shaw, bart. of Keaward, in the same
county.

At Sandhill park, co. Somerset,
capt. Rich, eldest son of sir Charles
R. bart, of Shirley-house, co. Hants,
to the youngest daughter of sir John
Lethbridge, bart.

Dec. 1st. William Forsteen, esq.
of Lime-street-square, to Mrs. E.
Cotton, reli of T. J. C. esq. of
Sloane-street.

Charles-Nathaniel Eyre, esq. of
Ranby-hall, Notts, to Miss Pyke, of
Handsworth, co. Warwick.

“At Dalkeith-hanse, in Scotland,
William Earl of Ancram, to lady
Harriet Montague, youngest daugh-
ter of the D. of Buccleugh.

2d, At Great Ness, co. Salop,
John Edwards, to the only daughter
ef the rey, George Martin, grand-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

daughter of the late, and niece of the
present duke of Athol.

3d. At Buxton-place, Edinburgh,
capt. Hastings Dale, in the East
India company’s service, to Miss
Patterson, daughter of col. P. assis-
tant-quarter-mastet-general of his
majesty’s forces, and commandant
of the royal invalids in the tower
garrison.

At Painswick, co. Gloucester,
John Little, esq. 1%: Miss Carru-
thers.

4th. Matthew Wiggins, esq. of
hing’s ‘Langley, Herts, to Miss
Morris, niece of Richard Carter,
esq. of Esher, Surrey.

5th. Ebenezer-Alexander Whytt,
esq. of St. Swithin’s-lane, to Miss
Gordon, daughter of thelate capt.
Peter G. of Islington.

6th. Mr. Thomas Jacques, of
Bristol, attorney, to Miss Davies,
daughter of the late rev. Wm. D.
reétor of Wootton-Basset, Wilts.

7th. At Enfield, Mr. Fisher,
butcher in Newgate market, to Miss
Polly Hollinsworth, only daughter
of Mr. H. butcher, of that town.

At Gretna-greeen, licut. Fisher,
of the 3d West York militia, to
Maria, 2d daughter of John Fors-
ter, esq. of Newton, near Carlisle ;
whose consent being obtained, they
were re-married, on the follow-
ing day, at St. Mary’s church, Car-
lisle.

8th. Mr. Robert Lax, of Bris-
tol, surgeon, to Miss Sarah Sal-
mon.

9th. At Clifton, the rev. Richard
Carrow, reétor of Broxholme, co.
Lincoln, to Miss Eltou daughter of
Wm. E. esq. merchant.

Capt. Maxwell, of the 1st foot.
guards, and eldest son of sir David
M, bart. to the eldest daughter of

Samuel

CHRONICLE.

‘Samuel Martin, esq. of Englefield-
grecn, near gham, Surrey.

10th. At Woodford, Essex, Wil-
liam- Henry Ashurst, esq. eldest son
of sir W. H. A. of Waterstock, co.
Oxford, to the eldest daughter of the
Jate Oswald Mosley, esq. of Boles-
worth castle, in Cheshire, and sister
of sir Oswald M. bart. M. P.

llth. At Liverpool, John Clay-
ton, esq. of Enfield Old park, to
Jane, youngest daughter ef the Jate
Charles Buchanan, esq. of Burton-
upon- Trent.

At Painswick, co. Gloucester,
the rev. J. Williams, curate of Stroud,
to Miss Eliza Cooke.

At Taunton, lieut.-col. Prevost,
to Henrietta, second daughter of C.
Hamilton, esq. of Hainwood, in Ire-
land.

13th. At Enfield, William Bond,
esq. of Elm cottage, Whetstone,
Middlesex, to the only daughter of

Chistopher Pottinger, esq. late of.

Thurston, Suffolk. 3
Edward Man, esq. of Harp-lane,
Tower, street, to Georgiana, yeung-
est daughter of Henry Desborough,
esq. of the post office.
14th, Mr. Pix, of the bank of

Messienrs Bellairs and son, at
Stamford, co. Lincoln, to Miss
- Sisson.

15th. Lieut.-col. the hon. S. H.
Lumley, to Miss M. H. Tahourdin,
daughter of H. T. esq. of Sydenham,
Kent.

16. George Caunten, esq. late of
Prince of Wales’s Island, to Miss
Lucy Ellicot, of Collumpton, Devon,
sister of capt. E. of the royal navy,

At Grantham, co. Lincoln, Mr.
Beaumont Leeson, to Miss Easton,
daughter of the rev. Thomas E. vicar
of that place.

At Sandbach, co. Chester, Henry
Watkinson Whatton, esq. of Os-

491

maston, co. Derby, to Miss Nanéy
Daniell, of Hassall-hall, co. Chester.

20th. At Beddington, Surrey, the
rey. Philip Laycock Story, second
son of the rev. Philip S. of Locking-
ton-hall, co. Leicester, to Miss Lydia
Baring, daughter of sir Francis B.
bart, of Stratton park, Haats.

Qist. Hon. and rev. Mr. Bagot, ©
to lady Harriet Villiers, youngest
daughter of the dowager countess of
Jersey.

23d. Rev. H. Dawson, of Ba-
bergh-place, Suffolk, to Frances,
daughter of the late rev. Jas. Powell,
rector of Church Lawford and
Newnham, co. Warwick.

25th. Harry Ashby, esq. of St,
Andrew’s-court, Holborn, to Miss
Bell, of Colebrook terrace, Isling-
ton, 1

At Dublin, Nicholas Kirwan, esq,
of ‘Tavistock-place, London, ta
Miss Kelly, of Dublin.

27th. In Dublin, William Darley
esq. of York-street, to the eldest
daughter of Joseph Farran, esq.
of the exchequer-oflice in that city.

At Worcester, the rev. J. Staf-
ford, rector of St. John’s, to Eliza,
only daughter of William Thomp-
son, esq. of Henwick-hall, co. Wor-
cester.

At Mary-la-Bonne, T. A. Har-
vey, esq. to Miss E. Dodd, daughter
of R. D. esq. Marine painter, Par.
liament-street.

George Bramwell, esq. of the
Inner Temple, to the eldest daugh-
ter of Thomas Bidwell, esq. chief
clerk in the office of the secretary of
state for foreign affairs.

29th. At Cork, the rev. Richard
Dickson, rector of Kilkeedy, in the
diocese of Limerick, to the eldest
daughter of the late sir James Chate
terton, bart. of Cork.

30th. At Camberwell, Mr. Tho,

Payne,

492

Payne, of Upper Thames-street, to
Henrietta, second daughter of Wil-
jiam Orme, esq. of Dulwich common,
Surrey.

At Bolder church, in the New
Forest, Hants, John Wilson, esq. of
the island of St. Christopher, to the
eldest daughter of the late James
Irwin, esq. of Haseleigh.hall, Essex,
a director of the East India com-
pany.

At Fowey, in Cornwall, capt.
Graham Eden Hamond, of the royal
mavy, only son of sir Andrew
Snape H. bart. to the eldest daugh-
ter of John Kimber, esq. of Fowey.

At Cork, sir Thomas Roberts,
bart. to Miss Walton, daughter of
Thomas W. esq. of Walton court.

3ist. At Edinburgh, Thomas
Hodgson, esq. in the East India
company’s service, to Isabella,
youngest daughter of the late Dr.
Mamilton, physician in Edinburgh.

PROMOTIONS in the Fean 1806.

Pty

Jan, 21st. Thomas Hislop, esq.
brigadier-general of his majesty’s
forces serving in the Leeward and
Windward Charibbee islands, ap-
pointed governor and commander in
chief of the island of Trinidad.

24th. Rev. John Kearney, D. D.
provost of Trinity college, Dub-
lin, promoted to the bishoprick of
Ossory, vice Hamilton, deceased ;
rev. George Hall, D. D. to be pro-
vost of Trinity college, Dublin, vice
Kearney.

25th. Hon. Lyndsay Burrell, ap-
pointed his majesty’s secretary of
legation atthe court of Dresden.

27th. Right hon. Edward lord
Ellenborough, chief justice of the
court of King’s Bench, appointed

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

chancellor of the exchequer, vite
Pitt, deceased.

28th. Rev. Hugh Cholmondeley,
M. A.to bedean of the cathedral
church of Chester, vice Cotton,
deceased.

Right hon. Robert Banks, lord
Hawkesbury, appointed constable
of Dover castle, warden and keeper
of the Cinque ports, &c. &c. vice
Pitt, deceased.

29th. Right hon. William earl of
Northesk, rear-admiral of the Red,
and sir Richard-John Strachan, bart.
rear-admiral of the Blue, created
knights of the Bath; Thomas Mas-
terman Hardy, esq. captain in the
royal navy, created a baronet of the
United Kingdom.

Feb. 1st. Henry Bentinck, esq.
to be lieutenant-governor of the
settlements of Demerara and Esse-
quibo. é

4th. Sir Henry Russell, knt. to
be chief justice, and sir William Bur-
roughs, bart. to be oneof the puisne
judges, of the supreme court of
judicature at Fort William, in
Bengal.

5th. Henry viscount Sidmouth,
sworn keeper of the privy seal, vice
earl of Westmoreland ; right hon.
Francis earl of Moira; right hon.
Richard Chandos Earl Temple;
right hon. Henry Petty, commonly
called lord Henry Petty, chancellor
and under-treasurer of his majesty’s
exchequer ; righthon. Charles Grey;
and right hon. Charles-James Fox ;
sworn of his majesty’s most hon-
ourable privy council; right hon.
George-John earl Spencer, K. G,
and right hon. William Windham,
sworn two of his majesty’s princi-
pal secretaries of state, vice lords
Hawkesbury and Castlereagh ; right
hon. William lord Auckland (and,

in

CHRONICLE.

in his absence, the right hon. Richard
Chandos, earl Temple,) appointed
president of the committee of coun-
cilappointed for the consideration
of all matters relating te trade and
foreign plantations, vice duke of
Montroseand Mr. Rose.

7th. Right hon. ‘Thomas Erskine,
created baron Erskine, of Restor-
mel, castle, co. Cornwall.

Right hon. George viscount Mor.
peth; right hon. John Townshend,
commonly called lord John Town.
shend; right hon. Thomas lord
Erskine; and right hon. Richard
Brinsley Sheridan ; sworn of his ma-
jesty’s most honourable privy coun.
ceil ; right hon. ‘Thomas lord Erskine,
sworn lord high chancellor of Great
Britain, vice lord Kidon ; right hon.
Charles-James Fox, sworn onc of
his majesty’s principal secretaries of
State, vice lord Mulgrave.

William Adam, esq. one of his
majesty’s counsel, and attorney-ge-
neral to the prince of Wales, ap-
pointed chancellor and keeper of his
royal highness’s great seal, vice lord
Erskine ; and William Garrow, esq.
one of his majesty’s counsel, to be
_his royal highness’s attorney-gene-
ral, vice Adam.

Arthur viscount Gosford, created
eatl Gosford, of Market-hill, co.
Armagh; Laurence Parsons Har-
' man, viscount Oxmantown, earl of
Ross, with remainder to his nephew,
_the right hon. sir Laurence Parsons,
bart. ; Charles viscount Somerton,
archbishop of Dublin, earl of Nor-
manton, co. Kilkenny ; and Charles.
‘William viscount Charleville, carl
of Charleville, of Charleville-forest,
King’s county; Peter-Isaac ‘Thel-
lusson, esq. created baron Kendle.
sham, of Rendlesham.

8th. Gen. Francis earl of Moira,
appointed master-general of his ma-

; 3

493

jesty’s ordnance of the United King-
dom, vice earl of Chatham ; right
hon. gen. Richard Fitzpatrick, to
be his majesty’s secretary at war,
vice Mr. W. Dundas.

11th, Right hon, William Wynd.
ham baron Grenville vice Mr. Pitt ;
right hon. Henry Petty, commonly
called lord Henry Petty vice lord
Louvaine; John-Charles »pencer,
esq. commonly called viscount Al.
thorpe vice lord Fitzharris; right
hon. William Wickam vice Mr.
Long ; and John Courtenay, esq.
vice marquis of Blandford ; to be
commissioners for executing the
office of treasurer of his majesty’s
exchequer ; right hon.Henry Petty,
commonly called lord Henry Petty,
appointed chancellor aud. under.
treasurer of his majesty’s exche.
quer, vice Mr. Pitt; right hon.
Charles Grey vice lord Barham ; sir
Philip Stephens, bart.. véce admiral
Gambier ; Jn. Markham, esq. rear.
admiral.of the white véce sir Philip
Stephens ; sir Charles Morice Pole,
bart. admiral of the blue vice admi.
ral Patten ; sir Harry Neale, bart.
vice sir EK. Nepean; William Rus.
sell, esq. commonly called lord Wil-
liam Russell vice Mr. Dickenson,
jun, ; and right hon. William lord
Kensington, of that part of the
united kingdom called Ireland vice
lord Garlies; to be his majesty’s
commissioners for executing the of-
fice of high admiral of the united
kingdom of Great Britain and Ire.
land, and the dominions, islands,
and territories thereunto belonging ;
right hon. Gilbert baron Minto vice
lord Castlereagh ; righthon. George.
John earl Spencer, K. G. vice lord
Hawkesbury ; right hon. William
Windham vice lord Mulgrave ; right
hon. Charles-James Fox, vice Mr,
Pitt ; right hon, William Wyndhart

my

494

baron Grenville vice lord Glenber-
vie; right hon. Henry Petty, com-
monly called lord Henry Petty zice
Mr. Wallace; right hon. George
Howard, commonly called viscount
Morpeth vice lord Dunlo ; right hon.
JohnHiley Addington and right hon,
John Sullivan ; to be his majesty’s
commissioners for the management
of the affairs of ladia; right hon.
Heary earl of Caernarvon, appoint.
ed master of the horse to his ma.
jesty, vice the marquis of Hertford.

James Green, esq. to be his ma-
jesty’s consul-general in all the do-
minions of the emperor of Morocco.

12th. Arthur Piggott, esq. . his
majesty’s attorney-general vice Mr.
Percival, and Samuel Romillry, esq.
his majesty’s solicitor-general vice
sir Vicary Gibbs, knighted.

His grace John duke of Bedford,
right hon. Henry earl of Caernarvon
right hon John-Joshua earl of
Carysfort, right hon. Charles-Au.
gustus lord Ossulston, right hon. St.
Andrew lord St. John, of Bletsoe,
and right hon, William Elliott,
sworn of his majesty’s most hon.
,ourable privy counsil ; John duke
of Bedford, declared licutenant-ge-
neral and general governor of Ire.
Tand vice earl of Hardwicke ; right
hon. Edward earl of Derby, sworn
chancellor of the duchy and county-
palatine of Lancaster, vice lord
Harrowby ; right hon. Francis earl
of Moira, sworn constable of his
majesty’s tower of London, and
lord-licutenant of the tower Ham-
lets, vice marquis Cornwallis, dec.

15th. Right hon. Richard Brin-
sley Sheridan, appointed treasurer
of his majesty’s navy, véce Mr. Can-
ning ; John Calcraft, ‘esq. to be
clerk of the ordnance of the united
kingdom ;-right hon. Robert ear! of
Buckinghamshire, and right hoa.

t

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

John-Joshua earl of Carysfort,K.P,
to be postmaster-general vice duke
of Montrose and lord C. Spencer ;.
right hon. Richard Chandos earl
Temple, and right hon. John Town~
shend, commonly called lord John
Townshend, to be paymaster-gene-
ralof his majesty’s forces, vice Mr.
Rose and lord C. Somerset ; right
hon. Charles Spencer, commonly
called lord Charles Spencer, to be
master and worker of the mint, vice
earl Bathurst ; Alexander Dayison,
esq. to be treasurer of the ordnance
of the united kingdom; Thomas
Anson, esq. created baron Soberton,
of Soberton, co. Southampton, and
viscount Anson, of Shugborough
aud Orgrave, co, Stafford; John
Dennis, marquis of Sligo, K. P.
created baron Monteagle, of West-
port, co. Mayo; right hon. Hugh
earl of Eglinton, created baron
Ardrossan, of Ardrossan, co. Ayr ;
right hon. James earl of Lauderdale
created baron Lauderdale, of ‘Thir-
lestane, co. Berwick; right hon.
George earl of Granard, created |
baron Granard, of Castle Doning.
ton, co. Leicester; John Crewe,
esq. created baron Crewe, of Crewe,
co. Chester; William Lygon, esq.
created baron Beauchamp, — of
Powyke, co. Worcester ; right hon.
and rev. William Nelson, D. D.
baron Nelson of the Nile, and of
Hilborough, co. Norfolk, viscount
Merton and ear} Nelson of Trafal-
gar and of Merton, co. Surrey, and
his issue, permitted and authorised
to bear the honourable augmenta-
tions to their armorial ensigns which
were granted to his brother, Horatio
late viscount and baron Nelson,
with the crest, matto,supporters,&c.
18th. John M’Mahon, esq. ap-
pointed keeper of the stores, ord-
nance, and ammunition of war, of
the

CHRO NIC L-E.

the united kingdom ; right hon.
Robert Spencer, commonly called
lord Robert Spencer, to be sur-
veyor-general of his majesty’s
woods, parks, forests, and chaces,
vice lord Glenbervie.

19th. William Wentworth earl
Fitzwilliam, declared lord president
of his majesty’s most honourable
privy council, vice earl Camden ;
Thomas Stevens, esq. of Kinnerton,
to besheriff of the county of Rad-
nor, vive John Whittaker, esq. of
Cascob.
~~ Right hon. William-Charles earl
of Albemarle, appointed master of
his majesty’s buck-hounds, vice earl
of Sandwich; right hon. St. Andrew
Jord St. John, appointed captain of
his majesty’s band of pensioners,
vice viscount Falmouth.

25th. Charles Hastings, esq. of
Willesley-hall, co. Leicester, lieu-
tenant-general of his majesty’s
forces; Montague Cholmeley, esq.
of Easton, co. Lincoln; Thomas
Sutton, esq. of Molesey, co. Surrey ;
and Bysshe Shelley, esq. of Castle
Goring, Sussex, created baronets.

March 1st. Francis Gore, esq.
appointed lieutenant-governor of
the province of Upper Canada ; and
John Hodgson, esq. brigadier-ge-
neral of his majesty’s forces, go-
vernor of the Bermuda or Somers
_ islands, “

Sth. Right hon. George Pon-
sgnby, sworn of his majesty’s most
honourable privy council; William
‘Wentworth earl Fitzwilliam, sworn
‘eustos rotulorum of the soke of
Peterborough ; Thomas Jones, esq.
of Dolgeily, to be sheriff of the
eounty of Merioneth, vice Hugh
Jones, sen. esq. of Dolgelly.

8th. Right hon. Nathaniel Bond,
appointed adv o¢ate-general or judge-

495

marshal of his majesty’s forces, vice
right hon. sir Charles Morgan, bart.
resigned ; Charles Hay, esq. to bea
lord of session in Scotland, vice
David Smyth, esq. deceased; hon.
Henry Erskine, advocate, to be his
majesty’s advocate in Scotland ;
John Clark, esq. advocate, to be
his majesty’s solicitor in Scotland ;
right hon, William Brabazon Pon-
sonby, created baron Ponsonby, of
Imokilly, co. Cork 5 sir Francie
Milman, bart. ‘appointed physician
in ordinary to his majesty, vice Dr.
Thomas Gisborne, deceased.

12th, Righthon. sir John Newport,
bart. chancellor of the exchequer in
Ireland, sworn of his majesty’s most
honourably privy council.

15th. George Spencer, esq. com-
monly called marquis of Blandford,
summoned to the house of peers,
by the style and title of baron
Spencer, of Wormleighton, co. War-
wick,

Edward Smith Godfrey, esq. of
Newark, appointed clerk of the
peace for the county of Nottingham;
and D’Ewes Coke, esq. elected re-
corder of the borough of Newark ;
both vice Brough, deceased.

Mr. Richard Townend, elected
town-clerk of York, vice bis brother
resigned.

Rev. Michael Dupré, B. D. ap-
pointed second* master of the royal
free-school at Berkhamstead, Herts,
vice Thomas Dupré B. A. appointed
head master thereof.

Rev. John Richardson, of Hems-
worth, appointed master of the free
grammar-school at Old Malton, co.
York, vice Johnson, deceased.
- Right hon. James Shaw, lord
mayor, elected president of St. Bar-.
tholomew’s hospital, London, vice

« Perchard, deceased:
Mr.

496

Mr. Joseph Wells, elected junior
bridge-master of the city of London,
vice Marriot deceased.

The earl of Hardwicke, elected
hight steward of the university of
Cambridge; right hon. Charles
James Fox, elected governor of the
Charter-house ; and earl Spencer,
governor of the Trinity-house com-
pany, all vice Pitt, deceased.

Mr. Edward Bray, of Great Rus.
sel.street, appointed secretary to
the trustees of the British Museum.

Rev. John Woodburn, M. A. to
be a minor canon of Winchester
cathedral, vice his father, resigned.

Rev. Henry Phillpotts, vicar of
Bishop’s Middleham, county of
Durham, Stanton.le-street R. in the
Same county.

Rey. Henry R. Whytehead, B.A.
Birdforth perpetual curacy, near

Easingwold, vice Peirson, deceased.

Rev. KE. Gibbs Walford, M. A.
Shotteswell V. county of Warwick.
' Rey. William Deighton, B. A.
Winburgh with Westfield R. Nor.
forlk, vice Thomas, resigned.

Rev. Thomas Williams, to be
_ chaplain of Languard fort, county
of Essex, vice Browne, resigned.

Rev. Edward Seagrave, B. A.
Westcote-Barton R. in the diocese
of Oxford, vice his father deceased.

Rev. John Yeatman, M. A. vicar
of East Brent, to a prebendal.stall
in the cathedral church of St. An-
drew’s, in Wells, vice Dumaresq,
deceased.

Rev. Livingston Booth, Gwen.
nap V. county of Cornwall, cice
Radford, deceased.

Rev. C. Francis, to the prebend
of Lyme and Holstock, in Salisbury
cathedral, vice Holmes, deceased.

_ Rev. W. Wilton, M. A. rector
of South Stoke, Sussex, Kirdford V.
in the same county.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

25th. Right hon. George Pon-
sonby, appointed chancellor and
keeper of the great seal of Ireland.

28th. Right hon. William Elliott,
appointed by the lord-lieutenant of
Ireland his chief secretary.

29th. Lieutenant-general John lord
Hutchinson, K. B. appointed go-
vernor of Londonderry and Cul.
more, in Ireland, vice Hale, dec,

April \st. Right hon. Charles
viscount Newark, created earl of
Manvers.—Right honourable Ho-
ratio Baron Walpole, created earl
of Orford, county of Suffolk.—
Right honourable Charles lord Grey,
of Howick, K. B. and general of his
majesty’s forces, created viscount
Howick, county of Northumbers
land, and earl Grey.—Joseph Scott,
esq. of Great Barr, county of Staf-
ford ; Alexander Macdonald Lock-
hart, esq. of Lee and Carnwath ;
John Morris, esq. of Clasemont,
county of Glamorgan; Alexander
Ramsay, esq. of Balmain, county of
Kincardine; and John Lubbock,
esq. of Lamas, county of Norfolk,
created baronets.

Qist. Right honourable Richard
Healy, earl of Donoughmore, and
the right honourable Henry Fitz-
gerald, commonly called lord Henry
Fitzgerald, appointed post-masters
general in Ireland.

22d. ‘The marquis of Bute, the
earl of Eglinton, the earl of Cassilis,
the earl of Lauderdale, the earl of
Breadalbane, and the earl of Moira ;
William Adam, esq. counsellor for
the duchy of Cornwall ; Adam Gil-
lies, esq. advocate for the principa-
lity of Scotland; and D. Cathcart,
esq. solicitor for the principality af
Scotland ; appointed (by the prince
of Wales) state counsellors for the
principality of Scotland.

May 1st, The ear! of Stair, ap-

pointed.

CHRONICLE

pointed by the prince of Wales) one
of his state counsellors for the prin-
cipality of Scotland,

7th. Right honourable Richard
Hely, earl of Donoughmore, sworn
of his majesty’s most honourable
privy council. |

21st. Charles Montague Ormsby,
esq. knighted.

30th. Cornelius Baron Lismore,
created viscount Lismore, of Shali-’
bally, county of Tipperary ; and
Robert Edward Baron Erris, created
viscount Lorton, of Boyle, county
of Roscommon.

31st. His royal highness William
Frederick duke of Gloucester, K.
G. from the 6th foot, to be colonel
of the 3d regiment of foot guards,
vice the duke of Argyle deceased.

June 1th. Busick Harwood,
_ esq. M.D. of Emanuel college,
Cambridge, professor of anatomy
in that university, and of medicine
in Downing college, knighted. .

16th. Right honourable Alexan.

der Marquis of Douglas and Clydes- .

dale, sworn of his majesty’s most
honourable privy council.

Robert Hall, esq. B. C. L. of
Wadham college, Oxford, elected
superior bedel in divinity, vice Mat-
thews, deceased; and George Va.
lentine Cox, B. A. of New college,
elected superior bedel of law in that
university.

16th. William Hulme Bodley, of
Queen’s college, James Tattersall
and Richard Simmons, of Christ
Church, masters of arts, were ad-
mitted batchelors of physic in the
university of Oxford.

Mr. Tallents, elected town-clerk,
ef Newark, Notts, vice Godfrey,
resigned,

Rey. E. Crosse, elected master of
the free grammar-school at Col-

‘chester, vice Hewett, resigned.

Vox. XLVIII.

497

Mr. William Wright, elected (by
the court of aldermen of London)
master of the free grammar-school
at Market Harborough, county of
Leicester.

Mr. John Drury, of Lincoln,
printer and stationer, (at the re-
commendation of the earl of Buck.
inghamshire) appointed post-master
of that city.

William Saffery, esq. elected re-
gistrar and auditor of the Bedford
Level corporation, vice Cole, dec.

Professor Porson, of Cambridge,
appointed resident Jibrarian to the
New London Institution.

Mr, Richard Teasdale, of Bi-
shopsgate-street, clected clerk to
the worshipful company of mer-
chant-tailors, London, wice Dayis,
deceased.

Rev. Thomas Sampson, D. D.
Groton R. county of Suffolk.

Rev. Robert Wood, M. A. Crop-
well Bishop living, county of Not-
tingham.

Rey. John Mounsey, B. A. Au-
thorpe and Withern RR. county of
Lincoln.

Rev. Peploe William Ward,
Winsten V. county of Suffolk.

Rev. Thomas Moore, Covington
R. county of Huntingdon, vice
Sanderson, deceased.

Rey. Anthony Lister, M. A.
Gargrave V. in Craven, vice Croft,
deceased.

Rey. William Lade, M. A. Good-
nestone R, and. Graveney V. (con-
solidated) Kent, vice Stephens, de-
ceased.

Rev. Townley Clarkson, M. A..
Swavesey V. county of Cambridge.

Rey. S. Hart, Alternon V. county
of Cornwall, vice Booth, resigned.

Rey. Duke Yonge, jun. Antony
V. county of Cornwall, vice Stack.
house, resigned. ;

Kk Rev.

498

Rey. John Watson, M. A. Brad-
field and Mistley cum Maningtree
R. Essex, vice Thompson, dec:

Rey. George Owen, Cambridge,
M. A. minister of Twickenham
chapel, Middlesex, and prebendary
of Ely, Middlesex, archdeaconry,
vice Katon, deceased.

Rev. John Barlow Scale, D. D.
Anstye R. Herts.

Rev. William Pochin, B. A. Ed-
wardston V. county of Suffolk.

Rey. John Moir, presented by the
lord chancellor to Ebrington V.
county of Gloucester, and appointed
one of his lordship’s domestic chap-
Jains. He is well known by his va-
rious and valuable literary works ;
by means of which, and the curacy
of St. Dionis Backchureh, London,
he has brought up a family of ele-
ven children with credit and respect,
and he is now 70 years old.

Rev. Alexander John Scott, of
St. John’s college, Cambridge, chap-
lain to the late*lord viscount Nel-
son, admitted D. D. by royal man-
date.

Rev. H. Bathurst, LL.B. Ashby
and Obey, with Thirne, R. county
of Norfolk; vice Wordsworth, de-
ceased.

Rev. J. Colman, Swafield R. and
Rev. Francis Edward Arden, Pas-
ton V. both county of Norfolk, and
both wice Meux, deceased.

Rev. J. Jefferson, M. A. vicar of
Grettingham, Suffolk, Weeley R,
Essex.

Rey. William Mairis, B. A. St.
Peter R. Wallingford, Berks, vice
Bethel, deceased.

Rev. John Brewster, vicar of
Stockton, Redmarshal R. county
’ of Durham. His late parishioners,
the inhabitants of Stockton, on his
taking leave of them, presented him

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

with a cup, value 100 guineas, as a
token of their esteem for his charac-
ter and labours. ’

Rev. D. Twining, M. A. Stilton
R. county of Huntingdon.

Rev. Nathaniel Humfrey, Thorpe
Mandeville R. county of North.
amptdon.

Kev. Vere Isham, Cottesbrook,
R. county of Northampton.

Rev. R. Hodges, M. A. Embleton
V. county of Northumberland.

Rey. John Bristow, B. D. Cot.
grave R. county of Nottingham,
with St. Mary V. Nottingham ; rev.
Dr. Edward Hay Drummond, Ramp-
ton prebend, in Southwell colle.
giate church; and the rev. William
Hamerton, Tong perpetual curacy,
near Leeds, county of York; alk
vice Haines, deceased.

Rev. J. Carter, M.A. F.A.S.
head-master of Lincoln grammar.
school, Upton V. county of Lin-
coln.

Rev. William Tyler, rector of
Bratoft, county of Lincoln, Ashby
R. near Spilsby, in the same county,
vice Pearson, deceased.

Rey. C. B. Massingberd, Kettle-,
thorpe R. county of Lincoln, vice
Craster, deceased.

Rey. William Wood, B. D, Law-
ford R. Essex, vice Whitmore, de-
ceased.

Rev. M. D’Oyley, rector of Bux- |
ted, and vicar of Pevensey, Sussex,
Lewes archdeaconry ; the bishop
of Bristol, elected canon-residen-
tiary of Chichestcr cathedral; and
the rev. the dean, custos of St.
Mary’s hospital, Chichester; ail
vice Courtail, deceased.

_ Rev. J. Jefferson, M. A. vicar of
Grettingham, Suffolk, to hold Wee-
ley R, county of Essex.

Rey. John Bristow, B. D. tohold —

Cotgrarve

CHRONICLE.

Cotgrave R. county of Nottingham,
with St. Mary V. in the town of
Nottingham.

Ave, 2. Right hon. William
earl of Northesk, K.B. and rear,
admiral of the red, in consideration
of his distinguished services on va-
rious and important occasions, and
particularly in the glorious and de-
cisive victory off Cape Trafalgar,
permitted by his majesty to bear
eertain honourable augmentations
to his armorial ensigns.

20th. Right hon. Henry Richard
Lord Holland, and right hon. Wil-
iam lord Auckland, appointed joint
_ commissioners and plenipotentiaries
for arranging and finally settling the
séveral matters in discussion between
his majesty’s government and the
government of the United States,
with James Monroe, and William
Pinkney, esqrs. the commissioners
appointed for similar purposes on
the part of the said United States ;
and the hon. William Frederick
Elliot Eden, and John Allen, esq.
to be secretary and assistant secre-
tary to the said commission.

27th. Right hon. Henry Richard.
lord Ho}land, sworn of his majesty’s
Most honourable privy council. _

30th. Nathan Egerton Garrick,

€sq. appointed lieutenant of the,

yeomen of the guard, vice Philip
John Ducarel, esq. resigned. —Phi.
lip Lake Godsal, esq. to be lieute-
nant of the honourable band of gen-
tlemen pensioners, vice Roger El-
liot Roberts, resigned.

Sept. 13th. Major-general | sir
John Stuart, knight, created a
knight of the Bath.—Robert An-
_struther, esq. appointed conjunct
clerk to the bills in the office of his
majesty’s registers and rolls in Scot-
land, vice sir Robert Anstruther,
bart, deceased.

499

17th. Stephen Sharp, esq. his
majesty’s consul-general in Russia,
knighted.

23d. Major-general sir John
Stewart, K. B. permitted to accept
‘the title of Count of Maida, in
Calabria, conferred upon him by
Ferdinand the Fourth, king of the
Two Sicilies.

24th. Right hon. Charles Grey,
commonly called lord viscount
Howick, appointed one of his ma-
jesty’s principal secretaries of state,
vice Mr. Fox, deceased 3 and sworn
of his majesty’s most honourable
privy council,

27th. Right honourable Thomas
Grenville, appointed first lord com.
missioner of the admiralty, vice right
honourable lord viscount Howick.

30th. Rizht honourable George
Tierney, appointed first commis~
sioner for the management of the
affairs of India, vice right hon.
Thomas Grenville.

Oct. 6th. The right hon. Char-
lotte Baroness De Ross, wife of the
right honourable Henry Fitzgerald,
commonly called lord Henry Fitz-
gerald, and her issue, authorized,
out of respect to the ancient family
in which the said barony originated,
to assume the surname of De Ross,
in addition to that of Fitzgerald,
and bear the arms of De Ross, in
addition to their paternal arms Te-
spectively.

_ 8th. Henry viscount Sidmouth,
declared lord president of his ma-
jesty’s most honourable privy coun
cil, vice earl Camden, resigned.
10th. William Mackworth Praed,
serjeant at lew, sir Charles William
Rouse Broughton, bart. Francis
Percival Elliot, Richard Dawkins,
Charles Moore, John Sargent, John
Anstey, John Whishow, Philip
Deare, and Lewis Jenkins, esqrs.
Kk2 appointed

500

appointed commissioners for audit-
ing the public accounts.

11th. Horatio Nelson Thompson,
an infant, authorized to assume and
use the surname of Nelson only, in
compliance with an injunction con-
tained in a codicil annexed to the
Jast will and testament of the late

-lord viscount Nelson.

Gilbert Blane, of Cleveland-row,
M.D. F.R.S. appointed (by the
prince of Wales) one of his physi-
cians in ordinary, vice Dr. Turton,
deceased ; and William Fraser, of
Lower Grosvenor street, M. D. and
William Saunders, of Russel-square,
M. D. to be his royal highness’s phy-
sicians extraordinary.

14th. Edward Dawson, esq. ap-

ointed standard bearer to his ma-
jesty’s honourable band of gentle-
men pensioners, vice Frederick, re-
signed.

15th. Right hon. Henry Richard
lord Holland, sworn keeper of the
privy seal.

Right rev. William Cleaver, D.D.
bishop of Bangor, recommended by
conge d'elire, to be elected bishop of
St. Asaph, vice Dr. Horsley, de-
ceased.—Augusta Murray, (com-
monly called the right hon. lady
Augusta Murray) second daughter
of John-carl of Dunmore, autho-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

rized, out of respect to herdescent,
from the family of De Ameland, to -
take and use the surname of De
Ameland, instead of her present .
surname of Murray.

24th. Right honourable Charles
Bathurst, appointed master and
worker of the mint.

25th. Rev. John Martin, pre-
sented to the church and parish of
Kirkaldy, in the presbytery of Kirk-
aldy, and county of Fife, vice rev.
Dr. Thomas Freeling, promoted to
the church and parish of lady Yes-
ters, in Edinburgh.

Thomas Francis Fremantle, and
William Frankland, esqrs. appoint-
ed lords commissioners of the admi-
ralty, vice sir Philip Stephens, and
sir Charles Pole, resigned ; the for-

_mer on a pension*, the latter, to

have a command in the Channel
fleet. eee:

29th. Sir George Hilaro. Barlow,
bart. appointed one of the knights
companions of the Order of the
Bath. ;

Sir Philip Francis, invested with
the Order of the Bath.

Nov. 4th. Right hon, Alexander
Hamilton (commonly called marquis
of Douglas and Clydesdale) sum-
moned to the house of peers, by the
style and title of baron of Dutton,

county |

* Mr. T. Grenville, first lord of the admiralty, laid before his majesty, at the
levee, on Friday, October 24, the resignation of sir PhilipStephens, asa lord of the
admiralty, who retires on account of old age. He likewise Jaid before his majesty
a memorial from sir Philip, praying for a pension. » It stated that he wasa clerk in
phe Navy Office several years in the reign of George II. from which he was re-
moved, in 1751, to be the senior clerk of the Admiralty ; in which situation he
tinued till 1759, when he was appointed second secretary, under Mr,Cleveland; and
upon his death, in 1763, he was appointed sole secretary, which situation he held
twenty years. In 1795 he was made one of the lords commissioners of the Ad-
miralty ; and, in the whole, had been employed 61 years in the public service ;
and, being now 83 years of age, he found himself too infirm to execute the duties -
of his office with satisfaction to himself. [is majesty, under these peculiar cir-
cumstances, was pleased to order him a pension of 15001. per aunum net. -This is
the first instance of a lord of the admiralty being allowed a pension upon retiring
from office,

esq. of Hartington-hall,

C H ROW T C-1-E:

county of Chester.—Right hon.
Archibald earl of Cassilis, created
baron Ailsa, of Ailsa, county of
Ayr.—Right hon. John earl of
Breadalbane, created baron Brea-
dalbane, ot Taymouth-castle, coun-
ty of Perth.

7th. Right hon, and rev. Wil-
liam Nelson, D. D. baron Nelson
of the Nile, and of Hilborough,
county of Norfolk, viscount Mer-
ton, and earl Nelson of Trafalgar,
and of Merton, county of Surrey,
permitted to succeed to the title of
duke of Bronte, in the kingdom of
Farther Sicily, granted by his Sici-
lian majesty to his late brother Ho-
ratio viscount and baron Nelson,

duke of Bronte, &c. &c. deceased.

1ith. William Frazer, esq. of
Leadclune, county of Inverness,
created a baronet; also George
Nugent, esq. of Waddesdon, county
of Bucks, lieutenant general of his
majesty’s forces ; sir Thomas Boul-
den Thompson, knight, of Harts-
bourne, manor-place, county of
Herts, captain in the royal navy,
and comptroller of the navy; sir
Edward Berry, knight, of Catton,

» county of Norfolk, captain in the

royal navy; James Sibbald, esq.
of Sittwood-park, county of Berks,
with remainder to his nephew, Da-
vid Scott, esq. of Dunninaid, county
of Forfar; and Hugh Bateman,
county of
Derby, with remainders severally to
the first of every. other son and
sons successively, of Catherine Ju-
liana Bateman, eldest daughter of
the said Hugh Bateman, esq. and of
Anne Amelia Bateman, another of
his daughters.

15th. Right hon. Alan lord
Gardner, created baron Gardner,
of Uttoxeter, county of Stafford.

19th. Right hon. sir John An-

501

struther, bart. sworn of his majes-
ty’s most honourable privy council.

25th. Dugald Stewart, esq. ape
peinted his majesty’s writer, printer,
and publisher, of the Edinburgh
Gazette. :

Dec. 13th. Right rev. John Ran-
dolph, D. D. bishop of Oxford, re-
commended by conge d’elire, to be
elected bishop of Bangor, tice Dr.
Cleaver, translated to the see of St. -
Asaph.

James Kempthorn, esq. Samson
Edwards, esq. George Campbell,
esq. Henry Frankland, esq. Arthur
Phillip, esq. sir William George
Fairfax, knight, and sir James
Saumarez, bart. and K. B. rear ad-
mirals of the red, to be vice-admi-
rals of the blue.

20th. Rev. Henry Fitzroy, com
monly called lord Henry Fitzroy,
M.A. to be a prebendary of the
collegiate church of St. Peter West-
minster, vice the rev.. sir Richard
Cope, bart. D. D. deceased.—Rev.
Henry. William Champneys, M. A.
presented to the vicarage of Wel.
ton, county of York, vice rev. Ni-
cholas Simon, resigned.

Rey. Mr. Ramsden, fellow of
Trinity college, Cambridge, ap-
pointed, by the bishop of Landaff,
his deputy ‘professor of divinity in
that university, vice Dr. Barlow
Seale, resignee -

Rev, James Landon, B. D. of
Oriel college, Oxford, appointed
Keeper of the statutes, bt belong-
ing to that university.

Rev. H. Harvey Baber, vice prin-
cipal of St. Mary-hall, Oxford, ap-
pointed extra assistant librarian of
the British Museum.

Mr. G.C. Grojan, elected clerk
of the court of requests for the city
of Westminster, vice’ his father de-
ceased. °

Kk3 George

502

George Cox, B. A. appointed
master of New College school, Ox-
ford, vice the rev. John Slatter re-
signed.

William Flias Taunton, esq. de-
puty recorder of Oxford, elected
recorder thereof, vice the right hon.
Charles Abbot, speaker of the
house of commons, resigned,

Rey. Mr. liume, canon-residen-
tiary of Salisbury cathedral, ap-
pointed treasurer thereof, vice Dods-
worth, deceased.

Rev. John Wooll, master of Mid-
hurst school, elected head master of
Rugby school.

Rey. B. Lumley, Dalby R. coun-
ty of York, vice Thomas Lumley,
deceased.

Rev. W. Gilpin, Church-Pulver-
bach R. county of Salop,

Rev. Robert Porten Beachcroft,
M. A. Blunham R. county of Bed-
ford, vice Lawry, deceased.

Rev. George Swayne, vicar of
Pucklechurch, county of Glouces-
ter, Dirham XR. in the same county.

Rev. W. Mavor, LL.D. vicar of
Hurley, Berks, Stonesficld R,
county of Oxford.

Rey. James Thomas Hand, rector
of Cheveley, Ousden R. county of
Suffolk, vice Adams, deceased.

Rey. Benjamin Richardson, Eg-
tou and Glaisdale perpetual cura-
cies, county of York, vice Robin-
son deceased.

Rev. J. M. George Lefroy,
Compton R. Surrey, with Ashe R.
Hants.

Rev. Whitfield Curties, M. A.
Burwash R. county of Sussex.

Rev. Thomas Marshall, M. A.
Osmotherley V. in the diocese of
York.

Rey. Edward Hulton, vicar of
Nether Wallop, Hants, Mundesley
and Gaywood RR, Norfolk.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Rev. Mr. Boycatt, rector of
Wheatacre-Burgh, Beeston St. An-
drew R, in the diocese of Norwich,

Rev. C. H. Wollaston, M. A.
East Dereham V. Norfolk. ;

Rey. John Luxmoore, D. D. dean
of Gloucester, rector of St. George |
the Martyr, Queen-square, &c. St.
Andrew RK. on Holborn-hill, vice
Barton, deceased.

Rey. John Leigh Bennet, M. A.
Lechlade V. county of Gloucester.

Rev. W. Hocken, jun. M. A.
rector of St. Mewan, county of
Cornwall, Lantagloss by Fowey V.
in the same county.

Rev. George Birch, curate of
Wybunbury, near Nantwich, in
Cheshire, Great Woolstone R.
Bucks,

Rev. John Dymoke, rector of
Scrivelsby,. county of Lincoln,
Sancte Crucis prebend, in Lincoln
cathedral, vice Craster, deceased.

Rey. B. Pope, B. A. appointed
chaplain of Christ Church, Oxford.

Rev. J. Vye, B. D. fellow of
Exeter college, Oxford, Wotton V.
Notts, pro tempore, until ihe con-
test between him and the rev. John
Lea Heyes, another fellow of that
college, in regard to their respective
right to the living, is determined by
the lord chancellor.

Rev. John Lea Heyes, B, D.
Merten Y. county of Oxford, vice
Hart, resigned.

Rev. Thomas Henry Cave Orme,
S.C. L. of Trinity-hall, Cambridge, ~
South Scarle V. near Newark,
Notts.

Rey. Thomas Jee, lecturer of
Wethersfield, Essex, Thaxted V. in
the same county, vice Maynard;
degcased.

Rev. Archdeacon Young, of
Swaffham, Norfolk, brother to the
countess Nelsow, presented by earl

Nelson,

CHRONICLE.

1
Nelson, to Hilborough R. Norfolk,
in the gift of the Nelson family.

Rev. John Manby, M. A, Lan-
taster V. vice White, dec.

Rey. James Stuart, Mackenzie,
M. A. Quiddenham R. Norfolk.

Rey. Evelyn Levett Sutton, Hal-
den R. in Kent. and St. Alphage and
St. Mary Northgate R. in Canter-
bury.

Rey. J. Constantine,
Swilland V. co. Suffolk.

Rey. David Jones, Kilgerran R.
co. Pembroke.

Rey. Charles-Robert Marshall,
B. D. Exning V. near Newmarket.

Rev. Henry Bate Dudley, chan-
cellor of the cathedral of Ferns, &c.
Killglass R. vice Warburton, re-

- signed. .

Hon. and Rey. Thomas De Grey,
second son of lord Walsingham,
Fawley R. Hants, vice Drummond,
deceased.

Rey. John Martin Butt, M. A.
Oddingley R. co. Worcester, vice
Parker, deceased.

Rev. Montague Pennington, M.
A. Northborne cum Shoulden VY. co.
Kent, vice Barker deceased.

Rey. Frederick Valentine Le
Grice, Penzance, perpetual curacy,
Cornwall, vice Corryngton, re-
signed.

Rey. John Norcross, M. A. Sax-
thorpe V. co. Norfolk.

* Rev. G. Boldero, B. A. Ixworth
curacy, co. Norfolk.

Rey. J. Watson, M. A. rector of
Mistley, Radwinter V. Essex. .

‘Rey. William Preston, jun. Bul-
mer R. and Whenby V. co. York.

Rey. Wm. Ralfe, Maulden R.
co. Bedford.

Rev. H. Franklin, B. A. Barford
R. Norfolk.

Rev. Cooper Willyams, M. A. of
Exning, to hold Kingston R,. with

Cooke,

508

Stourmouth R. both co. Kent ; the
former in the patronage of Samuel
Egerton Bridges, esq. of Denton
court ; and the latter in that of the
bishop of Rochester ; in exchange
for theliving of Hardress, to which
he had been previously presented by
Jord chancellor Eidon.

Rev, Wm. Hett, M. A. preben-
dary of Lincoln, to hold Mayis-
Enderby R. with Thorpe-on-the.
Hill R. both co. Lincoln.

Rey. W. Scott, to hold Brough-
ton R. co. Oxford, with Willersley
R. co. Gloucester.

Rev. T. Welles, D. D. to hold
Badgworth living (and the chapel of
Shurdington annexed,) with Prest.
bury V. co. Gloucester,

Rev. John Hughes, M. A. to hold
North Tidworth R. co. Wilts, with
Fifield R, co. Southampton. :

Rey. H. Quartley, M.A. to hold
Wicken R. co, Northampton, with
Woolverton V. cos Bucks.

DEATHS in the Year 1806.

Jan. \st. This morning a meete
ing took place, in a piece of ground
in the parish of Basford, between
ensign Browne, of the 36th foot,
and lieut. Butler, of the 83d, on the
recruiting sérvice at Nottingham.
The parties fired together, by signal,
when, unfortunately, ensign Browne
was shot through the heart, and in. ~
stantly expired, without uttering a
word. Lieut. Butler and the se.
conds immediately withdrew. The
body of the deceased was taken to
Basford church, by some persons
who were attracted to the spot by
the report of the pistols; and a ver- ~
dict of wilful murder was returned
by the coroner’s jury who sat upon
it. Ensiga Browne was a promising

Kk4 young

504

young officer, of a very respectable
fatnily in Ireland, and had only just
attained his 17th year. He and
tieut. Butler belonged lately to the
same regiment ; but, from a serious
disagreement which took place be-
tween them, the commander in chief
ordered them to be placed in dif-
ferent corps. On their mecting at
Nottingham, however, the embers
ef animosity rekindled, and the un-
happy result has proved the loss to
society of a valuable ard much-re-
spected young member.

Burnt to death,-Mrs. Gooch, of
Sloane-square, mother to the lady
of the bishop of Bath and Wells,

2d. At Cawthorne, near Barn-
sley, in her 18th year, Martha Mel-
lor, who was shot by Samuel Ibbot-
son, a boy 12 years old. Having
gone into the house where the girl
was, he took upa gun, but was de-
sired to lay it down immediately,
which he did ; but shortly afterwards
took it up again, and, seeing the girl
in another room, said he would
shoot her, which, shocking to relate!
he immediately did. Verdict, man-
slaughter; He was committed to
York castie.

At Drogheda, in Ireland, Miss
Brunton, of Dublin, a handsome
young lady; who was on a visit to
capt. Gooden, of the Sligo militia.
She got up in her sleep, went to the
window of her bed-room, which was
two stories high, threw up the sash,
fell into tle street, and was almost
immediately taken up lifeless. Be-
fore she reached the ground, she fell
on the top of ashop-window under
her room, and then sereamed so vio-
lently as to awaken capt. Gooden,
Tt is conjectured thatat that moment
ashe awoke, and recovered her senses
enly to know that she was then
about to lese her life.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

'

3d. In Stanhope - street, May-
fair, after a short illness, lady Van-
deput, widow of sir George V. who
died in 1784, and who was famous
for his contest for Westminster in
1748.

At afarm-house in the parish of
St Dogmell, co. Pembroke, Joshua
Lewis, farmer. A quarrel arose be»
tween him and John Owens, master
of a trading vessel from Cardigao,
respecting a young woman; blows
followed ; and Lewis was wounded
with a knife in six different parts of
his body, which shortly occasioned
his death.

4th. At Clifton, near Bristol,
Mrs. Barbara ‘Turvile, wife of
Francis Fortescue T. esq. of Hus-
band Bosworth-hall, co. Leicester.
She was daughter of Charles Talbot
(brother to George the last earl of
Shaftesbury, ) and was married April
9, 1780.

Rev. Matthew Thompson, rector
of Bradfield and Mistley, Essex, and
in the commission of the peace for
that county. Ile was invited, with
a party, to dine with col. Rigby, at
Mistley ; when the company were
informed that dinner was ready, Mr.
Thompson, in the act of rising to go
into the dining-room, fell down, and
expired immediately, leaving a wife
and eleven children.

Drowned, alongside the Victory,
at Chatham, while endeavouring to
get hold of a lighter, a serjeant of
marines, belonging to that ship, and
a waterman, named Jn. Eldon. The
Serjeant missed his hold, and caught
the waterman by the collar ; but the
tide running very strong, they both
disappeared before assistance could
arrive, ;

Aged 65, Mr. Samuel Patch, for=
merly judge-advocate at Jamaica,
but who had for some time resided

at

' cumstances.

CHRONICLE

~atStamford, co. Lincoln, under the

pressure of the most indigent cir.
He has left an unpro-
tected ideot daughter, whose only
inheritance is the poor-house and
the beneficence of her fellow-crea-
tures.

At his seat at Benham, near r New-
bury, Berks, after an illness of only
three days, hisserene highness Chris-
tian-Frederick-Charles - Alexander,

‘Margrave of Brandenburgh Ans-

pach, and Bayreuth, duke of
Prussia, count of Sagn, &c. Sc. born
February 24th 1736. He was nearly

nailied to our present royal family,

his highness’s grandmother, by his
mother’s side, having been a princess
of England, and his great aunt was
queen Caroline, wife to George the
second. His mother was sister to
Frederick II. of Prussia. His high-
ness was married, first, to a princess

of the house of Saxe- Cobourg, and

j dividual.

secondly, in 1791, to Elizabeth, wi-
dow of the late lord Craven, and
daughter of the late, and sister of
the present, earl of Berkeley, who
survives. him, and by neither of
whom had he any issue. He chose
rather to live like a private gentle-
manin England than to rule as an
absolute princein Germany. Shortly

‘after his marriage with lady Craven

he sold his principality, with all its
territory, revenue, and inhabitants,
to the king ef Prussia. Having
thus relinquished all his power, im-
portance, ahd rank, he came and
‘spent the rest of his life in a country
where he could have but a mere no-
minal title, without any one civil or
political privilege. His goodness of
heart and extreme affability endeared
him to all ranks of people who knew
him, cither as a sovereign or an in-

red, in a sumptuous aud splendid

His remains were inter-

505

manner, the procession being very ~
numerous and grand, in-the church
of Speen, near Newbury. The Mar-
gravine, so well known, acquires a
personal property of near 150,0001.
sterling by the death of the mar-
grave.

7th. At his chambers in Lin-
coln’s-inn, aged 68, Bennet Combe,
esq. This Sngalar mae, though
possessed of large property, ieda
single life at his chambers in Lin-
coin’s-inns with two servants, and
was a constant frequenter of Will’s
coffee-house, Lincoln’s-inn- fields.

Sth. At his house at Canonbury,
Islington, Robert Wilkinson, esq.
formerly partner in the house of
Garsed, Meyrick, and Garsed, of
Goldsmith - strect, Wood - street,
Cheapside, ribbon weavers. He
married the only surviving daughter
of the elder (Jolin) Garsed, who died
at Canonbury in 1785, leaving the
bulk of his considerable fortune be-
tween her and her mother, au ample °'
share of which Mr. W. acquired by
this marriage. On the death of
both the Garseds, he took into part-
nership Mr. Dowell, who married
the eldest daughter of the late Mr.
Longman, bookseller, of Paternos-
ter-row, to whom he has left the
stock anda handsome legacy. To
the Foundling-hospital, of which he
was a governor, 500/. to the humane
society 100/.; to the philanthropic
society 100/.; to the charity-schools |
of Islington 50/. ; to the widow of a
brother who died in the East Indies
200/. per annum ; to two nieces of
Mr. Garsed 1000/. each ; and lega-
cies to the sameor half the amount
tosundry persons; and the residue

to James Garsed and Joseph Green, ~

youngest son of his partner, Mr.
Green, of Guildford-street, who
agreeably to his will, has taken

the

506 ANNUAL

the name of Wilkinson. He pos-
sessed property to the amount of
15G,0001.

In Holborn, where he had resi-
ded upwards of 40 years, aged 65,
Mr. Cornelius Paas, a native of
Germany, and engraver to his ma-
jesty.

During the funeral procession of
lord Nelson's remains on the river,
a lady of ihe name of Bayne, related
to the laie capt. William Bayne,
who lost his life in the West indies
under lord Rodney, was so affected
at the scene, that she fellinto hys-
tericks, and died in a few minutes.
‘At Gate-house, Edinburgh, aged
73, James Davitis, esq. one of the
oldest inhabitants thereof. He or-
dered acheese, which he had kept
for 40 years, to be broken on the
day of his funeral,

9th. Carried out of St. Paul’s, in
eonsequence of having had an apo-
plectic fit, capt. Richard Whitford,
who had been many years in the
Jamaica trade; and, though medi-
cal assistance was immediately ob-
tained, both in the cathedral and

after he had been couveyed home to .

his apartments in Great Queen-
street, he died about 12 o’clock at
night.

10th. A man named Tattersal,
well known (by the appellation of
the doctor) to the visitors of Bright-
helmstone, where he had long been
one of the principal male-bathers,
fell over the Groyne, and was
drowned, while endeayouring to fill
a bucket with salt water.

AtIpswich, aged 73, universally
respected, Mrs. Anne Mason. She
was the only daughter of Mr. Na
thaniel Morris, of Melton Mowbray,
co. Leicester, where she was born
in January, 17335 married, at
Hampstead, in 1777 (after a court-

REGISTER,

1806.

ship of more than a quarter of a —
century,) to William Mason, of Gar- —
thorpe, gent. who died, without —
issue, April 14, 1779.

11th. Mr. Houghton, shoemaker,
in the butter-market at Bury St.
Edmund’s.. He was in apparent
good health, chopping a faggot, the
same afternoon, when he accident.
ally cut oneof his fingers, and, on
his wife’s expressing a wish to dress
it, he said, ‘* Never mind, my dear;
what is this wound compared tolord —
Nelson’s?”? and immediately fell —
down in an apoplectic fit, from which
he never recovered to utter another
sentence.

12th. At Cockermouth, aged 61
years, 51 of which he had been in
the occupation of a huntsman, Mr.
George ‘Topping.

At Cracomb-house, in his 66th
year, George Perrott, esq. in the
commission of the peace for the
county of Worcester, formerly in
the civil service of the East India
company at Bombay, and nephew
of the late hon. George Perrott,
one of the barons of the exchequer.

At Hackney, where he had been
long confined in a state of derange-
ment, aged* 75, sir Wolstan Dixie,
bart. of Bosworth, co. Leicester,
fifth baronet of that family, who
were thus rewarded for the loyalty
of sir Wolstan in the civil wars,

when he gave his majesty, among the

gentry of the county, 1835/. for
which he had a warrant fora baro.

net’s patent, not taken out till after

the restoration. He dicd in 1682,
aged SO, and was succeeded by his
eldest son, sir Beaumont; he by his
eldest son, sir Wolstan; and he by
his eldest son of the same name, who
died in 1766, leaving his only son
and namesake, the subject of this
article, born 1737. ;

15th. In

CH RYOW LC ALEK.

15th. In BRond-street, Miss Eli-
gabeth Butler, a young woman of
respectability, who resided at Somers-
town. She had been at the house
of a friend in Hamilton-street, Pic-
cadilly, where she dined and drank
tea, and, on her return home, was
observed by a gentleman from Har-
row leaning against a post, apparent-
ly very ill, at the corner of , Bur-
lington Garden. Mr. ‘Tibbs, a che-
mistin Bond-street, was applied to
for assistance, but, on examination,
she appeared quite dead, having burst
a blood-vessel.

16th. At Lisbon, where he went
for the recovery of his health, sir
John Hales, bart. of Coventry, who
succeeded his father, sir Christopher,
in 1777; by whose death the title is
extinct.

17th. Aged 80, Elizabeth Searle,
of Peterborough, widow. Ina fit
of insanity she got out of her cham.
ber-window and fell into the street,
whereby she received so much in-
- jury as to cause her death in afew
hours.

At Fern-house, Wilts, the seat of
Thomas Grove, esq. Miss Mary-
Anne Grove, his fourth daughter, a
fine young lady, aged 13. On the
15th, by some accident, her muslin
dress caught fire, when there was no
one in the apartment with her ex-
cept a younger sister, who was in-
capable of assisting her. Terrified
by her alarming situation, Miss G.
ran out of the house; but, unfortu-
nately, no one was at that instant
on the spot; and whenshe again en-
tered, and flew to an appartmentin
which Mr. Bankes of Salisbury was
on business, she was entirely enve-
lopedin flames; and though Mr.
B. used every exertion, with the as-
sistance of two, servants, to extin-
guish them, and were much burnt,

507

their efforts were unavailing, till her
cloaths were nearly consumed. She
bore her sufferings with fortitude
and resignation till this morning,
when she was happily released from
them by death,

20th. Mr. Davis of the bank of

Messrs. Miles, Vaughan, and co. of
Bristol.
’ 2ist. In Chatham-place, in his
77th year, Peter Perchard, esq. an
ancient member of the company of
goldsmiths. He was a native of
Guernsey ; and coming early in life
to London, under the patronageof
a wealthy uncle, he engaged in the
respectable profession of money-
agent for the inhabitants of that
island. He was many years in. the
common council for the ward of
Candlewick; and, in 1798, was
unanimously elected their alderman,
after having served. the office of
sheriff in 1793, He filled the office
of lord mayor last year, with’great
credit to himself and satisfaction to
his fellow-citizens.

At Lichfield, in an advanced age,
Andrew Newton, esq. brother of
the late Jearned and pious Dr.
Thomas Newton, bishop of Bristol.
The property of this gentleman,
which was considerable, was em-
ployed, to aliberal extent, in private
acts of charity and beneficence,
known only to the immediate ob-
jects of his kindness. In a more
public and more lasting point of
view, the noble institution which he
founded some years ago at Lichfield,
for the widows of clergymen, and
for their unmarried daughters above
the age of 50, will sufficiently dis.
tinguish his name and perpetuate his
memory. He gave, for the purpose
above-mentioned, the sum of 20,0002,
during his life !

23d, At his house at Putney,

Surrey.

508

Surrey, in his 47th year, the right

hon. William Pitt, first lord of the
treasury, chancellor of the exche-
quer, a lord of trade and planta-
tions, a commissioner for the af-
fairs of India, constable of Dover
castle, warden, keeper, and admiral
of the cinque ports, master of the
Trinity-house, governor of the Char-
ter-house, high steward of, and
M.P. for, the university of Cam-
bridge, and F.R.S. He was ofa
delicate constitution, and had long
been complaining. The _ illness
which he had in the summer of
1802 shook him very much; and
he does not appear to have after-
wards effectually recovered from it ;
and that illness which was the im-
mediate cause of his death originated
in an extreme debility, brought on
by excessive anxiety and unweared
attention to business, By this de-
bility his whole nervous system was
soderanged that, for weeks toge-
ther, he was unable to sleep ; and
this privation of rest augmented the
cause, so as to lead to a general
breaking-up of his constitution, An
hereditary goutcompleted the whole,
producing, according to its ordi-
nary eflect on a debilitated system,
water in the chest, and such a weak-
ness of stomach that he could nei-
fher admit nor retain sustenance.
The unfortunate issue of the war on
the continent, no doubt, contri-
buted largely to hasten his death ;
and the failure of a plan for the de-
liverance of Kurope, which hisgenius
had formed and matured, must have
been to him asource of great anxiety
and mortification. By a solemn
vote of the house of commons (on
the 27th instant,) he had a public
funeral and monument in Westmin-
ster Abbey, at the national ex-
pence.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

26th, At Paris, in her 70th year, -

Maria Theresa Reboul, wife of Vieu,
the senator and painter, She was
received a member of the former

academy of painting in 1757. Most

of her works, which ,are highly
esteemed, are in the cabinet of the
emperor of Russia.

At Autun, aged 63, M. de Fon-
tanges, archbishop of Autun, and
formerly archbishop of Toulon.

The infant son of Mr. Bubb, of
Martley court co. Gloucester, a re-
markably fine child, about three
years old. He fell a victim to the
negligence of the servant - maid,
who had put him in the window of
an upper room, through the case-
ment of which he fell into the court
below, and was so dreadfully
bruised that he almost instantly ex-
pired.

29th. In the parish of Cottachy,
in Scotland, James Gordon, a native
of the north of Scotland, who had
lived by begging for a number’of
years. On searching his house,
there were found 18/. sterling in
silver, and 1/, sterling in copper
coin, wrapped up in old stockings,
and hid in holes in the wall.

50th. At his house in Aldersgate.
street, aged 69, Thomas Skinner,
esq. alderman of Queenhithe ward,
to which office he was elected in
1785, on the decease of alderman
Bates, who held the office for a short
period after the death of alderman
Bull. This very respectable citizen
was born at Brentford, Jan. 14,
1737 3; received his education at
Ealing, and served an apprentice-
ship to Mr. Williams, an upholder
in Newgate-street. He used to seem
happy when relating from what a
small beginning he raised himself,
by an honourable course of indus-
try, to the splendid fortune of which

he

,

CH EON TC LE.

he died possessed. In 1757 he
began business for himself in Al-
dersgate-street, and married an ami-
able woman, Miss White, daughter
of a gentleman in extensive business.
Mr. S. served the office of sheriff in
1784, the commencement of Mr.
Pitt’s career. On that occasion,
though thé whig principles of Mr.
Skinner were perfectly well known,
and that his intimate friend Mr.
Byng, candidate for the county, and
Mr. Sawbridge for the city, were
most violently opposed, Mr. Skin-
ner conducted himself as sheriff with
such clearintegrity as to draw from
the enemies of his known opinions
the most unequivocal approbation.
He was elected lord mayor at Mi-
chaelmas 1794, and went through the
mayoralty with much honour and
reputation. Though warmly at-
tached to.the party at that time in
opposition, he never suffcred his po-
litical sentiments to interfere in the
smallest degree with his duty asa
magistrate, and purposely refrained
from all attendance on public meet-
ings connected with party during
his mayoralty. ‘This also was a me-
morable year, on account of*the
state trials, when the ministry, from
their apprehension of riots, were
most earnest with the lord mayor to
permit a body of regular troops into
the city to assist the police. Mr.
Skinner positively refused, and
shewed them that a vigilant and con-
stitutional first magistrate of the
city could, in the most difficult
times, preserve its peace by the civil
power alone; and declared, that,
while he sat in the chair, no military
foree should be employed. He ful-
filled Mis promise of keeping the
peace effectually. As a magistrate,
he has been indefatigable im his ser-

509
vices to the city, and at all times
with the most disinterested spirit;
for, though repeatedly urged to take
the representation of the city, or to
participate in some of their lucrative
posts, he always rejected places as
well as titles. He gave the corpo.
ration all the benefit of his able ad-
vice and assistance in the improve-
ment of their estates, and particu-
larly of those set apart for charitable
purposes; and to him, more than

any other member, are they indebt-

ed for the improvements that have
taken place. His company (the
haberdashers) particularly ‘benefited
by his sagacity, and their estates
have accordingly been greatly ad-
vanced. In his own profession he
has shewn what wonderful things
may be done by ability and perse-
verance. When he began the business
of an auctioneer, he was scarcely
known. It was thought discredit-
able to bring estates or goods to
sale in the country; but to such
a height has it arisen under his
auspicies, that the auction-duty paid
to government last year amounted to -
the sum of 300,000/. Mr. Dyke,
who came to be with him in 1763,
has for a long time discharged all the
active parts of the business, which
allowed him to spend much of his
time at Collier’s wood, a beautiful .
seat, which he purchased, near Mer-
ton, in Surrey, but which he has
never truly enjoyed since the death
of his wife, about five years ago.
Alderman Skinner was a man of
strong natural -sense and consider.
able knowledge of the world. He
conducted a large concern in busi-
ness with much skill and credit ; and
has left twosons, one in the firm of
Goodwyn, Skinner, and Thornton
(formerly Parsons’s brewhouse,) and

the

510

the other in the army; and five
daughters, of which one only was
unmarried.

30th. At Tarporley, in Cheshire,
ina very advanced age, Mrs. Frances
Fitzherbert, a lady of exemplary
virtue aud piety. She was unmar-
ried, and the only surviving sister of
the late Richard F. esq. of Somer-
sal-Herbert, im Derbyshire ; who
was the last representative, in the
male line, of the eldest protestant
branch of that ancient family ; which
has been settled in Derbyshire since
the beginning of the 12th century,
and was allied to the Baronial fa.
mily of the Fifzherberts of Deane:
two of whom made a conspicuous
figure in king John’s wars ; and are
amongst the subscribers to Magna
Charta. The Fitzherberts of Tis-
sington, in Derbyshire, now repre-
sented by sir Henry Fitzherbert,
bart. were a younger branch of this
family of Somersal-Herbert ; from
which they separated in the reign of
king Henry VI.

In his 76th year, at Hatley St.
George, co. Cambridge, Thomas
Quintin, esq. in the commission of
the peace for that county, for which
he served the office of hich sheriff'a
few years ago. He was originally
of Neweastle, and one of the agents
in the glass-works belonsing to the
late John Williams, esq. whence he
went to London, where, by industry
and attention, he acquired a fortune
of nearly 200,000/. which he has be-
queathed to his only son by his first
wife, the daughter of the late capt.
Whitby, of Newcastle.

At his‘ house’ in St. Andrew’s
square, Edinburgh, the hon. David
Smith, of Methven, one of the
senators of the college of justice.

3ist. John Sikes, esq. of Little
Distaif-lane, svgar-refiuer, and one

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

of the common council of Bread.
street ward.

At Hailsham barracks, major
Hansard, of the royal Glamorgan
militia.

Aged 113, John Tucker, fishers
man, at Itching ferry, Soufhampton;
who followed his usual occupation
till within afew weeks of his death.

Lately, at S€ Petersburg, count
Alexander Woronzoff. ‘This emi-.
nent statesman was in the possession
of shinmg talents, and distinguishing
pecularities, not generally uander-
stood. During the reign of fhe
great Catherine, he was president of
the college of commerce ; and in this
important department evinced a su-
perior knowledge, not only in the
trading interest of Russia, but of
Europe in general. Assiduous and
indefatigable in business, he was casy
of access ; but could not divest him.
self of a certain stiffness of deport-
ment, which in the eyes of strangers
gave him the appearance of haughti-
ness. Though ardent in friendship,
his enmity was remote from impla-
cability ; and amongst his greatest
enjoyments he estimated an accis
dental meeting with an old acquaint.
ance, to whom he could familiarly
discourse of past occurrences. His
negociations with lord St. Helen’s
and lord Whitworth, upon the sub-
ject of a commercial treaty, infused
a suspicion that he was rather inimi-
cal to the interests of this country,
a prejudice which was reported to
have originated from some personal
offence he had formerly experienced
during a residence here. ‘This bias,
however, by no means operated
unfavourably ; for when count
Woronzoff became chancellor of the
empire, and prime minister, under
Alexander, his mind rose to its na-
tural elevation ; he discarded all per-

a sonal

’ CIERONICLE

sonal piques, and, by his wise and
energetic counsels, proved himself
the steady friend of England, and the
firm supporter of the general cause
of Europe. With dignified resent-
ment he reprobated the ambitious
systems and tyrannical schemes of
Buonaparte. The licentious excesses
of the french revolution were sin-
cerely lamented by Woronzoff ; and
he had predicted the fatal conse-
quences with the same_ prophetic
fidelity which inspired the celebrated
Edmund Burke. He had a great
respect and the warmest and sin-
cerest affection for his brother count
Simeon, the ambassador, to whose
opinions and advice he paid the ut-
most deference. The decease of
this truly great man, fif not immedi-
ately owing to, was no doubt acce-
lerated by the same stroke which
hastened the earthly dissolution of
the minister Pitt, viz. the disas-
trous termination of the continental
coalition. About two years since,
count Alexander Woronzoff, ad-
vanced in life, being upwards of 70,
and afilicted with a scorbutic com-
plaint, retired to Moscow. In pri-
vate, he was temperate in his habits,
and delivered his sentiments with
unrestrained freedom. JDetesting
parties and intrigue, he was revered
asatrue patriot, and regarded as
almost the only great man remaining
from the time of Catherine. He
spoke German and French with the
fluency and propriety of a native,
and excelled in all the fashionable
accomplishments of his day, In re-
ward for his shining talents, and the
eminent services he had rendered his
country, count Woronzoff had the
following distinguised titles con-
ferred upon him: chancellor of the
Empire, actual privy counsellor of
the first glass, senator, minister for

511

foreign affairs, actual chamberlain,
knight of the orders of St. Andrew,
of Alexander Refsky, and of St,
Anne and Wooldimer, of the first
class.

At Madrid, the celebrated admi-
ral and captain-general of the Spa-
nish navy, Don Juan De Langara,
who was taken prisoner by the late
admiral Roduey, 1789. In conse-
quence of his disregard of his private
interest, he died poor, and his wi-
dow was in the greatest embarrass.
ment how to provide a funeral ade-
quate to his rank. The prince of
peace, being informed of this,
wrote aletter to Madame De L. in
which he expressed his regret at the
decease of such a meritorious -of-
ficer, and at the same time informed
her that he would defray the expen-
ces of the funeral, which was per-
formed with the utmost magnificence
and splendour.

Feb. ist. At Stoke Newington,
at the very advanced age of nearly
98, by a placid expiration of the
vital powers, without a single sigh
or groan, Mrs. Sarah Woollaston,
for more than 40 years the relict of
Israel W. esq. “Mrs. Woollaston
was quite a character; but a respect-
able one, and respectably connected.
She was remarkable in her person :
rather short and thin, and by some
accident had been deprived of one
of her eyes; and was very longs
frequenter of Lincola’s-inn-gardens,
with her lap-dog Psyche on her
arm; and it was remarked by the
young ladies of her acquaintance,
that, having a succession of such
pensioners, and having left Psychea
weekly pension for her life; when
the first pensioner died, a new will
was made, to establish the validity
of that legacy, lest the executors
should dispute, and question the

identity

512 ANNUAL REGIS#®PER, 1806.

identity of the legatee. Old Dr. Sib-
thorpe used sometimes to visit her ;
as also sir Thomas Fowke and Mrs.
Sturt, the heiress of the families of
Pitfield of Hoxton and Solomon
Astley. After the death of her
husband, she removed to a small
heuse in Leytonstone, Essex, which
was one night beset, and plundered
of every thing valuable, one of the
robbers, supposed in collusion with
some of her servants, sitting on her
bed, and not suffering her to stir.
In 1779 or 1780, afew years after
this robbery, she removed to New-
ington, opposite the west end of Mr.
Aistlabie’s. premises, in the house
which was the first resort of the
celebrated Mr. Howard, when he
left his old master Mr Newnham,
grocer,in Watling-street. Here she
spent the remainder of her life, in a
secluded sequestered state. Among
a considerable number of valuable
trinkets, pearls, and diamonds
€which she has distributed among
hey various friends) was an excellent
winature picture of her husband, in
2 beautiful white wig, containing 100
curls, and remembered, by a person
dead 20 years, to be the faithful
likeness of the original, when a
member of Dr. Calamy’s meeting-
house at Westmister about 1730.

Aged 73, Mr. Wm. Seaton, of
Sweepwash farm, Washingborough,
co. Lincoln.

6th. At Ormerod-house, Lan-
cashire, in the bloom of life, Mrs.
Hargreaves, wife of John H. esq.
only daugl:ter and sole heiress of
the late Lawrence Ormerod, of Or-
merod, esq. by his wife, the only
daughter of the late Riv, Ashbur-
nam Legh, of Golburn Parks, sister
to the late Thomas Peter Legh, esq.
of Lyme in Cheshire, colonel of the.
Prince of Wales’s or Lancashire

regiment of fencible cavalry, and
M. P. for Newton in the Willows,
first cousin to the right hon. earl of
Wilton,in whose regiment Mr. Har-
greaves Served as a captain during
the whole of the late war.

7th. By cutting his throat, Mr.
Dupree, a poulterer in St. James’s
market, in a very reputable way of _
business. While the servant. maid
was toasting bread for breakfast in
the kitchen, he was shaving himself ;
and, on her leaving the room, he
perpetrated the shocking act. The
razor went through the jugular vein,
and the deceased bled to death. It
appeared by the testimony of credis
ble witnesses, that the unfortunate
man had laboured under fits of me.
lancholy above two years.

At Paddington, Mr. Sykes, afar.
mer, who resided near Stamford,
Lincolnshire. Having spent the
evening with a partpat the house of
a friend, he fell over a banister, in
his way down stairs, and fractured
his skull. Verdict accidental death.

19th, Ather lodgings in Clarges.
street, Piccadilly, in her 89th year,
Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, daughter of
Nicholas Carter, D. D. rector of
Woodchurch, 1755 ; rectorof Ham,
1734 ; vicar of ‘Filmanstone, 1730
—1755 ; curate of Deal chapel from
1718.to his death, O&. 23, 1774;
a lady who bas for a long time en.
joyed a very distinguished pre-emi-
nence in the literary world. She
very early in life discovered the su-
perior cultivation which her mind
had received from the superinten.~
dence of her worthy parent. Her
only brother, Henry, received his
classical education from her before
he went to Canterbury school;
from which he was admitted of Car.
pus Christi college, Cambridge ;
1757 ; and proceeded B, A. 1760,
3

‘

fore at Dublin,

CHRONICLE. 513

M. A. 1763; and was presented,
by sir George Oxendon, to the rec-

tory of Wittenham, Berks. She has

published all the works of Epic-
tetus, which are now extant; con-
sisting of his discourses, preserved
by Arrian, in\four books, the En-
chiridion, and fragments, translat-
ed from the original Greek, with
an introduction and notes by the
translator 5. one volume, quarto,
1758, by subscription, and it was
honoured with a long list of very
distinguished names. The learn-
ing and ability which the authoress
displayed in the execution of her
task are well known, and have re-
ceived that high applause which is
sojustly their due ; the work may

with safety be pronounced to do
honour to her sex and to her coun.
try. It was reprinted, subsequently,

in two volumes, duodecimo, and be-
1754, octavo.
Poems on several occasions ; one
volume, octavo, 1762 (reprinted in
duodecimo). The poems were pub-
lished at the desire of the late earl of
Bath ; also in Dodsley’s miscel-
Janies, vy. 309, vi. 227. and are cele-

brated among the verses of Jord
Lyttleton, who had read them in_

manuscript. ‘The first of them was
written before the authoress had
completed her eighteenth year.
As compositions, their merit and
beauty cannot be too highly ap-
plauded. Sublime simplicity of sen-

timent, melodious sweetness of ex-

pression, and morality the most ami-
able, grace them in every page ;

| while, notwithstanding her previous
| appearance as the translator of

Epictetus, the fine sensibility, the
serene dignity, and the lofty ima-
gination, which she displayed on
this occasion, proved her the ge-
nuivie disciple of Plato. Mrs, Car-
Vox. XLYVIII.

ter was also the contributor of two
papers to ‘ the Rambler,” which,
we are told by Mrs. Piozzi, had
much of Dr, Johnson’s esteem.
They are, No. 44, which consists of
an allegory, where religion and su-
perstition are delineated in a mas-
terly manner; and No. 100, which
is an excellent Jetter on modish
pleasures, bearing the signature of
CuartessA. — In addition to the
above account, we have received
the following affectionate and sin-
cere effusions of the heart from 2
respectable lady, whose correspon-
dence would be an honour to
any work: ** My much honour-
ed and very dear friend, Mrs. Eli-
zabeth Carter has, long been well
known and highly respected for her
superior understanding, extensive
knowledge, scientific and familiar,
from the highest researches in phi-
losophy to the commonest useful ac-
quirements. She was qualified for
the society of the first scholars by
her intimacy with the learned lan.
guages, as was evinced by her trans-
Jation of Epictetus from the Greek

original. She possessed a masculine
understanding ; while she was in=

_vested with such innate modesty,

that her superior acquirements never
intruded into company. — Her heart
was open to the keenest sensibility
for all distresses of the afflicted ;
and her mind piously resigned to
meet with fortitude the changes and
chances of life ; while her firm faith
in the christian religion strengthen-
ed in her the performance of every
duty ; and it may be truly said,
that, with all her very rare endow.
ments, goodness of heart, mildness
of temper, and suavity of manners,
were predominant in all her con.
duct, as also in the placid serenity
ef her interesting coun/enance,

Ll Above

514

Above half a century has elapsed
since the happy commencement of
my acquaintance with Mrs. C. ;
having early in life been indulged
with the honour and the pleasure of
an intimacy with her; and a regu-
Jar correspondence has subsisted be-
tween us ever since, much to my edi-
fication and delight, till her advanc-
ed life and interrupted health ren-
_ dered writing painful to her.”
_ 18th. At Lewes, Sussex, Charles
Ward, esq. barrack-master of that
place. He was the_ representative
of one of the most ancient families
in Great Britain, who were of con-
_ siderable note in the days of Egbert,
from which remote period Mr.
Ward (as he supposed) had manu-
scripts in his possession at the time
of his death. Early in life he was
appointed a captain in the militia of
his native county, Warwick, in
which he possessed a handsome
patrimonial property. He served
in America, as an officer in the 60th
yegiment, and distinguished himself
on various occasions by his gallantry
and intrepidity during the war with
that country. At Pensacola, when
that place was besieged by the Spa-
niards, under the command of Don
Galvis, he received a severe wound
in the head, and was left for dead ;
- but Mr, Ramsey, then surgeon of
the 16th regiment and now on the
‘staffin England, resolved on per-
forming the operation of trepan-
ning, notwithstanding most of the
other gentlemen of the faculty were
of opinion that it was best to let
him die in peace. Mr. Ramsey’s
exertions happily succeeded, and he
had the satisfaction to see his friend
. survive nearly 30. years, the effects
of his skill and judgment. On his
return home, he was appointed to
the invalids at Fort George, in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Gray’salms-house, 101. per annum ;

North Britain, where he remained
several years, esteemed and respect-
ed by all the nobility and gentry of
the neighbourhood. The begin-
ning of last war he received an ap-
pointment from the barrack board,
and was sent to Plymouth to super-
intend the building of the new bar-
racks in that quarter, on the com-
pletion of which, he was removed
to Lewes, where he continued un-
til hisdeath. His remains were in-
terred with military honours, fol-
lowed to the grave by the 35th
regiment, and all the officers of the
garrison, every one anxious to
shew their last mark of respect to
the memory of a worthy veteran,
the whole of whose life had been-
devoted to the service of his king
and country.

14th. At Berlin, of apoplexy,
lieut-gen. Von Gotz, commandant
of that city,

18th, Ather father’s house in Pic. .
cadilly, in her 29th year, very much
regretted, lady Louisa Fitzroy,
third daughter of his grace the
duke of Grafton.

AtTaunton, Devonshire, atan ad.
vanced age, Mr. John Clitsome,
who, for a number of years past,
carried on a very extensive trade in
the braziery line, with great suc.
cess, dying worth near 20,000).
Among several other charitable do-
nations, is the interest of 500). for
ever, to Paul’s meeting-house ; to

to a servant, Edward Hays, who
worked for him the last 50 years”
(now infirm) he has bequeathed 201.
per annum, for life: and to his
othef servants avd apprentices, an-
nual legacies for life. ,
At Bologna, the celebrated Ma~
dame Banti. She caught cold on
her return from the Carnival at
Venice, ©

' heart of the hearer.

“CHRONICLE

Venice, which occasioned a fever,
of which she died-after a few days
illness. Her death is sincerely la-
mented by the genuine amateurs of
music in every country. Her talents
were most uncommon ; since, with-
out the aid of science, she made an
impression on her audience which it
is the perfection, and ought to be
the object, of science toattain. Her
voice came purely from the breast ;
and, by the fullness, sweetness, and
Simplicity of the tone, excited the
most powerful sympathy in the
She had ac-
quired a very competent fortune by
her talents, and has left a consider.
able estate in the vicinity of Bo-
logna to her children.

At his brother’s house at Kint-
bury, co. Berks, Charles Fowles,
esq. of Kensington-place, barrister
at Jaw, and major-commandant of
the Hungerford volunteer corps of
infantry.

' 21st. At his house in the Adel-
phi, aged 76, and very rich, John
Cator, esq. of Beckenham, Kent.
In April, 1784, he was elected

_ M. P. for Ipswich; but a petition

being presented to the house of
commons, the election was set aside,
and the late A. Crickitt, esq.
ehosen in his stead.

22d. At his house in Rose-street,
Edinburgh, in the 83d year of his

age, the venerable and respected

Dr. George Chapman, formerly rec-
tor of the grammar-school of Dum.
fries, and afterwards of the academy
of Bamff, both which seminaries he
advanced to the most flourishing
state,

In the gaol of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, under confinement on mesne
process for debt, Thomas Smith,
esq. husband of the justly celebrated

515

Mrs. Charlotte Smith, authoress of
sonnets and other works.

At the house of Joseph Bonomi,
esq. artist, in Tichfield-street, Marys
la-bonne, in consequence of a para~
lytic stroke which he had expe.
rienced about 10 days before,
James Barry, esq, aneminent paint.
er. He was born at Cork, and in.
troduced to the notice of the world
under the auspices and generous
patronage of the right hon. Kd.
mund Burke. After an education
of considerable length in France
and Italy, he returned to England,
In 1772 he published, in reply to
the celebrated Abbé Winkelman,
‘¢ An enquiry into the real and ima.
ginary obstructions to the acquis
sition of the arts in England.”. The
Abbé followed Abbé Du Bos and
president Montesquieu, in giving li.
mitsto the genius of the English,
and pretending to point out a cer-
tain appropriate character of hea-
viness and want of fancy, deduced
from certain physical causes. Itis
a system of clear and manly argu.
ment, which ably confutes such ig-
norant and impotent observations
of foreigners with respect to some
essential parts of our national cha-
racter, The principal monument
of his fame is his series of six pic.
tures, representing the progress of
society and civilization among man.
kind, in the great room of the so.
ciety for the encouragement of arts,
manufactures, and commerce, in the
Adelphi. The occasion of painting
these pictures was as follows: an
offer had been made, in 1772, by
sir Joshua Reynolds and nine other
eminent painters, including Mr,
Barry, to adorn the cathedral of St.
Paul with religious paintings, in the
manner of the cathedrals of Italy.

Lig This

7

516

This proposition was rejected, on
the ground that such ornaments were
inconsistent with the gonius of the
protestant religion. Disappointed
in this, Mr. Barry offered, by him-
self, to adorn the great room of the
society of arts with a series of alle-
gorical paintings applicable to the
purposes. of that society. The two
largest pictures are 42 feet each in
length ; and the work is altogether,
perhaps, the most considerable that
ever was. undertaken by any single
artist of his own motion, or without
the hope of reward. ‘The work
was seven years in executing, and
was exhibited at the room in the
Adelphi in the year 1783 and 1784,
for his benefit, and he published an
octavo volume, explanatory of the
series. He published, 1793, a let-
ter to the above society, ‘* the ob-
ject of which was to publish a few
personal explanations, to advertise
engravings of the above-mentioned
pictures, and to throw together some
admirable thoughts on that branch
of public instruction which regards
the influence of religion and of the
arts on human culture and national
glory.”” Besides these pieces, Mr.
B. published a ¢ Ietter to the Dilet-
tanti Society,” printed in the sup.
plement to the new edition of Pil-
kington’s Dictionary of Painters,
1798, chiefly on the subject of em-
piricism in picture-cleaning, and
giving an account of an excellent
practice, relative to the perservation
of pictures, which he found in use
at Rome. In Mr B’s productions,
as well of the pencil as of the pen,
there are: generally to be found cer-
tain eccentricities, bothin sentiment
and expression; but he has long
been known to the public, not only
as a practical painter of. the first
merit, distinguished by the classical

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

taste and antique purity of his de- -
signs, but also as a literary theorist,
important for his profound know-~
ledge of art, and respectable for the
lofty merit which he ever laboured
to inculcate as the severe duty of
artists, and the highest embellishment
of their productions, Preferring in-
dependence with’ bread and water .
to the most splendid appointment
associated with a control of the
will of its possessor, he so effectu-
ally circumscribed his wants, that
few men could support themselves
on so little. A professed republi-
can in principle, he felt no concern
to disguise his sentiments; he is »
said, even in public lectures on a
royal foundation, to descant fre-
quently with admiration on the en-
couragement afforded the fine arts
under a republican compared with a
monarchical government. ‘This li-
cence. frequently alarmed _ his
brethren of the Royal Academy ;
nor did he stop here, but scruti-
nized, and often severely censured,
their conduct in the affairs of the ,
institution.”” See memoirs of living
authors, second edition. Mr. Barry
was some years professor of paint-
ing to the royal academy ; and had
very lately undertaken to paint a
whole-length portrait of the late la-
mented lord Nelson, for the society
of arts.

24th. At Romely, co. Derby, Dr.
Thomas Gisbone, F. R. S. senior
fellow of St. John’s college, Cam-
bridge; B.A. 1747, M. A. 1751,
M. D. 1758; physician to the
king ; afellew, and for somé years
president, of the college of physi-
cians.

Suddenly, Mrs. Alice Mayor,
who had dined with Mrs. Wilsdon,
in the Islington road, and, while
drinking tea, some jocular conver. .

sation
2 j

CH RON TD CLES

sation passed among the company,
which excited laughter, and Mrs.
M. was seized with a cough, pro-
ceeding from the tea flying into her
lungs, which was so violent that she
burst a blood-yessel, and soon ex-
pired, leaving a family to lament
the misfortune.

Suddenly, at his house, the sign
of the load of hay, near Hampstead,
Middlesex, the eccentric Joe Davis,
Known by the appellation of * The
host of Haverstock-hill.”” The pub-
lic are well acquainted with the
character and eccentricities of this
huge man, whose caricature has
Jong figured in the windows of most
ofthe print-shopsin the metropolis.
He used to offer copious libations to
Bacchus early in the morning, and
continue in a state of intoxication
the whole of the day. It was in
these happy moments that he amus-
ed his company by his eccentrici-
ties, clad in a gorgeous court-<ress,
His house was frequented by stran-
gers of all descriptions, whom curio-
sity led thither ; and it was not un-
common to see the carriages of no-
blemenand gentlemendrawn up at
the door, forthe visitants to gratify
their curiosity with a view of the
celebrated host. He died as he had
lived, in the arms of the jolly god;
for, having spent another of his
happy days, he at night threw him-

self prostrate in the bar, and, this

being no novelty, remained there,

‘unnoticed, till bed-time, when he

was found dead.

Edmund lord viscount Pery. His
lordship was born in April, 1719 ;
married, first, June 11, 1756, Pat-
ty, youngest daughter of John Mar-
tin, esq. who. died without issue ;
and, secondly, Oct. 27, 1762, Kli-
zabeth Vesy, eldest daughter of
John Denny, lord Knapton- (by

517

Elizabeth eldest daughter of Wil-,
liam. Brownlow, esq. by the lady
Elizabeth Hamilton, daughter cf *
James the sixth earl of Abercorn),
and sister of Thomas the first vis-
count de Vesci, and had issue two
daughters viz. Diana-Jane, born
Oct. 27, 1764, married, June 2,
1784, Thomas Knox, eldest son of
Thomas viscount Northland ; and
Frances, married, in January, 1789,
Nicholas Calvert. His lordship was
the eldest son of the rey. Stackpole
Pery, and grandson of Edmund
Pery, esq. of Stackpole court, in
the county of Clare, whose family
came originally from lower Brita-
ny. His lordship was chosen
speaker of the house of commons -
of Ireland in three successive par-
liaments, viz. March 7, . 1771,
June 8, 1776, and Oct. 14, 1783.
He resigned his high oflice Sept. 4,
1785, owing to his increasing in-
firmities, with a farewell address,
and received the thanks of the
house of commons, who uwnani-
mously moved an address to his ma-
jesty, that he would be graciously
pleased to confer on him some sig-
nal mark of his favour, in return
for his long and faithful services.
His majesty was pleased to grant
him a pension of 3000I. per annum,
and raise him to the peerage, by the
title of viscount Pery, of Newton
Pery, in the county of Limerick.
His lordship dying without issue.
male, the title becomes extinct ; his
personal and acquired property de-
volves to his two daughters aud co-
heiresses ; but the family-estate,
amounting to 8000]. per annum,
descends tohis nephew, the earl of
Limerick. He was born in Lim-
erick, in 1719, of an ancient. fami.
ly ; and, applying himself to the
practice of the law, soon arrived at»

L13 the’

518

the head of his profession, a situa-
tion which he maintained till he was
called to the chair of the house of
commons, in the year 1771. ‘The
dignity with which he filled that im.
portant post for many years, his
profound knowledge of the consti-
tution, his temper, his finmness, the
mildness of his deportment, his ur-
banity, his independent spirit, and,
above all his scrupulous impartiality,
are still remembered with gratitude
' and admiration for a legislator and
a statesman, in which capacities he
also distinguished himself.
27th. This afternoon, Mr. Bar-
rett, rope-maker, of Poplar, took a
boat for himself, his wife, two sons,
and a daughter, to go to Wool-
wich. When near Greenwich
Reach, a sudden squall of wind
overset the boat, and Mr. B. the
three children, and the waterman,
were unfortunately drowned. Mrs.
B. was saved, being picked up by a
boat near the spot, but died the next
night at her house at Poplar.
28th. Capt. Pringle, of the ship
' Providence. Going on board, oft
Bell-wharf tier, he fell between two

ships, and was drowned before as-,

sistance could be got.

At Melberby, , in Cumberland,
aged 84, Mr. John Slee, father of
the rev. Mr. Slee, of the same place.
He possessed a most intrepid mind ;
and his exploits, though they will
not, perhaps, be recorded in the page
of history, yet, in his native place,
have been long looked upon by the
honest rustic, with more admiration
than the achievements of those in
more exalted spheres. In the re-
bellion of 1745, our hero greatly
distinguished himself. Being at that
period one of the trained bands for
the county, then lying at Carlisle,
he volunteered to go and reconnoitre

ANNUAWL REGISTER, 1806.

the rebels, who were approaching
Carlisle; having discovered their
advanced party, below Longtown,
he was the very person that took
quarter-master Brand, and brought
him prisoner to Carlisle. After the
city was surrendered to the enemy,
the train-bands were escorted by the
rebels to Low Hesket, where Mr.
Slee proposed to his companions,
unarmed, to fall upon the rebels,
and take them prisoners; which
proposition, however, they would
not agree to. He, therefore, made
his escape to Penrith, where he re-
mained until the return of the re
bels ; and the morning after the ac-
tion on Clifton Moor, he, with a
party of thirteen, agreed to go and
view the scene of action. On their
way thither, they discovered three
of the rebels wandering in the fields,
whom they resolved to take; but,
on a nearer approach their courage
failed them ; in the mean time the
enemy had fled. Mr. Slee imme-
diately pursued them alone, with no
other arms than an old sword. The
rebels, seeing whom they had to
contend with, made a stand, and ali
of them snapped their pieces at him.
Wonderful to relate! they all missed
fire. Mr. Slee still advancing, rush-
ed in amonst them, made them all
prisoners, and brought them to the
Moot-hall, at Penrith. But Mr.
Slee’s generosity was equal to his
courage; he promised to protect
them with his life; and actually
fought three battles in their defence.
The fame of this circumstance soon
reached the ears of the brave duke
af Cumberland, who sent for him,
and presented him with an appoint-
ment in the duke of Montague’s
troopers (a very valuable situa-
tion at that time) where he conti-
nued till the regiment was disband-—

CHRONICLE

ed. While this corps was lying at
York, the subject of our humble
narrative, frequently did duty over
the rebel prisoners there. Amongst
them was one of the men whom he
took prisoner, as mentioned before ;
this man was very remarkable for al-
ways crying out, when he saw our
hero, “* Oh! mon, if it had na
been for you, Id no been here.”

March 2d. Aged 50, Robert Wat-
_kin Wynn, esq. of Plasnewydd,
county of Denbigh.

At the Pears, near Horton-Shield,
county of Northumberland, much
respected, Mrs, John Hunter. The
manner of her death was truly af-

_fecting. In the morning she pro-
posed that the servant, with the rest
of the family should go to church,
and that she would, contrary to her
usual custom, stay at home, and
make the necessary preparations for
dinner. Her little boy staid with
her; and when she was in the act
of making a pudding, she fell down
and expired.
played by the boy was wonderful ;
and, wher al] his feeble efforts to
restore his mother had failed, he ran
out for other assistance, the next
house being at least half a mile off.
The poor little fellow has been in a
most distressed condition ever since ;
though, at the time, he says, he
could have done any thing!

3d. At his house at Greenwich,
aged 81, Isaiah Millington, esq.
The spacious iron wharf, with the
ancieat mansion, now belonging to
the earl of Ashburnham, and in the
occupation of. Mr. M. were pur-
chased, in 1704, of sir Ambrose
Crowley, alderman of London, and
was for some time the residence of
that family. Their great iron-
works are at Newcastle, where sir

The fortitude dis-—

519-
Ambrose had a colony of 1000 men,
to make all the anchors for the
use of government, who allowed
him to pay them in acoin of his
own; and he died worth 300,0001.
Jeaving a sum of money to put out
apprentices to his trade. This fac-
tory, under the name of Abraham
Crowley, occurs in the common-
council books of Newcastle, at
Swallwell, in the vicinity of New-
castle, 1694, which must have be-
gun at least three years before.
(Brand’s Newcastle, If. 501.) Mr,
Lysons (Environs, IIT. 493.) re-
fers, for an authentic account of it,
to Hutchinson’s history of Durham.

At Exeter, aged i7, the hon.
Miss Trefusis, eldest daughter of the
late, and sister of the-present, Lord
Clinton, of Cross, Devon.

4th, The son of sir Lionel Copley,
bart. He had ascended the ladder
of his father’s library, from which
he fell, and broke his leg in so
shocking a manner, that the bone
stuck in the floor. A fever ensued,
which terminated his life.

Lieutenant-colonel Bagwell, of ~
the 6th dragoon guards, son of John
B. esq. M. P. for Tipperary, and
brother to the M.P. for the bo-
rongh of Clonmeil, in Ireland.
Riding on a party of pleasure with
some officers of his acquaintance,
on the road between Exeter and
Exmouth, at that part where the
roads from Clyst and Newcourt join
that between ‘Topsham and ‘Top-
sham-bridge, his horse suddenly
took fright, and, galloping off with
great fury, threw his rider with such
force as to fractnre his~scull most

dreadfully, and kill him on the spot.

He was in the prime of life, beloved

aud esteemed by the whole regi-

ment, and all who knew him.
L114

5th, Ia

520

5th. In Great George.strect,
Westminster,’ Havilland Jue Mesn-
rier, esq. younger brother, and
surviving partner, of the late al-
derman Le M. commissary-general
of the army, &c. He was born in
Guernsey in 1758, and received a
liberal education at Wiachester-
school. He was, during some years,
in a mercantile connexion vith his
father and eldest brothers, the two
fate governors of Alderney. He
married, ii 1782, Miss Eliza Do-
brée, of Guernsey, and soon after-
wards removed to Havre de Grace,
where he joined the firm of a very
considerable, commercial house;
thence he came to England, and
established himself as a merchant in
London; but, suffering under the
commercial disasters of the fatal year,
1793, he accepted of a commissa-
riat commission in the army of the
British allies in Flanders, of which
Mr. Watson, (now sir Brook W.)
was then commissary-general. He
was soon raised to the ascending
progressive ranks of assistant-com~
missary-general, deputy “commis.
sary-general, and acting commissary
general; in which capacity he at-
tended and provided for the armies
_ in their celebrated retreat through
the disastrous severitics of a German
winter, in the severe season of
1794-5, with the peculiar approba-
tion of generals Dondas and Wal-
moden. Upon his return to Eng-
Jand, when our trcops were with-
drawn from the continent, he joined
in partnership with his brother, the

Fate worthy alderman; and in the

spring of 1797, upon the expecta.
tion of the threatened invasion, he
was appointed commissary-general
of the southern district ef England,
comprehending the important home

ANNUAL REGISTER, | 1806.

counties of Surrey, Sussex, and
Kent, upon a plan of supply by
stationary depots of provisions,

stores, and forage; a plan the most.

excellent, etiective, and economical,
ever yet devised, and which was
brought forward and perfected un-
der the immediate approbation of
general sir Charles (now lord Grey),
who commanded the district. In
the summer of 1799, the appoint.
meut of commissary-general of all ’
England was first created in favour
of Mr. Brook Watson, which Mr.
Le M. conceived to be placing him
in the secondary rank, against
which he had specifically stipulated;
a spirited difference arose, the con.
sequence of which was the resigna.
tion of Mr. Le M. in June 1800,
and the almost immediate reduction
of all officers serving under him, as
well as a total alteration of his plan.
The causes, effects, and bearings, of
this circumstance, he has given to
the world in a most dispassionate
and sensible pamphlet, lately pub.
lished. He.was, however, upon a
change of administration, in 1801,
again appointed commissary-gene-
ral, upon the decease of Mr. Motz
(an alien!) in Egypt, to the army
then preparing to return to Eng-
land, upon the conclusion of the
peace of Amiens: the difficulties
which arose upon the articles of
that peace, protraéted ‘the term of
Mr. Le M.’s service considerably,
and extended it to Malta, Naples,
&c. and gave him the opportunity for
new exertions of his talents, zeal,
and disinterested integrity; all of
which he again demonstrated to a
degree almost unparalleled, He
had published, in 1799, ** The
British Commissary,” dedicating it
to generals Walmoden and Dundas,,

his

CHRONIC ‘LE,

his military patrons and eulogists.
This is a work of great theoretic
and practical utility, and the only
one published in the Janguage,
which gives any display of this most
essential, important, and expensive
branch of national service. ‘Truth,
it has long been proverbially said,
is not always nor every where wel-
come! and the publication just
mentioned, had a different effect
with those whom it concerned than
might have been expected ; it having
probably been the occasion of the
author being passed over in the pro-
motion which followed the retirement
of sir B. Watson at Christmas last,
and to which, by professional rank,
he stood entitled; in consequence
of which he published, abouta month
before his death, ‘* Two letters to
the commissioners of army. ac-
counts,” of the abuses in the com-
missariat, in which he has “a round
unvarnished tale delivered,” that
may be fairly expected to become a
subject of public enquiry by the pre-
sent rulers. How far the death of
the author may have obscured the

‘requisite evidence and testimonials,

time alone must determine.—Mr. Le
‘M. has left one daughter and four

sons; the eldest is a captain in the

army ; the second a lieutenant in the
Blenheim, now in the East Indies,

and the two others are youths. Mr.

Le M. joined to a profound know-
ledge of business the warmest feel-

ings of friendship, and the fullest
' demonstrated ‘conviction

of the
truths of christianity, by the pre-
cepts of which his whole life was re-
gulated.

6th. At Bath, Elizabeth dowager
lady Bradford, of Veston, co: Staf-
ford. She was daughter and heiress
of John Simpson, esq. married,
1755, to George earl of Bradford,

521

who died in 1800, and by whom she
had, besides several children who
died infants, Orlando, the present
earl; John, who took the name and
arms of Simpson ; George, rector of
Wigan ; Aune-Charlotie, deceased,
married Henry Greswold Lewis,
esq. of Malvern-hall, co. Warwick ;
Klizabeth-Diana, married George.
William Gunning, esq.; Diana,
married John Sawbridge, esq. of
Olantigh, in Kent.

10th. At Paris, M. Tronchet, the
last surviving counsel of the ill-fated
Louis XVI. king of France. He
was amémber of the senate, and had
a great share in the formation of the
new civil code.

At Vienna, of an inflammatory
fever, in his 69th year, count Francis
Colloredo, knight of the golden .
fleece, grand cross of the order of
St. Stephen, late principal chamber.
lain, private state and conference
minister, and president of the court
and state chancery. At his death,
eight persons were ‘ill in his hotel ;
among whom were his lady, in im.
minent danger, and his only dangh.
ter. He has left two sons by a for.
mer marriage; aud above 100,000
florins yearly revenue, During his
illness their imperial majesties, aud
the whole imperial family, whose
education he had superintended, ma-
nifested their concern by daily en-
quiries respecting his health.

11th. At Dean’s-court, co. Dorset,
aged 80, the rev. sir James Han-
ham, bart. He was rector of Win-
terborn Zelston, co. Dorset, aud of
Pimperne, in thesame county, 1800;
succeeded his nephew in the title and

estate in 1776; and married Jane,

daughter of Edward Philips, of Wim-

borne, co. Dorset.
12th, Richard ‘Dugdale, esq. of
Blythe hally co. Warwick, great
great

522

great grandson of that emincnt an-
Yiquary sir William D. Garter king
of arms ; into whose family the ma-
nor passed by purchase, in the first
ear of king Charles I. from sir
alter (afterwards lord) Aston of
Forfar, to sir William’s father John
Dugdale of Shustoke (in which
parish it lies,) only son of John D.
of Clithero, co. Lancaster, which his
son sold, and took a lease for 60
years of the impropriate rectory of
Shustoke, and rebuilt the house,
which is engraved in the second edi-
tion of the history of Warwickshire,
inscribed to John Dugdale, esq. his
great grandson. Sir William had
one son, John, who was created
Norroy king of arms, and dicd
1700, leaving William, who died
1714, having married Judith sister
of sir Henry Gough, of Perry hall
in Staffordshire, knt. by whom he
had two sons, William and John,
who both died single, the latter
1749, and four daughters, the third
of whom, Jane, marricd Richard
Geast, esq. by whom she had a son
named Richard, the subject of this
article, who married Penelope-Bate,
eldest of the four daughters and
eoheirs of Francis Stratford, of
Merevale, esq. and in 1799 (out of
respect to Garter Dugdale) took,
by royal licence, the name and arms
of Dugdale only; and, by the same
licence, his only surviving son (who
is now M. P. forthe county of War-
wick) assumed the name of Strat-
ford-Dugdale.— Mr. D. had also
four daughters: 1. Penelope is mar-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ried to Charles- James Packe, esq. of
Hanthorpe house, co. Lincoln ; 2.
Louisa-Anne, to the late William
Dilke, esq. of Maxtoke castle; 3.
Francis, died ‘an infant; 4. Emma,
unmarried.
16th. At Portsmouth, aged 91,
captain James Halls, of the army.
He was surgeon’s mate of the Cen-
turion, and went round the world
with lord Anson, inthe year 1740,
when the Manilla galleon, Nostra
Signora de Cabadonga, was taken.
She was the richest prize ever taken,
having near a million and a half of
dollars on-board, and was larger and
of more force than the Centurion.
Mr. Halls came home surgeon of
her. It was after this veyage, which
Jasted three years and nine months, -
that lord Anson, when he landed at
Portsmouth, fell upon his knees,
and offered an ejaculatory prayer to
him who had preserved him from
such imminent dangers. Captain
Fortescue is now supposed to be the
only person living who went that
voyage.*
17th. At his house in Saville-
row, William Rowley, M. D. au
eminent physician and medical writer.
He died of a typhus fever, a sacri-
fice to the anxious performance of
his professional duties ; and was at.
tended in his Jast moments by his
friends Drs. Kennedy and Moseley.
At his seat at Bunny park, Notts,
aged 77, sir Thomas Parkyns, bart.
born 1728; married, 1747, Jane,
sole daughter and heiress of the
grandsen of sir Thomas P, the se-
| cond

* In a recent publication (biographical index to the house of commons) sir. Py
Stephens is mentioned as the only surviving person who went round the world in
the Centurion.. This is perfectly erroneous. Sir P. Stephens was not with lord A.
til after the return of the latter from his circumnavigatiom.

Cn a ON ELE:

cond baronet of that family; by
whom he left Thomas Boothby
Parkyns, the late lord Rancliffe, so
created (and father of George-
Augustus-Henry-Anne, the present
lord) in 1795. By two succeeding
wives he has alsoissue.
19th. At Dr. Watson’s academy,
Shooter’s-hill, co. Kent, a young
gentleman of the name of Harvey,
aged 18, after having Joaded a mus-
ket with which he had been accus-
tomed to go through the manual ex-
ercise, left the house on pretence of
going to shoot sparrows; but, in-
stead thereof, went into an out-
house, and, the more etfectually to
complete his purpose, tied the trig-
ger of the musket to his foot, then
placing his head on the muzzle, in-
stantly blew out his brains. No
cause can be assigned for the rash
attion, having been liberally treated
by his friends, and just received an
appointment as a cadet to India.
Verdié, lunacy.
20th. At Guildford, Surrey, after
an illness of three months, Miss
Anne Russell, eldest daughter of the
Jate John R. gent. one of the magis-
tratesof thattown. She was seized
with an apoplexy and palsy on the
23d of December last, when to ap-
_ pearance, in good health, which re-
‘duced her to a weak state, like an
infant; but her speech and under-
standing were not affected till a day
or two before she died. During the
whole of her illness she gave a de-
cided testimony to the truth of
_ Christianity, by which she was great-
ly supported; and with a perfeét
resignation Jooked forward with a
hope full of immortality to her last
moment.
22d. This morning a ducl was
fought on Galleywood common,
near Chelmsford, Essex, between
3

-Treland.

523

lieutenant Torrens and surgeon
Fisher, both of the 6th regiment of
foot, in barracks there. The parties,
with their seconds, arrived on the
spot appointed for the encounter at
day-break, when, the preliminaries
having been settled, they took a
short distance, and, turning round,
fired at the same instant. ‘The lieu-
tenant received his antagonist’s ball
in the groin, and immediately fell ;
on which Mr, F. went up and took
him by the hand, expressing much
regretat the lamentable consequence
that had ensued; as, from the na-
ture of the wound, he was appre-
hensive it would prove mortal. As.
sistance having been procured,
lieutenant ‘T. was removed to a
windmill at a short distance, and —
thence, as soon as possible, con.
veyed to his apartments in the bar.
racks, where every attention was
rendered that -his unfortunate situa-
tion could require. The ball, having
lodged on the side opposite to which
it entered, was extracted by Dr.
Welch, at 4 o’clock the same after.
noon, but he expired between 9 and
10 the following morning. Coroner’s
verdiét, wilful murder against Mr.

‘¥, and the twoseconds, one of whom

is under arrest; but Mr. F. and the
other have absconded.

At his lordship’s house in Hume-
street, Dublin, the most noble
Charles marquis of Ely, earl of Ely,
viscount and baron Loftus, of Lof-

tus-hall, in Ireland, sand an Eng-

lish peer, by the title of baron Lof-
tus of Long Loftus, in Yorkshire,
knight of the illustrious order of St.
Patrick, governor and custos rotu-
lorum of the county of Wexford,
one of his majesty’s privy counsel-
lors, and joint postmaster-general of
The marquis was born
Jan. 23, 17385; married June 23,

1766,

524

1766, Jano, eldest daughter and
coheiress of Robert Myhill, esq. by
whom he has left issue two sons: 1.
John viscount Loftus, born Feb,
15,1770, colonel of ‘the Wexford
militia, and knight of theshire for
the county of Wexford, now mar-
quis of Ely ; 2. Lord Robert, born
Sept. 5, 1773, lord bishop of Kil.
laloe. The marquis was the eldest
son of sir John Tottenham, bart. by
Elizabeth Loftus, sister of Henry
earl of Ely, who died, without issue,
in 1783, leaving his estates to his
nephew. The family of Loftus
settled in dreland in the reign of
queen Elizabeth, since which it has
been ennobled in three branches,
and produced twolord chancellors,
The family of Adam Loftus, viscount
Ely, lord chancellor of Ireland in
1630, is extinct; as is also the fa-
mily of Loftus, viscount Lisburne ; ;
which latter title became extinét in
1991. The arst of the family in
‘Yreland was .Adam Loftus, Jord
chancellor of ireland and archbishop
of Dublin. He was the son of
Edward Loftus, esq. of Swinchead,
in Yorkshire, whose family had
flourished there from the reign of
king Alfred, as appears by the ar.
chives of York minster, in which
were registered various donations of
lands. given to the church and reli-

_sgious houses in that reign, and in

several subsequént reigns, by the fa-
mily of. Lofthouse, the ancient mode
of spe'ling the name.

24th. At Swafield, neat North
Waltham, co, Norfolk, aged 68, tie
rev. Thomas Meux, rector of that
place, to which he was presented by
the king, as duke of Lancaster,
1772, and vicar of Paston and Ber-
ney; and only brother of Richard
M. esq. the eminent London porter-
brewer ; son of ‘T..M,; and B.C. L.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

of St. John’s college, Oxford, 1765.
His death was occasioned by a dreads
ful cancer on the face and throat,
the severe pain of which he for se
veral years endured with such forti-
tude and. resignation as could only ~
be the effect of a pious mind and
good conscience.

Found dead in the passage of the
house where he lodged, in Fetters
lane, whence he could not and
would not be removed, having
come home late at night, in a state
of intoxication, Jas. Bruce, a clergy-
man !

27th. At Gilmorton, co. Leices«
ter, aged 85, Anne Wood, widow
of the late William W.; mother,
grandmother, and great-grandmo-
ther of 116 children ; and who had
practised midwifery upwards of 50
years. .

At Spring-grove, near’Bewdley,
in the 47th year of his age, after an
illness of only four days, Samuel
Skey, esq. He was twice married,
first to Miss Divett, of Twickenham,
by whom he has left three daughters;
aiterwards to Miss Bicknell, the
daughter of Charles B. esq. saliéitor
to the admiralty, by whom he has
left two infant sons. Mr. Skey’s
father was a general merchant, trad.
ing to all parts of Kurope; he likes .
wise carried on extensive chemical”
works about two miles from his
house, for manufacturing oil of vi-
triol; by which he acquired a con.
siderable fortune. Mr. Skey, as
well as his father, worked mules in-
siead of horses, both in their car-,
riages and for the purposes of agri-
culture.—Those which they used in
their carriages were milk white.

30th. This morning, at half-past
three o’clock, at Devonshire house,
in Piccadilly, in the 49th year of her
age, Georgiana, Duchess of Devoo-.

shire.

Cl H IRSOUNET CAL Ei

shire. The disorder which termi-.

nated so fatally to this distinguished
personage was an abscess on the
liver, the attack of which was first
perceived about three months since,
while she sat at the table of the mar-
quis of Staiford ; and which from

that period so increased its feverish.

progress, as eventually to resist all
the efforts of the first medical skill,
Her grace was the eldest daughter
of John earl Spencer; was born
June 9,1757, and married to Wil-
Jiam, the present duke of Devon.
shire, June 6, 1774, by whom she
_ had issue now living, 1. lady Geor-
giana, now viscountess Morpeth 3
%. \ady Elizabeth-Henrietta Caven-
dish ; and $. the marquis of Hart-
ington, who was born at Paris in
1790. ‘The character of her grace is
not to be classed with any of the or-
dinary ranks of fashion. Her qua-
Nitics were of a rare and superior
Kind. Possessing a mind gracefully
modelled as her person, she’ had
Stored it with many useful, as well
as ornamental endowments. She
was well read in the history and
polity of all countries; but the
Belles Lettres had principally attrac.
ted her attention, which she has en-
riched with some compositions of
“poesy, that demonstrate a fanciful
‘imagination, and an elegant taste.
Though forced into female supre-
Macy by that general admiration
which a felicitous combination of
harms had excited, and so long re-
mained unrivalled, her grace of De-
vonshire found leisure for the sys-
tematic exercise of a natural bene-
yolence, which yielding irresistibly,
and perhaps too indiscriminately, to
the supplications of distress, sub-
jected her to embarrassments that
the world sometimes imputed. to
causes less amiable and meritorious,

525

Ina word, she had a heart, which
the flattering blandishments of fa-
shion might sometimes beguile, but
could never corrupt. The prince of
Wales, who had the highest friend.
ship and respect for her, when he
heard of her death, exclaimed,
** Then we have-lost the mostami.
able and best-bred woman in Eng.
Jand!!!? Her remains were inter-
red, with great funeral pomp, in the
family-vault at St. Stephen’s church,
Derby. ‘The hearse was met three
miles from Derby by the whole
of the country nobility, and the
duke’s tenantry residing there, who
conducted it to the place of inter.
nent,
sist. At his house in Curzon.
Street, May Fair, the right hon.
George Macartney, earl Macartney,
vicount Derveck, barom Macartney
of Lissanouve, in- Ircland, baron
Macartney of Parkhurst, in Eng-
land, knight of the military order of
the bath, knight of the Polish order
of the white eagle, one of his ma-
jesty’s privy counsellors in Great -
Britain and Ireland, custos rotu-
lorum of the county of Antrim,
trustee of the linen manufacture for
Ulster, and late ambassador to the
court of China. The ear] was born
in 1737 ; and married, Feb. 1. 1768,
the lady Jane Stuart, second daugh-
ter of John earl of Bute, by Mary
only daughter of Edward Wortley
Moatague, by lady Mary Pierre.
point, daughter of Evelyn duke of
Kingston ; but dying without issue,
the titles becomeextinct. His lord-
ship was descended from the ancient
family of Macartney of Auchinleck,
in Scotland, who settled in Ireland
in 1649, though the ancient estate of
Auchinleck continued unalienated,
and belonged to the late earl at the
time of his decease. Ile was educa-
ied

526 |

ted at Trinity college, Dublin, and
proceeded M. A. there in 17593 ap-
pointed envoy-extraordinary to the
empress of Russia, August 22, 1764.
In June, 1766, the most ancient
and royal arder of the white eagle
was conferred onhim by the king of
Poland; appointed, Nov. 20, 1767,
envoy-extraordinary and plenipo-
tentiary, tothe court of St. Peters-
burgh ; principal secretary of Ire-
Jand, under lord Townshend, Jan. 1,
1769; and sworn of the privy
‘council there, March 30, following ;
nominated a knight of the Bath,
June, 1772, and installed at West-
minster, by proxy, on the 15th of
that month; governor-in-chiel,
and captain-general of the islands
of Grenada, the Grenadines, and
Tobago, in December, 1775; go-
vernor and president of Fort St.
George, in December, 1780; go-
vernor-gencral of Bengal, February
1785, which he declined accepting,
and the Kast India Company settled
on him 15001. perannum. May 3,
1792, appointed ambassador extra-
ordinary and plenipotentiary to the
emperor of China; and the same
day sworn ef his majesty’s privy-
council at St. James’s. He was
chosen member for Cockermouth,
in the British parliament, in April
4767 ; and for Armagh, in the lrish
parliament, July following; in
October, 1774, member in the Bri-
tish parliament for the boroughs of
Air, Irwin, Rothsay, Campbell-
town, and Inverary; created lord
Maeartney, baron of Lissanouve,
by patent dated July 19, 1776;
chosen: member for Beralstone, in
Devonshire, September, 1780; ad-
- vanced to the dignity of earl of Ma.
cartney, and viscount Dervock,
August 1, 1792; and ercated an
English peer, June §, 1796, by the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

title of baron Macartney of Park.
hurst, in the county of Surrey.
His lordship’s remains were interred
at Chiswick, quite privately; in
compliance with his will. The Ac-
count of his Embassy, by sir George
Staunton, was printed, 1797, in
three volume, 4to, with plates, and
afterwards in four yolumes, 8vo.—
Earl Macartney, was indebted for
his elevation in the world to lord |
Tiolland, the father of Mr. Fox.
He was originally intended for phy- |
sic, and was travelling abroad toim-
prove himself in that science, when
he formed an intimacy with Mr.
Stephen Fox, the elder brother of
the late secretary of state for the
foreign department, and father of
the present lord Holland. At this
time Mr. Macartney rendered his
friend some very essential service ;
what it was we do not pretend to
state, but it was of a nature to —
awaken the most grateful sentiments
of the then lord Holland, who,
though he was not popular as a pub-
lic character, had many private vir-
tues; and among them may be num~
bered a never failing spirit of re-
muneration for good offices to him-
self, or any branch of his family.
He, therefore, became the warn
patron and friend of Mr. Macartney,
whose qualities and talents justified
that partiality which invited him to—
leave the pursuit of medicine for
that of politics. At this time it was
thought adviseable to send a Minis
ter to St. Petersburgh, whose per-
sonal qualifications might render him
agreeable to the empress Catherine,
and Mr. Macartney’ was accordingly
appointed to succeed the earl of
Buckinghamshire at that court.
Whatshis personal favour ‘might
have been, we are not exaetly qua-
lified to mention ; but in the nego-
ciation®

CHRONIC LE.

ciation of a commercial treaty be-

tween the two countries, which was
attended with uncommon difficul-
ties, he gave great satisfaction to the
British merchants and government,
and thereby acquired that political
reputation, which occasioned his
being afterwards employed in of-
fices of great trust and importance,
all of which he executed with so
much understanding and ability, as
succéssively to be honoured with the

order of the Bath, a peerage of Ire.

land, and, at length, with a peerage
of Great Britain. But these titles
are now extinct. A cenotaph is to
beerected in Lissanoure church,
county of Antrim, to his memory,
by his niece, and sole heir of his
estates, Mrs. Elizabeth Hume, re«
lict of the late rev. Dr. Hume. The

’ following inscription for it, is from

the elegant and classica! pen of the
rey. G. H. Glasse.
<¢ P.M.S.

Georetr comitis de Macaarney ;
Vice-Comitis de Deryock ;
Baronis de Lissanouve et Parkhurst ;
A Rege Sarmatiz,

(Ipse dum regno: stabat incolumis, )

Equestri Ordine Aquile Argentez ;

b- Necnon apud suis,
Ordine Balnei honoratissime donati,
Britanniarum Regis é consiliis, &c.

* Tilum ad Ladoge paludem,
‘Tilum ad Occidentales Cycladas,

_ Mum in sacrati Gangis peninsula,

Plum in Imperii Iovis Hammonis

Finibus,

Quid plura ? [um inter extremos
Seras,

Ceteris Mortalibus jam tum non
' divisos,

Pro Rege, pro Patria, pro totius
Orbis emolumento,
Strenué, pie, gravitcr, se gerentem,
Sua ipsius admirata est atas ;
‘Mirantes commemorabunt posteri.

527

‘¢ Tali tantoque viro,
Post indefessos labores,
Urbe Londini mortuo, suburbanis
sepulto, _
ErzasetHa Heme,
Consauguinitate neptis,

Amore et adoptione filia,

Hoc cenotaphium, P. C.’”
29th. At Dummer, near Basing~
stoke, Hants, of the dropsy, Mary
Holmes, who had been tapped 60
times, from July 1799, to Jan. 11,
1806, and from whom had beer
drawn 4153 pints of water.

Aprit ist. At Berlin, his royat
highness prince Frederick Julius
Ferdinand Leopold, youngest son
of the king of Prussia.

3d. At Bath, in his 63d year,
William Byam Martin, esq. late of
White Knights, Berks. He was the
third son of Santuel M. esq. of the
island of Antigua, and brother to
the late Samuel M. esq. who was
secretary to the treasury during
lord Bute’s admivistration ; and to
sir Henry M. bart. late comptroller
of the navy. He went early in life
to India, andin Bengal filled different
civil appointments with great honour
and credit; and returned to Ing-
land about the year 1780, with a
very handsome fortune, and most
unblemished character.

5th, At Paddington, in his 42d
year, William Garthshore, esq.
M. P. for Weymouth, and late one
of the lords commissioners of the
admiralty ; only son of Dr. Maxwell
G. physician in London. For a
considerable time before his death,
he had been ina melancholy state of
mind, so as to-render an application
to the court of chancery, and acom-
mission of lunacy, necessary. By
his marriage with a daughter of the
late Mr. John Chalie, wine-mer-
chant, he aequired a very considera-
ble property ; and the death of his

wife,

¢ég8 ANNUAL RE

wife, which took place a few days
after that of her father, is supposed
to have brought on Mr. G.’s disor-
der. Mr. G. was formerly a tutor
at Christ-church college, Oxford ;
and accompanied the present earl of
Dalkeith on his tour to the conti-
nent.

8th. After a few days illness, in
his Qist year, at the seat of John
Tooker, esq. near Rotherham, in
Yorkshire, where hewas on a visit,
Henry lord viscount Neville, of
Birling, county of Kent, eldest son
of the earl of Abergavenny. His
Jordship’s second son, Ralph, now
lord viscount Neville, was with
lord Nelson on board the Victory,
in the late glorious battle of Trafal-
gar, and is now a lieutenant on
board admiral lord Collingwoad’s
flag-ship,

9th. At Cork, sir James Chatter-
ton, bart. his majesty’s second ser-
jeant at law, and keeper of the
state papers in Lreland, and for-
merly representative for the borough
of Doneyaile. He was created a
baronet of the united kingdom,
August 3, 18015; in which title he
is succeeded by his eldest son, sir
Williain.

At Brunswick, in his 58th year,
his serene highness the late stadt- '
holder, William V. prince of Nassau
Dietz ; born March 8, 1748. His
successor in the government of the
principality of Nassau Dietz, is his
son, William Frederick, the reign-
ing prince of Fulda.

llth. Without a groan, at his
seat at Oughtington, near Lymne,
in Cheshire, aged 76, John Leigh,
esq. one of his majesty’s justices of
peace for the said county. He mar-
ried Miss Susan ‘Trafford, daughter
of alderman Trafford, of Liverpool,
an eminent merchant, and mayor

GISTER, 1806.

thereof in 1742, and has survived
her only a few years. By her, his
only wife, he has left two sons and
four daughters to lament his loss,
amongst a numerous list of friends,
Mr. Leigh was, in his youth,
brought up to the Jaw, and studied
in the Temple; in due time he was
called to the bar, and made several
circuits with the judges, but on the
death of his father, George L. esq,
who died Sept. 21, 1761, aged 55,
he quitted this profession, and re-
tired to the enjoyment of his patri+
mony, and became a most. active,
upright, and imdependent 'magis-
trate. Tis family is one of the most
ancient in the county, originally of
West Hall, and have resided at
Oughtington, in Cheshire, for many
generations, between 3 and. 400
years, as may more particularly be
known, by those who wish it, on
consulting sir Peter Leicester’s an-
tiquities of Cheshire, p. 308. His
eldest son (now, living), Trafford
Leigh, in 1794, married Henrietta
Broughton, one of the daughters of
the rev. sir Thomas Bb, bart. of
Doddington castle, Cheshire; and
by her he has several children. His
other son, the rev. George L. in
1798 married Miss Elizabeth Phi. —
lips, one of the daughters of John
P. esq. of Bank, near Stockport, in
the same county, where he has a
living, and has also issue. Mr.
Trafford Leigh, on the death of his
wother’s brother, which took place

“some years back, became heir to his

fortune and estate, and assumed the
name and arms of the family, viz.
Trafford Trafford ; he now resides
at Kinderton, near Middlewich,
formerly the residenee of one of the
Cheshire barons, viz. Vernon, ba-

ron of Kinderton.
15th, In his 71st year, J. Turton,
A, De

|,
|
|

}

C HavO NT .C LE.

M.D. in the university of Oxford,
where he took the degree of M. A.
in 1759, and that of doctor in 1767,
for which last he went out grand
compounder. He was formerly
one of the travelling fellows ou Dr.
Radcliffe’s foundation; and for
many years before his death had
been physician to the king, to the
queen, and to the prince of Wales.
The bulk of his great fortune, up-
wards of 8000]. a-year (a great
part of it landed property in York-
shire) he has bequeathed, after the
death of his wife, to her royal high-
ness the princess Mary, their ma-
jesties’ fourth daughter.

25th, Interred together this day,
aged about ninéty years each, Jo-
seph and Jane Martin, of Ardbirn,
near Banbridge, in the North of
Ireland. They were born in one
year, had lived together 62 years,
were each distinguishable for a good
share of natural understanding, have
left their family in respectable cir-
cumstances, by their industry, and
will be long remembered as peacea-
ble and kind neighbours.

26th, At the hotel de la Patrie,
at Rennes, in France, on his way to
Paris, admiral Villeneuve, com-
mander of the French fleet in the
battle of Trafalgar. He is known
te have been Jaided at Morlaix, in
the night between the 22d and 23d,
froma small boat, which our port-

admiral would have dissuaded him

from taking; but his reason was,
“that a large vessel could not be ad-

fore followed, and kept him in
sight till he landed. It is said he
stabbed himself; but the motive
that induced him to commit an act
of suicide is unknown. He was
found in his chamber quite undress-
ed, and with five wounds, given by
Vou, XLVIIL.

mitted into that port, which there- .

529

a knife, in his left side. According
to the position of his body at the
time, it is supposed that, after he
had stabbed himself, he threw him-
self upon the bed, pressing himself
upon the handle of the knife, which
still remained in his body, to hasten
his dissolution. History wil! re-
cord, that the three admirals, Eng.
lish, Spanish, and French, engaged
in that glorious and ever-memorable
battle, have all lost their lives.
The English admiral was killed out.
right ; admiral Gravina died of the
wounds he had received in the bat.
tle ; and admiral Villencuve finished
his mortal career with his own hand.
We believe this to be a true state of
the case; it having been so. stated
by an English gentleman, one of a
small number lately returned from

‘Verdun, and whois now in London,

who was at Rennes, and at the same
hotel, the day after the death of ad-
miral V. He saw the admiral’s ser-
vant, and others who knew the
whole of the melancholy transaction,
and there is nu doubt that the ad-
miral killed himself in a fit of de
rangement, of which he had exhi-
bited symptoms for some days be-
fore. Pisto!s, &c. had been care-
fully kept out of his way, but he
contrived to secrete a Knife; and
on breaking open his chamber door
he was found dead, with the handle
of the knife in his hand, and the point
of it in his heart. It may be pro-
per, however, to state, that it has
been suggested that he, like Pichegru
and Wright, fell by foul means, A cir-
cumstance which is considered as ex-
pressive of Bonaparte’s knowledge of
this transaction, and of his wish to re-
move suspicion from himself, is, that

‘on the evening after the murder, a

letter reached Rennes, from the mi-
nister of marine, addressed to ad-
Mm miral

530

miral Villeneuve, and announcing
to him, that although Napoleon,
deceived by false reports, had en-
tertained displeasure towards him,
yet that he was now ready to do
every possible justice to his bravery
and talents. It is also said, - that,
being refused the audience which he
solicited from Bonaparte, he fore-
saw the consequences, which he
chose to prevent by this desperate
proceeding, The different recep-
tion given to two of his captains
who were in the same engagement,
will justify this conjecture,

27th. At Rystock, in Devonshire,
aged 65, Mrs. Kensington, widow
of John K. esq. formerly a banker
in London, and mother of John
Pooley, Edward, and: Henry K.
esqrs. and of the lady of Edward
Divett, esq. of Rystock, and of
Lansdown-place, Bloomsbury. Her
remains were interred at Waltham.
stow, in Essex.

At Allenhead, co. Northumber-
land, in his 60th year, the rev,
Joseph Car, B. D. a clergyman
whose unwearied application to his
studies was never suffered to inter-
. fere with the duties of his profession.
Obscure in his situation in the
church, his conduct was uniformly,
through life, unassuming and unam-
bitious. Of his various learning,
that which chiefly distinguished him
was to be derived from the old and
new Testament. To understand
these books in their original lan-
guage he had long and diligently
laboured, and not without success,
having left, in the possession of his
widow, a work (nearly finished)
on sacred geography; which the
‘writer of this article would willing-
dy undertake to revise and : publish,
-if- he could presume to believe him-
self competent te the task.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

30th, At Lamberhust, in Kent,
aged 27, Mrs. Herring, wife of Mr.
Rose H. surgeon on board his ma-
jesty’s frigate Magicienne, stationed
under admiral sir J. T. Duckworth,
in the late successful West India
squadron. Her remains were inter-
red at. Chidingly, attended to the
grave by her ten brothers and sis-
ters, and eight first cousins, all of
the name of Lashmar.

At Moffat, George Buchanan,
esg. of Mackcanstone, in Scotland.

Lately, at Cape Breton, in Ame-
rica, Mr. W. Woodfall, chief jus.
tice of that place, son of the late
Mr. W. W. printer, well known for
his private worth and literary pow-
ers, and a young man of very re.
spectable character. His talents
and professional attainments well
qualified him for the situation he
held ; and awork which he publish-
ed, on the law concerning landlord
and tenant, fully proves that he
might have risen to considerable
repute if he had remained in this
country. Tle fell a sacrifice to the
climate, and his anxiety to discharge
his duty ; for, though labouritig un.
der severe infirmity, he would often
be carried into court, where he has
fainted during his official exertions.
He has Jefta widow and three in.
fant children,

Murdered, by a banditti, as he
was proceeding with dispatches
from Constantinople, Mr. Wood,
one of his majesty’s messengers.

After a few hours illness, aged
A5, the rev. John Flamanke, vicar
of Saxthorpe, co. Norfolk ; of Tri- —

‘nity college, Oxford ; B. A. 1773.

At Kingsbury, Berks, the rev.
Thomas Fowle, rector of Hamp-—
stead-Marshall, in the same coun-
ty, and of Allington, Wilts.

May 3d. Athis house in Sloane- |

street,

+7

CW RON 1 .C LIE.

street Chelsea,after afew daysillness,
in his 48th year, sir Richard Ford,
knt. chief magistrate of the Bow-
street Police-office, also of the Po-
lice of the county of Middlesex, and
acting magistrate for the secretary
of state’s office ; to the former of
which he was appointed about six
years ago, on the resignation of sir
William Addington. He was taken
illon the 79th of April; but was
not confined to his bed, till the
28th. His disorder was a fever ;
and his medical friends did not con-
sider him in imminent danger till
the ist instant, when his disorder
took a very unfavourable turn.
His remains were interred at St.
Luke’s, Chelsea, en the 10th.

4th. Athis house in Brompton-
tow, Chelsea, Mr. T. Collins, of
the theatre royal Drary-lane, a fa-
yourite performer, and a very pro-
mising genius in his line of acting.
He was the son of Mr. C. proprie-
tor of the theatres at Portsmouth,
Southampton, &c. and at an early
age was placed under Mr Brooks,
leader of the orchestras at the thea-
tre royal, Bath, and at Vauxhall,
for three years, and then enlisted in
the dramatic corps. Mr. Cherry,
author of ** The Soldiers Daughter,”
on making Mr. Collins a present of
his own likeness, wrote upon the
back of the portrait the following
lines :

“ Honest Tim, when this you view,
Remember who created you.
Not man, nor mertal, sage or saint,
Hath made you, Tim, but nature,

+) Quaint.”
Mrs, C. died March 6.

5th. While sitting in his chair, pre-
paring to receive some fricnds, the
members of a book society, of
which he was secretary, in his 61st

531

year, John Burton, esq. clerk of
the survey in his majesty’s dock.
yard at Chatham, in Kent; and
author of a valuable work intituled
*¢ Lectures on female education and
manners,” printed at the Rochester
press in 1793, in two volumes, 8yo,
which has since gone through a se-
cond edition.

This day a duel was fought in
Foster avenue, Dublin, between two
young gentlemen of the Barrack.
office. there, and intimate friends,
upon occasion of a tayern-quarrel
the preceding evening. Qn the first
fire, at the distance of 11 paces,
both parties fell; the one, Mr. Ro-
gers, received a bal! through his
heart, and of course died instantly ;
the other, Mr. Long, was shot
through both his thighs, and is also
since dead.

8th. At Melksham, Wilts,where she
had some time resided, Mrs. Anne
Yearsley, well known in the poe.
tical world asa self-instructed vo-
tary of the muses, under the name
of ‘* The milkwoman of Bristol.’
She possessed an extraordinary de-
gree of genius, and au extensive and
rare information and abilities, sel. .
dom found in the obscure path of
life in which she originally moved.

1ith. At Enfield Chace-side, aged
73,John Buckley,formerly a watch.
maker in London. He was the

, last of the followers of Muggleton.

‘¢ The Muggletonians were the fol.
lowers of Ludovic Muggleton, a
journeyman-tailor, who, with his
companion Reeves (a person of
equal obscurity), set up for great
prophets in the turbulent times of
Cromwell. They pretended to
absolve or condemn whom: they -

* pleased ; and gave out that they

were the two last witnesses spoken
Mm2 of

$32

of in the Revelations, who were to
appear previous to the final dest guc-
tidn of the world. Like other sec-
taries, who derive their namé from
their respective founders, they were
mere ephemeral productions, who
just appeared and then passed
away.”

19th. By a blood-vessel bursting
in his head, while he was driving
his niece ina gig, much regretted,
the rev. William Butts, rector of
little Wilbraham, and vicar of
Granchester, both in Cambridge.
shire, and in the patronage of C. C.
college in that university, of
which Mr. B. was admitted 1763,
B. A. 1768, M. A. and fellow
A771. It is remarkable that both
his father and grandfather died in
the same way.

Suddenly, at the admiralty, i in his
58th year, sir Michael le Fleming,
bart. It appeared from the evi.
dence of Jord Howick, and several
gentlemen at the Admiralty, be-
fore the Coroners inquest, the next
day, that the deceased, who was
member of parliament for the coun-
ty of Westmoreland, visited lord Ho.
wick to solicit the ‘prefertnent of a
protege of his, an officerin the Navy,
and at the moment of repeating
“We are apt to speak well of
those we are partial to,” he fell,
and, in au instant, expired, svithout
agroan. Mr. Andrews, a surgeon
of eminence,who was called _in,after
feeling the pulse and examining the
body; pronounced the deceased past
recovery ; assigning the cause of his
death to be at eflusion of blood
upon the brain. The late worthy
baronet succeeded his father, sir
William; and married Diana, on-
ly child of Thomas Howard,*
late earl of Suffolk and Berkshire,
' by whom he had two daughters ;

ANNUAL REGISTER,

-

1806.

and dying without male-issue, the
title devolves on Daniel (eldest som
of the late Roger Fleming, esq. of
Whitehaven), now sir Daniel le
Fieming, bart.

In Seymour-place, the right hon.
Jord Monson, His lordship was in
the 53d year of his age. His grand-
father-was created a baron in 1728,
by his majesty Geo. II. The late
Jord married the hon. Miss Capel,
daughter of the earl of Essex ; and
has left issue John-George, ‘who.
succeeds to the title, and two ~e
ters.

27 th, Suddenly,at his house at High-
bury place, near Islington, aged 70,
John Ford, M. D. formerly an emi-
nent accoucheur in the Old Jewry,
and physician to the charity for
delivering poor married women at
their own houses ; but, about 20
years ago, he retired from practice
with an ample fortune ; and, hav-
ing married a rich widow, has since
resided in Highbury-place. He was,
from principle, a methodist ; and,
for a considerable time past, has
been in the habit of occasionally
preaching at some of the principal
chapels in the connexion of the late
Mr. Wesley. Hes was a man of
learning, and much respected.

30th. At the house of her mother,
lady Bagot, in Upper Brook-street,
Grosvenor-sguare, the hon. Mrs.
Pagot, lady of the hon. gen. P. son
of the earl of Uxbridge.

In his 79th year, Mr. Thomas
Lambert, of College-str. Westmin.-
ster ; well known to the inhabitants,
but more particularly to those of
the parish of St. John, where he
had filled on official situation, for 28
years, with such exemplary faith ~
and regularity as to cause the gen-
tlemen of that parish, in his des
eline of life, to withdraw him from

theiy

CHRONICLE

their employ, with a suitable pro-
vision during its remainder. He as~-
sisted as an attendant at Westminster
abbey on the coronation of his ma-
jesty ; and had lived upwards of
AQ years in one house. Perhaps
few persons were possessed of more
genuine integrity ; none have died
better beloved by his children and
relatives, or more esteemed by his
friends.

June 1st. In the prime of life,
greatly and deservedly lamented by
a numerous and respectable ac-
qjuaintance,.Mr. Joha Marriott, of
Manchester ; a gentleman of a high-
ly-cultivated and independent mind,
a sound understanding, and inflex-
ible integrity. His permature death
was occasioned by the overturning
of the Bath mail-coack near Langley-
Broom, whilst he was unfortunate-
ly riding on the box, the body of
the coach falling on his heart, caus.
ed instant death.

At Rotherhithe, inSurrey, James
Hunt, a bird-fancier ;, who unfor-
tunately lost his life (as appeared
before the coroner) by his own
gun going off, the whole con-
tents of which lodged just under the
rim of his belly, and occasioned in-

* stant death.

In‘Treland, Dr. Fisher, once well
known in this country, formerly a
proprietor of Covent-garden theatre.
He married Signora Storace many
years ago at Vienna; but a disa-
greement happening very soon after
the nuptial ceremony, they sepa.
rated, and the lady has ever since
resumed her maiden name.

4th. Aged 71, the rev. Antony
Trollope, formerly of Pembroke-
hall, Cambridge, B. A. 1758, M. A.
1761 ; rector of Cottered with Brad-
field annexed, formerly in the gift
of the Forester family, and vicar of

$33

Rushden, in the gift of the dean and
chapter of Lincoln, all near Bal-
dock, Herts ; youngest son of the
late sir Thomas T. bart. and uncle
to the present baronet, sir John T.
of Caswick, near Stamford, co. Lin-
coln. He married, in 1767, the
second daughter of Adolphus Meet.
kerke, esq. of Julians in Rushden,
who died several years since, leay-
ing ason, in the law, and three
daughters, married, 1. to Thomas
Partington, esq. barrister at law ;
2. to —— Trollope, esq. her cous
sin; 3. to the rev, Mr. Ellis, of
Hertfordshire.

7th. At Wimbleton, Surrey, the
seat 6f his son, Andrew Bernard,
esq. Thomas Bernard, lord bishop of
Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe,
LL. D. F. R.S. &c. &c. His lord-
ship was .born in 1726 ; appointed
dean of Derry in:1768; consecrated
bishop of Killaloe in 1780; and
translated to the bishoprick of Li-
merick in 1794, on the death of the
right hon. and rev. lord Glentwerth.
His lordship married, first, the daugh-
ter of Wm. Browne, esq. of
Browne’s-hill, co. Carlow ; and se-
condly, in 1803. Jane Ross-Lewin,
daughter of John Ross-Lewin, esq.
of Fort Fergus, co. Clare. His
lordship has left issue an only son,
Andrew Bernard, esq. married to
the lady Anne Lindsay, eldest
daughter of James, fifth earl of Bal-
carras, and sister of Elizabeth coun-
tess of Hardwicke. The vener-
able prelate was a member of most
literary societics in the united king-
dom ; but particularly of the club
composed of Garrick, Johnson,
Burke, sir Joshua Reynolds, Cum-
berland, Goldsmith, &c. &c. ; and
was deav of Derry when the latter
wrote his poem of ‘ Retaliation,”
in which he is thus noticed :

Mm 3 Our

534 . ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Our Dean shall be vension, just fresh
from the plains.”

He was then a new member of the
society ; and, supposing him dead,
the poet goes on :

“ Here lies the good Dean, re-united to

ly earth,

Who mix’d reason with pleasure, and
wisdom with mirth ;

Ifhe had any faults, he has left us in
doubt,

At least in six weeks I could not find
7em out;

Yet some have declar’d, and it can’t be
deny’d them,

That slyboots was cursedly cunning to
hide ’em.”

At Aberdeen, Mr. Jn. Barnet,
bookseller.

8th. Thomas Velley, esq. F. L. S.
late lieutenant-colonel of the Ox-
fordshire militia, and longa resident
in Bath. ‘Travelling in a double-
bodied stage-coach, between 9 and
10 o’clock of the night of the 6th,
it stopped at the Castle-inn, Read-
ing, and while the coachman was
gone in to refresh himself, the horses
set off without him; and Mr. Vel.
ley, alarmed at his situation, jump-
ed out, and fell with the back part
of his head so violently on the
ground, as to occasion a concussion
of the brain. He languished in a
State of insensibility, till this even-
jog, when heexpired. Mrs. V. on
her way from Bath, with medical
assistance for her unfortunate hus-
band, was stopped by three foot-
pads on her entrance into Reading
in a post-chaise, between 11 and 12
the next night ; but, just as she was
about to deliver hermoney, a coach
came up, and the villains made off
over the fields without effecting their
purpose,

At Richmond, Surrey, Edward
John Astly, esq. formerly colonel
in the lst regiment of foot-gards,
and eight years equerry to the late
duke of Cumberland. He was se-
second son of the late sir Edward
A. of Melton-constable, Norfolk.

10th. InQueen-square, Bloomsbury,
aged 73, Cornelius Donovan, esq.
brother-in-law to lady Skeffington 3
and also related to the Mr. Skef.
fington, so noted for his dress,

13th. At Spital,near Chesterfield,in
his 75th year, the rev. John Bourne,
M.A. rector of Sutton, and vicar
of South Wingfield, co. Derby. He
was born Feb. 14, 1729-30 5 mar-
ried, first, Anne Blaxidge, who died
Feb. 15, 1769, s. p. 3 secondly,
Dec. 18, 1769, Anna-Katharina, —
only daughter of the late truly-ve~
nerable Samuel Pegge, L. L. D.
rector of Whittington ; by whom
(who still survives him) he had one
son, Henry, born 1771, who died
young, 2. Elizabeth, married to
Robert Jennings, of Hull, esq. who
in 1804, died s. p. leaving her a
widow ; 3. Jane, wife of Benjamin
Thompson, esq. of Nottingham,
translator of ‘¢ The German the-
atre,” by whom she has three chil.
dren. He was of Peterhouse,
Cambridge ; B. A. 1754, M. A.
1757.

14th. At Ovenden,nearHalifax,aged
48, John Wheler Collington, esq.
latea captain iu the 33d foot, in
which regiment he had served 30
years. He was twice wounded in
America, being there with the regi-
ment nearly the whole of that war,
His remains were attended to the
grave by all the officers in the town
and neighbourhood of Halifax 5

-and three excellent volleys were

fired over the grave by a detach.
ment of the Halifax volunteers.
At

CHRONICLE.

’ At Cheltenham, in his 43d year,
sir Wilfred Lawson, bart. of Bray-
ton-house and Isel-hall, both co.
’ Cumberland ; the last of the male
line of onc of the most ancient fami-
lies in that county. Dying with-
out issue, the title becomes ex-
tinct.

16th. In his 66th year, the rev.
John Wills,D.D. warden of Wadham
college, Oxford. He was born at
Seaborough, co. Somerset, of
which he was rector, and of Tydd
St. Mary, Lincoln, in the gift of
the crown ; M. A. 1765, July 12)
the same day with his predecessor in
the wardenship, Dr. Gerard, whom
he succeeded in 1783 ; and served
the office of vice-chancellor from
1792 to 1796. The rectory of
Seaborough is in the gift ofthe Mar.
tin family ; of whom Adam M. esq.
of the Exchequer, F. A. S. who
died 1783, presented Mr. Wills
1779, who rebuilt the parsonage
_ 1784, as is commemorated by an
inscription on its South front. He
was also a considerable bencfactor
to his college, as will appear from
the following account of his bene-
factions and legacies : 400]. a year
in addition to the wardenship, with
his books and furniture.to his suc-
cessor; 1000]. to improve the war-
den’s lodgings; two exhibitions, of
100]. each, annually, to two fel-
lows of the college, students in
law and physic; and two exhibi-
tions, of 201. each, annually, to
two scholars, students in the same
professions ; 311. 10s. a year to the
Divinity lecturer of the college,
to read lectures on the thirty-nine
articles; to one superannuated fel-
low, not having property of his
own to the amount of 75]. per an-
num, an annual exhibition of 75l. ;
to one other superannuated fellow,

535

not having property of his own to
the. amount of 1001. per annum, an
annual exhibition of 50l.; 51. or
GI. value in books per annum to the
‘best reader of the lessons in chapel ;
an estate in Tydd St. Giles, in Lin-
colnshire, worth about 1501. per
annum, to the vice-chancellor for
the time being, in aid of the great
burthens of his office; 1001. per
annum to the senior Bodleian libra.
rian; 100]. per annum to the
theatre ; 10001. stock, 3 per cents.
to the Infirmary. ‘The residue of
his fortune, exclusive of private
legacies to relations, friends, and ser-
vants, he has bequeathed to the col.
lege, to establish a fund to accu-
mulate for the purpose of purchas.
sing or benefiting livings for that
college.

17th. In his 73d year, James Round,
esq. of Birch-hall, near Colchester,
and upwards of 40 years in the com.
mission of the peace for the county
of Essex.

In Hans-place, Sloane- street,
Chelsea, aged about 60, Henry
Holland, esq. in the commission of
the peace for the county of Middle.
sex, architect and surveyor to the
East India company, in which he is
succeeded by Samuel P. Cockerell,
esq.

At Wimbledon-house, Surrey,
Mrs. Basil Montagu, eldest daugh-
ter of sir Wm. Rush.

18th. At the George-inn, Bridge-
water,in his5Oth year,in consequence
of the fracture he received in his leg
by the breaking-down of the hus.
tings at the nomination of a mem-
ber for the county, on the 9th in-
stant, Samuel Day, esq. of Burnett,
and of Charter-house-Hinton, co.
Somerset. Mr. D. was a most
active magistrate, humane, upright,
hospitable, and pious,

Ia

Mm4 19th.

536

19th. In Russell-place, Fitzroy-
square, in his 66th year, Robert
M‘Ghie, esq. formerly of Jamaica.

At his house at Muswell-hill,
near Hornsey, Middlesex, John
Champiorf, esq. formerly of Upper
Thames-street,

Qist. Of a fever of very short
continuance, at his seat at Lees

- Court, in Kent, in his 53d year,

Lewis-Thomas, lord Sondes. He
married Mary, daughter of Richard
Milles, esq. of Nackington, co.
Kent, by whom he has left four sons
and two daughters. He is suc-
ceeded in title and estate by his son,
Lewis-Richard.

At his apartments in Dean-
strect, Soho, at the advanced age of
$2, Mr. Robert Lawless, who, for
considerably more than half a cen-
tury, had been so well known to,
and much distinguished by, the no-
tice and regard of many of the most
eminent literary characters of his
time, as ene of the principal assis-
tants to Mr. Andrew Millar, for-
merly bookseller in the Strand ;
afterwards to his successor, the late
Mr. Alderman Cadell ; and since,
till very lately, to Messrs. Cadell
and Davies, the present conductors
of that extensive business. Mr. L.
was a native of Dublin, and related,
not very distantly, to the respect-
able and recently-ennobled family
of the same name, as well as to the
Barnewalls and Aylmers. He was
a Roman catholic, and strictly ob-
servant of the duties and obliga-
tions of his religion, yet -perfectly
free from the bigotry and unchari-
tableness which, have, on too many
occasions, marked the conduct ef
members of the Romish church.
In his character: were united the
soundest. integrity of mind with a
simplicity of manners rarely equal-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

nial establishments, in the district |

1806.

led. His reading had been extensive 5
his judgment was remarkably cor-
rect; his memory uncommonly
strong ; and the anecdotes with
which it was stored often afforded
gratification to his friends, who
delighted to draw him into conver-
sation. One remarkable instance
of his singleness of heart we can add
onthe most indisputable authority.
Not very long before Mr. Cadell
obtained the scarlet gown, on tak-
ing stock at the end of the year,
honest Robin very seriously applied
to his master, to ask a favour of
him. Mr. Cadell, of course, expect-
ed that it was somewhat that might
be beneficial to the applicant. But
great indeed was his surprise to find
that the purport of the request was
that his annual salary might be
lowered, as the year’s accompt was
not so good as_the preceding one ;
and Lawless -really feared that his
master could not afford to pay him
such very high wages. On retir-
ing from business, the benevolent
master had a picture of the faithful
servant painted by sir William,
Beechy, which he always shewed to
his friends as one of the principal
ornaments of his drawing-room.

26th. At Chifton, near Bristol,
of a decline, the eldest daughter of
sir George Rumbold, bart.

30th. At High Halden in Kent,
the rev, Daniel Wilcox, rector of
that parish, and vicar of Bettisden,
in the same county. He was of
Clare-hall, Cambridge ; B, A.1771,
M. A. 1774.

At Berlin, M. Frederick-Henry
Stubenrach, director of the regen-
cy of the order of St. John, and
of the domain-chamber of his royal
highness prince Ferdinand of Prus-
sia. Among others, the 612 colo-

of

,

ing at Portsmouth,

near Bury, Suffolk,

‘At the last general election,

Sessions he represented them,

CHRONTIC'L EB.

of Wartebruch, comprising nearly
300,000 acres of arable land, are

indebted to him for their original’

settlement.

At the alms-houses at Skirbeck,
near Boston, aged 98, John Custe-
low. .

Mr. Francis Bissill, of Knipton,
co. Leicester. Returning home,
in perfect health, from his friends
at Redmile, he fell from his horse,
and died immediately, supposed in
a fit of apoplexy.

At Gainsborough, in an advanced
age, Mrs. Dorothy Fisher, late of
London.

Mrs. Berry, wife of the rev.

Butler B. vicar of Triplow.

June 4th.. Aged 69, and on the
anniversary of his birth, sir Charles
Davers, bart. of Rushbrooke-hall,
of which
borough he was the faithful repre-
sentative during five successive par-
liaments, elected since the year 1774,
and his family during the greatest
part of the period from the revolu-
tion in 1688, being ever strenuously
attached to true Whig principles.
in
1802, ‘he retired into private life,
and received the unanimous thanks
of the corporation for his steady and
upright conduct during the several
At
his own express desire, his remains
were very privately interred in the
family-vault at Rushbrooke. ‘The
title is become extinct.

Mr. T. Lloyd, second lieutenant
of the Dreadnoughtman of war, ly-
accompanied
some brother-officers to Kingston ;
where, after taking a few glasses of
wine, the joke went merrily round,

_and Mr. L. in the height of good

humour, wishing his companions to

_ go with him to the church-yard, as

537

he had a particularly desire to fix on
a spot where he should like his body
tobe buried. His wish was complied
with ; and, after having pointed
out a spot of ground, all the officers
returned on board; soon after
which, Mr, L, was taken ill of a
pain in his bowels, and went to bed,
having taken some warm nourish-
ment. The next morning he was
found dead in his bed; and the
body was this day interred in Kings~
ton church-yard, agreeably to his
wishes when alive.

11th. AtBuxton,aged 70, Andrew
Douglas, esq. of Ednam-house, in
Roxburghshire. After a medical
education at Edinburgh, he was ap-
pointed, in 1756, a surgeon of
the royal navy, and served for se.
veral years with reputation in that
capacity. Settling, afterwards, as
a surgeon at Deal, he there married
Miss Carter, a younger sister ef the
late Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, of learn.
ed memory ; and continued to prac-
tise there till the year 1775, when
he quitted Deal, and went to Edin-
burgh, and was admitted to the
degree of Doctor of Physic in that
University ; on which occasion he
defended a thesis, ** De Variolz
Insitione.” Fixing; soon after
this, in London, he became a licen-
tiate of the college of physicians ;
and for several years was one of the
physicians of the charity for deli-
vering poor married women at their
own habitations. It was in the
course of his practice at this insti-
tution that he met with a case which
he supposed to be an instance of 2

rupture of the uterus, and which he

made the subject of a pamphlet
published in 1785, and enlarged in
a subsequent edition, under the
title of ‘* Observations on the Rup-
ture of the Gravid Uterus,” 8vo.

1789. He

588

1789. ‘He was likewise the author
of some papers in the fifth and sixth
volumes of ‘¢ Medical Observations
and Inquiries ;” and was for some
time physician to the Asylum. His
wife died in 1790; and, the year
following, he married Mrs. Beau.
voir, widow of the rey. Dr. Os-
mond 8B. Being now in the pos-
session of a considerable fortune,
acquired by this marriage, he retired
from the medical profession, and,
with his wife, visited, in 1792, the
continent of Kurope, and remained
there till 1796, when they obtained
permission from ‘the directory to
return home through France.
About the year 1800 he took pos-
session of a house (Ednam-house)
he had just before purchased at
Kelso, and was on his way from
thence to London when he was
taken ill at Buxton, and, after
a very short illness; died. He was
a sensible, well-informed man, of
a mild and friendly disposition, and
his death is much regretted.

14th. At Newcastle, aged 81,
Ninian Walker, who had _ visited
most parts of the globe, and had
been engaged in many perilous ad-
ventures. He was a native of Fife-
shire ; was pressed in 17453; and,
on board the Happy Jennet, of 20
guns, was in pursuit of the pretender
in most of the creeks of Scotland.
He afterwards served on board the
Cambridge man of war eight years,
without ever being on-shore ; was
at the capture of Guadaloupe, in
1758, and at the memorable siege
of the Havannah, in 1761, when
the Cambridge lost 125 men in 20
minutes, before the Moro castle.
He had the yellow fever, with se-
yeral others of his ship, and was the
only one that recovered. At the
peace he entered inte the merchants’

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

service, in which he at length got
lamed ; and then maintained himself
and his second wife, who was bed-
ridden for 12 years, by selling
small wares about the country, re-
fusing relief from the parish, al-
though offered it; till at last being
unable to travel, and reduced to a
mere skeleton, he was obliged to
receive some small assistance.

2ist. At Dresden, in his 76th
year, his royal highness Francis
Xavier, prinee-royal of Poland,
duke of Saxony, and uncle of the
reigning elector, during whose mi-
nority he acted as regent of the
electoral states.

24th. At Oddingly, county of
Worcester, of which he was rector,
the rev. George Parker, He was in
the habit of going daily to the field
where he was inhumanly murdered,
at five in the evening, and driving
home his cows to be milked; and
the perpetrator of the wicked deed
appears to have for some days me-
ditated his diabolical purpose, by
repeatedly going there to watch a
favourable opportanity, as the
ground behind the hedge, whence the
fatal shot was fired, was exceedingly
beaten down, particularly opposite
astile. It appears, however, that
after the unfortunate gentleman re-
ceived the contents of the murder.
er’s gun, he had resolution enongh
to pursue the wretch over the hedge
into the field whence he fired, when

_the inhuman monster, with the butt-

end of his musket, completed the
murder, The marks on the ground
are still visible in two places, where
the scull, by the force of the blows,
had indented the earth. ‘The wad-
ding of the piece had set fire to the
poor gentleman’s clothes, and there
remained on the spot singed rem-
nants of them, On the culprit’s

running,

2

CHRON C LIE.

running away, he was observed to be
in great haste By aman who knew
him well, who interrogating him as to
the cause of his speed (as he was a
remarkable fast runner) and whe-
ther he was then running a race,
was answered, ‘* there are two men
in pursuit of me, but you must not
say which way I am gone.” The
person, concluding he was pursued
by bailiffs, suffered him to pass.
The suspected murderer, for whose
apprehension a reward of 100 gui-
neas is offered, has hitherto eluded
the vigilance of the police, though
it is conjectured he is still in the
neighbourhood. Mr. Parker wasa
native of Cumberland, in which
county’ he received his education.
After quitting school, he resided
with the late Mr. Fowler, of St.
John’s academy, in Warwick, for
several years, as classical assistant.
In 1793 he was presented, by his
friend and patron, the duke of
Norfolk, to the rectory of Odding.
ley, where he resided till his death.
He has left a wife and family.

25th. At Bradford, county of
York, after a lingering illness, aged
61, John Hardy, esq. an indulgent
father, affectionate brother, and
kind friend. He practised many
years as an attorney in that town,
with great reputation ; and about
six years ago retired from business.
He had filled the important situa-
tions of law-agent to the proprie-
tors of the Aire and Calder naviga-
tion, and the Leeds and Liverpool
canal, with great credit to himself,
and advantage to those undertak-
ings. ‘ He was a joint proprictor of
extensiveiron- works, at Low Moor,
near Bradford. A considerable for-
tune, thé reward of his industry,
devolves on his two sons,

539

William Gardiner,alieutenant-ge.
neral in the army, colonel of the
60th regiment of foot, commander
of the forces in Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and dependencies, and
governor of Kinsale ;- second son of
the right hon. Charles Gardiner,
and brother of the late lord viscount
Mountjoy. General Gardiner was
born Of. 23, 1748, married in
1777, Mary Wrottesley, youngest
daughter of the rev. sir Richard
W. of Wrottesley, county of Staf-
ford, (by Mary, second daughter
of John lord Gower, by Evelyn,
youngest daughter of Evelyn Pier-
point, duke of Kingston), and sis-
ter of the duchess of Grafton; by
whom he had issue, 1. Charles, a
captain in the army; 2. Gertrude
Florinda, married, first, Charles
John Clarke, esq. of Hitchin priory,
Hertfordshire, and secondly, Charles:
Manners, esq. of Edmondthorpe-
hall, county of Leicester; 3. Har-
riet, married to Robert. Patrick,
esq. of Ayrshire, Scotland; 4.
Frances; 5, Mary.

J. Jones, esq. of the ordnance
department at Languard Fort,
Essex.

July 24, At Stanlake, county of
Oxford, after a short but severe
illness, sincerely lamented, and in
his 49th year, the rev. Arthur Ho-
mer, D.D. rector of that parish, and
formerly fellow of Magdalen Col-
lege, Cambridge, in whose gift the
living is, and of which he proceeded
M.A. 1781, B. D. 1790, and D. D.
1797.

Suddenly, at her house at Ken-
sington-Gore, in her 70th year, the
hon. Mary Leigh, only surviving
sister and heiress of Edward lord
Leigh, of Stonleigh-abbey, county
of Warwick, which title became

extinct

540

extinct at his death. About three
o’clock she rang the bell, and or-
dered the cook to bring up the bill
of fare, and, while in the act of ex-
amining it, and informing the cook
that some private friends were com-
ing to dine with her, he observed a
manifest change in her whole coun-
tenance ; when she retired to her
chair, and in a few minutes after
expired without a groan. By her
decease, one of the finest estates in
England comes to the heir at law,
not less, at the present rents, than
17,0001. a-year, in Warwickshire,
Staffordshire, and Cheshire.. But
what makes this estate of immense
value is, that the rents have not
been raised these sixty years, the
good old Jady not wishing to raise
them, as her brother had adopted
that line of conduct; and at this
moment, if re-let, it is supposed the
annual revenue would not be Jess
than 50,0001. The late lord Leigh
died insane ; and the worthy lady,
whose death we now record, was
not unmarked in her character by
some eccentricity ; but it was of the
most harmless nature, and always
turned on the humane and benevo-
lent part of her disposition. Her
munificence was immense, she hav-
ing been known to give, what she
called her four years’ savings
(20,000].) away at one time, to a
distant connexion. Her charities
were very extensive, and, upon the
whole, her loss will be long felt in
the little circle in which she moved.
Her funeral, attended by a nume-
rous and respectable tenantry, pro-
ceed from Stonleigh-abbey, to the
place of interment, in the family
vault at Stonleigh church, on. the
14th inst, when an appropriate ser-
mon was delivered on the occasion,

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

by the rev. Mr. Thomas vicar of
the parish. She had always re-
quested that she might be buried in
the same cloaths she should have on
at the time she died. This request
of course has been rigidly attended
to, and she was buried in a hoop,
whichshe wasat all times accustomed
to wear, avery handsome silk gown,
a beautiful cap, which has on it a
profusion of remarkably rich lace,
and other articles of dress of consi«
derable value.

4th, At Forest-house, Leyton,
Essex, in his 63d year, Samuel Bo-
sanquet, esq. His whole time and
talents were devoted to the service
of others. Though never engaged in
business upon his own account, he
made the commercial interests of
his country his particular study
from a very early age. To the
trade of the Levant company, of
which he was deputy-governor, he
devoted a large portion of his time.
Yo the concerns of the Bank of
Kngland, of which he was for many
years a director, his attention was
unremitting, and his opinion upon
commercial subjeéts was frequently
resorted to by those who held the
highest situations in the state. The
duties of a magistrate inthe country
he discharged with thesame activity,

and the same advantage to his
neighbourhood.

5th. At Newcastle, aged 85, the
rev. Ilugh Moises, M. A. head mas~
ter of the grammar-school, there ;
in which situation he contributed
not a little to the formation of some
of the first characters of the coun-
try, lord Eldon, lord Collingwood,
sir William Scott, &c. &c.

At his house in George-street,
Portman-square, Arthur Richard
Dillon, archbishop and duke of

Narbonne,

be

CHRONICLE.

Narbonne, primate of the Gauls,
president of the states of Lan-
guedoc, and commander of the
order of the Holy Ghost. This
venerable prelate, who was emi-
pently distinguished for his know-
ledge, talents, and eloquence, was
the youngest brother of Henry the
eleventh lord viscount Dillon, of
Jreland, and son ofthe honourabte
Arthur Dillon, third son of ‘Theo-
bald seventh viscount Dillon, a
marshal-de-camp, and lieutenant-ge-
neral in the French service. He
was born at St. Germain-en-Laye,
1721; ordained bishop of Evreux,
Oct. 28, 1753; archbishop of
Thoulouse, 17583 archbishop of
Narbonne, 1762; and commander
of the order of the Holy Ghost,
1776. When the revolution took
place in France, which was a total
subversion of every principle that
all good men hold dear aad sacred,
he retired to this country, where he
has since constantly resided, pre-
ferring the sacrifice of his high rank
and situation, to a dereliction of
those principles cf duty and honour
which uniformly guided his conduct
through a long and meritorious life.
At half after nine in the morning
of the 1ith, all that remains in
England of the ancient royal family
and nobility of France, began to
assemble at the French Catholic
chapel, in Little George-street,
King-street, Portman-square, to do
honour to his obsequies. M. M.
Colbert, bishop of Rhodes, per-
formed the service in his full ponti.
ficals, in the presence of all the other
emigrant French bishops now in
London, and a great number of the
most distinguished of the French
nobility, with the crosses and rib-
bons of the different orders to which
they belong. After the usual

54h

prayers and anthems, the body was
removed in a hearse and six, fol-
lowed by four mourning-coaches,
lord Dillon’s, lord Trimblestown’s,
anda private gentleman’s carriage,
to St. Pancras church-yard, where
prayers were again read by the bi-
shop of Rhodes. In the carriages
were several bishops and other ec.
clesiasties, as well as his relations
and friends.

At Coburg, in his 53d year, ofan
inflammation of the Jungs, prince
Lewis-Charles-Frederick of Saxe.
Coburg, brother of the reigning
duke of that name, and lieutenant-
generalin the service of the emperor
of Austria.

7th. At Stansted-Bury, Herts,
sincerely lamented by his family and
friends, in his’ 8@d year, captain
Jocelyn, of the royal navy. He was
son of lieutenant-colonel J, and
descended, in the same degree of re-
lationship with the late earl of Ro-
den, from sir Robert J. bart. of
Hyde-hall, near Sawbridgeworth,
Herts. He married klizabeth
daughter and sole heiress of John
Salusbury, esq. of Brynybarcutt, co.
Denbigh ; by whom he had two sons
and two daughters; the eldest a
captain in» the 58th foot, now in
Sicily; the youngest, a youth of
great promise, who was a lieutenant ~
in the same regiment, fell, in his
18th year, in Egypt, on the ever-
memorable 21st of March, 1801,
when the brave Abercrombie re-
ceived his death-wound. CaptainJ.
was entered in the navy at a very
early age, and fora long series of’
years faithfully served his king and
country. He was tord Anson’s first
lieutenant in the Royal George, and
acquitted himself with great credit,
and the acknowledged satisfaction
of his noble commander, who ex-

prassed

ANNUAL RE

pressed much pleasure in the op-
portunity of serving him. He com-
manded his majesty’s ship Lenox,
of 74 guns, at the taking of the
Manuillas, where he was entrusted
with the care of the disembarkation ;
and, to use the words of the gazette
upon that occasion, ‘did every
thing that could be expected from a
diligent good officer.’ He lost a
considerable share of prize-money
by a peace being concluded before
the account of the capture arriv-
_ ed; and government not espousing
the cause of the captors. He was
_ also unfortunate in being, with a
Jong list of brave officers, deprived
of his rank by the unprecedented
promotion of the late lord Howe,
and put upon a superannuated list
ereated by his Jordship for unre-
warded valour. He was a man of
the strictest honour and integrity ;
a cool, active, intrepid officer ; and
conscientiously discharged the duties
of husband, parent, and friend. He
was remarkably temperate, having
been often heard to declare that he
never was intoxicated but once in his
life; and, what may appear as re-
markable to those who were not ac-
quainted with his excellent temper,
he was never heard to swear or
utter an oath, and that he severely
punished those sins on board his
ship.

Mr. Farmer, bailiff to lady Web-
ster, of Battle Abbey, Sussex. Re-
turning to Battle from Pevensey fair,
on the 5th, he agreed, for a trifling
wager, to ride a race along the road
with a neighbour ; in the course of
which Mr. F. was thrown from his
horse into a ditch by the road-side,
and was so terribly hurt that he
languished till this morning, when
he died without having uttered a
as

542

GISTER,

1806.

8th. At his aparfments at Hayne.
ford, in the county of Norfolk,
in his 58th year, sir Charles Play
ters, bart. He is succeeded in title
by his half brother, William, now
abroad,
13th. This day a party, consists
ing of Mr. Bradford (of the firm of
M’Call, Bradford, and co.), Mr.
Phillips (of the firm of Keogh and
Phillips,) Mr. John Orr, Mr. Evans
(of the firm of J. and E. Evans,)
Mr. Francis Casey (of the house of
M’Call and co.), and Mr. Thomas
Casey, his brother, with a boatman
of the name of Roberts, went ina
pleasure-boat on an excursion down |
the river at Liverpool. They were
returning about eight in the evening,
and in the aét of tacking to make
George’s dock basin, when a sudden
and violent squall came on while the
boat was in stays ; the boatman, ter-
rified at the apparent danger, and
intent only on his own safety, im-
prudently quitted the helm, and
grasped a loose board lying at the
bottom of-the boat. The conse.
quence was, the boat upset, and
sunk instantly. All were plunged
into the water, but being good swim.
mers, some made for a brig, then
under sail, which most inhumanly
passed within a few yards of them,
without making any effort to extri-
cate them from their perilous situa.
tion, though it was ,the opinion of
the numerous spectators on shore
that they might have saved all of
them. Three boats put off from
the ship, and make every exertion to
save as many as they could, in which ©
they were partly snccessfals Mr.
Orr, Mr. Evans, Mr. F. Casey, and
the boatman, were taken up, when
nearly exhausted; but Mr. Brad-
ford, Mr. Phillips, and Mr. Thomas
Casey, were drowned. Their
friend

CHRONI

friends and society have sustained a

severe loss in their untimely end ;

‘mourning; to his barber, 5/.
_ tailor,

the two former were in the prime of
life, and endeared to their nume-
rous friends by their virtues and
merits; the latter was in the bloom
of youth, only 16 years of age, and
gave the most flattering promises of
an estimable manhood.

‘18th. At Oundle, aged 87, Wil-
liam Walcot, M. D. who acted many
yearsas a magistrate and deputy-
lientenant for Northamptonshire.
He was formerly of Jesus college,
Cambridge; M. B. 1742, M. D.

1747. ‘Yo his housekeeper and foot-

man he has bequeathed 50/, a year
each ; to his coachman, 20/. a year;
and 100/. in cash to each of them ;
to his gardeuer, 200/. ; to his ser-

- yant-maids, who lately entered his

10/. and. double
; to his
10/,; to his blacksmith,
10/.; and to several servants who
had formerly lived with him, 5/.
each,

Qist. At Tunbridge-wells, in his
50th year, sir John Chardin Mus-
grave, bart. of Eden-hall, co. Cum-
berland. He is sicevedled by his
‘eldest son, now a minor.
23d. Miss Postlethwaite, daughter
of William P. esq. of Fleckney, co.

service each
’ b]

Leicester.

At Leith fort, col. W. P. Smith,
commanding the royal artillery in
Scotland.

24th. Samuel Barnes, a soldier
belonging the 3dregiment of guards,
who lost his life by falling into the
‘main sewer in South Moulton-street.
He was employed, with about 12
other labourers, to clear away a
quantity of rubbish formed by the
bursting of the main sewer in a yard

‘between South Moulton and Davies-.
streets, Oxford ~ street.

It was

CL E. 543

thought expedient by the foreman of
Mr. Rowles, the contra¢tor for
keeping the sewers in repair, to call
the men from their work in the af-
ternoon, their situation being dan-
gerous from the quantity of water
which inundated the lower parts of
the houses around them. Afterthe
workmen had retired, one of them,
as it appeared, who had drank rather
freely while at. work, had left his
jacket, and the debeased went for
it. Another person went with him;
and as he was attempting to reach
with astick the jacket, which was
on the other side of the sewer, the
ground gave way, and he was pre-
cipitated into the torrent of water,
which was very strong, and about
six feet indepth. Several persons
went down the sewer as soon as the
water had gone off, as far as Elliot’s
brew-house, Pimlico, from whence
the shore lies open. The body. was
found by two of Mr. Elliot’s men,
on Thursday morning, July 31,
floating on the water opposite the
middle of Milbank. Verdict acci-
dental death. An affecting scene
followed the inquest, The wife of
the deceased, a young woman of very
interesting appearance, with two
children, and herself again preg-
nant, followed the corpse of her
husband to the grave, in front of
the company of guards to which her
husbaud belonged. The common
sewer which crosses Oxford-street,
near South Moulton and Davies-
streets, was originally a small stream
that ran down from Hampstead-hill,
When Mary-le-bone parish was
about to be built upon, it was found
necessary to extend the bed through
which this small current flowed,
both in order to form a land-drain
for the marshy ground, and witha
view to form a general channel
through

544

through which the common sewers
of that part of the town might pass.
The stream was by this means in-
creased to a rivulet, which, after
rain, has as strong a current as that
which is necessary to turn a com-
mon-sized mill. It is remarkably
well arched over; and, had it not
been for the two uncommonly violent
floods which came shortly after each
other, it might have stood for years.
It emptied, as most of our common-
sewers do, into the Thames.

27th. Athis house atSutton, near
Dublin, George Molyneux, esq. se-
cond son of the late right honour-
able sir Capel Molyneux, bart. of
Castle Dillon, co. Armagh. He
was called to the bar in 1780, and
returned to parliament for the
borough of Granard. He mar-
ried Miss Gore, sister of William
Gore, esq. by ~whom he has left no
issue.

29th. At Portsmouth, master
Mowbray. He went to Portsdown
fair, under the immediate care of
his mother, anda lady, the neigh-
bour and friend of the family, and in
company with his sister, and several
other children. After taking tea,
the party were walking in the broad
path, called the Running - walk,
where no danger was ever appre-
hended, it never having been known
that acarrriage of any kind, or horse,
entered that part of the fair. Un-
fortunately, a heavy cart, with two
horses, that had brought some arti-

cles of refreshment to the booth at °

the top of the walk, had been left
near the booth by the driver, and
some person having tboughtlessly
leaped upon the fore horse, he took
fright, and both horses set off at full
gallop down the walk, which isa
steep hill. The party running to get
eut of the way, master Mowbray

ANNUAL’ REGISTER, 1806.

fell, and some of the other children
fellover him. The cart went over
his breast; one of the children,
daughter of the lady above alluded
to, had part of her dress torn off by
the wheel ; and the sister of the de-
ceased was dragged, by an officer
belonging to the German Legion (at
Hilsea,) from before the wheel, so
much at his own hazard, that the
wheel actually grazed her head. The
boy was instantly bled by the sur-
geon of one of the German regi-
ments, and visited by Mr. Soaper,
surgeon, of Southwick; but both
declared he could scarcely survive to
be conveyed home, and he died on
the road. He was perfectly sen-
sible, and complained little, but of.
thirst; he said heshould be betterwhen
he got home to his father’s bed ; and
a little before he expired, he raised
himself, and putting his arms round
his mother’s neck, kissed her. He
did not speak afterwards, but ex-
pired in the easiest manner. He
was an only son, eight years and a
half old ; a remarkably fine boy, ofa
frank and manly spirit, and was

justly beloved and admired.
30th. At? Swansea, Francis carl
of Landaff,‘ viscount and baron of
Thomastown, governor and custos
rotulorum of the county of Tippe-
rary. His lordship was born in
1738; and married, Sept. 6, 1764,
Elisha, second daughter of James
Smyth, esq. of Tinney park, co.
Wicklow, sister of the right hon.
sir Edward Skeffington Smyth, bart.
and grand-daughter of Edward —
Smyth, lord bishop of Down and
Connor; by whom he had issue, 1.
Francis-James, born Jan. 20, 1768,
now earl of Landaff, married, July
10, 1797, Cecilia, daughter and co-
heiress of John Latouche, esq. of ©
Harristown; 2. Montague, born -
August

CH:RONICLE. 5458

August 18, 1773, a colonel in the

army ; 3. George, born July 1779 ;

4. the lady Elizabeth. His lordship
married, secondly, June 1784, the
lady Catharine, second daughter of
Clotworthy Skeffington, earl of
Massereene, who died without issue
Feb. -9,1796. The earl of Landaff
was descended from a family of
great antiquity, originally resident
at Rader in Glamorganshire, and
possessed of the town of Landaiff,
where, in the cathedral church, are
many ancient monuments to the
Mathew family, particularly one
of David Mathew the Great, stan.
dard-bearer to Edward IV. (see
Willis’s Landaff.) By intermarriage
with the house of Ormond, his lord-
ship’s ancestors became possessed of
large estates in Ireland, where, for
nearly two centuries, they have re-
sided at ‘Thomas-town,in Tipperary,
formerly reckoned the most magni-
ficent demesne in Ireland. A curi-
ous account of the splendid manner
ofliving of an ancestor of this noble
family atThomas-town, may be seen
in Sheridan’s life of Swift. The late
earl was a nobleman of the most
amiable and conciliating manners,
and possessed, in an eminent degree,
the united advantages of captivating
address and personal beauty.

3ist. At his house in Wells,

Richard Jenkyns, esq. an eminent

attorney.

Aug. 4th. Baroness Pfeilitzer,
niece of Wm. Mauduit, esq. of Lin.
coln’s-inn-fields, and only sister of
Lucas Garvey, esq. of the island of
St. Christopher.

12th. At Beckenham, in Kent,
the dowager lady Dacre, widow of
Thomas Barrett Lennard, lord Dacre,
of Belhouse, Issex, and sister to the
late earl Camden.

14th. After a long illness, at her

Vou, XLVIV,

house in Percy-street, aged 8@,
Dame Elizabeth Gosling, widow of
sir FrancisG. knt. who was ele¢ted
alderman of the ward of Farringdon
Without in 1756; sheriff in 1758; and
died Dec. 29, 1768. She wasone
of the Jadies mentioned by Mrs.
Barbauld in her life of Richardson,
under the name of ‘¢ Miss M. after-
wards lady G,”

17th. At Tunbridge-wells, Sophia
countess of Mount - Edgecumbe,
third daughter and coheiress of John
earl of Buckinghamshire; born
March 26, 1768 ; and married, Feb.
25, 1789, to Richard earl of Mount-
Edgecumbe, who, with five children,
three sons and two daughters, have
suffered, by her death, an irrepar-
able loss. She was beautiful in her
person.; an exemplary mother ; her
heart was tender and benevolent ;
her manners amiable, gentle, aud
unassuming.

19th. At Islington, in his 42d
year, Mr. John Biggerstaff, many
years joint vestry-clerk of that
parish with his father, and who has
since been thus honourably noticed
on a tablet of white marble in the
chancel of Islington church :

‘To the memory of
Mr. Joun Biecrrstarr, Sen. ,
Jate vestry clerk of this parish ;
who died the 29th of Dec’. 1804,
in the 73d year of his age ;

After serving his office with great
integrity and ability upwards of 37
years, so truly esteemed and so sin-
cerely Jamented by the parishioners,

that they voted
unanimously, on Easter Tuesday
1805,

for the erection of this tablet.”

20th. Rev. John Weddred, vicar
of St. John the Baptist, in Peter-
borough, and minor canon of that
cathedral, both of which are in the

Nn gift

&

¢
546

gift of the bishop of the diocese: He
was also-a magistrate for the sokeof
Peterborough: .He was of Trisity:
college Cambridge, §. T. P. 17975
and had been vicar of Northborough,
near Peterborough.

-23d. At Worthing, Sussex, ofa

fit of apoplexy, in his 54th year;
being born in 1752, the honourable

William Henry Bouverie, of Betch~ 1

worth-house, Surrey, second:son of
Jacob late earl ef Radner, brother
of.the ‘present vearly: and in the last
parliament :zepresentative for thei
city ‘ofSalisbiry. “Mr. B. ‘was a

_membér of University college,, Ox>
“ford; and married 1777, ° the lady.

Bridget Douglas, daughter of James!
late ear] of Morton (and sister of the’
Present earl,) by whom he had issue

ason, now acaptain in the army,

and three daughters, who, having
been educated under the immediate
eye ofa most affectionate father, and
with the brightest example before
them of every conjugal and maternal
excellence in their truly amiable
mother, are deservedly ranked
among the most elegant and accom-
plished young ladies in England.
25th. Athis house, at Brompton,

in his 73d year, Francis Grojan,
esq. an eminent attorney in Vine.
street, Piccadilly, clerk to the com-
missioners of the court of requests,
and many years deputy high bailiff
of the city and liberty of West-
minster.

. At his house in Conduit-street,
Hanover-square, aged 73, James

obson, esq. formerly an eminent
bookselicr in New Bond-street, and
many years high bailiff of Westmin-
ster. Mr. R. was in the eommission
of the peace; and to considerable
classical acqdirements had added the
advantages of travel.

After a long illness, in his 47th

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

year’ Mr. John Gregory, many
years the able, worthy, and inde-
pendent editor. of the Leicester
journal (as: his father, by whom
it’ was begun, had. been before
him.) |

«26th. Mr. Whittel, one of his ma-

house, near Emanuel{col-
Cambridge, aged 72, the
es Goodwin, vicar of

erly fellow of King’s college, in
vhose patronage the living is; B. A.
6, M. A. 1759.
27th. At Moorgate, near Rother-
ham in Yorkshire, in consequence
of a fall from his horse on the pre-
ceeding day, the rev. John Holden,
senior fellow and tutor of Sidney:
Sussex college, Cambridge ; former- _
ly deputy-chaplain to the military
hospital at Chelsea. He, entered
Cambridge as a student in 1780, and
soon obtained a scholarship by his
assiduity. In 1784, hetook a very
distinguishing degree of A. B. in the
Senate-house, being second Wrang-
ler and second Smith’s prizeman, of
that year: and regularly proceeded
A. M. in 1787, and. T. B. in 1794.
In 1797, he was nominated Scruta~
tor, conjeintly with the rev. William
Wood, of St. John’s college. He
was, also, an honorary preacher at.
St. Mary’s, and one of the twelve
Whitehall preachers from Cam-
bridge appointed by the bishop of
London.

28th. At Barbadoes, aged 50, on
the day which had been appointed
for the swearing him ‘in as president
and commander in chief of that
island, the honourable John Ince,
a-faithful, indefatigable, and zealous
officer ef that colonial parecer

ren an

CHRONICLE.

and a valuable. member of the com-
munity. His death was occasioned
-by anvaccident of a negro driving a
horse fariously (a praétice which it
is wonderful has not been more fre-
quently attended with like fatal ef-
fects) against him 14 days before,
just as he had mounted his own,
irdm which he was precipitated, and
zeceived such a contusion generally
throughout his frame, as to oceasion
his death,
Sept. 2d. Ina very advanced age,

‘Mr. Stageldoir, formerly, and for

many years, propertysman of Drury-
dane theatre: ») ¢ ns ,

- In Norfolk, in consequence of
the: accident which recently hap-
pened to him (a fall from his horse,)
sir Jacob Henry Astley, bart. M. P.
for that county. He was third son
of the late sir Jacob by his first wife,
daughter ofsir FrancisBlakeDelaval.
- 5th. At Cheltenham, aged 55,
Clement Archer, M. D. husband of
lady «Clonbrooke, niece to lord
Norbury. No gentleman stood
higher in the profession, or in pri-

vate life was more respeéted and re-

garded. He was joint state-surgeon
in Ireland with surgeon Hume, fa-
ther to Dr. H. of Grosvenor-street,
now solestate-surgeon. —
8th. At Richmond, Surrey, ad.
vanced in age, the rev. William
Affleck, rector of North Luffenham,
_ co. Rutland, and vicar of Potton, co.
Bedford. He was of Emanuel col-
lege, Cambridge ; B. A. 1736; M.A.
1740; S.'T. B. 1747.
9th, Suddenly, in consequence of
an apoplectic fit, aged 61, John
Lioyd, esq. of Berth-hall, co. Den-
bigh, chief justice of the counties of
Carmarthen, Pembroke, and Den-
bigh, and a king’s counsel. He was
very eminent as a practical lawyer ;
but of very close and parsimonious

_of antiguaries,

547

habits, homely in his speech, and
plain in his manners, He was the
intimate friend of the late venerable
and much-lamented lord Thurlow,
who, as will appear hereafter, sur-
vived him but three days, Mr. L.
had lately returned from the cir-
cuit; and during the whole course of
his tour, and when he left Cardigan,
the last: town in rotation, he ap-
peared in perfeét health, and in that
staté arrived at his town-house, where
he was taken ill, and expired’ as
above stated. | aunty of

11th. At his rectorial house, at
St. Mary-at-hill, London, aged
about 63, the rev. John Brand,
M.A. rector of the united parishes
of St. Mary Hill, and St.’ Andrew
Hubbard, in the city of London,
and resident secretary of the society
He was a native of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and, Oct. 6,
1774, (being at that time B. A. of
Lincoln college, Oxford), he was
presented by Matthew Ridley, esq.
of Heaton (patron pre hac viee), to
the curacy of Cramlington, a chapel
of ease to St. Nicholas, at Nevw-
castle, from which itis distant about
eight miles. While a bachelor of
arts at the university, he published
a very pretty poem on * Illicit
Love, 1775,”’ 8vo. supposed to be
written among the ruins of God-
stow nunnery. He was admitted
F.S. A. in 1777, and published in
that year, his ** Observations on
Popular Antiquities, including the
whole of Mr. Bourne’s Antiquitates
Vulgares, with Addenda to every
chapter of that work; as also an
Appendix, containing such articles
on the subject, as have been omitted.
by that author,” 8vo. dated from
Westgate-street, Tyne, 1776. For
an enlarged edition of this book,
he had long been collecting mate-

Nn 2 rials.

548

rials. After he took orders he was
admitted into the family of the late

* duke of Northumberland, at Nor-

‘

thumberland-house, by whom he
was presented* to the rectory of St.
Mary-at-Hill, on the death of the
rev. Dr. Griffith, 1784; in which
year he was also elected secretary to
the Society of Antiquaries, on the
death of Dr. Morell. In 1789 he
published “* The History and An-

tiquities of the Town and County of

theTown of Newcastle-upon-T'yne,”
2 vols. 4to. embellished with views
of the public buildings, engraved by
Fittler, at an expence of 5000.
‘¢ This is a splendid work, and Mr.
Brand spared no pains in amassing
his materials, and has preserved the
historical detail with uninterrupted
exactness, The low price at which
this work has been since sold is sup-
posed to be owing to the great num-
ber of copies which were printed,
and to the death of the bookseller at
whose expence it was published ; the
whole impression was sold, on the
latter occasion, ata very low price,
which has probably caused a valu-
able book to be slightly regarded.”
Sce New Catalogue of English Living
Authors, p. 304. The compiler of
that catalogue ascribes to him au
historical essay on the principles of
political associations in a state (with
an application of those principles, )
1796, 8vo. a pamphlet; and ano-
ther, ‘* A defence of the pamphlet
ascribed to J. Reeves, esq. and in-
tituled Thonghts on the English Go-
vernment,” 8yo, But these, and
all others in the politica’ line, were

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the work of another clergyman,
B. A. in the university of Cam-
bridge. The compiler before-men-
tioned celebrates Mr. B.’s “degree
of Jearning and extent of enquiry,
which, in anobler field of historical
research, might have crowned his
Jabours with more than common ap-
probation.”” He was twice troubled
for non-residence, having let his
excellent personage ; but performed
all the parochial duties with the
most exemplary punctuality, being
regular in his» attendance on duty
weekly, as well as on Sundays,
walking from Somerset-place for
that purpose. Since,the late regu-
lations, however, respecting resi-
dence, Mr. Brand, who before that
period lived entirely in the apart.
ments of the Society of Antiquaries,
at Somerset-place, had been in the
constant habit of sleeping at the rec-
tory. He always took much exer-
cise; and, on the day before his
death, had along rambké with two
much-valued friends ; with whom he
parted in the evening, apparently in
perfect health. He rose next morn-
ing abou: 7 o’clock, his usual hour,
and went into his study, where his
female servant took him an egg,
which he usually ate before he went
to Somerset-place. She afterwards
went into an adjoining room, as she
had been accustomed, and to which
he generally came, after having eaten
his egg, to have his coat brushed, or
his shoes tied. She waited a consi-
derable time, and at last went into
his study, where she discovered him
lying on the floor lifeless, with a

wound

* The duke has the alternate presentation to the living, the other belonging to
the parish, who purchased it of the then owner, some yearsago, It is vested in 16
trustees, which sumber should be filled up when reduced to6. In April last the
number was reduced to 2, and directions were given to prepare a conveyance s0 as
to complete the number, but it was not executed when Mr. Brand died.

wound in his head, which he had
received in falling. A surgeon was
immediately sent for ; but all his at-
tempts to restore animation proved
ineffectual. He died unmarried,
leaving no relation, except an aunt,
who is between 80and 90 years of
age. He was buried in the chancel
of his church on Sept. 24th.—In him
the Society of Antiquaries have sus-
tained a very great loss; able, at-
tentive, indefatigable, he was always
alive to their business, of which he
was a perfect master, and which he
executed not merely as a duty butas
a pleasure. He was also an occa-

sional contributor to their “* Ar-

cheologia.” His explanation of a
Roman altar and tablet found at
Tinmouth castle 1783, appeared in
their vol. VILI. p. 326; and in vol.
XV. he communicated ‘An Inven-
tory and Appraisement of the Plate
in the Lower Jewel House in the
‘Tower, anno 1649,” from the ori-
ginal MS. in his possession (p. 271.)
Hiis personal friends have lost a
cheerful, pleasant companion, ever
‘willing to communicate information,
and to assist their researches after
scarce and valuable books and prints,
of which he had athorough know-
ledge. His collection of both is of
great value. In it are some copies
of rare portraits, drawn by himself,
in a manner that perhaps renders
them little less valuable than the ori-
ginals ; and never was he happier
than when he had an opportunity of
making.a present either of a scarce
pamphlet or print to any intimate
friend to whom he knew it would
be particularly acceptable. A small
silhouette likeness of him is in the
frontispiece to his history of New-
castle. _

12th. At Brighthelmstone after
' an illues of two days, in the 7 Ist

.

OH ROW ¢ L E£,

549

year of his age, Edward Lord Thur-
low, baron of Ashfield, &c. He was
born in 1735, and was son of the
rey. ‘Thomas Thurlow, rector of
Ashfield, Suffolk, who died 1762,
by his wife Elizabeth Smith, and
brother to Thomas late bishop of
Durham, who died in 1791. After
remaining some time at Cambridge,
which the vivacity of his conduct
obliged him to leave, he came te
London to pursue the profession of
the law, with whose studies he blended
the gay and sensual amusements
of the metropolis. He was called to
the bar in 1758, and rose into pro-
fessional notice by a circumstance
not generally known. Sir Fletcher
Norton (at that time, and perhaps at
any time, the first zst prius:lawyer,)
who not only made the bar but the
bench tremble, was, in a solemn ar-
gument, opposed, beat down, and
overpowered, hy the manly resolu-
tion and intrepid spirit of the young
lawyer. This circumstance made a
great noise at the time; and_ his
prowess rendered himan object not
only of applause but of wonder.
Indeed, it was a principle of his
early life, that to a¢t with confi-
dence was to win regard, and to dis-
play courage was half the battle.
He pursued this notion, as it might
serve his purpose, to the end of his
days. ‘Theable manner in which he
pleaded the Douglas cause obtained
him the silk gown. THe was certain-
ly one of the soundest lawyers of
the age in which he lived, and reach-
ed the highest honour of his profes-
sion. He was in May 1770 ap-
pointed selicitor general, and in
1771 succeeded sir William de Grey
first lord Walsingham, as attorney
general ; and was chosen member for
‘Tamworth, At first he made little
orno figure in the senate, but, at

Nn 3 the

650
_ the commencement of the American
disputes,.he burst forth to the sup-
port of the then minister, lord
North, in.a manner which soon
gave him not only the lead amongst
the lawyers of the house, but raised
him to the first rank of parliamen-
‘tary orators. In June 1778 he was
created a peer, by the style and title
‘of lord: Thurlow, baron of Ashfield
dn Suffolk, and next day was con-
stituted lord high chancellor of
‘Great Britain. “He continued in
this situation till the year 1783,
«when, upon the success of the Coa-
dition ministry, he was ejeéted from
‘his office, and the seals put in com-
mission. ‘However, upon the final
triumph of Mr. Pitt, he was rein-
stated in the chancellorship, and
possessed the seals till 1793, when,
-wpon some quarrel with the pre-
imiery he resigned them, and was
succeeded by lord Loughborough.
Since that period, his lordship has
‘retired to'private life. His lordship
‘fias left three daughters; two of
whom are married. Asa lawyer,
a man of sounder knowledge,
‘quicker penetration, more decisive
and correct judgment,or of more in-
dependence of professional charac-
.ter, and firmness of opinion, never
ascended the bench. But to these
“qualities, were certainly opposed a
‘roughness of manner, a demeanour
sharsh and uncivil, sometimes barely
-decent, towards his ‘brethren at the
‘\barj"and a considerable laxity in pri-
vate ‘life? ~As a pelitician, he was
-ovérbearing’in the extrenie, but firm
-to his partys" aud, in ome instance,
he evinced a regard for his sovereign
which it would be unjust net to dis-
tinguish by a higher name than that
‘of mere loyalty and duty. Asa
patron to men of learning; he was
‘ene of the most munificent that ever

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806...

sat upon the bench.’ fi vestowthy
church perferment he was singularly
honest and disinterested; aud-many
anecdotes are related of him'which
place his character in a very shining
light. As a genéral sckolar; ‘he
possessed much more knowledge
than the worldigave hinv credit for;
and his profound acquaintanté’ with
the Greek language is testified’ in a
dedication toi him~ by his ‘stedfast
friend. bishop Horsley. As aman,
he had his virtues and his failings.
His speech on the American de-
claratory act is inserted in the Gen-
tleman’s Magazine vol. XLVIII. p.
399; on a cause tried in the house
of lords, idéd. vol. LILI. p. 446; on
the bill for regulating the- East India
company’s. affairs, bid. vol- LEV: p.
55, 207. - The’next time we trace
him in the debates was in‘that ine
teresting one on the regency, tbid.
vol. LIX. p. 46; 48, 332, distin-
guished by his gratitude and loyalty
to his sovereign, and truly charac-
terized in the account of the thanks-
giving procession, p. 367.
speech on the right of the Scotch
freeholders may be seen in the same
work vol. LXX. p. 625, "The
Thurlow peerage:is entailed. iw the
first instance on the sons of the late
bishop of Durham, whose eldest son
(in the 26th year of his age) Edward,
is now lord Thurlow. © It is second-
ly entailed on the rey. South Thur-
low, prebendary of Norwich, the
son of another brother of the late ~
venerable peer, who has several
children. Fees
His remains were removed on‘the
25th at noon, from His house: in
Great George-strect, Wéstmiuster,
tothe Temple church? ‘Phe ‘pro-
cession moved. down. Parliament-
street, and up the Strand; in ‘the fol-
lowing order :
The.

His ©

The plume of feathers, decorated
. with bandalors.

_ Six mutes om horseback.

His lordship’s saddié-Horsé; led by
twoservants, withthefamily arms
on the black velvet trappings,
and mounted by a gentleman of
the, Herald’s Kar 5s sedis 95
lordship’s coronet. ... i+») -*

THE mbites 2

drawn by six horses, atd dere

with escutcheons.

His lordship’s» supporters were
placed ‘on’ the :horses’ enters ect
trappings.»

Then followed

Six mourning coaches, drawn by six

horses,

_ In the first coach were

The duke of Newcastle, the lord
Chancellor, the dean of Wind-

_ sor, and lord Ellenborough.

In. the second

Lord Eldon, Mr. Justice Le Blanc,

Mr. »Baron oman re and isir

vo William, Scott: sat hy ge
- dn the'third «|

“The. rev. T. S: Thitlow (his: dead
ship’s nephew) col,’ M’Mahon,
‘col. Cunningham, and~ cofonel
Terry
In the other three goxdhis were

some of his Join s principal do-

-Taesties: . 7.20

The procession. was.closed by ten

| private carriages.

The pall-bearers were

The lord Chancellor, the duke of

Newcastle, lord Eldon, the lord

chief justice of the Kids's bench,

the lord chief baron of the ex-
Chequer, and sir William Scoit.

-’ The funeral service was read by
the dean of Windsor; after which
was performed an anthem, com-
posed for the occasion.

At half
past two the body was lowered into
the vault, at the top of the south

CHRONICLE

. Vincent.
‘and more weak and languid.
night between Friday and Saturdéy

551

aile; and deposited next to thé re.
mains of his brother, the late bishop
of Durham..iThe lord, Chancellor
and the rev. T. §. Thurlow. rose froni
their seat, walked to the edge of the
vault, and-took their last farewell.
The *dontoutse of people was so
great, and ‘the pressure into the
church sp violent, that it was found
neeessary ito-close the. doors. The
funeral. was coriducted: with }:the
greatest solemnity. > tathwe)

_ 13th. At; Chiswick-house, tlhe
deat of the duke of Devonshire,

-wherehe had thrice (within 5 weeks)
-undérgone the: operation of, tapping

for adropsy, the: right -honourable
Charles-James Fox. After a con-
sultation of the physicians en Fri-
day, intimation was given, that Mr.
Fox's death might be expected that
evening, ornext day. He received
this deelaration with his usual forti-
tude; and requested lord Holland

to order messengers to the duke of

Norfolk, earl Fitzwilliam, . lord
John Townshend, and sir Francis
- Mr. Fox became more
The

was restless and uneasy ;’and .-the
symptoms of an immediate dissolue

-tion appeared. About three o’clock
-in the afternoon, not only his

strength failed him, but his speech
also. He became at last So weak
and exhausted, that at five the vital
sparks were seemingly about to be
extinguished. Soon after, he laid
his head gently back on the pillow
(supported by lord Holland and Mrs.
Fox,) and, in a state of the greatest
tranquillity and most perfeét resig-
nation, breathed his last. Earl
Fitzwilliam arrived at Chiswick-
house about four, in consequence of
an express. Mr. Fox could not
speak to him; but the overtlowings

Nn 4 of

552

of his heart were conspicuous in
every feature. He pressed his lord-
ship very cordially by. the hand.
The latter, incapable of witnessing
the last scene, retired to an adjoin-
ing apartment ; and, when he heard
the affecting news, fainted away,
and remained speechless for a con-
siderable time. Soon after the
death of Mr. Fox, messengers were
sent with the intélligence to the fol-
lowing distinguished characters :
His royal highness the prince of
Wales, at Trentham-hall, Stafford-
shire; his grace the duke of Bed-
ford, lord-lieutenant of Ireland ;
earl Spencer, who was on a Visit to
-his mother at St. Alban’s; lord
Grenville, the lord chancellor, lord
Howick, lord Henry Petty, and the
rest of the cabinet ministry.

By 10 o’clock on the morning of
October 10, crowds of people came
from every quarter to take their
stations in the line through which
the funeral procession of Mr. Fox
was to pass. The windows and
steps of the different houses in Pail.
Mall, and all the other streets inthe
line, were by this time all occupied.
‘ —A numerons body of horse-
guards arrived, and were distributed
along the line, to prevent carriages
from breaking into it. Every pre-
caution had been previously taken,
to prevent this kind of disorder,
as the different avenues leading to
the Stable-yard, were blocked. up,
and no carriages were allowed to
enter, except those which carried
company to the funeral. Several
volunteer corps, after mustering at
their different parades, marched to
St. James’s-square, where they re-
mained in brigade, until they re-
ceived orders to line the street.
About eleven o’clock Mr. Sheridan,
the principal director of the pro-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

cession, arrived at Mr. Fox’s house,
in the Stable-yard, St. James’s.
The Westminster volunteer cavalry
came about the same time, and
were drawn up between the house
and the palace, beyond which -
no persons were admitted who had
not tickets. At half past twelve
many noblemen and gentlemen had
arrived ; but the procession did not
set outtilltwo. It proceeded along
Pall Mall, Charing-cross, Whitehall,
and Parliament-street, to Westmin-
ster-Abbey ; and reached from St.
James’s to Charing-cross, in the
following erder :—

Six marshalmen, two and two.
Fifty-seven poor men in Perr Bis
cloaks.

High-bailiff.

Six marshalmen, two and two.
Electors of Westminster, exactly

' one hundred and forty-four.
Deputation from the country.
174 members of the Whig Club.
Ilousehold in mourning-cloaks, five.
Mr. Cline and Mr. Hawkins, sur-
geons to Mr. Fox, and Mr, Tegart,
his apothecary.

Dr, Pitcairn, Dr. Vaughan, and
Dr. Mosely, physicians to Mr. Fox ;
and Dr. Davy, of Cambridge.
Divines in their gowns, twelve ;
among whom we noticed Dr. Parr.

The six noblemen who were the
pall-bearers, namely, the dukes of
Norfolk, Devonshire, and the earl
of Carlisle, were on the left side of
the coffin; and the lord-chancellor, .
lords Albemarle and Thanet, were
on the right.

Mourners 1n Coacuts.

Chief mourner, lord Holland ;
Jord Howick and lord Fitzwiliam
followed. Mr, ‘Trotter, private
secretary to the deceased, was the
pall-bearer. The earl of Moira and
lord Spencer. Lord Henry Petty

and

~

~

CHRONICLE.

and ford Ellenborough ; lord Gren-
ville and lord Sidmouth ; Mr. Wind-
ham, Mr. Thomas Grenville, and
Mr. Plumer.

Mourners-on Foor.

Lords Cowper, Besborough, Per-
cy, Cholmondeley, Montford, Bar-
rymore, Melbourne, G. Cavendish,
W. Russell, Petre, T. Tanyachend;
R. Spencer, Jersey.; the solicitor-
general; Mr. Whitbread, Mr. She-
ridan, and the attorney-gencral,

closed the procession.

“Orner Mourners.
General Dundas, sir J. Aubrey,

‘sir William Milner, sir Charles Bam-

fylde, colonel Macmahon, alderman
Combe, lord Ossulstone; Messrs.

Wilberforce, C. Jervoise, Johnson,

Lambe, Tuffnell, Beachey, D.
O‘Brien, Foley, Langley, Caven-
dish, B. Oakley, Glover, Norton,
and ihévalicr ange i the Prussian
chamberlain.

The hearse, which was entirely co-
veredwith the richest black Genoa vel-
yet, was ornamented with black silk
fringe and tassels. Around its base
the velvet was enveloped in a variety

of folds, in the style of the Roman

draperies, Above appeared the
magnificent plume of feathers. The
platform was elevated by a flight of
three steps, on the top of which
was placed the coffin, covered with

_ black velvet, with six richly chased

_ and gilt handles, three on each side,
The inscription plates contained

only simply the name of the de-
ceased, and his age ; the other orna-
ments were elegant but not super-
fluous, The funeral service com-
menced about three quarters past
three o’clock, and ended at half past
four: It was performed by the rev,
Dr. Ireland, the officiating preben-

dary, in the absence of Dr. Vincent

the dcaw. Inthe order ef proces.

558

sion it was stated, that bands were
to be introduced in various parts :
that was not the case; and the so-
lemn effect of the whole was in that
respect much injured ; in place of
falling in at proper intervals, and
relieving each other, the bands of
the three regiments of guawds fell in
side-ways, one at the palace-gate at
St. James’s, one next Carlton-house,
the other next the Horse-Guards,
but did not at all join ; this spoiled
very much the effect of the scene.
All the king’s household trumpeters
were there, dressed in black, with
cloaks, haberdines, and scarfs, and
played the ** Dead March in Saul,”
&c. with great effect and impression.
The crowd was great; butsuch was the
judicious arrangement made by the
police magistrates on the one hand,
by stationing their officers in the
various divisions, so as to embrace
every avenuc, and the dispositions
of the horse and foot-guards, with
the volunteers, under the command
of major-generals Ainslie and Cal-
vert, that not the most trifling disor-
der occurred. ‘The body was: re-
moved on Thursday night from the
private chamber to the saloon,
which was previously lined with
black cloth. The coflin was placed
on tressels, with six wax candles,
three on each side. Banner-rolls,
and other of the usual insignia, were
placed around in the usual form.
The apartment was illuminated dur-
ing the night. ‘The body is depo-
sited in a grave of considerable
depth, which is immediately adjoin-
ing the monument of lord Chatham,
and within eighteen inches of the
grave of the late illustrious W. Pitt.
18th. At his house at Mansfield-
wood-house, near Mansfield, after a
long period of useful services to his
country, as asoldier, an antiquary,
and

554 ANNAUL REGISTER, 1806, .

and a meteorologist, iy his 84th year,
Hayman Rooke,esq- FR. and A.SS.
of which latter society he was
- chosen a member in 1776; and to
‘their Archxologia he communicated
several illustrations of the antiqui-
dies of Nottingham, and the adjoin-
ing county of Derby. To the
Gentleman’s Magazine the major
owas a frequent contributor, both by
his pen and his pencil. To the stu-
‘dent in Natural History, he com-
municated a Meteorological Diary
for years successively, from 1794
to 1805. To the society of anti-
quaries, Account of the remains of
two Roman vill, discovered near
Mansfield-Wood-house, in May and
October, 1786, Archxologia, VIIT.
‘963; with five plates, Observations
on the Roman’ roads and camps in
the ‘neighbourlieod ‘of Mansfield
‘Wood-house ; with an introductory
letter on Roman camps, IX. 193.
Roman remains iu Sherwood Fo-
rest, X.'378. These last were ifi-
coporated in Harrod’s Antiquities
of Mansfield Wood-house and its
‘Environs, Mansfield, 1801. De-
‘scription and Sketches of-seme:re-
markable Oaks in-Welbeck-park,
1740, 4to. with ten plates, drawn
by the major, and engraved by Mr.
Ellis. Sketch of the ancient and
present state of Sherwood Forest,
‘Nottingham, 1799, 8vo. with four
plates. Description of an ancient
medallion in his possession, found
near Newstead-abbey, ibid 1800.
Description of some remains in Har-
borough, county of Derby, Arche.
‘ologia, IX. 206. Of certain pits in
that county, X. 14. . Antiquities
discovered there, XI. 1. Ro-
man Antiquities at Bradbourne,
ib: 6.. “Accouut of Druidical re-
mains, ib. 41. Discoveries in a
barrow, ib. 327. Druidical re-

maiiis on Stanton and Hurtle-moor; —
in the Peak, I. 110. Farther illus.
trations of Druidical remains, VI. —
175. Two views of the cross and ~
Roman altar at Bakewell, after his
Diaries, in the Antiquariar;Reper- -
tory, I. No. 37. -He accompanied ”
Dr. Pegge’s ‘* Narrative of what
passed at the Revolution-house;’
with a plan and elevation* of the
house, 1788 ; and his history of Bol-
sover-castle, with views, 1785 ; and
the bas-relief of the Nativity, in the
church,.:inthe Gentleman’s Maga-
zine, vol..LVI. p: 299.
19th. On his way to Bath, for
the recovery of his health, sincerely
Jamented; at the rev..Dr. Drake’s,
aty Amersham, county of Bucks, the
fev. John Eaton} LL. D. rpotor..6f
St. Paul’s, Deptford, ‘Kent, and of
Fairsted, Essex; and formerly of
New college, Oxford, where he
proceeded B,C. L. 1777, D.C. Li
1786. f
19th. David George, of Swan-
sea, a poor fisherman ; who lost his
life in the following-singular- man-
ner: sone urexpected ‘success ‘in
the morring, induced hini td,g6 out
to fish off the Pier-head late in the
evening, accompanied by his son -
and two men ; they had drawn the
net on shore, and, whilst George
was clearing it, observing a small sole
entangled in the meshes of the net,
he put the head of the fish. between
his teeth to draw it through, (a
common practice, we understand;
wilh fishermen); but whether in sd
doing, or in going to open his
mouth afterwards, cannot be ascers
tained, the fish slipped into his
throat, and choaked him in a few
minutes. Medical assistance was
obtained with all possible speed;
but every effort to extract the sole
proved unavailing, while a chance of
saving

CHRONICLE.

saving the man’s life remained ; nor
was it until the operation of opening
the windpipe had been performed,
that the whole of the fish could be
removed. The poor fellow has left a
pregnant widow, with five small
children.

Sept. 8th. At his lodgings upon
the Hot-well-road, Bristol, Mr. Pa-
trick O‘Brien, usually denominated
the Irish Giant, having fallen ‘a sa-
erifice to a disease of the lungs,
combined with an affection of the
liver, in the 46th year of his age.
His real name was Patrick Cotter,
he was of obscure parentage in
Kinsale, and by trade originally:a
' bricklayer ; but his uncommon size
rendered him a mark for the avarice
of a showman,:who, for the pay-
ment of 50]. perannum, obtained
the liberty:of exhibiting him three
years in ‘England. Not contented
withhis bargain, the chapman at-
tempted to under-let the liberty of
shewing him to another speculator ;
and poor Cotter, resisting this ne.
farious transaction, was saddled with
a fictitious debt, and thrown into a
sponging-heuse, in Bristol. In this
situation he was, happily for him,
observed by a gentleman of the
eity, who had some business to
transact with the sheriff’s. officer.
His simple demeanour and extreme
distress, induced Mr. W. te make
enquiries respecting him, and having
reason to think that he was unjustly
alctained, he very generously became
this bail, and ultimately so far inves-
_ tigated'the affair, that he not only
| Obtained for him his Jiberty, but
freed him ‘from all kind of obliga-
tions to serve his task-master any
_ longer.’ He was at this time eigh-
‘teen, and retained to his last breath
. 4 most lively sense of the:obligation
'-@enferred upon him whewa stranger

555:

and ih neéd; an obligation which
he manifested also by very honour~
able mention in his will. It haps
pened to be September when he
was liberated, and by the farther
assistance of his benefactor, he was
enabled to set up for himself, in the
fair then heldin St. James’s:.Success
crowned his undertaking’; in three
days, instead of being in penury, he
saw himself possessed of 301. Eng.
lish money! Let those who know
the peasantry of Ireland, judge of
his riches ! he now commenced, and
continued a regular exhibition of
his person, until the two last years,
when having realized an indepen-
dence sufficient to keep a carriage,
and secure to him the conveniencies
of life, he declined what was ex. —
ceedingly irksome to his feelings.
To prevent any attempt to disturb
his remains, of which he had the
greatest horror, a grave is sunk to
the depth of twelve feet in the solid
rock, and such precautions taken as
would effectually render abortive
either force or stratagem. The stu-
pendous coffin prepared for him
by Mr. Panting, undertaker of
Bristol, is in length nine feet five
inches; five men got into it. with
ease, and had the lid placed upon it.
The brass-plate contains the fol-
lowing inscription: ‘* Patrick Cot-
ter O‘Brien, of Kinsale, Ireland,
whose stature was eight feet one
inch. Died Sept. 8, 1806, aged
46 years.”? There are some em.
blems on it, denoting the deceased
to have belonged to the masonic cr.
der of knights templars, :
15th. Aged 77, Mr. Packer, o
Drury-lane theatre, His decay had
been for the six last months gradual,
and his death was easy. He was
the father of the stage, and had
been near half a century on the
London

\

,

7

556

London boards, if not upwards of
that period. The remains of this
veteran performer and respectable
private character were interred in
the burial-ground of St. Paul Covent.
garden, on the 2ist, attended by a
great number of theatrical gentlemen
of the old school, to which he be-
longed ; at the head of whom was
the hoary but tough Moody. Packer
was bred to the business of a sadler,
and carried it on for some time in the
neighbourhood of Swallow-street.
30th. At his house on the Steyne,
at Brighthelmstone, William-Henry
Fortescue earl of Clermont, vis-
count and baron of Clermont, in
the county of Louth, knight of St.
Patrick, and governor of the coun-
ty of Monaghan, Jis lordship was
born August, 5,° 1722; chosen
knight of the shire for Louth in
1745 ; sworn of the privy council,
and appointed postmaster general of
Treland in 1767 ; customer and col-
lector of the port of Dublin in
1787. He married, Feb. 29, 1752,
Frances Murray,eldest daughter and
co-heiress of Col. John Murray,
M.P. for the county of Monaghan
(by Mary only daughter and heiress
of sir Alexander Cairns, bart. and
widow of Cadwallader, the seventh
lord Blayney) ; by whom his lord-
ship having no issue, the earldom of
Clermont, and the first barony of
Clermont, granted in 1770, be-
came extinct ; but the titles of vis-
count and baron Clermont (which
were granted July 23,1776, with
special remainder to his brother,
the right hon. James Fortescue, of
’ Ravensdale park, co. Louth, and his
heirs male) devolve to his nephew,
William Charles Fortescue, of Ra.
vensdale, M. P. for the county of
Louth, now lord viscount Clermont.
The deceased lord was the father

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

of the turf, and ranked among the :
most intimate friends of the prince.
His remains were interred in the
family vault at Cuffingham, co.
Norfolk. ;

Oct. 2d. Near Colchester, aged
about 46, James Ward, esq. a lieu-
tenant in the royal navy, and only
son of Ralph W. esq. After the
usual course of naval education un-
der Mr. Witchell at the royal Aca- ©
demy at Portsmouth, he, withthe —
rank of midshipman, accompanicd —
Capt. Cook in his last voyage round
the world, and is the young officer
alluded to in the account of that
voyage as having been an eye-wit-
ness of a cannibal repast in new
Zealand. He wasalsoin the boat
with capt. Williamson, close off the
island on the shore of which the ce.
lebrated navigator fell a victim to
his too anxious endeavours to conci-
liate the mistaken natives. Mr. W..
returned to England at the age of
20, full fraught with all those high
expectations of rising in his favourite
profession which birth, wealth, and
talents, joined to the experience and
character acquired by such a voyage,
and under such a master, appeared
so ample to justify. This brilliant
prospect, however, seemed only
fully to open itself to his view to
render the bitterness of disappoint.
ment more complete. Not origi-
nally of a robust constitution, and
aware that his grandfather had died
a martyr to the gout at the age of
36, he adopted the earliest measures
for warding off the dreaded foe ; in
his anxiety to do which, it is feared,
he injudiciously invited the attack.
Habitually abstemious from infancy,
he, on account of some.slight indis-
position suddenly discontinued the
use of wine and animal food ; a fit
of the gout or rheumatism, or rheu-

matic.

CHRONICLE.

matic-gout, for it partook of the
worst symptoms of both those dis-
orders, was the consequence ; and
_ during the succeeding period of near
10 years, heexperienced only inter-
yals of less acute pain between each
violentattack, which successively left
him more infirm and weak, until all
but his active mind was crippled and
subdued under the agonies of pain.
4th. At Brighthelmstone, of a
complaint in his bowels, Samuel
Horsley, LL.D. Bishop of St. Asaph,
- to which he was translated, June 26,
1802, on the death of the Hon. Dr.
Bagot. He was son of John Hors-
ley, M. A. many years clerk in or-
ders at St. Martin’s in the Fields,
rector of St. Mary Newington, Sur-
rey, and of Thorley, Herts, where
he died in 1777, aged 78, and Mary
daughter of George Leslie, esq. of
Kimraugie in Scotland, his second
wife, whodied 1787, aged 77, at Na-
sing, Essex, at Mr. Palmer’s, who
married her daughter ; another sou,
who married the widow of Mr. Rich,
lives at Beach-hill, near Woodford,
whose son is the subject of a tract
in the Gent. Mag. vol. LXXYV.
1223 : and another son is now in
the East Indies. Dr. b’s father’s
first wife was Anne daughter of Dr.
_ Hamilton, principal of the college
of Edinburgh. - By both wives he
had four sons and four daughters.
His grandfather was a dissenter,
butjconformed, and had the living of
St. Martin’s in the Fields, and was
looked on with an evil eye by his
quondam brethren. Gent.Mag. LVI.
96. Samuel was born in St. Mar-
tin’s church-yard ; was of Trinity-
hall, Cambridge, LL. B. 1758.
About the year 1768 he went to
Christ-church, Oxford, as private
tutor to the Earl of Aylesford, and
3

557

there proceeded to the degree of
LL.D. His first mathematical pub-
lication was printed at the Clarendon
press. This was an elegant edition
of the ‘* Inclinations of Apollo-
nius.”” He succeeded his father at
Thorley, in the gift of Dr. Lowth,
bishop of London (to whom he was
chaplain) 1778; but he began his
career with the rectory of St. Mary,
Newington, Surrey, which he ex-
changed for that of South Weald,
Essex, 1782, in which he was suc-
ceeded, 1793, by F. J. H. Wollas-
ton. He was many years an active
member of the Royal Society ; was
some time one of their secretaries ;
and a liberal contributor to their
Transactions from 1767 to 1782.
He. took the principal lead in the
contest in 1783, with sir Joseph
Banks, respecting his conduct as
president ; deliyered several very
eloquent speeches on the occasion,.
printed with others in **An authen-
tic Narrative of the Dissensions in
the Royal Society, 1784 ;”’ in “Ob-
servations on the late Contests in
the Royal Society, by Dr. Kippis,
1784,” who with great semblance of
moderation bestowed his praises on
the president, and his personalities
on thesecretary. Dr. H. withdrew
from the Society, in consequence of
acertain high appointment taking
place, of which he disapproved.
His concluding words on retiring
were, *‘ 1 quit that temple where
Philosophy once presided, and
where Newton was her officiating
minister!’ He attracted, about the
same time, very considerable notice
by his controversy with Dr. Priest-
ley ; remarkson which may be seen
in Gent. Mag. vol. LIV. p. 590,
LVI. 225; on his explanation of
Greek words, LIL. pp. 842, 943.

- The

558

The learning and abilities which he
displayed in this important contest,
the able aud dextrous manner in
which he exposed the fallacy of Dr,
P’s tenets, and turned even his own
polemic weapons against ‘himself ;
the unanswerable arguments which,
with uncommon care and diligence,
he selected in defence of the most
~ essential truths of christianity ;
and, finally,
decisive victory which he gained
* ever that champion of Materialism
and Philosophical Necessity, gain-
ed him the respect and admiration
of every friend to christianity. The
controversy was opened by a charge
delivered to the clergy of the dis.
trict of St. Alban’s, of which he was
archdeacon (for which see Gent. Mag.
LUI. p. 856); and was fol-
lowed upby Dr. H. in two pamph-
lets, in rejoinder tg the objections
of Dr. P. ; and nine letters to Dr. P.
4790. ** Remarks upon Dr. Priest-
ley’s second Letter to the Archdea-
con of St. Alban’s, 1787,” Svo;
which produced ‘* The Calyanism
of the Protestant Dissenters asserted,
ina letter to the Archdeacon, by
Samuel Palmer, pastor of the inde-
pendent congregation at Hackney,
1787.” 8vo. He was afterwards
presented by his pupil Lord Ayles-
ford, to the rectory of Albury in
Surrey : andwas promoted by lord
chancellor Thurlow to a prebendal
stall in the church of Gloucester ;
and afterwards, on the death of Dr.
Smallwell, (788, was made bishop
_ of St. David’s by the interest of the
same noble lord, who was much
pleased “with his letters to Dr.
Priestley, and said, that ‘* those wha
defended the church, ought to be
supported by the church,” In his
episcopal character he has in a great
a

the complete and,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

measure answered the high expec.
tations of eminent usefulness which
his elevation to’ the mitre so
generally exeited. His first act in
the Diocese of St. David's was to’ in.
crease the salaries of the poor cu-
rates, many of whom had not more
than 81. or40l. per ann. He per.
mitted none to officiate for less than
151. per ann. His first charge to
the clergy of that diocese, delivered
1790, was greatly and deservedly
admired. ‘This is what we suppose
L. L. in the Gent. Mag. LX. p. 204,
calls ¢* a pastoral letter to the clerical
burgesses of Cuermarthen,” on the
approach ofa general election, to
make them ‘* vote against their sit.
ting member, because he had been
thanked for wishing to extend the
toleration to dissenters.” It, how-
ever, occasioned his subsequent pro
motion to the see of Rochester,
1793, and deanry of Westminster ;
which proved considerably benefi-
cial to the country at large, in times
when its religion, its government, .
and even its morality, were so maq
nifestly in need of support. His
lordship has been exposed to a con-
siderable share of vulgar and illibe.
ral abuse on account of his oppo-
sition to the turbulence of demo-
cratic rage. Some incautious and
perhaps intemperate speeches,
which he made in the house of
lords during the discussion of lord
Grenville’s bill, &c. were most se.
verely reprimanded, and occasioned,
for a time, a popular clamour
against him. Yet the steady uni-
formity, consistency and decision of
his conduct, were of considerable
utility-to government, and procured
him the good-will of every friend to
order, decency, virtue, and religion.
Of his publications, the most con-

‘ spicuous.

CHRONICLE

_spicuous in size: is his edition of sir ’
Isaac Newton’s works, in -5 vols.

4to, the first of which appéared in’

1779 (see Gent. Mag. vol. XLVI.
Pp: 72) ; to which, however; it was
objected that the size was an’ impe-
diment to the sale *, and that the
commentary can afford but a slen-
dér assistance to the learner. That
it-is an elegant monument of our
typographical perfection will be rea-
lily allowed ; but those who have
consulted the edition of the Prin-
cipia by the Jesuits, do not hesitate
to give it the preference. Ilis tracts
in controversy with Dr. Priestley
were reprinted, with considerable
additions, in an 8vo. volume, 1793.
The rest of his publications, together
‘with his various single public ser-
mons, are hereafter enumerated ;
and likewise his charges ‘to his
clergy ; the last of which, to the
diocese of Rochester, contains the
most salutary advice to the clergy in
general, A pamphlet, intituled,
$* An Apology for the Liturgy and
Clergy of the Church of England,”
published in the beginning of 1790,
and marked with considerable
strength of reasoning against some
respectable members of the commu-
nity, was by many ascribed, from
certain internal evidence, — ‘6 this
prelatical Hercules. It was an-
swered with great severity by Gil-
bert Wakefield. Perhaps it is to be
regretted that the native vigour of
his lordship’s faculties, his. distin-
pgpished share of learning, his ele-

t and nervous style, and his in-
“genuity of invention, should have
been sometimes dislocated by too
warm a spirit, occasionally display-
ing itself in‘his writings. |

‘Ho man of ‘ug age perhaps pos.

" ‘

559

sessed’more of what is generally un-
) derstood. by: thes iva of recondite
learning, or wae’niore: profoundly
versed ‘in * ‘clastitak chronology. He °
not only edited #nd illustrated some
of the most important of sir Isaac
Newton’s works, but ‘was’ himself
the author‘of séveral esteemed ma-
thematical’ as well as thdBlogical ’
productions. ~As*a senator, he weds -
deservedly considered! i in the? first
class. * There’ were: few important ’
discussions in the! heuse of lo¥ds,
especially when the topics referred.
to the hieratchi¢al establishments of
this coutitry ; 7 °tO that stupenddus
(and, in its effécts, most calamitous)
event the French revolution ; or to
the African slave-trade (of which
he was a systematic opponent), in
which his lordship did net partici-
pate. No man could reprobate
more than he did the destructive ex-?
cesses of the French’revolution. On
the 30th of January, -1793, which ‘
was a few days alter the news of the
murder of the unfortunate Louis
was received in this country, he was
appointed to preach before the
house of peers in Westminster Ab-
bey ; an occasion oa which his for-
cible and impressive eloquence » was
warmly admired by a numeroug
auditory. His voice was deep, full-
toned, and commanding ; his enun-
ciation distinct ; and his delivery
in other respects highly advantage-
ous. His manner was rather dicta-
torial; he was, notwithstanding,
an argumentative speaker, equally
clear and strong, and his positions
were frequently illustrated by histo.
rical reference. His mind’ giasp-
edall the learning of the ancient *
and modern: world ; ; and” his‘ heart
was as warm and generous towards

# It was published at five guineas, and now sells for ten ;—this proves its value.

4560

all whom he had the ability to
serve, as his head was capable of ad-
vocating their cause. His charity
to the distressed was more than pru-
dent; he often wanted himself
what he gave away ; but in money
matters, no one was more careless
than the bishop, and no one so
easily imposed upon. We could
give many instances of this, if we
had room. Though he was iras-
cible, passionate, and easily moved
to anger, yet he had much of the
milk of human kindness in his com-
position. By. his most intimate
friends he was allowed to be at his
table, and in the hours of relaxation
from severe studies, a very pleasant
and agreeable companion. He of-
ten bent both his mind and body to
partake of the juvenile amusements
of children, of whom he was parti-
cularly fond.

His sermons are, on Mal. xvi. 21,
providence and free agency, for
Good Friday 1778. Luke i. 28, on
the incarnation, 1785 ; critised,
Gent. Mag. vol. LVI. 638, as level-
led too pointedly at Dr. Priestley,
and which laid the foundation of his
fame. Before 'the sons of the clergy,
1786. 1 Cor. ii. 2. ‘* The ana-
logy between the light ofinspiration,
aud the light of learning, as quali-
fications for the ministry ; preach-
edat the cathedral church of Gloces-
ter, at a public ordination of Priests
and Deacons, Sept. 9, 1787,’’ 4to ;
which produced ¢ Remarks, "GC.
by Gilbert Wakefield. Eccles. xii.
7, ** Principle of vitality in man, as
described in the Holy Scriptures,
and the difference between true and
apparentadeath ;” before the Royal
Humane Society, of which he was a

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

vice-president, 1789, Gent. Mag.

(LIX. 547). This was a most al.

mirable, philosophical and appro
priate discourse; and, when printed

by desire, ran through several edie —
tions, has been admired by the

learned world, and resorted to by»
the able divines that have preached

for that excellent institution. He

dictated also in that year an appro-

priate address, which was present-

ed by the society to their royal pa-

tron on his recovery, ibid. 273.

Before the Society for the propaga-

tion of the Gospel, 1789. Rom.

xiii. 1. A sermon before the lords

spiritual and temporal, in the col-
Icgiate church of St. Peter, West-

minster, Jan, 30, 1793; Matth,

xxiy. 12. with an Appendix con-

cerning the political principles of
Calvinism, 1793,” 4té : which pro-

dueed an ingenious ‘* Reply,” and

“¢Strictures on the Reply.” Be-

fore the Philanthropic Society * ;

‘¢ the abounding of iniquity no just

ground for distrusting the prophe-

cies or promises of holy writ.”

Luke iv.18, 19, at the yearly meet-

ing of the charity children, 1794

ibid. (LXIV, 157.) 1 John iii. 3,

before the Magdalen charity, 1795

ibid (LXV. 678). On Christ’s de.

scent into Hell, 1 Pet iii. 18, 19,

20, 1805, ibid.(LX XV. 146). Let. -
ter from acountry vicar onit ibid.
(1033.) The watcher and the holy

ones, a thanksgiving sermon, Dec. 5,

1805, on the victory off Trafalgar

ibid. (LX XVI. 347).

He mistook the Calvinism of the
dissenters, as if only ‘* the very
dregs of methodism among them”
held it, LVI. 44. See observations
on certain queries of Dr. Horsley

an

* This society must recollect with gratitude the services of the bishop in their

cause, particularly on a late oecasion.

CHRO

‘on Newton’s chronology, ibid.
31070. Called by Dr. Priestley to
defend the Trinity, LIX. 11.
Strictures on Horsley’s translation
of «<diwins, ibid. 884. His speech on
the Roman Catholic bill, 1791,
LX1. 826. Remarks on the charge
of Bishop Horsley, in his tracts in
controversy with Dr. Priestley, by
Dr. Lickorish, LXV. 107. A false
alarm raised on the scarcity of
wheat, 1796, both by him and
the archbishop (LXVI. 300.)
In 1796, he published a charge
at his primary visitation at Roches-
‘ter (ib. 766) ; and in the same year
he published, without his name, a
‘most celebrated treatise ‘¢ On the
properties of the Greek and Latin
Languages,” 8vo ; witha dedication
expressed in the warmest terms of
friendship to his steady patron lord
Thurlow, who is with great pro-
priety complimented on his taste
and skill in the subject of this pro-
found investigation. Critical dis-
quisition on the xviiith chapter of
Isaiah, in a letter to Edward King,
esq. 1799 (LXIX. 497, 549). Sub-
stance of his speech on the Slave-
trade, 1800 (LXX. 646); and on
the third reading of the bill for pre-
venting the crime of adultery,
May 23, 1800 (LXX.- 1211,
LXXVI. 144). Charge at the
Second visitation of Rochester dio-
_ ese, 1800 (LXX. 1078) ; the ser-
mon at which was preached by his
chaplain, Mr. Robson. Letter to
him, on his opinion concerning An-
tichrist, by a country clergyman,
1801 (LXXI. 921). His transla-
tion of Hosea, 1801 (ibid. 1016),
Republished, with large additions,

NIGULE. 561

in 1804. Address to him from the
church of Wesminster *, on his quit-
ting the deanery, in which he was
succeeded by Dr. Vincent, 1802
(LXXII. 596); his character de-
fended (ibid. 595). Circular letter
to the diocese of St: Asaph, on the
war, 1803 (LXXIII. 800). An-
swer to some passages in it, 1804
(LXXIV. 447). Speech on the
bill for the relief of London incum-
bents, 1804 (ibid. 945). On Vir-
gil’s two seasons of honey, 1806
(LXXVI-. 141).

The bishop’s Jast journey to
Brighton was a most melancholy
one. He left the capital in good
health, and went to Brighton to
spend some time with his old friend
and patron lord Thurlow, whom on
his arrival he found dead !—he was
seized with the fatal disorder of
which he dicd on the Wednesday,
and did not survive the following
Saturday. He had, for the benefit
of his family, made an insurance on
his life to the amount of 5000I.
The policy unfortunately expired
two days before his death. His
lordship meant to have renewed it
if he had not been prevented by his
fatal illness. He has left four sisters ;
three of whom are single, and one
married to Mr. Palmer ; and two
brothers, the above-named John
Horsley, and Francis Horsley, esq.
high in the civil service of the East-
India company at Bengal, and
about returning to England with a
good fortune, honourably acquired,

The bishop was buried in the
family vault at Newington church,
from the house of Mr. Palmer,
his brother-in-law, in Queen Anne-

strect

_™ The members of the choir of the church of Westminster have every reason to
respect his lordship’s memory. He eave them substantial proofs of his attention

to their comforts.
Vou, XLVISI.

oO

00

562

street West, on the 14th instant.
The coffin was very superb; the
mitre, key, and crosier, and yarious
ornaments in gold, were placed on
the top and sides of the outer case,
which was covered with black cloth.
The gold plate, containing the arms
of the deceased, is inscribed :

“¢ The

Right Rev. Samuer Horstey,
Lord Bishop of St. Asaph,
Died 4th of October,
1806,
Aged 73 Years.”

The following gentlemen attended
by invitation: the rev. Mr. Giffar-
diere, rector of Newington; the
rev. Mr, Dickinson, curate. The
bishop’s chaplains, viz. the rev. Dr,
Crawford, the rev. W. Palmer, and
the rev. W. W. Dakins*, preced-
ed the corpse into the church ; his
other domestic chaplain, the rev.
George Robson, not being in town,
but resident on_ his living of Chirk
in Denbighshire, to which, and to
a stall in the cathedral church of
St. Asaph, he was collated by the
late bishop. The chief mourner
was John Horsley, esq. the bi-
shop’s brother; the other mourners
were, W. Palmer, esq. the bishop’s
brother-in-law, and Mr. J. New-

* For the last ten years ne person, it is believed, was more in the bishop’s confi-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

beggin, the husband of the sister
of the late bishop’s wife. The fol-
lowing gentlemen of the church of
Westminster voluntarily attended,
from motives of the most sincere re.
spect for the bishop’s memory, Mr.
Sale, Mr. Nield, Mr. J. Sale, Mr.
Horsefall, Mr. Gore, and Mr. Mar.
quet. After aservice and funeral
anthem sung in Westminster abbey
onthe solemn occasion, Dr. Busby
attended at Newington church, and
played a dirge as the corpse entered.
The scene was truly solemn, and
most affecting. Had the time of
the. bishop’s funeral been more ge-
nerally known, we believe it would
have been attended by many persons
high in office, many literary charac--
ters, and many private friends.

Dr. Horsley was twice married,
His first wife (who is elegantly com-
memorated in Newington church)
was Miss Botham, the daughter of
his predecessor at Aldbury,by whom
he had a daughter, who died young,
and is burried at Newington, and
one son, the reverend Heneage
Horsley, who was married, June,
25, 1801, to Miss Frances Em-
ma Bourke; and preached a sere
mon at a general ordination at St.
Asaph, in September, 1804, He

was

dence, not excepting any one of his lordship’s family, than-Mr, Dakins. He tran-
scribed most of the bishop’s works ‘during that period, and looked over the proofs
as they came from the press, by the bishop’s own desire. The bishop died at the
moment when he was about to reward Mr. D’s services; and, since his Lordship’s
death, the Secretary at St. Asaph has confirmed Mr. D’s expectation, by furnishing
him with an extract from a letter lately written by the bishop, wherein his lordship
says, speaking of a living reported then vacant, “ That living has its irrevocable
destination, and I shall collate my friend before I leave London.” Mr. Dakins
had the honour to be that friend; for the bishop wrote for information respecting
the living when he was in his lordship’s house in Charles-street Middlesex Hospital,
where Mr. D. was his lordship’s constant companion, and where he attended to the
bishop’s most confidential affairs, Mr. D. loved him as his own father ; and
he followed, with the bishop’s family, his lordship’s remains to the grave.

CHRONTIC LE.

excellent woman, and the protegé
of his first, and very kind and at.
tentive to his son from his earliest
infancy. She died of a dropsy, af-
ter a lingering illness, April 2,
1805, without ever having had a
child, and is buricd in the church
of Newington.
For some time before the bishop
died, he had adopted a rigid plan of
feconomy, in order to _ liquidate
Some pecuniary burthens. If he
had lived afew years longer, he
would have enjoyed an annual in-
come of 7000)I. by the operation of
his prudent measures. We have
heard that a complete edition of
the bishop’s works, of which some
_ yaluable sermons, never published
make a part, together with several
curious mathematical disquisitions,
will be presented to the public,
when his lordship’s papers are ar-
ranged, by proper persons appoint-
_ed by his family.
9th. In Plumb-street, Liverpool,
"aged 107, Wm. Marchant. He
lived in four reigns, and well remem-
_bered one of his youthful compa-
nions enlisting in the service of Q.
Anne. His widow is in her 99th
ear; and they were the parents
ioe 19 children, none of whom are
known tobe living, _
12gh. Gloriously, in the arms of
_ victory, Alexander Saunderson Bur-
Towes, esq. third son of Alexander
_ B. esq. of Cavan, and cousin of Mr.
PReinderson, one of the representa-
tives of that county. He had been
_ only a few months promoted to the
command of the Constance frigate
of 22 guns, and made commodore

was collated by his father to the
yaluable living of Gresford in Den-
bighshire, and to a stall in the
cathedral church of St. Asaph. The
Byshop’s second wife was a_ most

“yels, but always expected them te

563

of a small flying squadron, under sir
James Saumarez, on the Jersey
station, for the purpose of scouring
the Channel in that quarter. The
squadron consisted of the Constance
(flag-ship), the Strenuous, Sharp-
shooter, Sheldrake, and one or two
other light vessels. He was in his
29th year, 25 of which were devoted
to the service of his country.

24th. At a very advanced age,
lady Alva, grandmother to the
marchioness of Stafford.

2sth. At Tetford, near Farn-
ham Surrey, much lamented by her
family and a numerous and respec-
table acquaintance, after a linger..
ing and painful illness, which she
bore with the utmost fortitude, re.
taining her excellent faculties to the
last, Mrs. Charlotte Smith, author.
essofSonnets and other celebrated
works. The republic of letters
and the lovers of literature have
sustained no inconsiderable loss in
the death of Mrs. Charlotte Smith.
Her novels are sO numerous as to

-display a wonderful invention-; for

they are much more diversified
than could possibly be expected
from the same pen. Itis the general
opinion of the most unsophisticated
readers, that her first novel has the
strongest claims to pre-eminent ex-
cellence. We are of opinion, how-
ever, that her last works, consisting
of short stories, are the more ex-
quisite in point of composition. She
has contrived, in general, to make
all her novels interesting, and has
been studiously careful of her style.
Indeed, she was so sensible of her
merit in this particular, and so de-
sirous of her works ranking with
the belles lettres of the age, that she
could not endure the thought of
their being considered simply as no-

002 be

564:

be deemed worthy of a place in
every elegant library. Her domestic
misfortunes involved her and: her
concerns in a sort of perpetual Jaw-
suit; and’she experienced so much
of legal vexation, rapacity, and chi-
canery, that there are few of her
novels in which she has not intro-
duced her own case, either princi-
pally or collaterally, with the cha-
racters of almost every description
of lawyer that can possibly excite
disgust and detestation against the
profession and its professors. Well
could she exclaim, with Jephson’s
countess of Narbonne,

“Twas a woman full of tenderness;
I am a woman stung by injuries !”,

From her novels might be extract-
ed a tolerable history of her own

feelings, and of all she sufiered from —

the harpies of the Jaw. It were to
be wished that there were published
a key to all these numerous charac-
ters which she has drawn from the
life, and.which could easily be sup-
plied by any of her intimate ac-
quaintance, In drawing portraits
she has great excellence; for the
most part they are true to nature ;
tontrary to the usual practice of
novelists, she neither heightens nor
debases: and she never descends to ca-
ricature, notevena lawyer. Ensnar.
ed and entangled as she was in the
toils of law, and suffering as she did
under Jegal ‘oppression, it is no
wonder she should embrace those
extravagant but fascinating senti-
ments of Jiberty which were pro-
mulgated in France, under pretence
of founding a republic, and that she
should regard with disgust that
union of law and liberty which
forms the beauty of the British
Gonstitution. Hence, in many of
her novels, she is chia ies sarcas-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

tic on all the forms, modes, and
shapes,” in which the constitution
is, or is liable to be abused by such
as choose to render the law an in-
strument of power rather than of
protection.
writers seem to have adopted the
same wild notions. Not so Mrs.
Hannah More.—Mrs. Smith was well
versed in the captivating science of
Botany ; and had she been at ease
in her circumstances, and in a situ.
ation favourable to such pursuits,
she would doubtless have produced
many useful works, as well as beau-
tiful effusions, on those pleasing ob-
jects in the vegetable world which
afford pure delight to the eye and
elegant contemplation to the mind.
But there seems to bea fatality at-
tendant on real genius, that it shall
always be surrounded by difficulties,
and compelled, comparatively,to as-
sociate with owls and vultures, in-
stead of eagles and nightingales. A
fine imagination, an accomplished
mind, and an early taste of infelicity,
made her a poet ; and her charming
sonnets will live for ever.

Oct. 8th. At his house in Dorsley,
aged 73, Isaac Williams, esq. of
Llanthomas, co. Monmouth, and
in the commission of the peace.

At York, in consequence of a
most extraordinary and hazardous
amusement (if it can be so called)
which has lately prevailed- amongst
boys,—that of making experiments
how long they cau remain suspend-
ed by the neck without suffocation,
T. Wales, a fine lad, aged 16, ap-
prentice to Mr. Cobb, bricklayer,
inthat city. He went home in good

‘health and spirits, to his dinner, at

tlie usual hour; and not finding it
quite ready, went up into a cham-
ber, desiring to be ealled when din-
ner was ready. Shortly after, his

fellow-

— egy 4 es “i

Many of our female °

CHRONICLE.

fellow-apprentice called him, but re-
ceived no answer. Not, however,
suspecting any thing, he sat down to
dinner; and when he had finished
it, went up stairs, where he found
the unfortunate youth suspended by
a string, which was tied to a beam,
wrapped ence round his throat, and
fastened to his thigh. The stool! on
which he appeared to have stood
had unluckily slipped, and left him
suspended without the power of
untying himself, The body when
found was still warm, but the means
used to restore animation were in-
effectual. It appeared before the
inquest, that the above apprentice

and another boy had been trying ex-

Miles.
Cambridge; S. T. B. 1784; had

periments of the same sort on each
other about three weeks before, till
one of them was nearly suffocated ;
and we understand the practice has

‘not been confined to them.

10th. At his house in Hertford-
street, Fitzroy-square, aged 71, the
rev. Robert-Anthony Bromley, B.
D. rector of St. Mildred’s, in the
Poultry, with St. Nicholas Cole
Abbey united, in the alternate pre-
sentation of the king and the Mer-
cers company, who presented in
1775 ; lecturer of St. John’s, Hack-
ney, and chaplain to Mr. Sheriff
He was of Trinity college,

been preacher to the Foundling hos-
pital ; and published a sermon on
frequent communion, Psa. xxxiy. 8,
1770 ; at the Foundling hospital,
Job xxix. 30, 1770; another ser-
mon there, 1774, Eccles, iv. 10; at
opening achurch and organ, 1774,
Psa, cxxii. 4; before the humane
society, 1782, Luke viii. 52.

16th. In Portman-square, Mary
countess of Kenmare, eldest daugh-
ter of Michael Aylmer, esq. of

565

Lyons, co. Kildare; and married,
August 24, 1783, to Valentine earl
of Kenmare, one of the few noble-
men of Lreland still adhering to the
Roman catholic faith. The follow-
ing is perhaps a correct list : the earl
of Wexford and Waterford (earl of
Shrewsbury in England ;) theearl of
Fingal; the earl of Kenmare; the
viscount Gormanstown; the vis-
count Southwell ; the viscount
Taaffe ; the lord Trimblestown ; and
the lord French.

19th. At Farnham, Surrey, being
onthe road to their house at Win-
chester, lady Amelia Gamon, wife
of sir Richard G. bart. M. P. daugh-
ter of the late and sister of the pre-
sent duke of Athol.

Nov. 1st. At Ombersley Court,
Worcestershire, in her 87th year,
the right honourable Anna-Maria
baroness Sandys, widow of the late
lord Sandys. By the death of this
lady, all the large possessions of her
husband have devolved upon his
niece the marchioness of Down.
shire, who is the sole heiress, tineat
descendant, and only remaining
branch of his lordship’s family, as
well as of those of the last earl of
Stirliug, the lord viscount Stirling,
the celebrated statesman and scholar
sir William Trumbull, and other
ancient families. Soon after thede-
cease of the late much lamented,
truly noble, and patriotic marquis
of Bownshire, ‘whose memory will
long be dear to Ireland, his majesty
was pleased to revive the title of
Sandys, by creating the marchioness
of Downshire baroness of Sandys in
her own right, with remainder to
her ladyship’s second son lord
Arthur Hill, and her three other
younger sons, and their issue suc.
cessively. ‘The marehioness may,

Oo 3 therefore,

566

therefore, now be considcred one of
the richest of her sex in the em-
pire.
od. At Banchor, in Bade-
noch, Mr. John Gray, some time
messenger at arms. His ideas and
manners soared above his station in
life. To amajesticand graceful ap-
pearance he added those qualities of
the mind which excite esteem. Ie
was a friend to the poor, a com-
panion to the gay, an universal phi-
Janthropist, kind and benevolent.
The following epitaph was composed
by himself some years ago :

Poor John Gray !. Here he lies ;

Nobody laughs, and nobody cries ;

- Where he’s gone, and how he fares,
Nobody knows, and nobody cares.
4th. At Aldenham lodge, Herts,

of a fit of apoplexy, aged 71,
George Mason, esq. well known for
his valuable collection of old Eng-
lish and foreign literature, and au-
thor of “*An Essay on Design in
Gardening, 1796” vide Gentleman’s
Magazine (LXVI. 227,) first pub-
lished in 1768, without his name;
and «* Appendix to the same ;” *¢A
British Frecholder’s answer to T.
Paine ;” A supplement to Johnson’s
English dictionary,” 4to; ‘¢ Poems,
by Thomas Hoccleve, with a pre-
face, notes, and glossary, 1796,”
4to. ibid. (LUX VI. 7585). ** Life of
Richard Earl Howe, 1803,”’ Svo.
abid. (LX XIII. 662,) who pur-
chased Mr. M’s paternal estate at
Porters, 177%. Mr. M. was eldest
son of Mr. M. distiller at Deptford
bridge, whose widow re-married
Dr. Judd, late Hebrew professor at
Oxford. He has left bis landed pro-

perty to his brother’s son, and has -

provided handsomely for a natural
daughter.

5th. In Seymour-street, William,
Brabazon Ponsonby, lord Ponson-

—

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

by of Imokilly, a privy counsellor
in Ireland, a governor of the county
of Kilkenny, &c. [is lordship was
born Sept. 15, 1744; and was much
distinguished in the parliament of
Ireland, in which he sat for many
years as member for the county of
Kilkenny, and for his steady adher-
ence to the principles of Mr. Fox.
After the union took place, he satin
the imperial parliament for Kil-
kenny, until clevated to the Eng-
lish peerage, by the title of baron
Ponsonby, of Imokilly, co. Cork.
His birth was illustrious, being the
grandson of Brabazon earl of Bes-
borough, and eldest son and heir of
the right honourable John Ponson-
by, speaker of the house of com.
monsin Ireland, by the lady Eliza.
beth Cavendish, daughter of Wil-
liam third duke of Devonshire. His
lordship married, Dec. 20, 1769,
Louisa, daughter of the third vis-
count Molesworth, by whom he has
left issue, 1. John, now lord Pon.
sonby, of Imokilly, who is married
to lady Frances Villiers, sister to the
earl of Jersey ; 2. Richard, in holy
orders; 3. George ; 4. Frederick ;
5. Mary - Elizabeth, married to
Charles Viscount Howick, eldest
sonof earl Grey. ‘The right hon.
Geofge Ponsonby, lord chancellor

of Ireland, is his lordship’s only ~

brother; the countess of Shannon
and lady Lismore are his surviving
sisters. He bore his long and very
severe illness with the same equani-
mity that governed all his aétions ;
nor did it forsake him in his last mo-=
ments.
his distressed relatives: viscount
and viscountess Howick, the hon.
George and Frederick ‘Ponsonby,
his lordship’s younger sons, and
Jady Lismore, all-of whom sat up
with him the preceding night. Aware

that

His bed was surrounded by °

CHRON IC LE,

that death was approaching, he took
an affectionate leave of each, shook
hands with them, and, turning on

his pillow, died without agroan.Lady

Ponsonby, worn out with fatigue,
had been carried out of the room.
Until his fatal illness, which com-
menced about two years since, he
was a manof the most active and
lively mind, remarkably fond of the
chace, and kept the best hunting
establishment in Ireland, at his seat,
Bishop’s Court, co. Kildare, where
he lived in the most hospitable and
princely style. Noman was more
beloved by his relatives'and friends,
as an affectionate husband, a fond
father, a kind and most indulgent
landlord and master. Nor was his
political character less amiable, as
‘a man of strong mind and sound
Sense; in the many parliaments in
which he represented the county of
Kilkenny, he never gave a vote his
conscience did not approve. His
remains were, on the 10th, removed
in a hearse and four, towards Holy-
head, there to be embarked for Ire-
tind’ ‘His lordship’s carriage, vis-
count Hewick’s and lady Lismore’s,
followed for some miles. ‘The hon.
and rev. Richard Ponsonby, his
Jordship’s second son, who resides
on his living in the county of Kil.
_ dare, attended by two servatits, ac-
companied the hearse.
7th. At Pantglas-house, Carmar-
thenshire, in her 66th year, Mrs.
Alicia Gratiana Jones Llwyd, reliét
of the late Richard Jones L. esq.
barrister at law, and clerk of the
peace for the county of Carmarthen ;
and niece to David L, esq. formerly
of Berllandowill, in the same county,
and of Castichowell and Crynfryn,
in Cardiganshire.
10th, At Altona, in ‘consequence
of the wound he had received in the

567

battle of Auerstadt, on the 14th ult,
and its truly disastrous consequen-
ces, his serene highness William-
Ferdinand duke of Brunswick
Lunenburgh, a general in the king
of Prussia’s service, and K.G. He
escaped the pain of knowing the
calamities which resulted from the
battle, having, from the moment of
his wound, been totally insensible to
every thing about him. His son,
the duke of Brunswick-Oels, who
capitulated with general Blucher,
and so heroically defended the gate
ef Lubeck, arrived at his father’s
house the day aiter his death. His
highness was the companion in arms
of the great Frederick, and esteem.
eda general of the most consum-
mate jndgment. On his retreat from
his capital, he assumed the title of
count of Werdtheim. His horses
were sold, on the 13th, by public
auction; his jewels, and other ef-
fects, on the 15th. His body was
opened and embalmed on the 12th.
On opening the skull, it was found
that the wound would certainly and
inevitably prove mortal from the
first. His heart is preserved in @
silver box. His remains, dressed in
the regimentals of the Brunswick
dragoons, booted and spurred, with
a large Prussian cocked hat, and on
the left breast the star and in.
signia of the British order of the
garter, lay in state till the evening of
the 18th. The coffin was plain,
covered with black velvet. Anes-
tafette was sent ta Buonaparte, at
Berlin, requesting that the duke’s
remains might be deposited in the
family-vault of his ancestors; but
nothing can exceed the brutality
with which he refused the applica-
tion. ‘* Tell the duke of Bruns-
wick,” said. Buonaparte, ‘* that E
would rather cede Belgium, wouid

Oo 4 rather

568

rather renounce the crown of Italy,
than allow him, or any of his sons,
ever again to set foot within the ter-
ritory of Brunswick. Let him take
his money and jewels, butlet him go
to England ! !”? Notwithstanding this
brutality, however, in the trium-
phant Usurper, the name of the duke
of Brunswick will be mentioned
with honour in the cordatior @tas,
when the crimes of his successful
antagonist will be held up to exe-
cration. Our gracious sovereign
had given orders for apartments in
Hampton court palace to be pre-
pared for the reception and asy-
lum of his unfortunate brother-in-
law. His unhappy and much-afllicted
consort, as soon as the state of
her highness’s health will permit,
removes to this country.

13th. At Henley-in-Arden, co.
Warwick, where, from an unfortu-
nate derangement of mind, it was ne-
cessary to confine him, Joseph Wes.
ton, a man of lively but misapplied
talents, implacable resentment, and
strong passions. His skill in music
entitled him to be for many years
organist of Solihull in the same
county, from which an irritable
temper occasioned him to be re-
moved.—I[n 1788 he addressed some
‘* Lines to Mr. Green, on visiting
his Musewm,”? Gentleman’s Maga.
zine LVIMI. 444; aSonnct to H.
Carey and T., Lister, two ‘“ bright
buds of Genius,” 2). 823 : answered
1b. 916 ; a Prologue by him, spoken
at Lichifield, ib. 915 ; which he com.
plained had been prematurely pub-
lished, 75. 1058 ; a Sonnet to Miss
Seward, 72>. 1008; and address spo.
ken at the Theatre at Birmingham,
ib. 1100. Our readers will recollect
the animated striétures of Miss
Seward, on his dislike to Pope's rer.

7

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

sification in the. Preface. to his
*¢ Woodmen of, Arden,” 145, in
which she compliments him for ¢¢ his
genius and his virtues ;” but adds,
that his prejudices are as strong as
his talents; ib. 291, 389,510; de-
fended by him, 7. 680, 875,971,
1101, LX. 2753 Miss Seward’s re-
ply, w. 1185 his apology on the
death of her father, 7b. 196 ; his far-
ther answer to Miss S. and to M. F.
ib. 386 ; her reply, 24. 522 ; his far-
ther remarks on the comparative
merits of Dryden and Pope, 7. 777,
795; M. I’.’s final reply, tb. 905 ;
final reply to M, F. 2. 9873 con-
tinuation of his defence of the pre
face to **'l he Woodmen of Arden,”
ib. 1066, 1169 ; hints to him and te
Miss S. LXI. 225, 232; Lines on
the sudden Death of Mr. Huc-
quier, portrait-painter, Gentleman’s
Magazine, LX XVI. 1052.

At his seat, Galloway-house,
near Dumfries, Scotland, of
the gout in his stomach, John
Stewart earl of Galloway, viscount
Garlies, and baron Stewart, knight
of the ‘Thistle, and lord lieutenant
of Wigtownshire. His lordship first
married Charlotte-Mary Greville,
daughter of the first earl of War-
wick ; and, secondly, Anne, daugh-
ter of the late sir James Dashwood,
bart. by whom he had issue eight
sons and eight daughters. Six of his
lordship’s sons are now living, and
also six daughters, all married;
namely, lady Catherine Graham,

“the marchioness of Blandford, lady

Ilarrict Spencer Chichester, lady
Elizabeth Inge, lady Charlotte
Crofton, and lady Caroline Rushout.
His lordship is succceded in his titles
and estates by his eldest son, vis-
count Garlies, a captain in the royal
navy, who is married to a daughter

of

CHRONICLE

of the earl of Uxbridge. His lord-
ship was much devoted to agricul-
tural pursuits, and was long re-
markable for his attendance at the
opera, where he was generally to be
found, when in town, in the pit, close
to the orchestra, loud in applause of
any favourite performer.

At William Wingfield’s, esq. in
Montague-street, Russell-square, io
her 26th year, lady Elizabeth Digby,
daughter of the late and sister of the
present earl of Digby.

14th. On theevening of the 6thinst.
as Mr. W. Went, of Uley, was re-
turning from Gloucester, with his
father and some other friends, his
horse fell with him at Frocester ; by
which accident he received so severe
a contusion on the head, that, not-
withstanding immediate medical as-
_ sistance was. obtained, he lingered

senseless till this evening, when he
expired.

20th. On St. James’s parade,
Bath, of which city he had been an
inhabitant ever since the year 1729,
aged 82, the rev. Michael Pem-
bridge, a minister of the Roman ca-
tholic chapel there, and author of
several works of carning and piety.

Qist. Aged 21, Mr. Arthur
Brook, son of Mr. B. sadler in
Lewes. Mr. Brook has experienced
in his house a succession of morta-
lity which does not often occur in
one family, and which few men
could haye borne with more chris-
tian fortitude than himself. Since
the year 1803, he has lost his wife,
three sons, and three daughters, as

follows: Sarah, aged 21; William, \

4; Mary, 5; Harriet, 11; Mrs,
Brook, 44; Spilsbury-John, 20;
and Arthur, as above.
23d. At the seat of Henry Dun-
tombe, esq. at Copgrove, co. York,
in consequence of a fall some weeks

569

before, lady Muncaster, wife of
lord M. of Muncaster-house, in the
same county.

At Brompton, Mrs. Bigge, wi-
dow of the late Thomas-Charles B.
esq. of Benton-house, Northumber-
land.

At his seat at Arbury, co. War.
wick, after an illness of less than a
week, aged upwards of 88, in the
enjoyment of his faculties unim-
paired almost to the last, sir Roger
Newdigate, bart. many years one
of the representatives ia parliament
for the university of Oxford, to
which he has long been a liberal be-
nefaétor. He was owner of one of
the finest estates of coal in the king-
dom: and _ his extensive coal-works
near Bedworth have for a long time
been very productive. He several
years ago cut many miles in length
of navigable canal through his
collieries and woods, to join the
Coventry canal; by far the greatest
length of canal, solely belonging to
an individual, in the kingdom. He
was an active promoter of the Co-
ventry, the Oxford, and Grand
Junction canals, and of the turn-
pike-road from Coventry to Leices-
ter, which has so much benefited
those parts ef the country. He was
also a liberal benefactor to the poor,
particularly in finding them employ-
ment.

Sir Roger Newdigate possessed a
fine estate at Harefield, in Middle.
sex, where his remains were interred
in the family vault on the 5th of
December. He was the seventh and
youngest son of sir Richard N, bart.
by his second lacéy, Elizabeth,
daughter of sir Roger Twisden,
bart, Sir Richard died in 1727 ;
and was succeeded in title and estate
by his fifth (then the oldest surviv~
ing) son, sir Edward Newdigate,
3 who

570
who died 1734, in his 18th year, and
was succeeded by his youngest son,
Roger, who was at that time “a
king’s scholarat Westminster school,
where, by his own choice, he con-
tinued three years, and became a
member of University college, Ox-
ford, and made the tour of France
and Italy. Soon after his return,
he had the honour to be unanimous-
ty elected knight of the shire for the
county of Middlesex, upon a va-
cancy by the creation of the right
hon. William Pulteney earl of Bath,
in 1742; and in 1743 he married
Sophia, daughter of Edward Con-
yers, of Copt-hall, in co. Essex,
esq. who, after a long-continued
state of ill-health, died in 1774, and
was buried at Harefield, where is her
monument, a white marble vase,
with a female figure in basso relievo
recumbent; on the top an angel
leaning on an extinguished torch;
on the plinth are these lines from
Petrarch :
*¢ Per me non pianger piu ch’ miei
di sersi
Morendo eterni e nel’ eterno lume
Quando mostrai chiuder gl’ occhi gli
aspersi.”
On a tablet underneath :
‘¢ In memory
of his most truly amiable,
much and long-loved., wife,
Sophia, lady Newdigate,
daughter of Edward Conyers,
of Copped-hall, Essex, esquire,
by Matilda, daughter of
William Baron Lempster,
born Dec, 20th, 171%,
married May 31st, 1743,
died July 9th, 1774,

Sir Roger Newdigate, baronet,
with many tears, erected this monu-
ment.”

In 1749, sir Roger Newdigate was
admitted to the degree of LL. D, at

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Oxford; andon the 31st of January, —
1750, upon a vacancy made by lord
Cornbury’s being called to the house
of peers, he had the high honour tg
be returned the first upon the poll
for a burgess for the university of
Oxford. Such is the noble example
of independence and untainted
purity in elections, set to all electors
by that most learned and most re-
spectable body, that to declare, to
canvass, to treat, or even to be seen
within the limits of the university,
during a vacancy, would be, in any
candidate, a forfeiture of all favour,
and an utterexclusion. By this dis.
tinguished conduét, invariably pur-
sued, by the honour they confer on
the object of their choice, they re«
flect the highest honour on them-
selves. Thus honoured was sir Ro«
ger Newdigate, not knowing that he
was proposed, supported, and elec
ted, till he received a letter from the
vice-chancellor by one of the esquire
beadles ; and in the same manner,
without application or expence what-
soever, he was re-electedin 1754, and
again in 1761, and in 1768; and for
the fifth time in 1774, being then ab-
sent in Italy, which he had revisited
that summer. On thedissolution of
that parliament, in 1780, after 35
years service in parliament, advanced
in years and his health affected by a
town life, much ill health in his fa.
mily, and wishing for repose, he so-
licited his dismission, and retired
from public life. In 1776 he mar-
ried his second lady, Hester, daugh-
ter of Edward Mundy, of Shipley,
in Derbyshire, esq. and sister to
Edward Miller-Mundy, esq. knight
of the shire for that county, who
died Sept. 30, 1800. ‘In 1786 he
built a -villa, in a beautiful situation,
which overlooks the valley of the
river Colney, within a mile of Ux-
bridge.”

CHRONICLE.

bridge. Betham’s; Baronetage, vol.
IIl. pp. 21, 23.

Two royal visits to thelord Keeper
Egerton at Harelield are recorded in
the 3d volume of*‘‘* Queen Eliza-
beth’s Progresses,” 1601 and 1602 ;
where we find also that the late
worthy baronet (sir Roger Newdi-
gate) was once possessed of an ac-
count in MS. of this visit, with a
collection of the complimentary
Speeches with which, as was custo-
mary on these occasions, she was
addressed. The MS. is unfortunate-
ly lost ; but sir Roger Newdigate re-
collected that the queen was first
weleomed to a farm-house, now
called Dews farm, by several alle-
gorical persons, ‘who attended her
to a long avenue of trees leading to
the house, which obtained from this
circumstance the name of The
Queen’s walk. Four ‘trees of this
avenue still remain, and the greater
part were standing not many years
ago. Warton’s Milton, p. 46.

“asth. At his house,’ near Ken-
sington'Gravel-pits, Phomas Coombe,
esq.; his residence in London was
No. 4, Cork-street, Burlington-gar-
dens. His fortune resulted from an
ignoble trade (that of a tailor,) if in
‘a commercial country like England
any trade can be deemed ignoble
that is carried on with assiduity, li-
berality, and fair-dealing, With
more than an ample income, in full
health of body aad ease of mind, of
_ exuberant spirits, and blessed with
tle friendships of many good and
even titled families, Mr. Coombe re-
tired to apparent happiness and lei-
sure at Kensington, with an amiable
Wife and an only son.—But, in an
evil hour, listening too credulously
to a plausible project, he sunk vast
sums of money in a mine, whence
not a shilling ever rose again, The

-
“

571

first grievous shock, on his being
certified of his loss, and his subse-
quent settled chagrin, preyed most
fatally on his peace of mind. Loss
of spirits, sleep, appetite, and
strength, progressively and rapidly
ensued ; till, on Tuesday, he breath-
ed his last heavy sigh, dying literally
of abroken heart!!! His health,
friends, an enormous fortune, and
still sweeter enjoyments, were by
one sad passion, the thirst of gain, all
rendered ineffectual ; and a hazar-
dous speculation in a mine ruined
his sublunary comforts irretriev-
ably!

At his house in Devonshire-place,
Mary-la-Bonne, in his 86th year,
and aftera few days illness, admiral
sir Richard King, bart. ; a most dis-
tinguished and gallant officer, whose
services have richly adorned our
naval history. He was twice re-
turned to parliament for Rochester ;
and is succeeded in title by his only
son, capt. King of the Achille, of
74 guns, which he commanded in the
ever-memorable and glorious victory
off Trafalgar. His remains were in-
terred, Dec. 4, in the west aile of St.
Mary-la-Bonne church, attended by
a great number of his relatives aud
friends. The chief- mourners were,
his son-in-law, Mr. Babbs, Mr.
James Barnet (banker,) and James
Horton, esq.

26th. At Richmond, Surrey, in
his 55th year, the rev. Thomas
Wakefield, B. A. 30 years minister
of that parish, son of George W.
vicar there from 1766 to 1776, on
the death of his father; and bro-
ther of the late Gilbert W. who at
his solicitation published his ** Re-
marks on the internal Kvidence of
the Christian Religion, 1789,” Svo.
which went through two editions;
and to whose memory he placed a

menument

572

monument in Richmond church.
Mr. Thomas Wakefield is succeeded
by George Savage, M.A. fellow of
King’s college, Cambridge, who was
instituted, 1788, to the vicarage of
Kingston. In 1796, an act was
passed for new-modelling this vica-
rage, by which Kingston vicarage
was confined to Kingston and Rich-
mond, and a new vicarage was
formed of Kew and Petersham.
Thames-Ditton, and East Moulsey
curacies were declared perpetual,
and the patronage of them vested in
the patron of Kingston. Mr.
Hardinge, the patron, before the
passing of this act, presented the
rev. George Wakefield, who, as
vicar of Kingston, had aright to ap-
point to all the curacies ; anda little
before his death, in 1776, appointed
his son Thomas to the curacy of
Richmond, on his own surrender, A
doubt had arisen whether the cu-
rates appointed by the vicar,
vacated their curacies on his
death or cession. ‘The patron,
though interested in the ques-
tion, closed it in favour of what
he thought the fair side of the argu-
ment ; and the act declares the cura.
cies perpetual. Mr. Thomas Wake-
field, in consequence, held Rich-
mond during his life. By this act,
after the then next avoidance of the
vicarage of Kingston, and of the
‘chapelry of Richmond, the vicarage
and chapelry, including the hamlets
of ffam and Hook, are to bea dis-
tinct vicarage, by the name of the
vicarage of Kingston upon Thames,
with Shene, otherwise Kichmond.
Mr. Hardinge sold the advowson to
the provost and fellows of King’s
college, Cambridge.

27th. At Cambridge, in his 71st
_ year, after a lingering illness, Mr.
Thomas Thackeray, an eminent sure
geon of that town. In the profes-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

sion in which he has been actively
and laboriously engaged for 30 years

past, his talents were undisputed ;

and the tenderness and humanity
with which he exercised its impor-
tant duties, will be remembered
with gratitude by numbers whose
sufferings his skill and experience
contributed to alleviate. In his dis-
position he was kind and beneyo-
lent; in his manners mild and unas.
suming. His conduct in the various
relations of life, whilst it strength-
ened the natural attachment of his
best and dearest connections, se-
cured to him the esteem of every man
to whom his name and character
were known; and more especially
as a parent, in the education of a
numerous family, his example never
failed to recommend the virtues
which his instructionsenforced. In
the pious and assiduous attention
which he received from them in the
last and more painful moments of
his existence, he reaped the best re.
ward of his Jabours which this world
was capable of affording; and,
though they must continue to lament
in private, with deep and heartfelt
regret, the heavy loss which the

have sustained, they will have the
satisfaction of secing the honour
conferred on his memory by the
tribute, not less sincere, of public
respect.

30th. Drowned, in Yarmouth
Roads, Mr. James Jennings, purser
of 1i.M. S. Sparrow, and a native of
Halifax, Yorkshire. He was some
time in the office of Mr, Jackson,
of New Broad-street, and was clerk
to the honourable captain Fleeming
in H. M. S$. Diomede and Egyp-
tienne.

Dec. 2d. Aged 83, after a long
and very painful illness, the rev.
Thomas Towle, B. D. at his house in
Cripplegate-buildings, of which he

had

CHRONIC LE,

had been an inhabitant above 40

ears. Hemarried, about the year
1746, Miss Sarah Brent, of Horsley-
down, a sensible and agreeable lady,
by whom he had two sons ; one died
an infant, the other still survives.
She died, «aged 50, May 7, 1778,
Bidsedty lamented by him. He was
buried with her Decemher 10, in
Bunhill-fields, when the rev. Mr.
Kello of Bethnal-green, delivered an
appropriate address over the grave ;
and on the following Sunday a fune-
ral sermon was preached in_ his
meeting-house by the rey. Mr.
Kingsbury of Southampton, to a
crowded auditory. A person one
day applied to him for advice, on a
case which, he affirmed, lay on his
mind. He was about to marry a
young lady of property, who, as
asine qua non, insisted on a settle-
ment previous to marriage. ‘‘sir,”
said this person to Mr. Towle, ‘¢ it
is not that I have such an objection
to grant this request, but there is a
text in scripture which oppresses me
very much, and militates against the
demand’; itis John iv. 18, perfect
love casteth out fear. Now if this
lady perfectly loved me, she would
have no fear to marry me, without
requiring a settlement.”’ Mr. Towle,
who quickly perceived his artifice,
instantly replied, ‘* Why, Sir, di-
vines may differ in their interpreta-
tions ef this text; 1 myself think,
in this case, it bears a different mean-
ing ; let us examine the words, per-
fect love casteth out fear, that is, if
you perfectly love this lady, you
will not be afraid to grant hera
settlement.’’ Jt is needless to add,
the person left him mortified indeed.
Heis not known to have published
‘any thing but an ordination sermon
at Thaxted in Essex, and two fune-
ral orations over his reverend bre-

573

thren, Edward Hitchen, B. D. and
Samuel Morton Savage, D. D.

8th. At Thomas’s hotel, in Ber-
keley-square, after a short illness, in
his 57th year, universally regretted,
James Hatch esq. of Clayberry-hall,
Essex ; for which county he served
the office of high! sheriff in 1794,
He married, 1775, Wilhelmina-
Caroline Addington, sole heiress of
the elder branch of the family of
lord viscount Sidmouth. By this
lady, who survives him, he enjoyed
avery large fortune, and had issue
James, fellow-commoner of Trinity
college, Cambridge, who died in
1804, in the 2lst year of his age,
and three daughters, the elder of
whom is married to John Ruther-
forth Abdy, esq. of Albyns, co.
Kssex.

9th. At his house in St. Thomas’s
hospital, Southwark, in his s3d
year, Mr. Richard Leeson. He had
been an officer in St. Thomas’s hos.
pital upwards of 56 years; the last
42 of which he had been the steward .
of it.

At Cobourg, in his 57th year,
Francis reigning Duke of Saxe.
Saalfeld-Cobourg ; born, July, 15,
1750. He succeeded his father in
1800; and by his marriage with
Augusta-Carolina-Sophia, daughter
of Henry XXIV. reigning count of
Rauss d’Ebersdorf, has left several
children. He is succeeded by his
eldest son, prince Ernest-Frederick-
Antony, born in 1784, major-genc-
ral in the service of Russia.

At her lodgings in Grove.lane,
Camberwell, aged 54, Miss Marga-
ret Brown, daughter of the late Mr.
Robert B. printer, of Windmill-
court, Newgate-street.

12th. Mr. Joseph Denison, of St.
Mary-Axe, merchant, probably a-
bove 80 years of age, an extraordi-

nary

I sh

574

nary instance of success and pros-
perity in his undertakings; being
undoubtedly immensely rich, though
probably not to such an enormous
degree as has been represented.
He was a native of the west. part
of Yorkshire, his parents in the
humblest walk of life. But by some
means he made his way to London,
and after some time became clerk
in the counting-house of a Mr.
Dillon, an Irish Catholic merchant,
who, ‘among the various changes
of this mortal life,” in after-times
himself failing, was glad to become
clerk to his own c?-devant clerk,
Mr. Denison. At length he en-
tered into business for himself; and,
by unabated industry and the most
rigid frugality, worked himself into
very high credit, and an increasing
fortune. He dwelt for a conside-
rable time in Princes-street, Loth~
bury, and afterwards removed to
Jefferies-square and St. Mary-Axe.

He became connected with the fa--

mily of Hay wood, bankers at Liver-
pool, and other considerable mer-
chants in the north of England.
He always professed himself a dis-
senter. .In the beginning of his
life he married a countrywoman of
his own, of the name of Sykes,
distantly related to the mother of
the well-known. antiquary Mr.
Ralph Thoresby, who bore that
name: she was of great service to
him, and very assistant to his pros-
perity, keeping his books, and
looking after his affairs, when he
was absent upon business ; she died
above 40 years ago, without issue.
He afterwards married Elizabeth,
only child of a Mr. Butler, formerly
2 hat-maker in’ or! near ‘Tooley.
street, Southwark, a well-educated
and very amiable woman, who lived
with him only three years and a

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

half, dying, Nov. 27, 1771, aged
32, much regretted by all her ac-
quaintance: s»eleftason, William-
Josep!:, member of the last parlia.
ment but one for Camelford, and
Jately returned for Hull, who is
unmarried ; and two daughters ;
Elizabeth, married to Henry earl
Conyngham, and has issue, and
Maria, married ‘to sir Robert Law.
ley, bart. and has no issue. He
bought of lord King, the estate of
Denbies, near Dorking, in Surrey,
formerly the property of the well-
known Jonathan Tyres ; and after-
wards, of the duke of Leeds, for
above 100,000I. (as has been said),
the estate of Seamere, near Scar-
borough, in Yorkshire.
17th. At Dorchester, aged 68, T

Beach, esq. many years an eminent
portrait-painter at Bath. He was
a native of Milton Abbey, a village,
since converted into the noble man-
sion of the earl of Dorchester.
From his earliest years, Mr. Beach
evinced a strong desire to be an ar-
tist ; and, under the patronage of
the Dorchester family, he became a
pupil to sir Joshua Reynolds, in
1760. Hewasa good scholar, and

exemplary in the exercises of reli-«

gion and charity.
19th. In the prime of life, after

a short illness, Elizabeth, wife of —

captain Towry, of the Royal Navy,
daughter of George Chamberlaine,
esq. of Devonshire-place ; a true
pattern of all that is estimable in
woman.
20th. At Fregenwalden, the
princess Wilhelmina - Frederica-
Paulina, of Nassau-Dictz, daughter
of the reigning prince of Fulda,
born in 1800, and grand-daughter
of Frederick-William IL. king of

Prussia, :
26th. At Chester; lady Arabella
Rawdon,

—-.

CHRONICLE,

Rawdon, heiress of the late sir John
Cheshyre, of Hallwood in Cheshire,
aunt to the earl of Moira, and cousin
to countess Fauconberg. ;

29th. Aged 75, Carey Bayly,
esq. one of the ancients of New inn,
and many years treasury of that so-
ciety. His remains, after lying in
state some days at his chambers,
were deposited in St. Clement’s
church-yard, in the Strand, con-
veyed thither, a distance of about 50
yards, in a hearse and six, follow-
ed by several mourning-coaches and
four.

3ist. At Cork, captain William
Barry ; whothad served nearly half
a century, with honour and reputa..
tion, first in the Saxon, afterwards
in the Prussian, and finally in the
British armies.

SHERIFFS appointed by his Ma-
jesty in Council for the Year 1806.

Bedfordshire.
Kempstown, esq.
Berkshire. J.
_Tilehurst, esq.
Bucks. Philip Hoddle Ward, of
Tickford Abbey, esq.
Camb. and Hunt. L. Reynolds, of
Sturtlow, esq.
Cheshire. Sir Henry Mainwar-
ing Mainwaring, of Over Peover,
bart.

W. Long, of

I. Libenrood, of

Cumberland. J.B. D. Dykes,of
Dovenby, esq.
Derbyshire. Francis Bradshaw,
_of Barton, esq.
Devonshire. Wm. Jackson, of
Cowley, esq.
Dorsetshire. Ed. Williams, of

Herringstode, esq.
Essex, James Urmston, of Chig-
well, esq.

575

Gloucestershire.° ViJiliam Law-
rence, of Shurdington, esq.

Herefordshire. Samuel Davis, of
Wigmore, esq.
Hertfordshire. G. S. Martin, of

Sandbridge Lodge, esq.

Kent, John Marrison, of Denne
Hill, esq.
Lancashire. “Le Gendre Pierce

Starkie, of Huntreyd, esq.
Leicestershire. FW, Wollaston,
of Shenton, esq.
Lincolnshire. W. Reeve, of Long-
leadenham, esq.
Monmouthshire,
Whitson, esq.
Norfolk. Henry Lee Warner, of
Walsingham, esq.
Northamptonshire,
Edgcott, esq.
Northumberland. W. Lynskill,
of Tynemouth Lodge, esq.
Nottinghamshire, SirT.W.White,
of Wallingwells, esq.

Oxfordshire. G. F. Stratton, of
Great Tew Park, esq.
Rutlandshire. 'T.

Telover, esq.
Shropshire. W. Botfield, of May
lin Lee, esq.
Somersetshire. . Clifton Wheaton,
of Corse, esq.

W. Phillips, of

T. Carter, of

Hotchkin, of

Staffordshire. W. P. Inge, of
Thorpe Constantine, esq.
Southampton. John Hanbury

Beaufoy, of Upton Gray, esq.
Suffolk. M. W. Le Heup, of
Bury St. Edmund’s, esq.
Surrey. Kennard Smith, of Cheam,
esq.

Sussex. W. Gorringe, of King-
ston by the Sea, esq.
Worcestershire.
ward Winnington,

Court, bart.
Warwickshire.
Wellcomhe, esq.

Sir Thomas-Ed-
of Stamford

Geo. Lloyd, of
Wilts.

576

Wilts. John Paul Paul, of Ash-
ton Keynes, esq.

Yorkshire. J. B. S. Morris, of
Rokesby Park, esq.

- SOUTH WALES.

Brecon. Osborn Yeates, of Lian-
gattock Court, esq.

Carmarthen, G,.P. Watkins, of
Broadway, esq.

Cardigan. Lewis Bailey Wallis,
of Peterwell, esq.

Glamorgan, Anth. Bacon, of
Cyfartha, esq.

Pembroke. Tugh Webb Bowen,
of Camross, esq.

Radnor. Tho, Stevens, of Kin-

nerton, eSqe

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

NORTH WALES.

Anglesey. Sir Hugh Owen, of
Bodewen, bart.

Caernarven. William Williams, of
Liangwstennin, esq.

Denbigh. BR. Jones, of Bellam —
Place, esq.

Flint. Thomas Thomas, of Down-
ing, esq.

Merioneth. Hugh Jones, sen. of —
Dolgelly, esq.

Montgomery. W. Owen, of ©
Bryngwin, esq.

Sheriff appointed by his royal
highness the prince of Wales, in
council, for the year 1806.

Cornwall, T. Graham, of Pen-

uite, esq.
m f APPENDIX

Ce

t

»- APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Dispatches, dated Cape Town, Jan.
12, announcing the Capitulation
of the Town and Garrison,

PRUE expedition sailed from: St.
Salvador on the 26th of No-
vember, and reached Tale Bay on
the 4th of January. After a general
survey of the shore, it was found
impossible to land the troops any
where nearer to Cape Town, than
Saldanha and Lospard’s bays, of
which event general sir David Baird
gives the following particulars :

“¢ The surf along the shore of
Lospard’s bay,” observes the gene-
ral, ‘* having considerably abated
the ensuing morning, I determined,

_ with the concurrence of conimodore

Sir Home Popham, to make an ef-
fort to get the troops ou shore, and
accordingly the Highland brigade,

' composed of the 71st, 72d, and 93d

regiments, effected that object, un-

der the command of brigadier-ge-

feral Ferguson.—The shore had
been previously very closely in-
Spected by the brigadier, and by his
Spirited exertions and example, our
efforts were crowned with success:
although a confined and. intricate

chaanel to the shore, which had

been accurately pointed out by bea-

cons laid down by the diligence and

activity of the boats of the Diadem,
Vor, XLYIEI,

and a tremendous surf, opposed the
passage of the troops. The enemy
had scattered a party of sharp-
shovters over the contiguous heights,
and commanded the landing, but the
casualties of this service arose prin-
cipally from natural difficulties, and
it is with the deepest concern I have
the honour to inform your lordship,
that we lost 35 rank and file of the
93d regiment, by the oversetting of
one of the boats, notwithstanding
every possible effort to rescue these
unfortunate men. The remainder
of the troops could only be brought
on shore on the succeeding day;
when the extraordinary obstacles to
all intercourse with the fleet, which
nothing but the courage and perse-
verance of British scamen could
surmount, barely enabled us to ob
tain the indispensible supplies of
water and provisions for immediate
subsistence. On the morning of
the Sth the army, consisting of the
25th, 59th, 71st, 72d, 83d, and

‘93d regiments, about four thou-

sand strong, was formed iato
two brigades, with two howitzers,
and six light field-pieces, and moved
off towards the road which leads to
Cape.Town ; and, having ascended
the summit of the Blawberg, or
Blue Mountains, and dislodged the
enemy’s light troops, I discovered

Pp they

578 ANNUAL

main body, drawn up in two lines,
prepared to receive us, and even in
motion to anticipate our approach.
The enemy’s force apparentlyScon-
sisted of about 5000 men, the great-
er proportion of which was cavalry,
and 23 pieces of cannon, yoked to
horses, the disposition of which, and
'the nature of the ground cccupied
by the enemy’s troops, made it evi-
dent that they intended to refuse
their right wing, and with their left
attempt to turn our right flank ;
but, to frustrate their design, I
formed the army into two columns,
the second brigade, under briga-
dier-general Ferguson, keeping the
_ road, whilst the lirst struck to the
right, asd took the defile of the
mountains. Having accomplished
my purpese, our line was formed
with equal celevity and order; and
the left wing, composed of the High-
land brigade was thrown fofward,
and advanced with the steadiest step,
under a very heavy fire of round
shot, grape, and musquetry. No.
thing could surpass or resist the de-
termined bravery of the troops,
headed by their gailant leader, bri-
gadier-general Ferguson; and the
number of the enemy who swarmed
the plain, served only to augment
their ardour and confirm their disci-
pline. The enemy received our fire,
and maintained his position obsti-
nately, but in the moment of charg-
ing, the valour of British troops
bore down all opposition, and
forced him to a precipitate retreat.
The first brigade, composed of
the 24th, 59th, and.S3d regiments,
and commanded, in the absence of
brigadier-general Beresford, by
fieutenant-colonel Baird, was una-
voidably precluded, by their situa-
tion, from any considerable partici-
pation im the triumph of the british

REGI

S TER,

arms, though thé flank companies
of the 24th had an opportunity of ~
distinguishing themselves, in dis- ~
lodging a number of horse and rifle. —
men from the heights on our right —
flank. ‘This brilliant achievement, 7
however, was clouded by the Joss of ©

1806.

gallantry is best recorded in the bo- —
soms of his brother soldiers, and
the universal regret of the army.
It is utterly impossible to convey to —
your lordship, an adequate idea of
the obstacles which opposed the ad- —
vance, and retarded the success of
our army; but it is my duty to |
inform your lordship, that the nas —
ture of the country—a deep, heavy, ©
and hard land, covered with shrubs,
and scarcely pervious to light bo- |
dies of infantry ; and above all, the —
total privation, of water, under the —
effects of a burning sun, had nearly —
exhausted our gallant fellows in the |
moment of victory, and with the i

:

:

J

t

utmost difficulty were we able to ©
reach the’ Reit Valley, where we —
took our position for the night.
considerable portion of the provi-+ :
sions and necessaries with which we
started, had been lost during the
action, and we occupied our ground,
under an apprehension that even the |
great exertions of sir Home Pop-
ham and the navy, could not relieve —
us from starvation.’

Attér some warm and well-me- |
rited compliments to the seamen
for their zealous co-operation, the
general thus continues :—

‘+ The loss of the enemy in this
engagement, is reputed to exceed
700 men in killed and wounded ; —
and it is with the most sensible gra- —
tification, that [ contrast it with the |
inclosed return of our casualties.
Your lordship will perceive the
name of lieutenant-colonel Grant |

among

AU

*

APPENDIX tothe CHRONICLE.

‘among the wounded ; but the heroic
Spirit of this officer was not sub-
dlued by his misfortune, and he con-
tinued to lead his men to glory, as
Jong as an enemy was opposed to
his majesty’s 72d regiment. I have
the cordial satisfaction to-add, that
his wound, though very severe, is
not pronounced dangerous; and Jf
indulge the hope and expectation
of his early recovery, and resump-
tion of command. On the morn-
ing of the 9th, recruited by
‘such supplies as the unwearied dili-
gence and efforts of the navy could
throw ou shore, the 59th regiment,
however, being almost completely
destitute of food, we prosecuted
our march towards Cape Town, and
took up a. position south of Salt
River, which we trusted might pre-
serve a free communication with

_ the squadron; for our battering

train, as well as every other neces-

_ Sary, except water, was to pass to

us from his majesty’s ships. In this

Situation a flag of truce was sent to '

me by the commandant of the
garrison of Cape Town, (the go-
yernor-general Janssens having re-
tired after the action of the Sth into
thecountfry, moving by Hottentots
“Holland Kloof,) requesting a sus-
"pension of hostilities for forty-eight
hours, in order to negociate a capi-
‘tulation. In answer to this over-
tere, { dispatched brigadier-general
Ferguson, accompanied by liente-
hant-colonel Brownrigg, to stipu-

~ Tate, as the condition of my acqui-

escence, the surrender of the outer
works of the town within six hours,
allowing 36 hours for arranging the
articles of capitulation. My pro-
' position being assented to, the 59th
~ regiment marched into ort Knokke,
-and the next day, in conjunction
with sir Home Po pham, the terms

+ AL

‘579

were agreed upon, and his majesty’s
forces Were put in possession of the
several defences of the town. Of
the modified capitulation, as ratified
by us, I have the honour to inclose
a copy. The cordial, able, and
zealous co-operation of commodore
sir Home Popham, emulated by all
the officers under his command, mes
rits my warmest acknowledgements
and commendations ; and I have the
satisfaction to add, that no united
service was ever performed with
more true harmony than has uni-
formly been manifested by both
branches of his majesty’s forces,
Such of his majesty’s ships as could
be spared from the service of Los-
pard’s Bay, constantly coasted the
enemy’s shore, throwing shot among
his troops and people, and contri-
buting to keep him ignorant of the
actual place of our disembarkation,
and a very spirited effort was made
by the marines of the fleet, and a
party of seamen from the Diadem,
under the commodore’s immediate
command, to occupy a position in
Reit Valley, and co-operate with

. the army.”

[The remainder of the general’s |
letter consists of praises of the come
pany’s recruits, headed by lieute-
nant colonel Wellet, of the Bengal
establishmenf, and regret for the
absence of brigadier-general Beres-
ford, the 20th dragoons, the 38th
regiment, and of major Tucker,
who was absent from illness. Much
praise is bestowed on lieutenant-
colouel Brownrigg, and the different
officers commanding corps. }

Total killed, wounded, and missing,
én landing at Lospard’s Bay, Jan. 6.
—Highland brigade, 71st regiment,
1 rank and file killed ; 3- rank and
file wounded.—N. B, 1 drummer,
and 35 rank and file, of the 93d,

Pp2 drowned

580

drowned in. landing. Officers
wounded: brevet.major Weir, brig.
major, slightly. Lieutenant-coloncl
Pack, of the 71st, slightly.
W.H. Trorrer,
Acting deputy adjutant- general.
Total killed, wounded, and missing,
in the action of Jan. 8, at Blawherg.
—1 captain, 14 rank and file, kill-
ed; 3 field-officers, 1 captain, 5
subalterns, 7 serjeants, 3 drummers,
170 rank and file wounded; 8 rank
and file missing.—Officer killed,
24th regiment, captain Andrew
Foster,—Officers. wounded, 59th
regiment, Alexander M‘Pherson,
badly. 7ist. brevet lieutenant-co-
lonel Campbell. 72d, lieutenant-
colonel Grant; lieutenant Chis-
holm. 93d, brevet lieutenant-co-
lonel Honeyman. 78th, liente-
nants Scoble and Strachan, attached
to 93d regiment. 86th, ensigns
Heddrick and Craig.
W.H. Trorter,
Acting deputy-adjutant-general.
The articles of capitulation state,
that the garrison of Cape Town
shall become prisovers of war; such
-officers as are married to natives.
or are domiciliated, being allowed
to remain jn the town on their pa-
roie. The French subjects belong-
ing to two stranded ships, are in-
cluded in the surrender. ‘The inha-
bitants of the town who have borne
arms, to be allowed to return fo
their former occupations.—Articles
6 to 13, contain the following re-
gulations :—All blond fide property
shall remain free and untouched.
Public property of every description
shall be faithfully delivered up, and
proper inventories given as soon as
possible. Tie burghers and inha-
bitants shall preserve all their rights
aud privileges. Public worship, as
at present inuse, shall be maintained

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

without alteration.—The paper
money in circulation shall eontinue

>

current, until the pleasure of his —

Britannic majesty is known.—The
lands and houses, the property of
the Batavian republic, which must
be delivered up, shall remain as se-
curity for that part of the paper
money which is not already secured
by mortgages upon the estates of in-
dividuals.—Prisoners of war com-
prehended in the present capitula-
tion, shall not be pressed into his
Britanuic majesty’s service. The

inhabitants of Cape Town shall be |

exenipted from having troops quar-
tered on them. ‘Two ships -hav-
ing been sunk in Table Bay, to the
great detriment of theroadsted,cither
after the Batavian republic had sent
out a flag of iruce, or whilst it was
in contemplation so to do, they are
to be raised, and delivered over in
an entire state of repair. This hav-
ing been done without the sanction
of the commandant, the raising of
the said ships shall be incumbent on
those who sunk them.

General Return of Ordnance on
the several Latteries of Cape Town,

and its Dependencies, Jan. 12,1806. ©

—Total, 113 brass, and 343 iron

pieces of ordnance—456.
W. Spicer,

eee

Extract of a Dispatch from Sir D.

Baird, dated Cape Town, Jan. 13.

General Janssens has retired to Hot-
tentots Holland Kloof, and advices
this instant received state him to have
sent his forces over the Kloof, esfi-
mating them at 1200 men, with 28
pieces of artillery, and 200 wags
gons.

50 waggons, which are said to be
coming

He has discharged the farm- —
ers from the service, and dismissed ,

coming towards the town, and con-
sequently will be soon in my pos-
session. This account of his force

is probably exaggerated, and particu-
Plarly with regard to his artillery,—
The general himself is still on this
side the Kloof, but his intentions
seem matter of conjecture, and pro-
bDably he meditates a movement to.
wards Zwart Kopts River. —His re-
sourcés, with respect to subsistence,
are of a kind not very susceptible
of interruption, from the disposi-
tion of the farmers, or the means [
can immediately oppose to him, un-
less he should experience a deficiency
of ammunition by our possession of
Some of his depdts. The farmers
are by no means likely to assist him
heartily for any length of time, for
the devastation of their property
must be the inevitable consequence
of a prosecution of the contest in
the interior. To augment, or even
preserve his aétual, and, I trust,
but temporary superiority in that
particular, it will be necessary for
general Janssens to move, in a north-
erly direction, into the district of
Stellesbosch ; but as the measure is
of a most desperate tendency, and
requires that his heart should be
steeled against those sensations
which are said to govern his actions,
I indulge a sanguine expectation
that consequences so dreadful may
be averted. With this view, and
from the posture of our relative af-
fairs, I have deemed it both honour-
able and expedient for his majesty’s
government, to make an overture to
general Jansens, a copy of which is
inclosed, deprecating the destructive
result of his farther opposition to
his majesty’s arms, and treating him
with the generosity and distinction
due to his character. But in order
to give weight to the anxious desire

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

581

I entertain, of inviting general Jans-
sens to a pacification, I have at an
early hour this day, detached briga-
dier-general Beresford, with the
59th and 72d regiments, two howit-
zers, and four six-pounders, to pos.
sess himself of the villaged of Stelles-
bosch, and thence to forward my
letter to the general, accompanied
by such additional arguments as the
brigadier may consider expedient to
submit to him, and with full powers
to conclude whatever treaty cxist-
ing circumstances might exact.
Cape Town, Jan, 11.
Sin,—You have discharged your
dutytoyour countryas becamea brave
man at the head of a gallant though
feeble army. { know how to re
Spect the high qualities of such a
man; and do not doubt that the
humanity which ever characterises
an intrepid soldier, will now ope-
rate in your breast, to check the
fatal consequences of a fruitless con-
test. ‘The naval and military forces
of his Britannic majesty, which
have possessed themselves of the
seat of your recent government, are
of a magnitude to leave no quéstion
respecting the issue of farther hosti-
lities ; and, therefore, a temporary
atd disastrous resistance, is all you
can possibly oppose to superior
numbers. Under these circum-
stances, nothing can result, but the
devastation of the country you ca-
sually occupy ; and such a conse-
quence can never be contemplated
without anguish by a generous
mind ; or be gratifying to the man
who feels for the prosperity and
tranquillity of the colony, lately
subject to his administration. But
if, unhappily, your resolution is
formed to oppose an enemy of such
Superior force, by protracting a
contest which must entail misery
Pp3 and

582

and ruin on the industrious and
peaceably disposed settlers of this
eolony, I shall be exonerated from
the reproach of my own conscience
by this frank overture ; and you
must justify to yourself, and to
your countrymen, the farther cfiu-
sion of blood, and the desolation
of the country.—You are necessa-
rily so well acquainted with the extent
of the calamities in which the inte-
rior of the country may be involved,
that I shall not enlarge upon your
power of causing» mischief to be
done to all its mhabitants; but, I
persuade myself that’ considerations
of amore laudable nature. will in-
fluence your decision on ,this occa-
sion; and that you will manifest an
immediate disposition to promote a
general tranquillity.—I have the
honour ,to subscribe, with senti-
ments of the highest respect, and
consideration. Sir, yours, &c,
D. Barn,
Maj.-gen. commander in chief.
To lieut.-gen. Janssens, Sc.

A letter from sir H. Popham to
W. Marsden, esq. gives a detail of
the expedition, to the same effect as
that in the dispatch of sir D, Baird.
—Itappears, that every exertion
was made by the naval forces to fa-
cilitate, with safety, the landing of
the troops ; and that the cause of
the upsetting of one of the boats
was their anxiety to be first ashore.
—Sir Home, after paying the high-
est compliments to captains Row-
ley, Byng, Butterfield, and the
whole of the officers and men under
his command, regrets that no brilli-
ant service fell to the lot of the squa-
dron, which maintained with una-
bated zeal the most laborious duty
that could be experienced.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

A Dispatch received from Mijore
General Sir D. Baird, at the Cape
of Good Hope, dated Jan. 26,
containing the Capitulation of the
Settlement of the Cape of Good
Hope,

IT had the honour to address”
your lordship, on the 13th inst. relae
tive to the situation of affairs in
this colony ; and l. new proceed to
submit. to your lordship the subse.
quent operations against the Bata-
vian forces,commandedby lieut.-gen.
Janssens. and which have terminat-
ed in the subjection of the whole
culony.—Aceording to my orders,
brig.-gen. Beresford advanced. with
a detachment of the army on the
13th inst. to oceupy the village of
Stellenbosch, and secure the strong
pass of Roode Sand, with a view to
exclude the Batavian forces from
that productive portion of the dis-
trict, and to preserve to ourselves
an undisturbed intercourse with the
farmers below the Kloof. Lieut.-
gen, Janssens made no efforts to
dispute these objects, but contented
himself with moving his forces to
the submit of Hottentot Holland’s
Kloof, and there took post, waiting,
apparently, to receive some overs
tures of pacification. Brig.-gen.
Beresford availed himself of this as-
pect of affairs to transmit to lieut.-
gen. Janssens a letter from me, and
took that occasion of announcing
that he was vested with powers. to
come to an accommodation with
the licutenant-general. This pro.
position produced a truce for the
purpose of carrying on a negoti.
ation ; but it were superfluous to
occupy your Jordship’s time by des
tailing the various pretensious and
arguments urged by lieut.-gen,

Janssens

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Janssens in objection to the terms I
offered to his army ; but the result
thereof afforded so little prospect
of accommodation, that I deemed it
proper to move the 59th and 72d
regiments to the Roode Sand Kloof,
and the 93d regiment towards [ot-
tentot Holland, with a view toa
combined operation with the 83d
regiment, which had ‘sailed on the
14th inst. for Mose!l Bay, in order
to throw itselfinto the enemy’s rear,
possess the Attiquos pass, and, from
that position, cut olf his retreat
through the district of Zwellendam.
—Brig.-gen. Beresford had acqul-
esced in the prolongation of the
truce with gen. Janssens for a few
hours, in the"hope that further deli-
beration might dispose him to listen
to the very honourable and advan-
tageous terms I had offered him ;
and at the moment when every
expectation of his reaewing the ne-
gotiation had ceased, his military
secretary, capt. Debittz, waited upon
me, and. presented a modified
draught of the terms originally pro-
posed by me. On my declining to
_ vary the conditions, capt. Debittz
solicited permission to refer my ul-
timatum to gen. Janssens ; and
was at length authorized to notify
his acceptance of them.—in conse-
quence of this notification, I dis-
patched brig.-gen. Beresford with
- directions to execute a treaty on the
conditions first offered to gen. Jans-
sens,”

The Capitulation agreed to is in

substance as follows.

The whole of the settlement of the
Cape of Good Hope, with all its
dependencies, and the rights and
privileges held and exercised by
the Batavian government, will be
considered as surrendered by the

governor, Jicut.-gen. Janssens, to
his Britannic majesty.—The Bata-
yian troops shall march from their
present camp within three days, or
sooner, if convenient, with their
guns, arms, and baggage, and with
all the honours of war, to. Simon’s.
‘Town. ‘They shall retain all private
property, and the oflicers their
swords aud horses. But their arms,
treasures, and all public property of
every description, together with the
cavalry and artillery horses, must
be delivered up. In considerations
however, of their gallant conduct,
the troops will be enbarked and
sent straight to Holland, at the ex.
pence of the British government,
and shall not be considered as prisons
ers of war, they engaging not to
serve against his Britannic majesty,
or his allies, until they have: bee
landed in Holland.—The Hottentot
soldiers are to march to Simon’s
‘Town with the other troops; after
which, they will be either allowed
to return to their own country, or
be engaged in the British service, as
they may think proper.—The oth.
cers and men belonging to the Ba-
tayian army are to be subsisted at
the’expence of the british govern-
ment until they are embarked.—
The sick who cannot be removed
with the other soldiers, are to beat.
teaded at the expence of his Britan-
nic majesty, and when recovered
sent to Holland.» The inhabitants
of the colony who are comprehend~
ed in this capitulation, are to enjoy
the samerights and privileges as have
been grantéd to those in Cape
Town, according to the capitula-
tion of the 10th inst. with the ex-
ception of not quartering troops,
the country not having the same re-
sources as the town.—Lieut.-gen,
Janssens. shall be at liberty to send

Pp 4 home

534

home a dispatch to Holland, and
will receive assistance from the
British commanders in forwarding
the same.

OS a ee rae a So aaa ee eee nee

Admiralty-Ofice, April 15. Let-
ter from Sir F. T. Duckworth, to
IV. Marsden, esq. dated Superb,
Port Royal, Feb. 16.

Sir,

Captain Henry, of the French
Ship Diomede, which ran on shore,
and J afterwards ordered to be
burnt, being, with his officers,
among the prisoners rescued, the af-
ternoon of the 9th, before that
event took place, he approached to
offer captain Keats his sword,
which he, from the report which had
been made to me by sir Edward
Berry, and, except in the act, of
hailing, confirmed by capt. Dun,
that the ship had struck before
she run on shore, disdainfully
refused. This of course made ex-
planation necessary on my side;
and | acquainted eapt. Henry, that
1 had marked his dishonourable
conduct in my public letter ; when
feeling, as he appeared to do, like a
man of honour, and referring to his
officers and ship’s company, they
gave the strongest testimony that the
pendant was always flymg, though
the ensign was shot away; and
this, from strict investigation since
my arrival here, appears to be the
case; and as sir BK. Berry is not
present to refer to, and the commo-
dore in the Braave allows he hailed
the Agamemnon, and what has

_ been recited passed between them, I
have no doubt that the Diomede has
been mistaken for the Braave, by
her ensign beingdown. I therefore,
sir, feeling that character is much

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

more valuable than life, am to beg
the heavy charge on capt. Henry
may be done away in such a man.
ner as in their lordships’ judgment
may appear most proper.
Iam, &c.
J.T. Duckwortu.

Letters from Adam Dacres, Com-
mander in Chief ut Jamaica, intro-
duce the following. ,

Franchise, at anchor, off
‘Caumpeachy, January 7+
Sir,
Having received information from
a neutral, that several Spanish ves-

‘sels had very lately arrived in the

Bay of Campeachy, and conceiving
it practicable, from thelocal know-
ledge | had of that place, that they
might be cut out without running
much risk ; [have presumed,in con-
sequence, to extend the limits of
the orders with which you honour-
ed me, and proceeded to this an-
chorage ; and, although | am well
aware of the great responsibility,
yet, as it was undertaken solely
with a view of forwarding the
king’s service, by distressing his
enemies, so I have the vanity to
hope it will be sanctioned with
your high approbation. | have,
therefore, the honour to report,
that I last evening anchored the
Franchise in’ quarter-less-four fa-
thoms, a-breast the town of Cam-
peachy ; and as it was impossible,
from the shallowness of the water,
to approach nearer to the shore
than five leagues, | dispatched the
senior officer, lieut. John Fleming,
accompanied by lieut. P. G. Dong-
las, the third, licut. Mends of the
marines, and Messrs. Daly, Lamb,
Chalmers, and Hamilton, midship-

men,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

mien, in three boats, with orders to
scour the Bay, and bring off such

_ of the enemy’s vessels as they might

_ ten minutes,
very powerful resistance they met

fallin with. But, from the distance
they had torow, joined to the dark.
ness of the night, and the uncertainty
of their position, it was four
o’clock in the morning before they
could possibly arrive, long after
the rising of the moon, which unfor-
tunately gave the enemy warning of
‘their approach, and ample time for
‘preparation, even to the tricing up
ot their boarding nettings, and pro-

_ jecting sweeps, to prevent the boats

from coming along-side ; and al-
though the alarm was thus given
frem one end of the Bay to the

other, and instantly communicated

to the castle on-shore, yet nothing
could damp the ardour and gallan-
iry of the officers and crew, who

had volunteered on this (as it ulti-

mately proved) hazardous service;
for that instant, two of his catholic
majesty’s brigs, one of 20 guns, and
180 men, the other of 12 guns and
90 men, accompanied by an armed
schooner of eight, and supported by
seven gun-boats, of two guns each,
‘slipped their cables, and commenc-

ed a most severe and heavy cannon-

ading on the three boats, which
must soon have annihilated them,
had not lieut. Fleming, with great
presence of mind, and unchecked
ardour, most boldly dashed on, and

instantly laid the nearest brig on-

board. Hewassoquickly support-
ed by his friend licut. Douglas in

_the barge, and Mr. Lamb in the

Pinnace, that they carried her in
notwithstanding the

with, The whole of this little flo-
tilla pursued them fos some distance,
keeping upa constant firing of guns
and musquetry, which was so smart-

585

ly returned both by the brig and
boats, that they soon retired to their
former position, leaving lieut. Flem-
ing in quiet possession of his prize,
which proved to be the Spanish
Monarch’s brig’ Raposa, pierced
for 16, but only 12 guns mounted,
exclusive of cohorns, swivels, and
numerous small arms, with a com.
plement of 90 men, but only 75 ac-
tually on board ;-the captain, Don
Joaquin de Ja Cheva, with the senior
lieutenant, the civil officers, and a
boat’s crew, beiug absent on shore,
She appears almost a new vessel,
coppered, sails well, and, in my
hamble judgment, is admirably cal-
culated for his majesty’s service. It
is with the most heartfelt satisfac.
tion [ have to announce, that this
service was performed without the
loss of a single man, and only seven
slightly wounded. But I lament to
say, that that pleasureis in a great
measure damped by the great effu-
sion of blood on the part of the
enemy, they having had an officer
and foyr men killed, many jumped
over-board and drowned, and the
commanding officer and 25 wound-
ed, many of whom, | am sorry to
add, are, in the surgeon’s opinion,
mortally. 1 have, therefore, from
motives of humanity, sent the whole
of them on shore, with a flag of
truce, where the brave but unfortu.
nate wounded can be better taken
care of, which, I trust, you will ap-
prove. Lieut. Fleming speaks in
the highest terms of approbation of
the prompt and gallant support he
met with from lieuts. Douglas and
Mends, as well as the other officers
and crew under his orders. Indeed
there was not aman on board but
was anxious ta be of the party ; and
I am sorry { could not indulge
lieut. ‘TI. J. Peschell, the second ;

but

586

but his presence was absolutely ne-
ccssary on board. To an ofticer of
your discriminating judgment, I
trust 1 shall stand excused if 1 take
the liberty of recommending licut.
Fleming to your notice, for his me-
ritorious conduct on this occasion.
He appears to me to be an oflicer of
distinguished merit and bravery, and
1 understood he was highly respect-
ed by his late captain,’ the good,
the amiable, and my gallant prede-
cessor, the hon, John Murray.
C. Dasuwoon.
To Admiral Dacres, Sc.

Magicienne, Mona Passage, Feb. 4.
Sir,

On the 25th ult. his majesty’s
ship under my command captured,
after a chase of 12 hours, Ei Car-
men Spanish packet, commanded
by an officer of the same rank as a
commander in the British navy ; she
is pierced for 14 guns; but had only
two mounted, and 18 men ; the Pen-
guin sloop was in company.

Apam Mackrnzin. ~

Adm. Dacres.

Letler from Lord Cochrane, dated
Pallas, off Chasseron, April 8,
with an Account of his hazardous
Enterprise in the River Garonne.

STR,

Having received information,
which proved correct, of the situa-
tion of the corvettes in the river of
Bourdeaux, a little after dark on
the evening of the 5th, the Pallas
was anchored close to the shoal of
Cordovan, and it gives me satis-
faction to relate, that, about three
o’clock, the National conyette La
‘Tapageuse, of 14 long 12 pounders,
and 95 men, which had the guard,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

was boarded, carried, and cut out,
about 20 miles above the shoals,
within two heavy batteries, in spite
of all resistance, by the first lieute-
nant, Mr. Haswell, Mr. Sutherland,
the master, Messrs. Perkins, Craw.
ford and Thompson, together with
the quarter-masters, and such of the
seamen, the serjeants, and marines,
as were fortunate enough to find
place in the boats. ‘The tide of
flood ran strong at day light. La
Tapageuse made sail; a general
alarm was given; a sloop of war
followed, and an action continued,
often within hail, till, by the same
bravery by which the Tapageuse was
carried, the sloop of war, which
had been before saved by the rapidity
of the current alone, after about an
hour's firing, was compelled to sheer
olf, having suffered as much in the
hull as the Tapageuse in the rigging.
The conduct of the officers and men
will be justly appreciated. With con-
fidence | shall now beg leave to re-
commend them to the notice of the
lords commissioners of the Admi-
ralty. [tis necessary to add, that
the same morning when at anchor,
waiting for the boats (which, by
the bye, did not return till this
morning), three ships were observ-
ed, bearing down towards the Pal-
Jas, making many signals; they
were soon perceived to be enemies,
In a few minutes the anchor was
weighed, and, with the remainder
of the officers and crew, we chased,
drove on shore, and wrecked, one
national 24 gun ship, one of 22
guns, and La Malirieuse, a beautiful
corvette of 18 guns ; their masts
went by the board, and they were
involved ina shect of spray. All
in this ship shewed good zeal for

his majesty’s service. ‘lhe warrant-_

oflicers, aud Mr, Tattual, midship.
2 man,

—_——_

APPENDIX

aman, supplied the place of those
commissioned. The absence of
lieut. Mappleton is to be regretted ;
he would have gloried in the expe-
dition with the boats. ‘Phe assist-
ance, rendered by Mr. Drammon ud,
of the royal marines, was such as"
might have been expected. Sub-
joined is a list of the wounded, to-
gether with the vessels captured and
destroyed since the 20th ultimo,

: Coch nane.
Adm. Thornborough.

Killed —None. Wounded—tThree.

Vessels taken or destroyed —Le
Dessaix, chasse maree, takeu; L'Iste
Daix, ditto, taken; La
brig, taken ; a large. brig,
a chasse maree, wrecked.

National ships—La_ Tapageuse,
of 14 guns and 95 men, taken; La
Malicieuse, of 18 guns, wrecked ;
Imperial ship, of 24 guns, wrecked :
Imperial ship, of 22 guiis, wrecked.

Pomone
burnt ;

Dispatch from Lord
dated Pallas, St. Martiw s-Roud,
Isle Ree, May 10, giving an dc.
count of his Capture of some Signal
Posts on the Coust of Brunce.

SiR,

The French trade having been
kept in port of late, ina great mea-
sure by their knowledge of the exact
Situation of his majesty’s cruizers,
constantly announced at the signal.
posts, it appeared to me to be some
object, as there was nothing better

in view, to endeavour to stop this

practice.

Accordingly, the two

posts at La Pointe de Ja Roche

were demolished ; next that of Ca-
liola; thentwo in L’Ance de Re-
pos, one of which lieut. Haswell
and Mr, Hillier, the gunner, took
in a neat style from upwards of 100

to the CHRONIC

Cochrane,!

557

militia. The. marimes and boats’
crews behaved exceedingly well ; all
he flags have been brought olf, and
the houses built by government
burnt to the ground.—Y esterday
too, the zeal of lieut. Norton, of
the risk cutter, and lieut. G regory,
of the Contest gun-brig, induced
them to volunteer to: flank the bat.
tery on Point dE quillon, while we
Shouid attack it by land in the rear,
but it was carried at once : avd one
of 50 men, who’ were: stationed’ to
three 36 pounders, was made priso-
ner, the rest esc aped: The Watter y
iS laid ia ruins, guns spiked, car-
riages burnt, barrack and magazive
blown up, and all the shells thrown
inlo-the, sea, ‘The signal-post of
L’Equillon, together with the
house, shared the fate of the gun-
carriages ; the convoy got into a ri-
ver beyond .our reach.—Lieut.
Mappleton, Mr. Sutherland, the
master, and Mr. Uillier, were with
me, Who, as they do on all occas
sions, so they did at this time. what-
ever was in their power for his ma-
jesty’s service. —The petty oflicers,
seamen, and marines, failed not to
justify the opinion that there was
before reason toform; yet it would
be inexcusable were not the names
of the quarter-masters Barden and
Casey particularly meutioned, as
men highly deserving any favour
that can be shewn in the line to

which they aspire. I am &e.
CocHRANE,

Seamen slightly wounded, Wm.
Barden, quarter-master ; Wm. Co-
burn, seaman. Mitiac slightly
wounded, Robert Boulden.

This letter i is followed My another
from lord Cochrane, dated off
the isle of Olcron, May 14, and
giving an account of a very gallant

E:

action with a French frigate and

three

a

588

three brigs, which the Pallas cut
out from the harbour, though sup-
ported by the batteries ashore. ‘The
Pallas being reduced to a mere
wreck, was obliged to abandon the
contest,in consequence of three other
French frigates arriving in sight.
The French frigate which sustain-
ed the action, was beaten almost to
pieces.—In this affair the Pallas had
one marine, named Thompson, kill-
ed; and Mr. Andrews, midship-
man, with four seameu, slightly
wounded.

;

Letter from Sir Sidney Smith, dated
Pompee, at anchor off Sealia, May
24, containing an Account of Pro-
ceedings in Calabria.

My torp,

J arrived at Palermo in the Pom-
pee on the 2Ist of Jast month, and
took on me the command of the
squadron your lordship has dove
me the honour to place under my
orders. I found things in the state
that may be well imagined, on the
government being displaced from its
capital, with the loss of one of the
two kingdoms, and the dispersion
of the army assembled in Calabria.
The judicious arrangement made by
eapt. Sotheron of the ships under
his orders, and the position of the
British army under sir J. Stuart at
Messina, had, however, prevented

farther mischief.—I had the satistac-

tion oflearning that Gaeta stil] held
out,although as yet without succour,
from a mistaken idea, much too
prevalent, that the progress of the
French armies is irresistible. It
was my first care to see that the ne-
cessary supplies should be safely
conveyed to the governor. I had
the inexpressible satisfaction of con-
veying the most essential articles to

3

~ place.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Gaeta, and of communicating to his
serene highness the governor (on
the Breach battery, which he never
quits), the assurance of farther sup-
port toany extent within my power,
for the maintenance of that impor-
tant fortress, hitherto so long pre-
served by his intrepidity and exam-
ple. Things wore anew aspect on
the arrival of the ammunition ; the
redoubled fire of the enemy with red
hot shot into the Mole (being an-
swered with redoubled vigour) did
not prevent the landing of every
thing we had brought, together with
four of the Excellent’s lower deck
guns, to answer this galling fire,
which bore directly on the landing
A second convoy, with the
Intrepid, placed the garrison bes
yond the immediate want of any
thing essential ; and the enemy,
from advancing his nearest ap-
proaches within 250 yards, was re-
duced to the defensive, in a degree
dreading one of those sorties which
the prince of Hesse had already
shewn him his garrison was equal to,
and which was become a much
safer operation, now that the flank.
ing fire of eight Neapolitan gun-_
boats I had brought with me, in ad-
dition to four his highness had al.
ready used successfully, would co-
ver it, even to the rear of the ene.
my’s trenches. Arrangements were
put in a train for this purpose ;
and, according to a wise suggestion
of his serene highness, measures
were taken for the embarkation of
a small party from the garrison to
Jand in the rear of the enemy’s bat-
teries to the northward. J} confided
the execution of the naval part of
this arrangement to capt. Richard-
son, of H. M. S. Juno, putting the
Neapolitan frigate and gun-boats
under his orders. His serene high-
ness,

"APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

ness, possessing the experience of
European warfare and a most
firm mind, having no occasion for
farther aid on the spot, I felt |
could quit the garrison without ap-
prehension for its safety in such
hands, with the present means of
defence, and that 1 could best co-
eperate with him by drawing some
of the attacking force off for the de-
fence of Naples. I accordingly pro-
ceeded thither with the line of bat-
_ tle-ships named in the margin*, The
euemy’s apprehension of attack oc-
‘casioned them to convey some of
the battering train from the trenches
before Gaeta to Naples. The city
was illuminated on account of
Joseph Buonaparte proclaiming
himself king of the two Sicilies!
The junction of the Eagle made us
five sail of the line, and it would
have been easy for their fire to have
interrupted this ceremony and shew
of festivity: but I considered that
the unfortanate inkabitants had evil
enough on them; that the restora-
tion of the capital to its lawful sove-
reign and fugitive inhabitants would
be no gratification, if it should be
fonnd a heap of ruins, ashes, and
bones; and that asi had no force
_toland and keep order, in case of
the French army retiring to the for-
tresses, [ should leave an opulent
city a prey to the licentious part
of the community, who would not
fail to profit by the confusion the
flames would occasion: not a gun
was fired. But no such considera-
tion operated on my mind to pre-
vent me dislodging the French gar-
rison from the Island of Capri,
which frow its situation, protecting
the coasting communication South-
_ward, was a great object for the

589

enemy to keep, and by so much one
for me to wrest from ‘him. I accord-
ingly summoned the French com.
maudant to surrender : on his non-
acquiescence, | directed capt. Row-
ly, in U. M.S. Bagle, to cover the
landing of marines and boats’ crews,
and caused an attack to be made
under his orders, That brave
officer placed his ship judiciously ;
nor did he open his fire till she was
secured, and his distance marked by
the effect of musquetry on his qnar-
ter-deck, where the first lieutenant,
J. Crawley, fell wounded, and a
seaman was kiiled ; although capt.
Rowley regretted much the services
of that meritorious officer in such a
critical moment, he has since reco-
vered. An hour’s fire from both
decks of the Eagle (between nine
and ten o’clock), with that of two
Neapolitan mortar-boats under an
active officer, lieut. Rivers, drove
the enemy from the Vineyards with.
in their walls; the marines were
landed, and gallantly led by capt.
Bunce ; the seamen in like manner,
under lieut. Morrell of the Eagle ;
and lieut. Redding of the Pompee,
mounted the steps: for such was

their road, headed by the officers,

nearest to the narrow pass by which
alone they could ascend.—Lieut.
Carrol had thus an opportunity of
particularly distinguishing himself,
Capt. Stannus, commanding the
Athenienne’s marines, gallantly
pressing forward, gained the heights,
aud the French commandant fell by
his hand; this event being known,
the enemy beat a parley, a letter
from the second in command, claim-
ed the terms offered, but being dated
on the 12th, after midnight, some
difficulty occurred, my limitation

as

* Pompee, Excellent, Athenienne, Intrepid.

590

as to time being precise: but on the
assurance that the drum beat before
twelve, the capitulation annexed
was signed. and the garrison allowed
to march out and pass over to Na-
ples with every honour of war, after
the interment of their former ‘brave
commander with due respect. We
thus became masters of this impor-
tant post. The enemy not having
been allowed. time to bring two
pieces of heavy cannon, with their
ammunition, to Capri, the boat con-
taining them, together with a boat
Joaded with timber for the construc-
tion of gun-boats at Castilamare,
took refuge at Massa, on the main
land opposite to the island, where
the guard had hauled the whole upon
the beach. 1 detached the two mor-
tar-boats anda Gaeta privateer, un-
der the orders of Jieutenants Fali-
verne, and Rivera, to bring them
off, sending only Mr. Williams, mid-
shipman of the Pompée, from the
squadron, on purpose to Ict the
Neapolitans have the credit of the
action, which they fairly obtained ;

for, after dislodging the enemy from
astrong tower, they notonly brought
off the Doats ae two 35-pounders,

but the powder (20 barrels) from
the magazine of the tower, before
the enemy assembled in force. The
projected sorties took place on the
13th and 15th in the morning, ina
manner to reileét the highest credit
on the part of the garrison and naval
force employed. ‘The covering fire
from the flect was judiciously di-
rected by captains Richardson and
Vicuna, whose conduct on_ this
whole service merits my ‘warmest ap-
probation. I inclose captain Ri-
chardson’s two letters, as best de-
tailing these affairs, and a list of the
‘killed and wounded on the 12th.—

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

On the 19th ult. the -boats of the
Pompée, under lieutenant Beau-
croft, brought out a merchant-ves-
sel from Scalyitra, near Salerno, al-
though protected by a heavy fire of
musquetry. ‘Lhat officer and Mr.
Sterling distinguished | themselves
much. ‘The enemy are endeavour.
ing toestablish a land carriage there
to "Naples. On the 23d, obtaining
intelligence that the enemy had two
36-pounders in a small yessel on the
beach at Scalia, | sent the Pompee’s
boatsin for them; but the French
troops were too well posted in the
houses of the town for them to suc-
ceed without the cover of the ship.
I accordingly stood in with the
Pompee ; sent a message to the in.
habitants to withdraw ; which being
done, a few of the Pompee’s
lower-deck guns cleared the town
and neighbouring hills, while the
launch, .commanded by lieutenant
Mouraylian, with lieutenant Oats,

of the marines, and Mr. Wiliams;
drove the french, with their armed
adherents, from the guns, and took
possession of the castle, and of them.
Finding, on my landing, that the
town was tenable against any force
the enemy could bring against me
from the nearest garrison in a given
time, | took post with the marines ;
and, under cover of their position,
by the extreme exertions of lieute.
nant Carrol, Mr. Ives, master, and
the petty officers and boats’ crews,
the guns were conveyed to the
Pompee, with 22 barrels of powder.

(Signed) W. Sipnrey Samiti.

[The articles of capitulation for
Capri, state that ‘the troops are to
march out with all the honours of
war, and their arms, to be conveyed
to Pozzuoli, |

Killed

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Killed and Wounded in taking Capri,
May 12.

Eagle, licut. J. Crawley, first
lieutenant, slightly wounded ; 1 sea-
manand 1 marine killed; four sea-
men and sixanarines wounded.

{Then follows a letter from capt.
Richardson, of the Juno, announc-
ing the capture of a battery of 4
guns, on the point of Madona della
Catterra, without any loss on our
‘side.—His subsequent letter details

the particulars of the sortie from
Gaeta, in which tho British and Nea-
-potitans took the Serapo battery,
‘spiked the guns, and made some pri-
‘soners, with upwards of 100 mus-
kets. The boats had two men killed,
‘and five wounded. j

The gazette likewise contains a
letter from capt. Fellowes, of the
Apollo, stating the capture of a
French brig of six 24-pounders, in
the gulph of ‘'arento :—and ano-

ther. from capt. Brown, of the
Morne Fortunée, to admiral Coch-
rane, mentioning the capture of the
peiape French privateer, off Mar-
inigue.—Al]so a notification that the
“port of Venice is blockaded.

pe

Miepatch from the Camp on the Plain
of Maida, July 6, with the Detail
of the memorable Batile of Maida.

Sir,

reporting to you, for the informa-
mm his majesty, the particulars of
action, in which the French army
quartered in this provinee have sus-
tained a signal defeat by the troops

under my command,—General Reg-
nier, having been apprised of our
isembarkation at St. Eufemia, ap-
ears to haye made a rapid march

wm
ca
: a
"
. |

SOL

fromReggio, uniting, as he advanced,
his detached corps, for the purpose
of attacking, and with his charac~
teristic confidence, of defeating us.
On the afternoon of the third instant
I received intelligence that he had
that day encamped near Maida,
about ten miles distant from our po-
sition; that his force consisted at
the moment of about 4000 infantry
and 300 cavalry, together with four
pieces of artillery, and that he was
in expectation of being joined within
a day or two by 3000 more troops,
who were marching after him ina
second division. — I determined
therefore to advance towards his
position ; and, having left our four
companies of Watteville’s regiment
under major Fisher to proteét the
stores, and occupy a work which had
been thvown tipat our landing-place,
the body of the army marched the
next morning according to the fol-
lowing detail :

Advanced corps, lieut.-col. Kempt,
with 2 four-pounders. Light In-
fantry Battalion. DetachmentR oyal
Corsican Rangers. | Detachment
Royal Sicilian Volunteers. — ist
brigade, brig.-gen. Cole, with three
four-pounders. Grenadier Battalion,
27th Regiment.—2d brigade, brig.-

gen. Auckland, with three four-
pounders. 78th Regiment. SIst
Regiment.—3d_ brigade, col. Os-
wald, with 2 four-pounders. 58th

Regiment. Watteville’s Regiment,
five Companies. 20th Regiment,
lieut.-col. Ross, landed during the
action.—Reserve of artillery, major
Lemoine, four six-pounders, and
two howitzers—Total: rank and
file, including the royal artillery,
4795.

General Regnier was encamped
on the side of a woody hill, below
the village of Maida, sloping into the

plain

592 -ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

plain of St. Eufemia; his flanks
were strengthened by a thick im-
pervious underwood. The Amato,
a river perfectly fordable, but of
-which the sides are extremely
marshy, run along his front ; my
approach to him. from the sea side
(along the borders of which I direc-
ted my march, until I had nearly
turned his left) was across a spacious
plain, which gave him every oppor-
tunity of minutely observing my
movements. Had general Regnier
thought proper to remain upon his
ground, the difficulties of agcess to
him were such, that I could not pos-
sibly have made an impression upon
him. But quitting this advantage,
and crossing the river with his en.
tire force, he came down to meet us
upon the open plain—a measure to
which he was no doubt encouraged
by a consideration of his cavalry, an
arm with which, unfortunately, I
was altogether unprovided. After
some close firing of the flankers to
cover the deployments of the two
armies, by nine o’clock in the morn-
ing the opposing fronts were warm.
ly engaged, when the prowess of the
riyal nations seemed now fairly to be
at trial before the world, and the su-
periority was greatly and gloriously
decided to be our own. ‘She corps
which formed the right of the ad-
vanced line, was the battalion of
light infantry commanded by lieut..
col. Kempt, consisting of the light
companies cf the 20th, 27th, 35th,
58th, Gist, Stst, and Watteville’s,
together with 150 chosen baitalion-
men of the 35th regiment, under
major Robinson. Directly opposed
to them was the favourite French
regiment the Ist Legere. The two
corps at the distance of about 100
yards fired reciprocally a few rounds,
when, as if by mutual agregment,

the firing was suspended, and in
close compact order and awful |
silence, they advanced towards each —
other, until their bayonets began to ©
cross. At this momentous crisis the
enemy became appalled. They |
broke, and endeavoured to fly, but —
it was too late ; they were overtaken’
with the most dreadful slaughter,—
Brig.-general Auckland, whose bri. —
gade was immediately on the left of
the light infantry, with great spirit ©
availed himself of this favourable
moment to press instantly forward —
upon the corps in his front ; the
brave 78th regiment, commanded by —
licut.-col. Macleod, and the 81st
regiment, under major Plenderleath, —
both distinguished themselves on this
occasion, The enemy fled with dis-
may and disorder before them, leav-
ing the plain covered with their
dead and wounded. —The enemy:
being thus completely discomfited on
their left, began to make a new
effort with their right, in the hopes
of recovering the day. ‘They were
resisted most gallantly by the bri-
gade under brig.-gen. Cole. Nothing
could shake the undaunted firm.
ness of the grenadiers under lieut:.
eol. O’Callaghan, and of the 27th
regiment under lieut.-col. Smith.
The cavalry, successively repelled
from before their front, made an
effort to turn their left, when licut.-
col. Ross, who had that morning
landed from Messina ~with the 20th
regiment, and was coming up to the
army during the action, having ob-
served the movement, threw his re-
giment opportunely into a small
cover upon their flank, and bya
heavy and well.directed fire entirely
disconcerted this attempt. — This
was the last feeble struggle of the
enemy, who now, astonished and
dismayed by the intrepidity with
which

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

which they were assailed, began pre-
cipitately to retire, leaving. the field
covered with carnage. Above 700
bodies of their dead have been
buried upon the ground. — The
wounded and prisoners already in
our hands (among which are general
Compere, and an aid-de-camp, the
lieutenant-colonel of the Swiss regi-
meat, and a long list of officers of
different ranks) amount to above

1000. There are also above 1000
men left in Monteleone and the dif-
ferent posts between this and Reggio,
who haye mostly notified their readi-
Bac to surrender whenever a British
force shall be sent to receive their
submission, and to protect them from
the fury of the people.—The pea.
santry are hourly bringing in fugi-
tives, who dispersed in the woods
and mountains after the battle. Ia
short, never has the pride of our
presumptuous enemy been more se-
Nerely humbled, nor the superiority
of the British troops more gloriously
proved, than iu the events of this
memorable day. His majesty may,
perhaps, still deign to appreciate

_more highly the achievements of this.

little army, when it is known that
the second division, which the enemy
were said to be expecting, had all

joined them the night before the ace-

on.yno statement that I have heard
of their numbers places them at a
less calculation than 7000 men.—
Our vittorious infantry continued
the pursuit of the routed enemy as
long as they were able; but, as the
datter dispersed in every direction,
and we were under the necessity of
eserving our order, the trial of
“speed became unequal.—The total
_ loss occasioned to the enemy by this
_coniliét cannot be less than 4000
men. When I oppose to the above
‘our own small comparative loss, as

_ Vox. SLVAI.

‘

593

underneath detailed, his majesty
will, | hope, discern in the faét the
happy eiieéts of that established disa
cipline to which we owe the tri.
umphs by which our army has beea
latterly so highly distinguished:—I
am now beginning my march south-
ward, preparatory to my return to
Sicily, for which station [ shall re-
embark with the army, az soon as
his Sicilian majesty shall have ar-
ranged a disposition of his own
forces to secure those advantages
which have been gained by the pre-
sent expedition.—There seldom has
happened am action in which the
zeal and personal exertions of indi.
viduals were so imperionsly called
for as in the present ; seldom an oc.
casion where a general hada fairer
opportunity of observing them. The
general officers, and thosewho com.
manded regiments, will feelastronger
test of their merits in the circum.
stances which have been detailed of
their conduct, than in any eulogium[
could presume to pass upon them.
The 58th and Watteville’s regiment,
commanded by lieut.-cols. John-
stone and Watteville, which formed
the reserve, under col. Oswald, were
ably directed in their application to
that essential duty.—The judgment
and effect with which our artillery

‘was direGed hy major Lemoine was,

in our dearth of cavalry, of most es-
sential use; and [ have a pleasure in
reporting the effective services of
that valuable and distinguished
corps.—To the several departments
of the army, every acknowledge.
mentis due; but to no officer am I
bonad to express them so fully, on
my part, as fo lioeut.-col. Bunbury,
the deputy-quarter-master-general,
to whose zeal, activity, and able
arrangements in the important
branch of service which he directs,

Qq the

594

the army as well-as myself are under
every marked obligation, From
captain Tomlin, the acting head of
the adjutant general’s department,
and from the officers of my own fa-
mily, lL have received much active
assistance. Among the latter Lam
to mention lieut.-colouel Moore, of
the 23d light dragoons, who being
in Sicily for his health at the time of
our departure, solicited permission
to accompany me on this expedi-
tion; he was wounded in the execu-
tion of my orders.—F rom the me-
dical department, under the direc.
tion of Mr. Grieves, the deputy in-
spector, I am to acknowledge much
professional attention ; the more so
as their labours have been greatly
accumulated by the number of
wounded prisoners who have be-
come, equally with our own, the
subject of their care. ‘The scene of
action was too far ‘from the sea to
enable us toderive any co-operation
from the navy ; but admiral sir Sid-
ney Smith, who had arrived in the
bay the evening before the action,
had directed such a disposition of
sbips and gun-boats as would have
greatly favoured us had events ob-
liged us to retire. ‘The solicitude,
however, of every part of the navy
to be of usetous, the promptitude
with which the seamen hastened on
shore with our supplies, their anxiety
to.assist eur wounded, and the
tenderness with which they treated
them, would have been an affecting
eircumstanee to observers even the
wiost indifferent. To me it was parti.
cularly so.—Captain Fellows, of the
Apollo, has been specially attached
to this expedition by the rear-ad-
miral ; and, in every circumstance of
professional service, 1 beg leave to
mention our grateful obligations to
this offeer, as weli as. to captains
Oo

«

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

the subjett of my present communis

Cocket and Watson, agents of transs
ports, who a¢ted under his orders,
—Captain Bulkeley, my aid-de-
camp, who will have the honour of
presenting this letter to you, has at.
tended me throughout the whole of
the services in the Mediterranean,
and will therefore be able to give
you every additional information on

cation,
J. Sruarr, Maj.-Gen.

Total Killed and Wounded of the
British Troops, July 4, \

One officer, 3 serjeants, 41 rank
aml file, killed; 11 officers, 8 ser-
jeants, 2 drummers, 261 rank and
file, wounded,
Names of Officers killed and wounded.
Killed, light infantry battalion,
captain M‘Leane, 20th foot.
Wounded, grenadier battalion, ma-
jor Hammill, of royal regiment of
Malta. Light infantry battalion,
major Paulett, 44th foot, severely.
78th foot, 2d battalion, lieutenant-
colonel M‘Leod ; major D. Stuart 3
captains D. M‘Pherson and D.
M‘Gregor ;. lieutenant J. M‘Kay 5
ensigns C. M‘Kenzicand P. M‘Gre-
gor.—81st foot, 1st battalion, capt.
Waterhouse ; lieutenant and adju-
tant Ginger.—Staif, lieutenant col.
Moore, 23d light dragoons, acting
aid-de-camp to sir J. Stuart.
R. Tomurn, Assist. Adj. Gen.

Sept. 7. A dispatch from H.
Elliot, esq. to Mr. fox, dated Paler-
mo, Aug. 5, incloses the following
from sir John Stuart. Mr. Elliot
observes, ** That every fort along
the coasts, all the depdts of stores,
ammunition, and artillery, prepared
for the attack of Sicily, are become
the prey of the victors; and what,
perhaps, may be considered as even

of

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE,

of Still more consequence than those
advantages, an indelible impression
is established of the superior bra-
very and discipline of the British
troops.”

Extract of a Dispatch from Sir John
Stuart, to Hugh Elliot, esq. dated
Messina, August 3.

** Having occasion to send an ex-
press to my aid-de-camp, captain
Bulkeley, at Palermo, I avail my-
self of the opportunity to acquaint
you with another fortunate result
of our auspicious day at Maida.

*Cotrone, with all its stores, maga-

‘zines, &c. and 600 troops (now pri-
Soners) capitulated on Wednesday
evening last, to the land and naval

forces of his Britannic majesty, un-

der lieut.-col. M‘Leod, of the 78th
regiment, and capt. Hoste, of the

‘Amphion, who were assisted in their
‘eperations against that place, and
upon the adjacent coasts, by the

gun-boats of his Sicilian Majesty.
300 prisoners, who prove to be sur-

’. yivors of the wounded after the ac-

tion of the 4th ult. are already ar-
rived in this fort. General Regnier,

‘who had endeavoured to hold his

position, under much embarrass-
ment for some time past, between
Cotrone and Catanzaro, has retreat-
ed precipitately towards Tarento ;
and it was reported, when the trans-

‘portleft Cotrone, that he had been

attacked by the masse, and had Jost
6 or 700 of his flying people. Iam

how to congratulate, you on the
total evacuation of Calabria Ultra,

in which single province, previous
to the action of the 4th, we have
every certainty that the enemy had
a distributed force of at least 9000
men; of these, when general Reg-
hier quitted his position near Co-
trone, certainly aot 3000 remained.

595

The losses of the French in Upper
Calabria have also bornea propor«
tion. A great deal of heavy ord.
nance, lately transported by the
French to Cotrone, besides what
was found mounted on the castle,
amounting in the whole to about
40 pieces, have fallen into our
hands.,”’

A dispatch from general Fox to
Mr. Windham, dated Messina, Aug.
3, incloses extracts from two letters
received from lieutenant - colonel
M‘Cleod, of the 78th regiment,
which give a detail of the operations
that led to the surrender of Cotrone.
Much praise is bestowed on captain
Hoste, for the judicious manner in
which he brought his frigate and the
gun-boats to the annoyance of the
enemy. In the second letter, speak-
ing of the enemy’s retreat from bes
fore Cotrone, in which a garrison
was left of 1000 men, it appears that
they retired precipitately amongst
the mountains, endeavouring to pass
by Cozenza. He adds—‘‘ The ene.
my’s route from this city has been
marked by circumstances of the most
cruel devastation. The village of
Strongoli, with several others within
our view, which he conceived hostile

_to his cause, have been ransacked,

and burnt to the ground. Our in.
formation of yesterday stated, that
1000 men had been left to garrison
the town and city of Cotrone ; but
several deserters, who joined us this
morning, having mentioned that the
greatest part. of this force had
marched to join their army in the
course of the night, captain Hoste
agreed with myself in the propriety
of summoning the town and citadel
to surrender to the force under our
orders, conceiving that the imme-
diate possession of what we under.
stood to be the enemy’s sole depét,

Qq2 and

596

and his dernier resort in Lower Ca-
labria, in point of position, together
with the removal of his steres, &c.
might contribute to prevent his at-
tempt to re-enter the province.”

[ The terms were, thatthe French
should march .out with the honours
of war, and deposit their arms; af-
ter which they shall be sent to Mes-
sina as prisoners of war. ‘The pri-
vate property of the officers and
soldiers to be respeéted, and the
public proporty to be delivered up. |

Dispatches from Major-generdl Be-
resford, in South America, with
an Account of the Capture of
Buenas Ayres, dated July 2.

Sir,

‘IT had the honour to commu-
nicate to you, by my letter dated
the 30th of April, the circumstances
of my arrival at St. Ielena, and the
result of the application to the go-
vernor of that place for troops.—
The flect sailed thence the 2d of
May, and, after a most unexpected

‘long passage, made Cape St. Mary
on the 8th of June. The Narcissus
had been dispatched from the flect

on the 27th of May, and sir Home _

Popham thought it right to proceed
in her, for the purpose of making
himself acquainted with the naviga-
tion of the river, that no delay might
occur in proceeding immediately on
thearrival of the troops, tosuch place
as our information should induce us
to attack first. -I had sent captain
Kennet, of the royal engineers
(not liking myself to leave the
troops) in the Narcissus, to make
such reconnoitring of the enemy’s
places on the river, as circumstances
would admit ; and to collect every

possible information cong¢erning
them, and the strength of the cnemy
3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

at the several places. From fogs

and bafiling winds, we did not meet —

the Narcissus until the sixth day
after our arrival in the river; and
I had there the satisfaction to see,
in company with her, the Ocean
ransport, which had parted from

us previous to our going to St. He-

lena. Sir Home Popham and my-
self immediately consulted, whether
it would be better first to attack the
town of St. Philip of Monte Video,

or Buenos Ayres, the capital of ;
the province ; and, after much rea~ ©

soning, we determined to proceed
against Buenos Ayres, which made
it necessary to remove from the

line-of-battle ships, the troops and —

marines, and such seamen as were
incorporated with the latter, and
others that had been practised to

arms during the passage, into the ©

transports, and his majesty’s ship
Narcissus ; which was effected on
the 16th ult. And though then
only about 90 miles from Buenos
Ayres, still, though to his skill sir
Home Popham added the most per-

severing zeal and assiduity, yet

from fogs, the intricacy of the navi-
gation, and continual opposing
winds, it was not until the 24th, at
night, that we reached opposite to
it.
morning about eight miles from the
Point of Quilmes, where I proposed

We found ourselves the next —

landing, having been informed by an —

Englishman, who was pilot for the
river, and had been taken by the
Narcissus out of a Portuguese ves-
scl, that it was an excellent place,
and an easy access from it into the
country, Assoon as the wind would
permit, on the 235th, sir Home Pop-

a

ham teok the shipping as-near as it ©

was possible for them to go, and at
a convenient distance for disem.
barking, which was effected in the

course of the afternoon and night, —

and

a

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

and without any opposition, the
enemy remaining at the village of
Reduction, on a height about two
miles from us in our front; the
whole intermediate space, as well as
to the right aud Jeft, being a perfect
flat: but my mide informed me,

_ that though in winter it was impass-

able, it was then very practicable,
and easy for us to pass. It was
eleven o'clock in the morning of the
26th, before I could move off my

ground; and the enemy could, from

his position, have counted every man
Thad ; the numbers as per margin *,
He was drawn up along the brow of
a hill, on which was the village of

‘Reduétion, which covered his right
_ flank ; and his force consisted prip-

cipally of cavalry (I have been since

-informed 2000) with eight ficld-
_ pieces,

The nature of the ground
was such, that I was under the ne-
cessity of going direétly to his front ;
and to make my line, as much as I
could, equal to his, I formed all my
troops into one line, except the St.
Helena infantry, of 150 men, which
I formed 120 yards in the rear,
with two field-pieces, with orders to
make face to the right er left, as
either of our flanks should be
threatened by ‘his cavalry. I had

_ two six-pounders on each flank, and

two howitzers in the centre of the
first line. In this order I advanced

against the. enemy ; and, after we

597

had got within range of his guns,
a tongue of swamp crossed our
front, and obliged me to halt, whilst
the guns took a small circuit te
cross, and which was scarcely per-
formed, when the enemy opened
their field-pieces on us, at first
well pointed ; but, as we advanced
at a very quick rate, in spite of the
boggy ground, that very soon
obliged us to leave all our guns be-
hind, his fire did-us but little injury.
The7\st regiment reaching the bot.
tom of the heights in a pretty good
line, seconded by the marine batta-
lion, the enemy would not wait their
nearer approach, but retired from
the brow: of the hill; which our
troops gaining, and commencing a
fire of small arms, he fled with pre-
cipitation, leaving to us 4 field-
pieces, and 1 tumbril, and we saw
nothing more of him that day. I
halted two hours on the field,
to rest the troops, and to make
arrangements for taking with us the
enemy’s guns and our own, which
had now, by the exertions of Capt.
Donnelly of the Narcissus, been ex-
tricated from the bog.—He had ac.
cidentally landed, and accompanied
the troops on seeing them advance
to the enemy ; and Iam much in-
debted to him for his voluntary as-
sistance. I then marched, in hopes
of preventing the destruction of the
bridge over the Rio Chuelo, a river

* Actual state of the Troops under the command of Major-general Beresford, at the
Point de Quilmes, June 26th.

After specifying the number of officers and men in each corps, the following is
given as the total.—1 major-general, 1 major of brigade, 1 aid-de-camp, 1 assistaut
quarter-master-general, 1 assistant commissary; 1 surgeon, and 1 assistant-sur-
geon (of the staff); 1 captain, 3 lieutenants, and 4 midshipmen, (of the royal
navy); 2 lieutenant-colonels, 2 majors, 15 captains, 20 lieutenants, 7 ensigns, 4
paymiaster, 1 adjutant, 1 quarter-master, 2 surgeons, 4 assistant surgeons, 72 ser-
jeants, 27 drummmers, 14¢6 effective rank and tile, 16 effective horses, 1 wheeler,
~ 1 collar-maker, -4 artificer s, 2 five and kalf-inch howitzers, 4 light six-poundeis, and

2 light three pounders. 3

Qq3

W.C. Berzsrorp, Major-general.
at

598

at this season of the year not forda-
ble, and which lay between us and
the city ; distant from it about three
miles, and eight from our then si-
tuation ; and, though I used every
diligence, I had themortification to
See it in flames long before I could
reach it. I halted the troops for
the night, a mile from it, and pushed
on three companies of the 7\st,
under lieutenant-colonel Pack, with
two howitzers, to the bridge, to en-
deavour to prevent its total destruc.
tion. I accompanied this detach-
ment; but, on reaching the bridge,
I found it entirely consumed ; and
as the enemy, during the night, was
heard bringing down guns, | with.
drew the detachment before light,
as their position was thought too
open, and exposed to the cnemy’s
fire, who had, at nine o’clock, on
hearing some of our soldiers go to
the river to get water, opened a fire
from their guns, and a considerable
line of infantry. As soon as it was
light, I sent captain Kennet, of the
engineers, to reconnoitre the sides
of the river ; and found that on our
side we had little or no coyer to
protect us, whilst the enemy were
drawn up behind hedges and hauses,
and in the shipping on the opposite
bank, the river not 30 vards wide.
As our situation and circumstances
could not admit of the least delay,
I determined to force the passage,
and for that purpose ordered down
the field-pieces, which, with the ad-
dition of those taken from the ene-
my the day before, were 11, (one I
had spiked and left, not being able
to bring it off), to the water’s edge,
and ordered the infantry to remain
in the rear, under cover, except the
light company and grenadiers of the
Vist. As our guns app®eached, the
enemy opened a very ill-directed
tire from gyeat guns and musketry :

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the former soon ceased after our fire.
opened, the latter was kept up for
more than halfan hour ; but, though
close to us, did us but little or no
injury, so ill was it directed. We
then found means, by boats and
rafts, to cross a fuw men over the
Rio Chuelo; and, on ordering all
fire to cease, the little of them that
remained ceased also. The troops
which opposed us during these twa
days, appear to have been almost |
entirely, provincial, with a consi-
derable praportion of veteran offi-
cers. The numbers that were as-
sembled to dispute our passage of
the river, I have been since inform-
ed, were about 2000 infantry. I
had no reason from their fire to sup-
pose their numbers so great; the
Opposition was very feeble; the
only difficulty was the crossing the
river to getat them. I cannot omit
reporting to you, that I had the
most just cause to be satisfied with
the conduct of every officer, and all
the troops under my command: to
lieutenant.colonel Pack, of the7 Ist,
every praise is duc, as well as to
that excellent regiment. The bat.
talion of marines, commanded by
captain King, of the royal navy,
not only behaved with the utmost
good conduct, but with a discipline
in the field much beyond what cauld
have been expected, though every
exertion to effect it had been used
by commodore sir Home Popham,
and every officer of the royal navy
during the passage. A corps of
seamcn, who had been drilled to
small-arms, were also landed ; they
were between cighty and ninety in
number, and I was under the ne-
cessity of attaching them to draw
the guns, which they did with a
cheerfulness and zeal that did them
great credit; and I was under great
obligation to captain King, for his

activity

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

actiyity in preparing rafts, boats,
&c. to pass the Rio Chuelo. Lieut,
colonel Lane, and the St. Helena
troops, also merit my thanks for
their good conduct ; as does captain
Ogilvie, commanding the artillery,
for the manner in which the guns
were conducted and served. Capt.
Kennet, of the royal engineers, was
particularly serviceable by his intel-
ligence and zeal; as were the honoura-
ble major Deane, my brigade-major,
and the honourable ensign Gordon,
of the 3d guards, my aid-de-camp.
By eleven o’clock, A. M. I had got
some guns, and the greatest part of
the troops, across the river, and sec.
ing no symptoms of farther oppo-
sition, and learning that the troops
in general had deserted the city,
motives of humanity induced me to
send, ‘by the honourable ensign Gor-
don, a summons to the governor to
deliyer to me the city and fortress,
that the excesses and calamities
which would most probably occur,
if the troops entered in a hastile
manner, might be avoided; inform-
ing him that the British character
would insure to them the exercise of
their religion, and protection to
their persons, and all private pro-
perty. He returned to me an offi.
cer, to ask some hours to draw up
conditions; but I could not con-
sent to delay my march, which I
commenced as soonas the whole had
erossed the Rio Chuelo; and, on
arriving near the city, an officer of
the governor again met me, with a
number of conditions, to which I
had not then time to attend, but
said I would confirm by writing
what I had promised, when in pos-
session of the city; and the terms
granted and signed by sir Home
Popham and myself, I have the ho-
nour to annex. I also transmit a
return of the killed, wounded, and

599

missing, on the 26th and 27th of
June, as well as the return of the
ordnance taken.—IJ cannot conclude
without assuring you, of the, un-
wearied zeal and assiduity of com.
modore sir Home Popham, in what-
ever could contribute to the success
of this expedition, and of the cor.
dial co-operation, and great assist-
ance which I have received from him.
W. C. Beresrorp, maj. gen.
Str D. Baird, commanding in Chief,

0 -n
oyce

Killed, Wounded, and Missing, on the
26th and 27th of June.

St. Helena artillery, 1 rank and
file wounded.—7th reg. 1 officer, 1
serjeant, 5 rank and file, wounded.
—St. Helena infantry, 1 rank and
file wounded ; 1 officer missing.—
Royal Marines, 3 rank and file
wounded.—Corps of seamen, 1 rank
and file killed.

Officers names.—Capt. Le Blanc, .
of the 7 Ist regiment, shot in the leg,
since amputated above the knee.—
Assistant-surgeon Halliday, of the
medical staff, attached to St. Helena
regiment, missing. \

[The terms granted to the inha-
bitants of Buenos Ayres, consist of
10 articles, After the usual stipu-
lations respecting the entrance of
the troops, &c. and the marching
out of the prisoners with the honours
of war, they state that all bona fide
private property, whether belong-
ing to the people, the churches, or
the public institutions, shall be un-
molested; that all the inhabitants
shall receive protection: that the
different taxes shall be collected by
the magistrates, &c. as usual, until
his majesty’s pleasure be known ;
that every protection shall be af.
forded to the exercise of the Catho-
lic religion; that the coasting ves-
sels in the riyer shall be delivered to

Qq4 thest

600

their ownérs, and that all public
property shall be surrendered to-the
captors. |

Ordnance, &c. captured.

Tron ordnance, of different cali-
bres, from 18 to 3-pounders, 45
pieces,—Brass ordnance, from 32 to
. 3-pounders, including mortars and
howitzers, 41 pieces. Total 86.—
550 whole barrels of powder, 2064
muskets with bayonets, 616 car-
bines, 4019 pistols, 31 musketoons,
1208 swords.

J. E. Ocirvie, capt. commanding

Royal and St. Helena Artillery.
_ Since the above return was sent to
Sir D. Baird, the following guns,
left by the viceroy in his flight, have
been taken, and arms, &c. received,
brass ordnance, 7 pieces; 139 mus-
kets with bayonets; 71 muskets
without bayonets, 85 pouches, and
39 swords.

Extract of a Letter from Major-
general Beresford, to Lord Cas-
dlercagh, dated Fort of Buenos
Ayres, July 11.

“* | trust the conduct adopted
towards the people here has had its
full effect, in impressing upon their
minds the honour,. generosity, and
humanity of the British character,
His majesty’s ministers will see by
the detail of our proceedings, that
after the army had passed the Rio
Chucelo, the city of Buenos Ayres
remained at our mercy, and that, in
fact, the only conditions on which I
entered, were such as I pleased to
offer, and which humanity, and a

regard to our national character,

would naturally induce me to give
under any circumstances, However,
to quiet the minds of the inhabi-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

tants, we not only consented to put
in writing my promises, but acceded
to many conditions not expeéted by
them; and, contrary to direct sti-
pulations, gave up to the proprie-
tors all the coasting vessels cap-
tured, with their cargoes, of which
{ annex a return *, and the value of
which amounted to one million and
a half of dollars, and which, being
done with theviews already exposed,
will, I trust, meet with his majesty’s
approbation. I have the honour to
inform his majesty’s ministers, that
I had detached captain Arbuthnot,
of the 20th light dragoons, on the
3d inst. with a party consisting of
seven dragoons and twenty infantry
(the whole mounted) to a place
called Luxan, 50 miles distant. My
principal object was to have the
country reconnoitred, and to see
what were the dispositions of the
inhabitants ; but with the avowed
object of escorting back some of
the treasure which had been taken
from here, and to prevent its fol-
lowing the viceroy, which I had
reason to suspect was intended,
though it was said to be all private
property ; and in which case we had
declared, if brought back, it should
be given to its owners, if of this city.
Capt. Arbuthnot returned last night,
and I am glad to say, with informa-
tion of a pleasing nature; for your
lordship will see, by this detach-
ment passing so easily through the
country, that whatever their pre-
sent inclinations may be, there is no
very great danger from any hostile
intentions against us; and Capt.
Arbuthnot reports rather favoura-
bly of the general dispositions of
the people. The country to Luxan,

* Tr has been found difficult to procurethe return of vessels here alluded to, at

Teast the names of all.
umount in the whole to 180 in number.

They are of various classes, from 150 tons downwards, and

as

_ embarked.
Deane, who is the bearer of these

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

as IT have already represented, in
general the whole of it, is a perfect
flat, and the view of the horizon is
obstructed by nothing but the im-
meénse herds of horses and cattle—
but principally horned cattle.
Luxan is situated on a river of the

-same‘name, and where there is a

bridge over it, and the route lead.
ing to all the interior provinces ;

_and I rather think it will be ad-

viseable, on many accounts, that I
possess myself of it, which I can do
by asmall detachment. Much of the
treasure was caught actually going
to Cordova; and the rest, but for
the opportune arrival of the party,
would have been pillaged. The
Waggons conveying this treasure
may be expected here to-morrow.
Those with the royal treasure, and
that of the Philippine Company, ar-
rived some time since, and is already
The honourable major

dispatches, will give any farther in-

- formation to his majesty’ $ ministers,

that they may desire; and I beg to
recommend him as an officer deserv-
ing of any mark of favour that his
Majesty may be graciously pleased
to bestow on him.”

“{Then follows a proclamation,
issued by general Beresford to the
inhabitants, inviting them to shew
their allegiance to their new sove-
reign, and repeating the offers of
protection held ont in the terms of
the capitulation.] The proclama-

_ tion thus continues :—‘* The major-

general thinks it necessary to ac-
quaint the general and commercial
interests of the country, that it is
his majesty’s most gracious intention
that a free trade shall be opened and
permitted to South America, similar
to that enjoyed by all others of his
majesty’s colonies, particularly the

601

island of Trinidad,whose inhabitants
have felt peculiar benefits from being
under the government of asovereign
powerful enough to protect them
from any insult, and generous
enough to give them such commer-
cial advantages, as they could not
enjoy under the administration of
any other country.” It concludes
with inviting the farmers to supply
the markets with provisions, for
which they shall be immediately
paid; and it adds a promise, that
such duties as are found to bear
too hard on the enterprize of
commerce shall be taken off.—
This proclamation is followed by
another, giving up to the inhabi-
tants all the ships, barges, and craft,
and calling upon the owners to seg
that no imposition is practised on
the captors for their liberality. |

Extract of a Dispatch from Major-
gencral Beresford to Lord Castle.
reughs dated Fort of Buenos Ay lyres,
July 16.

! am now able to transmit nearly
an account of the money which has
been received as prize, under the
terms of my agreement with the
acting governor of the place, pre-
vious to my entering the town.
The statement shews the various de-
partments and public bodies, whence
the sums forming the total has been
derived. The sum of 1,086,208
dollars, is going home in his majes-
ty’s ship Narcissus, and sir Home
Popham and myself have thought
it right to reserve here, for the exi-
gencies of the army and navy, a
considerable sum ; and for the pur-
pose of keeping down the exchange
on bills, drawn by the respective
services, and which would other.
wise bring the dollar to an enor-
mous price, It is estimated that the

mere

602

merchandize in the king’s stores,
principally Jesuits’ bark and quick-
silver, and which is in the Philip-
pine company’s stores, with the
little that is retained of floating pro-
perty, will amount, if it can be dis-
posed of, to between two and three
millions of dollars. Of the bullion
delivered in, some is claimed as pri-
vate property, and which shall be
delivered in the same spirit of libe-
rality with which, we trust, it will
be considered we have acted here.

The 61,797 dollars were yesterday

delivered to the consulada, on their

assurance only that it belonged to
the people of this town; and they

have a claim upon 40 or 50,000

dollars more, which will be settled

this day.

Total amount of monies, §c. received
in consequence ‘of an agreement
on June 28.

Embarked on board the Nar-
cissus, 1,086,208. Remain in the
Treasury 205,115. Total 1,291,323
dollars.

Dispatch from Commodore Sir Home
Popham, off Buenos Ayres, July 6.

Sir,

In the letter which I had the
honour to address you from St.
Helena, on the 30th of April, I
fully explained, for the information
of my lords commissioners of the
admiralty, the motive that induced
me to press so strongly the urgency
and expediency of undertaking an
expedition against the enemy’s set-
ilements in the Rio de la Plata. I
have, therefore, only to give youa

short detail of the proceedings of

the squadron, arise congratu-
lating their lordships, on his majes-
ty’s forces being in full possession

ANNAUL REGISTER,

of Buenos Ayres, and its depen.

1806.

dencices, the capital of one of the
richest and most extensive provinces
of South America. To the com-
merce of Great Britain it exhibits
peculiar advantages, as well as to
the active industry of her manufac.
turing towns. And when! venture,
in addition, to assure their lordships
of the extreme healthiness of the
climate, I trust I only hold out a
cousolation that the friends of every
person employed on this expedi-
tion are justly entitled to, and which
1 am satisfied will be equally grati-
fying to the feelings of every British
subject. As | considered it an ob-
ject of material consequence to- ob-
tain the earliest local information
in the river, I placed the squadron
under the direction of captain Row-
ley on the 27th of May, and pre-
ceded it in the Narcissus for that
purpose. On the Sth ult. we
anchored near the island of Flores ;
and, after passing Monte Video the
following day, we detained a Por-
tuguese schooner, by whom the
intelligence we had formerly re-
ceived was generally confirmed. On
the 11th, we fell in with the En-
counter and Ocean transports, near
the south coast of the river, and on
the 13th we joined the squadron,
It was immediately determined ta
attack the capital, and no time was
lost in removing the marine batta.
lion to the Narcissus, the Encoun-
ter, and the transports, for the pur-
pose of proceeding to Buenos Ayres,
while the Diadem blockaded the
port of Monte Video, and the
Raisonable and Diomede, by way of
demonstration, cruized near Maldo-
nado, and other assailable points.
Our progress up the river was very
much retarded by the shoalness of
the water, adverse winds and cur,

“rents,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

rents, continual fogs, and the great
‘jmaccuracy of the charts ; but, by
the unremitting and laborious exer-
tions of the officers and men I had
the honour to command, these dif-
ficulties were surmounted, and the
squadron anchored, on the afternoon
of the 25th, off Point Quelmey a
Pouichin, about twelve miles from
Buenos Ayres. As it was impossi-
ble for the Narcissus to approach
the shore, on account of the shoal-
ness of the water, the Encounter
was run in so close as to take the
ground, the mare effectually to co-
ver the debarkation of the army, in
case of necessity: the whole, how-
ever, was landed in the course of
the evening, without the least op-
position, consisting of the detach-
ment of troops from the Cape, and
that from St. Helena, with the ma-
. rine battalion, under the orders of
captain King, of the Diadem, which
was composed of the marines of the
squadron, augmented by the incor-
poration of some seamen, and three
companies of royal blues, from the
same source af enterprize, which
had been regularly trained for that
duty, and dressed in an appropriate
uniform, The enemy was posted at
the village of Reduction, which was
on an eminence, about two miles
from the beach, with the appearance
of a fine plain between the two ar-
mies, which, however, proved on
the following morning to be only a
morass in a high state of verdure.
This in some measure checked our
advancement, nor did the enemy
open his field-train, till the troops
were nearly in the middle of the
swamp, from whence he thonght it
was impossible for them to be extri-
cated. The able and excellent dis-
position of general Beresford, and
the intrepidity of his army, very

60¢

soon satisfied the enemy, that his
only safety was in a precipitate re-
treat; for we had the satisfaction
of seeing from the ships near 4000
Spanish cavalry flying in every di.
rection, leaving their artillery be,
hind them, while our troops were
ascending the hill with that coolness
and courage, which has on every
occasion marked the character of a
British soldier, and has been exem-
plified in proportion to the difficul-
ties and dangers by which he was
opposed. I have probably tres.
passed on a line that does not imme-
diately belong to me, but I could
not resist the gratification of relating
to their lordships what I saw ; as-
suring myself, at the same time,
they will be convinced, if the ene.
my had given the squadron an equal
opportunity, I should have had the
pleasing duty of reporting an ho-
nourable issue to the effect of their
eminent zeal and exertions. On the
27th, in the morning, we saw some
firing near the banks of the river
Chello, but it blew so hard that it
was totally impracticable to have
any communication with the shore
during thatday. Early onthe 28th
a royal salute was fired from the
castle of Buenos Ayres, in honour of
his majesty’s colours being hoisted
in South America, and instantly re-
turned by the ships lying off the
town. Inow consider it to bea proper
momentfor acknowledging, in terms
of the sincerest gratitude, my high
sense of the zealous and animated
conduct of every officer and man in
the squadron which I have the ex-
traordinary good fortune to com,
mand. Capt. Rowley, with captain
Edmonds, under his orders, conti-
nued, as long as the weather would
permit, an advantageous demonstra-
tion off Maldonado, Capt. Don-

nelly,

604

nelly, who did me the favour of
requesting I would go up the river
in the Narcissus, and to whom, from
his rank, no specific service could
be assigned in our smal! scale of
operations, applied himself in every
occasion where he could promote
the objects of the expedition: and,
as he is charged with this dispatch,
I take the liberty of recommending
him to their lordship’s protection,
ander a full conviction they willob.
tain, through him, every information
which they have a right to expect
from an officer of great intelligence,
and long meritorious service. I
consider captain King, with the of.
ficers of the marine battalion, so
completely under the report of gene-
ral Beresford, that I shall only state
to their lordships my extreme satis-
faction, on hearing personally from
the general, how highly he appre-
ciated every part of their conduct,
particularly the celerity with which
they transported the artillery and
troops across the Rio Chuelo, after
the bridge was burut by the enemy.
Lieutenant ‘Talbot, of the Encoun-
ter, manifested great zeal in every
instance where it was necessary to
«all on bim ; Lieutenant Groves, of
the Diadem, was also very active in
landing the ordnance and ordnance
stores ; and I think it highly proper
to state to their lordships, that the
Fiasters and crews of the different
transports behaved with great at-
* tention during the whole of this ser-
vice. Liuclose a copy of the terms
granted io the inhabitants, after the
eapture of the city, by: which their
Jordships will see that the coasting
vessels in the river, supposed with

their cargoes to amount to one mil- °

lion and a half of dollars, were re-
stored to the proprietors, for an
early record to the country of the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

great liberality of his majesty’s go.
vernment.
Iam, &c. H: Pornax.
I have sent lieutenant Groves to
take possession of Ensenaba de Ba.
Tagon, a port*to the eastward of
Buenos Ayres, where I understand
there are two gun-vessels, and two
merchant ships, H. P.

The Gazette of Sept. 20, contains
an order of council, declaring that a
lawful trade may be carried on to
Buenos Ayres and its dependencies,
in British ships, owned by his ma-
jesty’s subjects, or native inhabi-
tants of that country, upon paying
a duty of 124 per cent. ad valorem,
upon importation into the same ; and
that all commodities, the growth of
that country, shall be permitted to
be imported into the United King-
dom, in ships aforesaid, upon the
same terms as from the West India
Islands. Also an order in council
for permitting the importation in
neutral vecsels into our West India
Islands, for twelve months ensuing,
of lumber, staves, and all kinds of
provision, with the exception of
beef, pork, and butter; and also
the exportation of rum, molasses,
and all other commodities, éxcept
sugar, indigo, cotton, coffee, and
cocoa.

Dispatch from Captain Brisbane,
with an Account of the Capture of
ghe Pomona, and twelve Gun-
boats, at the Isle of Cuba.

Arethusa, offthe Havannah, Aug. 23.
Sir,

I have the honour to inform you
of a successful attack having been
made by his majesty’s ships Arethusa
and Anson, on the enemy near the

Moro

~ manding the main deck.

_

foot water more than
' drew ; the Anson on my larboard
bow; when theaction became ge-

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Moro castle, in the island of Cuba,
ou the morning of the 23d instant.
The result has been the capture of

- the Spanish frigate Pomona, of 38

guns, with a complement of 347
men, and the destruction of 12 gun-
boats, each carrying a 24-pounder,
witha. complement of 100 men each

and the explosion of a castle mount-
ing 16 36-pounders. On the morv-
ing of the 23d instant [ discovered the
enemy within two miles of the Mo-
ro castle, rather to leeward, carrying
all possible sail to get into the flavan-
nah.J therefore made the signal to lay
the enemy on board on my coming
mp with her, but my design was
frustrated bythe Pomona bearing up,
having been joined by 12 gun-boats
from the Havannah, and auchoring
within pistol shot of a castle mount-
ing 16 36-pounders, in three
fathoms anda half water. The gun-
boats advanced from her ina line
abreast. ‘hese boats were sent out
expressly to protect the Pomona at
her anchorage. At 10 A. M. | an-
chored his majesty’s ship Arethusa
close alongside the Pomona, in one
the ship

meral, but not of long duration.
The Pomona having struck her co-
lours in 35, two gun-boats blew up,
six were sunk, and three driven on
shore on the breakers,—Notwith-

‘standing the severe fire from the

castle, the Pomona was instantly
taken possession of by lieut. Parish,
first of the Arethusa, and follow-
ed by lieut. Sullivan, first of the
Anson.—The castle had now come
menced firing red-hot shot, which
occasioned the Arethusa to be set on
fire, butit was soon extinguished by
the very proper arrangements of
Lieuts. Higman and Griffith, com-
Shortly

605

after, a melancholy and dreadful
explosion took place in the castle,
after which all firing ceased. 1t now
becomes a pleasing part ef my duty
to recommend to your particular
notice the steady and gallant con-
duct of capt. Lydiard, the officers
and men of both ships, all appear-
ing to be animated with the same ea-
thusiastic zeal.
Cuanres BrIsBaNe.

Vice-admiral Dacres.

Avethusa, 2 killed and 32 wound-
ed.—Anson, none.

Spauish frigate Pomona, captain
and 20 men killed ; 2 lieutenants and
30 men wounded.—Gun-bdoats, the
joss of men must have been conside-
rable, as very few of them reached
the shore, from those boats which
were blown up.and sunk,

(Signed) C. Brisbane.

The Pomona was from Vera
Cruz, bound to the Havannah, Jaden
with specie and merchandize. The
money belonging to the king was
landed at the castle by the gover-
nor of the Havannah, and the Spa-
nish admiral, who had previously
come out to place the Pomona in
safety, as they considered her under |
the protection of the castle, and had
only left her 10 minutes before the
action commenced. The freight
belonging to the merchants, with
plate, and various kinds of mer-
chandize, I have captured.

C. Braiszane.

Officers wounded.--Capt. Brisbane,
but did not quit his deck ;_ lieut.
Higman, of the navy ; lieut. Fen,
nel, of the marines.

Trial of Lord Melville before the
high Court of Parliament.

On Tuesday, the 29th of April,
1806, the peers being assembled in
Westminster Hall, and the court

opened

606

opened with all due solemnities and
forms of justice, a master in chan-
cery read aloud the charges exhi-
bited against Henry viscount lord
Melville by the commons of the
united kingdom :

The first urticle charges lord M.
with receiving, previous to Jan. 10,
1786, 10,0001. of the public money ;
with fraudulently converting the
same to his own use, or to some
illegal purpose ; and with declaring
that he never would reveal thé ap-
.plication of the said sum, feeling
himself bound by motives of public
duty as well as of private honour and
personal convenience, to conceal the
same.

The second charges hith with con-
niving at, and sufieritig Trotter to
draw money out of the Bank for
other purposes than for immediate
application to navy services, and to

lace such money in the hands of

fessrs. Coutts and co. -his private
bankers, in his own name, and sub.
ject (o his sole control.

Third. That after passing the act
for regulating the office of treasurer
of the navy, large sums of money
were from time to time paid into
the Bank, and placed tothe account
of Mr. Dundas; and that during
all the time he held the office, from
Jan. 10, 1786, he did permit Trot-
ter to draw money out of the Bank,
and place it in the hands of Messrs,
Coutts, in his own name ; that the
said Trotter, with the privity of
lord Melville, did apply the said
sums to his own advantage, and that
he did mix the public monies so
placed with his own proper money,
whereby the public money was not
only used for private emolument,
but was exposed to great risk, and
was withdrawn from the control
of the treasurer of the navy.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806

Fourth. That after Jan, 10,
1786, Trotter did, with the privity
of lord M. place sums of money
issued from the exehequer to the
bank, and drawn from the bank by
Trotter, in the hands of Sprott and
others, and did apply the same for
purposes other thati naval purposes,

Wfth. That after Jan. 10, 1786,
lord M. did fraudulently,for the pur-
pose of advantage to himself, or for
some other illegal purpose, receive
from the public money, placed at
the bank, 10,000]., or some other
large sum, and did convert thesame
to his own use.

Sixth. After Jan. 10, 1786, lord
M. fraudulentlyconcealing the illegal
use of the same, did procure from
Trotter advances of large sums of
money which were made to him in
part from money illegally drawn
from the bank, and in part from
monies placed in the hands of Messrs,
Coutts, when mixed with the pro.
per monies of the said Trotter.
That during the time Trotter was
paymaster, he kept with lord M.
an account current of all the sums
paid and received by him on account
of lord M. and by agreement dated
18th and 23d Feb. 1803, they had
delivered up or agreed to cancel and
destroy all vouchers and memoran-
duins that had passed between them :
which vouchers were destroyed with
a view to prevent the discovery ef
the advances made to lord NV

Seventh. That lord M. received
from Trotter 22,000I., orsome other
large sum, without interest, part
whereof was advanced from publie
money, and part from the said mixs
ed fund.

Eighth. Thatlord M. did receivé
from Trotter 22,000]., or some
ether large sum, for which it has
been alledged, lord M. was to pay

interest ;

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

imterest ; and that, for the purpose
of more effectually concealing the
same advances, the books of ac.
counts and vouchers were, destroy-

Ninth. That Trotter did gratui-
tously transact the private business
of lord M. and was from time to
time in advance in that respect to
the amount of from 10 to 20,0001.,
which advances were taken‘from the
money placed in Messrs. Coutts’s
hands: whereby lord M. did derive
benefit from the said illegal acts of
Trotter. And that Trotter did act
gratuitously as agent to lord Mel-
ville, and did advance money, in con-
sideration of the said lord permit-

_ ting him toapply the public money
to his own emolument—that with-
cut such connivance, ‘lrotter
would not have been able to have
made such advances.
acts were contrary to the duty of
the office held by lord M. and a vio-
Tation of the laws. And by all and
every one of the aforesaid acts, he
was and is guilty of high crimes and
misdemeanours.

_ To ail these charges lord Melville,
Saving to himself all advantages of
exception to the inefficiency of the
articles in point of law, and of not
being prejudiced by any want of
form in his answer—and also all
rights and privileges asapeer, saith,

he is in no wise guilty of all or any.

of tae suppesed crimes or misde-
_Meanours charged upon him: and
this he is ready to prove ; and he
humbly submits himself and the
justice of his cause to the house,

—After the above answer had been.

-givenin, the commons exhibited a
further article of charge, being the
fenth, against lord Melville.

T his tenth article charges, that

All which ,

607

after his appointment to the office
of treasurer of the navy, on Aug.
19, 1782, be did, between that day
and Jan. 5, 1784, and between Jan.
5, 1784, and Jan. 1, 1786, receive
divers large sums of public money,
amounting to 27,000l. or therea-
bouts, and did illegally apply the
same to his own use, or to some
other corrupt purpose ; and did
continue the said illegal application,
after the passing of the act for bet.
ter regulating the office of treasurer
of the navy.—To this article lord
M. answers, that he feels it incum-
bent upon him to protest against
being bound by the law and cus.
tom of parliament, or the laws of
the realm, to answer such article,
Nevertheless, confiding in the good-
ness of his cause, and the justice of
the house, saith, that he is in no
wise guilty.

Mr. Whitbread, on opening the
charges, addressed their lordships in
a most impressive speech, occupying
theattention of the court for three
hours and forty minutes. It is not
consistent with the limits of our |
publication to follow the orator
through the whole of his manly and
eloquent harangue ; we must there.-
fore confine ourselves to a bare out
line of it. He began by stating,
that he stood forward in support of
those charges which the commons of
the united kingdom had thought it
their duty to prefer against the no-
ble defendant ; and that the reasons
for discussing those charges in that
place were, that the managers of
the impeachment thought it would
be more becoming the dignity of
parliament, and give greater publi-
city to the proceedings. He feared
he should, in the progress of his
duty, fatigue his hearers. He had

te

7

608

to state to them a Jengthened’ detail
of financial accounts, and a Series
of dry facts, which, from their no-
toriety, were deprived of novelty,
but not susceptible of embellishment,
even from the most eloquent.
was also aware that he had to
plead before the most enlightened
and just tribunal in the world ; that
he had assumed a station heretofore
occupied by men most distinguish-
ed for their qualities ; and that the
greatest talent to be collected was
opposed against him, Still he was
far from being intimidated ; it was
the cause of justice against a great
publicdelinguent; and he feli confi.
dent of being able to impart that
conviction to their lordships, which,
after the most serious reflection,
it was impossible he could remove
from his own breast. Another con-
solation he felt was, that he was
prosecuting charges before a tribu-
nalsuperior to the flattery of elo-
quence, the bias of prejudice, or
the trammels of leggl impediments.
Inthe progress of his duty, he trust-
ed he should not bebetrayed intoany
intemperance of expression ; con-
Winced that truth required only the
language of simplicity to enforce it.
He was also anxious toavoid inflict-
ing any unnecessary wounds upon
the feelings of the noble defendant,
or aggravating the feeliugs of those
relatives who were dear to him ; at
the same time he must not suffer
considerations, such as he had men-
tioned, to destroy the cause in which
he had engaged himself for the pub-
lic good.—Mr. Whitbread then re-
ferred to the aét of parliament con-
stituting the office of treasurer of
the navy, and having dwelt upon
the important duties of that ollice,
and the disadvaptages resulting to

ANNUAL REGISTER 1806.

He:

the country, by converting the pub-
lic money to purposes of private
emolument and advantage, he pro-
ceeded to comment upon a subse
quent act, which secured to the trea-
surer of the navy a fixed salary, in
lieu of all emoluments to be derived
from such use of the public money.
The illegality, he said, of keeping
large balances in hand, had thus been
recognized by parliament, who had
expressly declared, that the trea-
surer, who should in future be guilty
of using the public money to his
own advantage, should be consider-
ed as impeachable :—in which con-
dition the neble defendant, by his
conduct, had placed himself—Mr.
Whitbread then alluded to the trea-
surership of col. Barré, who had
strictly conformed to the aét. The —
noble defendant, he said, suececded ~
that gentleman, and, having ap-
pointed Mr, Douglas his paymaster,
he commenced with that breach of
his duty enumerated in the first ar- |
ticle of impeachment :—Here Mr.
Whitbread entered into a very long
digression upon the difficulties the
commiitee of inquiry had encoun-
tered, and commented with much
severity upon the noble defendant’s
having positively denied, upon his
honour, before that committee, that
he had ever made profit or interest
of the public money ; and even ex-
pressed his readiness to take his —
solemn oath of the fact; both of ©
which pledges, he said, were enti- ©
tled to discredit. Mr. Whitbread
then returned te the first charge,
that of the noble defendant’s con. —
verting to his own use 10,Q001., the
appropriation of which, his lordship —
said henever would reveal ; and ob-°
served, that the applying it to pur-
poses other than nayal services was
illegal 5

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Hlegal ; and that his lordship stood
convicted of that charge upon his
‘ownadmission. He also knew that
the receipt for that 10,000I. was,
within the two or three last days, in
‘the defendant’s possession ; and if
he did not produce it, he should
_ prove that the money was not ap-
plied to naval purposes, and that
would be suflicient to substantiate
‘the charge. After enumerating a
* variety of transactions, Mr. -Whit-
bread stated, that in November
' 1782, his lordship’s’ paymaster
drew 45,0001. from the bank,
40,0001. of which was entered to the
account of the treasurer of the
“navy ; the remaining 5,000]. ‘was
never carried to any public account,
but conveyed to the éron chests iu
the treasurer’s office, which sum he
charged the noble defendant with
converting to his own private pur-
poses.—tfie next alluded toa draft of
16,0001., of which, he said, only
$,0001. had found its way into any
public book of accounts, and, of
consequence, the remainder had be-
‘come subservient to his lordship’s
peculations. Mr. Whitbread then
came to the time when the act pass-
ed for the better regulating the office
_of treasurer of the navy; an att,
_ Said the hon. gentleman, ofhis lord-
_ship’s-own framing ; and yet, with
full conviction. of his error, he was
the first to violate it. He then
Spoke of Mr. Alexander Trotter’s
_ appointment of paymaster, remark-
ed onhis scanty fortune at the time
of thatappointment, and then enter-
edinto a very lengthened detail of
the manner of drawing the public
“money from the bank, of placing it,
mixed with other monies, at Messrs.
~ Coutts’s, and of the subsequent il-
degal use of it : in short, he endea-
_ youred to develope that system of
Vou. XLVIII. f

609

fraudulent application of the public
money, which the charges imputed
to the defendant’s knowledge and
connivance, and by which the law
had been grossly violated, the par~
ties acting in the system enriched,
and the country injured and im-
poverished.: Mr. Whitbread then
entered more minutely into the mat-
ters of charge, and said he~ should
prove that Mr. Trotter took large
sums from the bank in advance,
lodged them at his private banker’gy.
and diverted the balances. Lord
Melville, he contended, must have
known of it: and if he had not par-
ticipated, the notorious misapplica-
tion of the public money by his
paymaster made ita fit subject of
investigation. In short, the public
money was only nominally in the
bank ; it was any where, and every
where, at the convenience of the
defendant and -Mr. Trotter. He
should also shew, that the public
money had been employed in specus
lations ; many of which were at-
tended with considerable loss, such
as must have involved Mr. Trotter
in inevitable ruin, had he not ob-
tained a constant supply from -the
same public source. He meant to
affirm, that the noble defendant was
privy to such speculations ; and his
conduct generally was so flagrant in
his high official situation, that he
merited the most severe and exem-
plary punishment. He was aware,
he said, that his lordship had suf-
fered much ; his name had been eras
ed from the councils of his majesty ;
his criminal imprudence had also.
placed him in his then degraded
state; and he had to answer for
crimes charged against him, which
aman of honour should have avoid-
ed, as he would avoid ignominy and
death. He next alluded to the mu-

Rr tual

610

tual burning and destroying of
books, vouchers, &c. from which he
said a conscious guilt was deducible.
But hesaid, accident had thrown an
account-book in the way of the ma-
nagers, whieh had been lost by Mr.
Trotter, which when given in evi-
dence, would throw considerable
light upon that part of the case.
Tt was said, in extenuation of the
defendant, that he was now a poor
man, according to his station ;
b> which .he should reply, that
whether a man defrauded the public
with a view to amass great wealth, or
to dissipate with prodigality, and
assist pompous hospitalities, it was
equally the same—the country was
alike injured. Mr. W. concluded
his address by referring to the cases
of several distinguished personages,
among whom he particularized the
great lord Verulam, who had bven
charged with high crimes and mis-
demeanors, and regretted that in an
evil hour the noble defendant had
suffered himself to be overcome, his
character and high reputation to be
sullied, and his dignity and honour
degraded, so as to bring him into
the state in which he was then plac.
ed, and from which it was impossible
he should extricate himself with
honour.

THE EVIDENCE.

The first piece of evidence given
in by the managers, was the third
report of the commissioners who
sat in 1782, new modelling the
office of the treasurer of the navy,
and fixing the salary at 40001. a
year, in lieu of all emoluments, per-
quisites, &c.

The next was the production of
the warrant, appointing Mr. Isaac
Rarré to the office of treasurer of
the navy ; the difficulties in doing

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

which, occasioned a variety of legal
objections and delay. ‘Then the
warrant appointing Mr. H. Dundas _
in the room of the former, at the
increased salary; also his subse-
quent resignation on the 11th of
April, 1803, and his re-appoint-
ment the 5th of January, 1804.
This was followed by the reading of
extracts from the journals of the
house of commons, forming the
ground-work of that bill for regu.
lating the office of treasurer of the
navy, which Jord Melville himself ©
suggested the necessity of, and pre-
pared its way into parliament.

The managers then opened ano-
ther head of evidence respecting the
accounts of Mr. Douglas, a former
paymaster under lord Melville, and
got the length of shewing, that when
Mr. Douglas died he left some pub.
lic accounts locked up in a box,
which Mrs. Douglas gave to Mr.
Whitbread and Mr. Creevy. From
this box a book of accounts was
produced, signed by Mr Douglas
and lord Melville the 8th of August,
1782; but much time was dissipats
ed before it was made evidence.
At length the managers succeeded in
reading the following three entries
of monies issued by the exchequer to
Mr. Douglas, on account of lord
Melville, for naval purposes :—

6th Nov. 1782 -~ 1.45,000

22d Nov. 1782 - 50,000

19th Dec. 1782 = 93,000

Mr. John Gummingham, a
clerk in the bank, who attended
principally to the exchequer war-
rants, was then called. He proved
that part of the issue of 45,000I.
made the 6th of November, 1782,
wasin five 10001. bank notes, Nos.
9,10, 11, 12, 13, all dated 24th
October, in the same year; and on
being shewn a bank note, No. 12,

3 : - Said —

—

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

said he had no doubt but that was
one of the notes so issued. He then
turned ‘to the second entry of
50,000]. and proved that a part of
that issue was paid in three i000l.

-bank notes, Nos. 212,213, and 214,
dated 7th November in the same
year. The issue of any specilic
note on the 3d entry could not be
proved.

Mr. William Heald, a clerk at
Messrs. Drummonds’, proved, that
_ on the 29th of November, 1782, a

note of 1000]. No. 212, was paid
intp their house in discharge ofa
sum credited to lord Melville of

600]. and that 4001. was given in

change.—‘*‘ This was paid on lord

Melville’s private account,” said the
managers, ‘* and was one of the
notes drawn from the public service
in the second entry.”

It was then shewn, that divers
sums were, from time to time, paid
into Messrs. Drummonds’ by Mr.
Douglas, upon lord Melville’s pri-
vate account, but nothing specific
was proved.

_ ‘The managers then produced an
admission, in lord Melville’s hand-
_ writing, that he was indebted to the
lord advocate of Scotland, on the

_ 16th of November, 1802, in thesum
of 10001. and it was subsequently

proved, that the bank note, No.

12, for 10001. part of the first issue

_ of public money, as above entered,
_ was paid to the account of the lord

_ advocate at Messrs. Moffatt and

- Kensington’s, in discharge of such

_ debt,in the same month of Novem-

_ ber, 1802.

_ Mr, Whitbread now tendered

himself as a witness. He stated
that he heard Jord Melville declare
in the house of commons, the 11th

_ of June, 1804, that he felt himself
bound in honour to conceal the ap-

611

plication of one sum of 10,000I.
of the public money, and that he
was determined. not to reveal it.
On his cross-examination he admit.
ted, that the tendency of his lord.
ship’s speech, on the occasion allud-
ed to, went to affirm that the money
was not applied to hisown private
purposes. ;

The fact of his lordship having
declined to answer questions put to
him by the commissioners of naval
inquiry, was then given in evidence.

Another entry in the treasurer’s
banking-book of the 11th of July,
1803, for 6,000]. and a correspond.
ing issue of 6 1000]. bank notes,
Nos..261 to 267 (omitting 265) was
then proved : butas the managers
could trace none of these notes to
his lordship’s private account,
they contented themselves with
shewing, that the money was paid
to the defendant, and that no cor-
responding entries were made to
prove that the same was applied to
naval services.

Mr. Whitbread was again ex-
amined as a witness, to prove that
lord Melville had confessed to his
having applied a second sum of
10,0001. to purposes not naval, in
Scotland. On his - cross-examina-
tion, however, he admitted, that
his lordship denied that the money
was applied to his own private pur-
poses.

The release signed by lord Mel-
villeand Mr. Trotter, on the 13th
and 23d of February, 1803, was
then put in, and read as evidence.
By this, the partics mutually
agreed to cancel and destroy all
vouchers, documents, writings, &c.
that had heretofore existed between
them, and to exonerate each other,
their heirs, &c. fom all further
claim or demand : and ¢fter that

Rr 2 Mr.

612

Mr. Alexander Trotter was called
into the witnesses’ box.—He be-
gan by stating, that he entered a
junior clerk in the navy pay office,
in the year 1776, at asalary of 501.
ayear. He wasappointed paymas-
ter to the noble defendant soon af-
ter, at a salary of 5001. per annum.
When he came into office, he receiv-
ed all the balances from the pre-
ceding paymaster, with the excep-
tion ‘of 10,0001. which lord Mel-
ville said he should account for.
He accordingly made his lordship
debtor to that amount. Subsequent-
ly he applied to his lordship to let
him draw a portion of the public
money from the bank, and place it
at his private banker’s, intimating
that it would be for the convenience
of the publicservice. He confess-
ed, that part of such drafts he had
employed in buying up government
securities, exchequer bills, &c. and
also in discounting bills for private
individuals of repute; ‘all for his
own private emolument and advan-
tage. At one period he went into
Scotland, leaving Mr. Wilson to act
for him. He received lord Melville’s
pay as treasurer of the navy, and
also his rents from Scotland, but
not for his other offices. He kept
6¢ an account current” between
himself and his lordship, but charg-
edno interest for advances ;_ that
account was destroyed.—In the year
1786, he advanced 4000l. to his
lordship, for which he took his bond
without interest, and he believed
that formed the first item in the ac-
count current.—That advance was

made from a mixed fund at Coutts’s, _

composed of part of the public mo-
ney, and part of his own proper
monies. In1792, he bought 20001.
ludia stock forhis lordship, which

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. °

came from the same mixed fund. In
1797, 10,0001. loyalty loam was sub-
scribed on account of his lordship,
the instalments of which he paid, for
the noble defendant, as they became
due, without informing his lordship
of the fact, whieh he admitted were
paid from the public mouey. He
also purchased 7000. stock (in the
3 per cent. reduced) for his lordship;
and these and all such advances were
entered in the ‘* account current,”
between him and his lordship : he
charged no interest upon them. He
had also paid 20001. to sir Willtam
Forbes and co. and 33741. to
Messrs. Mansfeld, Ramsay, and
co., bankers at.Edinburgh, on ac-
count of lord Melville ; but he
could recollect no collateral cireum-
stances attending such payments.
Mr. Trotter went on to state, that
besides the ¢* account current,” he
kept another account-book, which
he called ‘¢ the chest account.”
This last he considered as lord Mel-
ville’s account with the public : the
first item in it was the 10,0001. lord
Melville owed the public when he
(the witness) came into office ; and
the next was the 10,0001. loyalty
loan. The general balances, hesaid,
were against his lordship when he

quitted the office. They amounted to ©

a sum little short of 50,0001., which
were paid up by his lordship. About
the year 1789°or 90, he intimated
to lord Melville the propriety of his
increasing his India stock ; when
hislordship replied, ‘* that he had
no moncy.”—The witness said he
had considerable balauces lying at
Coutts’s, of the public money, and
asked if he should lay out 13 or
14,0001. for him ?—His lordship
refused in the most decided manner,
and witness thought he had lost his

lordship’s

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

lordship’s confidence, for the sug
gestion he had made. Witness, how-
ever, was desirous the stock should
be purchased, and told the defen-
dant he would endeavour to bor-
row the money; but finding some
difficulty in that, he advanced
23,0001. from the public money,
and the stock was purchased for his
Jordship. He charged lord Mel-
ville interest for the money so ad-
vanced. His lordship never after-
wards made inquiry. who advanced
him the loan, nor did he ever know
it was advanced from the public mo-
ney till their final settlement took
place. He added, that his lordship
ultimately deriveda benefit of 80001.
‘upon the stock so purchased ; and
concluding his evidence by admit.
_ ting, that the sub-accountants in the
_ navy pay-oflice also made a /itéle ad-
vantage of the public money in their
hands.
_ Cross-examined by Mr. Plomer.
~—The witness stated, upon _ his
cross-examination, that he had re-
_ presented to lord Melville the pro-
priety of having a part of the public
money at Coutts’s; adding, that it
_ would be safer, inasmuch as it would
prevent the risk in continually
_ bringing large sums from the bank
Pthrongh the streets of the metropo-
lis, and would be more convenient
for satisfying claims. He did not
‘Say any thing about deriving profit
from the use of the public money.
He said, his lordship always investi-
gated the public accounts, but was
‘the most careless man alive with re-
_ spect to his private accounts. He
left all to the honour of the person
_ he employed, and he believed that
he never looked ata private account
_ tendered to him. He had never stated
to his lordship that the advances
“he supplied him with were taken

ir

‘p

©

613

from the public stock ; but he could
not tell what his lordship’s conceP=
tions were upon thatpoint. The
only time a draft from the public
money was mentioned to him, for
private uses, he rejected: it with in=
dignation. He never stated to his
lordship what fund he . drew the
loyalty loan from ; and he paid tue
several instalments as they became
due, without instructions. With
respect to the 7000/. stock in the 3
per cents. asum belonging to his
lordship came into his possession,

and he thought it was. best
that it should not. lie idle. The
profit and advantage made of

the public money was entirely his
own.—The amount was consider~
able; but the public never suffered
“Joss or inconvenience by the use he
made of it. The selease, he said,
was a matter of his own suggestion ;
and when he executed it, and burnt
the books, vouchers, &c. the interest
of lord Melville was not within his
contemplation; he burnt and de-
stroyed them merely as all the ac-
counts between them were closed;
Re-examined by Mr. Whitbread;
—His lordship, he said, never told
him in what account to debit the ad-
vances. When his lordship asked
for an advance, and said he expected
to receive money shortly, he con-
cluded that was for his own private
concerns, and he entered it in the
account current; but when he madé
a peremptory demand of an advance,
he concluded that was for the public
service, and he entered it in the
chest account, i. e. the account be-
tween his lordship and the public:
The witness admitted, that he was
forced himself to borrow sums of
_money to make good official pay. .
ments, rather than part with those
securities at a discount, which he had
Rr 3 bought

614

bought up’ with the public money.
The way he paid his lordship’s
balances on his quitting his office,
was by selling 20,000/. stock of his
Jordship’s; also 30,000/. - India
stock, besides 13,000/. that he re-
ceived fro6m another source. Te
never explained to his lordship the
precise amount of those balauces as
applied to tlie two accounts, but
estimated them generally. Lord Mel-
ville néver enquired of him if he was
trenching upon the public balances,
nor could he (the witness) swear
that his lordship had an idea that
he was rectiving advances from the
public stock, He atlmitted that he
was himself worth 65,000/. of
which he had derived between 5 and
6000 from inheritance, and 3000
by marriage, and that he had built
ahouse near Edinburgh. In an-
swer to a question put by the bishop
of St. Asaph, he said, he became a
ender of money immediately on his
being put into possession of the pub-
lic money.

Mr. Robert Trotter was next exa-
mined, who, in addition to asum
of .2000/. and another of 3,374/.
sent to the house of Forbes and co.
and the house of Ramsay and co, at
Edinburgh, on lord Melville’s ac-
count, proved that two other sums
of 10,0007. and 5000/. were also
paid by Contts to Ramsay and co.
on his lordship’s account. These
sums were paid by order of his bro-
ther ; but out of what funds, or for
what purpose, he could not tell.

Mr. E. Antrobus, a partner in
Coutts’s house, was examined as to
lord Melville’s account with the

firm, and proved by the respective

entries that the house paid the instal-
ments upon lord Melville’s sub-
veription te the loyalty Joan, and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

that they were repaid by Mr.
Trotter. ;

Mr, Chapman, a élerk in Coutts’ —
house, and who kept Mr. Trotter's —
accounts, was called to prove the ©
specific balances in the hands of the
paymaster at different periods.
Among many others it appeared, that
in the month of February 1795,
there was a balance of 47,4127. and
in April of the same year it in-
creased to 107,9717. 12s. 3d. In
1797, the balance in hand was
45,7001.; in 1798, 31,0000. ; in
1799, 88,000/. ; and at other periods
the house was in advance to Mr.
Trotter.

Mr. Coutts Trotter proved, that
Messrs, Coutts and co. ad¥anced to—
lord Melville, in the year 1800, a
sum amounting to 13,000/., and, as
a security, took in exchange the
assigument of his lordship’s salary as
keeper of the privy seal, and as
keeper of the signet. Also the as-
signment of 2000/. India stock, and
the collateral security of Mr. Ro-
bert Dundas’s son.

Mr. Charleton, a clerk in the
bank, produced thirty-five cancelled
bank notes, thirty-two of which —
were for 10002. each, which notes
had originally been issued to lord
Melville for the public service, on —
the aét of parliament new account
in 1800. These notes were subse-
quently paid in to Messrs. Coutts’s,
in satisfaction of two drafts made
by lord Melville upon Mr. Trotter,
one for 13,000/. and the other for
19,000/.

Mr. P. Antrobus, the stock bro-
ker, proved the purchase of two por-
tions of Kast-India stock for lord
Melville, each portion amounting to
6000/. the money for which was ad-
vanced by Mr. Trotter. en
Mr.

|

ey

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Mr. Joseph Kaye, a_ solicitor,
proved that the proiits and interest
arising from the stock purchased at
different periods for lord Melville,
by order of Mr. Trotter, amounted
to 22,062/. 15s. 9d.

Mr. Mark Sprott was next ex-
amined, touching the innumerabie
speculations and Change-alley traus-
actions that he had been employed

_wfor Mr. Trotter ; during the whole

- nected with such transactions.

of which he said he never heard lord
Melville’s name mentioned as con.
He
added, that he had frequently ad-

vanced Mr. Trotter money to pre-
vent his carrying his navy bills into

the market when they were ‘‘long-
winded ;”’ but he never knew that
Mr. Trotter was making use of the
public money ; though from the mag-
nitude of the sums laid out at times,

had he given it a thought, he might

have imagined that to be the case.

- Charles Bragge Bathurst, esq.was
called te prove, that during the
period he was treasurer of the

“favy, he never made use of the

public money for purposes of pri-
vate advantage or convenience,
and that he always kept it at the
bank.

Mr. Thomas Wilson stated, that
he had long held a situation in the

‘Navy pay-oflice, and that he acted

>

for Mr. Trotter while that gentle-
man wasin Scotland. He had blank
drafts left him by Mr. Trotter ; and
he had also-his sanction and authority
for using the public money for pur-
poses of private advantage during his
absence. He could not, however, say
that lord Melville knew of such use
and advantage. In the year 1796,
the time he was acting for Mr.
Trotter, lord Melville came to him,
and asked him, if any, and what
sum of money, could be spared from

-

615

ihe public stock ? The witness said,
40,0001. could be spared, and that
sum was paid his lordship in the
presence of the late Mr. Pitt, Mr.
Charles Long, and others.—[N. B.
This was40,0004. advanced to Boyd,
Benfcld, and co.|—The witkess
added, that he took no receipt for
the money so advanced.

George ‘Tierney, esq. was exa-
mined as to the way in which he kept
his account with the bank when he
was treasurer of thenayy. Iu order
to prevent the transit of large sums
from the bank, he paid a certain um,
to his own credit at the bank, and
Satisfied the claims upon the public
service, by giving drafts upon the
bank, which were carried to his cre-
dit account ; so that the publicmoney
ran no risk,

Thomas Beverly West, esq. proved
that lord Melville carried the bill to
the lords for regulating the office of
treasurer of his majesty’s navy, and
that he was the principal instrument
in framing and bringing in suck
bill.

The evidence on the part of the
prosecution was closed by reading a
general monthly statement of all
balances in the hands of the pay-
master, during the time lord Mel.
ville executed the office of treasurer
of the navy.

Sir Samuel Romilly now proceed-
ed to sum up the several heads of
evidence, and apply them to the
charges exhibited against the noble
defendant. His speech occupied
the whole of one day, and was list-
ened to with great attention. Ue
animadverted with much severity on
the suspicions faét of burning the
vouchers, and of his lordship’s re-
fusal to account for one sum of
10,0001. which he confessed to have
misapplied. He also dwelt with’

Rr4 much

616 ANNUAL RE

much force upon «the :two 1000/1.
bank notes, traced to the private
use of the noble ‘defendant, which
had been issued for naval purposes 3
and ebserved, that if their lordships
were convinced that the noble de-
fendant had criminally misapplied
one shilling of.the public money, and
had converted it to his own private
use and advantage, he was guilty in
the eye of the law. He insisted, in
the strongest terms, that neither
Jord M. nor Mr. 'T’, were authorised
to make private. use of the mouey
entrusted to them; that balances of
many thousand pounds remained in
the hands of lord M. unaccounted
for, from 1784 to 1800: that his
Jordship’s declaration, that he would
not tell how he had disposed of cer-
tain sums, was a gross and daring
violation of the law of the land : and
that the representation of Mr. 'Trot-
ter, in which he stated that lord M.
had rejected an application of his to
employ the public. money for his
lordship’s. advantage, was an insult
to the discernment of the house.

THE DEFENCE,

Mr, Plomer, the succeeding day,
entered upon lord Melville’s defence,
and continued, through that and the
following day, to enforce his lord-
ship’s innocence, and_ the propricty
and justice of his acquittal. He
began by stating, that his mind was
relieved from much of that anxiety
which. he had originally felr, inas-
mich as he was. now justified in
saying, after having heard the-case
on the. part of the prosecution, that
the.noble defendant was not called
upon to answer for any malversa-
tions of his own, but for the mal-
versations of those in whom it had
been his misfortune to place-implicit
and unlimited confidence.. The

GISTER,

prosecutors, he said, were the
knights and burgesses of the united

1806.

parliament of the British empire,a —

body every way qualified and armed.

with due authority and power to en- —

force their accusations, and from
whose discrimination and collective
wisdom it was impossible for guilt
to shield itself.
the prosecution were men of splen-
did talents, and high character, pos-
sessing great assiduity and zeal, and
every way competent to the task
assigned them.—Yet, with all that
power, assiduity, and zeal, he should
prove, and he hoped most satisfac.
torily, thatthere was not the smallest
foundation for the charges pre-
ferred. When he said that, he did
not mean to impute blame to the
house of commons for prosecuting
the charges. There had unques-
tionably existed great abuses in many
of the public departments of govern,
ment, and perhaps more particular-
ly in the office of treasurer of the
nayy—it was therefore proper the
public should have the matter sifted
to the hottom.—Had that been done
in the first instance, no member of
the house of commons would have
violated the first principle of justice,
by condemning a man unheard, Un-
fortunately a different course had
been pursued—an address had been
carried to the foot of the throne,
prejudgigg, the case of the noble
lord, afid guilt ‘presumed before it
had been clearly proved and estab-
lished. In consequence of such un-
just proceedings, the noble defen-

dant had been severed from his ma- |

jesty’s councils for ever, and in that
act -he had suffered the worst of pu-
nishments that could be inflicted
upon an honourable: and. feeling
mind.+—But in what light must such
premature punishment appear,when,

after

The managers of —

i

APPENDIX

after sifting his case to the bottom,
the main point, that of a criminal
participation in the gains and emo-
Juments arising from the use of the
public money, had been fully nega-
tived by the witnesses brought for-
ward for the prosecution? Yet he
would repeat, that the character of
the house of commons would not
suffer, if the result was favourable to
the defendant. Still it must be ad-
“mitted, that his lordship was the vic-
tim of a peculiar species of prose.
-eution, which outraged every prin-
ciple of justice and humanity—
borne down by positive charges of
guilt, calumuies uttered behind his
back, and promulgated in an as.
sembly where he could not be heard,
and those calumnies registered
‘among the records of the kingdom.
Notwithstanding such was his lord-
ship’ s unparalleled case, he trusted
their Jordship’s would come to the
estion with minds pure and un-
biassed. The learned counsel then
recapitulated the charges, and con-
tended that there was no pretence
for supposing that the noble defen-
t had corruptly appropriated the
iblic money. Had the charge of
iminal participation been made
t, he should have claimed no fa-
‘Your or indulgence. Had it been
_ proved in any one instance, that his
aor ship’s mind had been influenced
by y corrupt motives, or if the noble
‘defendant had violated his duty for
the purpose of private advantage or
emolument, then would he have de-
livered him over to condemnation.
sut no such proof appeared in eévi-
{ lence, and all that had been made
out was, that lord Melville was a
“negligent man as far as regarded pe-
‘Cuniary matters, and placed too firm
t reliance on. his dependants. What
vadyanced was not merely asser-

to the CHRONICLE.

617

tion. Let their lordships look to
the faéts. proved—they would find
that lord Melville had shown a uni-
form disregard of money, and that
his habits. and general conduct
through life precluded the idea of
his devoting his time or attention to
pecuniary matters, when connected
with his own privateinterests, Ine
deed the honourable manager him-
self had told their lordships, that he
believed the noble defendant to be a
man of a generous and unbounded
spirit, and if he should now be
proved guilty, he had only to re.
gret that he should have departed
from his rectitude at a time of life
when it was natural to think that
other than vicious inducements
would have influenced his conduct,
Here the learned counsel enume-
rated the many high and distinguish-
ed offices filled by the noble defen-
dant.—He had been secretary of
state, he said, both for the home and
foreign. department, and he had been
the sole manager of affairs with re-
spect to.the British empire in the
east ; and argued from thence, that
it was impossible an individual so
honourably employed should have
leisure or disposition to. pursue so
vicious and so mean a propensity, as
that ofamassing wealth by employing
the public money in specuiations of
great risk and hazard. With regard
to the first charge, he said, the no-
ble defendant was controlled by no
statute or constitutional law of the
kingdom.. The only obligation upon
him to prevent his making use of the
public money, was the warrant by
which his salary was augmented.
There was.no law to the contrary ;
and the treasurer of the navy, was
as fairly entitled, at that period,
to.make use of the public money,
as the paymaster of the army, or

the

618

the receiver-general of the land-tax.
The learned counsel then alluded
to the case of lord Holland, who
was a great public defaulter, and re-
marked, that when an inquiry was
instituted in the house of commons,
in the case of Powell and Bain-
bridge, Mr. Fox, and others equally
eminent for wisdom, asserted, that
if a public accountant was held re.
sponsible, it was a matter of indif-
ference to the public what private
use he made of the public money,
provided the public service was not
injured, and he was ready to pay
up his balances when called upon.
The great earl of Chatham, he said,
was also of that opinion. Mr.
Grenville, he said, when paymaster,
desired two months to settle his ac-
counts—he would ask, why require
two hours, if the use of the public
eer, had been held to be unlaw-
fal? The fact was, that it was not
then considered to be so ; nor was it
im point of fact illegal, and he meant
to go the length of contending,
that the aet passed in 1786 made
no alteration in the old law; and
therefore the applying the first
10,000/. before and after the pass.
ing of that aét, was precisely the
same thing. Still he did not mean to
assert that the application of the
public money to private purposes
was not a violation of the warrant ;
and if any loss had accrued, the de-
fendant would have been liable to a
civilsuit. No such loss had taken
place. The noble defendant had
paid every shilling of his balances in
due tourse; and yet he was now
called upon to answer criminally for
making use of money entrusted to
his diseretion by the state. ‘The
learned counsel then touched upon
the 10,0002. which his lordship re-
fused to say how it was applied;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

and called upon their lordships to
say whether a man, by the humatie
principles of British justice, had
ever been deemed criminal for his
silence, It was possible the noble
defendant might have used it for other
than naval purposes, but that did
not prove that he had used it cor-
ruptly. ‘The noble defendant was
aware of the obloquy that might be
attached to the concealment he still
persisted in; but,he would be con-
tent to endure the odium of their
lordships, and the unjust suspicions
which such conduct might give rise
to, rather than violate the obliga-
tions he owed to public duty and
private honour. Had not the late
chancellor of the exchequer felt
himself at liberty to divulge the
40,000/. advanced to Boyd, Ben-
field, and co. the noble defendant
would never have disclosed the ap-
plication. An indemnity had passed
for that advance—then why not
give the noble defendant credit for
having applied the 10,000/. in an
equally meritorious way? He then —
commented at length on the testi«
mony submitted on the part of the
prosecution, and censured the ma-
wagers for the way in which they
had endeavoured to obtain evidence
against the noble defendant. They
had not contented themselves, he
said, with diving into the private ac-
counts of individuals at bankers,
but had climbed into the attic of a
poor widow woman with a view to
gain evidence. They hadinaman-
ner stript the noble defendant like
an insolvent debtor, and exposed
every circumstance of his life for
half a century past. One of the
managers too had acted in the triple
character of a prosecutor, a witness,
and a carrier of abox; and the re-
sult of all was, that such evidence

had

_ that act.

fs

APPENDIX

had never before been brought
ainst any individual, either in a

_ civil or criminal court of judicature.
The learned counsel next alluded to
the removal of the money from the
bank to Messrs. Coutts’s, and .also
to the chest and current accounts
spoken of; with which he said the
public had nothing to do, provided
they suffered no loss. Tle also re-
marked, that the managers had never
contended that the money was not
taken from the bank for naval ser-
vices outright, but that it was not
_ taken for the immediate service of
the navy. He would ask, where
could the money be more securely
_ placed, while in the progress of pay-
ment, than at Conutts’s? or more
Mdsfely deposited than in an iron

£ chest, ready for issue when the pub-

_ lic service required it? He then re-
ferred to what he termed the unjust
popular clamour raised against lord

- Melville for violating an act of par-
liament, which he was himself the
principal instrument in framing. In

_ reply to which, he would contend,
{and he firmly believed he did not
“mistake the meaning of that act,)
that the noble defendant had neither
violated the spirit nor the letter of
lord Melville, he said,
_ never meant, when he framed that
bill, that it should interfere with the
course of office; and its principal
object was to secure the transit of
money from the exchequer to the
bank, and not to direct the applica-
tion of that money after it was
_ dzawn from the bank, provided it
was ultimately applied to the pub-
lie service. He thought hehad said

_ enongh to obliterate from their lord-
_Ship’s minds all ideas of a corrupt
We th on the part of the no-
le defendant, or that he confede-

2: Tated with Mr. Trotter to plae the

to the CHRONICLE.

619

public money out at interest for
their mutual advantage. There was,
however, another charge of great
magnitude, he meant the destruction
of vouchers: to which he should
only reply, that the evidence
brought to support it (as far as re-
garded the noble defendant) had
most completely refuted the impu-
tation derived from the att. Mr.
Trotter had distinétly -avowed the
act to have been his own; that it
was done without the knowledge of
lord Melville, and with no view
whatever to promote the interests of
his lordship. Such was the evidence
of Mr. Trotter, who had every in-
ducement to speak against lord Mel-
ville, if in his conscience‘he could
have done it, as by that means he
would have cleared his own charac~
ter from imputation. But that was
was not all ; he: had as distinctly
sworn that the.use made of the pub-
lic money was for his own exclusive
advantage; and that he never ren-
dered the noble defendant any ac-
count of the gains he had made, or
intimated, in the slightest manner,
that he was deriving any such advan-
tage from the use of the public
stock. ‘The learned counsel then
went through the whole of the evi-
dence, commenting, as he proceed-
ed, upon its import, and contended,

that the only thing that could he
urged against his lordship with any
colour of j ustice, was the charge of
negligence, and that was in a degree
excused by the many important ave-
cations he wasengaged in. He had
to provide against domestic danger
and foreign alarm ; and it was not te

‘be wondered at if he was negligent

of calculating with extreme accu-
racy the pounds, shillings, and
pence, of accounts rendered him by
an individual who possesged his un-

bounded

620

bounded confidence.. Upon the
whole, therefore, he should contend,

that’ previous to the passing of the
aét; in 1786, there was no statute
law to prevent the treasurer from
using the public money ; that the vio-
lation of his contract with the pub-
lic was only the subject of a civil
suit; and further, that after the
passing of that act the old law still
remained in force, and was no wa

altered by the new enaétments., But
if he was mistaken in the law, then
the evidence was not sufficient to
‘support the charges as against the
defendant, and he must be acquitted.
The learned gentleman concluded
by stating, that lord Melville, so far
from being that avaricious person
described, or being capable of so
meaa a propensity as that of deriving
advantage from speculating with the
public money, he should prove that
he had freely and willingly given up
the profits of his office, to the
amount of 26,000/. and left it to
their lordships to say, whether it
was possible a man, who could so
att, would, by unlawful means, en-
deavour to defraud the public by pe-
culation in his office, or could justiy
be suspected of high crimes and mis-
demeanors.

Mr. Adam went over the same
ground of argument, and contended,
that the act of 1780 never meant
thatthe public money should be
Jocked up in the bank—it only
meant that it should be deposited
there in the first instance when im-
pressed from the exchequer, and
afterwards drawn out at the dis-
cretion and will of the treasurer of
the navy as the public service re-
quired.

Several witnesses were then called
to prove the fact that lord Melville
refrained from receiving the salaries,
fecs, and profits of his office of third

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

secretary of state until the time of
his resignation, amounting in all %
a sum of 26,0007.

The attorney general replied to
the legal doctrines advanced by Mr.
Plomer, and remarked, that they
were as erroneous as they were
novel and dangerous, He then en-
tered ‘at great length into the mean-
ing and import of theseveral statutes
regulating the oflice of treasurer ;
and insisted, that it was impossible
for the most subtle reasoner, or ex-
pert casuist, to convince their lord-
ships that lord Melville had not vio-
lated the aét of 1786.

Mr. Whitbread proceeded to make
hisreply. He began by expressing
his surprise at the very extraordi-
nary arguments the learned counsel .
(Mr. Plomer) had been driven to :
embracing principles, he said, not
ouly dangerous to the public prospes
rity, but to the very existence of
the country. Hecould not help re-
marking also upon the way in which
the learned counsel had treated
him ; but he disregarded the per-
Sonalities- directed against him ;
and only felt regret, that a
man of great legal authority and
celebrity should have degraded him.
self by advancing doctrines to sup-
port the innocence of his client,
which ought never to have been
stated in a British court of justice—
doctrines calculated to put an end
to all responsibility in, public ac-
countants, and to leave the publie
purse at the mercy of every indivi-
dual who had any control over it,
With respect to the topics urged
against himself, he supposed the
learned counsel imagined, that by -
adopting biting sarcasm, he should
irritate his feelings, and throw him
off his guard. If so, he would be
disappointed, He should imitate
the eenduct of an individual describ-

ed

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE,

ed in a celebrated book, read in
infancy for amusement, and at ma-
turity for the sake of its moral in-
‘struction—he meant The Arabian

Nights Entertainments. In that

work it was stated, that a great and
_ yaluable prize was placed on the
“summit of an exceedingly high hill,
and that those who went in search
" of it were directed to look neither to
the right nor the left, nor to regard
_theterrifying noises they would be
assailed with, but to keep a steady
and unaltered course; concluding,
that if they turned to look behind
them, they would be transformed
into stones. Many attempted to
ascend, but failed; one adventurer,
however, strictly abiding by his in-
" struétions, and despising the dan-
gers which surrounded him, reached
"the summit, and gained the prize.
He therefore should endeavour to
_ imitate that individual—the learned

but he should proceed in the course
arked out for him, without devia-
ng to the right or the left. [is
bject was, to obtain justice against
great public delinquent, and he
ould do itin spite of every ob-
cle placed in hisway. Had lord
felville made his own defence, he
id, he would have been ashamed
f vindicating his conduét by the
means which his counsel had em-
ployed, whohad made a speech of
eight hours to mislead and misre-
esent, He had asserted, that the
fendant was not bound by the act
his own framing—that he (Mr.
W.) would most positively deny ;
but admitting it to be the fact, he
‘was guilty of a breach of the aét
antecedent to that statute, by doing
that which he had received a com-
pensation for not doing. In that
breach he was guilty of an offence

- > 2

eeonnsel might Azss and might how/;*

‘tion.

631

indiétable at common law. Mr.
Whitbread then proceeded to reply
to that part of Mr, Plomer’s argu-
ment which respected the hardship
imposed upen his Jordship by the
species of prosecution adopted,

‘and said, it was the defendant's

wish that it should be so. ‘The
house of commons, he said, had ori-
ginally proposed to prosecute be-
fore the ordinary tribunal; but the
defendant’s friends would have it
otherwise. ‘The Jearned counsel
had also dwelt upon the noble lord’s
services. He (Mr. W.) did not
deny those services, and thought
him entitled to praise for his general
conduct, excepting with regard to.
the public treasure, and that he
had abused, That was the only
erime the ‘commons charged him
with. The orator then went on,
enforcing the necessity of keeping
the naval treasure sacred and apart
from every other service. It had its
fibrous root, hesaid, in the industry
and labour of the. meanest peasant,
and was a fund that ought not to be
exposed to the possibility of risk or
loss. The learned counsel had
ostentatiously stated that lord Mel.
ville had’ paid up all his balances.
That made no difference in the ques-
if he had not paid them, he
would have been compelled by
legal process. But, doing his duty
in one instance, did not justify the
omission of itin another. As little
would the argument avail him, of
his giving up the salary and profits
of office. He could not do other.
wise. An act of parliament was
passed, by whichno servant of the
public could receive more than
60001. a year; and, as lord Mel-
ville’s places amounted to considera-
bly more than that sum, he could
not take credit to himself for not

receiving

6622 ANNUAL RE
receiving that which it was out of
his power to receive. But he might
have relinquished one of his offices,
had he not known from experience
that 40001. a year as treasurer of
the navy, was better than 40001. a
year as third secretary of state. Mr. *
Whitbread then touched upon the
éestruction of vouchers; and ob-
served, that notwithstanding Mr.
Trotter had made the act exclusively
his own, yet their lordships would
deezde whether it was possible that.
lord Melville should not have partici-
patedin that act. He then referred
to the several bank notes issued for
the public service, and traced to his
lordship’s private account; intro-
ducing, by way of analogy, the story
inthe ‘* Adventures of a Guinea.”
—T'irst, he said, it was given to
a counsel for gaining a cause against
evidence — then passed into the
pocket of the great earl of Chatham,
from him to general Wolfe, and so
on; but he would ask, what would
have been the gratification of that.
guinea, had it becn sent from the
exchequer for the naval service of
@he country? ‘¢ QO, happy guinea,
that I am (it would have exclaimed),
now shall I be conveyed to Ports-
mouth to clothe the gallant tar, to
administer to his comforts, or be
expended to make his infant and
its mother happy!” But what
the disappointment, when, instead
of Being thus honourably employed,
it found itself thrust into an iron
chest, for the private uses of a
treasurer, or, with 3 or 4000 fel-
low-sufferers transported into Scot..
land in aid of ostentatious prodiga-
lity, and applied to services that
could not be revealed? Their lord-
ships would draw their own conclu.
sion; but he would maintain, that
the public money had been inter.

GISTER, 1806.

cepted, and applied to the private
advantage of the noble defendant,
in violation of his lordship’s con.
tract, in violation of Jaw, and in
abuse of his high office. The iden-
tity of certain notes, he said, had
been proved with the same accuracy
as ona trial for forgery; and though
it was said that his character was .
dear to the defendant as his life,
yet if the managers had proved him
gnilty, it was their lordships’ duty
to find him so, whatever the conse-
quences might be to that character.
The high and the low were amenable
to the same law ; and if their lord-
ships were convinced of the noble
defendant’s peculation, they were
bound'to say so by their verdict.
Mr. Whitbread then adverted to
lord Melville’s declaration, that he
would not account for the applica-
tion of a sum of 10,000/. charged
against him, and asked, whether a
public accountant should be per-
mitted to say, with impunity—“ I
will not tell you how I have dis-
posed of the public money!” But
he would tell their lordships why
Jord Melville did not choose to di-
vulge the application of that 10,000/.
as he had done the 40,000/, to
Boyd, Benfield, and co. It was be-
cause the application and the appro.
priation were exclusively his own—
administered to his own private
wants and uses, With respect to
that ‘¢ Sanctuary of Liberty,” the
house of commons, which the learn.
ed counsel had taken the liberty
to sneer at and treat contemptuous.

‘ly, he should not conclude without

noticing the insult he had con-
veyed, and in the name of that
house of commons expressing its in-
dignation. The commons.house of
parliament, he would tel! him, were
rightly jealous of their privileges,

and

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

and must not be triftéd with any
more than the sceptre of the mo-
narch, or the scarlet and ermine of
_ their lordships. It was therefore
the duty of the peers of parliament
to enforce the respect due to the
one, as well as tothe other. Mr.
Whitbread then called their lord-
ships’ attention to Mr. ‘Trotter’s
evidence ; and argued, that if lord
Melville was justified in removing
_the public money from the bank
_ to Coutts’s, he was justified also in
removing it to his ownhonuse. The
short question then was, did Mr.
Trotter remove and use the public
_money with the permission of lord
_ Melville? He would contend that
he must have had such permission,
_ and, if so, lord Melville was guilty
of connivance. With respect to
the argument, that lord Melville
_ could not be actuated by so base a
propensity as that of making ad-
vantage of the public money, he
would reply, in the words of a
Roman historian — ‘¢ That a man
might be covetous of another’s
_ wealth, and yet profuse of his
_ Own. 0? He again referred to the

_ vouchers, and said, that the de-
"struction of papers had always
been considered as presumptive

"evidence. of guilt. The rincing of
% "bottles was esteemed such in the
ease of captain Donellan and sir
re ‘Theodosius Boughton. ; ; and the
~ burning of papers, in which poison

had been folded up, the same in
Miss Biandy’s case. The , defen-
if " dant’s innocence or guilt was now
with their lordships, and he felt as-

_Sured they would decide with jus-
_ tice and with honour. After urg-
ad these, and a variety of other

_ topics, which our limits will not
permit us to follow, he concluded

ae

-

623

by observing, that as the commons
had entered upon the prosecu-
tion without fear, so had they, he
hoped, concluded it without re-
proach.

SIXTEENTH DAY.
Thursday, June 12.
On this day ihe anxiety to hear
the final determination of this most
important case attracted crowds

‘beyond what had been present on

any former day ; and many hun-
dreds who had procured tickets
were obliged to go away without
being able to effect an entrance.
The peeresses attended in such
numbers, that there was scarcely
accommodation for them. About
a quarter before eleven, the ma-
nagers, followed by the other mem-
bers of the house of commons, and
after them by the speaker, entered
Westminster hall. The lords were
closely shut up until 12 o'clock ;
during which time, the several ar-
ticles of impeachment were read,
and the final arrangements made
for passing judgment in the high
court of parliament. Their lord-
ships then went in the accustomed
procession to the hall. The peers
sat exaéily arranged according
to their rank ; as they were to
be called upon from a paper which
the lord Chancellor held in his
hand.

Silence heing proclaimed, the
lord chancellor addressed their lord-
ships in the following words :

‘¢ Your lordships having fully
considered and deliberated upon the
several articles of impeachment ex-
hibited against Henry viscount Mel-
ville, and the evidence adduced in
support thereof, are now to pro-
nounce BY jndgment on the several

questions >.

624

questions ; and the first question i is
this.”

His lordship then stated the charge
contained in this article, and asked
the opinion of each lord, beginning
with the junior in rank present, in
the following form :

“John lord Crewe (the junior
baron,) what says your lordship to
this first article of charge?”

Lord Crewe answered, ‘* Not
guilty, upon my honour,” laying
his right hand upon his left breast.

“¢ James lord Lauderdale, what
says your lordship to this first article
of charge 2?”

¢¢ Guilty, upon my honour.”

His lordship then put the question
in succession to every other peer, up
to his royal highness the duke of
York, the prince of Wales not being
present. The lord chancellor, having
taken all the other opinions, gave his
own in this form :

“¢.] Thomas lord Erskine having
- fully considered and deliberated
upon the matter of the first article,
am of opinion, that Henry viscount
Melville, is not guilty on that arti.
cle, upon my honour.”

All the votes being taken upon
the first article, silence was again
proclaimed, aud the question put in
the same manner on the remaining
charges, till the whole was gone
through. About twenty-five mi-
nutes was taken up in collecting the
votes on each charge. The whole
of the votes were entered about a
quarter before three; but it took
nearan hour more to count thenum-
bers. At twenty minutes before
four, the numbers being.all cast up
by the clerks, assisted by the agents
of the parties, the lord Chancellor
spoke as follows ;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

¢¢ My Lords,

“¢ A majority of the lords have
AcquitTep, Henry viscount MEL-
VILLE Of the niem cRIMEs and ©
MISDEMEANOURS charged upon him
by the mmpracument of the com.
mons, and of all things contained
therein.” ;

“¢ Henry Vascount Metvitre, |

‘© Tam to acquaint your lord-
ship, that you Are AcquiTrEp of
the articLes of IMPEACUMENT EX- ©
HIBITED AGAINST you by the com-
MONS, for HIGH CRIMES and MISDE- —
MEANOURS, and OF ALL THINGS
CONTAINED THEREIN.”

Lord Melville, who stood up
while the lord Chancellor addressed
him, bowed and retired.

The lord chancellor, then put
the question to adjourn to the cham-
ber of parliament; which was im.
mediately ordered, ‘

———E

The following is a cortect copy, .
from the jourtals, of the verdict of
the peers on each article:

On the first Article,

-Not Guilty 120

Guilty 15—105 Majority,
On thesecand Article,
Not Guilty 81
Guilty 54—27
On the third Article,
Not Guilty 83
Guilty 52—31

On the fourth Article,
NotGuilty unanimously —1$5
On the fifth Article,
Not Guilty
Guilty 5—1238
On the sixth Article,

Not Guilty 88
Guilty 47—41-
On the seventh Article, 3
Not Guilty 85
Guilty | 50—38

* Lord Suffolk went out.

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

St. John, 1;2,3, 6, 7, 9, 10

625

_ On the eighth Article,

Not Guilty 121 Clifton, 1, 2, 3,6, 7
Guilty 14—107 King, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,8,9
On the ninth Article, Ponsonby, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,9
Not Guilty 121 Grantham, 1
Guilty 14— 107 Dynevor, 7
On the tenth and last Article. Holland, 1, 2,3, 6,7, 9, 10
~ Not Guilty 124. Grantley, 2, 3, 6,7
Guilty 11—113 Rawdon, 2, 3, 6,7

Bulkeley, 6, 7
Somers, 2, 3, 6, 7,8
Fife, 2,3, 5, 6, 7,8
Grimston, 2, 3,6, 7
Gare, 255, 7 i.
Auckland, 2, 8, 6, 7
Ossory, 2

Dundas, 2, 3, 6, 7

| The following has*been given as a
statement of the manner in which
__ the peers voted:

GUILTY ON THE FOLLOWING

‘ CIIARGES.
‘Lord Chancellor, 2, 3, 6, 7

Duxrs—York, 3 __
Clarence, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10
m Kent, 2, 3, 6,7
_ Sussex, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,8, 10
Gloucester, 1, 3, 6,7, 9

Yarborvugh, 2, 3, 6, 7
Dawpay, 1, 2, 3, 6,7, 10
Dunstanville, 2, 3, 6,7, 9

Minto, 2, 3, 6,7

Lilford, 2, 3,

Lord President, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10 Carysfort, 2, 3, 6,7
? Lord Privy Seal, as 3, 6, fee 8 Ellenborough, 2, 3, 5, 6, % &
~ Doxes—Norfolk, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,8 Lauderdale, 1, 2, 3, 6,7, 9, 19°

Somerset, 2,3
St. Albans, 2, 3,6, 7

Marauises—Winchester, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8,9

__ Headfort, 2, 3, 6, 7
Earis—Derby, 2, 3, 6,7, 8, 9

7 «
Crewe, 2, 3, 6, 7,

NOT GUILTY UPON ALL THE
CHARGES.

i DUKES,
inc.” : nts ad Cumberland Beaufort
Carlisle, 2, 3, 7 _ Cambridge Rutland
Oxford, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10 MARQUISES,

- Cowper, 2, 6,7, 8 Salisbury Cornwallis
, Stanhope, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10 Abercorn Hertford
Buckinghamshire, 2 ~ EARLS.

Egremont, 2

Aylesford, (Lord

Strange, (Athol)

© Radnor; 2, 3,6 Steward) Mount Edgecumbe
_ Mansfield, 2, 3, 6,7 Dartmouth, (Lord Digby
Grosvenor, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10 Chamberlain) Onslow
Forteseue, 2 Bridgewater Chichester
% Caernarvon, 1, 2, 3, 6,7,8 Westmoreland Powis .
_ Bredalbane, 2, 3, 6,7 Essex Strathmore
meetair, 2, 3, 6 Doncaster, (Buc- Rothes
_ Enniskillin, 7 cleugh) Aboyne
_ Donoughmore, 2, 3, 6,7 Bristol Balcarras, went
Rosslyn, 2,3, 6,7 Macclesfield away after ist
Charleville, 7 Graham, (Mon- Charge
- trose) Glasgow
_ Viscount Hereford, 2, 8, 6, 7 Hardwicke Westmeath
3 a phat ie aie
4 athurst ucan
4 Bisuop of St. Asaph, 2, 3, 6, 7,9 Uabiides Timetee
LD @
Barons—Clifford, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 18 sia Caledon
~ Vou, XLVI , hci

626 ANNUAL REGISTER,
VISCOUNTS. Cathcart
Wentworth ‘Lowther Pie
‘Hampden “Pt ;
Pp Borringdon
BISHOPS. Berwick
Bath and Wells Chichester Haske
é - Kenyon
sibaricn Braysbrook
Spencer (Blandford) Mulgrave Amherst |
Hay Bradford Douglas
Baston Stuart, (Moray) Douglas, (Morton)
Irby Harewood

1806, :

_ Ashburnham

Rolle
Carrington
Bayning
Bolton
Northwick
Eldon

St. Helen ’s
Thomond
Arden
Sheffield

A GENERAL |

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 627

A GENERAL BILL
or
CHRISTENINGS AND BURIALS,

From Drcemper 17, 1805, to DeceMBER 16, 1806,

Christened __§ Males......10452 ? Tn all,

Mates.....9215 ] In all
¢ Females.. 9928 § 20380 Buried ; t >

Females,.8728 § 17938

Increased in Burials this a 363.

Died under 2 years........ 5405 | 50 and 1503: | 108......05. 0
Between... Qand 5,......2029 | 60 and 74. Bey 1265 | i
Hp and-10.....+. 822 | 70 and 80........ 859 | 104... val
40 and 20...... 635 | S80 and 90....... 414 | 105.......00. 0
20 and 30...... fee | 90 and 100,....... 99 | 410.. ..... 0
30 and 40....... D782 APAOO le ccc cansete eerie BN) Brevis ease 8)
40 and 50.. 1798 | 101. : 0 |
DISEASES, Cramporssenspice 3 | Miscarriage... 1| CASUALTIES,
Sb Croupi.ctei.ceeeeoe 44 | Morutficz HOD... 285 |
AportTive and Diabetes.......... 1 | Palsy... ..188 Broken Limbs.. 3
still born.....,657 | Dropsy......0. 00. 763 Palpitation. Fj | Bruised............ 2
VADSCESS,.0.,000066 93} Evils... ete 8] the Heart... AAPG OE hp cscs seccte 36
Lt 1380 | Fevers of all | Pleurisy......... +» 24! Drowned.......... 132
PAPEL, Gosipoensncpes 13 kinds..........1354 | Purples.......s0.. 2 Excessive Drink-
Apoplexy and Fistula 3 A} QUINSY.....00s000 2 | TGS. ccvdyaysucess> 15
re sudden......... POMS | Mleix voarctweceievess AW RASH. fc. fs00. site - 1) Bxecuted*......... *
Asthma and French Pox...... 58 | Rbeumatism..... 6 Found Dead.....
: Phthisic........ ASO Goutieasdecssbe: LOL WeCULY Ya berse: cast 2 ‘Fractured... i
Bedridden....,,... 5} Gravel, Stone, Small Pox...... 1158 Killed by Falls,
SIGS and Strangury ” Sore Throat... 7| and ‘several
Bleeding,......... spatniGrletiercettersc:s Sores «and Ul other Aeci-
- Burstenandrup- Headmouldshot, As OEE ea Bi RAETItSssc-ssesiete TA
Lal PETE) c.2)20000008 24| Horseshoehead, St. sae Ss Killed then,
» Cancer.........°... 71] and Water in Fire... we BD SELVES vaccscecec ay
' Chicken Pox.... 1 the Head........ 199 | Spasm..........05++ 16 | Murdered......:. 3
Bec hildbed......... 235 | Jaundice.......... 63 | Stoppage in the Poisoned............ 2
BRODIGS .6..0500. 12| Jaw Locked... 2| Stomach....... 14|Scalded.......... 6
_ Cholic, Gripes, Inflammation...560 | Teeth..............481 | Smothered........ 2
BEG r cchatcesn esse 21 Techy Sees crcl £4) Thrash.) 0.....a0c- G3'| SUATVED .seseorns, 1
Consumption, "3996 Lethargy....2....:. 2 | Tumour........... °1|Suffocated......,. 5
_ Convulsions....3602 | Livergrown...... 13 | Vomiting and ee
; Cough & Hoop- Tapaticsivsia.<c 146 | Looseness..... 1 Total 335
ing Cough.....623 | Measles,....4.....530 | Worms... 570)! oa

* There have been executed in the city of London and county of Surrey 15; of
which number 4 only bave been reported to be buried (as such) within the bills of
mortality,

Ss 2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

628

|

TEM 16 | TU Zt if0 1

I 1] 83 |EI I] $B | I 1] 93 |f0 1) 3

|

mit
tl
onl
wo

FL 1] br et 1! ot |t

*ydag ‘ysnsny

L.djoSS {0-1 2S

jms U feat

E W-tt (¥0 I} eT

'D

[ 1] 06

fT hg
3

ea

629

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

om coe

|

“PIeyD 9 os} § FS\9 39\9 6H9 OS|0 8h 6 OS 9 ‘80 t9| 6. 87) 9 ES & Bg." ~ > ‘sjwory

San ee

}

PETES TES |

{
‘aysung lo 6 tlo 0 to 0 110.0 to O 10 0 100 100 100 100 10 O 10 0 1]-° 77 Greg

‘jay lot Zell. VelOL sPlth OF|EIT OF\ES OF GHTS SF

tg lpitg oristr atts, Brj~--aesng

ee hain OO Pa ea OOo here g- |" =="sr0g,""
oon wi
Caf Og G1 6-4 OT Oa) 8 oe Oo ¢ | Sa07nW
So 8

ee ST OTe OPO $4 0.8 8 ¢|0 918 8 F \"** 4eog
8,

‘p *S *p XY ‘lp *s ‘p S "Dp "S$ ?p *$ D “9

| -uady ‘youryy| “qag | “ues

“gash foul “QO8I ‘AON 0} GOST "99 Wouy ‘UopuO'Ty Ur ‘sino pur 9[vg Savdng Qvoyy JO soo oy) JO ATAVL

fat

G30.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 180

"son | OQ | ‘ydag | -Bny | Ainge | oung | Avpy | paddy [yoseyy) qa | surg | ‘90g
: |

‘QOST “AON 0) “GOST ‘oq Wosy SparjSuy uy so1D)dnsgurg Jo raqunyy a4) Jo ofqey,

a Ey ee ee Oe eee

63}

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

: 0s°b9
co"F9
oraz | garg
O° 'BL .

: 08°69

. Of'F9
SUEZ :

“AON | .*.199039Q,

“9081 SIaquaaonyy 0} ‘G08 ‘xoquuav0q] Woy “sapyosuoy “gua sad ¢ youary oY) JO Soong 94) JO PTTVI

ydag

06°99
0°29

06°19

ynsny

O° LO

‘oe ee en) | cee ee ee | eee el
-

‘une

“Ane

og'eg

06°89
06°E9

OT’S9

OED

O8'T9

0 ‘39

key | “qudy

GP'E9
0 "S9

GLO9

0G°%9

YOR TAT

Orso

0 *é9

‘qad

‘uee

GL'6S

29g

CPE ee, ee

oT

AANA MOKRONR

>
4

Ss4

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

632

\

"9081 Iva OY} TOF SY907g dy} JO saoltd ysoMO{ pur zsoyFry OY) Orv BAOqe oq],

jaa PIO}'S'S

sanboyoxay

‘SMOOLS AO SUOTUd

siprord er 61 \eZe|tss| “ad ¢ fes| |sipoaed{ “sip tif 21 Foy Ergli gsitggne
sipo'd IOI 6I 6S\to6\adE ts] = | Foo|F9g|-sip1'd ¢| aed-sip ¢itzg1 a ae £6 82}4660/09
sip‘o'd art 61 {Z0S| fad Fe goad gaedysd go 1) 391 TL1 fr6leez) torZo9
sp'o'd Bel Gs frog rr6yadrs 719 rZgrid ¢ v ijad¢ v FlFegt Fil. P41 £96 8gz|t virg
‘ow [10 ‘op be ad ig lFo9 ‘ad pared) sip yard 08 £e6 282 1199209
LU 61 4509} 16 ady £2 ‘ygi2o9} goad go gad ¢ » ZiFo81| ‘mys LsGrsZi. vigg
ST 61 “Z9 ie sf (29) 1d “SIp] “SIP 1] “CST r96)r18 feoniag
‘oumryngiZ1 Gt jeegl fadezslyegsso, — ad -stpyisip Gt] 681 ¥l #81] “MYS |foGFISFE9MtE9
GL 6L |F193e6| #9 ‘ad *sqt; 0771p} 281 tly Pay tr6ltoslt nrg
ct 61.) S91t96| Fal ‘ad *se] “SIP *SE|TS61} I-21) 91 “$1 81 466|fes'teqn! £9
fx £6 8 FE9| cad sq) 0991p | 181 EGGlEISIE. MISO) §
Tegtc6! 6 rEg} ‘ad *sZ) *sip *s4 | 91°€ 81 Po6]138/1995c9
sip'ad zig 06 saltia a 1b reorad @ My] ad 1} G21 al 21 e6ltZZ 09966
Oey 3 T6s\adtoFz] — FOS|ESolsip dV s\sip|E rs Est rail #21), 286 £66 szit nog
G 06 Hes t ‘sip st] ad “S1|F621 vf ZI S2GlELL “09786
Sl 08 68| ‘ad ‘s3j} ‘sip *st| 81] OI-2 1) OI-E ZI 96 82 : D109
GS 06 1 "ad sg} tad *sT/ZG6ZT a TLI 66 eLet D (09
¢ 06 a ¥ 16 ‘ad *sg) cad sol O8l! OFZ 1) -9T-t ZI e6|* 1} 09M 26°
0 L fessito6 T6¢ sip Tavd| 21 £16 reale 56%
Sl 61 |ro9|t06 FOS| "HS copad ¢ cv gad geo oTrsi| “Ys {21} ‘wwys |2s6l¥os 266 F00
oid {OL OL HOOK ‘6gl ad § 19) pad ¢ v pad g DB TEST fL1 #001 706 olfoule £09
sip'o'd 3i6L 61 09 16 “aid O1LO9/E TOFS udgngag,ad FD £1981 ra £ L1/26901|¢36|t08 “tone 1¢
oma {ZT 61 fs2ot2e| “ad tt go [oe ae Led sip Tavd SSI 191} $66 £06 eG liz 6
as ad Zi6l 61 “og deidto TOTOS|F6S|fgglad Ev grad Cos) 164 a T21| OOT'F06| 621209” T¢
—| = ics ae Eee —— | | |
*sJayoi oe i

ales at Gono ween “1 S/n ‘uy UW] Sh sing wpuog | *yo0is| “uu ‘uuy SuoT “LOLT soe "UOQ} § *4U0D
ysiug {| ysisag ey eH] eipuy | erpuy} —woUg “OD sad ¢ |sad ¢]Dady a

~
+ SEP oy A |
T 61% ra @ Gi
F09| GTZ |
TIO). G1z| “AON
£09) TOGO |
709 €dt|, “PO
- Bld
Fegiizse| “Weg
189). rie
199 foyoipsnany
s&9
ip) ole ‘ ‘Ayn
TOE 8Oe
86c] Lz} “eung
466} 80% ;
$68). Tro] “Ae
TOSliole
S6G1610| ‘dy
Eig cO%
C19} SOG] TEN
109) 961}
So] $06] “47h
Egcle1Gl :
Soons6l; “ue
——
POM sPG | :
sade yueg Waq es

ne eel,
:

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 63

co
1 2)

SUPPLIES granted by Parliament for

the Year 1806.

NAVY, &c.

January 28.
| That 120,000 men be employed for the sea service,

for thes year 1806 ; including 29,000 marines. BAe sind
_ For wages of ditto for 13 months ..... pha etoer ie sds 2,886,000 0 @
eeenalling for ditto 2.2. ges. 52-2. .ee5e6e = 2,964,000 0 O
ror wear and tear of ships, ..2...-,-------.2----. 4,650,000 0 0
P F @r ordnance for sea service -----......--...0.-- 390,000 0 O
March 3.
For additional pay to officers and seamen, between
May isti and Dec. 31st. 1806. ......-...-..--- 193,158 2 4
For such measures as the exigency of affairs m: ay re-
Squire for Great Britain ............--------.- 2,400,000 0 O
Mor like purposes for Ireland ........-.----..-.- 600,000 0 0
March 4
- For ordinary of the navy,including half pay to sea and
ti marine officers, for 1806 ..-...-.-.---...2---- 1,045,353 12 11
_ For building and repairing ships of war for ditto 2... 1,980,830 O 0
¥ Seeetnie line of transports. . -2..-.+-..- 22-040. 1,250,000 0 0
_ For defraying the charge of prisoners of war in
4 BE sd ck ocan ond ste tne age o Ne 400,000 0 0
anitto, of sick prisoners of war ..........----..--- 45.000 0 O
FE ; For Hospitals for séanien-.. 26. . ne cain ane nee 2 30,000 0 0
x __
& &.18;864,341 15°
“fe ——
7 2 ARMY.

| February 1.
For 134,473 effective men for guards, garrisons, &c.
- in bis majesty’s service in Great Britain and Ire-
i , ‘ land,

634 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

land, and onthe continent, from Dec. 25th 1805,
to March 24th 1806, being 90 days treet seo r
For the forces in the plantations, &c. including Gib..
raltar, in the Mediterranean, in Ceylon, and in New
Bre Woates rel ten ge wen iy og tae =e aie
For the militia, feneible infantry, &c. in Great Bri-
tain and Ireland, from Dec. 25th 1805, to March
BAO RGOO: woee awed he Uke, AL othe eae
For 134,473 cilective men in Great Britain and bre-
land, from March 25th to May 24th 1806 .....2.
For forces in the plantations, &c. for the same period
For the militia, fencibles, infantry, &c. for same
jc ie ORT APS aay aE Rel Re Dua UIT SRR eaD ee och ~

April 15.

For supernumerary officers, for 1806 .....-... 22.08
For public departments in Great Britain and Ireland,
and for exchequer fees, for 1806 .............-. -

Por increased rates for quartering soldiers, lodging
money in Scotland, allowance for small beer, &c.
for’ 1@06: 22522 | 5 Se wie Utiee a wi des Melee a did die wie a

LSOOREAL OS. Me Rha Sase Morey oe Se BER
For allowances to reduced officers, for 1806 ....---
For reduced officers of British American forces, for

SO Pte ch eee Teg alan EE SR NB arr RGA Ss 1
For officers late in the service of the States General,

Coe THEO so oe. ieee Sak eas og PW. be? oe

For Chelsea and Kilmainham hospitals ......2....-
For officers’ widows in Great Britain and Ireland,
SL eRe elt a SORTER Ce a) Kamil ek opoe g WG”) Mo a
For hospital expences in Ireland, and the royal mili-
tary. infirmary in Dublin yf 029,62 562 fob eevee
For the barrack departments in Great Britain 2.2...
For the barrack departments in Ireland .2...22.2-2-
For 134,473 effective men in Great Britain and Ire-
land, from May 25th to June 24th 1806 .....--.
For forces in the plautations, -&c. for the same
OL) C0 Ae Bs an iis APO AUR pe rn gO AR

For the militia, fencible infantry, &c. from May 25th
Oran eather ict 6 Lee ae Aes

May 22.
For 123,599 effective men in Great Britain and Ire-

land, from June 25th to Dec. 241h 1806 ...2..-.-
For forces in plantations, &c. for the same
period 0. ae eae th dn ee gai dee hp Lae Ae

L,-
1,193,105

505,037

617,584

795,406
336,693

411,725

35,315

176,977

486,666

184,547
5,801

50,000

1,000

244,711
31,970
15,418

555,193
458,647

397,704

168,347

205,864

1,929,309

916,518 15 3

Sih

12

10)
13

0

7

2

For

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 635

For parties i in Great Britain, recruiting for regiments ee. a
serving in Trach tOn GG eters aie ate ta oltre 21,998 O O
For recruiting and contingencies of land forces. ._.-. 225,404 16 IL
For general, stall, and hospital officers in Great Britain
Sede ieélaud; tor 1206 __.S......-2-.-..-.---- 234,104 17 1
Por wilitiaand fencible iafantry in Great Britain and
Y freland, from June 25th to Dec. 24th -.-.....-.- 1,235,161 O 5
For tontingencies TOP MAG eee ae aahln idm hae we 52,153 17 O
For cloathing the militia of Great Britain ......-.... 157,227 16 4
‘or volunteer corps in Great Britain and Ireland .... 1,738,806 2 1
zo foreign corps in the service of Great Britain and
an P00 1806, » «<a a. peo sens sec enn--+- 985,909" B10
‘For allowances. to chaplains of the forces, for 1800 . . 15,000 0 ©
t
July 15.
For augmentation of pay to.certain classes of officers
¥ and privates of the forces, from June 25th to Dec.
(SS ASE th RE ARS ae, PR 161,700 9 LI
| For augmentation to the out pensioners of Chelsea hos-
__ pital, from June 25th to Dec. 24th -.......------ 50,000 0 0
re augmentation to the pensions of officers’ widows,
Meeior the same period .....2..22-2---2--esanccce 3,723 8 6
7 extraordinary expences of the army, for 1805 .. 272,368 15 10
r the extraordinaries of the army in Great Britain,
ey ere SS eo eee 3,000,000 0 0
ie, Tyo LETT DAR SE a me MG «Pa ae Paes 600,000 0. O
Vi _——
z . L. 18,507,518 18 5
ORDNANCE.
February 4.
For ordnance for land servicein Great Britain, for uel
Ree ol ih aa dcadeds ecledwee Re, J 79,432 13° 2
+ Ditto, COROT. orc totn te re ae tarttaeaee See 354,322 18 10
March 17
MP PONG, ks ae ee US Sie ite 9,957,181 6 6
fer ordnance for sea service for Great Britain, for 1
elegans Sep AP) 2 Ea 130,000 O 0
_ ®or sums advanced by Irish exchequer, for ordnance
Seeervices there, for 1805 ...-...-...--000. cleo 129,230 15 &
Ditto, for ordnance in Ireland, for 1800........-.-- 677,976 18 3

L. 4,328,144 12 4

be EXCHEQUER
¥,
¥

636 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.
EXCHEQUER BILLS.
March 17.

For discharging exchequer bills made out under L. 5
Meter. c6019 ooo sn et rete 2,500,000. 0
Ditto, made'ont 45. Sev 11S, oats oc elute 8,000,000 0
Ditto; made out 45 G. 3. &.120 cycle cewek 1,500,000 0 O
March 27.
‘Ditto, made out 39 and 40G. 3.c.28......-.--2-- 3,000,000 0 @
For discharging certain exchequer bills issued for the
SPRUCE AMUSO Cntr ciaccin 4 et asiatet aA isms a deat ha elt me 4,500,000 0 @

L. 19,500,000 0 O

VOTES OF CREDIT.

July 8.
Issued pursuant to addresses of the commons ..-.... 49,465 15 8
Issued further pursuant to address of the commons . 4,715 11 52
lrish currency, issued pursuant to addresses of the
COIINEETS EES A 9 eats eh te ag SRP ed He 3,250 0 0

L. 57,431 7 1%

_

MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES.

March 27.

- For the civil establishment of Upper Canada, for 1806 8,250 0 0
For ditto of Nova-Scotia, &c. .........----0- ee 7,165 0 O
For ditto of New Brunswick ..-... hiatieee cunt ene 4,650 0 O
For ditto of St. John im America .........--.------ 3,100 0 O
For ditto of Cape Breton ............----- pe GO MAE G20: aia see
Forditto.of Newfoondland .2.. 2... .s--..-.cs~c--0 2,565.,0 O
For ditto of the Bahama islands .........--..----- 4,400 0 O
For ditto-oef the Bermudas ©... 2-22 225.2. 22-. - 1,030 0 O
For:ditto of New South Wales» 25.2 26-2....-.-.-. 12,819 9 44
For the civil establishments at Sierra Leone -....... 18,000 O O
Ror foltsyccc. in Agee 220 6S das Si akin} ae 18,000 O O

March 25.
For discharging 5 per cent. annuities under 2 lists of
$7 anda? WGeGisy <5. ose cease ee dope ce as 695,076 15 9
To discharge annuities granted to the Jate duke
OF (RabeGeunter So, 20 Se ee 8 a 2,381 17 6
- For the navigation between Inverness and Fort William 51,250 14 0

For

: APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

‘

‘For roads and bridges in Scotland, for 1806 ........
For the usher of the court of exchequer .........-
Seavirts at home. ,. 2)... f)0L09, bes coe eee, So
| For reprinting journals, &c. of the house of commons
For printing and stationary for the two houses of
parliament .....-..------2--+----------e-----
Por printing votes, bills, reports, and other papers of
the commons, during the present session. ._...__. “a
For the French, Youlonese and Corsican emigrants,
and American loyalists apts haute Moone inte Ieee
Por the public office in Bow-Street ......--...---
Fer salaries and allowances to officers of the houses of
Meeords and Of commons ......2.-.2-.-c..-s 52025
For Srepervitisn Museum Leese ok eos cls buck
)) For discharging the interest of exchequer bills ....2.
For bills drawn from New South Wales .....-....
For superintendance of aliens -...-..-----------.-
Por the royal military college .......------.--.--.
For ditto in the barrack department to Dec. 24 1805
For the royal military asylum ......--..-..---.-
For additional allowances to clerks in the auditor’s
Secevo Jan. 5. 1806. 2).02 9.5 cade chet.
To iord Walsingham,as chairman of the committees of
ES SS Es a ea a
To T. Brodie, esq. for making an index to the thirty-
_two volumes of the ‘* Lord’s Journals” ........--
To Dr. Clarke,for his attendance relating to the act for
mearesiaence of the clergy j2..-22sc2.---2..08
To the Thames police office for the plan for the secu-
Beer the SIMDPINE Vosacok Uoled se hoe Siena
To J. Clementson esq. for reng of a heuse, due at Mid-
MER eA OOO is aS Ware ce eS See a ee

Semctary Of State 220 5 sores oo. ete ee ioe ence
‘For attendance on the committee relating to sir
BIE ODNOM | 0S 5222s oes 235 eee ee
To J. Vernon esq. for the purchase of premises for the
Soe. Pst Us an eet ei es
osir R. Ford, fora plan for a horse-patrole round the
METIS 5.2 Ss Sie oak eis kee SL ae Salad gs
for British subjects detained in France .....22.----

or accommodation of the additional commissioners of
BTCETCEONT(S) 352 CON LUN Sok i aR lr
: ‘For carrying on the building of the new mint -......

0 E. Stracey, esq. as counsel to x chairman of the
: isc of lords, for session 1804-5 ....----------
fo pay bills on accountof New South Wales, for 1800
or deficiency of expence of the public office in Bow-
_ Street, RL BOD) 2s eld, weep rarud nen nee ate

‘For a house in Downing-Street, for an ‘office for the |

687

10,250 14 0
1,934 4 5
48,329 0 0
10,000 0 6
29,300 0 O
20,000 0 0
143,849 17 0
12,000 0 .0
5,210 0 O
3,400 0 0
1,000,000 0 O
30,000 0 9
15420\+-0' 5°O
20,161 7.1
28,323 18. 6
23,350 10 10
8,565 18 3
2,698 13 0
534 14 0
278 -6°..6
974 8 O
219 14 0
3,435 19 6
457 1 6

7,062 12 6

4,346
1,059

1,949
25,000

1,515

1,592

243

0 1

10

6
9

oD

to Oo

Gre

633 ANNUAL_REGISTER, 1806.

To J. White, esq. for charges of prosecution and

defence of law-suits ....---. 0.002224. é ok eh.
For establishing a settlement in New Holland ....._-
For erecting buildings at Bethlem hospital .........
J ovearl Nelson’. io. g2uuot SEA) asd al os ade
' To be employed in the purchase ofa house and estate

to accompany the title of earl Nelson .....-2..-
For the use of the two sisters of viscount Nelson ....

May 22.
For the funeral of viscount Nelson ... ....-.22... 5
For the funeral. of Mr. Pitt .2...22..c.2. 0c 22. LLL.
Por secret sérvices for 1806. ...-. 2-2 ee ee b
Wor buildmg a uew mint... 2 ea

IW THOR es os tose bask cs eteet eelieg
For extraordinary expences of prosecutions relating to
CO WOVE bo nce phase pen moog ce ween
For contingencies of the three secretaries of state, do.
For extra charge for messengers to the three secre.

taries of state . 7.0 uy. eOl se este, bite sey
For ministers of the Vaudois churches, for 1806 ....
To sheriffs,for conviction of felons ....--.-...-.-.-
Por lave COaRiee es dns ce go mbes topes
For Protestant dissenting ministers and French refugees
F or the’board of agriculture ._..2Jsisyeh---,2/-2 25

For the seamen who served in the battle of ‘Trafalgar
As a compensation to Messrs. Chalmersand Cowie for
loss sustained by cargoes of Swedish herrings ....

June 30,
For buildings in Palace Yard, Westminster .........
For work done at the two houses of parliament, and at
tiie ispedker’s i. nc tepeknencs tp eeessenenee
To the trustees of the British museum .....-...---.
For fees on passing public accounts ...-.-.----.-. .
For salaries to the additional commissioners for public
accounts and their officers, to April 5, 1806 ......
For additional allowances to clerks in the office for
public'accounts, to April 5, 1806 .------..-----

To H.C. Litchfield, esq. for RIDER Eon and defence
of law-suits .... 2-22 se. sete oe eb lees eee oss oe,
For the carrrying on the Goud of the new mint ee
To the Thames police office .-....-- fae kin Senki a
Treasurer’s Remembrancer for preserving the records
For publishing the weekly returns of the average price
of sugar ..-.--.-------r002-+ 22-22 eee eerste
For carrying on the impeachment against viscount
MA VIGp eas bow coh seb coeeeere eds arse

302 10
10,000 O
10,000 0O
90,000 Oo
29,000 0
14,698 11
6,045 2
175,000 O
50,000 0O
1,270 17
2,500 O
12,400 0
9,000 0
1,828 §
11,600 0
20,000 O
10,336 3
3,000 Oo
300,000 0
25,000 0

54,184 14
12,600 0
7,500 O
3,000 0O
5,243 3
2,718 14
5,000 O
10,00 0

32+ 16

40 17

434 17
4,000 0O

To the Mast India company, for the public service ... 1,000,000 Q

So oocoo#¥#o 80 6 O9O0R0 So SofsG

°

ooce® © Oo oO°9°CSO

ec

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

For compensation for lands taken at Warley Common
and Woolwich, for the ordnance ......--..-..--
For paying off 5 per cent. annuities, under 37 and
RIE es. piste phe eihwieisl <a e Yau, Szis
For the establishment of a horse patrole on the public
Reece ly 5, L800} siete 8 £4 ices ici ltael wpraps aed
For printing by order of the commissioners of public
eee 5 Rao eo pra ehh se
For printing under the act for procuring returns of
READ 8 so 5 ele oe Le ey acre bette
To the royal college of surgeons, for a building for the
_ reception of Mr. Hunter’s collection ......-.--..
To the commissioners of naval inguiry .........---
For allowance to the commissioners of military inquiry
To the veterinary college, for 1806 ...-..........
For deficiency of grant for printing and stationary for
the houses of parliament, for 1805 .......-..-.-
For the military roads in Scotiand ...-....--....--
‘For deficiency of grants for Great Britain, in 1805 .,

IRELAND,

April 3.
To S, More, esq. for preparing public accounts of Ire-
land, to be Jaid before parliament ~.............
Seeemart, esq. for ditto’... 4.22. ce ecawee ‘<
To P. Le Bas, esq. for keeping corn bounties accounts
To R, Marshall, esq. for preparing accounts of imports

and exports of Ireland, for parliament _.......-
To R. Wetherall, esq. for preparing accounts for
Ne Scie ce a ab ia Eactas oe Sa

_ ToG. Hatton, esq. for ditto
See. toad; esq. for ditto 2352.25 2p. ek oo-. s
mato H. Haffield, esq. for ditto _....5...2.-...----.
For civil building in Ireland, for 1806 .........-.-
_ For printing and binding acts of 46 G. 3. ....-...--
For proclamations and advertisements for 1806 ....
For printing, stationary, &c. for the chief and under
secretaries offices, &c. in Ireland .....--......-.

For criminal prosecutions, and other law expences in
CSC RRS

For apprehending public offenders in Ireland, for 1806
For completing the sum for support of the non-con-
___ forming ministers of Ireland, 1806 -.......--..-
' For support of ditto :

oF

wee eee wee ee wee eee cee ee

£.
55,507

639

5. ate
18 &

286,179 18 0

3,167
3,596
393

15,000
26,500
10,500

1,500

2,380
4,994
1,707,589

25,000
2,500

5 66
5 10
1 of
0 0
Oo 0
0 .@G
0
235
ted
10.3
0 90
0 0
05 @
10)

0 O
0 8
OF
Oo 0
0 .e
0 G
On
0 6
0 0
oO 0
18 0
18 O
10« 2
6 11

640 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Sos . Oe
Bor Matie-use. guards 222.222 - ee eee e cence 740 0 Q
For incidents of the treasury of Ireland ...-.....-. 2,000 0 0
To the trustees of the linen and hempen manufactures 21,600 0 O
‘Por raising hemp-and flax -2.222.22..0522-222-222 2,000. 0" O
For the hempen and flaxen manufactures in Leinster, &c. 2,000 0 O
oe wie nrewih OF Hen fo! CLS yee oe Nn oho 7,250 0 O
For promoting the said manufactures ..._..-.----.- 10,350 0 O
For building and re-building churches, &c. -....---- 5,000 O O
For a hall of the royal college of surgeons in Jreland _~ 4,500 0 O
To the Dublin society for promoting husbandry, &c. 10,000 O O
For the farming society of Ireland ..........-.---- 3,000 0 O
For paving the streets, &c. of Dublin -.-.....-.---- 10,000 0 O
To the commissioners for widening the streets in Dublin 4,500 0 O
For promoting the English protestant schools in Ireland SaG2t S31
For the Foundling Hospital in Dublin .....---..-.- 22,500 0 O
For the Hibernian marine society in Dublin ...-.-.- 1,588 15 0
For re-building St..Andrew’s church, in Dublin ...-. 2,700 © 0
For the Hibernian school for soldier’s children ...... 8,210 10 10
For the female orphan house near Dublin -....2..-- 1,081 (2-2
- To the association for discountenancing vice, &c. ... 1,391 2 6
For supporting the Lock Hospital, in Dublin .....- 8,988 0 0
For the house of industry, and penitentiary in Dublin 22,862 17 10
For maintaining eighty patients in the House of Reco- :

SErys CG ca ann Set Ree oe ee nate moe Coens sink 1,030 18 6
For the Lying-in hospital in Dublin -.--.--..----- 2.4072" 6° 9
For the office of commissioner of charitable donations .

niet benGests J) St Saris Sus soe cee ene 400 O 0
For the Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland ...-... 8,000 0 O
For Madam Steevens hospital ........-.--....---- 4,743 3 -0

£.6,567,556 17 74

RECAPITULATION.
Maen) ae ond ae Sele ee meter 18,864,341 15 3 |
PUNY joe nc dks Poe meee Sere eee enna m= 18,507,518 18 5. .
TEE, Nt a ly Sg TPS ST Ba ef Sees Sees Bde oP 4,328,144 12 4
Exchequer Bills ......--.-2------------+------- 19,500,000 0 0
Wotesolcredut oo. 2 02582 6 oe ke een a ame mie 57,431 7 12
Pliscellameons services 222-5222. 25 caso ans es 6,567,556 17 7%
7

£.67,824,993 10 9}

- ** The Editor, not being able to procure the public papets on this head in
rime, bas stated the supplies as collected by himsclf from the mass of papers in
the Votes of the house. of commons. The Ways and Means he has deferred un- ~
tii the end of this volume, or the volume for the next year, as it was found impos-
sible to collec: them ia the same manner. The new taxes will be found in the
follawing table of acts.

- The

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

The following public Bills received
the Royal Assent in the Course of
the 4th Session of the 2d Parlia-
ment of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, com.
mencing on the 2ist day of Jan.
1806.

February 7th, 1806.

An act to empower the auditor
of the exchequer to constitute a
trustee for the execution of the said
office in the case therein mentioned.

.

February 12.

An act for continuing and grant-
ing to his majesty certain duties
upon malt in Great Britain, for the
service of the year 1806.

An act for continuing and grant-
ing to his majesty a duty on pen-
sions, offices, and personal estates,
in England ; and certain duties on
sugar, malt, tobacco, and snuff, in
Great Britain, for the service of the

year 1806.

‘ February 28.

An act to enable his majesty to
grant a certain annuity to lady vis-

- countess: Nelson, in consideration

of the eminent services performed
by the late vice-admiral lord vis-
count Nelson to his majesty and the

public.

An act to enable his majesty to
grant a certain annuity to rear-
admiral sir Richard Strachan, bart.
in consideration of the eminent ser-
vices which he has rendered to his
majesty and the public.

An act for raising the sum of five
millions by loans or exchequer bills,
for the service of Great Britain, for
the year 1806.

Vor. XLVIII.

641
March 22.

An act to indemnify such persons
in the United Kingdom, as have
omitted to qualify themselves for
offices and employments; and for
extending the times limited for those
purposes respectively, until the 25th
day of December, 1806, and to per-
mit such persons in Great Britain as
have omitted to make and file affi-
davits of the execution of inden-
tures of clerks to attornies and soli-
citors, to make and file the same on
or before the first day of Michacl-
mas Term, 1806.

An act for the regulation of his
majesty’s royal marine forces while
on shore. :

An act for allowing, until the
signature of preliminary articles of
peace, vesscls employed in the
Greenland whale fishery, to com- ‘
plete their full number of men at
certain ports.

An act for further continuing un-
til the 25th day of March, 1807,
an act passed in the 43d year of his
present majesty, for discontinuing
certain drawbacks and bounties on
the exportation of sugar from Great
Britain, and for allowing other
drawbacks and bounties in lieu
thereof.

An aét for allowing the exporta-
tion of corn and other articles for
the use of his majesty’s forces and
garrisons.

An act to continue several acts
for granting certain rates and du-
ties, and allowing certain drawbacks
and bounties, on goods, wares, and
merchandize imported into and ex.
ported from Ireland ; and for grant.
ing a duty upon malt and spirits
made and distilled in Ireland, until
the 29th day of September, 1806 ;
and for granting certain inlandduties

Tp of

642

of excise and taxes in Ireland, until
the 25th day of March, 1807.

An act for settling and securing
certain annuities on Cuthbert, lord
Collingwood, and the several other
persons therein described, in consi-
deration of the signal and important
service performed by the said Cuth-
bert lord Collingwood to his majesty
and the public.

An act to continue until the 25th
day of March, 1807, and to amend
several acts for regulating the draw-
backs and bounties on the exporta-
tion of sugar from Ireland.

An act for punishing mutiny and
desertion ; and for the better pay-
ment of the army and their quarters,
within the United Kingdom, and
the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Al-
derney, Sark, and Man.

An act to adeiaeul until the ist
day of June, 1807, and amend an
act passed in the 37th year of his
present majesty, for carrying into
execution the treaty of amity, com-
merce, and navigation, between his
majesty and the United States of
America.

An act to permit, until the 25th
day of March, 1809, the exportation
to the United Kingdam, of wool
from the British plantations in Ame-
rica.

An act to continue, until the
25th day of March, 1807, the ope-
ration of an act, passed in the last
session of parliament, to suspend
proceedingsin actions, prosecutions,
and proceedings, under -certain acts
relating to the woollen manufacture,
and also under an act of queen
Elizabeth, so far as the same relates
to certain persons employed or
concerned in the said manufacture.

An act for defraying the charge
of the pay and cloathing of the mili.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

tia in Great Britain, for the year
1806.

‘An act to continue, until the25th
day of March, 1807, and amend so
much of an act made in the 39th
and 40th years of his present ma-
jesty, as grants certain allowances
to adjutants and serjeant-majors of
the militia of England, disembodied
under act of the same session of par-
liament.

An act for making allowances in
certain cases, to subaltern officers
of the militia in Great Britain,
while disembodied.

An act for defraying, until the
25th day of March, 1807, the
charge of the pay and cloathing of
the militia of Ireland; for holding
courts martial on serjeant-majors,
serjeants, corporals, and drummers,
for offences committed during the
time such militia shall not be embo-
died ; and for making allowances in
certain cases to subaltern officers
of the said militia during peace.

An act to extend the provi-
sions of an act passed in the 44th
year of the reign of his present
majesty, for enabling subjects of
foreign states to enlist as soldiers in
his majesty’s service, and to indem-
nify those who have advised his ma-
jesty to land such soldiers in this
kingdom.

An act for further continuing,
until the 25th day of March, 1808,
an act made in the 33d year of the
reign of his present majesty, for
rendering the payment of creditors
more equal and expeditious in Scot-
Jand.

March 31.

An act for raising the sum of
ten millions five hundred thousand
pounds, by loans or exchequer bills,
for

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

for the service of Great Britain, for
the year 1806.

An act for raising the sum of one
million fivehundred thousand pounds,
by loans or exchequer bills, for the
service of Great Britain for the year
1806.

_ An act for continuing, until the
25th day of March, 1811, so much
of an act made in the fifteenth and
sixteenth years of his late majesty,
as relates to the landing of rum or
spirits of the British sugar planta-

_ tions, before payment of the duties

of excise.
An act to continue, until] the 25th
day of March, 1813, several laws

_ relating to the transportation of fe-

fons and other offenders, to tempo-

_ tary places of confinement in Eng-
_ Jand and Scotland.
; April 2.

_ An act for reviving and conti-

nuing several Jaws of customs relat.

ing to the establishing courts of ju-
‘dicature in the island of Newfound-
land; and to the prohibiting the
exportation from, and permitting

_ the importation to Great Britain, of

_ corn; and for allowing the impor-

_ tation of other articles of provision,

_ without payment of duty, until the

ty 25th day of March, 1809 ; and for
_ continuing several laws relating to
the granting a bounty upon certain

species of British and Irish linens,

¥2

_ exported from Great Britain, and.

taking off the duties on importation
into Great Britain, of foreign raw
linen yarns made of flax; to tie
_ grantinga bounty upon the importa.
_ tion into Great Britain of hemp,
_ and rough and undressed flax, from
his majesty’s colonies in America ;
. ee to the encouragement of the
Greenland whale fisheries; and for
_feyiving and continuing seve-
yal laws relating to the regue

643

lating the prices at which corn
and grain may be exported from
Great Britain to Ireland, and from
Ireland to Great Britain; and to
the admission to entry in Great Bri.
tain, of oil and blubber of New-
founland, taken by his majesty’s
subjects carrying on the fishery
from, and residing in the said island ;
and for continuing an act of the
twenty-third year of his present
majesty, for the more effectual en-
couragement of the manufactures of
flax and cotton in Great Britain ;
and for reviving and continuing se-
veral jaws relating to the permitting
the importation into Great Britain,
of hides and other articles in fo-
reign ships ; and to the. prohibiting
the exportation from Ireland, of
corn or potatoes, or other provi-
sions; and to the permitting the im-
portation into Ireland of corn, fish,
and provisions, without payment
of duty, until the 25th day of March,
1808 ; and for reviving and conti-
nuing an act passed in the parlia-
ment of Ireland, in the 25th year
of his present majesty, for the en.
couragement of the flaxen and
hempen manufactures of Ireland,
until the 25th day of March, 1897;
and for amending and further con.
tinuing an act made in the 7th year
of his present majesty, for the free
importation into Great Britain of
cochineal and indigo, until the 25th
day of March, 1809.

April 21.

An act to authorize his majesty,
until the 25th day of March, 1807,
to make regulations respecting the
trade and commerce to and from the
Cape of Good Hope.

An act to continne, until the 25th
day of March, 1807, an act made
in the forty-fourth year of his pre-

t2 sent

644
sent majesty, for empowcring his
majesty to accept the services of
such parts of his militia forces in
Ireland, as might voluntarily offer
themselves to be employed in Great
Britain.

An act to enable the commission-
ers of his majesty’s treasury of lre-
Jand, to issue treasury bills on the
credit of such aids or supplies as
have been or shall be granted by
parliament, for the serviee of Ire-
land, for the year 1806; and for
making forth duplicates of treasury
bills lost or destroyed.

An act for raising the sum of
twenty millions by way of an-
nuities.

An act for further continuing,
until the 25th day of March, 1807,
an act made in the thirty-ninth year
of his present majesty, for the more
effectual encouragement of the Bri-
tish fisheries.

May 5.

An act to revive and amend so
much of an act made in the forty-
third year of his present majesty,
for granting certain stamp duties in
Ireland, as provides for the exempt-
ing from the said dutics, Bank notes,
and Bank post bills, issued by the
governor and company of the Bank
of freland.

An act to repeal so much of an
act of the last session of parliament,
as charges a duty of three shillings
upon certain tenements or dwelling-
houses in Jreland.

An act to declare the law with
respect to witnesses refusing to an-
swer.

An act for repealing the several
duties of customs upon tea imported
into Great Britain, and granting a
duty in lieu thereof; and for grant-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ing to his majesty additional duties
of excise on tea.

An act for granting to his ma-
jesty, until twelve months after the-
ratification of a definitive treaty of
peace, additional duties of excise on
tobacco and snuff.

An act to enable his majesty to
grant a certain annuity to vice-admi-
ral sir John T. Duckworth, knight
of the most honourable order of the
Bath, in consideration of the emi-
nent services which he has rendered
to his majesty and the public.

Anact for raising the sum of three
millions, by loans or exchequer
bills, for the service of Great bri-
tain, for the year 1806.

An act for granting to his ma-
jesty, during the present war, and
for six months after the expiration
thereof, by the ratification of a de-
finitive treaty of peace, additional
duties on certain goods, wares, and
merchandize, imported into, and ex-
ported from, or brought or carried
coastwise within Great Britain.

An act for granting to his ma-
jesty certain stamp duties on ap-
praisements, and on licences to ap-
praisers in Great Britain.

An act for carrying to the conso-
lidated fund of Great Britain, the
duties on wine granted by two acts
of the forty-third and forty-fourth
ycars of his present majesty.

An act for the better regulation
of the office of treasurer of the ord.
nance.

May 23.

An act for raising the sum of
five hundred thousand pounds by
treasury bills, for the service of
Ireland, for the year 1800.

An act for raising a certain sum
of money, by way of annuities or

debentures,

debentures, for the service of Ire-
Jand.

An act for continuing an act
made in this session of parliament,
intituled, <‘ An act for punishing
mutiny and desertion, and for the
better payment of the army and
their quarters, within the United
Kingdom, and the islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and
Man.

An act for increasing the salary
of the judge of the court of admi-
-ralty in Scotland, and the judges of
the commissary court in Edinburgh.
_ An act for extending the annuity
granted to earl of St. Vincent, to
the two next persons to whom the
title of viscount St. Vincent is li-
mited.

An act to repeal several acts
passed in the forty-third and forty-
‘fourth vears respectively, of his pre-
sent majesty’s reign, for the raising
and establishing an additional force
for the defence of the realm.

An act to prevent the importation
of slaves, by any of his majesty’s
| subjects, into any islands, colonics,

plantations, or territories belonging

to any foreign sovereign, state, or
power ; and also to render more ef-
fectual a certain order, made by his
“Majesty in council, on the 15th day
‘of August, 1805, for prohibiting the
‘importation of slaves (except in
‘certain cases) into any of the set-
oo islands, colonies, er plan-

tations, on thecontinent of America,
or in the West Indies, which have
been surrendered to his majesty’s
arms during the present war; and
to prevent the fitting out of foreign
slave ships from British ports.

An act for indemnifying all per-
sons who have been concerned in
advising, issuing, or carrying into
‘execution, any order or orders, for

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

645

permitting the importation and ex-
portation of certain goods and com-
modities in foreign bottoms, into
and out of, his majesty’s West India
Islands, and the colonies, settle-
ments, and territories, which have
been conquered by his majesty’s
arms.

An act for the more speedy trial
of offences committed in distant
parts upon the sea.

June 9.

An act to provide for the pay-
ment, at the Bank of Ireland, of
the interest on certain debentures,
now payable at the exchequer of’
Ireland; and also for altering the
days of payment of the interest or
dividends on certain annuities in
Ireland.

An act to amend an act of the
last session of parliament, for con-
tinuing and amending several acts
for regulating and securing the col-
lection of the duties on spirituous
liquors distilled in Ireland, and the
warehousing of such spirits for ex-
portation.

An act to amend an act made in
last session of parliament, for the
collection of the malt duties in Ire.
land, and regulating the trade of a
maltster.

An act for establishing certain
regulations in the collection and ma-
nagement of his majesty’s revenues
of customs, excise, and taxes, in
Ireland.

An act to regulate the packing of
butter in Ireland, for sale or ex-
portation.

An act for amending an act passed ”
in Ireland, in the 29th year of king
George the Second, intituled, ** An’
act for amending and making more
effectual, the several laws relating
to the first fruits, payable out of

Tees ecclesistical

646

ecclesiastical benefices in this king-
dom ; and for the better regulation
and management of the charitable
bequest of Dr. Hugh Boulter, Jate
lord archbishop of Armagh, for
augmenting the maintenance of poor
clergy in this kingdom, so far only
as relates to the said charitable be-
quest.

An act to authorize certain pub-
lic officers to send and receive letters
and packets by the post, free from
the duty of postage.

June 13.

An act for granting to his majesty
antil the 29th day of September,
1806, certain duties on the importa-
tion, and to allow certain drawbacks
and bounties on the exportation of
certain sorts of iron, sugar, and tea,
into and from Ireland. ;

An act to repeal several acts pass-
ed in the forty-third and forty-
fourth years of his present majesty,
for raising and establishing an ad-
ditional force in Ireland for the de-
fence of the realm.

An act to repeal the several du-
ties, under the care of the commis-
sioners for managing the duties
upon stamped vellum, parchment,
and paper, in Ireland, and to grant
new and additional duties. in lieu
thereof; and to amend the laws re-
Yating to the stamp duties in Ire-
land.

An act for granting to his ma-
jesty, during the present war, and
until the 6th day of April next after
the ratification of a definitive treaty
of peace, further additional rates
and dudes in Great Britain, on the
rates and duties on profits arising
from property, professions, trades,
and offices; and for repealing an
act passed in the forty-fifth year of
kis present majesty, for repealing

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

certain parts of an act made in the
forty-third year of his present may
jesty, for granting a contribution —
on the profits arising from property,
profssions, trades and offices ; and |
to consolidate and render more ef.
fectual the provisions for collecting
the said duties.

t

June 20. a

Anaé for punishing mutiny and
desertion; and for the better pay~
ment of the army and their quarters.

An act for granting to his majes-
ty certain duties upon malt and
spirits made in Ireland.

An aét to continue until the
24th day of June 1807, and amend.
an act made in the last session of
parliament, for appointing commis..
sioners to enquire and examine into
any irregularities and abuses which
might have taken place in conduct.
ing and managing the paving, cleane |
sing, and lighting the streets of.
Dublin.

An act for making better provi-
sion for soldiers. :

July 3.

An aét to amend an act, made
in the last session of parliament, .
for regulating Jicences for the sale
of spirituous liquors, wine, beer,
ale, and cyder, by retail, in Ire-
land.

An aét to amend several acts for
the encouragement of finding and
working mines and minerals within.
Ireland.

An aét for enabling his majesty
to permit the importation and ex-
portation of certain goods and com-_
modities into, and from, the port of
Road Harbour, in the island of
Tortola.

An act for granting rates of post-
age on the conveyance of letters and

packets

~ APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

packets to and from Gibraltar and
the island of Malta.

An act for permitting Prussian
yarn to be imported in foreign ships,
on payment of the like duties as if

imported in British ships.

An act for the better regula-
tion of the office of receiver gene-
yal of the duties of excise in Eng-
_ An act for the better regulation

Of the office of receiver generaé of
the stamp duties in England.

An act for continuing the en-
couragement of persons making dis-
coveries for finding the longitude
at sea, or other useful discoveries
and improvements in navigation,
and fer making experiments relating
thereto; and for discharging cer-
tain debts incurred by the commis-
sioners of the longitude in carry-
ing the acts relating thereto into
execution,

An aé for granting to his ma-
jesty an additional duty on the
amount of the duties under the

management of the commissioners
for the affairs of taxes therein men-
tioned.

An act to confirm an agreement

_ entered into between the commis-
_ sionets of his majesty’s treasury, and
_ the most noble Augustus Henry
_ duke of Grafton, in pursuance of an
Y act of the forty-third year of his
_ present majesty.

; An act to provide for the more
effectual examination of accounts of
__ the expenditure of the public money
in the West Indies, and for the bet-
aa ter discovery of frauds and abuses
therein

r, ae a
». ; Inly 12.
An aét for better encouraging the

manufacture of thread lace in Great
Britain.

>) * es

647
An act for abolishing fees received
by certain officers and other pers
sons employed in the service of the
customs, in the port of London;
and for regulating the attendance
of officers and others so employed.

Ao act for the better regula-
tion of the office of receiver gene-
ral of the post office in England.

An adi to grant certain al.
lowances out of the duties, under
the management of the commissioners
for the aflairs of taxes, to persons
in respect to the number of their
children.

An aéé for reviving and continning
until the 25th day of March 1813,
an act made in the 43rd year of his
present majesty, for regulating the
manner in which the united com-
pany of merchants of Knogland
trading to the East Indies shall hire
and take up ships for their regular
service.

An aét for enabling his majesty
to grant the castle of Norwich,with
the common gaol, Castle Hill, and
certain land adjacent thereto, ia the
county of Norfolk, and for vesting
the same in his majesty’s justices of
the peace for the said county, for
the use thereof; and for other pur-
poses relating thereto.

An aét wore effectually to regu-.
late the collection of the duties
on goods, wares, and merchandize
imported or exported into or from
Ireland ; and the payment of boun.
ties, allowances, and drawbacks
thereon.

An aét to provide for the regula-
ting and securing the collection of
the duties on spirits distilled in [res
land and the warehousing of suck
spirits for exportation. ;

July 16.

An act for consolidating and ren.
Tt 4 dering

648

dering more effectual the several
acts for the purchase of buildings,
and further improvement of the
streets and places near to Westmin-
ster hall, and the two houses of par-
liament.

An aétto enable his majesty an-
nually to train and exercise a pro-
portion of his subjects in England,
under certain regulations, and more
effectually to provide for the de-
fence of the realm.

An aét for the return of correét
lists of persons liable to serve in the
militia, under an act passed in the
42nd year of his present majesty ;
and to suspend the ballot for the mi-
litia in England for two years.

An act to amend three acts, made

in the 35th, 41st, and 42nd years of
his present majesty, relating to the
conveyance of letters and packets
by the post.
_ An aét to enable the lords com-
missioners of his majesty’s treasury
to issue exchequer bills, on the
credit of such aids or supplies as
have been or shall be granted by
parliament for the service of Great
Britain for the year 1806.

An act to enable the commis-
sioners for executing the office of
lord high treasurer of Ireland, to
eontract for the purchase of the
duties of prisage and butlerage in
Treland.

An act for the more effectually
regulating and providing for the re-
lief of the poor, and the manage-
ment of infirmaries, and hospitals in
Ireland.

An act to amend the laws respect-
ing the aceounting for money pre-
sented in Ireland for the making,
repairing, widening, or fencing of
public roads, and the building and
repairing of bridges, pipes, or gul-
lets.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

An att to permit the free inter
change of every species of grain,
between Great Britain and Ire-
land.

An act for making additional and
further provisions for the effectual
performance of quarantine in Great
Britain. ,

Anact for allowing a bounty on
the exportation of oil of vitriol made
in Great Britain.

An act to empower the commis-
sioners and governors of the royal
hospital for seamen at Greenwich,
in the county of Kent, to make cer-
tain allowances to old, infirm, or
wounded or disabled officers in the
royal navy, and to provide a fund
for the payment of such allowances,
and for the increase of pensions to
disabled seamen and marines.

An act for improving the funds
of the chest at Greenwich, and
amending an act passed in the 43rd
year of his present majesty, relating
to the said chest.

An act for repealing the duties of
excise onstills used for distilling or
rectifying low wines or spirits for
consumption in Scotland ; on worts-
or wash made for extracting spirits;
and on spirits made for consump.
tion in Scotland ; and for granting
and securing other duties in lieu
thereof ; and for better securing
the duties on foreign spirits and om
malt.

An act for allowing, until the Ist
day of August 1807, the imparta-
tion of certain fish from Newfound-
land, and the coast of Labrador,
and for granting a bounty thereon.

An act for continuing, until the
Ist day of August 1807, anact ofthe
last session of parliament, for al-
lowing, under certain restrictions,
the bringing a limited quantity of
coals, culm, or cinders to london

and

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

and Westminster, by inland navi-

gation.

An att to vest certain messuages,
Yands, tenements, and _heredita-
ments, in trustees, for better se-
curing his majesty’s docks, ships,
andstores at Portsmouth ; and for
extending the lines and works at
Dover.

An aét to provide for the better
execution of the several acts relat-
ing to the revenues, matters, and
things under the management of the
commissioners of customs and port
duties, and of the commissioners cf
inland excise and taxes in Ireland.

An aét for rectifying mistakes in
the names of the commissioners ap-
pointed by an aét made in the last
session of parliament, intituled, an
act for appointing commissioners
for putting into execution an aét of
this session of parliament, for con-
tinuing and granting to his majesty
a duty on pensions, offices, and

personal estates in England, and

certain duties on sugar, malt, to-
bacco, and snuff, in Great Britain,

for the service of the year 1805 ;

andan aét made in the 38th year of
his present majesty, for granting an

aid to his majesty by a land tax, to

appointing
together with those named in the

be raisedin Great Britain, for the

Service of the year 1798 ; and for
other commissioners,

first mentioned aét, to put into exe-

cution an aét of this session of par-

_liament, for continuing and grauting
to his majesty a duty on pensions,

offices, and personal estates in Eng-

Nand, and certain duties on sugar,

:

malt, tobacco, and snuff, in Great
Britain, for the service of the year
1806, also the said aét made in the

38th year of his present majesty ;

and for indemnifying sach persons

649

as have aéted as commissioners fo_
executing the said acts.

July 21.

An aét for the relief of certaia
insolvent debtors.

An aét for reducing the bounty
payable on the exportation of re-
fined sugar from Great Britain, and
for allowing the like bounty on the
exportation of sugar candy, as is
payable on refined sugar.

An aét for granting during the
continuance of the present war, and
until six months after the ratificas
tion of a definitive treaty of peace,
an additional bounty on the export-
ation of the silk manufa¢tures of
Great Britain.

An aét for authorizing his majesty
in council to allow, during the pre- -
sent war, and for six months after
the ratification of a definitive treaty
of peace, the importation and ex-
portation of certain goods and com-
modities in neutral ships, into and
from his majesty’s territories in the
West Indies and continent of South
America.

An aét to amend the laws of ex-
cise, so far as relates to prosecutions
for penalties, to the counterfeiting
the stamps on the wrappers of
paper, and to the punishing persons
guilty of perjury.

An act to permit, for and during
the continuance of the present war,
French wines to be imported from
Ireland into Great Britain in bot-
tles or flasks, under certain restric-

‘tions.

Anaét to amend an aét passed in
the last session of parliament, for
increasing the drawback on linens
exported from Great Britain to the
West Indies.

An act to permit raisins, currants,
3 ang

’

650

‘and figs to be exported from Great
Britain, duty free. ,
An aét to allow certain ~ articles
- to be exported from Gibraltar and
Malta direét to his majesty’s colo-
nies in North America, in return for
British American fish.

Aw ac to permit until the 1st day
of January 1809, the importation of
masts, yards, and bowsprits, or of
timber fit for naval purposes, from
theBritish colonies in North America
duty-free.

An act to extend the time for
purchasing the legal quays and ware-
houses. in the port of London, and
for authorising the lords cemmis-
sioners of his majesty’s treasury to
purchase Somers and Lyons Quays

-m the said port.

An act to prohibit for two years
after the conclusion of the present
session of parliament, any ships to
clear out from any port of Great
Britain, for the coast of Africa, for
the purpose of taking on board
Negrocs, unless such ships shall
have been previously employed in
the African trade, or contracted
for, for that purpose.

An aét to continue several acts
for granting certain rates and duties,
and allowing certain drawbacks and
bounties on goods, wares, and mer-
chandize imported into and exyort-
ed from Ireland, until the Sthday of
July 1807; and several acts for
granting duties upon malt and spirits
made and distilled in Ireland, and
for the better collection and security
of the revenues of customs and ex-
cise in Ireland, and for preventing
frands therein, until the 29th day of
Sept. 1807 ; and to amend several
of the said acts,

An aét to repeal so much of an
act, made in the. Ist year of king
James the second, as prohibits the

ANNUAL REGISTER

1806.

importation of gunpowder, arms,
and utensils of war, from Ireland. -

An act to revive and amend an
act made in the parliament of Ire.
land. for enabling the lord lieutenant
to appoint commissioners for en-
quiring into the several funds and
revenues granted for the purposes
of education, and into the state and
conditions of all schools in Ireland.

An aét to amend several acts for
the sale of his majesty’s quit rents,
crown, and other rents, and of cer.
tain lands forfeited and undisposed
of in Lreland, rer

An aét to enable his majesty to
accept the services of volunteers
from the militia of Ireland, under
certain restrictions,

An act for regulating the rank of
officers in yeomanry and volunteer
corps. /

An aét for increasing the rates
of subsistence to be paid to inn.
keepers and others on quartering
soldiers.

An a& to amend and extend the’
benefits of an aét made in the 35th —
year of his present majesty to en.
able petty officers; seamen, and —
marines, serving, in his majesty’s
navy, to allot part of their wages or —
pay for the maintenance of their |
wives and families.

An aét for making provision for
such masters in ordinary of the high —
court of chancery as from age or
infirmity shall be desirous of resign+
ing their offices with the approba-
tion of the said court ; and for aug-
menting the income of the masters
in ordinary of the said court,

An act to provide additional sa-
laries to the present clerks in the
oflice of the accountant general of
the high court of chancery, and to

-provideadditional clerks for the said

office, with salaries; and to make
other

ARPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

other paymentsin respect to the said
office. ;

An act for making compensation
to the proprietors of such Jands and
hereditaments as have been pur-
chased for better securing his ma-
jesty’s docks, ships, and stores at
Chatham, and for the use of his ma-
jesty’s ordnance at Warley Common
and Woolwich, in pursuance of an
act made in the 44th year of his pre-
sent majesty.

Anact for exonerating the estates

_ of Percival Lewis esq. and Marianne

-

¥

Lewis, spinster, in the parish of
Putney in the county of Surrey,
from the claims of his majesty
against the estate of Edward Lewis,
esq. deceased,

An aét for erecting a light house
on the Bell or Cape rock, on the
eastern coast of Scotland, and for
enabling the commissioners of the
treasury to advance a certain sum of
money out of the consolidated fund
of Great Britain, towards that pur-

poje.

July 22.

_An act to amend an act passed in
the 42d year of his present majesty,
for consolidating the several acts
passed for the redemption and sale

of the land tax, and to make further

a

;
‘)

__ ne” Rag ae

proyision for exonerating small

_ livings and charitable institutions

from the land tax.
-Anact to provide for the secu-
_vity and expedition of the convey-
ance of letters by the post in Ire-
land,
An act to amend the laws relating

_ to bankrupts.

4

An act to alter and amend two
acts, made in the 28th and 30th

years of his present majesty, for

limiting the number of persons to be
carried on the outside of stage

651
coaches, or other carriages, and re-
gulating the conduct of the drivers
and guards thereof.
An act to extend the provisions of
an act made in the 43d year of his
present majesty, for permitting cer-
tain articles to be warehoused in

Great Britain, or other articles no€,

therein mentioned, and to alter the
condition of the bond directed to be
given by an act of the 24th year of
his present majesty, by the masters
and owners of vessels and boats
licensed by the lords of the admi-
ralty.

Anact to repeal partof the ex-
cise countervailing duty on Irish
hops imported ; for gramting an ex-
cise countervailing duty on the im-
portation of Irish window glass;
and to exempt tiles made for the
purpose of draining lands from the
duties of excise.

An act for altering and amend.
ing several laws relating to the
duties of excise upon malt, until the
25th day of March 1807.

An act to amend two acts, passed
in the 42d year of his present ma-
jesty, relating to the militia of Eng-
land and Scotland respectively as to
the pay of the officers and men of the
said militia. .

An act for making more effect-
tual provision for the more speedy
and regular examination and audit
of the public accounts of this king-
dom.’

An act for the better regulation
of the office of surveyor general of
woods and forests.

An act for enquiring into the

state of Windsor forest in the county

of Berks, and for ascertaining the

boundaries of the said forest, and of

the lands of the crown within the
same.

An act to repeal an act passed in

2 the

4

a

652

the forty-fourth year of his present
majesty, intituled, ‘* An act to
alter, amend, and render more ef-
fectual an act, passed in the present
session of parliament, intituled, ‘An
act for establishing and maintaining
a permanent additional force for the
defence of the realm, and to provide
for augmenting his majesty’s regular
forces, and for the gradual reduc-
tion of the militia of England, so far
as the same relates to the city of
London.’

An act for enabling his majesty
to settle annuities on certain
branches of the royal family.

An act for settling and securing a
certain annuity on the earl Nelson,

_and the heirs male of his body, and
“such other persons to whom the
title of earl Nelson may descend ;
and for granting a sum of money to
purchase an estate to accompany
the said title; and also, for granting
asum of money for the use of the
sisters of the late vice-admiral vis-
count Nelson; in consideration of
the eminent and signal services per-
formed by the said late viscount
Nelson, to his majesty and the
public.

An act to enable his majesty to
continue a certain annuity to
George, now lord Rodney, grand-
son of George Brydges lord Rodney,
in consideration of the eminent ser-
vices rendered to his majesty and
the public, by the said George
Brydges lord Rodney.

An act for granting to his majesty
a sum of money to be raised by lot-
teries.

An act for granting to his majesty
a certain sum of money out of the
consolidated fund of Great Britain,
for the year 1806 ; and for further
appropriating the supplies granted
in'this session of parliament.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

July 23.

An act for the better regulation
of the office of receiver-general of
the duties of customs in Great
Britain.

An act to enable his majesty to
grant new leases on former rents,
for the benefit of charitable institu-
tions, or augmentation of ecclesias-
tical corporations.

An act to stay, until forty days
after the commencement of the next
session of parliament, proceedings
in actions, prosecutions, or informa-
tions, under an act made in the
second year of king James the first,
intituled, ‘* An act concerning tan-
ners, curriers, shoemakers, and
other artificers, occupying the cut-
ting of leather,” so far as relates to
the buying of oak bark and rough
hides, and calves skins in the hair.

An act for the preservation of
the public harbours of the United
Kiugdom.

An act for takfng down the pre-
sent building in which the treasury
chambers, and offices of the court
of exchequer in Scotland were si-
tuated, and erecting new buildings
in lieu thereof. gi

An act for applying certain ba-
lances arising from the forfeited
estates in Scotland, towards making
eanals, harbours, and other public
works there. ;

An act for appropriating certain
balances arising from the forfeited
estates in Scotland, to the use of the
British fisheries, and the erecting a
lunatic asylum at Edinburgh, and
the payment of the officers of the
late board of annexed estates in
Scotland.

An act for more effectually car-
rying into execution the purposes
of an act made in the thirty-ninth
and fortieth years of his present

majesty,

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

majesty, to give further time for the
payment, on the conditfons therein
mentioned, of instalments on certain
loans advanced to the house of
Alexander Houstoun and Company,
to Charles Ashwell, esq. and to
William Johnstone, esq. being per-
sons connected with, and trading to
the islands of Grenada and St. Vin-
cent, so far as relates to the real and
personal estates of William Mac
Dowall, James Mac Dowall, and
Robert Houstoun Rae, in the West
Indies and elsewhere, except in
Scotland.

An act for more effectually car-

653

tying into execution the purposes
of an act, made in the 39th and 40th
years of his present majesty, to give
further time for the payment, on the
conditions therein mentioned, of in-
stalments on certain loans advanced
to the house of Alexander Houstoun
and Company, to Charles Ashwell,
esq. and to William Johnstone, esq.
being persons connected with, and-
trading to, the islands of Grenada
and St. Vincent, so far as relates to
the real and personal estates of
William Mac Dowall, James Mac
Dowall, and Robert Houstoun Rae,
esquires, in Scotland.

STATE

[654]

‘STATE

His Majesty’s Speech to both Houses
of Parliament, on the Meeting of
the Fourth Session of the Second
Parliament of the United King.
dom of Great Britain and Ireland,
and of the Kingdom of Great Bri-
tain the Twentieth, on the 21st
Day of January, (A7th of the
King, ) 1800,

My lords and gentlemen,

N pursuance of the authority given

tous by his majesty’s commission,
under the great seal, amongst other
things to declare the cause of his
holding this parliament, his majesty
has directed us particularly to call
your attention to the most decisive
success with which Providence has
youchsafed to bless his majesty’s
arms at sca since you were last
assembled in parliament.

The activity and perseverance of
his majesty’s fleets have been conspi-
cuously displayed in the pursuit and
attack ofthe different squadrons of the
enemy, and every encounter has ters
minated to the honour of the British
flag, and the diminution of the naval
force ‘of the powers with whom his
majesty is at war; but the victory ob-
tained over the combined fleet of
France and Spain,off cape Trafalgar,
has manifested, beyond any exploit
recorded even in the annals of the
British navy, the skill and enterprize

PAPERS.

of his majesty’s officers and seamen 3

and the destruction of so large a pro- -

portion of the naval strength of the
enemy has not only confirmed, in
the most signal manner, the maritime
superiority of this country, but has
esseutially contributed to the security
of his majesty’s dominions.

His majesty most deeply regrets
that the day of that memorable tri-
umph should have been unhappily
clouded with the fall of the heroic
tommander under whom it was
achieved,and he is persuaded that you
will fee! that this lamented but glori-
ous termination of a series of trans.
cendent exploits claims a distinguish.
ed expression of the lasting gratitude
of his country; and that you will
therefore cheerfully concur in ena-
bling his majesty to annex te those
honours, which he has conferred on
the family of the late lord viscount
Nelson, such a mark of national
munificence as may preserve to the
latest posterity the memory of his
name and services, and the benefit of
his great example.

His majesty has commanded us ”

further to inform you, that whilst
the superiority of his arms at sea has
been thus uniformly asserted and
maintained, he has not been wanting
in his endeavours to apply the means
which were so liberally placed at his
disposal, in aid of such of the pow.

av
of the continent as had evinced a
termination to resist the formida~
Ble and growing encroachments of
Fratice. He has directed the se-
rer treaties to be laid before you;
ind though he cannot but deeply
Tament that the events of the war
im Germany have disappointed his
hOpes, and led to an unfavourable
issue, yet his majesty feels confident

Which he has taken, you will be of
Opinion that he has eft nothing un-
dc ne on hispart to sustain the efforts
}Of his allies, and that he has acted
in strict conformity to the principles
declared by him and recognised by
Parliament as essential to the inter-
ests and security of his own domini-
ons, as well as to the general safety
of the continent.

_ It is a great consolation to his
“Majesty, and one in which he is per-
suaded you will participate, that
‘although the emperor of Germany
has felt himself compelled to with-
draw from the contest, his majesty
gontinues to receive from his august
ally, the emperor of Russia, the
Strongest assurances of unshaken

enlightened policy by which he has
hitherto been actuated ; and his ma-
jesty has no doubt that you will be
fully sensible of the important ad-
tage to be derived from preserv-
ing, at all times, the closest and
host intimate connection with that
overeign.

Gentlemen of the house of commons.
His majesty has directed the esti-
tes for the year to be laid before
u, and he has commanded us to
Orm you that they are formed
upon that scale of exertion which
2 present situation of the country
ders indispensable. Hgjs majesty

‘

aT Ate eR PERS.

655

fully relies upon your granting him
such supplies as, upon due delibera.
tion, the public exigencies may ap.
pear to require.

It is his earnest wish to contribute,
by every means in his power, to
alleviate the additional burthens
which must necessarily be imposed
upon his people; and with this
view he has directed the sum of one
million sterling, part of the proceeds
arising from the sale-of such prizes
made on the powers with which
he is at war, as are by law vested in
the crown, to be applied to the
public service of the year.

My lords and gentlemen,

His majesty is fully persuaded,
that, whatever pride and confidence
you may feel in common with him in
the success which has distinguished
the British atms in the course of
the present contest, you will be
sensible how much the events of
the war on the continent, by
which the predominant power and
influence of France have been
so unhappily extended, require the
continuance ef all possible vigilance
and exertion. ©

Under this impression, his ma-
jesty trusts that your attention will
be invariably directed to the im.
provement of those means which
are to be found in the bravery
and discipline of his forces, in the
zeal and loyalty of every class of
his subjects, and in the unexhausted ~
resources of his dominions, for ren-
dering the British empire invin-
cible at home as well as formi-
dable abroad ; satisfied, that bysuch
efforts alone the contest can be
brought to a conclusion, consistent
with the safety and independence of
the country, and with its rank
amongst the nations of the world.

Treatics,

656

Treaties,&c, presented by His Majesty’s
Command to both Houses of Parlia-
ment, Fan.3,. 1806.

Treaty of Concert between His Majes-
ty and the Emperor of all the Kus-
sias, signed at St. Petersburgh, the
11th of April, 1805.

Anr,. I.—As the state of suffering
in which Europe is placed, demands
speedy remedy—Their majesties the
king of the united kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, and the
emperor of all the Russias, have
mutually agreed to consult upon the
means of putting a stop thereto,
without waiting for farther encreach-
ments on the part of the French
government. They have agreed, in
consequence, to employ the most
speedy and the most efficacious means
to form a general League of the
states of Europe, and to engage them
to accede to the present concert ;
and, in order to accomplish the end
proposed, to colleét together a force,
which, independently of thesuccours
furnished by his Britannic majesty,
may amount to five hundred thou-
sand effective men; and to employ
the same energy, in order either to
induce or compel the French govern-
ment to agree to the re-establishment
of peace, and the equilibrium of
Europe,

Arr. IT.— The object of this
league will be to carry into effect
what is proposed by the present
concert, namely :

a, The evacuation of the country
of Hanover, and the north of Ger.
many.

b. The establishment of the inde-
pendence of the republics of Holland
and Swisserland.

c. The re-establishment of the king
of Sardinia in Piedmont, with as

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

large an augmentation of territor
as circumstances will permit.

d. The future security of th
kingdom of Naples, and the com
plete evacuation of Italy, the islan
of Elba included, by the French
forces.

e. The establishment of an orde
of things in Europe,. which ma
effectually guarantee the security an
independence of the different states,
and present a solid barrier agains
future usurpations.

Ant. I11.—His Britannic majesty,
in order to concur efficaciously on
his side to the happy effects o
the present concert, engages to con-
tribute to the common efforts, by
employing his forces both by sea
and land, as well as his vessels
adapted for transporting troops, in
such manner as shall be determined
upon in the general plan of opera-
tions. His majesty will moreover
assist the different powers who shall
accede thereto by subsidies, the
amount of which shall correspond to
the respective forces which shall be
employed ; and in order that the said
pecuniary succours may be propor-
tioned in the manner most conducive
to the general good, and to assist the
powers in proportion to the exer-
tions they may make, to contribu:e
to the common success, it is agreed,
that these subsidies, (barring parti-
cular arrangements) shall be furnish-
ed in the proportion of one million
two hundred and fifty thousand
pounds sterling, for each hundred
thousand men of regular troops, and
so in proportion for a greater or
smaller number, payable according ;
to the conditions hereafter specified.

Arr. [V.—The said subsidies shall
be payable by instalments, from
month to month, in propertion to
the forces which each power shall

" employ

STIATE?DAP ERS

_ employ in pursuance of its engage-
ments, to combat the common ene-
my, and according to. the official
report of the armies employed at the
opening of the campaign, and of
the several reinforcements which

may join them. An arrangement
shall be made in conformity with the
plan of operations, which shali be

forthwith regulated as to the period
when these subsidies shall begin to

_be paid, and the mode and place of
payment shall be settled, so as to
suit the convenience of each of the
belligerent parties. His Britannic

' majesty will likewise be prepared to
advance within the current year, a

sum for putting the troops in motion?”

This sum shall be settled by parti-
cular arrangements to be entered
into by each power, who shall take
part in this concert: but his said
majesty understands that the whole
of the sums to be furnished to any
power within the current year, as
_well on account of the said advance
as for the monthly subsidies, is in no
€ase to exceed the proportion of one
_ mnillion two hundred and fifty thou.
sand pounds sterling for every hun-
_ dred: thousand men.

Arr.V.The high contraéting par-
ties agree, that the different members
_ Of the league shall respettively be
: permitted to retain accredited per-
_ Of the different armies, to carry on
_ the correspondence, and to attend
_ to the military operations,
Arr.VI.—Their majesties agree,
_ that in the event of a league being
_ formed, such as is pointed out in the
_ first article, they will not make
_ peace with France but by the com.
_ mon'consent of all the powers who
_ Shall become parties in the said
_ league ; and also that the continental
_ powers shall not recal their forces

before the peace ; moreover, his

Vor. XLYIII, ‘

sons with the commanders in chief

657

Britannic majesty engages to con.
tinue the payment of the subsidies
during the continuance of the war.

Art. VI1.—The present concert
which is mutually acknowledged by
the high contracting parties to be
equally valid and binding as the
most solemn treaty, shall be ratified
by his majesty the king of the united
kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land, and by his majesty the emperor
of all the Russias, and the ratifica-
tions thereof shall be exchanged at
St. Petersburgh, within the space of
ten wecks, or sooner, if possible,

In testimony whereof the respec.
tive plenipotcntiaries have signed the
same, and have hereunto affixed the
seals of their arms. Done at St,
Petersburgh, 30th March-.-(11th
April,) in the year 1805.

(L. 8.) Granville Leveson Gower,
(L. $.) Adam prince Czartoryski.
(L. 8.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

No 1. (A.)—First Separate Article
of the Treaty of Concert between
his Majesty and the Emperor of
Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh,
11th April—30th March, 1805.

His majesty the emperor of all the
Russias, having made known to his
Britannic majesty, his arrangements
with their majesties the emperor of
Germany and the king of Sweden.
Hig Britannic majesty engages to
fulfil his stipulations of the pre-
sent treaty of concert towards
each of those powers, if, in
the space of four months, reck-
oning from the day of the signa-
ture of the present instrument, both
those powers, or one of them, shall
have caused their forces to act
against l’rance by virtue ef the en-
gagements they have taken with
his majesty the emperor of all the
Russias.

U u This

¢

' 658

This separate article shall have the
same force and validity as if it were
inserted word for word in the treaty
of concert signed this day, and shall
be ratified at the same time.

In witness whereof, we the under-
signed, by virtue of our full powers,

, have signed the. present separate

article, and have affixed thereto the
seals of our arms.—Done at St.
Petersburgh this 11th April (30th
March,) in the year 1805.
(L. S.) Granville Leveson Gower.
(L. 8.) Adam prince Czartoryski.
(L..S.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

No 1. (B.)—Fourth separate Article
of the Treaty of 'Concert between
his Majesty and the Emperor of
Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh,
11th April—30th March, 1805.

The collecting of 500,000 effec-
tive men, mentioned in article 1. of
the treaty of concert signed this day,
not being so easy as it is desirable,
their majesties have agreed that it
should be carried into execution as
soon as it should be possible to
oppose to France an effective force
of 400,000 men, composed in the
following manner :— Austria will
supply 250,000 men,Russia not less
than 115,000 men, independently of
the levies made by her in Albania,
in Greece, &c. and the remainder
of the 400,000 will be made up
by the troops of Naples, Hanover,
Sardinia, and others.

This separate article sha}] have the
same force and validity as if it were
inserted word for word in the treaty
‘of concert signed this day, and shall
be ratified at the same time.

In witness whereof, we the under-
signed, by virtue of our full powers,
have signed the present separate

article and have affixed thereto the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the seals of our arms.—Done at St.
Petersburgh, this 11th April, (30th
March) in the year 1805.
(L. S$.) Granville Leveson Gower.
/(L. S.) Adam prince Czartoryski.
(L, 8.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

No. 1. (C.)—Fifth separate Article
of the Treaty of Concert between
his Majesty and the Emperor of
Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh,
11¢h April, (30th of March), 1805.

His majesty the emperor of all the

Russias, engages also to march as

soon as possible an army of not less
than 60,000 men to the frontiérs of
Austria, and also another of not Jess
than 80,000 men to the Prussian
frontiers, te be ready to co-operate
with the said courts in the propor-
tion established by the treaty of con-
cert signed this day, and to support
them respectively in case they should
be attacked by France, who might
suppose them to be engaged in some
negociation tending towards an ob-
ject contrary to her views ; but it is
understood, that independently of
the one hundred and fifteen thousand
men, which his Imperial majesty of
all the Russias will cause te act
against the French, he will keep
bodies of reserve and observation
upon his frontiers.

It is moreover agrecd, that, as the
forces promised by his majesty the
emperor of all the Russias shall all,
or in part, quit the frontiers of his
empire, his Britannic majesty will
pay them the subsidies at the rate
established by the present treaty of
concert, until the return of the said
forces to their houses; and more-
over, the equivalent of three months
of subsidy as a premiere mise en cam-

pagne.
The

STATE

- The Russian troops already sta-
_ tioned at the Seven Islands, or which
may be intended to be transported
thither, will not enjoy the advantage
of the subsidies and of the premiere
mise en campagne, stipulated in the
present article, before the day of
their leaving the Seven Islands to
-commence their operations against
_the French.

This separate article shall have the
same force and validity as if it were
inserted word for word in the treaty
of concert, signed this day, aud rati-
fied at the same time.

_In witness whereof,.we the under-
signed, by virtue of our full powers,
have signed the present separate
article, and have affixed thereto the

wi seals of our arms. — Done at St.

Peter$burgh, the 11th April (30th
March,) 1805.
(L. 8S.) Granville Leveson Gower.
(L. §.) Adam prince Czartoryski.
(L. 8.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

No. 1. (D.)—Sixth separate Article
of the Treaty of Concert between

| his Majesty and the Emperor of
Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh,
the 11th April (30th March)
1803.

His majesty the king of the united
kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
and, and his majesty the emperor of
‘all the Russias, being disposed to
form an energetic concert, with the
sele view of insuring to Europe a
lasting and solid peace, founded
upon the principles of justice, equity,
and the law of nations, by which
they are constantly guided, are
aware of the necessity of a mutual
understanding at this time upon
_ Several principles, which they will
_ evince in pursuance of a previous
concert, as soon as the events of
the war may render it necessary.

PAPE RS.

. These principles are in no degree
to control the public opinion in
France, or in any other countries
where the combined armies may
carry on their operations, with
respect to the form of government it
may be proper to adopt; nor to
appropriate to themselves, till #
peace should be concluded, any of
the conquests made by one or the
other of the belligerent parties ; and
to take possession of the towns and
territories which may be wrested
from the common enemy, in the
name of the country or states. to
which, by acknowledged right, they
belong, and in all other cases, in the
name of all-the members of the
league; and finally to assemble, at
the termination of the war, a general
congress to discuss and fix the pro-
visions of the law of nations, on
a more determined basis than un-
fortunately has hitherto been prae-
ticable; and to insure the observ.
ance by the establishment of a
federative system calculated upon
the situation of the different states
of Europe.

This separate article shal] have the
same force and validity as if it were
inserted word for word in the treaty
of concert signed this day, and shall
be ratified at the same. time.

In witness whereof, we the under-
signed, by virtue of our full powers,
have signed the present separate
article, and have aflixed thereto the
seals of our arms.—Done at St.
Petersburgh, the 11th April (30th ~
March) 1805.

(L. S$.) Granville Leveson Gower.
(L. S.) Adam prince Czartoryski.
(LL. $.}. Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

. 659

No, 1 (E.)—Eighth separate Article,

It being possible that the bias
which the French goverament tries -
Uu2 te

660 —~

to give to the counsels of the differ-
ent states of Europe, may determine
one or other of those states to throw
obstacles in the way of the attain-
mént of the salutary effects which
are the object of the present con-
eert, and even to have recourse to
hostile measures against one of the
high contracting parties, in spite of
their endeavours to establish an
equitable and permanent order of
things in Europe, his Britannic
majesty and his majesty the emperor
of all the Russias agree to make
common cause against every power,
which, by the employment of its
forces, or by too intimate an union
with France, may pretend to raise
essential obstacles to the develope-
ment of those measures, which the
high contracting parties may have to
take, in order to attain the object
proposed by the present concert.

This separate article shall have
the same force and validity, as if it
were inserted word for word in the
treaty of concertsigned this day, and
shall be ratified at the same time.

In witness whereof, we the under-
signed, by virtue of our full powers,
have signed the present separate
article, and have affixed thereto the
seals of onr arms,—Done. at St.
Petersburgh, the 11th April, (80th
March,) 1805.

(L, 8.) Granville Leveson Gower.
(L. S.) Adam prince Czartoryski.
(L.S.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

No. 1.(F) Eleventh separate Article.

The high contracting partics, ac-
knowledging the necessity of sup-
porting the propositions of peace,
which it is their intention to make to
Buonaparte by energetic demonstra-
tions, have resolved to invite his impe-
rialand royalapostolic majesty to put

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

his armies in a state of readiness for
action without delay, by completing
their numbers, and by concentrating
themin the neighbourhood of the
borders of France.—His Britannic
majesty, considering the extraordi-
nary expences which this . measure
will render necessary, promises and
engages to furnish to his imperial
royal majesty, immediately after his
accession to the present concert, the
sum of one million of pounds sterling
for premiere mise en campagne, which
the king of the united kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland will not
reclaim, in case the negociations
for peace should be crowned with
success, provided that, ina contrary
event, Austria would take the field ~
immediately.

This separate article.shall have
the same force and validity as if it ©
were inserted word for word in the
treaty of concert signed this day,
and shall be ratified at the same time.

In witness whereof, we the under-
signed, by virtue of our full pow-
ers, have signed the present separate
article, and, have affixed thereto the
seals of our arms.—Done at St.
Petersburgh, 11th April, (30th
March), 1805.

(L. $.) Granville Leveson Gower,
(L. $.) Adam prince Czartoryski,
(L. 8.) Nicolas de Novossilzotf.

No. I. (G.) Separate and secret
Article.

Although the high contracting
parties have agreed by the first sepa-
rate article of the treaty of concert
established this day between them,
that Austria and Sweden shall par.
take of the advantages of the said con-
cert, butin the event of their bring-
ing their forces into action against
France four months after its signa-

ture,

France, determined,

STATE PAPERS.

ture, by virtue of their engagements
with his majesty the emperor of all the
Russias; yet his Britannic majesty,
considering the advantage to the
future security of Europe, which
results from an union similarto that
formed by his majesty the emperor
of all the Russias with their majestics
the emperor of Germany and king
of Sweden, for the purpose of op-
posing the further encroachments of
Buonaparte, promises to fulfil the
stipulations of the present concert,
in thé same degree towards either of
those powers, if, in the course of the

_ year 1805, both or one of them
. should bring their forces into action

against France, in virtie of their
engagements with his majesty the
emperor of all the Russias.

This separate and secret article
shall have the same force and validity

_ as if it were inserted word for word

in the treaty of concert signed this
day, and shall be ratified at the
same time.

In witness whereof, we, the under-
Signed, in virtue of our full pow-
ers, have signed the present separate
and secret article, and have affixed

' thereunto the seais of our arms.—

* Done at St. Petersburgh, the 11th
April—(30th March,) 1805.
(L. S.) Granville Leveson Gower.
(LL. 8.) Adam prince Czartoryski.

(L. 8.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff.

No. I. (H.)—Additional Article.

His majesty the emperor of all the
Russias having, in purstiance of his
Sincere desire to inspre success to
the enterprize concerted against
in ‘case. the
circumstances should require it, to
augment the forces which he promis-
ed to bring into action, to an
hundred and eighty thousand men.

661

His majesty the king of the united
kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land promises and engages to pay,
in that case, to his imperial majesty
of all the Russias, for the troops
which he may thusadd to the 115,000
already agreed upon, a subsidy and
a premiere mise en campagne, at the
same rate as is agreed by the sixth
separate article of the treaty of con-
cert established between his majesty
the king of the united kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, and his
majesty the emperor of all the Rus-
sias, the 30thMarch--.(11th April, )
1805.
in witness whereof, the under.

signed plenipotentiarics have signed
the same, and have afiixed to it the
seals of their arms.—Done at St.
Petersburgh, the 10th May---(28th
April,) 1805.

(L.S.) Granville Leveson Gower.

(L. 8.) Adam prince Czartoryski,

(L. S.) Nicolas de Novossilzoff, -

No. I. (1.)— Additional Article of the
Treaty of Concert, signed at St.
Petersburgh, the 11th April,
1805.

His majesty the emperor of all the
Russias, purposing to concert mea-
sures with the court of Vienna, by
which considerable Russian armies
may be approximated to the’ fron-
tiers of France, by crossing the
Austrian and Prussian territories,
while it is declared that the object of
these movements is-to obtain secu-
rities for the continent, promises and
engages to his Britannic majesty,
in his own name, and in that of his
allies, that should even circum.
stances require, that at the moment
when the Russian troops began
their march, they should declare
that this mevement was in no way

U u3 connected,

662 ANNUAL#RE

connected with ani existing concert,
with his Britannic majesty, but that

the powers of the continent reclaim”

the fulfilment by France of her
immediate engagements with them,
yet so soon as the war shall have
broken out they will no longer
pursue a particular object, but that
which has been determined by the
concert of the 30th March—11th
April, with all the clauses incor-
porated with it.

In return for this assurance, his
Britannic majesty promises and en-
gages, in the first place, to fulfil
towards the emperor of all the
Russias the stipulations of the above
mentioned concert, in all their
parts, as soon as the war shall have
broken out, between Russia and
France, and especially to furnish

_ for the Russian troops the subsidies
agreed upon, payable from the day
on which they shall have quitted the
frontiers of the empire ; and more-
over, the three months stipulated
subsidy, under the name of premiére
mise en campagne ; with this condi-
tion, nevertheless, that however long
may be the term between the epoch
of the departure of the Russian
tsoops from their frontiers, and that
of the commencement of hostilities,
his Britannic majesty shall not be
bound to pay to Russia for that
interval more than six months sub-
sidy at the most, the premiere mise
en campagne being therein com.
prised,

In the second place, to fulfil, with
regard to Austria, all the stipula-
tious of the above-mentioned con-
cert,and especially all that relates to
the snbsidies, as soon as the ambas-
sador of his imperial and royal
mijesty shall have signed the act of
accession of his court: and lastly,
in the third place, to pay in the

@ISTER, 1806.

like manner to the other allies of
Russia, who. shall assist in this
enterprize (except in the case of
special arrangements), the subsidies
which have been allotted for them by
the abovementioned concert, and on
the conditions therein specified.

This additional article shall have
the same force and validity as if it
were inserted word for word in the
above-mentioned concert, and shall
be ratified by the two high con-
tracting parties, and the ratifieations
exchanged at St. Petersburgh, in
the space of six weeks, or sooner, if
possible.

In faith of which, the undersigned
plenipotentiaries have signed it, and
have affixed thereto the seal of their
arms.—Done at St. Petersburgh, the
12th—24th July, 1805.

(L. 8.) Granville Leveson Gower.
(L. $.) Adam prince Czartoryski.

No. If, (A.)—Preliminary Deelara-
tion of Count Stadion to Lord
Granville Leveson Gower, dated

‘at St. Petersburgh, July 28—
Aug. 9, 1805.
The undersigned ambassador

extraordinary and plenipotentiary of
his imperialand royal apostolical ma-
jesty, by order of his august sove.
reign, after having invited his ex-
cellency, the ambassador of Great
Britain, to join with him in the pre-
liminary declarations which he has
exchanged this day with his excel-
lency the prince of Czartoryski, has
moreover declared as follows :—

' His imperial and royal apostolic
majesty, in acceding to the treaty
concluded onthe 30th March 13th
April,1805,and subsequently ratified
by the courts of London and St.
Petersburgh, under the reservations,
modifications, and demands, as an-

STATE

otinced in the above-mentioned pre-
liminary declarations, limits the pe-
cuniary succours, which he expects
from his‘majesty the king of Great
Britain for the current year 1805,
to the threé milions. sterling, of
which sum one million and a half is
to be considered as premiere mise en

_ cdmpagne, and as such is to be fur-

nished with as little delay as possi-
ble; and the other million and a

’ half as subsidies, to be paid in equal

monthly payments, until the last
day ofthe year. ‘These subsidies, as
well as one million of the sum ap-
pointed for premiere mise en cam.
pagne, are to be furnished to his
imperial majesty, and shall remain
in his possession, even though the
vigorous demonstrations in which his
forces are actually employed should
notterminate in hostilities, butshould
lead by the way of negeciation to the
re-establishment of peace. Moreover,
as thesearmed demonstrations afford
the greatest and most efficacious aid
for the promotion of the object of
the concert, to which his imperial

_and royal apostolic majesty has ac-

ceded, he expects that, as long as
they shall continue, the subsidy
shall likewise continue to be paid,
in the same manner as if his armies
Were employed in actual war, and
that for the year 1806, and the sub.

sequent years, in consideration of |

the great number of troops which

__ he is opposing to the common ene-

my, the subsidy shall be increased
to the sum of four millions sterling,
payable in the same mauner as is
stated above, until the return of the
regiments into the hereditary domi-
nions.

_ His excelfency the ambassador of
Great Britain, having declared that
the instructions and precise orders

PiA-PVE RS. 663

of his court, precluded him from
acceding, without restriction, to the
above-mentioned demands, and hay-
ing engaged, by a preliminary aét,
exchanged against the present, in the
name of his Britannic majesty, to
stipulations which differ from them
considerably, as well with regard to
the sum, as to the terms of the pro-
positions made in the name of his
imperial and royal apostolic ma-
jesty.

The undersigned accepts this act,
given in by the ambassador of Eng-
land, but he declares at the same
time, that he does not consider the
sums stipulated therein as suffrcient,
and that he expressly reserves for
his court the power of reclaiming to
this effect, and of effecting the ful-
filment of its demands.

In transmitting the preliminary
declaration, which is to be in the
place, and have the validity of the
most solemn treaty, to his excellency
the ambassador of his majesty the
king of Great Britain, he is autho-
rized to declare to him at the same
time, that he is ready to proceed
immediately, on these same bases, to
the conclusion of the formal act of
accession of Austria, to the concert
of the 30th March—(11th April).

These presents shall be ratified by
the respective eourts in as short a
time as is possible. P

In faith of which the undersigned,
by virtue of the full powers of his
imperial and royal apostolic ma-
gesty, has signed the present prelimi-
nary declaration, and has affixed
thereto the seal of his arms.

Done at St. Petersburgh the 28th

of July (9th August), 1805.
(L.S.)J. Philippe, Comte de Stadion.

Uu4 No. II.

664 ANNUAL RE

No. YU. (B.) Declaration of Count
Stadien to Prince Czartoryski,
dated Petersburgh, 28th July—
9th August, 1805. . =
The undersigned ambassador ex.

traordinary and plenipotentiary of

his imperial and royal apostolic ma-

Jesty, being especially authorized

by the emperor, his august master,

declares, in answer to the declara-
tion which has heen delivered to him
by his excellency the prince Czarto-
ryski, of this day’s date, as follows :

1. His imperial! and royal majesty
in accepting the different articles
announced in this declaration, ac -
cedes o ihe concert concluded be-
tween the courts of St, Petersburgh
and London, the 30th of March_—
i1th of April, of this year, as well
as to the last plan, which the Russian
ministry has caused to be presented
at Vienna. His majesty promises
to fulfil the engagements thereof,
with the exception of the modifica.
tions, clauses, and demands, in-
cluded in the different official pieces
to which his imperial majesty of
Russia has given his consent in the
preliminary declaration, which will
be taken as the basis of the concert
of measures which Austria and Rus-
Sia are to employ for the attainment
of their object.

2. His imperial and royal majesty
engages to execute, without delay,
the military arrangements agreed
upon at Vienna, the 16th of July,
as well for the armed demonstration,
which is to facilitate the negociation,
a5 for the operations against the
enemy, which may ensue: in the
sonfidence and certain expectation
that the present preliminary agree.
ment shal! be unexceptionablyard li.
terally fulfilled.and that the definitive
agreement shall be concluded with-
out delay, and on the same basis
between the three powers.

‘

GISTER, 1806.

3. His imperial and royal mas
jesty engages, as soon as the whole,
or a part of the Russian troops,
Shall have passed their frontiers,
not to treat for peace but on the
basis which his majesty has himself
acknowledged to be indispensible
for the safety of Europe; and if
hostilities shall take place, to make
neither a peace nor truce, but with.
the consent of the allies, according
to the stipulations of the concert of
the 30th of March—11th of April,
of this year, ey

The undersigned, in delivering
the present preliminary declaration,
which is to be in the place, and to
have the validity of the most solemn
aét, to his excellency the prince
Czartoryski, is authorized to an.
nounce to him at the same time,
that he is ready to proceed imme.
diately to the conclusion of the for.
mal act of accession of the court of

‘Vienna to ‘the concert of the 30th

March—11th April.

The present declaration, and that
delivered to the undersigned by his
excellency the prince Czartoryski,
shall be ratified by the respective
sovereigns in the least possible time,
and the ratifications shall be ex.
changed at St. Petersburgh.

In faith of which the undersigned
ambassador extraordinary and ple-
nipotentiary of his imperial and
royal apostolic majesty, has signed
the present declaration, has caused
to be aflixed thereto the seal of his
arms, and has exchanged it against
the declaration signed this day by
his excellency prince Czartoryski,
joint minister for forcign affairs of
his majesty the emperor of all the
Russias.

Done at St. Petersburgh, the 9th

August,—28th July, 1805.
(L.S.) J.Phillippe, comtede Stadion.
No. II.

STAT RE PCA RIE-RS.

are i (C.)—Copy of the Declara-

tion delivered by Prince Czartoryski

_ to the Ambassador Count de Sta-

dion, on the 28th of July,—9th of
August, 1805.

The undersigned minister for fo-
reign affairs, being authorized to
— effect by his majesty the em-
_peror of all the Russias, declares to

is excellency the ambassador count

ale Stadion, as follows :
| 1. The several observations and
j " proposals announced by the court
__ of Vienna, in the preliminary decla-
_ fation delivered by the vice-chan-
_cellor of the court and state, count
de Cobentzel, to the ambassador
count de Razoumofsky, on the 7th
_ of July, are assumed by his majesty
the emperor of all the Russias, to
4 Serve as a basis for the concert of
measures between the court of
Rassia aud those of Vienna and
of London. In like manner, the
_ modifications proposed therein by
_ his imperial and royal majesty, for
ad regulation of the aifairs of the
"continent, are also adopted, in case

665

cations and demands contained in
the paper, entitled, ‘* Remarks on
some particular Objects of the Con-
vention signed between the Courts.
of Petersburgh and London, the
30th Margh->-1 ith April of this
year,”

4. His majesty the einperor of
all the Russias, promises to use his
best endeavours to engage his Bri-
tannic majesty to grant the total
amount of the subsidiary demands
made by the court of Vienna: with
this condition, nevertheless, that in
case his imperial majesty, notwith.
standing all his exertions, should
fail in the attempt, this circumstance
shall occasion no essential change in
the measures concerted between
Russia and Austria,

5. His majesty the emperor of all
the Russias engages, as soon as the
whole, or a part of the Russian
troops shall have passed their fron-
tiers, not to treat for peace but on
those bases which his imperial mas
jesty has himself acknowledsed te
be indispensible for the safety of
Europe; and when the war shall

i of there being reason to hope that
war may be ‘avoided by the means
_ of negociatioa.
2. His majesty the emperor of all
a the Russias contirms the military ar-

have broken out, to make neither
peace nor a trace, without the con-
sent of his allics, according to the
stipulations of the concert of the
30th March—1lith April of this

_ Fangements detailed in the protocol
_ of conferences between the general
| _ baron de Wintzingerode ou one
aide, and the prince de Schwaryen-
rg, and general Mack on the
- other, and which was signed on the
16th of July. And his imperial
_ majesty éngages strictly to fulfil the
whole of the measures therein ar-
"ranged.

3. His majesty the emperor of
all the Russias engages moreover, to
endeavour to prevail on his Britan-

big majesty to consent to the modifi-

year,

The undersigned, in’ delivering
this preliminary declaration, which
is.to be in the place, and have the vali-
dity of the most solemn act, tothe am-
bassador of Austria, is authorised to’
announce to him, at the same time,
that he is ready to proceed imme-
diately on these bases, to the con-
clusion of the formal act of acces-
sion of the court of Vienna to the
concert of the 30th Marech—(11th
April.)

The present declaration, and ‘that

defi.

666

delivered in return by the ambassa-
dor count de Stadion, shall be ra-
tified by the respective sovercigns in
the shortest possible term, and the
ratifications exchanged at St. Pe-
tersburgh,

In faith of which the le ee
joint minister for foreign aflairs
has signed the present declaration,
has caused the seal of his arms to be
afiixed thereto, and has exchanged

it against the declaration signed this

day by his excellency the count de
Stadion.
Done at St. Petersburgh the 28th
July—(9th August, 1805.)
Signed (I.. S.) Le Prince Adam de
Czartoryski.

No. II. (D)-—Declaration of Prince
Czartoryski lo Lord G, L. Gower,
dated at St. Petersburgh, 28th
July,—(9th August, 1805.)

The undersigned joint minister
for foreign aflairs, being autho-
rized to that effect by his majesty
the emperor of all the Russias, de-
clares to his excellency the ambassa-
dor, lord Granville Leveson Gower,
as follows :

1. The undersigned has this day
exchanged with his excellency the
ambassador of Austria, the declara-
tions, of which copies are hereto
annexed,

2. His majesty the emperor of
all the Russias expects that the am-
bassador of England will agree, in
the name of his court, without re.
serve, to their contents ; and thatif
he docs not consider himself suffi-
ciently anthorized thereto, he will
express, in a formal declaration, the
several points to which he can im-
mediately consent.

3. The undersigned is authorized
io exchange this declaration against

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

that which shall be delivered to hina
by his ‘excellency Lord Granville —
Leveson Gower. |

The present declaration, and that
delivered in return by the ambassa«
dor of England, whichare to be in
the place, and to have the validity
of the most solémn act, shall be ras
tified by the respective sovereigns,
and the ratifications exchanged at
St. Petersburgh in the shortest pos-
sible term.

In faith of which the undersigned
joint minister for foreign affairs, has
signed the present declaration, has
caused to be affixed to it the seal of
his arms, and has exchanged if
against the declaration signed this
day by his excellency the ambassas—
dor of England.

Done at St. Petersburgh, the 28th

of July, 1805.
(L. §.) Adam Prince Czartoryski.

No. II. (E.)—Declaration, signed
by his Majesty’s Ambassador at St.
Petersburgh, and delivered to
Prince Czartoryski, and to Count
de Stadion, 9th August, 1805,

The undersigned ambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary
of his Britannic majesty, having
been invited by his excellency
the prince Czartoryski, joint minis-
ter for forcign affairs, and the count
de Stadion, ambassador extraordi-
nary and plenipotentiary of his im-
perial royal and apostolic majesty,
to accede tothe declarations recipro«
cally exchanged between the two
imperial courts on this day, the 9th
of August, in virtue of his full
powers, declares as follows :

The several observations and pro-
posals expressed by the court of
Vienna in the preliminary declara-.
tion delivered by the vice-chancellor

‘ef the court and state, the count de
Cobenzel, to the ambassador count
Razoumofski, on the 7th of July,
and in the Memoire Raisonné of the
gist of July, are assumed by his
‘majesty the king of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land, &c. &c. to serveas a basis for
‘the concert of measures between the
three courts of London, Vienna,
and Petersburgh, and the modifica-
tions proposed therein, for the regu-
lation of the affairs of thecontinent,
are in like manner adopted, in case
there should be reason to hope that
war may be avoided by the nieans
of negociation.

The British ambassador, while he
declares.that his positive instructions
preclude him from acceding to the
oo demands of the court of

‘

Sovereign, that the monthly subsi-
dies agreed to by the concert of the
30th March (11th April), shall be
payable from the ist of October,
1805. He engages, likewise, to ad-
- yanice, with the least possible delay,
the equivalent of five months subsi-
dies, under the head of premicre
“mise en campagne, with this express
condition, that his Britannic majesty
may reclaim whatever payments
shall have been made in favour of
his imperial and royal majesty, be-
yond the million stipulated by the
eleventh additional article of the
_ above-mentioned treaty, whether as
_premicre mise en campagne, or. as
_ current subsidy, in case that the ne-
_ gociations, which are about to be
Bet on foot with the French govern-
ment do not terminate in war.

He declares, moreover, that.if the
said negociations shall not be
brought to a conclusion before the
Bist day of December, 1805, the
_ expiration of the first three months
—‘Whall be the term of the payments

STATE PAPERS.

jienna, engages, in the name of his.

667

which are to be continued monthly,
until the commencement of hosti-
lities.

His imperial and royal majesty
having engaged toembody an armed
force of not less than 320,000 men,
the undersigned consents, that the
advances to be made, under the
head of premiére mise en campagne,
shall be paid according to this calcu-
lation, with this condition, neverthe-
less, that if, contrary to all expecta-
tion, the Austrian armies do not
amount to the force above specified,
his Britannic majesty may deduét
from this payment a sum propor«
tionate to the numbers that are
wanting.

The British ambassador cannot
consent to the modifications and de-
mands contained in the paper, en-
titled, ‘‘ Remarks on some parti-
cular objects of the Convention,
signed between the Courts of Peters-
burgh andof London, the30th March
(11th April) of this year; as he has
hitherto received no instructions
from his court, which authorize
him to accede to such demands.

The British ambassador accepts
the accession of his majesty the em-
peror and king, under the condi-
tions specified in the preliminary
declarations exchanged this day be-
tween the plenipotentiaries of their
imperial and royal majesties, with
this formal reservation, that this ac-
ceptation shall not be considered as
valid, nor the above-mentioned en-
gagements obligatory, unless the
court of Vienna shall on their side
conform themselves to the whole of
the stipulations of the said act.

The undersigned, in delivering to
his excellency prince Czartoryski,
and count de Stadion, the present
preliminary declaration, which is to
be in the place, and have the vali-
dity of the most solemn treaty, is

autho-

2

668

authorized to announce to him at
the same time, that he is ready to
proceed immediately on these bases,
to the conclusion of the formal ac-
cession of the court of Vienna to
the concert of the 30th March,
(11th April.)

These presents shall be ratified
by the respective courts, in the
shortest possible term.

In witness whereof the under.
signed, by virtne of the full powers
of his Britannic majesty, has signed
the present preliminary declaration,
and has affixed thereto the seal of
his arms.

Done at St. Petersburgh the 28th

July (9th August) 1805.
(L.S.) Granville Leveson Gower.

No. WI.—Preliminary and Secret
Convention between his Majesty
and the King ‘of Sweden, signed
at Stockholm, 3d.of Dec. 1804.

His majesty the king of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and his majesty the
king of Sweden, being animated
with a mutual desire to strengthen
and draw closer the ties of friend-
ship and harmony which so happily
exist between the two courts, hay-
ing thought proper, with this view,
to regulate by a preliminary and
secret convention, certain points of
their mutual interests, relative: to
the present situation of affairs ;
their said majesties have named for
that purpose, his majesty the king
of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the sieur Henry
Pierrepont, his envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary ; and
his majesty the king of Sweden, the
sieur Frederic d’Ehrenheim, pre-
sident of his chancery, and com-
mander of his order of the polar

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

star, who, after having reciprocally
communicated their full powers, ©
have agreed upon the following ar- —
ticles :-— ,
Art, I. His Britannic majesty, —
in order to enable his Swedish ma-
jesty more effectually to provide for
the defence of Stralsund, against
any attack whatever on the part of
the French, engages to pay, once

for all, the sum of 60,0001. sterling,
which is to be appropriated: solely
to that purpose: thissum shall bere.
mitted in three payments, at the in-
terval of a month between each, —
the first of which is to become due —
upon the ratifications of this convens —
tion being exchanged. ‘t
II. His majesty the king of Swe.
den engages, so long as the war be-
tween Sweden and France con. —
tinues, or during the space of —
eighteen months, for the least, to —
permit the establishment of a depédt —
in Swedish Pomerania, either at —
Stralsund, or in the island of Ra- —
gen, or in both those places, for the _
corps of I{anoverians which his Bri- -
tannic majesty shall be desirous of
raising there, ,
lil. The officers appointed to —
raise the said levies, shall be allowed —
to clothe, arm, and victual them ;
to form them into battalions, and
to remove them out of Swedish Po-
merania, into such places, and in
such proportions, as his Britannic
majesty shall judge preper. a
1V. The stipulations of the two —
preceding articles, being founded —
on the principle that Sweden is ae-
tually declared a belligerent party,

it is understood the said Articles i,
and III, are to be suspended im
their operation, until his Swedish
majesty shall find himself, by the
return of the open season, in a Si-
tuation to send additiona) reinforce-
ments

ments into Pomerania, insomuch
thatno measure relative to these dis-
positions, can be adopted * before
that time.
_ V. His majesty the king of Swe-
den engages moreover to grant to
the subjects of his Britannic ma-
jesty, during the continuance of
the war between Great Britain and
France, the right of an entrepot at
Stralsund, for all the articles of the
growth, produce, and merchandize,
as well of Great Britain as of her
colonies, shipped in British or
Swedish vessels. All such articles
intended for re-exportation, whe-
ther by sea or land, shali only pay
a duty of three quarters per cent, ad
vdlorem; and those for consump-
tion such duties only as are actually
| established at the port of Stralsund,
with respect to the most favoured
nations. A more detailed arrange-
| ment of this branch of commerce,
as likewise of other points, whereby
the commercial interests of the two
nations might be mere closely con-
nected, is to be reserved for a parti-
- eular act.
VI. His majesty the king of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and his majesty the
king of Sweden, mutually engage to
ratify the present act, and the rati-
fications thereof shall be exchanged
_ in thespace of six weeks, or sooner,
if possible, to be computed from the
day of its signature.
_ In witness whereof, we the un-
dersigned, furnished with the full
_ powers of our respective sovereigns,
have signed the present convention,
and thereunto affixed the seals of
our arms,
Done at Stockholm, this 3d of
December, 1804,
~ (was signed) +
_ (1.S.) Henry Pierrepont.
™ (L.S.) F. D’Ehrenheim,

STATECOPA PE'RS.

669

No. IV.—Convention between his
Majesty and the King of Sweden,
signed at Helsingborg, the 31st of
August, 1805.

Art. I. The preliminary and se.
cret convention, concluded between
the two sovereigus on the 3d of
December, 1804, is renewed, and
shall continue in full force and va-'
lidity, during the period hereinafter
specified in Art. VII.

Il. His majesty the king of Great
Britain, conceiving that the object
stated in the preamble, cannot be
more completely attained with re-
spect to Swedish Pomerania, than
by maintaining the fortress of Stral-
sund in a respectable state of de-
fence, in order to preserve a rallying
point and place of retreat for the
forces of the allied powers, and
especially for the troops of the em-
peror of all the Russias, in case his
imperial majesty should be desirous
of landing his forces at that place, in
order to co-operate in the general
plan, engages to pay mohthly, the
sum of one theusand eight hundred
pounds sterling, for every thousand
of regular trogps with which his
Swedish majesty shall reinforce the
usual garrison of the city of Stral-
sund.

III. A garrison of eight thousand
men in the whole, being deemed
sufficient for the defence of this
place, and the usual garrison, in-
cluding the burgher militia, amount-
ing to upwards of four thousand ;
it is understood that the reinferce-
ment spoken of in the preceding ar-
ticle, shall not exceed four thousand
men of regular troops, so that the
subsidies to be furnished by his ma-
jesty the king of Great Britain, will
amount to the sum of seven thousand
two hundred pounds per month.

IV. The payment of the above-

men-

670

mentioned subsidies shall be made
before the end of every month, and
shall be computed from the Ist day
of July last, for the Swedish troops,
amounting to fifteen hundred mea,
actually in Stralsund, and for the
reinforcements which may arrive
there, from the day of their landing.

V. The two high contracting par-
ties not having been able te agree
upon the expences of transport, his
majesty the king of Sweden, desirous
of affording a convincing proof of
his wish to contribute to the suc-

cess of the common cause, engages
to be at the sole charge of convey-
ing to Pomerania, the troops which
are to be sent there, in pursuance
of the present convention, and not
to require any thing for their re-
turn.

VI. His majesty the emperor of
all the Russias, having signified his
desire to land a part of his troops
in Pomerania, his Swedish majesty
engages, in consequence of the pre-
sent convention, to afford every fa-
cility in his power to such debarka-
tion, and moreover to enter into
particular stipulations with his im,
perial majesty on that head.

Vil. As ‘the conditions of the
obligations contained in the Ar-
ticles IT. and III. of the preliminary
and secret convention, limit the en-
joyment of the privileges therein
granted to the king of Great Bri-
tain, to theduration of the war be-
tween Sweden and France, or to-the
period of eighteen months for the
least; and his Britannic majesty
not having availed himself of the
stipulations of the above-mentioned
two articles, his majesty the king of
Sweden engages te extend them as
long as the subsidies fixed by the
present convention, shall be dis-
gkarged by Great Britain, and

9

ANNUAL REGISTER;

‘tracting parties have amicably re-

of hee Se

1806.

whilst that power shall continue
the war against France, in conjunc
tion with Russia. i
VILL. The ratifications of the ;
present convention shall be ex-—
changed at Stockholm, within six —
weeks, or sooner if possible. ;
In witness whereof, we the un-—
dersigned, in virtue of our powers,
have ‘signed the present convention, ©
and have aflixed thereto the seals of —
our arms.
Done at Helsingborg, the 31st of
August, 1805.
(Signed) (L. S.) Henry Pierrepont.
(L. 8.) J. C. Baren de
Toll.

No. VI. (A.)—Aecet of guarantee by
the Emperor of Russia, of the
Convention, signed at Helsingborg,
on the 3d of Dec. 1804.

‘A convention having been con-
cluded this day, by the intervention
of his majesty the emperor of all the’
Russias, between his majesty the
king of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, and his
majesty the king of Sweden, to
provide for the reinforcement of
the garrison of Stralsund, in pur-
suance of the secret and prelimi-
nary convention of the 3d of De-
cember, 1804; the two high con-

quested his imperial majesty to cone
sent to guarantee the execution of
so desirable an object. His majesty
the emperor of all the Russias has
accordingly willingly agreed to a
measure, which tends solely to so
salutary an end; and _ having
thereunto furnished us with his full
powers, we, the undersigned, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiary of his imperial majesty, de.
clare and assure by this present act,

in

ST VATME OPA PERS. 671

the 2d and 3d articles of the con.
vention signed this day, shall conti-

| in-virtue of our full powers, that his
/ majesty the emperor of all the

Russias guarantees the convention
which has been signed this day, be-
tween his majesty the king of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and his majesty the
king of Sweden, in all its extent, as
well as the two separate articles
which are annexed toit, and which
form part of the same, as of all the
other conditions, clauses, and _sti-
_pulations, which are contained
' therein, in the best possible form ;
and that his imperial majesty will
cause to be forwarded and delivered,

the particular ratifications of this’

_ act of guarantee.

In faith of which we have sigaed
the present act, and have caused
the seal of our arms to be thereto
affixed, and have exchanged it
against the acts of acceptation ; as
shall be likewise exchanged the ra-

_ tifications of the present act against
the ratifications of the said acts of ac-
aeptation, in the space of six weeks,
or sooner, if possible.
_ Done at Helsingborg this 31st day
of August, 1805.

(L. S.) D, Alopeus.

No. IV. (B.)\—This is simply the ac-
ceptance by his majesty of the

Russian Guarantee to the Treaty
_ of Helsingborg, of 31st August,
1805.

No. IV. (C.)—First Separate Arti-
‘ cle of the Convention of Helsing-
_ borg, signed 31st of August, 1805.

His majesty the king of the
ics Kingdom of Groat Britain
and Ireland, and his majesty the
king of Sweden, having agreed by
_ the present separate and additional
_aiticle, that the subsidies fixed by

nue to be paid by Great Britain,
during the continuance of the war
between that power and France,
conjointly with Russia, or as Jong
as the state of affairs, and the ope-
rations of the allies, shall require
that the fortress of Stralsund be
kept in a respectable state of de-
fence, unless the two high contraét-
ing parties shall mutually consent ta
the cessation of such subsidies. In
both cases, if the term of their pay-
ment should happen when the sea is
not navigable, his Britannic majesty
engages, nevertheless, to continue
their payment, according to the
same rate as heretofore, till the day
of the return of the Swedish troops
into Pomerania, which shall take
place. by the earliast opportunity.

Na. IV. (D.)—Second Separate
Article of the Convertion of Hei-
singborg, signed the 31st of Au-
gust, 1805.

The Hanoverian troops, which,
in pursuance of the stipulations of
the 2d and 3d articles of the secret
and preliminary convention of the
3d of December, 1804, renewed by
the 7th article of the present con-
vention, may be hereafter assembled
in Swedish Pomerania, shall conti-
nue, as long as they remain in that
province, under the supreme orders
of the commander-in-chief of the
united forces, without any violation
of the rights established in the three
above-mentioned articles.

This separate article shall have
the same force and validity, as if it
were inserted word for word in the
convention signed this day, and shall
he ratified at the same time.

In faith of which we the under.

signed,

672 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

signed, by virtue of our full powers,
have signed the present separate ar-
ticle, and have caused the seal of our
arms to be affixed thereto.

Dore at Helsingborg, this 31st

day of August, 1805.
(Signed) (L.S.) Henry Pierrepont.
(L.S.) T. E. Baron de

Toll.

No. V.—Treaty between his Majesty
and the king of Sweden, signed
at Beckascog, 3d Oét. 1805.

In the name 68 the Most Holy and
Undivided Trinity !

Art. I. There shall be a perfce&
understanding, friendship, and als
liance, between his Britannic ma-
jesty and his majesty the king of
Sweden.

II. The convention concluded
between their said majesties on the
3ist of August last, is hereby re-

' mewed, and shall remain in full

force and validity, independent of
the new stipulations contained in
the present treaty.

Ill. His majesty the king of
Sweden, desirons of co-operating
with effeet towards the success of
the general plan, engages to furnish
a corps of troops destined to act
against the common enemy, in con-

- cert with the allies, and especially

with the troops of his imperial ma-
jesty of all the Russias which shall be
fanded in Pomerania. The number

of Swedish troops employed for this.

purpose, shall be fixed in every case
at 12,000 men.

IV. His Britannic majesty, in
order to facilitate to his Swedish
majesty the means of acting with vi-
gour, and conformably to the senti-
ments of zeal and interest by which
he is animated for the common

cause, engages to furnish him an —
annual subsidy, at the rate of twelve
pounds ten shillings sterling for
every man, which subsidy shall be —
paid in equal proportions at the end
of each month.

V. His Britannic majesty, more- —
over engages, as a compensation
for the expences of assembling, —
equipping, and conveying the said —
troops, to furnish, under the head
of putting them in motion, a sum
equal to five months subsidy, to be
calculated according to the scalelaid —
down in the preceding article, and
payable immediately after the ra-
tification of the present treaty.

VI. The two high contracting
parties engage not to lay down their
arms, nor to conclude peace with
the commonenemy, but by mutual —
consent ; but, on the contrary, to
remain firmly and inseparably.
united, as long as the war lasts, and
until the conclusion of a general
pacification.

Vil. In. pursuance of the en- *
gagements agreed upon between the
two high contracting parties, by
virtue of the preceding article, not
to lay down their arms but by com-
mon consent, his Britannic majesty
engages to continue the subsidies
stipulated by the present treaty, un-
til the end of the war.

VIII. His Britannic majesty, in
order as well to cover the expences
of the Swedish army, as ofall other
objects conneéted therewith, en-
gages to continue the subsidies sti-
pulated by the present treaty, until
three months after the peace.

iX. His Britannic majesty, im-
pressed with the importance of put-
ting the fortress of Stralsund in the
best possible state of defence, en-
gages to place, immediately after the

~ exchange

f

° TT A TE

exchange of the ratifications of the
- present treaty, at the disposal of
his Swedish majesty, the additional
“sum of 50,000]. sterling for that
purpose.

X. The present treaty shall be
ratified by the two high contracting
parties, and the ratifications thereof
shall be exchanged in six weeks, or
Sooner, if possible.

In witness whereof we the un-
. dersigned, in virtue of our powers,
have signed the present treaty, and
have thereunto affixed the seals of
‘our arms.

_ Done at Beckascog, the 3d of

October, 1805.
(Was Signed) (1.S.) H. Pierrepont.

Toll.

Supplementary Papers relative to
_ Treaties, &c. Presented by His
Majesty's Command to both Houses
of Parliament.

Am
ie

‘ {This collection of diplomatic pa-

pers fills seventy-six folio pages.
| The greater part of them would be
but little interesting to our readers,
after the perusal of the treaties, to
_ which they chiefly refer, but there
are some passages well worthy of
selection for the light they throw
upon several political and military
nsactions of the last summer and
autumn. |
The following extract furnishes a

ment of general Mack.
In consequence of this movement
whether by choice or by necessity
IT know not) general Mack divided
_hisarmy, and general Jellachich was
i detached with, I believe, 15 or 16
_ battalions towards the Tyrol. Orders
me Vou. XLVIII.

(L. 8.) T. E. Baron de °

_ Hew instance of the fatal mismanage- |

PFA (PE RAS.

were sent at this time to the garri-
son at Memminghen, which consisted
of 11 battalions, to evacuate that
place, and join the above corps un-
der general Jellachich. Whether the
order arrived too late, or whether it
was ill delivered, I am unable to de.
cide ; but the garrison capitulated to
the French under general Davoust,
after the town had been nearly re-
duced to ashes. [tis to be observed, -
that the artillery destined for the
fortifications of that place was still
without the town. Upon this oc-
casion, a great number of Bavarian
peasants who had joined the French,
and who were taking possession of
the aboye artillery, were cut to
pieces by the Austrian hussars, who
carricd the whole or the greatest
part of it off.

Iam sorry to say, that a general
consternation or dismay is beginning
to prevail here, at least in the pub-
lic. The presence of the emperor of
Russia, who is expected here on the
5th of next month, may pergaps
tend todispel thegloom, particularly
should affairs take rather a more fa-
vourable turn in theinterval. If in
truth they bear an inauspicious as.
pect, they are not by any means
desperate. ‘There is an army of re-
serve of 50,000 men; there areas
many more Russians on their march;
some reinforcements may be drawn
from Italy ; 50 or 60,000 men may,
it is to be hoped, be pamodt from the
Austrian and Russian armies now in
Germany ; so that, in the course of
three or four weeks, unless these
armies should be absolutely and li-
terally annihilated, we shall have
considerably above 100,000 men
ready to take the field.

In a very long plan of opera.
tions, proposed “by the court of

Xx Vienna,

673

674

Vienna, we find the following
estimate of the military force of
France :—
¢¢ France, upon the new organiza-
tion of her army, has on foot
112 Regiments of the
LCS eae See
$0 Regiments of
light infantry, ... 107,540

404,528 men.

$6 Gavatry, 2. 222 645226
16 Artillery, --..- 21,43
598,024

This number, with the addition.of
the different corps in Corsica and
the islands, of 21 regiments of
Dutch soldiers, 11 Swiss regiments,
1§ auxiliary ‘corps from Italy, and
‘the imperial guards, which consists
of 15,000 men, makes-a total of
631,964, the whole military force
now on foot in France. — These
troops are for the greater part al-
ready on the war establishment.”

The ensuing extract from a me-
moir of count Starhemberg cannot
be overlooked, whenever the con-
duct of our late ministry, with re-
spect to the continental campaign,
shall come into discussion.

(Translation. )—Extract from a Me-
moir on the Situation of Affairs,

> communicated by Count Starhem-
berg.

Never were hopes, founded on
the most salutary views and plans,
destroyed by a more fatal blow, than
the disastrous reverse which our
army in Germany has experienced
by a concourse of unfortunate cir-
cumstances, the consequence of a
single fault. The simultaneous co-
operation of the two impcrial courts
of England and Prussia should have
offered, at the commencement of the
war, a rehath of armed forces from

north to south, and should have ob- |

2

ANNUAL REGIS

. interior in the- course
‘of October, have but little exeeeded

‘Iiler, where, in the strong

\

TE R, 1806.

liged France, by mutual diversions, —
to separate hers. [t ,was our first
misfortune, that none of the hopes
we had placed in diversions on the —
north of the continent, which might |
have obliged the emperor of the
l’rench to divide the troops that he
had withdrawn from his coasts,
were realised ; and not only all these
troops were able to be employed ©
against our army, in Germany, but
even the Gallo-Batayian army, and
that of Berhadotte, could quit Hol- —
land and Hanover also, without im-
pediment, to join in the attack. It
is to this circumstance, that the
French troops, which were opposed
to ours, owe {he superiority of their
numbers; for deducting these two
armies, the troops arrived from the
f the month

the number of Austrian troops on the
position
which they occupied; they would
have been able to await the junction
of the first army of his majesty the ©
emperor of Russia. There was even
a moment when they had the hope
of preventing the junction of the
French troops from the north with
those arrived from the interior of
France, by falling on 4 party of.the
latter, when, as a second misfor-
tune, the violation of the Prussian
neutrality suddenly changed the face
of affairs, and reduced our German
army to the ‘alternative, either to
fall back immediately on the Inn,
or to see itself surrounded and de-
stroyed.

Extract from the Answer of the-
French Government to the Declara-
tion of Austria, dated Paris, Aug.

16, 1805.
England well knows, and has”
more than once declared, that Russia
alene

s

SuT; A. dy E

alone can give her no effectual as.
sistance; and that without the co-
operation of Prussia and Austria,
‘no diversion would be of any use.

10 time, nor in any case, enter into
any hostile design against France. ¢
_ Itis for the-interests of Austria
self, and for the glory of her so-
eign, that the emperor of the
ch desires that his majesty the
peror of Germany and Austria
uld avail himself ef the oppor-
mity which now offers. He has
win his hands both the destiny
his own dominions and that of
urope. In the one he holds the
roubles and the subversion of states;
in the other a general peace : impar-
| tial neutrality will give him all that
he desires for himself, and will en-
‘able him to ensure the peace
of the world. The most effectual
iation that Austria can employ
apeace is, to observe the most
fect neutrality, not to arm, nor
oblige France to make any diver-
jou; not to allow to England any
e of engaging her in an offensive
lliance,

‘

|} Address of the City of London to
_ His Majesty, Wednesday Feb. 19,

1806.

he humble, Joyal,’ and dutiful ad-

dress of the lord mayor, alder-
men, and commons of the city of

. wha Ba

Py. >

PAPERS.

Prussia has declared that she will at .

“675

London, in common council as.

sembled.

Most Gracious Sovereign,

We, your majesty’s most dutiful
and loyal subjects, the Jord mayor,
aldermen, and commons of the city
of London, in common council as-
sembled, most humbly approach
your majesty with the warmest sen-
timents of loyalty and attachment to
your majesty’s sacred person.aud fa-
mily.

We beg to assure your. majesty,
that while we contemplate with the
deepest concern and disappointment,
the Jate disastrous events, «which
have led, in so rapid and extraordi-
nary a manner, to the defeat and
humiliation of the Austrian power,
we cannot refrain from offering to
your majesty. our sincere thanks and
congratulations on the formation of
an administration, combining men
of the highest consideration and ta-
lents, affording, amidst these: ad-
verse events, the cheering praspect,
that by such an union of wisdom
and energy in your majesty’s coun-
cils, a system of vigour, vigilance,
and economy will be adopted,*
{which} may support our public ai.
fairs, preserve and strengthen ont
national security, and prove most
conducive to the honour and digs
nity of your majesty’s crown, and
the happiness and liberties of your
people.

Viewing the high and distinguish-

Xi xi2 ~ ed

* Instead of the word which; as marked above, the committee which drew up
address inserted the following, “as may retrieve our public affairs.” Antlin-
sad of the words in italics, was inserted as follows: “that, by a revision of past
‘ors,a reform of public abuse, a wise application of our resources, the most
Cacious means of national defence, and a dignified and conciliatory conduct
wards foreign powers, this country, surmounting every difficulty, may be restored
}its ancient rank, power, and opulence, and the peace, hajspiness and security
your majesty’s dominions be established on a firm and lasting foundation.” +

_ A motion was afterwards made in the Common-council, where the committee %

cherged with misconduct, and the address was presented as above.

676

ed characters composing your ma-
jesty’s present government, we have
perfect confidence, that, under your
majesty’s direction, the national
strength will be augmented, its re-
sources improved and preserved, and
the utmost energics of a free, loyal,
and united people will be called forth
into action; so that, with the bles-
sing of divine Providence, this country
may keep fast its liberties and inde-
pendence, and may maintain its due
rank among the nations of Europe.
Permit us to assure your majesty
of our firm co-operation, in every
measure which may be deemed es-
sential towards resisting any unrea-
sonable petensions on the part of
your majesty’s enemies, and for cn-
abling your majesty to restore to
your people the blessings of peace,
on such terms as may be consistent
with the honour, dignity, and safety
of these realms.
Signed, by order of the court,
Henry Woodthorpe.

The following is his majesty’s most
gracious answer:

‘© T thank you for your loyal and
dutiful address. I receive with the
highest satisfaction your assurances
of loyalty and attachment to my
person and family, and you may rest
assured that I have no other object
in view, in the measures adopted
for the administration of my govern-
ment, than to maintain the honour
and dignity of my crown, and the
union, the happiness, and the essen-
tial interests of my people.?’

Prussian Proclamation for excluding
British Trade, &¢.

By a treaty concluded between
his Prussian majesty and the empe-
rer of France and king of Itaby, it

ANNUAL REGISTER,

- declare as follows :— ~

1806.

has been stipulated that the ports of j
the German Ocean (the North Sea) —
and the rivers which empty them-
selves in it, shall be shut against ~
British shipping and trade, in the —
same mauner as was practised
whilst Hanover was occupied by —
French troops. The Prussian troops,
therefore, have orders to refuse en- —
trance to all British ships which
may attempt to enter such ports and
rivers, and to order them. back.
Measures will also be taken to pre-
vent English goods from being land.
ed and transported.
Given at Head-quarters, Hanover,
28th of March, 1806.
(Signed) Schulenberg.

a

Prussian Patent.-

We, Frederic William, king of
Prussia, &c. &c. make known and

The wish to secure our faithfal
subjects, and the neighbouring —
States of the North of Germany
during the war, and to preserve and
confirm the duration of the blessings
of peace, was at all times the inten-
tion of our indefatigable endeavours.
These wholesome measures were
made known, upon some recent oc~
casions, as the object of our late
patent, dated January 27th, 1806,
according to which the Electoral
States of Brunswick Iunenberg in
Germany, were taken possession of
by our troops, when the administra.
tion of the same passed into our
hands. But in consequence of the
exchange of the electorate of Hano.
ver, in “consideration of the cession
of three of the provinces of our
monarchy, and for the permanent
tranquillity of our subjects, and the’
neighbouring states, we have found
it indispensibly necessary to enter

inte

‘

ST ARE OP AP ER's,"

inte and concludea convention with
his, majesty the emperor of the
French and king of Italy; and as
the electoral states of the house of
Brunswick, situated in Germany,
were obtained by the emperor Na-
poleon by right of conquest, we
hereby declare, that the rightful
possession of the territory of that
_ house has passed over to us, in con-
sideration of the cession of three of
_ our provinces, and is now subject to
our power only; consequently,
from the present time, the govern-
ment and the administration of
these countries, will be administered
simply in our name alone, and under
our supreme authority.

We therefore call upon all
persons, whatever may have been
the funétions assigned them, to exe-
cute those functions only in our
name, and under our authority.

Count Schulenberg Kehnert,
and the commissioners who are at-
tashed to him, expeét no less than
that all the prelates, the burghers,
and the inhabitants in general, will
obediently conform themselves to
the order of things, which a new @ra
has rendered necessary for their
tranquillity and well-being ; and in
so doing, they will afford his ma-
jesty a proof of their devotion to
their country.

So, on our part, nothing shall
be neglected to confirm them in the

persuasion of our paternal affection,
and our sincere wish to render them

happy. Pits

(Signed) Frederick William.
Schulenberg.
Haugwitz.

April 1, 1806.
A REE SEP ie ee Ser

Order in Council for detaining
Prussian Ships,

,

677

At the Court at the Queen’s Palace,
the 5th of April, 1806, present
the King’s Most Excellent Ma.
jesty in Council.

Whereas his majesty has received
advice that his majesty the king of
Prussia has taken possession of ya-
rious parts of the electorate of Han-
over, and other dominions belong-
ing to his majesty, ina forcible and
hostile manner ; and has also noti-
fied that all British ships shall be ex.
cluded from the ports of the Prussian
dominions, and from certain other
ports in the north of Europe, and
not suffered to enter or trade there-
with, in violation of the just rights
and interests of his majesty and his
dominions, and contrary to the
established law and practice of na.
tions in amity with each other; his
majesty, with the advice of his privy
council, is thereupon pleased to or-
der, agit is hereby ordered, that no
ships or vessels belonging to any of
his majesty’s subjects, be permitted
to enter andclear out for any of the
ports of Prussia, until further or.
der; and his majesty is further
pleased to order, that a general em-
bargo or stop be made of all Prus.
sian ships and vessels whatsoever,now
within, or which hereafter shall come
into any of the ports, harbours or
roads, within the united kingdom of
Great Britain,and Ireland, together
with all persons and effects on board
the said ships and vessels; but that
the utmost care be taken for the
preservation of all and every part
of the cargoes on board any of the
said ships and vessels, so that no
damage or embezzlement whatever
be sustained ; and the right honour.
able the lords commissioners of his
majesty’s treasury, the lords com-
missioners of the admiralty, and the
lord warden ef the Cinque Ports,

XK x3 are

678
are to give the necessary directions

herein, as to them may respectively
appertain, S. Cotrell.

Proclamation.— Francis IT. Emperor
of Germany, &c. &c.

T have given peace to my good
and faithful people. My _resolu-
tions have united with their wishes.
T renounced all hopes of a change
in the fortune of war, to banish
with promptitude all the dangers
and sufferings to which my fiou-
rishing country, and even the heart
of the monarchy, my capital and re-
sidence, were exposed. ‘The sa-
crifices are great, and they were
with difficulty wrung from my
heart ; but they could not stand in
competition with the welfare, the
domestic and civil welfare of mil-
lions. For these 1 made the sacri-
fice; and I expect my indemnifica-
tion in the blessings which are pro-
mised tomy people by the return of
peace. I know no other happiness
than that of my people; and no
glory superior to that of the father
of these people, who in loyalty, un-
shaken fidelity, and
love to their sovereign and their
country, give place to no nation in
Europe. The fair fame of their na-
tional character has exacted an un-
willing tribute of esteem, even from
. the enemy; but in my heart they
have fixed a monument whieh time
itself will not be able to destroy.
Under these emotions I returned to
my residence, in the circle of my
loyal and estimable citizens and in-
habitants, and to the resumption of
the direction of my affairs. The
wounds inflicted by the war are
deep: several years may be neces-
sary to heal them, and to obliterate

disinterested ,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the impressions inflicted by the suf.
ferings of this unfortunate period.
The administration of the state has
greater, and duties more diffieuit
than ever, to fulfil; and they will
fulfil them: but they have, at the
same time, stronger claims than
ever upon the co-operation of all
classes, for the laudable purpose of
restoring the vigour of the interior,
by disseminating the true culture of
the mind, and animating the na-

tional industry in all its branches,

through the restoration and tncrease
of the national credit; and by. these
means to establish the monarchy-
upon that basis which the variable
fate of the states of Europe bas ren-
dered necessary. Every moment of
my life will be directed to this object,
and devoted to the improvement of
the welfare of the noble and good
people, who are dear to meas the
children of my affection. United
by the mutual obligations’ of reci-
procal confidence, and the cordial
love of my subjects, I shall only be+
lieve I have done enough for Aus-
tria, as a prince and a father, when
its prosperity is again secured ;
when the sufferings of the citizens
are forgotten, and nothing remains
alive but the remembrance of my
sacrifices, your fidelity, and your
exalted and unshaken patriotism.

_ Francis,
Vienna, Feb. 1, 1806. S

. The President?’s Messageto the Se-
o>

nate and Louse of Representatives
of the United States of America.

At a moment when the nations of
Europe are in commotion, and arm-
ing against each other—when those
with whom we have principal inter-
course arc engaged in the general

contest,

contest, and when the countenance
of some of them towards our peare-
able country, threatens that even
that may not be unaflected by what
is passing on the general theatre, a
meeting of the representatives of the
nation, in both houses of congress,
has become more than usually desir-
_ able. Comiug from every section of
_ our country, ‘they bring with them
the sentiments and the information
ae the whole, and will be enabled to
ive a direction to the public affairs,
which the will and the wisdom of the

: “whole will approve and support.
_ In taking a view of the state of
| our country, we, in the first place,
“notice the great afiliction of two of
our cities, under the fatal fever
_ which, in latter times, has occasion-
__ally visited our shores. Providence,
in his goodness, gave it an early ter-
¥ mination on this occasion, and les-
_ sened the number of victims which
have usually fallen before it. In the
course of the several visitations of
_ this disease, it has appeared that it
” is strictly local, incident to cities,
__ and on the tide waters only, incom-
' municable in the country either by
_, Persons under the disease,-or by
goods carried from diseased places ;
that its access is with the autumn,
and it disappears with the early
frosts. ‘hese restrictions, withia
“narrow limits of time and space,
give security even to our maritime
Cities, during three-fourths of the
aly and in the country always.—
iIthough from these facts it appears

of foreign nations, and cautions on

_ their part not to be complained of
_ in a danger whose limits are yet un-
_ known to them, I have strictly ens
joined ou the officers at the head of
the customs, to certify with exact
truth, for every vessel sailing for a

‘

ST Ah PiAsPEARS.

unnecessary, yet to satisfy the fears”

679

foreign port, the state of health re.
specting this fever which prevails at
the placefrom whence’she sails. Un.
der every motive from character and
duty to certify the truth, I have no
doubt they have faithfully executed
this injunction, \Much real injiry
has, however, been sustained, from
a propensity to identify with this en-
demic, and to call: by the same name
fevers of very diflerent kinds, which
have been known at ail times, and
in all countries, and never have been
placed among those deemed conta-
gious. As we advance in our know-
ledge of this disease—as facis deve-
lope the source from which indivi-
duals receive it—the state authorities
charged with the care of the public
health, and congress with that of the
general commerce, will become able
to regulate with effect their respect-
ive functions in these departments.
The burthen of quarantines is felt at
home as well as abroad; their effi-
cacy merits examination, Aithough
the health-laws of the states should
be found to need no present revisal
by congress, yet commerce claims
that their attention be ever awake to
them.

Since our last meeting, the aspect
of our foreign relations has consider-
ably changed. Our coasts have
been infested, and our harbours
watched by private armed vesscis,
some of them without commissiens,
some with illegal commissions, others
with those of legal form, but com-
mitting piratical acts beyond the au-
thority of their commissions. ‘They
have captured, in the very entrance
of our harbours, as well as upon the
high seas, not only the vessels ef our
friends coming to trade with us,
but our own also. ‘hey have car-
ried them off under pretence of legal
adjudication ; but not daring to ap. |

xXx 4 proach

proach a court of justice, they have

plundered and sunk them by the,

way, in obscure places, whete no e-
vidence could arise against them ;
maltreated the crews, and abandon-
« ed them in beats in the open sea, or
on desert shores, without food or co-
vering. ‘These enormities appearing
to be unreached by any control of
their sovereigns, I found it necessa-
ry to equip a force, to cruize within
our own seas, to arrest all vessels of
these descriptions, found hovering
on our coasts, within the limits of
the gulph-stream, and to bring the
offenders in for trial as pirates.
The same system of hovering on
*our coasts and harbours, under co-
four of secking enemies, has been
also carried on by public armed
ships, to the great annoyance and
oppression of our commerce. New
principles, too, have been interpo-
jated into the law of nations, found-
ed neither in justice, nor the usage
' er acknowledgment of nations. Ac-
cording to these, a belligerent takes
to itself a commerce with its own
enemy, which it denies to a neutral,
on the ground of aiding that enemy
in the war. But reason revolts at
such an inconsistency, and the neu-
tral having equal right with the bel-
ligerent to decidé the question, the
interests of our constituents, and the
duty of maintaining the authority of
reason, the only umpire ‘between
just nations, impose on us the obli-
gation of providing an effectual and
determined opposition to a doetrine
so injurious to the rights of peace-
able nations. Indeed, the confidence
we ought to have in the justice of
others, still countenances the hope,
that a sounder view. of those rights
will, of itself, induce from every
belligerent a more correct observ-
ance of them,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

With Spain our negociations for

a setilement of differences, have not |

had a satisfactory issue, Spoliations
during the former war, for which
she had formerly acknowledged her-
self responsible, have been refused
to be compensated, but on condi-
tions affecting other claims, in no
wise connected with them. Yet the
same practices are renewed in the

present war, and are already of |

great amount. On the Mobile, our
commerce passing through that ri-
ver, continues to be obstructed by
arbitrary duties and vexatious
searches. Propositions for adjust-
ing amicably the boundaries of Loui-
siana, have not been acceded to.—
While, however, the right is unset-
tled, we have avoided changing the
state of things, by taking new posts,
or strengthening ourselves in the
disputed territeries, in the hope that
the other power would not, by a
contrary conduct, oblige us to mect
their example, and endanger con-
flicts of authority, the issue of which
may not be easily controlled. But
in this hope we have now reason to
lessen our confidence.

Inroads have been recently made
into the territories of Orleans and
the Mississippi: our citizens have
been seized, and their property
plundered, in the very parts of the
former which had been actually deli-
vered up by Spain, and this by the
regular officers and soldiers of that
government. | havetherefore found

it necessary, at length, to give orders |

to our troops, on that frontier, to
be in readiness to protect our citizens,
and to repel by arms ‘any similar
aggressions in future. Other details,
necessary for your full information
of the state of things between this
country and that, shall be the sub-
ject of another communication. In

reviewing

0) 2 eS

re ee ee

' to expect.

STATE PAPERS.

reviewing these injuries from some of
the belligerent powers, the modera-
tion, the firmness, and the wisdom
of the legislature, will be called into
action. We ought still to hope that

time, and a more correct estimate

of interest as well as of character,
will produce the justice we are bound
But sheuld any nation

' deceive itself by false calculations,

and disappoint that expectation, we

_ must join in the unprofitable con-

_ them.

test, of trying which party can do
the other most harm. Some of these
injuries may perhaps admit a peace-
able remedy. Where that is com-
petent, it is always the most desira-
ble. But some of them are of a na-
ture to he met by force only, and all
of them may lead to it. I cannot
therefore but recommend such pre-
parations as circumstances call for.
The first object is to place our sea-
portitowns out of the danger of in-
sult. Measures have already been
taken for furnishing them with heavy
cannon, for the service of such land
batteries as may make a part of their
defence against vessels approaching
In aid of these, it is desira-
ble we should have a competent
number of gun-boats ; and the num-
ber, to be competent, must be con-
siderable. If immediately begun,
they may be in readiness for service

_ at the opening of the next season.

Whether it will be necessary to
augment eur land forces, will be de-
cided by occurrences probably in the
course of your session. In themean
time, you will consider whether it
would not be expedient, for a state
of peace as well as of war, so to or-
ganize or class the militia, as would
enable us, on any sudden emergency,
to call for the services of the
younger portions, unincumbercd

with the old and those having fami-

/

681

lies, Upwards of 300,000 able
bodied men, between the age of 18
and 26 years, which the last Census
shows we may now count within
our limits, will furnish a competent
number for offence or defence, in any
point where they may be wanted,
and will give time for raising regu-
lar forces, after the necessity of them
shall become certain; and the re-
ducing to the early period of life all
its active service, cannot but be de-
sirable to our younger citizens of
the present as well as future times,
inasmuch as it engages to them jn
more advanced age, a quiet and un-
disturbed repose in the bosom of
their families. I cannot then but
earnestly recommend to your early
consideration the expediency of so
modifying our militia system, as, by
a separation of the more active part
from that which is less so, we may
draw from it, when necessary, an
eflicient corps, fit for real and active
service, and to be calied to in regu.
lar rotation.

Considerable provision has been
made, under former authorities from
congress, of materials for the con-
struction of ships of war of 74 guns.
‘These materials are on hand, subject
to the further will of the iegislature,

An immediate prohibition of the
exportation of arms and ammunition
is also submitted to your determina-
tion.

{The message then alludes to the
events that have lately happened at
Tripoli and Tunis; enters into a
view of the transactions that have
taken place with the Indian nations,
and concludes in the following man-
ner: |

The receipts of the treasury dur-
ing the year ending on the 30th day
of September last, have exceeded
the sum of fhirteen millions of dol-

Jars, .

/ payments,

682

lars, which, with not quite five mil-
lions in the treasury at the begin-
ning of the year, have enabled us,
after meeting other demands, to pay
nearly two millions of the debt con-
tracted under the Gritish treaty and
convention, upwards of four millions
of principal of the public debt, and
four millions of interest: ‘These
with those which had
been made in three years and a-half
preceding, have extinguished of the
funded debt nearly eighteen mil-

lions of principal.

Congress, by their act of Nov.
10, 1803, authorized us to borrow

- 1,750,000 dollars, towards meeting

posal.

the claims of our citizens assumed
By the convention with France.
We have not, however, made use of
this authority ; because the sum of
four millions and a half, which re-
mained in the treasury” on the same
3oth day of September last, with
the receipts which we may calculate
on for the ensuing year, besides
paying the annual sum of eight mil-
lions of dollars, appropriated to the
funded debt, and meeting all the
current demands which may be ex.
pected, will enable us to pay the
whole sum of three’ millions seven
hundred and fifty thousand dollars,
assumed by the French convention,
and still leave us a surplus of nearly
a million of dollars at our free dis-
Should you concur in the
provisions of arms and armed ves-
sels recommended by the circum-
stances of the times, this surplus
will furnish the means of doing’so.
On this first occasion of address-
ing congress since, by the choice of

‘ my constituents, I have entered on

a second term of administration, I
embrace the opportunity to give this
public assurance, that I will exert
wy best endeavours to administer

ANNUAL REGISTER,

faithfully the executive department, —

1806.

and will zealously co-operate with

you in any measure which may tend

to secure the’ liberty, property, and
personal safety, of our fellow-citi-

zens, and to conselidate the repub=
lican forms and principles of our

government.

Jn the course of your session, ©
you shall receive all the aid which I
can give for the dispatch of the —

public business, and all the informa-
tion necessary for your delibera-
tions, of which the interest of our
own country, and the confidence
reposed in us by others, will admit
a communication,

Dec. 3, 1905.

Message from the President of the
United States, respecting the Vio-
lation of Neutral Rights; the
Depredations on the Colonial
Trade, and Impressments of Ame-
rican Scamen.

To the Senate and House of Re-
presentatives of the United States.
‘ In my message to both houses
of congress, at the opening of the
present session, I submitted to
their attention amung othersubjects,
the oppression of our commerce and
navigation, by the irregular prac-
tices of armed vessels, public and
private, and by the introduction of

new principles, derogatory of tlre -

rights of neutrals, and unacknow-
ledged by the usage of nations.

The memorials of several bo-
dies of merchants of the United
States are now Communicated, ‘and
will develope these principles and
practices, which are producing the
most ruinous effects on our lawful
commerce and navigation.

The right of a neutral to carry

oR

T. Jefferson. -

STATE PAPERS.

en commercial intercourse with
every part of the dominions of a
belligerent, permitted by the laws
of the country, (with the exception
‘of blockaded ports, and contraband
‘of war), was believed to have been
‘decided between Great Britain and
‘the United States, by the sentence
of their commissioners, mutually
‘appointed ‘to decide on that and
other questions of difference be-
tween the two nations ; and by the
actual payment of the damages
awarded by them against Great Bri-
dain, for the infractions of that
right. When, therefore, it was
perceived that the same principles
were revived, with others more no-
vel and extending, the instructions
were given to the minister pienipo-
_ tentiary of the, United States at the
_ court of London, and remonstrances
duly made by him, on this subject,
as will appear by documents trans-
mitted herewith. These were fol-
lowed by a partial and temporary
4 - suspension only, without any disa-
vowal of the principle. He has,
_ therefore, been instructed to urge
_ this subject anew, to bring it more
- fully to the bar of reason, and to
‘; insist on rights too evident, and too
_ important to be surrendered. In
_ the mean time the evil is proceeding
_ under.adjudications founded on the
principle which is denied. Under
these circumstances the subject pre-
_ sents itself for the consideration of
_ congress.
_ On the impressment of
Scamen, our remonstrances
ever been intermitted.

our
have
A hope

rangement which ioipht have been
mitted to; but it soon passed
iz away, and the practice, though re-

laxed at times in the different seas,
hs been constantly pyrsued in

‘ existed, at one monient, of an ar--

683

those of our neighbourhood. The
grounds on which the reclamations
oh this subject have been urged,
will appear in an extract from in.
structions to our minister at London,
now communicated.

Th, Jefferson.

Jan. 17, 1806.

Memorial of Baron Von Hardenberg,
Minister of State to the King es
Prussia, to Lord Harrowby.

Berlin, Dec. 22

My lord,

Confermably to the answer 1}
have already had the honour te
transmit to your excellency, to
the question which you addressed
to me, relative to thesecurity of the
troops of his Britannic Majesty, in
the North of Germany, I hasten
to lay before you the positive as. °
surances which | have the pleasure
to be able to communicate to you.

Your excelleucy is acquainted
with the present state of affairs.
You will first perceive that, at the —
peint to which matters have now
come, since the unfortunate battle
of Austerlitz between Austria and
France, in consequence of the re.
turn of the great Russian army, and
the total uncertainty in which we
are with regard to the intentions of
Napoleon towards Prussia, the ut-
most caution isabsolutely necessary.
The bravest army cannot always
reckon upon success; and it is un-
doubtedly the interest of Prussia,
and the interest of the world, to
prevent any attack upon her at the
present moment, when she would
have to bear the whole burthen of
the war; and no confederacy adapt-
ed to circumstances, has been

formed ;

, 1805.

684

formed; for, in case her armies
should prove unsuccessful, the last
ray of hope to maintain the security
and independence of the continent,
would be extinguished.

The king, still animated by the
same wish to establish a general
peace on a permanent footing, and,
if possible, to the satisfaction of all
parties, must consequently have
been ardently desirous that his me-
diation, stipulated in the convention
signed on the 3d of November, at
Potzdam, should have been accepted
by France. In an interview which
count Von Haugwitz had with Na-
poleon, on the 28th of November,
that monarch manifested a disposi-
tion to accept of this mediation on
the two following conditions :—

1. That during the negocia-
tion no troops of his Britannic Ma-
jesty, nor any Russians nor Swedes,
should, advance into Holland to
commence warlike operations there,
after their departure from the
North of Germany.

2. That a more extensive eir-
cuit should be allowed to the fortress
of Hameln, in order to relieve the
distress of the garsison for provi-
sions.

The king could not accept
these propositions under the cir-
cumstances of the moment in which
they were made ; but these have to-
tally changed, and in the present
conjuncture, his majesty has not
only judged them admissible, upon
condition that the emperor Napo-
Jeon engages on his side, not to send
any troops iuto the north of Ger-
many, as long as the negociations

shall continuc, and that he shal! not:

undertake any thing against Hano-
ver during the same interval ; but
even favourable, as time will thus
be gaincd to take some deliberate

7

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

measures, and to prepare for every. —
contingency ; either in case a war
should break out, or this’ interme-
diate state of things should lead to a ~
definitive negociation. 4

That no time may be lost, his —
majesty has sent major Von Pfuhl
to the French head-quarters, that —
this arrangement may be carricd —
into effect. At the same time count
Haugwitz has received the neces-
sary instructions, bearing date the
19th inst. and the king has given
France to understand, that he shall
consider the occupation of Hanover
by French treops, as an act of hos-
tility.

Agreeably to what I have just
stated, his majesty has authorized
me to inform your lordship, that,
in conformity with the assurances
already given, in case the treops
of his Britannic majesty, and the
Russians, should prove unfortunate,
the king engages for the security of
the troops of his Britannic majesty
in Hanover, and grants them per-
feét liberty, in case of necessity, to
retreat to the Prussian army, and to
the states of the king, but with the
following modifications, which cir-
cumstances render necessary :—

1. That they take their posi-
tions in the rear of the Prussian
troops, and abstain, during the pe-
riod of the intermediate negociation,
from every movement and step of a
provoking nature towards Holland.

2. That in case the Prussian
troops shall be attacked by the
French, his majesty may rely with
perfect confidence on the support
and co-operation of the troops of
his Britannic majesty, as Jong as;
they shall continue in the north of
Germany. His majesty has given
orders for a respectable corps to
advance into Westphalia, and will

adopt

STATED PAPERS.

adopt every necessary measure for
security and defence. The Russian
troops, under the command of gene-
ral count Tolstoy, are already at
the entire disposal of his majesty,
as the emperor Alexander has fully
authorized him to dispose ef them
at pleasure ; and likewise of those
whiclgare under general Benningsen,
in Silesia.

I therefore request your ex-
cellency to write as speedily as pos-
sible to lord Cathcart, the comman-

_der-in-chief of the troops of his

Britannic majesty, and to prevail
upon him to take, without delay,
such steps as are necessary for these
different purposes; and-in particu-

- lar to comply with the invitation

that will be transmitted to him by
the order of the king, through
count Kalkreuth, to consult per-
sonally with him and count Tolstoy,
on the positions which the troops
of his Britannic majesty, the Rus-
sians, and Prussians, will have to
take in consequence of the above-
mentioned arrangements.

As the Swedish troops are in
the same predicament with those of

his Britannic majesty and the Rus-

sians, it would be extremely de-

sirable to prevail upon his Swedish

majesty to conform to this arrange-
ment. e ;
I hope that to this end your

lordship will act in concert with.

prince Dolgorucki, whom his impe-
rial majesty of all the Russias has
charged with every thing relative to
the destination of the Russian army.
In case his Swedish majesty will re-
sign the conduct of his troops to
count Tolstoy, the king is ready to
give them the same guarantee which
he offers to the troops of his Britan-
nic majesty, during their conti-
auance in the north of Germany.

685

With regard to the provi-
sioning of the fortress of Hameln,
it is conceived, that the grant of a
certain district, from which the gar-
rison might themselves procure
provisions, would be attended
with great inconveniencies, both in
respect to the subjects of his Bri-
tannic majesty, and on account of
the collusions which might thence
ensue between the troops. It there-
fore appears preferable, to furnish
necessaries from the Hanoverian
territory, through an intermediate
person, to whom general Barbou
must send a statement of what he
wants for daily consumption, and on
whose requisition the Hanoverian
ministry will take care that it be
delivered at the places appointed
for that purpose. But general Bar-
bou must, on his side, engage to re-
main quiet within the town of Ha-
meln.

Conformably to these ideas, —
the king has sent M. Von Kruse-
mark, lieutenant-colonel of the
Garde du Corps, and adjutant to
field-marshal Vou Molleudorff, to
Hanover. I have given him, for
my part, a letter to the minister of
his Britannic majesty at Hanover,
and another for general Barbou,
that the necessary arrangements for
providing instantaneously for the
subsistence of the garrison of Ha-
meln may be made, and put in exe-
cution without delay.

I have now nothing left, my
lord, but to refer to the verbal com-
munication I had the honour to
make to you, and to intreat you to
take in general such steps as you
shall think expedient for carrying
into execution the whole arrange-
ment which I havehad the honour to
submit to you. I request you to
have the’ goodness to inform the
3 commander-

686:
eommander-in-chief of the troops of
‘his Britannic majesty, that it is only
in case he stall think proper to ac.
cede to this arrangement, and to
adopt such measures as depend upon
him for carrying it into execution,
his Prussian majesty can possibly
engage to guarantee the security of
the troops of his Britannic majesty.
in case of an attack on the part of
the French, it will, however,
be, necessary that the conduct
ef the whole should center in
ene point, and it appears natural
that the oldest in-rank should then
assume the chief command. It would
consequently devolve upon general
count Kalkreuth, both for the above
reason, and likewise because he,
being in the vicinity of the enemy,
would be best able to judge what
measures to adopt.

I repeat to your excellency the
assurance of the highest considera.
tion with which, I have the honour

to be, my lord, your excel-
fency’s, &c.
(Signed ), Hardenberg.

' Swedish Declaration.

From the moment his Swedish
majesty had determined upon taking
apart in the coalition against the
usurpations of Napoleon Bona-
parte, his majesty had fixed his at-
tention upon the preservation of the
electoral possessions of the king of
Englaud upon the continent, which
had been evacuated by the French
troops. Ready to enter them with
a Swedish and Russian army, united
under his orders, his majesty has-
tened, upon the first intelligence of
the movement of a Prussian corps
towards that country, to enquire
into the intentions of his Prussian

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

majesty, and in full confidence to
demand of him, whether the march —
of his troops had the same object as ~

the combined army ; namely, that

of restoring the electorate of Hano- \
ver to its legitimate possessor, and.

in that case to concert with his

_ Prussian majesty the joint measures

to be taken. ‘The king of Prussia
from that period, evaded entering

‘into any explanation relative to this

important object, and that in a
manner far from friendly. », The ir-
resolution since manifested by this
sovereign, in joining the cause of
the allies, could not but tend to
augment his majesty’s suspicions ;
and his majesty did not hesitate to
anticipate events, in causing it to be
publicly made known at a period
when the intentions of the court of
Prussia, with respect to the states
of his Britannic majesty, could only
be matter of conjecture, that the
country of Lauenburg should still
remain under the protection of the
Swedish troops, until a convention
for that purpose was concluded
with the king of England. It was
the sole right of this monarch only,
as proprietor of the country, to de-
cide upon the future fate of his he.
reditary states: every arrangement,
therefore, relative thereunto, be-
tween-France and Prussia, was in-
admissible,

It was, notwithstanding, upon
this arrangement, that the king of
Prussia, in his proclamation of Jas
nuary 27, which was published soon

after, endeavoured to assert his »

right to the complete occupation of
the electorate of Hanover. The rei-
terated protestations made by the
court of Berlin on this occasion, of
being induced to take this step
merely to save the country from
greater calamities, ought to have

been .

OO —,

STATE

en received as a guarantee for its
Pc. independence. ‘This lan-
“guage, however, did not last long ;
‘instead of regarding the electo rate : as
a depot till the return of a general
“peace, as his Prussian majesty had
solemnly announced in the procla-
mation before cited, a new procla-
mation, issued from Berlin, dated
April. i, announced, on the con-
Bees, the definitive union of these
rovinces to the Prussian monarchy ;
a measure which the court of Berlin
meaetended was founded upon the
right of conquest, and a formal
_ treaty with France.
In this; state’ of things, the
king, faithful to his engagements
with his Britannic majesty, thought
he could not use too much circum.
spection when the abandoning of
_ the German states of his ally. be-
_ came..the subject of consideration,
_ which being once delivered from the
_ presence of the Swedish troops,
soon have fallen under the power of
the Prussians. His majesty, there-
fo ore, coniining himself to the pro-
tection of the countries on this side
of the. Elbe, on his departuye from
Ratzeburg, declared, that” having
deft in this dutchy a corps of Swedes,
under the orders of his aide-de-

Lowenheilm, he should look upon
any attack upon these troops, and
“the independance of the country, as
a measure of aggression against his
own states. This declaration: has
een repeatedly made, and particu-
arly in the letter of Count Lowen.
heilm, dated April 13, to the Prus.
sian military commandants in Hano.
-yer, and the country—of Mark.
Count Lowenheilm said expressly
hat he had the strictest orders to
efend Lauenburg against any fo-

yee pews that should attempt te

PAP ERS 687

enter it. Notwithstanding this, a
detached corps passed that frontier
at Marienstett, on the 23d of this ,
month, and in spite ef the brave re. -
sistance of the Swedish troops, by
the superiority of their numbers,
they teok forcible possession of the
country.

Under the present circum.
stances, the king could not regard
this violent measure otherwise than
as an act of hostility on the part of
his Prussian majesty ; consequently
he has ordered an embargo to be
laid on all the Prussian vessels in the
Swedish ports. .

If his majesty has so long delayed
to resent the outrages committed
upon him and his‘allies by the court _
of Berlin, it has arisen from his ma-
jesty’s constant wish to avoid every
thing that might lead to a rupture
as long as possible. The intimate
connection subsisting between the
king of Prussia and Napoleon Bo-—
naparte, the declared enemy of the
three allied courts ; the exclusion of
the English commerce from the ports
and rivers of the north of Germany,
together with the unjust authority
established iu the electorate of Han-
oyer—ali these were sufficient indi-
cations of the real system of his said
majesty ; and the attack which has
just been made upon the Swedish
troops in Lauenburg, has put the
last seal to it. ;

The undersigned, specially charg-
ed by the king, his master, to treat
with the accredited ministers of the
two allied courts, has received his
majesty’s express orders to expose
the above-mentioned facts, in order
to enlighten the public opinion,
upon the present situation of affairs
between the courts of Stockholm
and Berlin.

Count de.Fersen, grand marshal

of Sweden,
Answer

688

Answer of Baron Hardenbergh to
the Note. in the Montteur, of
March 21.

_ The Moniteur, of the 21st of
March, No. 80, in printing a Ictter
addressed by me, on the 22d of De-
cember, 1805, to lord Harrowby,
then his Britannic majesty’s minister
at Berlin, has called upon me to de-
clare, whether that Ietter is real or
fictitious, and has accompanied this
demand with several remarks,

That which renders the duties
and obligations of a statesman pe-
culiarly painful, is the frequent
necessity under which he_ finds him-
self, in being compelled to observe a
profound silence, at the same time
when he is either misunderstood or
calumniated.

However, I owe it to the king,
as well as to myself, to declare that
the letter in question, though altered
in several essential expressions, is
official, and was written by his ma-
jesty’s orders. I owe this declara-
tion to the king, because at the
court of Berlin, whatever may be
the usage cited by the Moniteur, the
ministers dare not use the liberty of
taking such steps unknown to their
sovereign. I owe this declaration
to myself, because I cannot remain
indifferent to the supposition, that I
am capable of such a failure in my
duty, or that J should expose my-
self to his majesty’s disavowal, after
having acted in his name.

On the 22d of December the
King, as well as every other person
at Berlin, was ignorant that a treaty
had been signed at Vienna, on the
15th, by M. le Comte Haugwitz, he
having reserved’ every kind of in-
formation upon this subject, till he
should make an oral report: and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

not arriving at Berlin till the 25th
of December, as it is expressed in
my letter to lord Harrowby, we
were quite uncertain as to the inten-
tions of his majesty the emperor of
the French; in the mean while the
armies of both powers were in the
field, and upon the war establish~-
ment. F
M. le major-general Pfuhl was
sent to the French head-quarters,
and count Haugwitz was dispatched
to explain himself upon the interme-
diary arrangement, which forms the
subject of the letter to lord Har-
rowby, and which had been pro-
posed by count Haugwitz. M. le
Pfuhl met this minister on his way,
returning to Berlin, bringing with
him a definitive treaty ; of course
the intermediary arrangement fell
to the ground. This is the whole
fact, according to the strictest truth.
Every impartial judge will know
how to appreciate the remarks of
the Moniteur. 1 feel myself honour-
ed in the esteem and confidence of
my sovereign and the Prussian na-
tion. Iam honoured by the senti-
ments of respectable foreigners,
with whom I have been connccted,
and I have the satisfaction of
reckoning some French among the
number. [ was not born in Prussia,
but [ will not yield in patriotism to
any native. I have obtained my
rights, as much by my services, aS
by transferring my patrimony, and
thus becoming a proprietor. If [
am not a soldier, I feel that I should
not have been unworthy of the pro-
fession, if fate had destined me to
defend my sovereign and his rights,
the dignity, safety, and honour of
the state, by force of arms. Thus
much in answer to the remarks of
the Moniteur. As to the rest, nei-

‘ther the Bulletins of the Gagettes,

nor

STATE
ie the remarks of their conductéts,
|

}

l ever be abie to disgrace me.

hereal copy ofmy letterof the22d,

lord Harrowby is annexed. in
comparing it with that inserted in
the Moniteur, among other things
may be observed, that there is
any question, eithe r of a confe-
ation to be formed which may
dupt itself to events; but of that
of concert adapted to circum-
ances; nor yet of gaining time to
ke measures more deci. ste, but only
f the advantage of seeing things in
clearer point of view, which might
=expected to result ‘fromi the in-
rmediary arrangement. Neither
‘there any thing said of a plan that
‘should haye submitted to lord
arrowby ; but the intermediary
rangement only is mentioned,
ch was presented to him, to pre-
nt any thing that might have im-
%j ded the negociations ° which pro-
sed the continuance of peace be-
een Prussia and France, and
hich would probably have led to a
ni neral pacification.

i
E

Hardenberg.
lia, April 8, 1806.

le: sage from his Majesty éo the
Parliament, on Hostilities with

5 majesty thinks it proper to
juaint the house of commons,
at he has found himself under the
sity of withdrawing his minister
fn the court of Berlin, and of
ting provisionally measures of
retaliation against the commerce
navigation of Prussia. His ma.
idee y regrets this extension apd
eon of + Rai already so

PAPERS. 689

severely felt by the nations of the
continent, whose independence and
prosperity he has never ceascd to
consider as intimately connected
with those of his own people. But
measures of direct hostility, delibe-
rately adopted against him, have left
him no alternative.

In a moment of confidential in-
tercourse, without even the pretence ’
of any cause of complaint, forcible
possession has been taken by Prus-
sia of his majesty’s clectoral domi.
nions. Deeply as this event affected
the interest of this kingdom, his
majesty chose nevertheless to for-
bear, on this painful occasion, all
recourse to the tried and afiectionate
attachment of his British subjects.
He remonstrated, by amicable nego-
ciation, against "the injury he had
sustained, and rested his claim for
reparation on the moderation of his
conduct, on the justice of his repre-
sentations, and on the common in-
terest which Prussia herself must
ultimately feel, to resist a system
destructive of the security of all le.
gitimate possession, But when, in-
Stead of receiving assurances con-
formable to this. just expectation,
his majesty was informed that the

‘determination had been taken, of

excluding by force the vessels and
the commodities of this kingdom,
from ports and countries under
the lawful dominion, or for.
cible controul of Prussia; his ma-
jesty could no longer delay to act,
without neglecting the first duty
which he owes to his people. The
dignity-of his crown, and the inte.
rests of his subjects, equally forbid
his acquiescing in this open and un-
provoked aggression. He has no
doubt of the full support of his par-
liament, in vindicating the honour of

Yy the,

690

the British flag, and the freedom of
the British navigation ;
Jook with anxious expectation to
that moment, when a more dignified
and enlightened policy, on the part
of Prussia, shall remove every im-
pediment to the renewal of peace
and friendship with a power, with
whom his majesty has no other cause
of difference than that now created
by these hostile aéts.

Papers relative to Prussia, presented
by his Majesty’s Command, to both
fTouses of Parliament, April 21,
1806. 4

(Translation of Inclosure in No I.)

Sir,—I hasten to fulfil the pro-
mise given to lord Harrowby, on the
8th of this month, to communicate
to you, sir, as soon as a final deci-
sion should be taken on the subject,
the additional circumstances re-
Jating to the security of the north of
Germany, and to the guarantee by
the king of the safety of those Bri-
tish troops which are in that part of
the continent.

A’ messenger from Munich has
just brought his majesty intelli-
gence of the consummation of the
arrangements, which the present
conjuncture of affairs hasinduced him
to enter into with France, in order
to save those countries, and espe-
cially the states of Hanover, from
the misfortunes of another ruinous
war, and to insure their tranquillity,
As these arrangements stipulate par-
ticularly the committing of that
country to the exclusive guard of
the Prussian troops, and to the ad-
ministration of the king, wztil the
conclusion of a peace betw eon Eng land
and France; his majesty could not

<

ANNUAL 'REGISTER,

and he will asures for ite entry therein of a.

1806.
delay taking the necessary meaey

corps of his army, which will be
under the~orders of his excellency
the general of cavalry, count Schu.~
lenberg Kehnert, to whom also the
king has confided the administra-
tion of the country. His majesty,
animated by the mpst lively desire
to see the importance and the ur-
gency of the motives which have in-
duced him to take these steps, justly
appreciated by his Britannic ma.
jesty and his enlightened ministers, |
has directed baron Jacobi to give a-
detailed explanation thereof at Lon.
don. :
It would be superfluous to point
out to your attention, how urgent
and indispensible, in the present
state of affairs, the re-embarkation
of the English troops in the north of
Germany is become; since the re-
treat of the foreign troops is the -
condition upon which France has
promised not to order her troops to
re-enter Hanover, and since also it
was upon this supposition alone_
that the king guaranteed their secu-
rity. I presume that lord Cathcart
has already received, and is upon
the point of executing, the orders of
his court for the return of those
troops, for which transports have
been waiting for some time past, I
have, however, to request, sir, that
you would, for the purpose of still
further dispatch, write to that com-
mander-in-chief on the subject 5
and, acquainting him with the pre.
sent circumstances, that you would
induce him to hasten, so far as dee
pends on him, a measure, in which
these circumstances, and the ap-
proaching arrival of our troops, will
not admit ef any delay. :
I request you to accept the reite.
rated

STATE

rated assurance of my high and per-

fect consideration,

Berlin, 26th Jan. 1806.

_ . Gigned ) Hardenberg.
To Mr. Jackson, his Britannic Ma-

| jesty’s Envoy Extraordinary, and

_ Minister Pienipotentiary.

Wo. Il. His Prussian Majesty's Pro-
~ clamation on taking temporary
Possession of the Electorate of
Hanover, dated 27th January,
1806, has already been given.
PNo. IIL. Copy of « Note from Mr.
| Secretary Fox to Baron Jacobi
’ Kloest, dated 17th March, 1806.

The undersigned is commanded
y his majesty, to state to baron
acobi Kloest, for the information
his court, the great anxiety felt
y his majesty, at the manner in
hich possession has been taken of
electorate of Hanover. If his
russian majesty judged it ex-
edient, in order to prevent French
oops from approaching so near
jat part of his frontiers, to take to

ie electorate, it does not appear to
§ majesty that it was by any
eans necessary that the civil go-
wnment of that unhappy country

; more numerous, and conse-
ently more injurious to the in-
bitants, than necessity required,
uid be maintained there. His
jesty relies with the greatest con-
ence on his Prussian majesty’s de.
ration, that the present occupa-
nis merely temporary; but his
esty cannot but express a wish
Ht the declaration on this point:
sre more solemnly made in the
eof Europe. The honour of the
art of Berlin, as well as the con-

PAPERS.

sideration mutually due to each

other, from two princes so nearly -
connected in blood and alliance,

seems to call for a clear explanation

ov this important subject.

His majesty on his part desires to
be equally explicit, and to put an
end to all hopes (if such, indeed,
have been entertained by the court
of Berlin) that any convenience of
political arrangement, much less any
offer of equivalent or indemnity,
will ever induce his majesty so far to
forget what is due to his own legi-
timate rights, as well as to the ex.
emplary fidelity and attachment of
his Hanoverian subjects, as to con. °
sent to the alienation of the elec.
torate. P

Ifis majesty learns with concern,
that it is in agitation to give up
Anspach, and other parts of his
Prussian majesty’s dominions, to
Bavaria, in consequence of a con-
vention with France; but he does
not pretend any right to interfere, -
or to give any opinion with respeét
to the propriety of the measures,
whatever they may be, which his
Prussian majesty may deem eligible
for the interests of his crown and
people ; at the same time it is to be -
observed, that his majesty, whether
in his capacity of king of Great Bri-
tain, or in that of elector of Hano-
ver, was in no way a party to the
convention alluded to, or responsi-
ble for its consequences. The ces-
sions, therefore, which his Prussian
majesty may make to his majesty’s
euemies, can surely never be al-
leged asa justification of taking to
himself his majesty’s lawful inheri-
tance.

His majesty, therefore, hopes,
that his Prussian majesty will follow
the honourable dictates of his own
heart, and will demonstrate to the

Yy2 * world

691°

692

world, that whatever sacrifices the
precent circumstances may induce
him to make with respect to his
own territories, he will not set the
dreadful example of indemnifying
himself at the expence of a thivd
party, whose sentiments and con-
‘duct towards his Prussian majesty
and his subjeéts, have been uniform-
ly friendly and pacific.
Downing-street, March 17, 1806.

(Translation of No. IV.—Note
Verbale.

Until the explosion of the last
eontinental war, his Prussian ma-
jesty had no other object in view,
than to secure the tranquillity of
his monarchy, and that of theneigh-
bouring states.

He was then able to effect this
upon terms which met the entire
approbation of every court. He
has been desirous of doing the same
since the breaking out of the pre-
sent war. But the choice of the
means has no longer been in his
power. © France has considered
Hanover as her conquest, and her
troops were on the point of entering
it, for the purpose of disposing of
it definitively, according to the
pleasure of the French emperor,
without the possibility of his Bri-
tannic majesty preventing it. ©

The ocenpation of that country by
his Prussian majesty,and the shutting
of the ports in the German Seas, and
that of Lubeck, against the British
flag (as was the case during the pos-
session of Hanover by the French)
were the indispensible conditions of
an arrangement by which the coun-
try is secured against the entry of

* See No. [V.in the preceding Article.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

foreign troops, and the quiet of the
north of Germany preserved.

This has not been obtained with-
out painful sacrifices on his majes-
ty’s part. ‘Those of the house of
Hanover are in no degree to be at-
tributed to the king’s measures, but
are the inevitable consequences of
a war, Which his conciliating policy
has eudeavoured in vain to prevent.
This war might have produced still
more serious consequences. ‘The
treaty between Prussia and France,
at least protects the northern states
from farther evils, and could every
power but duly appreciate how
much they are indebted to the sys-
tem he has adopted, the king would
with justice obtain the gratitude of
all. ‘

No. V.—Proclamation of Count
Schulenburg, announcing the shut-
ting of the Ports of the North
Sea, against the British Ships and |
Trade, dated Hanover, the 28th
of March, 1806,

Declaration.

George the Third, by the grace of
God, of the united kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, king,
defender of the faith, duke of
Brunswick and Lunenburgh,
arch-treasurer and elector of the
holy Roman empire, &c. &c.
The court of Prussia has avowed

those ‘hostile designs, which she

thought to conceal by her friendly
professions, ‘

The Note Verbale *, delivered on
the 4th of April by the Prussian
envoy, baron Jacobi Kloest, to the

British

o.

STAC E
Biitish ministry, announces that the
electorate of Hanover has been
taken possession of, and that the
ports of the German Sea, and of
Lubeck, have been closed against
the British flag.

This declaration gives the lie to
all those assurances by which the
‘cabinet of Berlin has hitherto endea-
voured tocloak its proceedings : to
which it moreover adds the preten-
sion that his Prussian majesty has
acquired. by his system of policy,
claims to the gratitude of all the
northern powers.

Thus actually dispossessed of the

ancient inheritance of my family,
‘and insulted in my rights as a sove-
reign, | have ordered those measures

& _to be taken which the honour of
_ my crown require: but, still owe
it to myself, to Europe, and to my
subjects, to make a public declara-
tion of my sentiments, as elector of
Brunswick Lunenburgh, upon the

“unjust usurpation of my German
possessions.

Tt is not necessary to prove how
contrary this act is to the rights of

nations, or to the laws of the Ger-
manempire. Their infraétiog is too
evident to be required to be proved.
“It is the most sacred principles of
_ good faith, of honour, and in fact
of all the obligations upon which the
reciprocal safety of different states

amongst themselves, and of each

civil society in itself, repose, which
are trodden under foot in such a
Manner, that the world would have
difficulty in believing it, if 1 did not
cause the facts to be laid before

them; which are atthenticated in

_ the narrative which | have ordered
to be prepared.
The proceedings of the court of
Berlin, when the electorate was oc.
tupied by its troops, in 1801—its

PAPERS.

O96
conduct, far from being friendly
during the negociation for the in-
demnities which followed the peace
of Luneville—the declaration which
it made, when France prepared to
invade the electorate—and, lastly,
the burthensome conditions under
which it endeavoured to cause it to
be evacuated, to substitute her own
troops instead of those of France,
had given too many proofs to the
government of Hanover, not to
oblige it to endeavour to avoid all
sort of intervention on the part of
this power, even at the moment
that it was on the point of engaging
in a dispute with France. The
events which retarded the arrival in
Hanover of the expedition con-
certed between Great Britain, Rus-
sia, and Sweden, gave the Prussian
troops an opportunity of anticipat-
ing them, after the French army
had been obliged to evacuate the

-clectorate.

This step was accompanied by
the most friendly protestations on
the part of Prussia. She invited
the Hanoverian government to re-
sume its functions in my name, and
to collect the wreck of thearmy.

The country, already so unfortu-
nate, doubly felt the weight of the
numerous requisitious extorted by
the Prussian corps, without the least
regard to the situation in which the
French left it.

After the unfortunate result of
the campaign of the allies in. the
south of the empire, an attack in
the north was to be expected. His
imperial majesty of Russia, fo ob-
viate the dangers to which Prussia
might be exposed, placed, ia conse=
quence of the conyention of Potz-
dam, his troops under Count de
Tolstoy, and the corps of general
Benningsen, under the orders of his

a tS: Prussian

694 ANNUAL REGISTER 1806.

majesty, and promised him, more-
ever, all the assistance for which he
might have occasion. It was scarcely
to be expected that Prussia would
avail herself of this advantage, and
of that which the promise of the
subsidy she had asked of Great Bri-
tain gave her, to obtain from France
terms contrary to the interests which
these resources were intended to
protect. ‘This, notwithstanding, has
actually happened. The secret
treaty, the effects of which are be-
ginning fo appear, was signed by
count Haugwitz and the Freuch ge-
neral Duroc, the 15th of December,
1805, the period fixed as the term
when Prussia was to declare against
France, in case that power should
have rejected the propositions which
eonnt Hangwitz was to make to her
in consequence of the convention of
Potzdam.

Seven days after, Dec. 22, the
cabinet of Berlin proposed to the
British ambassador, the arrange-
ments to be taken in common with
_the Prussian generals, for the posi-
tions of the allied armies in Lower
Saxony.; and dispatched, in conse-
quence, lieutenant-colonel baron de
Krusemark, with a leiter to the
Hanoverian government, to induce
it to furnish provisions for the
French garrison at Hameln.

It was necessary to concurin this
arrangement, (which was only pro-
visionally terminated the 4th of Ja-
nuary) because it was toprevent the
French troops from undertaking
any thing against Hanover during
the negociation.

Was the court of Berlin then ig-
norantin what manner count Haug-
witz had concluded this negocia-
tion? Did it not know, before the
signature of the treaty, what would
be the end of it? or, did that minis-

ter dispose as he pleased of the good” f
faith of his master ?

It was on the 27th of Jan. that the
cabinet of Berlin announced to the
Hanoverian government, ‘ That, f
in consequence of a treaty signed —
and ratified by the two parties, my —
German possessions would no longer —
be occupied by the French troops; —
that they would be entirely eva. _
cuated by those who were still there, —
and delivered up, until a future j
peace between England and France ©
should have decided their condition, ©
to the protection of the troops of —
his Prussian majesty, and to his ‘
exclusive administration.” The
Hanoverian government was re.
quired, but to no purpose, to
intimate to all the public officers,
that they were, for the future, to
consider themselves as finally re. —
sponsible to the Prussian commis-
sion of administration, excluding all
foreign reference. A

The dispatch addressed the 25th
of January to the Prussian minister
and intended to justify his proceed-.
ings, was signed with the king of
Prussia’s own hand. Jt ended with
these words: ‘¢ I think it unneces-
sary to observe how much the terri.
tories in question ought to be satisfi-
ed with this change of scene ;*and
my wishes would be fulfilled if, in
consequence of the disinterested
views by which I am impelled, the
administration. I have taken upon
me should turn out to the happiness
of the country and its inhabitants 5
and by that means satisfactory to
his Britannic majesty, to whom I
desire nothing more than to give
in this instance, as in all others, all
the proofs of consideration, of defe- _
rence, and of friendship, which cir-
‘tumstances may put in my power.”

The experience of the past, and

a well-

:

STATE

i well-founded apprehension of the
future, did not allow me to hesitate

‘about the part necessary to be ta-

ken; and my electoral government
was instructed not to enter into
any negociation, the object of which
might have been to avoid a new
French invasion, by allowing the
Prussians to occupy Hanover.

The protest made upon this occa-
sion by my electoral minister of
state, was ineffectual. The king of

* Prussia caused the greatest part of

the country to be occupied at the
moment that my troops re-embark-

‘ed ; and his measures were executed

without the least regard.

It was too easy to foresee that
count Haugwitz would find means
at Paris to bring back the arrange.
ment between Prussia and France,
announced here as ratified by the con-
tracting parties, to its original inten-
tion. :

This was what took place; and
the French troops took possession
of Anspach, one of the objects of
compensation according tothe trea-
ty of December 15, the very day
that the marquis de Lucchesini could
reach Berlin with intelligence that
France required the execution of the
articles agreed upon at Vienna.

The answer returned by the Bri-

_tish cabinet to the communication of

January 25, did not arrive at Berlin
nati] after the minister of state, Ba-
ron Hardenberg, had announced to

the British envoy the hostile mea-
_ -Sures which have compelled me to

*

suspend my relations with a court

which could so far forget itself.
The Prussian note of April 4, can

-furvish no. good arguments, to esta-

blish an unjustifiable measure.
It begins by vaunting the paci-

cific dispositions of Prussia, This
disposition is ne further sincere

PAPERS. 695

“than as it -has for its foundation
the principles of a just neutrality.
The note delivered by the cabinet
of Berlin to the Freach minister on
the 14th of October, at the very
instant that Prussia appeared to feel
theaffrent which she received by the
violation of the territory of Aus-
pach,acknowledges that the conduct
which she had followed to that time,
had proved of advantage to France.

Her actions had much less pres
tensions to the character of impar-
tiality. After having permitted the
French troops, who seized on the
electorate of Hanover, a passage
through the Prussian territory; she
declared herself ready to oppose;
sword in hand, that which the em-
peror of Russia had demanded for
his armies.

France herself forced the passage =
she pretended to offer excuses for
that step, but it was in a manner
equally offensive.

She had seen too clearly where
the resentment of Prussia would ter-
minate, which in fact appeared to be
stifled when his imperial majesty of
Lussia engaged in a personal com
munication with the king.

Prussia then demanded subsidies
of Great Britain, which were pro-
mised to her, and she signed the cons
vention of Potzdam, the conditions
of which she would doubtless have been
more disposed to fulfil, if I could have
so far forgotten my duty, as to con-
sent to the proposition of ceding the
electorate of Hanuver for some Prus-
Han province.

Prussia affirms, that from . the
events of the war, she has not had
the choice of means to secure the
safety of its monarchy, and of the
states of the north. She wishes to
make it appear, that she has been
compelled to aggrandize herself, and

Yy4 te

696

to become the instrument rather than
the object of the vengeance of my
enemies,

Such an Synaral does not become
a great power. All Kurope knows
that it depended on Prussia, before
the battle of Austerlitz, to give re-
pose to Kurope, if she had taken the
part which -her real interests, and
the outraged honour of her monar-
chy dictated to her. She can no
longer be excused, after having
missed such an opportunity; and
even since the event of the 2nd of
December, did she not command an
army ‘of 250,000 men, who still re-
member the victories it obtained un-
der the great Frederick, which was
in the best dispositions, and support-
ed by the whole Russian army, two
corps of which were actually under
the command of the King of Prussia ?

She would, without doubt, have
been subject to certain risks; but
she found herself ina situation, when
every danger must be encountered,
to save the honour of the state. The
prince who hesitates in making a
choice, destroys the priciple which
serves as the basis of a military mo-
narchy ; and Prussia ought already
to begin to feel the sacrifice she has
made of her independence.

The note of April 4 aflirms, ** that
France had considered the electorate
as its conquest, and that its troops
had been on the point of re-entering
it, to make a definitive disposal of
ite?”

The electorate of Hanover, as an
integra! part of the Germanic empire,
is not concerned in the war between
Great Britain and France ; neverthe-
less, it has been unjustly invaded by
that power, which has, notwithstand-
ing, frequently indicated the object
for which she was disposed to restore
it.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

France was at length compelled
to.abandon the country, and forty
thousand of my troops, and those of
my allics, were established there,
when the Count de Haugwitz signed
the treaty which disposes of my
states. It is true that the Russian
corps was then at the disposal of his
Prussian Majesty ; but its chief, with
the genuine spirit of an honourable
man, was not the less determined to
fight, if the allies of his master were
attacked : we shall not speak of the
French garrison which remained at
Hameln, insufficient in point of num-
ber, deprived of the means of de-
fence, and on the point of being be-
sieged, when the promises of Prussia
caused the plan to be abandoned.

The intention of France to dispose
definitively of the electorate, would
have been contrary to the assertions
she has so often made. It would,
moreover, have been contrary to the
usage of war, since even a conquest
is not definitively disposed of before
a peace; and particularly at a mo-
ment when a wish might exist to ma-
nifest a pacific disposition.

Prussia had no right to judge if
Great Britain had the means of op-

_ posing the return of my enemies to

the electorate. Her power furnishes
her with the means of bringing the
war to an honourable end, for the
interests she defends; but it is diffi.
cult to conceive in what light Prus-
sia pretends that her measures re«
moved troops that are sérangers to
the electorate, and ensure the repose
of the north. Her troops, in con-
sequence of the treacherous conduct
of her cabinet, will remain as much
strangers to the clectorate as thie
French troops.

Prussia should not speak of her
sacrifices at the moment when her
only aim is to aggrandise herself, uR-

Jess

STAM E> PAPE RS:

less she feels the Joss of her indepen-
dence to be such, and how much she
has departed from her duty, in aban-
doning one of thé oldest possessions
of her house, and of subjects who
implored, in vain, her assistance.—
_ Besides, her sacrifices have no com
_ nexion with my system of policy, and
confer no right on her to usurp the
t ‘government of my German subjects,
_ whose fidelity nothing has hitherto
shaken, and which they will retain
_ towards my person, and a family of
princes who formany ages have only
_ sought their happiness.
It is evident that the conduct of the
eourt of Berlin is not the free expres.
‘ sion of the will of its sovercign, but
the consequence of the influence ex-
_ercised by my enemies in the cabinet
of that prince. All the courts, and
all the states, however, who can
_ judge of circumstances, and all that
_ they owe to the system adopted by
_ the court of Berlin, will agree that
_ the act committed against a sovereign
_ united to his Prussian majesty by the
_ ties of blood, and until now by those
of friendship, places the safety of
Europe in greater danger than any
act of hostility on the part of a pow-
ver with which one might be at open
War.

Convinced of the justice of my
cause, I make my appeal to all the
powers of Europe, who arc interest-
ed in resisting the consolidation of
a system, which, by threatening the
‘political existence of an integral part
of the German empire, brings into
“question the security of the whole.
Idemand, most earnestly, the con-
$titutional aid which is due to me as
elector, from the empire, its august
head, as well as Russia and Sweden,
the powers who have guaranteed its
constitution, and who have already
Inanifested, and still continue to ma~
“Wifest, the most honourable dispo-
R 2

v

697

sition for the preservation of my
staics.

Lastly, I protest, in the most so-
lemn manner, for myself and my
heirs, against every encroachment
on my rights in the electorate of
Brunswick-Lunenburgh, and its de-
pendencies ; and [ repeat, in quality
of elector, the declaration made by
the minister of my crown at the

‘court of Berlin, that no advantage,

arising from political arrangements,
much less any offer whatever of an
indemnity, or equivalent, shall ever
engage me to forget what I owe to
my dignity, the attachment and ex-
emplary fidelity of my Hanoverian
subjects, soas to yield my consent
to the alienation of my electorate.
Given at the Pa'ace of Windsor,
the 20th day of April, 1806, in the
46th year of my reign. (
(L. 8.)
E. Count de Munster.

George R.

The Grand Pensionary of the Bata-
vian Republic, to their High

Mightinesses.
High and mighty lords,
Notwithstanding the unsettled

state of my health fora long time
past, and particularly the unfortu-
nate diminution of my sight, would
have afforded more than sufficient
grounds for withdrawing myself from
the fatigues of public business, f
have hitherto continued in office from
a sense of duty to my country, and
with a view of doing it some essential
service; being further influenced by
the persuasion, that the renewal of
the late war, and the consequences
arising from the approach of the ene-
mies’ bands towards our frontiers,
rendered such a step, on my part,
the Jeast doubtful. At present, high
aud mighty. lords, these imperious
motives exist n» more: and my con-

riction,

‘

4

698

viction, that any further service of
mine, in my present situation, is not
essential to the good of the country,
has determined me to leave a post,
which being no Jonger beneficial to
my countrymen, nor advantageous to
myself, I think it umadviseable any
longer to fill. 1 therefore make that
use “of the privilege which the 41st
article of the regulation of the state
acknowledges, by virtue whereof, -I
again deposit my post, as petisionary
of the council, in the hands of your
high mightinesses.

This post I leave with an entire
consciousness, that every thing that
has depended upon me, has been di-
rected tothe happiness of my fellow-
citizens. I leave this situation tho-
roughly penetrated with the sense of,
‘and the most cordial acknowledg-
ment for, the repeated proofs of the
confidence of this assembly, and of
my countrymen in general. I there-
fore offer my most sincere thanks to
all the members of this assembiy, to
your high mightinesses, and to the
whole nation, with the assurance
that my remembrance of the same,
will prove to me the most agreeable
companion of my retirement. Wavy.
ing the more intimate relationship by
which I have been connected with
your high mightinesses, by virtue of
my office, | pray that the all-bounti-
ful Providence will take my country,
dear to me beyond every other con.
sideration, under its special guidance
and protection, and that the Almigh-

“ty will further the prosperity, the
welfare, and improvement of its in-
habitants ; and that your high migh.
-tinesses may also experience the best
of blessings in your persons and your
families.

(Signed) R. J. Schimmelpenninck.

(L. 8.) G. G. Huftman, General

June 6, 2800. Sec. of State.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Proclamation of Louis ‘Napoleon,
King of Holland.

Louis Napoleon, by the grace of
God, and the constitutional Jaws ~
of the state, king of Holland!

To all whom it may concern, health!
We publish and make known to

all, that, with the approbation of his

majesty the emperor king Napoleon,
our illustrious brother, we have as-
sumed, and do assume, the royal
dignity of king of Holland, agreea-
bly to the wishes of the people, to
the constitutional laws, and to the
treaty and mutual ratification this
day presented to us by the deputies
of the Dutch nation.

On our coming to the throne, our
most anxious care shall be to watch |

for.the interests of our people! We

shall be always solicitous to give
them constant and unremitted proofs
of our love and attention ; preserv-
ing for that purpose the liberty of
all our subjects, with their rights,
and continually employing ourselves
in promoting their welfare.

The independence of the kingdom-
is guaranteed by his majesty the em-
peror and king! The laws of the
constitution, and our fixed determi-
nation, extend equally to all, for the
security of their demands on the
stete, for their personal safety, and
their liberty of conscience!

Conformably to this declaration,
therefore, we have decreed, and do
decree by these presents,

Art. I. Our ministers of marine
and finance, nomiriated, by our de-
cree of to-day, will enter effectually
on their functions. ‘The other -mi-
nisters stiall continue in their func-
tions, till others are appointed in
their places.

IL. Ail the constituted authorities
of every description, civil and mili-
tary, shall continue to discharge

their

-
q

&
y

2.

STATE-PAPERS.

their functions till others are pro-
vided.

LI. The constitutional laws have
been made public in the fullest man-
ner, with the treaty concluded at
Paris, of the 24th of May, of the
present year, between his majesty
the emperor and king, and the Bata-
vian republic, ag is stated hereafter,

together with this decree.

Accordingly we order and com-
mand these to be announced, and
every where made public, with an

injunction to all whom it concern,

to take care that this decree be
_punctually exccuted.

Given at Paris, the 5th June,
1806, being the first year of our mo-
narchical government.

(Signed)
(Countersigned )

Louis.

Verheul.

CONSTITUTIONAL CODE.
FIRST PART.
General Definitions.

Article 1. The constitutional laws
at present in force, particularly the
constitution of the year 1805, toge-
ther with the civil, political, and re-
ligious institutions now subsisting in
the Batavian republic, the exercise
of which is stipulated in, and con-
formable to the conditions of the
treaty concluded on the-23d of May,
of this year, between his majesty the
emperor of the French, king’ of Ita-
ly, and the Batavian republic, shall
remain in full force, with the excep-
tion of such only as shall be expréss-
ly repealed by, the present constitu-
tional code.

2. The government of the Dutch
colonies shall be regulated by a spe-
cial code. The receipts and expen-
diture of the colonies shall be consi-

dered as forming a part of the re-

y
;

»

i

ceipts aud expenditure of the state.

699

3. The public debt of the state is
hereby guaranteed.

4, ‘Lhe Dutch language shall con-
tinue to be exclusively employed for
all laws, proclamations, ordinances,
decrees, and all other public docu-
ments, without exception.

5. No alteration shall be made in
the value or weight of the current
coin, unless by virtue of a special
statute.

6. ‘he former flag of the state
shall continue to be used.

7. ‘The council of state shall con-
sist of thirteen members. The mi-
nisters shall have rank, seats, and
deliberative voices in the council of
state.

SECOND PART. '
Of Religion.

Art. 1. The king and the law ex-
tend equal protection to all the
modes of religion professed by the
state. By their authority shall be
regulated every thing that may be
judged necessary relative to the or-
ganization, the protection, and the
exercise of all kinds of worship.—
The exercise of religious duties shall
in all cases be performed within the
walls of the churches of the different
sects.

2. The king shall enjoy in his pa-
laces, and in any and every place
where he may fix his residence, the
free and public exercise of his reli-
gion,

THIRD PART.
Of the King.

Art. 1. The king possesses exelu-
sively, and without restriction, the
complete exercise of the government,
and of all the powers necessary to
carry the laws into effect, and cause
them to be respected. He appoints
to all the offices and places, the no-
mination te which was, by the for-

mer

700

mer laws, vested in the grand pen-
sionary. He shall enjoy all the titles
of pre-eminence heretofore attached
to that dignity.—The national coin
shall be stamped with his efligy.—
Justice shall be administered in his
name.—He has the power of par-
doning offences, and of remitting pu-
nishments, ordered to be inflicted by
courts of justice. This power shall,
nevertheless, not be acted upon, but
after an audience given to the mem-
bers of the national court at a privy
council.

2. On the demise of the king, the
care of his son, being a minor, shall
be committed to the queen mother,
and in default of her surviving, to
such person as should be nominated
by the emperor of the French.

3. The regent shall be provided
with acouncil of natives, whose con-
stitution and powers shall be deter-
mined by a special law.—The regent
shall not be personally responsible
for the acts of his administration,

4. The government of the colo-
nics, and all that relates to their in-
ternal administration, is exclusively
vested in the king.

5. The general government of the
kingdom, is under the immediate
conduct of four ministers of state,
viz.—a minister for foreign affairs,
minister for naval and military af-
fairs, a minister of finance, and a mi-
nister of the interior.

FOURTH PART.
Of Law.

Law is established in Holland by
the union of the legislative body, be:
ing the assembly of their high mighti-
nesses, and of the king.

The legislative body shall consist
of 38 members, chosen for five years,
and nominated in the following pro-
portion, viz.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.
For Holland , 17
For Guelderland . 4
For Brabant “ 4
For Friesland g 3
For Overyssel . 3
For Zealand 3 2
For Groningen. 2
For Utrecht Fs 2
For Drenthe 1

The number of members of the ass
sembly of their high mightinesses
may be increased by law, in case of
the extension of their territory.

2. In order, on this occasion, to
nominate nineteen members of the
assembly of their high mightinesses,
by which the number fixed in the pre-
ceding article shall be completed,
their high mightinesses shall present
to the king a nomination of two per-
sons for each of the places to be
filled up.

The departmental assembly of
each department shall in a similar
manner present a nomination of two
persons, and the king shall from the
persons presented make the choice.

3. The present grand pensionary
shall take the title of president of
their high mightinesses, and hold the
office for life.

‘The election of his successors shall
take place in the manner prescribed
by the constitution of the year 1805.

1. The legislative body shall no-
minate from its own members a se-
cretary, by a majority of votes.

‘Lhe legislative body shall in
general assemble twice a year ; name-
ly, from the i5th of April to the 1st
of June, and from the 15th of No=
vember to the 15th of January. It
may be assembled on any extraordi«
nary occasion, by authority of the
king.

On the 15th November of each
year, the oldest fifth part of the mem-

bers

' bers to go out.

STATE: PAPE RS:

bers constituting the legislative body
shallgo out. ‘The first vacating of
seats, shall take place on the 15th
of November, 1807 ; and on this oc-
casion, lot shall determine the mem-
The persons going

out, shall always be eligible again.

; FIFTH PART.
S Of the Judicial Power.
Art. 1. The judicial tribunals shall

_be continued as established in the

year 1805.
2. The king shall, with regard to

the judicial power, exercise all the

rights, and all the powers which were
assigned to the grand pensionary, by

_ the 49th, 51st, 56th, 79th, 82d, and

87th articles of the constitution of

the year 1805.

3. All that rélates to the exercise
of criminal justice in miltary affairs,
shall be fixed by a particular Jaw.

A Proclamation by Thomas Jefferson,
President of the United States of
America.

Whereas satisfactory information

_ has been received, that Henry Whit-

-

by, commanding a British armed ves-
sel, called the Leander, did, on the
25th day of the month of April last
past, within the waters and jurisdic.
tion of the United States, and near
to the entrance of the harbour of
New York, by a cannon shot fired
from the said vessel Leander, commit
a murder on the body of John Pierce,
a citizen of the United States, then
pursuing his lawful vocations within
the same waters and jurisdiction of
the United States, and near to their
shores, and that the said Henry
Whitby cannot at this time be
brought to justice by the ordinary
process of the law.

' And whergas it does further ap-

701

pear, that both before and after the
said day, sundry trespasses, wrongs,
and unlawful interruptions and vex.
ations on trading vessels coming to
the United States, and within their
waters and vicinity, were committed
by the said armed vessel, the Lean-
der, her officers and people; by one
other armed vessel, called the Cam-
brian, commanded by John Nairne,
her officers and people ; aud by one
other armed vessel, called the Driver,
commanded by Slingsby Simpson, her
officers and people, which vessels be-
ing aj] of the same nation, were aid-
ing and assisting each other in the
trespasses, interruptions, and vexa-
tions aforesaid.

Now, wherefore, to the end that
the said Henry Whitby may be
brought to justice, and due punish-
ment inflicted for the said murder, I
do hereby enjoin and require all offi-
cers having authority, civil or milita-
ry, and to all other persons within
the limits or jurisdiction of the
United States, wheresoever the said
Henry Whitby may be found, now
or hereafter, to apprehend and se-
cure the said Henry Whitby, and
him safely and diligently to deliver
to the civil authority of the place, to
be proceeded against according to
law.

And I do hereby further require,
that the said armed vessel the Lean-
der, with her other officers and peo-
ple, and the said armed vessels, the
Cambrian and Driver, their officers
and people, immediately and without
delay, depart from the harbours and
waters of the United States. And I
do for ever interdict the entrance of
all the harbours and waters of the
United States to the said armed ves.
sels, and to all other vessels which
shall be commanded by the said
Henry Whitby, John Nairne, and

Slingsby

702

Slingsby Simpson, or either of
them.

And if the said vessels, or any of
them, shall fail to depart as afore-
said, or shall re-enter the harbours
or waters aforesaid, I do, in that
ease, forbid all intercourse with the
said armed vessels, the Leander, the
Cambrian, and the Driver, or with
any of them, and the officers and the
crews thereof, and do prohibit all
supplies and aid from being furnish-
ed them, or any of them. And Ido
declare and make known, that if
any person, from or within the ju-
risdietional limits of the United
States, shall afford any aid to either
of the said armed vessels, contrary
to the said proclamation, either in
repairing such vessel, or in furnish-
ing her officers or crew with supplies
of any kind, orin any manner what-
soever, or if any pilot shall assist in

’ navigating any of the said armed

vessels, unless it be for the purpose
of carrying them, in the firstinstance,
beyond the limits and jurisdiction of
the United States, such person er
persons shall, on conviction, suffer
all the pains and penalties by the
Jaws provided for such offences : and
Ido hereby enjoin and require all
persons bearing office, civil or mili-
tary, within the United States, and
all others, citizens or inhabitants
thereof, or being within the same,
with vigilance and promptitude to
exert their respective authorities,
and to be aiding and assisting to the
carrying this proclamation, and eve-
ry part thereof, into full effect.

In testimony whereof, I have
caused the seal of the United States
to be affixed (LL. S ) to these pre-
sents, and signed the same with my
hand.

Given at the city of Washington,
the 3d day of May, in the year of

ANNUAL REGISTER,’ 1806.

our Lord, 1806, and of the sove-

reignty and independence of the
United States the thirtieth.
(Signed) Thomas Jefferson,
By the President.
(Signed) James Madison,
Secretary of State.

Definitive Treaty of Amity and Alli.
ance between the Honourable the
English East India Company, and
the Maharajah Ali Jah Dowlut
Row Scindiah Bahadur, and his
Children, Heirs, and Successors.

Whereas many doubts and mis-
understandings have arisen respect.
ing the clear meaning and interpre.
tation of parts of the treaty of peace,
concluded between the British go-
yernment, and Dowlut Row Scin«
diah, at Serjee Anjengaum, on the
30th December, 1803: witha view of

doing away with all such doubts, -

and of preventing the recurrence in
future of any misunderstanding, this
definitive treaty of amity and alli-
ance is concluded between the two
states, by lieutenant colonel John
Malcolm, acting under the immedi-
ate direction and superintendance of
the right honourable general Gerard
lord Lake, commander in chief of
his majesty’s and the honourable
company’s forces, &c. &c. &c. and
vested with full powers and au-
thority from the honourable sir
George Hilaro Barlow, baronet, ap-
pointed by the honourable the court
of directors of the said company, to
contronl and direct all their affairs
in the East~Indies: and Moonshee
Kavil Nyne, vested with full powers
and authority on the part of the
said Maharajah Dowlut Row Scin-
diah.
Article I, Every part of the trea-
’ : ty*

/

RT A PEP iAP ER's. 703

of peace concluded by general sir
Arthur Wellesley, K. B. at Serjee
Anjengaum, except what may be al-
tered by this engagement, is to re-
main binding upon the two states.

Art. Il. The hon. company can
never acknowledge that Dowlut
Row Scindiah has any claim or right
grounded on the treaty of Serjee
Anjengaum, to possess the fort of
Gualior, or the territories of Gohud,
but from considerations of triend-
ship, it agrees to cede to the maha-
rajah that fortress, and such parts
of the territory of Gohud as are de-
scribed in the accompanying sche.

dale.
Art. If]. As a compensation for
this cession, and to remunerate the
English government for the annual
expence incurred in supporting the
_ rajah of Gohud, Dowlut Row Scin-
diah agrees.on his own part, and
that of his sirdars, to relinquish, af-
ter the ist of January, 1806, all
right and claim whatever to the pen-
»sions of fifteen lacks of rupees,
granted to several of the chief offi-
cers of his state, by the 7th article
of the aforesaid treaty of Serjee An-
ppegeum.
__ Art. 1V. The hon. company a-
= to pay to Dowlut Row Scin-
_diah the arrears due upon the pen-
sions granted by the 7th article of
_ the treaty of peace, as above men-
Tioned, up to the 31st of December,
1805, and also the balance due up-
on the revenues of Dholepoor,
jah Kerrah, and Barree, up to
the same age, making deductions
on the following heads :—

Ist. Pensions forfeited by Bap-
poo Scindiah and Sudasheo Row,
by acts of hostility towards the
_ British government, to be stopped
_ from the date of their hostility.

-

2nd. Plunder of the British resi-
dency,

* 3rd. Cash advanced by Mr. Jen-
kins to parties of the Maharajah’s
troops.

4th. Charges of collection, &c.
for the provinces of Dholepoor,
Barree, and Rajah-Kerrah.

Art. V.—With a view of pre-
venting any misunderstanding re
lative to their respective possessions
in the quarter of Hindostan, it. is

agreed that the river Chumbul shall

form the boundary between the two
states, from the city of Kottah to
the west, to the limits of the terri-;
tories of Gohud to the east, and
within that extent of the course of
the Chumbul, Dowlut Row Scin-
diah shall have no claim or right to
any rule, tribute, revenues, or pos.
sessions on its north bank, and the:
hon. company shall have no claim,
or right to any role, tribute, reve.
nues, or possessions on the south
bank of that river. The Talooks
of Bhadek and Sooseperarah,
which are on the banks of the
Jumna, will however remain in the
possession of the hon. company.
Art. VI.—-By the 5th article of
this treaty, which makes the river -
Chumbul the boundary of the two
states, from the city of Kottah to
the west, to the limits of the ter-
ritories of Gohud to the east, the
Maharajah resigns all. pretensions
and claims to any tribute from the
rajah of Boondee, or any other on
the north bank of the Chumbul,
within the aforementioned limits, as:
also to the countries of Zemeendah,
Dholepoor, Rajah Kerrah, and Bar-
rec, anciently in the possession of
the Maharajah, all which now re-
mains in the possession of the hon.
company. :
Art,

704

Art. VII.—The hon. company,
on consideration of the benefits de-
rived from the article which makes
the Chumbul the boundary between
the two states, and from friendship
to the Maharajah, agree to grant
to him personally and exclusively
the annual sum of four lacks of
rupees, to be paid hy quarterly
instalments through the resident at
the Durbar; avd the hon. eompany
also agree to assign within their
territories in Hindostan, a jag-
geer (to be holden on the same
footing as that enjoyed by Balla

Bhye) amounting to a revenue of -

two lacks of rupees per annum to
Bacezah Bhye, the wife of Dowlut
Row Scindiah, and a jaggeer a-
mounting to the sum of one lack of
rupees per annum to Chumnah
Bhye, the daughter of that ‘thief.

Art, VILi.—The hon. company
engage to enter into no treaties
with the rajahs of Oudeepoor and
Joudpoor and Kottah, or other
chiefs, tributaries of Dowlut Row
Scindiah, situated in Malwa, Me.
war, and Marwar, and in no shape
whatever to interfere with the sct-
tlement which Scindiah may make
with those chiefs.

Art. IX.—The hon. company
are now engaged in a war with
Jeswunt Row Holkar, and using
every exertion for his reduction,
‘ but should they hereafter make a
peace, or enterinto any agreement
with that chief, they engage not to
restore to him, or desire to be re-
stored to him, any of the possessions
of the family of Holkar, in the pro-
vinee of Malwa, |ying between the
river ‘Tapti and Chumbul, which
may have been taken by Dowlut
Row Scindiah, nor will the hon.
company interfere in any manner
Whatever in the disposal of those

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

provinces, and they will consider
Dowlut Row Scindiah at full liberty
to make such arrangement as_ he
chuses with Jeswunt Row Holkar,
or with any other branch of the
Holkar family, ‘ respecting the
claims of that family to tribute from
the rajahs or others, or to any
possessions situated to the north of
the river Tapti, and to the south
of the river Chumbul: but it is
clearly to be understood, thatas the
company’s government agrees not
to concern itself with the argange-
ments which Scindiah may make
with the family of Holkar, respect-
ing their claims or hereditary pos-
sessions situated between the Tapti
and the Chumbul, that government
will not take part in any dispute
or war which may be the result or
consequence ofanysucharrangement -
or settlement.

Art, X.—AsSerjee Row Ghaut-
ka has acted in a manner calculated
to disturb the friendship between
the two states, the Maharajah
agrees never to admit that chief to
share in his councils, or hold any
public employment under his go-
vernment,

Art. X1:—This treaty, consisting .
of eleven articles, has been this
day scttled by lieut. colonel Mal-
colm, acting under the directions
of the right hon. lord Lake, on the
part of the hon. company, and by
Moonshee Kavil Nyne, on the part
of Dowlat Row Scindiah ; lieute-
nant-colonecl John Malcolm has
delivered one copy thereof in Per-
sian and English, signed and sealed
by himself, to the said Moonshee
Kavil Nyne, to be forwarded to the
Maharajah Dowlut Row Scindiah,
and has received from thesaid Moon-
shee Kayil Nyne, a counterpart of
the said treaty signed and sealed ol

the

STATE PAPERS,

the said Moonshee. _Lieutenant-
colonel John Malcolm engages that

-acopy of the said treaty, ratified

by the honourable the governor-
general, in every respect a counter-
part of the treaty, now executed
by himself, shall be delivered to
Moonshee Kavil Nyue, to be for-
warded to the Maharajah, within

the period of one month from this

date, and ou the delivery of such

copy to the Maharajah, the treaty

executed by lieutenant-colonel John
Malcolm, under the immediate di-
rection of the right hon. lord Lake,
shall be returned: and Moonshee

-Kavil Nyne, in like mannér en-

gages, that another copy of the
said treaty, ratified by the Maha-
rajah Ali Jah Dowlut Row Scin-
diah, in every respect a counter-
part of the treaty now executed by
himself, shall be delivered to lieu-
tenant-colonel John Malcolm, to
be forwarded to the honourable the
governor general, within the period
of one month from this date, and
on the delivery of such copy to
the honourable the governor gene-

ral, the treaty executed by Moon-

a oe

shee Kavil Nyne, by virtue of the

_ full powers and authority vested in

him, as abovementioned, shall also
be returned.

Done at Maustafahpoor, _ this
twenty-second day of Nov. Anno
Domini one thousand eight hundred

and five, or twenty ninth of Shaban,
_ in the year of the Hijerah 1220.

(Signed) John Malcolm.

Kavil Nyne.

Declaratory Articles annexed to the
Treaty concluded between the
Right Honourable Lord Lake on
the Part of the Honourable Com-
pany, and Maharajah Dowlut
Vou. XLVI.

705

Row Scindiah, on the 22d of No»
vember, 1805.

Whereas objections have arisen
to the terms of the 5th, 6th, and
7th articles of the aforesaid treaty,
it is hereby agreed and declared,
that in lieu of those three articles,
the two following shall be substi-
tuted.

Article I.—With a view to pre«
vent any misunderstanding relating
to the respective possessions of the
honourable company. and Maha-
rajah Dowlut Row Scindiah, in
the quarters of Hindostan, the Ma.
harajah hereby agrees to cede to the
honourable company all the territory
north of the river Chumbul, which
was ceded to the Maharajah by the
7th article of the treaty of Serjee
Anjengaum, that is to say, the
whole of the districts of Dhole-
pore, Barree, and Rajah Kerrah ;
and the honourable company shall
have no claim or right to any rule,
tribute, or revenues, or possessions
on the south bank of that river.
The Talooks of Bhadeck and Soo-
seperarah, which are on the banks
of the Jumna, will, however, re-
main in the possession of the hon.
company.

Art. I1.—The honourable com-
pany, from friendship to the Ma-
harajah, agree to grant him per-
sonally and exclusively the annual
sum of four lacks of rupees, to be
paid by quarterly instalments,
through the resident at the Dur-
bar; and the honourable company,
also agree to assign within their
territories in Hindostan, a jaggeer
(to be holden on the same footing
as that enjoyed by Balla Bhye)
amounting to arevenue of twolacks
of rupees per annum, to Bacezah
Bhye, the wife of Dowlut Row

, Bid - Seindiah 5

706

Scindiah; and a jaggeer amount-
ing to one lack of rupees per an-
num, toChumna Bhye, the daughter
of that chief.

Done at Illahabad, the third day
of December, one thousand eight
hundred and five.

(Signed) G.H. Barlow.

Published by order of the honour-
able the vice-president in council.

Thos. Brown,

Acting chief sec. to the Govt.

Treaty of Peace and Amity between
the British Government and Jes-
wunt Rao Holkar.

Whereas disagreement has arisen
between the British government
and Jeswunt Rao Holkar, and it
is now the desire of both parties
to restore mutual harmony and
concord, the following articles of
agreement are therefore concluded
between lieutenant colonel John
Malcolm, on the part of the ho-
nourable company, and Shaikh
Hubecb Oolla and Bala Ram Seit,
on the part of Jeswunt Rao Hol-
kar; the said lieutenant colonel
John Malcolm, having special au-
thority for that purpose from the
right hon. lord Lake, commander
in chief, &c. &c. His lordship a-
foresaid being invested with full
powers and authority from the hon.
sir G. Hf. Barlow, bart. governor
general, &c. &c. and the said Sheikh
Hubeeb Oolla, and Bala Ram Seit,
also duly invested with full powers
en the part of Jeswunt Rao Hol-
kar.

Art. 1.—The British government
engages to abstain from all prose-
eution of hostilities against Jes-
wunt.Rao Holkar, and to consider

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

him henceforth as the friend of the

hon. company; Jeswunt Rao Hol-

kar agreeing on his part, to abstain

from all measures and proceedings

of an hostile nature, against the

British government and its allies,

and from all measures and pro-
ceedings in any manner directed to

the injury of the British govern-_
ment or its allies.

Art. 11.—Jeswunt Rao Holkar
hereby renounces all right and
title to the district of Tonk Ram-
poorah, Boondee, Lakherie,Sumey-
dee, Bhamungaun, Daee, and other
places north of the Boondee hills,
and now in the occupation of the
British government.

Art. I11.—The honourable com-
pany hereby engage to have no
concern with the ancient posses-
sions of the Holkar family in Me-
war, Malwa, and Harrowtee, or
with any of the rajahs, situated to
the south of the Chumbul, and the
honourable company agree to de-
liver over immediately to Jeswunt
Rao Holkar, such of the ancient
possessions of the Holkar family
in the Dekhan, now in the occu-
pation of the honourable company,
asare south of the river ‘l'aptee
with the exception of the fort and
pergunnah of Chandore, the per-
guonah Ambar and Seagham, and
the villages and pergunnahs situated
to the southward of the Godavery,
which will remain in the possession
of the honourable company. The
honourable company, however, in
consideration of the respectability
of the Holkar family, further en-
gage, that in the event of the con-
duct of Jeswunt Rao Holkar, be-
ing such as to satisfy that state of
his amicable and peaceable inten-
tions towards the British govern-

ment

STATE PAPERS.

ment and its allies; it will, at the
expiratiou of eighteen months from
the date of this treaty, restore to
the family of Holkar, the fort of
Chandore and its district, the per-
gunnahs of Ambar and Seagham, and
the districts formerly belonging to
the Holkar family, situated to the
south of the Godavery.

Art. [V.—Jeswunt Rao Holkar

hereby renounces all claims to the
district of Koonch, in the province
of Bundlecund, and all the claims
of every description in that pro.
vince ; but in the event of the con-
duct of Jeswant Rao Holkar being
such as to satisfy the British govern-
ment of his amicable intention to.
wards that state and its allies, the
honourable company agree, at the
expiration of two-years from the
date of this treaty, to give the dis-
trict of Koonch, in jagghire, to
_ Beemah Bhye, the daughter of Jes-
wunt Rao Holkar, to be holden
under the company’s government
on the same terms as that now en-
_ joyed by Bhalla Bhye.

_Art. V.—Jeswunt Rao Holkar
hereby renouncesall claims of every
description upon the British govern-
ment and its allies.

Art. VI.—Jeswunt Rao Holkar
hereby engages never tp entertain
_ in his service Europeans of any de-
Scription, whether British subjects
or others, without the consent of
the British government.
Art. VII.—Jeswunt Rao Hol-
_ kar hereby engages never to admit
into his council or service, Serjee
Rao Ghautka, as that individual
has been proclaimed an encmy to
_ the British government.

Art. Vi{11.—Upon the foregoing
conditions, Jeswunt Rao Holkar
Shall be permitted to return to Hin-

- dostan without beiug molested by

707

the British government, and the
British government will not inter-
fere in aay manner in the concerns
of Jeswunt Rao Holkar. [It is,
however, stipulated, that Jeswunt
Rao Holkar shall immediately upon
this treaty being signed and ratifi-
ed, proceed towards Hindostan by

a route which leaves the towns of'

Putteala Khytult, Iheend, and the
countries of the honourable com-
pany and the rajah of Jypoor, on
the left; and Jeswunt Rao Holkar
engages on his route to make his
troops abstain from plunder, and
that they shall commit no act of
hostility in any of the countries
through which they may pass.

Art. IX.—This treaty, consist.
ing of nine articles, being this day
settled by licut. colonel John Mal.
colm, on the part of the honourable
company, and by Shaikh Hubeeb
Oolla, and Bala Ram Seit, on the
part of Jeswunt Rao Holkar ;
lieut. colonel John Malcolm has
delivered one copy thereof in Per-
sian and English, signed and sealed
by himself, and confirmed by the
seal and signature of the right hon.
Jord Lake, to the said Shaikh Hu-
beeb Oolla and Bala Ram Seit, who
on their part have delivered ‘to
lieut. colonel John Malcolm, a coun-
terpart of the same, signed and
sealed by themselves, and engage to
deliver another cepy thereof, duly
ratified by Jeswunt Rao Holkar,
to the right hon. lord Lake, in the
space of three days: the said lieut.
colonel John Malcolm also engages
to deliver to them a counterpart of
the same, duly ratified by the ho-
nourable the governor general in
council, within the space of one
month from this date.

Done in camp at Raipoor Ghaut,
on the banks of the Gheah river,

ZzZ this

708

this twenty-fourth day of Decem-
ber, Anno Domino 1805, corres-
ponding withthe second of Shawaul
in the year of the Hijerah 1220.
(Signed) John Malcolm.
Shaikh Hubeeb Oolla.
Bala Ram Seit.

Declaratory Articles annexed to the
Treaty of Peace and Amity, con-
cluded between the British Govern«
ment anil Maharajah Jeswunt Rao
Holkar, through the Agency of the

/ Right Hon. Lord Lake, on the
24th December, 1805.

Whereas by the 2d article of the
abovementioned treaty, Maharajah
Jeswunt Rao Holkar renounces all
right and title to the districts of
Tonk, Rampoora, Boondee, Leck-
herree, Sumeydee, Bhamungaun,
Daee, and other places north of the
Boondee hills, and now in the oc-
cupation of the British government:
and whereas it has been understood
that the Maharajah attaches great
value to the district of Tonk Ram.
poorah and other districts in that
vicinity, which constituted the an.~
cient possessions of the Holkar fa-
mily ; and the relations of amity
and peace being now happily re-
stored between the British govern-
ment and Maharajah Jeswunt Rao
Holkar, the British government is
desirous of gratifying the wishes of
the Maharajah to the utmost prac-
ticable extent, consistent with con-
siderations of equity, and of mani.
festing its solicitude to cultivate the
friendship and good will of the Ma-
harajah ; therefore the British go-
vernment thereby agrees to consi-
der the provisions of the 2d article
of the treaty aforesaid, to be void

* The originals of Mr. Fox’s Letters were written by him in French.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

and of n@ effect, and to relinquish
all claim to the districts of Tonk
Rampoorah, and such other dis-
tricts in their vicinity, as were for«
merly in the possession of the Hol-
kar family, and are now in the
occupation of the British govern
ment,
Done on the river Ganges, the
2d day of February, 1806.
(Signed) G. H. Barlow.
Published by order ef the ho.
nourable the vice president in coun.
cil.
Thomas Brown,
Acting chief secretary to the
government. ©

Papers relative to the Negotiation
with France, presented by His
Majesty’ s Command to both Houses
of Parliament, 22d. Dec. 1806.

No. I.

Fests from Mr. Secretary Fox to
M. Talleyrand, dated Downing-
street, 20th Feb. 1806.

(Translation.*)

Downing-strect, 20th Feb. 1806.

Sir,

I think it my duty as an honest
man to communicate to you, as
soon as possible, a very extraordi-
nary circumstance which is come to
my knowledge. The shortest way
will be to relate to you the fact
simply as it happened.

A few days ago, a person inform.
ed me, that he was just arrived at
Gravesend without a passport, re«
questing me at the same time to send
him one, as he had very lately left.
Paris, and had something to com-
municate to me which would give
me Satisfaction. I sent for him—
he came to my house the following

day

STATH PAP: E/R'S.* 709

day—1 received him alone in my
closet; when, after some unimpor-

~ tant conversation, this villain had

the audacity to tell me, that it was

_ necessary for the tranquillity of all

crowned heads to put to death the

- Ruler of France; and that for this

purpose, a house had been hired at
Passy, from which this detestable
project could be carried into effect
with certainty, and without risk. I

did not perfectly understand if it

was to be done by a common mus-
ket, or by fire arms upon a new
principle.

I am not ashamed to confess to
you, sir, who know me, that my con-
fusion was extreme, in thus finding
myself* /ed into a conversation with

an avowed assassin; I instantly or-

dered him to leave me, giving, at
the same time, orders to the police
officer who accompanied him, to
send him out of the kingdom as soon
as possible.

_ After having more attentively re-
flected upon ‘what I had done, I
saw my error in having suffered
him to depart without having pre-
viously informed you of the circum.
stance, and I Se him to be de-
tained.

It is probable that all this is un-
founded, and that the wretch had
nothing more in view than to make
himself of consequence, by promis-
ing what, according to his ideas,
would afford me satisfaction.

At all events, I thought it right
to acquaint you with what had hap-
pened, before I sent him away.
Our laws do not permit us to detain
him long ; but he shall not be sent
away till after you shall have had

full time to take precautions against
- kis attempts, supposing him still

to entertain bad designs; and
when he goes, I shall take care to
haye him Janded at a seaport as re.
mote as possible from I*rance.

He calls himself here, Guillet de,
la Gevrilliere, but I think it is a
false name which he has assumed.

At his first entrance, I did him
the honour to believe him to bea
spy.

{ have the honour to be, with
the most perfect attachment,

Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
(Sigued) C. J. Fox.
No. II.

Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr.
Secretary Fox, dated Paris, Mar.
5, 1806.—Recetbed Mar. 19.

(Translation. )
Paris, 5th March, 1806.
Sir,
I have laid your excellency’s Iet-
ter before his majesty. His first
words, after having read it were,

‘¢¢ T recognize here the principles of

honour and of virtue, by which Mr,
Fox has ever been actuated. Thank
him on my part.’ I will not allow
myself, sir, to add any thing to the
expressions of his imperial and royal
majesty. I. only request you to
accept the assurances of my distin-
guished consideration.
(Signed) Ch. Mau. Talleyrand.

No. III,

Extract from a Letter from M. Tal.
leyrand to Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated Paris, March 5, 1806.—.
Received Mar. 19.

( Translation.)
Paris, 5th March, 1806.
It may be agreeable to you to re-
ceive news from this country.

Z23 Isend

* The original is dans le eas de converser, in the act of conversing.

710

A send you the emperor’s speech
to the legislative body. You will
therein see that. our wishes are still
for peace. I do not ask what is
. the prevailing inclination with you;
but if the advantages of peace are
duly appreciated, you know upon
what basis it may be discussed.

No. IV.

Extract from a Speech delivered by
the Chief of the French Govern-
ment to the Legislative Body on
the 2d af March, 1806.

(Translation. )

“¢T desire peace with England. On
my part, I shall never delay it for a
moment. J shall always be ready
to conclude it, taking for its ba-
sis the stipulations of the treaty of
Amiens,”

No. V.

Leiter from Mr. Secretary Fox to
M. Talleyrani, dated Downing-
street, Mar. 26, 1806- |

(Translation. )

Downing-street, Mar. 26, 1806.

Sir,

The information which your ex-
cellency has given me of the pacifie
disposition that preyails (in your
councils), and of the basis upon
which peace may be discussed, has

, induoed me to lay that part of your
private letter before the king.

His majesty has repeatedly de-
clared to his parliament his sincere
desire to embrace. the first opportu-
nity of re-establishing peace upon a
solid basis, such as may be compati-
ble with the interests and permanent
security of his people: his wishes

are uniformly pacific ; butit is a safe

and lasting peace that his majesty
has in view, not an uncertain truce,
which, from its very uncertainty,
would be the source of disquictude

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

as well to the contracting parties as
to the other powers of Europe.

With regard to the stipulations of
the treaty of Amiens, which are ~~
proposed as the basis of the nego. —
tiation, it has been observed here
that this phrase has been interpret~
ed in three or four different ways,
and consequently that further ex-
planations would be _ necessary,
which could not fail to produce
great delay, even did no other ob-
jections exist.

The true basis of such a negotia-
tion between two great powers,
equally despising every idea of chi-
cane, would be the reciprocal re-
cognition of the following principle,
viz, that the object of both parties
should be a peace honourable for
both, and for their respective allies ;
and, at the same time, ofa nature to
secure, as far as is in their power,
the future tranquillity of Europe.

Ingland cannot neglect the in-
terests of any of her allies; and she
is united to Russia by such close
connections, that she would not
treat, still less conclude upon any

thing, but in concert with the em-

peror Alexander: but whilst await-
ing the actual intervention of a
Russian plenipotentiary, some of
the principal points might however
be discussed, and even provisionally
arranged.

It might seem, that Russia, on
account of her remote situation,
should have fewer immediate inter-
ests to discuss with France than
other powers; but that court, so
respectable in every point of view,
interests herself, like England,
warmly in every thing that concerns
the greater or less degree of inde-
pendence enjoyed by the different
princes and states of Europe.

You see, sir, how inclined we

are

a7 Ll AVE

are here to remove every difficulty
that might retard the discussion in
question. With the resources that
we possess, it is most assuredly not
on our own account that we need
fear a continuance of the war. Of
all the nations of Europe, England,
perhaps, is that which suffers the
least by its prolongation; but we
do not the less commisserate the
misfortunes of others.

Let us, then, do all in our power
to terminate them, and let us endea-
vour, if it be possible, to reconcile
the respective interests and the
glory of the two countries, with the
tranquillity of Europe, and the
happiness of the human race.

Lam, &c.
(Signed) C. J. Fox.
No; VE,

Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr.
Secretary Fox, dated Paris, April
1st, 1806.— Received April 7.

(Translation. )
Paris, April 1, 1806.
Sir,

The very instant I received your
letter of the 26th March, I waited
upon his majesty, and I am happy
to inform you, that he has autho-
rized me to send you, without de-
day, the following answer :—

The emperor covets nothing that
England possesses. Peace with
France is possible, and may be per-
petual, provided there is no inter-
ference in her internal affairs, and
that no attempt is made to restrain
her in the regulation of her custom
duties; to cramp her commercial
rigits ; or to offer any insult to her
flag.

It is not you, sir, who have dis-
played in many public discussions,

PAP. EB S. 711

an exact knowledge of the general
affairs of Europe and of France,
who require to be convinced that
Trance has nothing to desire except
repose, and a situation such as may
enable her, without obstruction, to
give herself up entirely to the la.
bours of her industry.

The emperor does not imagine, that
any particular article of the treaty of
Amiens produced the war. He is
convinced, that the true cause was
the refusal to make a treaty of com.
merce, which would necessarily
have been prejudicial to the manu-
factures and the industry of his
subjects. Your predecessors ac-
cused us of wishing universal con.
quest. In France, England has -
likewise her accusers. Very well!
We only ask equality. We shall
never require an account of what
you do at home, provided that, on
your side, you never require an ac-
count of what we do at home.
This principle is reciprocally just,
reasonable, and mutually advanta~
geous.

You express a desire that the ne-
gotiation may not terminate in a
short-lived peace. France is more
interested than any other power
that it should be permanent. It is
not her interest to make a truce ;
since a truce would only pave the
way for fresh losses. You know
very well that nations, similar in
this respect to individuals, accustom
themselves to a state of war, as well
as to a state of peace. All the
losses that France could sustain, she
has sustained. This will ever be the
case, in the first six months of war.
At present, our commerce and our
industry* have taken the channel
dictated by the circumstances of our
424 cauntry,

¥ Se sont répli¢z sur eux mémes.

_

712

country, and are adapted to our
state of war. Consequently a truce
of two or three years would be the
thing of all others the most opposite
to our commercial interests, and to
the emperor’s policy.

As to the intervention of a fo»
reign power, the emperor might ac-
cept the mediation of a power pos-
sessing a great naval force, because,
in that case, the participation of
Such power in the peace would be
regulated by the same interests that
we have to discuss with you; but
the mediation you speak ofis not of
this nature. You do not wish to
deceive us: and you are well aware
there is no equality betwixt us in
the guaranty of a power which has
three hundred thousand men on
foot, and which has no naval force.
For the rest, sir, your comminica-
tion has acharacter of openness, and
precision, which we have hitherto
never seen in the communications
between your court and us. I will
make it my duty to employ the
same openness, and the same preci-
sion, inmy reply. We are ready
to make peace with the whole
world! We wish to dictate to no
one! But we will not be dictated
to ; and uo one possesses either the
power or the means of doing it. It
is in the power of none to make us
relinquish treaties which are already
carried into effect. The integrity
and the complete and absolute inde-
_ pendence of the Ottoman empire,
form not only the sincerest desire
of the emperor, but constitute also
the undeviating object of his po-
licy.

Two enlightened and neighbour-
ing nations would be wanting in the
opinion they ought to entertain of
their power and wisdom, should
they call for the intervention of fo-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

reign and distant powers in the dis-
cussions of the great interests which
divide them: thus, sir, peace may
be treated upon and concludéd im-.
mediately, if your court really en.
tertains the desire of attaining it.

Our interests are reconcileable,in-
asmuch as they are distinct. You
are the rulers of the ocean: your
naval forces are equal to those of
all the sovereigns of the world
united, We area great continental
power: but there are many who
equal our power by land; and your
maritime preponderance will always
place our commerce at the mercy
of your squadrons, immediately af-
ter your declaring war. Do you
think it reasonable to expect that
the emperor should ever consent to
submit himself to your discretion in
continental affairs also? If, mas-
ters of the sea through your own
power, you propose being masters
of the land likewise by a combined
force, peace is impossible; for, in
that case, you will be striving for an
object which you can never attain.

The emperor, accustomed as he is
to encounter every risk, which
holds out the prospect of greatness
and of glory, wishes for peace with
England—he is a man—after so
many fatigues he is desirous of re-
pose—the father of his subjects, he
wishes, as far as it is compatible
with their honour and with security
for the future, to procure for them
the blessings of peace, and the ad-
vantages of a successful and uninter-
rupted commerce.

If then, sir, his majesty the king
of England really wishes for peace
with France, he will appoint a ple-
nipotentiary to repair to Lisle. I
have the honour of sending you
passports for this purpose. Assoon
as the emperor shall be informed of

the

gta.

send bith without delay.

STATE PA PERS.

the arrival of the minister from your
court, he will eppoint one and will
The em-
peror is ready to make every con-
cession, which, from the eatent of
your naval forves, and of your pre-
ponderance, you may desire to ob-
I donot think that you can
refuse to adopt the same principle
of making him proposals conform-
“able to the honour of his crown and
_ the commercial rights of his domi-
‘nions. Jf you are just—if you de-
“sire only what is possible for you
to obtain, peace will be soon
“made.

I conclude, by declaring that his
“majesty fully adopts the ‘principle

wy laid down in your dispatch, and of-

e

fered as the basis of the negotiation,
** that the peace proposed should

be honourable for the two courts,

and for their respective allies.”

1 have the honour to be, with the
highest consideration,
Sir,
Your excellency’s most obedient,
humble servant,
(Signed) Ch. Man. Talleyrand.

No. VII.-

Prater from Mr. Secretary Fox to
M. Talleyrand, dated Downing-
Street, April 8, 1806.

(Translation. )
Downing-street, 8th April, 1806,
Sir,
I did not receive until yesterday

€yening your dispatch of the first

instant. Before I reply to it, allow

me to assure your excellency that

‘the frankness and oldiging tone
which prevail in it have produced
the greatest satisfaction here. A
Spirit of conciliation manifested
on both sides is already a great ad-
“vance towards peace,

713

If what your excellency says re-
specting domestic affairs relates to
political affairs,an answer is scarcely
requisite. We do not interfere in
such concerns in time of war, much
less shall we do so in time of peace ;
and nothing can be further from the
ideas which prevail here than any
wish either to interfere with respect
to the internal regulations which
you may judge proper for the ma-
nagement of your custom duties

-and for the support of your commer-

cial rights, or to offer insult to your
flag. As toa treaty of commerce,
England supposes that she has no
greater interest in desiring it than
other ations. There are many
who think that such a treaty be-
tween Great Britain and France
would be equally beneficial to the
two contracting parties ; but thisis a
question upon which each govern-
ment must decide according to its
own ideas, and the party re.
jecting it gives no offence, and is no.
way responsible to the party pro-
posing it.

{t is not my individual opinion
alone, sir, but. it must be acknow-
ledged by every reasonable man,
that the true interest of France is
peace, and consequently that the
true glory of her rulers ought to be
placed in the preservation of it.

{t is true that we have mutually
accused each other, but it can an-
swer nO purpose at the present
moment to discuss the arguments
upon which those accusations were
founded. Like vou we desire to
treat upon equal terms. Assuredly
we are not accountable to ‘each
other for what we doat home; and
the principle of reciprocity that
your excellency has proposed on this.
poiat appears just and reasonable.

lt

714

Tt.cannot be denied that your ar-
guments respecting the inconveni-
ences to which France would be
subject by a short-lived peace, are
well-founded: But on the other
hand, those which we should suffer
would likewise be very considerable.
Tt is perhaps natural, that in such
cascs each nation exaggerates its
own dangers, or at least that she
examines them more minutely, and
with a more penetrating eye than
those of others.

With respect to the interposition of
a foreign power, one cannot refrain
from observing, that in whatever
relates to peace and war between
England and France, Russia can
never be considered a foreign power,
inasmuch as she is inactual alliance
with England, and at war with
France. For which reason the
interposition of the emperor Alex-
ander was proposed in my letter,
not asa mediator, but as a party.
Your exccllency, in the last para-
graph ef your dispatch, acknow~
fedges, that the peace ‘* ought to be
honourable, not only for England
and France, but also for their
respective allies.” ‘This being the
case, it appears to us impossible,
considering the close alliance sub-
sisting between the two governments,
that that of England can commence
any other than a provisionary nego-
tiation, without the concurrence,
or, at the very least, the previous
consent of her ally.

As to what relates to the integrity
and independence of the Ottoman
empire, no difficulty can present
itself, those objects being equally
dear to all the partics interested in
the present discussion.

It is perhaps true, that the power

of France on jand, compared with

Q

2

ANNUAL RE GISTER, 1806.

that of the rest of Europe, is not

equal to the superiority. that we

possess at sea, considered in the

same point of view: But it can no

longer be concealed, that the project.
of combining the whole of Kurope

against France, is to the last degree

chimerical; besides, it is in truth

carrying the apprehension of what

may happen hereafter rather too

far, to consider the alliance between

England and Russia, (the two pow-—
ers of Europe the least calculated to

attack France by land) as tending
to produce such a consequence,

Nor can the intervention of Rus-
sia in the negotiation, be considered
as the formation of a congress, either
in appearance or in reality, inasmuch
as there will be only two parties,
England and Russia on one side, and
Frauce on the other. A congress
might be desirable in many respects,
after the signature of preliminaries,
in case all the contracting parties
should be of that opinion ; but this
is a proposition that may be freely
and amicably discussed, after the
principal points shall have been
arranged,

Thus, Sir, I have laid before you,
with all the clearness in my power,
the sentiments of the British minis-
try upon the ideas which you have
suggested. I entertain the gratifying
persuasion that there remains only
one essential point upon which we
are not agreed.

As soon as you consent that we
shall treat provisionally until Russia
can take a part in the negotiation,
and from that moment, conjointly
with her, we are ready to begin
without the delay of a single day,
at whatever place, and in whatever ,
form, the two parties may judge
best adapted to bring to an happy

issue

———

‘issue the object of our labours, as
expeditiously as possible.
lam, &c,

(Signed) C. J. Fox.

Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr.
| Secretary Fox, dated Paris, April
| 16, 1806.—Received April 19.

.
No. VIII.
|

(Translation.)

Str, Paris, April 16, 1806.
_.I have taken the pleasure of his
majesty the emperor and, king,
before whom I lost no time in lay-
‘ing the dispatch which your excel-
Jency did me the honour of writing
to me, under date of the 8th
instant.

It appeared to his majesty, that,
admitting as you do the principle of
equality, you nevertheless still per-
sist in requiring aform of negotia-
tion which cannot accord with that
principle. When in a discussion
between two equal powers, one of
them calls for the interference of a
third, it is evident that she seeks to
destroy that equilibrium so favour-

_ able to a fair and free discussion of
their interests. It is manifest that

She is not willing to content herself

with the advantages and the rights

of equality. Iam ready to believe,
sir, that in entering for the last
time upon this discussion, I shall

_ succeed in persuading your excel-

4 lency, that, under no plea and on

no accouut, should Russia be called

_ upon to take part in the proposed

France between England and

7

France.
When the war broke out between
4 the two countries, Russia was at
_ peace with France. This war has
_ produced no alteration in the rela-
_ tions which existed between her and
us. She first proposed her media-

STATE PAPERS.

713

tion ; and afterwards, in conse-
quence of circumstances foreign to
the war which divides us, a coolness
arose between the cabinets of St.
Petersburgh and the Thuilleries ;
the emperor Alexander thought
proper to suspend his political rela-
tions with France; but at the
same time declared in the most
positive manner, that it was his
intention to take no part in the ex-
isting disputes between us and Eng-~
land.

We do not think that the con-
duct which Russia has since held
has in the smallest degree altered
this determination. She has, it is
true, concluded a treaty of allianee
with you ; but it is easy to see from
what has been made public of this
treaty, from the object it had in
view, and still mere from the conse-
quences of it, that it had no connec-
tion with the war which has been
carrying on nearly two years be-
tween us and England.

This treaty was an agreement to
take a partin a war of a different
nature, more extensive and more
general than the first. From this
war the third coalition sprung, in
which Austria was a principal and
Russia an auxiliary power. It was
only in intention that England par.
ticipated in this war. We have
never had to oppose her forces in
conjunction with those of her allies.
Russia acted only a secondary part
in it. No declaration addressed to
France informed us that she was at
war with us; and it is only upon
the field of battle where the third
coalition was destroyed, that we
have been officially informed that
Russia was a party to it.

When his Britannic majesty de-
clared war against France, he had
an endin view which he made known

by

716

by his manifestoes. This object
directed the nature of the war;
when, eighteen months afterwards,
his Britannic majesty formed an
alliance with Austria, Russia, and
Sweden, he had other objects in
view. This was a new war, the
motives of which must be sought for
in the’ official papers which have
been published by the different pow-
ers; amongst these motives the
direct interests of England are never
mentioned. ‘These two wars there:
fore haye no common connection:
England in reality never participated
in that which is terminated. Russia
never took any part directly or in-
directly in that which still exists.
There is, therefore, no reason why
England should not singly terminate
a war, which she singly has waged
against us. If his majesty the em.
peror were now to adopt the princi-
ple of negotiating with England
jointly with her new allies, he would
implicitly admit the actual existence
of the third coalition, the continu-
ance of the German war, and the
identity of this war with that which
France sustains against England. He
would implicitly accept for the
basis of the negotiation the condi-
tions of monsicur Novosiltzoff,
which excited the astonishment of
Kurope, and were revolting to the
character of the French people ;
and the conqueror of the coalition,
the emperor, would voluntary place
himself in the situation of the con-
guered.

At present, the emperor has no-
thing to discuss with the coalition.
He is entitled to refuse his recogni-
tion of the relations which you have
had with it; and in treating with
you there can be no other question,
than the object and the interests of
the war which was entered into pre.

z

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

vious to your alliances,and which has
survived them.

Notwithstanding only six months
have elapsed since the veil which
concealed the secret combinations
of the last war has been removed, it
is nevertheless true that the con.
tinent is at peace. Your principal
ally, Austria, has made a separate
peace. Prussia whose armies were
for some time on the war establish-
ment, has conclided a treaty of,
offensive and defensive alliance with
us. Sweden is not worthy a remark. |
As to Russia, there exist between
her and us direct proposals of nego-
tiation. Powerful as she is, she
requires the protection of no one,
and she cannot call for the interven-
tion of any court to terminate the
disputes between us. Her remote
position places her so entirely out of
our reach, and deprives her so com-
pletely of all means of annoying us,
that the alteration in our respective
connections, occasioned by a state
of war or a state of peace, is purely
of adiplomatic nature. If in sucha
situation, the emperor were ta
accept the condition of negotiating
jointly ‘with England and Russia
would he not resign all his advan.
tages ?) Would he not admit the ex-
istence of a war which he has glori.
ously terminated ? Would he not, in
fine, abandon, in favour of England
the principle of equality already
agreed upon between us? If sir,
you will only examine with the dis-
cernment which belongs to you the
considerations which I have thé ho-
nour to lay before you, you will
agree that such a negotiation would
be far more prejudicial to us than
war, and even than a congress,

In fact, in a congress, if England,
Sweden, and Russia contended in
support ef the principles which

formed

formed the basis of the third coali-
tion, Prussia, Denmark, the Porte,
| Persia, and America, would pro-
test against; those principles, and
| would require equal laws for navi-
gation and a just division of the
empire of the seas. Doubtless in
this discussion, the diminution of the
power of France would be frequently
yoted ; but as frequently would the
diminution of the power of England
also be voted. The balance of
power in the south of Europe would
be demanded by some, but others
would demand the balance of power
in the north. Many would bring
forward the balance of power for
Asia; all would feel an interest in
the balance of power on the seas ;
and if it were possible to hope that
any result could be formed in the
midst of such complicated and tur.
bulent discussions, that result would
be just because it would be com-
“plete ; and certainly his majesty has

declared, under every circumstance,

that he would have no repugnance

to make sacrifices for the public

tranquillity, whenever England,
Russia, and all the great powers
Shall be disposed to recognize esta-
plished rights, to protect the weaker
_ states, and to adopt the principles
_ of justice, moderation and equality ;
_ but the emperor knows mankind
_ too well to allow himself to be led
_ away by chimerical ideas, and he
fecls that it would be in vain to seek
_ for peace in a labyrinth of ten years
_ of discussions, which during that
_ period would perpetuate war, and
_ would only have the effect of ren-
dering its termination still more
difficult and uncertain. It would
then become necessary to change
_ the system, and, as was done at
Utrecht, leaving theallies to perplex

S Tre PE UP A EE BS.

9

°

717

themselves in vain and endless dis.
putes, to enter into a separate nego-
tiation ; to discuss, as was then done,
the interests of the two powers and
of their respective allies; at last to
make peace for ourselves, and to
make it so equitable and so honour.
able as to be immediately agreed to
by all the powers concerned. This
is the mode in which it becomes two
such nations as England and France
to terminate, not at the distance of
ten years, but immediately, the dif-
ferences which divide them, and at
the same time to establish the regu.
lation of their rights and of the
interests of their allies.

To resume, sir; I seein the pro-
posed negotiation, only three possi.
ble forms of discussion :

Negotiation with England and
the allies which she acquired at the
time’ of the formation of the third
coalition :

Negotiation with all the powers
of Kurope, with the addition of
America :

Negotiation with England alone.

The first of these forms is inad-
missible, because it would subject
the emperor to the influence of the
third coalition, which no longer
exists. The emperor would have
negotiated in this manner if he had
been vanquished. ‘The second form
of negotiation would eternalize the
war, if the unavoidable occurrences
to which it would at every instant
give rise, and the passions which it
would let loose without controul,
did not cause the discussions to be
broken off with violence a few
years after they should have been
entered into. ‘The third therefore is
the only one which can be desired
by those who really wish for peace.
His majesty is confident, that the

just

718

just and moderate dispositions which
he has the satisfaction of observing
in the tone and the language of the
ministers of his Britannic majesty,
seconding, im conformity to his
desires, the pacific sentiments of
which he is more than ever deter-
mined to afford proofs to his allies,
and even to his enemies, the nations
exhausted by the efforts of a war,
the interest of which it is as difficult
to perceive as its real object is diffi.
cult to discover, will thus see a
peace, whichis called for by all their
wants and all their wishes, result
from the proposed negotiation.
Irequest, sir, you will accept the
assurance of my high consideration.
(Signed) Ch, Mau. Talleyrand,

No. IX.

Letter from Mr. Secretary Fox to
M. Tulleyrand, dated Downing-
Street, April 20, 1806.

(Translation.)
Downing Street, April 20, 1806.
Sir,

¥ reeeived the day before yester-
day, your excellency’s dispatch of
the 16th instant.

After haying repeatedly read it
with all possible attention, 1 do not
find in it any argument sufficient to
induce our government to change
the opinion which it has already de-
clared, namely, that any negoliation
in which Russia is not included as a
party, is absolutely inadmissible.

We wish for peace: but we can-
not wish for any thing which may
be injurious either to the dignity of
our sovereign, or to the honour and
the interests of the nation. But if
“we negotiate without Russia, consi.
dering the intimate ties by which we
are united with’ that power, we
should conceive ourselyes open to
the reproach of having failed in that

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

&
scrupulous fidelity to our engaze-
ments on which we pride ourselves;

‘whilst, on the other hand, by persist-_

ing in our demand that Russia be —
admitted, we do not conceive that —
we do any thing contrary to that
principle of equality to which both
of us lay claim. When the three
plenipotentiaries are assembled,
how can it be thought that any
question could be carried by the
majority of voices; or even that
such an assembly could have any
thing in common with a general
congress? There would be in fact
but two parties in it; on one side,
France, on the other, the two allied
powers. Moreover, if it is thought
so advantageous in an affair of this
rature, to have two against one, no
objection would be made to your
introducing whichever of your allies
you may judge most expedient. -

Sincerely desirous of avoiding
useless disputes, 1 do not allow my-
self te enter into a discussion of the
consequences which your excellency
draws from the events of the last
campaign.

1 will only remark, that I do not
see any reason why an_ alliance
should be considered as null with
regard to the powers who adhere to
it, because a power who formerly
belonged to it has been detached
from it by the misfortunes of war.

With regard to the overture
which Russia has made you, we
have no knowledge of it; but,
whatever may be the nature of it,
we are persuaded that that court
will never conduct itself so as to
commit the acknowledged honour of
its character, or to weaken the ties
of friendship and of confidence
which subsist between England and
Russia. :

To return to the point; your

excellency

at - APE E

excellency mentions that, in the
‘proposed negotiation, you know
but of three possible forms of discns-
sion.
The first appears to you inadmis-
sible.
~ According to what I have had the
honour to write to you, you must
be convinced, sir, that the third is
incompatible, both with our funda-
mental ideas of justice and honour,
and with our conception of the
interests of our country. ‘The se-
cond is not perhaps bad, so far as
regardsits principle; but besides the
delays which it would occasion, it
would scarcely be practicable in the
present conjuncture.
It is therefore with much regret,

that I am obliged to declare frankly
‘to your excellency, that I see no

hope of peace at this moment, if yon

should not be disposed to negotiate

in the manner which we have pro-

_ posed.

I think myself obliged to add,
that this form is essential to us, not
only for the reasons which [ have

_ had the honour to explain to your

excellency, but in so much as any
other form might create suspicions
that you really entertain the chime-
rical project with which you are
charged (wrongfully as I willingly be-
lieve) of excluding us from any con-
nection with the continental powers

_ of Europe; and even, that such an

idea is less revolting to us than it
oughtto be, and that it in reality is.
It is not necessary to declare to a
‘minister, so enlightened as your ex-
eellency, that England can never
consent to anexclusion which would
‘degrade her from the rank which
She has hitherto held, and which she
believes that she may ever hold,
among the nations of the world.
The affair, in fine, is reduced to

PAPERS. 719

one single point. Will you nego-
tiate conjointly with Russia? We
answer, Yes: But if you require us
to negotiate separately, we answer,
No.

Although we have not succeeded
in the great object which we pro-
posed to ourselves, the two govern.
ments may well pride themselves on
the candour and frankness which
have characterised the discussion. of
their differences ; and I owe to you,
on my own account, sir, thanks for
the obliging manner in which your
excellency expresses yourself with
regard to me.

lam, «ec.
C. J. Fox.

No. X.

Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr.
Secretary Fox, dated Paris, 2d
June, 1806.—Recetved June Ath.

(Translation.)
Sir, Paris, June 2d, 1806.
I have laid before the emperor the
last letter, which your excellency

did me the honour to write tome. I

can only, by his orders, repeat to

you, that to require of France that
she should treat with you upon the
principle of your alliance with

Russia, is wishing to reduce us to a

constrained form of discussion, and

Supposing us ina state of humilia-

tion, into which we have never fallen.

‘The enemies of France must not

hope to dictate to her either the
conditions of peace, or a mode of
negotiation contrary to the estab-
lished usages. Such an attempt
with respect to either of these
points, would equally affect the
French character ; and I do net hesi-
tate to say, that to overcome all our
repugnance on this point, it would
at least require that an English army
should have invaded Belgium, and

should

720

should be at the point of entering
Picardy, by the mouth of the
Somme.

I must, sir, again repeat to you,
that his majesty is truly desirous of
peace; and why should not [ add,
what we might have said, what we
veally have said at the rupture of
“every negotiation for peace, that
the continuance of the war has never
been prejudicial to the grandeur of
France, and that, in time of peace,
agreat nation can use its power
only to maintain itself, and preserve
in their present state its relations
with the neighbouring countries.

France, sir, does not object to
your right of chusing and. preserving
your allies, In war she has not the
choice of her enemies, and she must
fight them sepasatcly or united, as it
may suit their convenience to con-
cert among themselves, for the ac-
complishment of their views of ag-
gression and resistance, and for the
formation of alliances so little con-
formable to the real interests of
their respective countries, that the
first clause of them has always been
a condition of secresy.

Because we wish, in this case, to
follow the form of negotiation which
has been customary at all times and
in all countries, you conclude that
we desire that you should have no
connection with the continent. I
do not conceive that we ever gave
you any reason for drawing suchan
inference, ‘We cannot hinder any
government from forming an alliance
with you, and we cannot wish
either what is unjust, or what is ab-
surd. It is one thing, that you
should form alliances according to
your own choice, but it is another
that we should concur in them, and
aid youin contracting them. But
to consent to treat upon the princi-

ANNUAL: REGISTER,

1806.

ple of your alliances, and to intro-
duce them into the discussion of the
directand immediate interests that —
divide us, is doing much more than
suffering and acknowledging them ;
it is in a manner consecrating,
cementing, and guarantying them,
I have already, sir, observed to you,
that we cannot yield upon this
point, because the principle is in our
favour.

To leaye, however, from hence-
forward, no room for any misunder-
standing, I think it my duty to pro-
pose to you, Ist, To negociate in
the same preliminary forms which
were adopted during the administra.
tion of the marquis of Rockingham,
in 1782; forms, which were not re-
newed with so much advantage in
the negotiations of Lisle, but which
were perfectly successful in the ne-
gotiations which preceded the treaty
of Amiens: 2dly, To establish as a
basis, two fundamental principles,
the first, which I take from your
letter of the 26th of March, namely,
“¢ That the two states should have for
their object that the peace be ho-
nourable for them and their respec-
tive allies, and at the same tune of a
nature to secure, as far as in their
power, the future tranquillity of —
Europe.’ ‘The second principle
shall be, an acknowledgment on
the part of the two powers of their
mutual right of intervention and
guarantee in continental and mari-
time affairs. His majesty, far from
being unwilling to make thisavowal,
delights in raising it to a principle ;
and, in thus explaining his real in-
tentions, I think I havegiven you a
decisive proof of his pacific disposi-
tions. His majesty is at the same
time persuaded, that, in preventing
for ever all subject of complaint,
uneasiness, and remenstrance on

this

STATE PRAPERS.

this point, he has, in a case which is
of essential interest to the gogd of
human nature, done his duty as a
man and aSa sovereign.
I should sincerely regret, sir,
that a discussion, began under such
favourable auspices, should termi-
nate without the attainment of its
object. Should the hopes which I
cherish vanish, I shall, at al] events,
have the consolation of thinking,
that the fault cannot be imputed to
_ France, who demands and wishes
nothing but what is justand reason-
able.
¢ Accept, sir, the assurance of my
_ distinguished consideration.
(Signed) Ch. Mau. Talleyrand.

No. XI.
Letter from Mr. Secretary Fox to
M. Talleyrand, dated Downing
:

Street, June 14, 1806.

; (Translation.)
Downing-street, June 14, 1806.

excellency’s dispatch of the 2d in-
stant,

__ Ecannot understand how, in treat-
‘ing conjointly with England and
Russia, you will acknowledge the
principle of the alliance subsisting
between the two courts; at most
_ you will only acknowledge the faci;
“much less can I conceive how you
€an consider yourselves in any de-
; gree lowered by this mode of treat-
ing. Wedonot by any means pre-
tend to dictate to France, either the
_ Conditions of peace, or a mode of
% en coutrary to the estab-
_ lished usages.

____In 1782, the epoch which your
excellency alludes to in your dis-
_ patch, we did not think ourselves in

Vor. XLVIIL.

. Sir,
3 Ireceived a few days ago your

%

72%

a state of degradation, yet when M.
de Vergennes informed us that it
was necessary for the honour of his
court, that we should treat conjoint-
ly with France, Holland and Spain,
we did not think ourselves in any
degree lowered by adopting the
mode of negotiation to which that
minister appeared to attach so much
consequence. Your government is
sincerely desirous of peace. In
this country the same sentiment pre~-
vails; and yet I could very well
say of England what your excel-~
lency says of France ; namely, that
the continuance of the war has
never been prejudicial either to its
glory or to its grandeur ; perhaps
indeed, it has been so to its real
and permanent interests, but. it
has been equally so to those of
France.

With respect to the secret ‘condi-
tions of our alliance with Russia,
your excellency is too enlightened
not toallow, that in what concerned
the war and the propositions to be
made to Prussia and Austria, secrecy
was absolutely necessary. All that
is nowat anend ; toact in concert
for the establishment of the repose
of Europe, and for its subsequent
preservation, is the principal, and L
may even say the only object of our
present communications.

After the open disavowal which
you have made of the intention °
falsely imputed to you with respect
to our continental connections, ne
doubt can exist upon that essential
point, and it would be the more dis-
tressing that difficulty, in form ra-
ther than in substance, should pro-
long a war which the two governe
ments equally desire to terminate,

Let us now come to what your
excellency proposes.

¥ Prep The

es

722

The form. of negotiation which
took place during lord Rocking~
ham’s administration is more parti-
cularly present to my memory, as I
then held the same office with which
his majesty has lately been pleased
to honour me. Let France and
England change situations, and the
form you mention is exactly similar
to that which J have proposed.

Wethen treated with France and
her allies ; let France now treat with
us and our allies. The basis offered
in your second proposition is exactly
conformable to the views of our go-
vernment, provided it be well un-
derstood that, whilst we mutually
acknowledge our respective rights
of intervention and guaranty with
regard to the affairs of Europe, we
also mutually agree to abstain from
all encroachment upon the greater
or lesser states which compose it.

I should regret equally with your
excellency that this discussion should
break off. If we can only act so as
not to incur the reproach of a breach
of faith towards an ally, who for so
many reasons deserves our entire
confidence, we shall be content, and
the more so as we know that an
honourable peace would be no less
conformable to the wishes of Russia,
than to those of France and Eng-
land.

I have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) ° COS. Fox,

No. XII.
Communication ‘made by the Earl of

Yarmouth to Mr. Sccretary Fox,

dated June 13, 1806.

A few days after my arrival at
Paris from the depot at Verdun,
Mons. Talleyrand desired me to call
upon him ; having done so, he told
me.that the French government had

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

been looking out for some means by
which a secret and confidential com-
munication might be made, explana~
tory of the sentiments and views of
France, as well as the outlines of
the terms on which peace might
be restored between the two coun-,
tries.

Having mentioned the extreme
desire of making this communica-
tion in sueh a manner that no pub-
licity might in any case ensue,
should the object of it not be ob-
tained, Mons. ‘Talleyrand proceeded
to state, in along argument, which
it is useless to repeat, as it forms
the substance of several of the
French government’s dispatches 3,
the reasons which prevent their treat-
ing fora general peace jointly with
Russia.

Hesaid, that in a dispatch sent
some weeks before to Mr. Fox he
had been ordered to name Lisle ra-
ther than Amiens for the negotiation
of a definitive treaty, in order to re-
move all former discussions, and to
facilitate to England the possession
of Malta.

I then took the liberty of inter.
rupting M. Talleyrand, to say that,
however flattering the confidence he -
was ordered to place in me might
be, yet that, feeling as I did, the
interests, and above all the honour
of my country, it was impossible —
for me to be the bearer of a com-
munication having peace for its ob-
ject, against which I should feel ob-
liged to vote in parliament ; and —
viewing the restoration of Hanover
in this light, I could not receive
any further communication till I —
had explicit declaration with re-
gard to his majesty’s German domi-
nions. ;

M. Talleyravd then broke off the

conyersation,

SLATE, PAPERS

conversation, desiring me to return
_ the third day after. At the expira-
tion of this time I waited upon him
again, when he informed me that,
considering the extreme stress which
appeared to be laid upon this point,
_ Hanover should make no difiiculty.
__. Authorized by the concession of
that in which the honour of the
king, and that of the nation ap-
_ peared most interested, I enquired
whether the possession of Sicily
_ would be demanded, it having been
so said, ‘* * Vous l’avez, nous nevous
la demandons pas; si nous la pos.
| sédions elle pourroit augmenter de
| beaucoup les difficultés”’ Consi-
dering this to be very positive both
from the words and -the manner of
delivering them, I conceived it im-
proper to make further questions.
*+ + Nous ne vous demandons rien”
amounting, to an admission of ufi
possidetts as applicable to his ma-
_ jesty’s conquests.

_M. Talleyrand mentioned strong:
_lythe recognition of the emperor
and the different branches of his fa-
mily as absolutely expected. On
this I took occasion to state the soli-
_ dity which the recognition of Great
Britain would give to their estab-
lishment, and enquired whether the
French government would guaran-
tee the integrity of the Ottoman
empire. The answer was Yes, but
it mustbe soon. ‘* + Beaucoupse
prepare mais rien n’est fait.” Re-
-yerting.to the first conversation, IL

_ Yery much augment our difficulties.
P + We ask nothing from you.

h?.

723

desired to know whether a middle
term might not be found at the same
time to obtain the object desired by
the French government, and that
desired by Great Britain, of not
treating ia a manner unconnected
with Russia. To this he answered
that they were enlirely ready to
give every facility to thearrangement
of the respective interests of the two
powers, or that a British minister
should, being authorized by the’
emperor Alexander, stipulate for
both.

The last words of M. Talleyrand’
were, § “Les sentiments de la
France sont entirement changés 5
Vaigreur qui caracterisoit le com=
mencement de cette guerre n’existe
plus, et ce que nous desirons le
plus c’est de pouvoir vivre en
bonne intelligence avec une aussi
grande puissance que ja Grande
Bretagne.”

(Signed) Yarmouth.

No. XIII.—Is a note from Mr,
secretary Fox to M. Talleyrand,
June 14, 1806, approving of lord
Yarmouth’s conduct, &c.

e

No, XIV.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Yarmouth, to Mr. Secre-
tary Fox, dated Paris, June 19,
1806.—Recetved June 21. :

Paris, June 19, 1806.
Sir, (
I have the honour to inform’you
5A S that

_ * You are in possession of it, we do not ask it of you; if we possessed it, it might

TA great deal is in preparation, but nothing is vet done.
- § The sentiments entertaitied in France are entirely different from what they

were) The asperity which characterized the commencement of this war, no longer
exists ; and what we most desire is, to live in‘harmony with so great a power as

i Great Brithin,
.
¥
ty

ee

724

that, in obedience to your orders, I
made all the haste in my power to
arrive at Paris as soon as possible ;
calm at sea, however, prevented my
getting here till the afternoon of
the 16th.

_ L immediately waited upon M.
Talleyrand to deliver to him the dis-
patches you entrusted to my care,
and requested to put off any con-
versation on the subject of my
journey till next day. I intended
_ employing this interval to endea-
vour to see M. d’Oubril, if at Paris,
and communicate with him previ-
ously to seeing again M. Talley-
rand, or at any rate to obtain some
knowledge of his motions.

Previous, however, to my leav-
ing M. Talleyrand, he expressed to
me that although the desire of peace
was equally sincere now as it was
when I quitted Paris, yet that some
changes had taken place which he
had hinted at the possibility of,
when J last saw him, alluding to the
readiness of Russia to treat sepa-
rately ; and further mentioned that
the emperor had received reports
from his brother and the general
officers under his orders, stating that
Naples could not be held without
Sicily, and the probability they saw
of gaining possession of that island.
I answered him, that, being ordered
to require the restoration of Naples
to the king of Sicily as a necessary
article of peace, there would be no
question of their separation.

I conceive Sicily to be the great
difficulty, though, perhaps, were
there no other, it might be got over.
M. Talleyrand often and seriously
stated the absolute determination of
the emperor not to consent to our

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

demands of Naples, Venice, Istria,
and Dalmatia, or to alienate any
part of his Italian states to form a
provision for the king of Sardinia.

Against cessions in the West
Indies or elsewhere I solemnly pro-
tested; nor do I think they care
sufficiently about these objects to |
give any sufficient continental equi-
valent for them.

M. Talleyraud often repeated
that the emperor had enquired whe-
ther I had any powers, adding, *
“¢ qu’ en politique on ne peut parler
la méme langue si onn’y est égale-
ment autorisé:;’? and as frequent-
ly said that they considered. that
Hanover for the houour of the
crown, Malta for the honour of the
navy,.and the Cape of Good Hope
for the honour of British commerce,
to be sufficient inducements to in-
duce his majesty’s ministers to make
peace.

P.S. On Tuesday 17th June I
waited upon M. 'Talleyrand, and
begun the conversation by alluding
to the changes he had hinted at the
night before, and desired leave to
repeat the substance of what had
passed at my former interviews with
him, and which I had by his desire
communicated. He agreed that the
statement was accurate,

No. XV.

Ertract from a Dispatch from Mr,
Seerctary Fox to the Earl of Var
mouth, dated Downing-street, June
26, 1806.

Downing-street, June 26, 1806.
My Lorn,

Thad the honour on Saturday
evening to receive your lordship’s
Jetters of the 19th, and should

sooner

*“ That in politics it is impossible to hold the samelanguage, unless both partics,

are equally autherized,”
i

STA TE

sooner have answered them, if I
had not been for these three days
past totally incapable of attending to
business.

I am very happy to learn that M.
Talleyrand acknowledges your ac-
counts of former conversations to
be accurately correct; but when
he does acknowledge this, I have
no conception on what ground he
can recede from what he said so dis-
tinctly to your lordship before,
upon the subject of Sicily : “** Vous
Pavez, nous ne vous demandons
rien,” are words that made the more
impression on me, because, those
contained in the latter clause of the
sentence had been used by his ex-
cellency in one of his letters to me.
It was on the faith of the uéz possédetis
being to be strictly observed as the
basis, and particularly Sicily, on
which satisfaction had been given to
your lordship, that his majesty was
induced to authorize your lordship
to hold further conferences with M.
Talleyrand. Any tergiversation or
cayil therefore on that article, would
bea breach of the principle of the

_ proposed basis in its most essential
part. To say that Hanover is an
_-exception to the principle is in vain,
~ inasmuch as Hanover is to be yielded
expressly in honour of the crown ;
while, on the other hand, the re-
_ cognitions proposed with regard to
the French empire and its depend-
ants, are not only in honour of the
- crown of France, but tend substan-
tially to establish the solidity of her
power. With regard to the com-
plaint of the want of full powers ;
to avoid all pretence of cavil on that
account, [ am commanded by his
majesty to transmit to you the in.
strument accompanying this letter.

PAPERS.

But your lordship should fairly
state to M. Talleyrand, that youare
not authorized to make any use of
them formally until M. Talleyrand
returns to his former ground with
respect to Sicily. Your lordship is
directed further to ‘acquaint that
ninister, that, if Russia offers to
treat separately, it is only in the
way in which we do; that is tosay,
separately in form, butin substance,
in concert with each other. And
here you will recollect that this very
circumstance was canvassed in your
former conversations withM. Talley-
rand, when that minister expressed
himself clearly that there would be
no objection on the part of France
to such preconcert.

The result of what I have stated
to your lordship is this: 1st, ‘That
Sicily is a sime gud non; on which
subject, if the French minister
recedes from his former answer, it
isin vain that any further discus-
sion should take place. It is clearly
within his first opinion delivered to
your lordship ; it is clearly within
his last description of places which
are reciprocally possessed by the
two countries, and cannot in all
probability be recovered by war.

If, according to the hope con-
ceived by your lordship, this matter
should be arranged, you may open
your full powers ; stating at the
same time the determination of this
court not to come toany final agree-
ment without the consent of Russia,
You will of course again vention the
questions of Naples and Istria. If
we could attain either of them, it
would be well; but if we cannot,
your lordship will not state these
points as conclusive reasons against
agreeing on preliminary articles,

3A 3 provided

725

* You are in possession of it ; we ask nothing from you.

726

provided such articles be considered
‘as provisional and subject to the ap-
probation of Russia.

With regard to the.mode of pro-
visional agreement, two suggest
themselves to my mind: ‘The ene,
tasend the agreement we shall have
‘entered into, either to Petersburgh,
‘or to some authorized agent of the
emperor Alexander, at Vienna,
Paris, or elsewhere, for his appro-
bation; the other, to copy the pre-
cedent adopted by lord Lansdowne

“and doctor Franklin in the vear
1782. At that time a provisional
treaty was signed by the plenipoten-
tiaries of Great Britain and the
ubited states of America, with the
reservation, that the said treaty

‘should not have effect till a peace
‘should ‘be agreed upon between
France and England. Of these
two modes J should prefer the
Jatter.

‘It does not appear that there has
been any conversation between your
Jordship and M, ‘Talleyrand on a
point which was mentioned to you,
and which appears‘to be of consi-
derable importance; I mean, the
future admission of Russia and
Sweden to become parties in a de-
finitive treaty. Ido not say that
this is a point that must- be deter-
mined upon previous to your sett-
ling the basis proposed ; but it is one
which should not be lost sight of,
but, on the contrary, urged as far
as possible.

No. XVI.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Yarmouth to Mr. Secre-
tary Fox, dated Paris July 1,
1806.—Received July 4.

Sir, Paris, July 1, 1806.
Thad the honour to receive, on
Saturday night, the full powers with

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

which it has graciously pleased his
majesty toentrust me, and your dis-
patch of the 26th of June.

I waited upon M. ‘Talleyrand next
morning, and stated to him inthe |
strongest manner the’ impossibility
of my conversing any further upon
the general outlines of peace, until
he should return to the former
ground, and consider Sicily in its
true and real’ situation, namely, a
statenot conquered ‘by France, or
likely to be so, and coming most
strictly within the meaning of his
own words ; that it had been clearly
expressed by him, and repeated to
you in the first instance, that France
did not intend to make Sicily an ob-
stacle to peace. M. Talleyrand
answered, that whilst the war con-
tinued, and till terms were actually
agreed upon, change of circum-
stances were always to be consider-
ed as reasons fora partial change of |
terms ; that Bonaparte had been but
lately convinced of the facility of
taking Sicily at some future period ©
of the war ; but that, above all, he
felt more and more its absolute ne-
cessity to make Naples and the
neighbouring territories’ tenable:
that had any confidential overture
been made three months ago, they
would have been ready to settle the
question of Naples in the manner
most satisfactory to Great Britain :
thesame a month later with regard ©
to Holland. Those subjects were
now arranged, and the emperor, —
would consider any retrograde mea-
sure as equivalent to abdication. I
observed to that minister, that how-
ever much good faith may be neces. —
sary in every transaction of the
world, yet that being more pecu-—
liarly so, when a communication is
made secretly and verbally, I hada
right to be doubly surprised at any ~

change |

a oe a

_”

_ changing

ee eee Ss. ee ee oe

STAPE, PAPERS. 727

-ehange of greund. He defended
himself by his former argument

about altered circumstances, and
said, that when no change of dispo-
sition was manifested towards Great
Britain herself, as to the restoration

of Hanover, or the possession of

Malta and the Cape, he thought we
might suffer them to possess them-
selves of a part of the states of their
enemy, necessary to the tenure of

‘the rest, which no consideration

would now induce France to re-

_ store,

M. Talleyrand then asked whe-

ther I had any powers, I told him |
that I must decline answering that

question, until he should inform me
that there would be no further dis-
cussion about Sicily; but that he
might easily draw a conclusion that
T had, from the honourable manner

in which Great Britain endeavoured’

to remove every obstacle not in its
own nature insurmountable.
The minister then mentioned his

being obliged to go to St. Cloud,
and asked, what I said, I answered,

*¢ That I was ordered to continue
no conversation till I should bein-
formed that this new demand,
entirely the proposed
basis, should be urged no more.”
He appointed next morning for me

to reccive an answer.

I accordingly returned to the
office yesterday morning, when M.
Talleyrand repeated the same de-

_ mand, offering to desist from the
_ recognition by Great Britain of any

or all the new states, waving ~this
concession to the honour of the
powers created by France, and
setting Hanover against Sicily, and
pleading that no such recognition
being demanded, Hanover would
then appear a fair equivalent for that
island. _ He read the draft of an ar-

ticle to this effect: that Great Bri-
tain and France should not oppose
each other’s arms against such of
the powers now at war, as should
not be named in the prelimiuary ar-
ticles,

To this I declined making any
dnswer, repeating my orders not to
converse further till he should aban-
don this proposition, and return to
the former basis. J added that, un-
Jess he did so, I could expect no-
thing but your order to return to
England.

M. Talleyrand wished to, revert
to the old topic, on which I re-
peated to him that it was impossible
for me to converse on any part of
the subject, till he should. entirely
relinquish every mode of seeking for
the possession of Sicily.

M. Talleyrand desired me to in-
form you, that on the 29th of June
the French troops were to take pos-
session of Cattaro.

No. XVII.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Yarmouth, to Mr. Secre-
tary Fox, dated Paris, July 1,
1806.—Received July 4.

Paris, July 1, 1806.— Midnight.

Sir,

After closing the dispatch J had
the honour to address to you this
morning, I went for the passport M.
Talleyrand had promised to “have
prepared for the messenger’s re-
turn,

Instead of giving me the passport,

he made many excuses for its having

escaped his memory,. requesting me
to wait till he should come. back
from St. Cloud.

When [ returned, M. ‘Talleyrand
proposed to me to offer the Hans
Towns as an establishment for the
king of Naples, and that the British

3A4 troops

723

troops should occupy them the same
day they retake possession of Han-
over. Ona little further conversa-
tion, I had little doubt that were
England to provide in auy other
manrer for his Sicilian majesty, the
king might add the Hans Towns and
their territories, in full sovereignty
to his German dominions.

The proposition about the Hans
Towns being entirely new, I pro-
mised to refer it without any com-
ment to you for his majesty’s con-
sideration. ;

T have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Yarmouth.

No. XVIII.

Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.
Secretary Fox to the Earl of Yar-
mouth, dated Downing-street, July
5, 1806.

Downing:street, July 5, 1806.
My Lorp,

Your lordship’s dispatches of the
ist instant, were received here early
yesterday morning, and I lose no
time in apprizing you of his ma-
jesty’s commands upon the present
State of the discussion with the
French government.

The abandonment of Sicily isa
point on which it is impossible for
his majesty to concede. Your lord-
ship has already stated unanswer-
ably to M. Talleyrand, that this de-
mand is inconsistent with his ex-
press declarations, and with the
whole principle on which the nego-
tiation rests. I[tis, besides, a pro-
posal in itself quite inadmissible.
The king’s troops oceupy Sicily for
its defence, but with no right to
ecdeitto France. Itis not easy to
contend, that the possession of Sicily
can be necessary to that of Naples ;
nor, if it were so, could that be as-
sighed as a reason for his majesty’s

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

consenting to abandon that island, ~
which he may justly hope his naval
and military forces will be able to de-
fend against all attacks. The Hans
Towns could not, in the present
circumstances, answer the purpose
of an equivalent for Sicily, even if
there were not other obvious ob-
jections to such a proposal, Nor
would it be possible that any solid
basis for the public tranquillity of
Europe could be established on the
idea thrown out to you by M.
Talleyrand, of leaving Great Britain
and France at liberty to prosecute
the war against the allies of each
other; astate of things in which
their respective fleets and armies
would in fact be as much opposed to
each other, as they are now, and the
peace between them would be merely
nominal.

It is, therefore, to be hoped, that
theFrench government will revert to
its original proposals with which
your lordship was charged by M.
Talleyrand. To that basis of nego-
tiation it must be your lordship’s
endeavour to recal him; and if, un-
fortunately, you should find this to
be impracticable, nothing can re-
main but that you should state, in
perfectly civil, but decided terms,
that you are not at liberty to treat
on any other ground, and must
therefore desire your passports to
return to England.

I have stated in my last letters the .
different ideas that had occurred
here for combining our negotiation
with that of Russia; providing, at
the same time, for the safety of
Sweden and Portugal.

Until we are informed what other
proposal is made in this respect by
M. Talicyrand, I can only desire
that your lordship will keep this
subject inview, so as not to admit

of

STATE PAPERS.

‘of any thing inconsistent with the
‘principle of good faith to which his
‘majesty must in substance adhere ;
“butin such form as may best facili-
tate the great work of peace.

f Iam, &c,

2 No. XIX.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
| Earl of Yarmouth,to Mr. Secretary

Fox, dated Paris, July 9, 1806.—

~ Received July 12.

zs Paris, July 9, 1806.

Sir,

I had the henour to receive your
‘dispatch of the 5th instant carly
“yesterday morning, and as soon as
‘possible after waited upon M. Tal-
leyrand to communicate to him that
the offer made by france was by no
_ means admissible, and that 1 had no
authority to listen to any proposals
whatsoever for the restoration of
peace till he should desist from all
_ pretensions to the island of Sicily.

_ M. Talleyrand not being willing
tomake any such declaration,I asked
_ him to give me a passport to return
to London: he desired me to wait
“one day, till he should again have
taken the emperor’s orders.

Laccordingly returned this morn-

ing, when he desired me to propose

Dalmatia, Albania, and Ragusa, as,

indemnity for the loss of Sici-
to his Sicilian majesty ; to this
answered that as a messenger was
returning L should communicate this
roposition, but thatit by no means
wuthorized me to expect an answer,
and therefore I must beg leave to
feturn to England.
Had M. d’Oubril not been here I
should immediately have insisted on
_ passports.
-_ I must now inform you that on
Monday, M. Talleyrand took me
aside and told me that the tele-
‘ " 3

b:

729

graph announced the landing of
Basilico, expressing at the same time
a wish that the dispatches he would
bring might lead to peace. I answer-
ed that I could expect no such result
whilst France demanded Sicily ; and
added, that if 1 might believe public
report, the emperor, so far from
shewing any pacific disposition,every
day threw new obstacles in the
way.

1 thenmentioned the changes in
Germany. M.Talleyrand said that
they were determined upon but
should not be published if peace took
place. Hehas since repeated this
to M. d’Oubril and myself, saying
if peace was made, Germany should
remain in its present state.

M. d’Oubril writes both to you
and to the comte de Strogonoff ;
his letters will probably. contain
more than mine, as | conversed very
little with M. Talleyrand. I felt
on verydelicate ground. Had Ten-
tered sufficiently into the question of
indemnities for the king of Sicily, to
obtain a precise idea to what extent
they could be carried, monsieur de
Talleyrand might have formed an
opinion that L had some instruction,
and was prepared to abandon Sicily
whenever I was assured of sufficient
compensation,

Now XX.

Extract frem a Dispatch from Mr.
Secretary Fox to the Earl of Yar-
mouth, dated Downing-Street, July
18, 1800.

Downing-street, July 18, 1806.
Myx Lorp,

Your lordship’s last dispatches
have been received, and considered
with all the attention which their
importance naturally demanded.

It is unnecessary for me to recal
to your lordship’s recollection that

the

‘730

the demand of Sicily, in whatever
shape it may be brought forward by
France, isan express contradiction
to the offers originally made to
your lordship by M. Talleyrand.
But it is material that this topic
should never be lost sight ef in the
course of these discussions ; and that
your lordship should observe to M.
Talleyrand that whatever difficulty
now obstructs the conclusion of
the negociation, arises solely from
this unexpected departure from the
basis originally established.
An exchange is now offered for
Sicily, and it isin that view, and
not in that of an absolute and un-
“compensated cession, that the questi-
euis to beconsidered. In this shape
of the business it is obvious that the
value of that exchange must be to be
judged of, not only by this country
and by Russia, but also by his Sici-
lian majesty. As the king, whose
troops were admitted into Sicily for
its defence and protection, naturally
feels insuperable objections to any
proposal for abandoning that island,
unless with the free and full consent
of its sovereign, and in consequence
of such an arrangement as should
.provide for his interests by acom-
pensation really satisfactory both in
point of value and of security.
The plan of creating for him a
new kingdom, to consist of Dalmatia,
Ragusa, and Albania, dves not ap-
pear likely to answer this description,
Albania, which forms so large a part
of this proposed sovereignty, is vow
2 province of the Turkish empixe ;
the dismemberment of which it is a
principal object of the policy both
of Great Britain and Russia to pre-
vent. That province has indeed been
frequently involved in the same sort
of confusion which prevails in many
other parts of thatempire, But this

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

circumstance only increases the diffi.
culty ef giving any consistence ta
a state to be formed ont of such
materials. It does not lessen the
other objections to such a plan, .
There are in like manner many and
strong objections to that part of the-
proposal which respects Ragusa, an
independent state whose territory
has never been ceded to France by
any treaty, and ef which she can
cousequently have no right to dis-
pose, her occupation of it being:
indeed of very recent date.

But even with Albania and Ragu-)
sa and much more without them, bis
majesty sees no hope that such a
power could be formed in that quar
ter as avould, either in extent of ter-
ritory or in amount of revenue, af-
ford the means of opposing any bar-
rier for Austria, or Turkey, or
even of maintaining its own inde-
pendence.

What advantage then could be
gained io the allies by creating a
nominal kingdom, without any suf.
ficient power either to reduce the
countries of which it would be com-
posed under any uniform system of
government, or to defend itself ar
gainst the first attack which may be
made upon it from without.

If there could, with the consent of
his Sicilian majesty, be any question
of an exchange for Sicily, by the
creation of a new state in that quar-
ter, it is obvious that this could no
otherwise be done than by annexing
to Dalmatia not only the whole of
Istria, brt also a very large propor-
tion, if not the whole of the Veneti-
an states, including, if possible, the
city of Venice itself. In some such
shape as this it is possible that the
proposition might be rendered not
wholly unacceptable to his Sicilian
majesty, And although the inte

rests

stsof this country separately would

e far less consulted by such a plan
than by the continued occupation of
nae yet the sense which the Rus-
jan minister at Paris appears to en-
tertain of the advantage which might
Fesulé from it to Austriaand to Rus-
‘sia from the recovery of Dalmatia,
it were well combined with fu-
re arrangements of defence, might
induce his majesty to accede to pro-
posals of this description; on the

bona fide consent on the part of his
Sicilian majesty.

- There appears, however, so little
“probability of inducing France so to
Bexiend her offer, that any further
“ Wiscussion of it might scarcely liave
“been worth pursuing, had not M.
_-dOubril so strongly ‘empireitiell his
wish, that this court might rather
as to temporize than abruptly to
_ break offa negotiation now brought
to. a state which affords so little pro-
__Inise of success. It is only in cow-
_ pliance with that desire that his ma-
i jesty has been pleased to direct your
lordship to continue the conferences
vith M. Talleyrand, so as to ascer-

_ shape can be given to the proposal
_ of an exchange for Sicily. If this
_ cannot be done, your lordship’s at-
tention will then, of course, be di-
rected to the object of recalling the
_ French government to the basis on
which the negotiation was originally

been made to him for the conclu-
sion of a separate peace, and the
inducements which, he thinks,
Shp lead his majesty to judge such

ae arrangement useful to the general

4 STATE PAPERS

731

interests of Europe. His majesty
has undoubtedly been at all times
ready to make great sacrifices for
those interests; but very little ex-
pectation is entertained here, that
Russia could, in such course, obtain
any effectual security for them, at
a time when so much new danger is
to be apprehended, and_in so many
quarters, from the projects of
France with respect to Germany,
Switzerland, Sweden, the Porte,
Spain, aud Portugal.

In the present circumstances of
Europe, the last hope of averting
these dangers is to be found in the
union of the only two powers on
whom France has yet made no ime
pression, Great Britain aud Russia.

And although the mutual good
dispositions and confidence of those
two powers should in fact re.
main, (as his majesty trusts they
would) unimpaired by the differ-
ence of the situation in which a
separate peace would place them,
yet itis obvious that the enemy
would build the most extensive
hopes on that foundation, and would
be more encouraged by that, than
by any other circumstance that
could be stated, to proceed in the
execution of the plans already an.-
nounced to your lordship and to M.
d’Oubril.

His majesty, therefore, directs
that you should express to that mi-
nister how material it is in every
case, that the two courts should
continue to combine their measures
both of peace and war, and that no
expectation should be held out to
the enemy of success in a endea-
vour to conclude a separate peace
with either of the allies; a line to
which, as your lordship will have
informed M. d’Oubril, his majesty
has, on his part, strictly adhered.

No. XXI.

No. XXI.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Yarmouth to Mr. Secre.
tary Fox, dated Paris, July 19,
1806.—Recetived July 22.

Sir, Paris, July 19, 1806.

On the 10th general Clarke was
named plenipotentiary to treat with
monsieur d’Qubril: they have
since had daily conferences of many
hours ; yesterday of fourteen. I[
hear every where that peace will be
signed to-morrow between Russia
and France. On the 17th M.
@Oubril admitted to me that he had
produced his powers, and that if
conditions, such as he should judge
necessary to ensure the repose of
the continent could be obtained, he
should sign a truce of ten months ;
and this night, on pressing him, and
vemonstrating both upon his con-
duct, and the impropriety of dis-
guising his intention, I drew from
him these words, which 1 wrote
down in his presence. ‘* * Que
veyant le danger immédiat de lV Au-
triche si’l pouvott la sauver il crot-
roit de son devoir de la faire, \méme
parine paix particuliere”’ All he
now appears to claim is the return
of troops from Soemany,s and if
he is willing to make peace on re.
ceiving an assurance that orders
to that effect should be sent, no-
body can doubt but that it will be
signed, and probably not a batta-
lion. make a retrograde movement
of fifty miles.

M. Talleyrand says, that M.
d’Oubril is willing to abandon Si-
cily and Dalmatia, and even to en-
‘gage to solicit the junction of the
former to Naples, &c.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

I have used every argument to ©
dissuade M, d’Oubril from so unad-
vised and unwise a measure, I hope,
more than I believe, with success.
Indeed, I fearcd from the first hour |
I met him, that he was come deter-
mined to makea peace, good or bad, ~
with or without Great Britain. I,
may, perhaps, gain a day, which ©
maybe a great deal, if that day —
should produce dispatches from M.
de Strogonofi.

On the 17th, at night, the new
arrangements for Germany were
finally determined upon. The
princes and the ministers who signs
ed were scarce allowed time to read
the deed.

There is a considerable army
forming at Bayonne: thirty thou-
sand men are there already. ‘This
army is ostensibly destined against
Portugal, but will take Spain like-
wise. M. Herman, one af the secre-
tarics of the foreign office, set off far
Lisbon with a mission on the 13th,

All the. officers af the army now
in Germany, received yesterday or-
ders to join their regiments instantly.
The court say, this is to have troops —
to occupy the states seized by the
new confederacy. The public
ascribe this measure to a desire to
frighten the emperor of Germany ;
and myself, to a .wish to hurry M.
d’Oubril, who has shewn so much
anxiety for the evacuation of Ger-
many.

M. d’Oubril and M. Talleyrand
have, as I have learnt, fixed upon
Majorca, Ivica, and Minorca, for
his Sicilian majesty, if they can pre-
vail upon us to evacuate Sicily. +

I have the honour to be, sir, &c.

Yarmouth: |

* “ That being aware of the immediate danger of Austria, if it was in his power —
to save it, he should think it his duty to do so, even by a separate peace.” b

No. XXII.

STATE PAPERS.

No. XXII.

Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of

Yarmouth to Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated Paris, July 20, 1806.—
Received July 24.
o July 20, 1806, 11 at night.
ir,
At nine this morning, having had
_ the honour to receive your Ictters
‘by Mr. Longuinoff, and written a
few lines to you in addition to my
' dispatches of last night, | went to
_M. @Oubril; and as I am happy
_ since to find, anticipated the con-
_,tents of your dispatch of the 18th
instant.
I used every argument and means
to obtain delay ; ‘engaged to break
| off if he did: and, finally, autho.
_ rised him to hold we hopes that I
* would listen to propositions of in-
_ demnity in lieu of Sicily for his Si-
Cilian majesty, if proposed by him
_ and accompanied by a joint nego-
_ tiation.
I begged he would do nothing till
_ after Basilico should have arrived, as
I had learned by the telegraph, that
he had landed last night.
I did not find him disposed to
x listen to me ; and, mot being willing
to be too communicative “tawards
* _ him at that moment, I went away.
4 At twelve I waited upon M. Tal-
ig Teyrand : he was not to be seen.
_. At four I heard from good autho-
_ rity that peace was signed, At six
_ Basilico arrived. I then went to
“M @Oubril. He was said not to
_ be at home; but, seeing his carriage,
T forced my way. He admitted the
- fact, peace is signed ; the’ conditions,
the evacuation Instanter of German y
by the French troops; the inte-
| Brity, &c. of the ‘Ottoman empire ;
_ hoattempt to be made upon Swedish
Pp Pomerania ; and, by a secret article,

A

ao
73?

Russia promises to obtain his Sici-
lian majesty’s consent to an ex-
change of Sicily for Mejerca, Mi-
norca, and Ivica: Russia to use her
good oflices to restore peace between
France and England.

I have not seen the treaty, but 1
believe it contains nothing else ma-
terial.

M. d’Oubril sends a copy to
count Strogonoil, aud goes himself
to St. Petersburgh. IL had no pa-
tience to listen to M. d’Oubril’s de-
fence of his conduct, so I did not
claim his good offices. 1 must have
asked him officially to stay, which
I did not choose to do.

1 have the honour to be, sir, &c.
Yarmouth.

No. XXIII.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Yarmouthto Mr. Secretary
Fox, dated Paris, July 21, 1806.
Received July 24.

Sir, Paris, July 21, 1806:

Isaw M. Talleyrand to-day. I
can perceive that the terms of
France are increased, but still not
so much as the sudden defection of
Russia had Jed me to -apprehend.
Hanover, Malta, the Cape, and In-
dia, remain pure and unsullied ; and
I took an opportunity in conversa~
tion to protest, that come what come
might, these were points 1 never
would suffer to be mentioned, but
as points agreed upon.

M. Talleyrand demanded my
powers, I did not think myself
authorized, in the present circum.
stances, to withhold them.

General Clarke is named to treat
with me.

No. XXIV.
Full Powers given to the Earl: of
Yarmouth, which were communi.
cated

638

cated to M. Tallcyrand on the 2ist
of July, 1806, and exchanged with
General Clarke, the French Pleni-
potentiary, on the 23d,

No. XXV.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Yarmouth to Mr. Seere-
tary Kou, dated Paris, July 24,
1806.—Received July 28.

Sir,: Paris, July 24, 1806.

T had the honour to send, by M.
de Longuinoff, dispatches, acquaint-
ing you, for his majesty’s informa-
tion, of the peace signed between
the Russian and French plenipoten-
tiaries, and with as accurate a state-
ment of the terms as I was able to
obtain. M. d’Oubril himself set
out for Petersburgh carly on the
morning of the 22d.

On the 22d | reecived the official
notification of the appointment of
general Clarke to treat on the part
of France, (a copy of which I have
the honour to inclose, marked A.)
preceded by a private communica-
tion from M. Talleyrand, saying,
that the Russian peace being signed,
and theseason of the year favourable
to the accomplishment of the ulterior
views of France, no arrangement,
which might remove for some weeks,
or even months, a definitive treaty,
could now take place.

I answered the official note
(marked A.) with one, a copy of
which lL enclose (marked B.)

In the evening general Clarke pro-
posed a\ conference for the following
morning, at which we should mu-
tually exchange our full powers.
We accordingly did so, and 1 have
the honour to inclose (marked C.)
a copy of those ef general Clarke.

This conference began by an his-
torical recapitulation of what had
previously passed, general Clarke

* 9

~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

saying, he had not yet received hig —
final instructions on all the different

points-in discussion ; it was therefore
agreed to adjourn the conference to —
this day, when each should come |
prepared with a memorandum of the
intentions of his government, found-
ed on what had already passed ;
general Clarke at the same time de-
claring, that a separate peace with
Russia was to be considered equal,
or superior, in the present circum.
stances of the world, to any great
success in war, and consequently as
entitling France to terms much more
advantageous than those to which _
she would have subscribed some
days ago. This was accompanied
by some animadversions on the con~
duct ofeRussia, to which I could
only answer, that I felt’ it my duty
to abstain from any remark, and
should, therefore, be entirely silent
upon that subject: but that [ could
assure him, that if any intention ex-
isted of making any change in the
great points upon which we had had »
such positive, though certainly not
official, assurances, namely, his ma-
jesty’s German dominions, Malta,
and the Cape, I must consider the
negotiation as stopped én Limine, and
that there would: remain only for
me to return to England, and ac-
quaint the king, that no peace, con-
sistent with his majesty’s honour, or
that of the country, could be made. |
General Clarke reverted to his want
of full instructions, and promised to
meet me, properly prepared, the
next day.

At three o’clock this day I again
met general Clarke, when I read a
paper, a copy of which Ivhave the
honour to inclose (marked D.) con-.
taining the abstract of what I. had
always: stated to be the basis’ and
terms of which his majesty could

alone

STATE PAPERS.

alowe consenfto treat. I did not,
however, deliver it to him, cousi-
_ dering it merely as: the heads of past
- conversations.

Genera! Clarke then said, that as
_ it-was impossible [ could be prepared
_ with the assent of his majesty to the
arrangement proposed by Russia for
his Sicilian majesty, ow which the
terms might much depend, I must
consider the communication he made,
as not strictly official in point of
_ form, but as depending only on that
circumstance to make it so.
General Clarke proceeded to
"state, that, in the situation France
was in at this moment, the em-
_ peror would feel authorized to
withhold some of the great points ;
but that having repeatedly said the
contrary, though not in an official
nanner, he would abide by it.
General Clarke first conversed
bout his majesty’s German domi-
ions. On this subject, by secret
articles, any thing his majesty thinks
ht may be stipulated: by the
ublic article, the promise not to
bject to some acquisition of terri-
tory to be made by Prussia. I

e

stopped general Clarke here to say,

¥

that his majesty never could consent

he'Hanse Towns. General Clarke
id, that it was Fulda, Hoya, and
ome otier trifling principalities,

Majesty, but that the independence
ind» present state of the Hanse
_ Lowns should not be meddled with,
___ On the subject of Malta—Mailta,
Gozo, and Connio, in full sove-
Teignty to his majesty, with a clause

+ Real rights in the island.

§ In every part of the world.

735

in the article declaratory of the dis=
solution of the order, and the two
powers, *¢ *n’en) connoissent plus.
lexistance.’”’? Some pensions for the
chevaliers and others, having ** + des
droits reels dans Visle.’—This not
to extend to foreign commanderies
of the order, or to any claim not
local.

The Cape in equal full sove-
reignty ; as a condition it is desired,
<¢ + qu’il y soit établi un port franc”
to all nations: either the port itself
declared so, or a part appropriated
to that purpose.

On the subject of the maintenance
of the integrity of the territories and
possessions of the Sublime Porte,
general Clarke proposed an article,
a copy of which I have the honour
to send (marked E.) I told him the
usual full clause would be sufficient :
he persisted that J should send it for
his majesty’s consideration.

To the usual full clause of the in-
tegrity of the territories and posses~
sion of his most faithful majesty,
general Clarke weighed upen a pro-
posed addition of the word ‘* § par-
tout,”? and when asked for explana-
tion, said, he thought his Britannic
majesty might occupy some of his
most faithful majesty’s foreign pos-
sessions.

The integrity of his Swedish ma-
jesty’s dominions in the usual man-
ner.

Having dismissed these points,
general Clarke stated the demands
of France:

Pondicherry,
St. Lucie, °.
Tobago,
Surinam,

* No lonzer recognize the existence of it.

t That thert should be established there a free port,

Goree,

736

Goree,

Demerara, Berbice, Essequibo.

The recognition in the usual
words, ‘* *est reconnu,” of the
different branches of the reigning
family ; of the electors of Bavaria
and Wirtemberg as kings; of the
new dukes of Cleves, Baden, and
Darmstadt.

In discussing for many hours these
demands, I never for an instant ad-
mitted the possibility of his majesty
consenting to the cessious required.
Isought, however, to ascertain to
what extent, and in what manner,
they could be modified.

The Inclosures (A. B.) concern the
@ppointment of general Clarke,

Third Inclosure (C.) Copy of gene-
ral Clarke’s Full Powers, in
French.

Fourth Inclosure (D.)
Extract from a Paper read to Gene-
ral Clarke by the Earl of Yar-
mouth.
(Translation. )

The situation in which the two
belligerent powers are now placed,
by the course of the events of the
war, leaving few points of imme-
diate contact between them, or on
which they may not, according to
all appearance, come now to an un-
derstanding, his Britannic majesty,

animated no less than the emperor

of the French, with a desire to put
an end to the calamities of war, has
authorized the undersigned (fur-
' nished with the full powers of his
majesty) to discuss the basis, and to
give full effect to this reciprocal de-
sire.

The immense acquisitions niade

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

by France since the commencement
of hostilities, and the direct and im-
mediate influence which she has ob-
tained, having entirely changed the
political system of Europe, his Bri-
tannic majesty finds himself obliged
to seek in the conquests he has made,
and in the possession of Malta, a
just and reasonable counterpoise.

_His majesty would . consequently

treat generally on the basis of the
uti possidetis.

It is at the same time understood,
that the German possessions of his
Britannic majesty, of which he was
deprived from motives foreign to
the war between the two powers,
shall be restored to him entire.

It is likewise understood, that the
peace shall secure the integrity of
the territories and possessions of the
Sublime Porte, of his most faithful -
majesty, of his majesty the king of
Sweden, and the present state of
Switzerland.

Fifth Inclosure (E.)
Copy of an Article proposed by Gene-
ral Clarke to the Earl of Yarmouth,

Jor the Maintenance of the Inte-

grity of the Ottoman Empire.

( Translation.)

The two contracting powers re-
ciprocally guarantee the entire and
absolute integrity and independence
of the Ottoman empire. They will
mutually oppose the pretensions of
any power to any thing contrary to
the usages, the rights of sovereignty,
aud the possessions of the Sublime
Porte.

No. XXVIJ.
Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.

Secretary Fox to the Earl of Yare
mouth,

* Is recognised.

. STATE

mouth, dated Downing-street, Ju-
ly 26, 1806.

~ Downing-street, July 26, 1806.

My Lorp,

Your lordship’s dispatches con-
eying the mortifying intelligence
of the signature of a separate treaty
between Russia and France, were
“received here yesterday ; and his
“Majesty’s ministers have since had
the épportunity of being acquainted
‘with the precise terms of that trea-
_ty,, which it appears had not in all
respects been accurately represented
your lordship.
_ The king was most particularly
struck with the great difference
“which was perceived: between the
actual arrangement made respecting
Sicily, and that which had been de-
scribed to your lordship.
In writing to your lordship, it is
_ not necessary to dwell onthe humi-
_Jiating conditions to which M. d’Ou-
_ bril has thought proper to bind his
_ Sovereign. Of that minister’s mis-
_ conduct your lordship appears fully
Sensible; and I doubt not you ex-
_ €rted yourself to the utmost to pre-

ventit. When this was found im-
practicable, your lordship was na.
tnrally placed in circumstances of
_ considerable difficulty, and for
which every allowance is to be
I But it is necessary for me
to say, frankly, that it would on
he whole have been more satisfac-
ory to the king’s servants if your
lordship had waited to know the
impression which this new event
Might create here before you had
produced your full powers,
_ It was originally declared by your
lordship to M. ‘falleyrand, that
your full powers were not to be
produced till the French govern-

basis of vegotiation originally pro-

~ Vor. XLVIII.

PAPERS. 737

posed by themselves ; that of the ufz
possidetis universally, with the sin.
gle exception of Hanover. By
subsequent instructions, your lords
ship had indeed been acquainted
that, in*compliance with the wish
so strongly expressed by the Rus-
sian negociator at Paris, his majes~
ty would not refuse to enter into
the consideration of such proposals
as might be made to him for a fair
equivalent to be given to his Sicilian
majesty in lieu of Sicily, with the
full and free consent of. that mo-
narch, The proposal of such an
equivalent, and its acceptance by
his majesty’s government, would
have replaced the negotiation on its
original footing, that of a uli posst-
detis, to be departed from only by
mutual consent, in those cases
where any exchange for a reason-
able equivalent might meet the ideas
of both parties; and the case for
the production of your lordship’s
full powers would thus have arisen
clearly and unequivocally. Even
as the matter now stands, it does
not certainly preclude discussion.:
But this might have been continu-
ed unofficially. And it is appres
hended that, by producing your
powers on the very day after the
signature of the Russian treaty, an
impression may have been created
very unfavourable to the farther
progress of the negotiation.

In the situation to whieh the bu.
siness is now brought, his majesty
thinks it necessary to lose no time
in taking every proper step for res
placing the discussions between the
two countries on their original foot.
ing.

The first proposals made by
France were, that a plenipotentiary
should be sent from hence w th ull
powers to treat, and to conclude

3B a separate

738

a sepafate peace with France and
her allies, ‘This was declined here,
not from any unwillingness to enter
into discussions for peace on just
and honourable terms,. an object
which his majesty has uniformly
expressed himself desirous of ac.
complishing, but because the king
was bound by engagements to Rus-
sia, which precluded him from treat-
ing otherwise than in concert with
that power. Subsequently to this,
a proposal was conveyed through
your lordship for the conclusion of
peace on the basis so often refer-
red to; and the intermediate com-
munications received from Russia,
enabled his majesty, consistently
with good faith, to entertain those
proposals and to express his dispo-
sition to accede to them, provided
that, in the mode of treating and
coucluding, the most intimate con-
cert should still be maintained with
Russia.

The extraordinary step taken by
M. d’Oubril has now removed all
necessity of further reserve on this
point.

His majesty, in this state of things,
thinks it proper to combine toge-
ther the two proposals which he
has at different periods received
from France; and, as the difficulty.
which before prevented the sending
from this country a public minister,
openly accredited, to treat for
peace, now no longer subsists, and
as-an acceptable basis of negotiation
has been proposed to him by the
enemy, his majesty directs, that
your lordship should apply to M.
Talleyrand for passports for a pub.
lic minister so authorized and ac-
credited, to whom, itis his majesty’s
gracious intention to join your
lordship, in the full powers to be
granted by his majesty.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

The great advantages which tlie
king’s service will derive from the ©
employment of a person fully in- ©
structed as to the sentiments of his —
majesty’s government on all the ©
various points of discussion that —
may arise, cannot fail to strike —
your lordship in the same light in ~
which they are seen here; and the
king’s servants entertain no doubt ©

of your lordship’s zeatous and hearty
co-operation in the execution of the

joint instructions which such a per= —

son will bring with him. I have

only, therefore, to add, that your ~

lordship may assure M. Talleyrand,

that as soon as the necessary passe. —

ports are received, there shall not
be an hour’s delay in his setting out ;

and that his majesty’s government ~

continues ardently to wish for the

conclusion of peace, provided it can —

be accomplished on the same grounds
of national honour, which have
never been lost sight of here.

XXVIII.

Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.
Secretary Fox, to the Earl of Yar-
mouth, dated Downing-street, July
28, 1806.

Downing-street, July 28, 1806.
My Lorp,
Your lordship’s dispatch of the

24th instant was received here this _

morning, and, as it is probable that,

in the course of this day, or to-_

morrow at farthest, your lordship
will receive mine of the 26th instant,
I do not think it necessary to do
more at present, than to request that
your lordship will assure M. Talley-
rand, that, immediately on the re-
ceipt of the passports which you
have been instructed to demand,
the earl of Lauderdale, who has
been humbly recommended to his

majesty for this important trust,

will

‘

will be prepared to set out; and
that he will therefore of course be
with your lordship in a very few
days from this date. I need hardly
observe to your lordship, that it is
of the utmost importance, that in
the interim, your lordship should
avoid taking any step, or even hold-
ing any language, whieh may tend
in the smallest degree to commit the
Opinion of his majesty’s government
on any part of the matters now de-
pending. ,

id No. XXVIII.

Yarmouth to Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated Paris, July 30, 1806.—Re-
cetved August 1.

Paris July, 30, 1806.

ro) Sie, :
___ Ihad the honour to receive your
dispatch of the 26th instant late at
night on the 28th, and next morn-
_ ing lost no time in asking for blank
_ passports for a person fully instruct-
_ ed with the sentiments of his ma-
_ jesty’s government, whom it was
_ their intention to join with me in
the important commission of treat-
_ ing fer peace. M. Talleyrand told
_ me he must take the emperor’s or-
_ ders. I accordingly returned this
_ day, when that minister informed
_ me, that the emperor could consider
this demand in no other light but that
of unnecessary delay, because his
“Majesty’s secretary of state was ac-
. tually in possession of a blank pass-
port, which would enable any per-
_ Son or persons to come to Paris with-
out the loss of time occasioned by
_ this demand, but that ‘* pour sur-
eroit de facilités” there could be no
difficulty about giving more. I

i

bof

wer ATi oP APE RS.

Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of

739
answered that I had no knowledge
of this circumstance.. M. Talley-
rand said it was certain, because he
had sent two entirely in blank, and
that one only had been used, name-
ly, that with which I returned.

It is unnecessary for me to add
any thing to what I have already
said in my former dispatches, rela-
tive to the signature of the Russian
treaty ; any inaccuracy in the state-
ment of its contents, such as I was
enabled to’transmit them, may east- |
ly be accounted for by the circum.
stance of my not having seen the
treaty itself, aud by the unwilling.
ness M. d’Oubril naturally felt to
open himself to me on that subject ;
he informed me, at the time, that he
should send a copy to M. de Strogo-
noff, who would communicate it to
his majesty’s ministers.

{t is with pain, sir, proportioned
to my zeal for his majesty’s service,
and to the fair and honest conviction
of wy having done nothing which
the peculiar and trying circum-
stances of the moment did not require
from me, that I have learnt by the
same dispatch the expression of, a
wish that] had delayed the pro-
duction of my full. powers till I
could know the impression which
this event of the Russian treaty
might produce in his majesty’s
councils,and the apprehension that,
by the producing them, so soon af=
ter the signature of the Russian trea~
ty, an impression might be created
unfavourable to the further progress
of the negotiation.

If the question regarded only my
own personal feelings, | should not
think myself at liberty to allot to it
so large a portion of a public dis<
patch; but it may not, I coneeive,

3B2 be

A “ L = . he
‘ * For still greater facility.

v40 ANNUAL RE

be unuseful, with a view to the con-
duct. of the negotiation, that you
should be apprized of some details
which I have hitherto omitted
dwelling upon, partly from the ur-
gency of more important subjects,
and partly from my desire not. to
trespass upon your attention to so
great av extent. I trust, sir, that
his majesty will see in these details
wherewithal to justify my conduét
in the dificult situation in which I
was placed.

The fate of Holland and Naples
were setilod betore I was honoured
with his majesty’s confidence. My
conversation here with M. Talley-
rand soon convinced me that these
were only preludes to still greater
changes in the system of Europe.
1 saw at the same time a great desire
of negotiation, before the final exe-
cutien of some- of the emperor’s
schemes shouldhave removed anyhope
of its being attended with success.

This opinion, not preconceived
or lightly taken up, but gradually
formed from a variety of circum-
stances, was confirmed by the nature
oi the offers held out, unofficially
indeed, but in such clear and une-
quivocal terms, that it was impossible
to entertain any doubt of the inten-
tion of this government to adhere to
them.

The point which of all others was
the most essential, and thaton which
eatisfaction was due to the national
bouour, and to that of his majesty,
Hanover, would, | was assured, be
given up without restriction ; for I
did not then know we should be
asked to allow the king of Prussia
to obtain the sovereignty of some of
the lesser principalities.

* And we will never recede from it.

GISTER, 1806.

I received similar assurances
about Malta, and the Cape of Good
Hope; nor have I any reason to
doubt but that, before Russia had-
made her peace separately, these
terms might have been obtained, and
the treaty have had solely for its
basis the uti possidetis, with the
sole exception in our favour of ©
Hanover restored, and latterly, in-
deed, ofsome arrangements toler-
able toall parties in exchange for
Sicily.

M. Talleyrand held the same lan-
guage to me with respect to Russia,
which he had before held with re-
gard to the affairs of Germany.
¢¢ You have now been here amonth;
we have been willing to converse
with you, to give you an insight into
our views, and to communicate them
to the British government. We
told you, that if you had the pow.
ers, and would enter into negotiati-
on, we would notsign the arrange-
ment of Germany, A reasonable
time was left for you to consult.
your government: we had no an-
swer. The arrangement was signed)
*et nous. n’en reviendrons jamais.
We now ask you whether you will
treat before Russia has signed, which
will not pass two days.”

It cannot be necessary to state my
answer to such a proposition. I
will only add, that the treaty with
Russia was signed within the time
mentioned, and then commenced
the difficulty of my situation.

‘¢ Switzerland, I was told by the
same authority, is on the eve of un-
dergoing a great change. This can-
not be averted but by a peace with
England ; butstill less can we alter
for any other consideration our in-

tenticr

STATE; PAPERS.

tention of invading Portugal. The
army destined for that purpose is
already assembling at Bayonne.
This is for the determination of Great
Britain.”

But I confess the point of all
others the most decisive in induc-
ing me to produce my full powers,
was the language held respecting
Prussia.

_ £* Prussia demands from us a de-
claration respecting Hanover; we
cannot consent wantonly to. lose
the only ally Frauce has had since
the Revolution ; the declaration

_ once made * Nous n’en powvons nous
retracter. Would you -have us
break entirely with Prussia when

we cannot even say that Great
Britain will negotiate with us?

you here only with orders to

_ delay our measures till the season of

_ the year makes exertion impossible,
or can you treat? Ifso, is not the

_ assurance we give you that Hano-
ver, Malta, and the Cape, shall not
be contested, sufficient to induce you
todoso? Must we lay before the

_ British government our exact terms,
before they will even avow negoti-
_ ation with so great a power as that
of France? or shall we execute our
other projects, as we did those in

_ Holland and Naples ?”

Undoubtedly, sir, conversations
_ of this sort, confirmed even as they

_ were by the events passing under

my eyes, could never have induc-

ed me to commit his majesty’s con-

- fidential servants upon any point
upon which I had not received their

_ instructions, and which left no time

to receive them; but I did not

_ think myself at liberty to shift from
_ myself the responsibility thus thrown

741

upon me, at the tisk of seeing Por.
tugal and Switzerland share the same
fate which Germany has just expe-
rienced, and Hanover confirmed to
Prussia, until such time as_ his ma-
jesty’s arms should recover the pos-
session of it.

The mode of procecding of this
government left me no alternative.
Hither to avew negotiation, or shut
up every Opening to it was my only
option.

I felt that I pledged his majesty
to nothing except the fact of negoti-
ation, already privately known to
every court in Europe.

I carefully forbore giving any
written paper, or admitting even the
possibility of any other basis than
that of wtz possidetis.

I have. ascertained the real extent
of the pretensions of France ; and I
did consider myself to have pree
vented a great evil at a small ex-
pence, by having given time to your-
self and his majesty’s other confi-
dential servants, to provide, by the
further instructions you might judge
proper, for the interests of the
powers—thus, for the moment at
least, saved from the grasp of
France.

I persuade myself that the mo-
tives here detailed, upon which J
acted at the moment, will place ina
stronger light the difficulties of my
position, and will, on further con-
sideration, obtain his majesty’s gra-
cious approbation of the conduct
which I thought myself obliged to
hold in consequence.

His majesty’s ministers would
have relieved me from much painful
responsibility if they had command~
ed me to proceed no further, and
3B3 wait

* We cannot retract.

742

wait the arrival of the person allud-
ed to, and for whom [I have the ho-
nour to enclose the necessary pass-
port which I have this moment re-
ceived.

Mr. Geddard, whom a long resi-
dence in France, independent of his
abilities and correct information on
what has passed here, renders entire-
ly able to give his majesty’s ministers
every explanation they may wish for,
is so goodas to take this dispatch
with him to England, where he is re-
turning at the end of his long capti-
yity in this country.

} have the honour to be, sir, &c.
Yarmouth.

No. XXIX.

Copy of a Dispatch from Mr. Secre-
tary For ta the Earl of Yar haan,
dated Downing-street, August 2d.
1806.

Downing street, August 2, 1806.

My Lorn,

Mr. Goddard arrived here yester-
day evening with your lordship’s dis-
patch of the 30th July.

His majesty’s servants always did
justice to the motives which mduced
your lordship to produce your full
powers, though the step is one of
which it is not possible for them to

» express approbation, thinking it, as
they do, likely to have given so
much more countenance than was

‘desirable to the new and ee

demands of France.

The full powers which eed Lau-
derdale carries with him, are drawn
jointly in his name and. your Jord-
ship’s. ‘In the present disposition
of the French government, there is,
} fear, little probability, that peace
can be concluded on such terms as
are alone admissible. The trial
should, however, be made with
frankness and good faith ; and it is

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

with this view, that his majesty has %
been pleased to direct that the earl
of Lauderdale should proceed to |
Paris, notwithstanding the present —
unfavourable aspect of the negotia- —
tion. His instructions your lord= —
ship will consider as equally ad- —
dressed to yourself, and as the rule
of your conduct in any conferences —
which, in conjunction with him, you |
may have with monsieur Talleyrand,
or general Clarke; and, in any ©
point of doubt that may occur, it is —
his majesty’s pleasure that your
lordship should be guided by Jord
Lauderdale’s opinion, formed, as it —
will be, on the fullest knowledge of ©

the sentiments and views of his ma-
jesty’s government. :q
Tam, &c. _

(Signed) C. J. Fox.
No. XXX.
Copy of a Dispatch from’ Mr. Secre-
tary Fox to the Earl of Yarmouth,
dated Downing-street, Aug. ad,

1806.

Downing-street, August 3, 1806.

My Lorn,

I was unwilling to detain lord
Lauderdale for the purpose of reply-
ing particularly to the unfounded
allegations of M. Talieyrand, which
you have recapitulated in your dis-
patch of the 30th ult. But some
points are there mentioned, which
cannot be left without an answer,
such, indeed, as I trust your lord-
ship has already given to them.

It is true, as stated by that minis-
ter, that when the demand was made
for lord Lauderdale’s passport, there
still remained here a blank passport,
one of the two sent here some time
before your lordship’s arrival, when
it had been proposed to us to treat
separately from Russia. ‘That pro-
posal having fallen to the aie

the

23

et

justifiable
‘France in Germany and elsewhere.

_ made than departed from.

-

SD ACE Ei

the circumstance of our being still
in possession of the passport was
overlooked; but, even if it had oc-
curred, some doubt would probably
have arisen, how far it might be
proper, in so different a state of
things, to make use of it for lord
Lauderdale, without some previous
eommunication of such an intention.
This whole matter is, however, very
immaterial.: The principal point to
which | feel it necessary to advert,
is that part of M, Talleyrand’s lan-

_ guage which imputes to this country

needless delays in the negotiation,
and attributes to that cause the un-
measures pursued by

In the instructions given to lord
Lauderdale, the repeated tergiversa-
tions of France, during the negotia-
tion, aredetailed. Itis from thence
alone, that delay has arisen. .

Your lordship truly states, that
the offers made through yourself
were so clearly and unequivocally
expressed, that the intention of the
French government could not be
doubted. But they were no sooner
In the
first conference after your lordship’s
return to France, Sicily was de-
manded. In the former offers it had
been distinctly disclaimed, ‘‘ * Vous

Pavez—nous ne vous la demandons

pas. Si nous la possédions elle
pourroit augmenter de beaucoup les
difficultés.”” This demand, there-

_ fore, could not have been foreseen,

being in contradiction to their own
assurances ; and your lordship could
only take it ad referendwn. This
produced a delay attributable solely
to France. Our answer was imme-
diate and distinct. The new de-
mand was declared to be a breach

* You are in possession of it.

PAPERS 748

of the principle of the proposed basis
in its most essentiag part. To ebvi-

‘ate a cavil on the subject of full

powers, they were sent to you; but
with an express injunction not to
use them, nor even to produce them
formally, till the French govern.
ment should return to its former
ground respecting Sicily. Your
lordship stated this to M. Talley-
rand, and you received in return, a
proposal, of giving to his majesty,
or to the king of Naples, the Hans
towns in lieu of Sicily. ‘This being
again a proposition entirely new,
could only be referred for his ma-
jesty’s consideration. On the very
next day after it arrived, it was dee
cidedly rejected here ; and, so little
were we disposed to delay, that the
same dispatch conveyed to you his
majesty’s orders, if the demand of
Sicily should still be persisted in, to
desire your passports, and return to

England.

Of this order your lordship in-
formed M. Talleyrand, and its exe-
cution was delayed only by a fresh
proposal of exchanges brought for-
ward by France, and supported by
the Russian minister, as affording
the means by which his majesty
might prevent, among other things,
the changes meditated in Germany.
M. Talleyrand, it appears, now re-
presents this communication in the
following terms: ** We told you,
that 7f you had powers, and would
enter into negotiation, we would not
sign the arrangement in Germany.”
M. Talleyrand’s real communication
is to be found in your lordship’s dis-
patch of the 9th July, in which he
says, that those changes ‘¢ were de-
termined upon, but should not be pub-
lished if peace took place.”

3B4 That

We do not demand it of you. If we possessed

dt, the difficulties might be much increased,

TAA

That dispatch was received here
on the 12th ; and on the 17th, in di-
rect violation of these assurances, in
which ever form they were convey-
ed, ithe German treaties were both
signed and published,

They must of course haye been
prepared at least one day before.
What M. Talleyrand therefore calls
a reasonable time allowed to your
lordship to consult your government,
was, at the most, twenty-four hours,
even supposing the utmost possible
expedition to be made by the mes-
Sengers to and from England, and no
accident or delay to occur by laud
or sea. ‘These dates will undoubt-
edly not have escaped your lord-
ship’s attention, and will have ena-
bled you to refute, in the most deci«
sivemanner, the unfounded pretences
by which the French government
seeks to attribute to delays on our
pari, the resulis of its own injustice,
and repeated breach of promise.

The whole of our intercourse with
France, hears indeed so different a
character from that of delay, and
the whole of the king’s conduct in
this, as in every other instance, is
marked by so many striking proofs,
of his desire to avert, even by the
greatest sacrifices, such calamities as
he is now accused of preducing,
that your lordship may, perhaps,
have felt it less necessary to enter
into a particular refutation of such
a charge.

But after the experience which,
in this negotiation, we have had of
the conduct of the French govern-
ment, itis of the highest consequence
not to suifer such imputations to
pass unnoticed, and, by disregard,
to acquire strength and currency.

Of the subsequent proceedings,
no explanation can be necessary.

Tt had not been decided here,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

that in the event of the signature
of the Russian treaty, the negotia-
tion on the part of this country
should be pursued on any other ba-
sis but that of the strict uti possidetis,
with the exception of Hanover,—
The resolution of admitting even
the possibility of equivalent for Si-
cily, had been adopted only in con.
sequence of M. d’Qubril’s desire,
and in order to maintain, if it had
been possible, the union of council
aud measures between Great Britain
and Russia,

Bot by the production of your
lordship’s full powers, his majesty
was in some sort pledged to continue
the negotiation, It was then judged
proper, that a fresh negotiator
Should be added to your lordship,
and not an instant has been lost in
giving eficet to that determination ;
nor has any considerable delay oc-
curred on this side the water, except
in the single point respecting the
passport, which T have explained in
the outset of this dispatch,

‘Lam, &c.
(Signed) C. J. Fox.
No. XXXI.
Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of
_ Lauderdale to Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated Paris, August 6, 1806.—
Received August 13.

Paris, 6th Aug. 1806.—9 o’clock.

A.M, ;

Sir,

The desire expressed by commo-
dore Owen, in the uncertain state of
the weather, to get off the coast of
France as soon as possible, prevented
me from detaining the boat, for the
purpose of announcing to you my
arrival at Calais.

After a very quick passage in his
majesty’s frigate the Clyde, J bop

pi

STATE PAPERS.

~ put on shore on Sunday morning the

3d, about eleven o'clock. At Ca-
lais { received every mark of atten-
tion and civility from the magistrates
and the commanders of the army, and
of the marine, as well as from the
inhabitants of the place, who were
in crowds on the shore, expressing

their wishes for peace.

I have now to inform you, that
on Tuesday 1 got to Paris about
twelve o’clock, when I immediately
sent the énclosed note, (marked A.)

to his excellency the minister for

foreign affairs, from whom I soon
afterwards received the answer,
(marked B.) which I also enclose.
At the hour appointed, I waited
upon his excellency, with whom 1

_ had a short conversation, in which
his auxiety for your speedy recove-

ry formed the principal topic. He

informed me that general Clarke

was the person named by the empe-

ror to negotiate with lord Yarmouth

and myself, and appointed this day,

at eleven o’clock, for the formal
exhibition of our powers.

As the frequency of communica.

tion gives rise to false speculations
~ in England, it isnot my intention to

}:;

4

send a messenger, until I shall have
something more buiportaah to com-

7 municate,

:
}

fe

leg! Bee

Tam, &e.
Lauderdale.

_Inclosares (A) and (B) are copies of
notes from the earl of Lauderdale
to M. Talleyrand, dated August 5,
1806, and from M. Talleyrand to
the earl of Lauderdale, dated Au-
gust 5, 1800,

‘ No. XXXII. Copy of a dispatch

from the earl of Lauderdale to Mr.

fecretary Fox, dated Paris, Au-

—

745

gust7, 1806, received August 13,
(of no importance.)

No. XXXIII.

Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of
Yarmouth to Mr. Secretary Foz,
dated Paris, August 7, 1806.—
Received August 13.

Paris, August 7, 1806.
Sir,

I received in due time, and in
their order, your several dispatches
of the 28th ult. and the 2d and4
3d inst. As no messenger has
been dispatched from hence since the
receipt of them, I have been obliged
to defer till now replying to their
contents,

It was with great satisfactiou that
I learnt by your dispatch of the 2d
inst. the intelligence of lord Lawder-
dale’s departure from England; as,
independently of the advantages I
must derive from communicating
with a person charged with the latest
and fullest instructions frem his ma-
jesty, his arrival here afforded me
the opportunity of evincing, in the
clearest manner, that I had in no
instance thought myself at liberty to
depart from the basis, originally
laid down as the only one on which
his majesty’s ministers could consent
to treat with the French govern-
ment.

It must be evident, that whatever
delays have occurred in the negotia-
tion, are imputable to France, and
to the perpetual variation ef the
terms proposed by her; and I had
not failed, befere the receipt of your
dispateh of the 3d instant, repeated.
ly to do justice to the conduct of his
majesty’s government in that res-
pect.

As in the line of conduct which I
thought it my duty: t to observe pre-

2 vious

746

vious to the earl of Lauderdale’s ar.
rival, I had no other object in view,
than the fulfilling, to the best of my
abilities, the mission with which his
majesty has been graciously pleased
to charge me, I can, under the pre-
sent circumstances, haye no other
ambition than that of co-operating
with my best endeavours in the ne-
gotiation entrusted to us jointly, up-
on the same basis on which I had
originally placed it.

I have the honour to be, &c.

(Signed) ~ Yarmouth.

No. XXXIV.

Full Powers given to the Earls of
Lauderdale and Yarinouth, which
were communicated to M. Talley.
rand on the 6th of August, 1806,

(Translation)

George the Third, by the grace of
God, of the united kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, king, de-
fender of the faith, duke of Bruns-
wick and Lunenburgh. Arch-trea-
snrer, and prince elector of the ho-
ly Roman empire, &c. To all and
singular to whom these presents
shall come, greeting !

The flames of war having already
raged too long in the different quar-
ters of the world, it is the more in-
cambent upon us to re-establish the
public tranquillity, by putting an
end to so many quarrels and contro-
versies, we have therefore judged it
expedient to invest certain fit per-
sons with full powers, on our part,
for the better carrying on this great
undertaking.

Know, therefore, that we, repos-
ing especial trast in the fidelity, di-
Jigence, judgment, perspicuity, and
experience of our right trusty and
well-beloved James, earl of Laudere
dale, and of our‘trusty and well-bee
loved Francis Seymour, Esquire,

ANNUAL REGISTER.-

commonly called earl of Yarmouth, —
have nominated, constituted, and —
appointed them, as by these presents —
we do nominate, constitute, and ap- —
point them, our true, certain, and —
undoubted procurators, commission-
ers, and plenipotentiaries’: giving to
them, conjointly or separately, all —
and all manner of power, faculty,
and authority, together with general
as well as special orders, (so that the
general do not derogate\ from the
Special, nor on the contrary,) for
us, and in our name, to meet and
confer with the ministers, commis-
sioners, plenipotentiaries of any
other princes or states whatsoever,
who may be interested therein, whe-
ther our enemies or our allies, fur-
nished with sufficient powers for
that purpose, as well singly and se-
parately, as aggregately and con.
jointly, and to consult and agree
with them for the speedy restora-
tion of a sincere friendship and ami-
ty, and of a firm and Jasting peace ;
and for us, and in our name, to sign
all such matters and things as shall
be agreed upon and concluded on
the premises, and to form such trea-
ty or treaties, or any other instru.
ments as shall be necessary, and mu- .«
tually to deliver and receive the
same in exchange, and to do and
perform all such acts, matters, and
things, as may be inany way proper
and conducive to the purposes above
mentioned, in as full and ample a
manner and form, and with the like
validity and effect, as we ourself, if
we were present, could do and per-
form ; engaging and promising, on
our royal word, that we will accept,
ratify, and confirm, in the most ef-
fectual manner, all such acts, mat- —
ters, and things, as shall be so trans-
acted andconcluded by our said ple- -
nipotentiaries, conjointly or sepa-
rately,

Sir,

_

STATE

rately, and that we will never suffer
any person to violate the same, in
whole, or in part, or to act contra-
ry thereto.

In testimony and confirmation of
all which we have caused our great
seal, of our united kingdom of

~ Great Britain and Ircland to be
_ affixed to these presents, signed with
our royal hand.

Givenat our coust at St. James’s,
this first day of August, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hun-

dred and six, and of our reign the
forty-sixth.

No. XXXV.

Copy of a Dispatch from the Earls of
Lauderdale and Yarmouth, to Mr.
Secretary Fox, dated Paris, Au-
gust 9, 1806.—Received August
13.

Paris, August 9th, 1806.
Thinking it unnecessary to send

a courier to England with the de-

tails of the mere matters of form

which necessarily took place after
lord Lauderdale’s arrival, we have

delayed writing till there appeared

_ something of importance to com-
_ municate to you.

We have now to inform you,

y that lord Lauderdale, having exhi-

_ bited his powers, and delivered a

copy in the customary form, our
first meeting with general Clarke,
the plenipotentiary of the French

_ government, took place at his

¥
vn
’

7

.
4

4

_ house, on Thursday 7th August at

noon.

Our conversation commenced by
general Clarke’s observing that as
Jord Lauderdale had just arrived
from London, with full instructions
from his majesty, he had probably
something new to communicate.

Lord Lauderdale jn substance re-

PAPER 747

plied, that it was his wish before
intermeddling with the negociation
now pending, distinctly to recal to
the recollection of general Clarke
what had already passed between
his majesty and the government of
France, and at once precisely to
state the only footing on which his
majesty could consent to treat.
To effect this object, he informed
general Clarke, that he had prepared
a note (marked A.) which he begged
to deliver to him as official.

General Clarke read the note
twice with great attention, and af-
terwards placed it in his portfolio,
saying that he must take it ad refe-
rendum.

Very little passed at this meeting
sufficiently interesting to merit be-
ing detailed ; the general objected
to the practice he apprehended lord '
Lauderdale meant to introduce of
conducting the negotiation by writ-
ing; and said he was afraid the
emperor would regard it as a means
of endless delay, if a note was to
be delivered upon every insignifi-
cant question which it might be
necessary to discuss. The reply
consisted merely in stating the dis-
tinction betwixt delivering a written

note for the purpose of at once

bringing to a point the basis on
which the negotiation was to be
conducted, and resorting on every
trivial occasion to that practice.
The first, it was contended, must
accelerate ; the latter, it was ad-
mitted, would delay the negotiation ;
and it would be therefore carefully
avoided, as it was his majesty’s wish

that no delay should take place.
General Clarke, with something
like an insinuation that an unfair
advantage was taken by the govern-
ment of Great Bfitain, announced
that

748

that as there had been two plenipo-
tentiaries appointed by his majesty,
it was the emperor’s intention to
dothesame, and that the name of
the person selected would be com~
municated to us.

It is proper to state, that in the
course of this conversation, lord
Yarmouth recalled to general
Clarke’s recollection, that in all the
interviews he had had with him, he
uniformly stated the wti possidetis
as the only basis upon which he
could possibly treat. . General
Clarke in reply said, that he could
make no answer to what lord Yar-
mouth stated, without alluding to
conversations which he affected to
consider as loose, calling them
“des romans politiques ;” at the
same time by his silence he clearly
admitted what lord Yarmouth most
distinctly stated.

Our first interview terminated
with an appointment to meet at
ford J.auderdale’s apartments on
Friday, the 8th, at twelve o'clock,
the general observing that it might

be perhaps necessary to put off

the appointment, as he wished to
heave full time to consider the note
which had been delivered, and as
the new plenipotentiary might wish
to have an opportunity carefully to
read the correspondence that hi-
therto had taken place. He pro-
mised at the same time if this was
the case, to give us notice by writ~
ing in the morning.

On Friday the eighth at eleven
o’clock the inclosures (marked B,
and C.) were left at lord Lauder-
dale’s apartments, and an answer
- was sent to general Clarke, stating
that an appointment had been

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.
made by lords Lauderdale and Yar. _

mouth to receive the Turkish am-

bassador at four o’clock, and re. —
questing that the meeting should —
take place on Saturday the 9th at ©
noon.

General Clarke and monsieur
Champagny, minister of theinterior, —
the newly appointed plenipoten-
tiary, afterwards put off this meet-
ing till four o’clock to day, as the
latter was obliged to attend the
emperor’s. privy council at St.
Cloud.

Late on Friday night lord Yar.
mouth received the answer to the
note delivered by lord Lauderdale,
a copy of which (marked D.) is
inclosed, to which lord Lauderdale
and lord Yarmouth immediately re-
turned the answer, also enclosed,
(marked E.)

General Clarke and M. Cham.
pagny came to the meeting appoint-
ed at four o’clock, and a conversa.
tion. took place which lasted for up-
wards of two hours. Into the de-
tails ef this it is impossible now to
enter. The general object of it
was to engage lord Lauderdale to
depart from the basis which he had
insisted should be recognized, to
prevail upon him to consult his
government, or to take ten or fif-
teen days for consideration; but
it terminated by lord Lauderdale’s
declaring that the Jast note was to
be considered as a prelude to his
demanding passports, for which he
should apply to M. 'Talleyrand in
the course of the evening,

The letter, a copy of which
(marked F.) is inclosed, was dis-
patched to M. Balleyrand half an
hour after the departure of the

plenipotentiaries,

* Political Romances,

—

——E

Got A Pee PA’ BE BS, 749

plenipotentiaries, and it appears
highly improbable that any propo-
sition should be made which can
alter our resolution of Jeaving
France, the moment the passports

arrive.
We have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Lauderdale,
Yarmouth,

, First Inclosure (A.)
Copy of a Note delivered by the Earl
_ of Lauderdale to General Clarke,on
the 7th of August, 1806.
(Translation. )
Paris, August, 7, 1806.
The undersigned plenipotentiary
ef his Britannic majesty, previous
to entering upon the negotiation
actually pending between his so-
yereign and the court of France,
thinks it necessary briefly to retrace
the circumstances in which it origi-
nated. At the same time, he con-
ceives it consistent with that cha-
racter of openness and sincerity,
which, as his Britannic majesty’s
_ plenipotentiary, he is determined
invariably to support, to declare
the only basis upon which France
herself originally laid down; and
_ to define the nature of the discussion
_ into which he is about to enter.
‘ :
The strong and energetic lan-

guage in which the French govern-

_ ment a few months since, expressed
_ its desire for peace, whilst it inspir-
ed his majesty with the confidence
in the real sincerity of the wishes of
* the court of France, left him only
_ to regret that the proposal of treat-
ing with his majesty separately

_ from his allies, appeared to prevent

_ both France and England from pro-
fiting by that happy disposition of
their respective governments ; it
beiug at that time impossible’ for
is majesty, confermably with the

‘

good faith which he has ever evinc-
ed, to treat otherwise than con-
jointly with his ally the emperor of
Russia.

Since that time, his majesty hav.
ing found that circumstances which
it is unnecessary to detail here,
permitted his majesty to negotiate
separately : he received with great
pleasure, the proposal of treating
generally, upon the basis of utz
possidetis, which was to be scru-
pulously observed except in the

.case of Hanover, which was pro-

posed to be ceded to his majesty
with all its dependencies,

It is true, that this proposal was
not made either directly, or through
the channel of an accredited mi-
nister: of its authenticity, however,
no one could entertain the smallest
doubt.

Independently of the authority
which it derived from the character
of the person employed to commu-
nicate it, it seemed to agree com-
pletely with what had been pre-
viously announced. For ‘ the
emperor desires nothing that Eng-
land possesses,”? (an avowal made
at the commencement of the cor-
respondence between the two
courts) was a natural prelude to
such a proposal.

His majesty regarded the cession
of Hanover as a proof of the spirit
of justice in which the proposal
was conceived,” because this electo-
rate, although occupied on account
of a supposed identity of interests .
and of measures, in fact had no’
relation whatever with the disputes
which produced the present war-;
and his majesty saw in the principle
hitherto acknowledged as the.gene-
ral basis of negotiation, a basis
peculiarly adapted to the relative
situations of the two parties, which

he

750

he considered a proof that France
was as sincerely disposed as Great
Britain to put an end to an order
of things, equally prejudicial to.the
interests of both countries.

In fact, it appeared to his majesty
to be the only principle upon which
it was probable that a negotiation
could be brought to a successful
issue. From the nature of the
interests of the parties engaged in
it, there was but little hope that
any satisfactory arrangement could
be made on the ground of recipro-
cal restitutions, by giving up their
respective acquisitions ; whilst on
the other hand, the principle of
uti possidetis naturally presented it-
self, as the mode of terminating
the unfortunate hostilities between
the two nations, both of whom
were in possession of conquests ex-
tensive and important in poiut
both of territory and of influence;
France on the continent of Europe,
and Great Britain in other parts of
the world.

This truth appeared still more
striking to his majesty, upon re-
flecting that the state of possession
in which the two nations held their
respective acquisitions could scarce-
ly suffer any important change by
the continuance of the war; the
superiority of the naval force of
Great Britain being, according to
all appearance, uot less firmly es-
tablished on the scas, than that of
the armies of France on the conti-
nent of Europe.

It was under the impression which
these ideas naturally produced,
that his majesty accepted, without
hesitation, the proposal of treating
upon the principle of uti possidetis,
with the reservation. due to the
connection and the concert that

made, to announce the readiness —

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

subsisted with the emperor of Rus#
sia ; and as a proof of his sincerity, ©
his majesty fixed upon the person by ©
whom the communication had been

Saab tate

with which he had acceded to the —
basis proposed for the conclusion of ©
a treaty.

The undersigned is by no means ~
disposed to conceal the satisfaction
his majesty derived from these hap-
py prospects of speedily restoring
to his subjects the blessings of
peace, upon just and equitable
principles, such as were conform.
able to the honour of his crown;
nor the regret which his majesty felt,
when, almost at the very moment of
his declaring his acceptance of the ©
proposal that had been made to —
him, it was signified that this prin- ©
ciple was suddenly abandoned by ©
the demand of the evacuation and
cession of Sicily; a demand which
has hitherto been modified merely ©

pace ees

ee eee

be totally inadequate and inadmis~ —
sible. “ ;

This demand, so incompatible ©
with the avowed principles upon
which the two powers were treating, —
was in itself sufficient to put an end ©
to the negotiation, but the anxiety ©
of his majesty the king of Great ©
Britain and [reland to concur with ©
his ally the emperor of Russia, /
and to secure to his subjects the ©

“blessings of peace, induced him to —

receive any new proposal for ob-
taining for his Sicilian majesty, in
exchance for Sicily, a real and sa-
tisfactory equivalent, such as that
sovereign should consent to ac- ©
cept. :
No satisfactory proposal of this
nature having yet been made, the
unders

STATE PAPERS.

undersigned must declare that he
cannot consent to treat upon any

other principle than that of the
uti possidetis, as originally proposed
to his sovereign by the court of
France ; at the same time he is desir-
ous it ce ould be well understood, that
the adoption of this principle will
‘not prevent him cither from listen-
ing to any just and adequate in-!
-demnification to his Sicilian majesty
} for the cession of Sicily, or from
accepting any proposition for the
exchange of terfitory between the
two contracting parties, upon just
and egual principles, such as may
tend to the reciprocal advantage of
the two countries.

- The undersigned is well aware
that since the uti possidetis was
_ proposed by the court of France,

peace has been concluded between
Dance and the emperor of Russia,
and that, in consequence, the rela-

' tive situation of the two countries
is no longer the same; but, on the

other hand, he must also observe,

_that since that time France has ac-

* quired fresh advantages in conse-

“quence of the extensive changes
which she has made in the constitu.
tion of the German empire; an
arrangement, the preventing of
_which was represented by France to
the court of Great Britain as a pow-
erful motive for the immediate con-

‘clusion of peace on the basis of wté

possidetis. \f then this principle
‘formerly appeared just to France, it
cannot fail at present, according to
her own views of the subject, to be
_ more favourable to her interest than

_ The undersigned thinks it, at the
same time, necessary to observe,
hat although France may have other
_Mnportant views upon the continent
of Hurope, his majesty the king of

M

75k

Great Britain and Ireland may very
fairly form views in other parts of
the world of infinite importance to
the commerce and to the power of
his empire, and consequently that
he cannot, conformably with either
the interests of his people or the
honour of his crown, negotiate upon
any principle of inferiority either
avowed or supposed, He can treat
upon no other footing than the sup-
position, that the continuation of
hostilities is equally disadvantageous
to both parties. There can be no
reason to suppose that the conquests
which his majesty proposes to re.
tain by the peace can be wrested
from him by war; and the under.
signed is persuaded that the best
proofof the equity of the conditions,
upon which he proposes to treat, is
to be found in the fact, that they |
were proposed by France herself
at the first opening of the eommu-
nications between the two govern.
ments, which have led to the mission
with which his sovereign has been
pleased to entrust to him conjointly
with the earl of Yarmouth.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

Second [nclosure (B) is a copy of a
note from General Clarke to the
Earls of Lauderdale and Yar-
mouth, dated August 8,1806, un-
important.

Thitd Inclosure (C) is a Copy of a
note from M. Talleyrand to the
Earls of Lauderdale and Yar.
mouth, dated August 8, 1806,
stating the appointment of M, de
Champagny.

Fourth Inclosure (D.) ,
Copy of a Note from General Clarke
to the Earls of Lauderdale and
Yarmouth, dated August, 8, 1806.
(Trans-

752

(Translation.)
Paris, August 8th, 1806.

The undersigned minister pleni-
potentiary of his majesty the empe-
ror of the French, king of Italy,
has laid before his government the
note transmitted yesterday by his
excellency lord Lauderdale, pleni-
potentiary from his Britannic ma-
jesty.

His majesty the emperor of the
French, king of Italy, could not
see without pain, that a negotiation
which has already been the subject
of so much discussion, which has
occasioned the dispatching of so
many messengers by both parties,
which was in a word brought to
maturity, should have suddenly
taken a retrogade direction, so as to
present obstacles founded, not in the
nature of the stipulations, but on
the very ground on which that nego-
tiation was commenced.

The court of France has con-
stantly refused to admit in the same
negotiation, the courts of England
and Russia, and whatever desire his
majesty the emperor of the French,
king of Italy, may have to see a
general peace shortly re-established,
no consideration could induce him
to violate that principle of his poli-
cy. The negotiations which France
had commenced at Petersburgh, had
moreover couvinced his majesty the
emperor of the French, king of
Italy, that the English cabinet de-
ceived itself with respect to the
nature of its relations with Russia.

After several months of discus-
sion, the cabinet of London yielded
‘this point, and his excellency the
earl of Yarmouth arrived publicly
at Calais, and afterwards at Paris,
for the purpose of treating for
peace. He had conferences with
his excellency the minister forforeign
affairs immediately after his arrival

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

in this capital, having previously
made known to him that he was
duly authorised by his government.

Since that period, Russia has con-
cluded her peace with France. The
undersigned has been appointed
minister plenipotentiary to negotiate
with the plenipotentiary of his Bri-
tannic majesty, and the first step
was an exchange of his powers with
those of his excellency the earl of
Yarmouth, whom he was bound to
believe, as it is expressed in his ex-
cellency’s full powers, authorized ta
negotiate, conclude, and sign a defi-
nitive treaty between France and
the united kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland.

Very frequent conferences, most
of them of several hours, have since
taken place between the two pleni-
potentiaries, who, with good faith
on both sides, endeavoured to da
away the difficulties, and put aside
every thing that could have tended
to irritate their minds, or to embar-
rass and unnecessarily retard the
progress of negotiation.

Instead of transmitting to each
other notes, more or less ingenious,
but which rather remove than ap-
proximate the object which it is
wished to attain ; instead of begin-
ning those written controversies,
which are not less injurious to
humanity than open hostilities, and
which prolong the miseries of
nations ; instead, above all things,
of negotiating peace in the same
manner in which war is carried on,
the plenipotentiaries had free con-
ferences, in which his majesty the
emperor and king granted all which
he could grant, without losing sight
of the dignity of his crown, his love
for his people, and the interest of
his allies.

His majesty will never be reduced.
to make fusther sacrifices.

Does

STATE

Does not the method taken by his
excellency the earl of Lauderdale,
the new plenipotentiary on the part
of his Britannic majesty, appear to
announce that a multitude of notes
will not be sufficient even to bring
the governments to an understand-
ing? And is not a risk evidently
incurred, by adopting such a method,
the abuse of which has been so ma-
nifest in our recollection, of being
still further from a good understand.
ing thanwe have hitherto been? If,

_ on the contrary, it is only wished to
form documents which may here-
after be presented to the parliament
of Great Britain, his majesty the
emperor and king has no similar
inducement, it is peace that he de-

_ sires; a peace equally honourable

_ for France, for Great Britain, and
for their allies, which the mutual

_ and assiduous labour of the respec-

tive plenipotentiaries shall have ren-

_ dered acceptable to both govern-

ments.

Nevertheless, that his love of jus-
tice, and the sincerity of his pacific
sentiments may be manifest to every
one, and that it may be truly
known to whom all hindrance to
the progress of the negotiation
ought to be attributed, his majesty
_the emperor of the French has

deigned to permit the undersigned
to discuss here the vain question
Telative to the basis of this negotia-
tion, which was already advanced
and on the point of being termi-
nated.

In the letter written to his excel-

Jency Mr. Fox, on the 1st of April,
_ by his excellency the French minis.
ter for foreign affairs, that minister
declared that his majesty the empe-
ror of the French entirely adopted
the principle set forth in the dis-
Patch of his excellency Mr. Fox, of
Vox, XLYIII,

PAPERS.

the 26th ‘March. and offered as thé
basis of the negotiat’'on :—‘* That
the proposed peace ought to be
honourable for the two courts, and
for their respective allies.”

In his: letter of the 2nd June to
his excéYency Mr. Fox, his exce}-
lency the minister for foreign affairs
went still further; he proposed, in
the name of his majesty the emperor
of the French, king of Italy, to
establish as a basis two fundamental
principles, the first of them taken

TIO

from Mr. Fox’s letter of the 26th

March, namely ; ‘+ ‘That the object
of the two powersshould be a peace
honourable to themselves, and to
their respective allies, at the same
time that this peace should be of a
nature to insure, as far as should lie
in their power, the future tranquil.
lity of Europe.” ;

The second principle was, “* An
acknowledgment in favour of both
powers of the right of interference,
and of guarantee with regard to con.
tinental affairs, and with regard te
maritime affairs.”

Such was the basis adopted by the
British government, and agreed upon
with it. It could never have entered
into the mind of his majesty tha
emperor of the French, king of
Italy, to take the ** udi possidetis’®
as the basis of the negotiation. If
such had been his intention, he
would have kept Moravia, a part of
Hungary, Styria, Carniola, Croatia,
the whole of Austria, as well as ity
capital—Trieste, and Fiume, and
the surrounding coast would still be
in his power, as well as Genoa and:
Venice, Hanover, Osnaburgh, and
all the mouths of the great rivers of
the north of Germany would be
subject to his dominion ; and, doubt
less, his majesty the emperor of the
French,’ king of italy, might then,

3C ° without

754

without difficulty, have left;his Bri-
tannic majesty in possession of the
Cape, Surinam, Tobago, St. Lucia,
Pondicherry, &c,

As to Sicily, in this very supposi-
tion his majesty the emperor and
king would not have left it to his
enemies ; bat his majesty would only
have thought that the conquest of
this islaud should have preceded the
opening of the negotiations; and
while Prussia and Russia have either
guaranteed or recognized the changes
which have taken place in the king-
dom of the Two Sicilies, is it to be
Supposed that England could have
Prevented the conquest of Sicily,
which is separated from the conti-
nent only by a channel of less than
two thousand toises ?

And even supposing that the Cape,
Surinam, and other Dutch posses-
sions could have been finally detach-
ed from the kingdom of Holland, is
it not certain that its existence as a
nation would become from that very
cause impossible ; and that its in-
corporation with the French em-
pire would have been the neces-
Sary consequence of a refusal given
by England, to restore to it its colo-
nies ; what, in fact, could be the
means of maintaining a nation which
would have nothing but debts, and
from which the total deprivation of
all commerce would ta¥e away the
possibility of paying them? What-
ever their excellencies the plenipo-
tentiaries of his Britannic majesty
may alledge, it is impossible that
they ghould not be convinced, that
it is a yery different thing, for Great
Britain, to see the Texel and the
mouths of the Rhine and of the
Meuse in the power of the French
revenue officers, or to see them in
the power of the Dutch. ‘Thus,
therefore, Holland, without the re-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

stitution of its colonies, would ne-
cessarily become a province of the
French empire ; for on accepting the
crown of Holland, prince Louis for-
mally declared his intention of re-
nouncing it, if the Dutch colonies
were not restored at the general
peace.

Let Hanover become a province
of France; let Trieste, Fiume, and
their territory likewise become pro-
vinces of the kingdom of Italy, and
let Great Britain keep as a compen-
sation, the Cape, Surinam, Malta, ©
and Pondicherry, &c. France will
consent to it, and the great princi-
ple wtz possidetis will be applied
in its full extent, both as to the pre-
sent and as to the future.

Let the new ninister plenipoten-
tiary of his Britannic majesty, point
out in the history of the world, ,
a negotiation terminated upon the
principle of the uéé possidetis between
two great nations: let him examine
whether this principle does not be-
long rather to an armistice than to
atreaty of peace ? It is impossible
not to say, that, in proposing to
France the wti possidetis, particularly
under the present circumstance, a
strange idea must have been formed
of the character of the emperor
Napoleon, and it must have been
believed that he was reduced to a
singular state of humiliation and
distress.

But, in demanding the wuz possi.
detis, his excellency, the earl of Lau-
derdale, plenipotentiary from his
Britannic majesty, without regard
to the principle which he advances,
wishes to change entirely the destiny
of a continental state, which gaye
25,800 men to England, and fur.
nished her with a part of the means
which she afforded in the seyen
years’ war, and eyen in the war or

the

~

STATE PAPERS.

the French revolution, to the armies
of the north. Thus, therefore, it is

wished to maintain the principle of

the uti possidetis, in order to deprive
France of all her commerce, and of
all her establishments, and to ruin
her allies ;"but it is wished to violate
the principle of the utz possidetis, in
order to oblige France to renounce
her engagements, to break he? trea:
ties ; in a word, to dissolve her

whole continental system ; is not

this to propose a peace a thousand
times more disastrous than the long-
est war, and conditions calculated to
excite the indignation of every
Frenchman? What! shall France
have conquered all the powers sub.
sidized by England, during three
coalitions, to see imposed upon her
conditions as unjust as they are dis-
honourable, notwithstanding the
moderation and generosity which
she has shewn ?

His excellency Mr. Fox himself
proposed, ‘* that the peace should
be honourable to both courts, and

to their respective allies.”

His majesty, the emperor of the
French, king of Italy, could not
coasider the peace as honourable,
if, by one of its conditions, he was
to lose a single subject, and of how-
ever little importance the colony of
Tobago may be, it suffices, that it
made part of the French empire at
the time his majesty took the reins
of the government, to prevent his
ever signing a treaty in which the
alienation of that colony, or of any
other which belongs to him in the
Same manner shall be comprized.
No reasonable Englishman can have
flattered himself with the contrary ;

and his majesty, in the position in

which he stands, would, by consent-
ing to it, lose the esteem of every

a

755

brave and generous person even
among his enemies.

The undersigned is directed to de.
clare, that his majesty the emperor
and king considers as a disgrace the
very, idea of a negotiation, founded
on the uti possidetis.. It is the more
contrary to his principles, inasmuch
as his majesty has restored his con,
quests, and that he should be now
reigning over a population the
double of that which he in fact
governs, if, at the conclusion of the
treaties of peace which he made at
the expiration of the several coali-
tions, he had taken the wté possédetis
for his only principle.

The undersigned is also directed
to declare, that the only conditions
of negotiation which his majesty the
emperor and king is willing to
adopt, are those proposed in part
by his excellency Mr. Fox, contain.
ed in the letter which was addressed
to him on the 2d of June by the mi.
nister for foreign affairs, and repeat-
ed in the twelfth paragraph of the
present note.

His majesty the emperor of the
French, king of Italy, requires
nothing of Great Britain which can
be contrary to the interests of her
allies. Heis entitled to expect that
nothing will be exacted of him,
which can be contrary to the inter
ests of his own allies.

The undersigned is directed to
add, that he refers to what had been
prepared by the mutual efforts:of his

excellency the earl of Sarsiwatts,
and the undersigned.

If peace shall not be re-establishs
ed,it is not Francewho can be accuss
ed iat having changed, but England;
although peace between France and
Russia, and other events? unfayoure
able to Great Britaig haye taken

3C2 " plaed

756:

place since the negotiation was en-
tered upon and nearly brought to a
conclusion, in concert with his ex-
cellency the earl of Yarmouth.

The undersigned avails himself of
this opportunity to assure their ex-
cellencies the earls of Lauderdale
and Yarmouth of his high considera-
tion.

(Signed) Clarke.
Fifth Inclosure (E.) .
Copy of « Note from the Earls of

Lauderdale and Yarmouth, to Ge-

neral Clarke, dated August 9,

1806.

(Translation. )
Paris, August 9, 1806.

The undersigned plenipotentiaries
of his Britannic majesty cannot
allow themselves to enter into a de-
tailed consideration of the official
note, dated the Sth August, which
has just been delivered to them on
the part of his exceilency general
Clarke. From the manner in which
the different points, which form the
subject of this note are treated, it
would be impossible for them to dis-
cuss them with that calmness and
that regard to propriety, which the
character with which their sovereign
has invested them, demands. But the
subject of this note is of a nature, so
general and so foreign to the object
under discussion, that it would be
perfectly useless to take it into con-
sideration at the present moment.

The undersigned, the earl of Lau-
derdale,. far from thinking that the
manner of discussing in writing the
fundamental points of a negotiation
can in any shape encrease the diffi-
culty of coming to an understanding,
is on the cdntrary of opinion that he
already perceives evident proofs ef
its utility, imasmuch as the official
uote presented by him since his ar-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

rival has brought the negotiation to
an unequivocal issue, and has put an
end to those misunderstandings,
withovt doubt real, which kave
taken place, and which never could
have occurred if the same method
had been adopted at the commence-
ment of the negotiation.

The undersigned, the earl of Yar-
mouth, finds himself compelled to
recur to the manner in which it has
been stated to him, that he landed
at Calais invested with a public cha-
racter to treat for peace, He only
came to give in person and viva voce
the answer to a communication that”
he had been requested to make to
the English government, founded
upon the basis of the wéz posszdetis,
in conformity with the following
words of his excellency M. Talley-
rand ; *¢ We ask nothing from you ;”
accompanied with positive assur-
ances that the restitution of the pos-
sessions of his majesty in Germany
would meet with no opposition.
The same sentiment also recurs in
the letter from M. Talleyrand to
Mr. Fox of the first of April in
these terms: ‘* The emperor covets
nothing that England possesses.”

The earl of Yarmouth feels him-
self under an equal necessity of not
passing over in silence the remarks
made by his excellency general
Clarke, on the subject of the delays
of the negotiation, and of the fre-
quent communication by messen-
gers. The answers of his Britannic
majesty have ever been frank and
prompt; and if the number of mes.
sengers has been considerable, if
can only be attributed to motives
foreign to the wishes of his majesty.

Vhe undersigned the earls of Lau-
derdale and Yarmouth, can by.no
means subscribe to the opinion held’
out by his excellency general Clarke

in

S RATE.’ P AP E-R-S.

inthe said note, that the negotiation
«¢ had been begun and nearly

brought to a conclusion,” in ‘the

interval which elapsed between the
time when lord Yarmouth officially
communicated his full powers, and
the arrival of lord Lauderdale; on
the contrary, they consider the ne-
gotiation as having scarcely com-

- menced, Theconversations to which

allusion has been made, consisted,

_ on the part of the French plenipo-

_ proposed by France

tentaries, in making. demands which
the undersigned, the eatl of Yar-
mouth, has uniformly declared to be
inadmissible ; and on the part of

_ Jord Yarmouth in keeping strictly

within the bounds of the «di possi.
detis, not having any instructions on
the part of his government to admit
any other conditions of negotiation ;
conditions suggested by France in
the communication made by the earl
of Yarmouth, and previously an-
nounced in M. Talleyraud’s letter
of the first of April.

The undersigned earls of Lauder-

‘dale and Yarmouth think it unne-

cessary, in this"place, to repeat the
motives set forth in the official note

_ presented by lord Lauderdale, and

which induced his majesty to consi-
der the basis of the uti possidetis
peculiarly
applicable to the respective situation
of the two countries. It is to them
a subject of deep regret that, by
so absolute and decided a departure
from that basis on the part of the
French government, the hopes and
expectations of the two nations
must be entirely frustrated. »

- It only remains for the earls of
Lauderdale and Yarmouth to de-

clare, that his majesty, ever ready

to listen to just and honourable con-
ditions of peace, relies with confi-
dence upon the means. which he de-

757

rives from the loyalty and affection

of his subjects. He will never listen

to any proposals of negotiation

whatsoever, upon terms incompati-

ble with the honour of his crown

and the real interests of his subjects:
(Signed) Lauderdale.
Yarmouth.

Sixth Inclosure (F.) is a Copy of 4
Note from the Earls of Lauder-
dale and Yarmouth to M. Talley-
rand, dated August 9, 1806.—
Demanding their passports.

No. XXXVI.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earls of Lauderdale and Yarmouth
to Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris,
August 11th, 1806. — Received

August 13th
Paris, August 11, 1806.

In our last dispatch of the 9th
instant, we had the honour of in-
forming you, that on that evening
we had applied for passports to re-
turn. to England, and also for a
passport for a courier we intended
to have dispatched immediately.

We have only now to mention
that, on Sunday at eleven o’clock,
we sent the inclosure (marked A.)
renewing our demand; and that
this morning, having received noan-
swer to either application, the inclo-
sure (marked B.) was sent to M.
Talleyrand’s house, Rué-d’Anjou.
The courier Basilico, who carried
the note, returned soon after to in-
form us, that he was directed at M.
Talleyrand’s house to go to the
foreign office, where he accordingly
went; but was told that no commu.
nication would be received there
till between twelve and one.

We then begged of Mr. Goddard
to go himself to the foreign office,

.and deliver the letter; he found

3C.3 that

758

that the clerks had only just arrived,
and that M. Talleyrand was gone to
St. Cloud, not to return till four
o'clock.

At half after five we received from
Messrs, Clarke and Champagny an
official note (marked C.) Immedi-
ately upon the receipt of this note,
we wrote the inclosure (marked D.)
to M, Talleyrand, and received from
him at nine o’clock an answer
(marked E.), which is also inclosed.

The inclosure (marked F.) is the
reply to the official note which we
intend to send the momentit can be
copied.

Addition by the earl of Yarmouth.

Ag the French government has in
every instance admitted the exact-
ness of the communications made by
me, I beg leave, in addition to this
dispatch, to remark that the inten-
tion expressed to me by the French
government, as that which made
them prefer communicating through
my channel rather than on paper,
was the expressing to his majesty’s
government their readiness to restore
bis majesty’s German dominions én
foto, but that for obvious reasons
this could not be expressed on paper
till every other condition of the
treaty should be settled.

First Inclosure (A.) is a Copy of a
Note from the Karls of Lauderdale
and Yarmouth to M. Talleyrand,

- dated August 10,1806, demanding
passports.

Second Inclosure (B.) is a Copy ofa
Note from the Earls of Lauder-
dale and Yarmouth to M. Talley.
rand, dated August 11, 1806,—
Stating that passports were de-
manded for themselves on two
several days, and no answer re-
‘ ceived, and renewing the demand,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Third Inclosure (C.) -

Copy of a Note from Messrs. Cham-
pagny and Clarke to the Earls of
Lauderdale and Yarmouth, dateg
August 11, 1806.

( Translation.)
Paris, August 11, 1806,

The undersigned ministers pleni-+
potentiary of his majesty the em-
peror of the French, king of Italy,
have read with attention the note
dated the 9th of August, addressed
to them by their excellencies the
plenipotentiaries of his majesty the
king of the united kingdoms of
Great Britain and Ireland, in which
they again propose the uti possidetis
as the basis of the negotiation.

The French _ plenipotentiaries,
know not, whether, by the adop-
tion of this principle, England would
obtain the right of exacting from.
the French government for herself
and her allies, every restitution
which may suit her convenience,
without being bound to make any
restitution to France and her allies
of the conquests which she has
made. This demand would. be so
extraordinary, that it would be
equivalent to saying that France
should sign all the conditions which
it may please the English plenipo-
tentiaries to commit to writing.
One cannot suppose that such is
really the intention of the English
ministry. They have not sent,over
plenipetentiaries for the sole pur-
pose of requiring the admission of
an indefinite basis, which would
render them masters of all the con-
ditions of the treaty. In a. state of
things so obscure, the French ples

nipotentiaries demand such expla.

nations as may enable them to un-
derstand, and to proceed in the
negotiation, These consistin mak-
ing: known what are the conquests

which

~

STATE PAPERS.

whith England wishes to keep,
what are those which she will re-
store to France and her allies, and
what conquests of France she re-
quires to be restored. This will
unfold a system of compensation,
which may give a clear idea of the
principles and intentions of the
British cabinet. The French pleni-

_potentiaries will then know what

_ efigagements they contract in adopt.

Knowing

ing the basis which is proposed to
them ; for they can certainly never
eorsent to this adoption without
what is demanded of
them.

In laying down the principle of

__ uti posstdetis, have the English ple-
_ nipotentiaries had it in view to pro-
_ pose a means of exchange and of

compensation ? If this is their
meaning the emperor adopts it, be-
cause it appears to him conformable
to the two principles already agreed
upon by both parties, in the Jetters
of the French minister for foreign

' affairs, and of the English secretary
__ of state for the department of foreign

~

~
+ 4

by Mr.
_ 26th March last, ‘‘ that the object

affairs, viz.
Ist, To the principle laid down
Fox in his letter of the

of both parties ought to be that the
peace should be honourable for
both, and their respective allies ;
and at the same time of a nature to

_ifisure, as far as should be in their
power, the future tranquillity of
_ Europe.”

2d, To the principle subjoined to

_ the preceding by the minister for

foreign affairs, in his letter of the

_ 2d June following, which consists
_ of an acknowledgment, in favour of

the two parties, of the full right of in-
tervention and of guaranty in conti-
nental and in maritime affairs.

The undersigned talae this oppor-

7359

tunity of renewing to their excellen-
cies the plenipotentiaries of his ma-
jesty the king of the united kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the
assurance of their high considera~
tion.

(Signed) Champagny.
Clarke,

Fourth Inclosure (D.)
This letter declines answering
the note, and mentions the delay of
passports,

Fifth Inclosure(E.)—Is acopy of a
note from M. Talleyrand, to the
earls of Lauderdale and Yar-
mouth, dated August 11, 1806,
apoligizing for the delay of pass.
ports,

Sixth Inclosure (F.)

Copy of a Note from the Earls of
Lauderdale and Yarmouth to
Messrs. Champagny and Clarke,
dated August 11, 1806.

(Translation. )
Paris, August 11, 1806.
11 o'clock, P.M.

The undersigned plenipotel tiaries
of his Britannic majesty would not
have delayed their answer to the
note of this day’s date, addressed to
them by their excellencies the pleni-
potentiaries of the French govern.
ment; but as their reiterated de-
mands to his excellency the minis-
ter for foreign affairs for passports
even for their messenger, remained
unanswered, they thought it right
first to ascertain whether they were
still to enjoy an open and uninter-
rupted communication with their go.
vernment, such as,in similar cases,
has always been permitted by every
government in Europe.

The explanations which the un-
dersigned have received from his exe

gC 4 cellency

760

cellency the minister for foreign af-
fairs, induce them to hope that a like
delay will,on no occasion whatever,
again take place.

After having maturely considered
the note of their excellencies the
plenipotentiaries of the French go-
vernment, the undersigned have to
remark, that the British govern-
ment, far from pretending to ‘‘ exact
from the French government every
restitution which may suit their
convenience, without being bound
to make any restitution to France,”
never expressed any other wish than
that of treating with the French go-
vernment on the basis which was
proposed to them by Trance her-
self ; as it is expressed in the note
of Jord Lauderdale, viz. ** to treat
generally upon the basis of uti pos-
sidetis, which was to be scrupulous-
ly observed, except in the case of
Hanover, which was proposed to be
ceded to his Britannic majesty with
all its dependencies.”

They must also observe, that if it
were possible to mistake the result
which would necessarily follow from
this principle, the verbal discussions
which Look place on the 9th instant,

between the I'rench plenipotentiaries

and the undersigned, leave no room,

for doubt, whether the propo-ition
thus laid down was perfeetly un-
derstood by those plenipotentiarics.

The undersigned have therefore
only to repeat, that they cannot,
consistently with the instructions of
their government, do otherwise than
insist upon the previous recognition
of this principle. It ison this con-
dition alone that they are authorized
to continue the negotiation.

As soon as this principle shall be
agreed io, the undersigned will be
ready to precced te the discussion of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the other points mentioned in the
note of lord Lauderdale.

It only remains for the under-
signed to add, that if the French go-
vernment expresses a disposition to
adhere to the proposal, such as his
Britannic majesty utderstands it to
have been made by them, they shall
congratulate themselves as on a most
fortunate- event; an event which
promises, (according to the expres-
sion of Mr. Fox, quoted by their
excellencies,) ‘* a peace honourable
for the two nations, and at the same
time of a nature to insure the future
tranquillity of Europe.”

(Signed) Lauderdale.
Yarmouth,

No. XX XVII.

Extract from a Dispatch from. Mr.
Secretary Fox to the Earls of Lau.
derdale and Yarmouth, dated
Downing -street, dugust 14, 1806.
Downing-street, August 14, 1806.

My Lorps,

The messenger, Basilico, arrived
here early this morning, with the,
dispatches with which your lord
ships had. charged him; and, al-
though it appears most. probable,
that, before he caw again reach
Paris, your lordships will be no
longer there, yet, as there is still a
possibility, from the last note from
the French plenipotentiaries, that
the negotiation may proceed on the
basis pointed out for it by your in-
structions, it has been judged pro-
per that no time should_be lost in
redispatching him, in order that you
may be apprised of his majesty’s
full approbation of the tenour of the
different notes which have been de-
livered on your part since the earl
ot Lauderdale’s arrival at Paris. As
no other point but that of the ge-

3 neral

SiT ATE PA‘PLE R’S.

meral basis of negotiation has yet
been brought into.discussion, no-
thing need be added tp the for-
mer instructions, by which the
‘course of any further discussions
that may take place is still to be
entirely guided.

No. XXXVIII.
Copy of a Dispatch from Mr. Sccre-
tary Fox to the Earls of Lauder-

a dale and Yarmouth, dated Down-

mg-street, August 14, 1800.

_ Downing- street, August 14, 1806.

ee My Lords,

His majesty’s servants have ob-
served, from the dispatches received
this day, that some insinuation has

= thrown out by the-French go-
_Yernment, of a disposition on the
part of this country to gain some
unfair advantage by the employment

fe of two plenipotentiaries in the pre-
Sent discussions. That government
has since taken the obvious mode of

* counteracting this advantage (if any
_ such there was)by naming, on their

a part also, asecond plenipotentiary.

But, the king’s government is desi-

_rous, while it adheres steadily to the

‘substance of those points which are

thought fit to he insisted on for the

honour and interest of his majesty’s

‘crown, to leave no pretence for cavils

asto the form in which these dis-

-Cussions are carried on, ‘The ad-

: vantage which was to be looked to

rom the personal share which the

earl of Yarmouth originally had in

; these transactions, as the bearer of
the overtures made by France, has

“now ceased ; and, while his lordship

GY, has, on the one hand, properly re-

corded his decisive testimony as to
ae thereality of these overtures, aud

asto the exact terms of peace so

13

7 =

761

offered, the French government has,
on the other hand, not only refused
to adhere to those offers, but has ex-
pressly declared, that they never
can even have entered into their
thoughts. ‘* * Jamais il n’ a pu
venir dans la pensée de sa majesté
Pempereur des Francois Roi @
Italie de prendre pour base de la né-
gociation |’ utz possidetis.”

In this state of things, the kiug’s
servants are uot aware of any be-
nefits that would be likely to result
to his majesty’s service from impos-
ing on lord Yarmouth any further
duty in this respect; nor do they
wish that any such ground for cavil
as I have before alluded to, however
unfounded it would be, should be
left to the enemy.

They have, therefore, submitted
it as their humble advice to his ma-
jesty, that, in ease of thecontinu-
ance of the negotiations, the French
minister should be informed, that
they will henceforth be conducted
by the earl of Lauderdale alone, the
earl of Yarmouth having obtained
his majesty’s gracious permission to
return to England ; but that, his ma-'
jesty does not, on his part, make
any objection to lerd Lauderdale’s
treating with both the persons who
have been named by the French go-'
vernment for that trust:—A proof
perfectly decisive, in all its parts,
that no unfair advantage, suchas the
French government appears to ap-
prehend, can have been in the king’s
contemplation.

Iam, &c.
C. J: Fox.

No. XXXIX.
Copy of « Dispatch from the Earl of
Lauderdale to, Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated

* Tt never could have entered into the thoughts of his ereeey the emperor
_ @f the French, king of Italy, to take for basis of the negotiation, the ti possidetis.

762

dated Paris, August 16, 1806.—
Recetved August 19. ;
Paris, 16 August, 1806.
Sir,

The note to the plenipotentiaries
of the French government, dated
the Lith, of which a copy marked
(F') was sent inmy dispatch of the
1tth instant, was delivered early in
the morning of the 12th, as.you
will see from the inclosed receipt
(marked A.)

No answer having been received,
it was thought proper, on the 14th,
to send to his excellency the minis-
ter for foreign affairs, a letter, of
_ acopy is alsoinclosed (marked

)

No answer to the official note
transmitted to the plenipotentiaries
of the French government on the
morning of the 12th, has yet been
given; and general Clarke, upon
whom lord Yarmouth and I waited
this morning merely for the purpose
of shewing him a mark of attention,
informed us, that it was in the pos-
session of the emperor, who had not
as yet signified his pleasure on the
subject.

At one e’clock we received a note
from M. Talleyrand (marked C.),
and nearly at the same time ano-
ther (marked D.), from general
Clarke,

Copies of both these are herewith
transmitted.

I think it evident from what ge-
neral Clarke says, that no commu-
nication will be made for two days.

There is perhaps nothing suffi-
ciently important to authorize my
sending a courier. Indeed, my prin-
eipal motive for doing so is to quiet
the anxiety which you naturally
feel from receiving no information
for so many days, coucerning the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

state of a transaction so iniportant
in its consequences, —
Ihave the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

First Inclosure (A.)—Is a copy of
a receipt, dated August 12, 1806.
Unimportant.

Second Iticlosure (B.)

Copy of a Note from the Earls of
Lauderdale and Yarmouth to M.
Talleyrand, dated August 14,
1806.

(Translation.)
Paris, August 14, 1806.
2 o'clock, P. M.
Sir,

We think it our duty to acquaint
your excellency, that early in the
morning of the 12th. instant, we
transmitted to their excellencies the
French plenipotentiaries, a note in
answer to that of their excellencies
received on the 11th instant. In.
this answer, we endeavoured again
to set forth the points which appear-
ed to us to require, in some form or
other, a previous explanation, toau-
thorize us, in conformity to our in.
structions, to pursue the present ne-
gotiation.

The silence of their excellencies'
the plenipotentiaries in this respect,
gives us reason to presume that we
must nof, at the present moment,
expect such av explanation on their
part.

Impressed with this idea, we de-
sire to put an end to the general ex.
pectation of both nations, consider-
ing the slight appearance there is of
seeing it realized. We feel that the
demand which we make, under sach
circumstances, of passports for our
return, may be susceptible of inter-
pretations of a nature to retard the

happy

happy moment when the views of
the French government shall ap-
proach nearer to those which it had
been supposed to entertain. It is
in order to prevent the possibility of
such a misinterpretation, that we
think it incumbent on us to assure
your excellency, thata step which
would have the effect of causing any
obstacle to the renewal of the nego-
tiation, would be very far from our
intention, though, from the reasons
which we have detailed, we find our-
selves obliged to put an end toour
‘mission.
_ Itonly remains for us to assure
your excellency, thatif, fortunately
for both nations, it should hap.
= that we have been mistaken
n the inference which we have
drawn from the silence of the French
plenipotentiaries, we will wait dur-
‘inga reasonable time for the expla-
nations which their excellencies may
_haye to communicate to us. Inor-
der, however, to prevent the repe-
tition of a demand, as painful for us
to make, as it wanld be for your
“exeellency to receive, in case the ne-
iations should not have a favour-
“able issue, we request you to furnish
us with the necessary passports for
us and our suite, to be made use of
_ according to circumstances.
_ We have the honour to renew to
your excellency the assurances of
r high consideration,
y _ (Signed)
&
‘Third Inclosure (C.)—Is.a copy of
anote from M. Talleyrand to the
_ earls of Lauderdaleand Yarmouth,

dated August 10, 1806. Unim-
_ portant.

Lauderdale.
Yarmouth.

Fourth Inclosure (D.)—Is a copy
ef a note from general Clarke to

STATE! PAPERS

763

the earls of Lauderdale and Yare
mouth, dated August 16, 1806.
Unimportant.

No. XL.

Copyof a Dispatch from the Earl of
Lauderdale to Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated Paris, August 17, 1806.—
Received August 22.

Paris, August 17, 1806.
Sir,

I take the opportunity of lord
Yarmouth’s return to England, to
inform you that in consequence of
his majesty’s pleasure signified in
your dispatch of the 14th instant, I
this morning wrote to his excellency
the minister for foreign affairs,
stating to him, that lord Yarmouth
had his majesty’s permission to re-
turn to England ; and that his ma-
jesty had been graciously pleased,
in the event of the negotiation pro-
ceeding, to confine the future ma-
nagement of it solely to me.

About eleven o’clock, M. de
Champagny and general Clarke
paid me a visit of ceremony ; lord.
Yarmouth happened to be with me
atthetime; and we mentioned to’
them the change that had taken
place, and shewed them the note
which I was just about to dispatch,
and a copy of which is enclosed.

The object of the visit was merely
to ask the plenipotentiaries, and the
gentlemen attached to the mission to
dinc with M. de Champagny to-
morrow.

Nothing whatever was said that
related to the negotiation, and I be-
lieve no answer will be given either
toethe note of the 1lith, or to the
note sent to the minister for foreign
affairs on the 14th, till the emperor’s
return from Rambouillet, which, .
they informed me to-day, was un-
certain, ‘The modein which I have

mentioned

764

mentioned tothe minister for forcign
affairs his majesty’s permission to
lord Yarmouth to return to Eng.
Jand seemed to me calculated to af-
ford as little opportunity as pos-
sible to the French government to
cavil about a change of form in the
mission.

I think it proper to add, that in
doing this, every facility was afford.
ed by lord Yarmouth, who in the
handsomest manner desired me on
this,as on other occasions, to con-
sider Only what J thought most ad.
vantageous for the public service.

I have the hononr to be, Sir, &c.

Lauderdale.

Inclosure in No. 46.—Is a copy of
a note from the earl of Lauder-
dale to M. Talleyrand, dated
August 17, 1806, announces lord
Yarmouth’s intention to return to
Fingland with his majesty’s assent,
and lord Lauderdale’s remaining.

No, XLI.

Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.
Sccretary For to the Earl of
Lauderdale, dated Downing-strect,
August 23, 1806.

Downing-strect, Augast 23, 1806.
My Lord,

The contents of your last dis-

patches do not appear to require
_ any particular answer, and this mes-
senger is sentback only that you may
be enabled to keep us regularly in-
formed: (so long as you shall still
continue at Paris) of the stato of the
negotiation there.

If, on thé arrival of any intelli-
gence of the decisioh of Russia not
‘to ratify without the consent of this
court, the. French goveromeat
should increase their offers in order
to separate his majesty from the em.
peror of Russia, your lordship is on

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. “

all such occasions to observe, that if”
is M. d’Oubril’s treaty alone that.
has released his majesty from the

obligation not to separate in sub-
stance his treaty from that of Russia; —
an obligation to which his majesty
had determined scrupulously to ad-
here, and from which, even in point —
of form, he had departed no farther ~
_than he had learnt to be the wish of

Russia herself. Should, therefore,
M. d’Oubril’s treaty not be ratified, —
the two courts wouldrevert to their
former situation, with the additional

bond of union which would result
from the mutual proofs they would
thus have afforded to each other of:
their resolution to adhere invari-

ably to the spirit and principles of
their alliance.

No. XLII.

Copy of a Dispatch from Lord Lau.
derdale to Mr. Secretary For, |
dated Paris, August 25, 1806.—
Received September 3.

Sir, Paris, August 25, 1806.
In my dispatch of the 16th in-
stant, 1 had the honour of trans-
mitting to you a copy ofa letter
sent by Jord Yarmouth and myself,
on the 14th instant, to the minister
of foreign affairs.
{ have now to inform you that
my desire to combine with firmness
the utmost degree of forbearance ~
that appeared to me consistent with
the character with which his ma-
jesty has been pleased to invest me,
induced me patiently to suffer the
silence of zhc French government,
without remark, from the 14th till
the 22d, when I transmitted to the
minister for foreign affairs a note,
of which I have the honour to in-

close you a copy, marked (A.)

No notice having been taken of
this note by his excellency, I have
this

this morning sent a second note, of
which 1 have also the honour to in-
close acopy, marked (B.) '

I have the honour to be, &c.
: (Signed) Lauderdale.
The right hon. C. J. Fox.

First Inclosure (A.)
Copy of a Note from the Earl of
_ Lauderdale to M. Talleyrand,
"dated August 22, 1806.
(Translation.)
Paris, August 22, 1806.

2 ie

Sir,
The undersigned, minister pleni-
Bitcntiary of his Britannie majesty,
finds himself under the necessity, of
calling to the attention of his ex-
ellency the minister for foreign af-
ics ; :.
ist, That in the morning of the
‘12th instant, a note, signed by the
‘undersigned and the earl of Yar-
mouth, and dated the 11th, was
transmitted to his excellency general
Clarke, in which the undersigned
observed, ‘‘ The British govern-
ment, far from pretending to exact
from the French government every
‘restitution which may suit their con-
‘Yenience, without being bound to
make any restitution to France,
ever expressed any other wish than
at of treating with the French go-
Be on the basis which was
proposed to her by France herselt ;
it is expressed i in the note of lord
Tastes viz. to treat generally
ipon the basis of uéz possidetis, which
was to be scrupulously observed,
except in the case of Hanover, which
‘Was proposed to be ceded to his Bri-
ba majesty, with all its depen-
neies. ‘They must also observe,
that if it were possible to mistake
the result which would necessarily
follow from this principle, the ver-
discussions which took place on

STATE PAPERS.

765

the 9th instant, between the French
plenipotentiaries and the undersign-
ed, leave no room for doubt, whe-
ther the proposition thus laid down
was perfecily understood by those
plenipotentiaries.

‘¢ The undersigned have, there-
fore, only to repeat, that they can-
not, consistently with the instruc-
tions of their government, do other-
wise than insist upon the previous
recognition of this principle. It is
on this condition alone that they are
authorized to continue the negotia-
tion.”

Qndly, That on the 14th instant,
the undersigned, together with ‘the
earl of Yarmouth, had again the ho-
nour to state in writing to his excel-
lency the minister for foreign affairs,
‘¢ The silence of their excellencies,
the plenipotentiaries, in this respect,
gives us reason to presume that we
must not, at the present moment,
expect such an explanation on_ their
part.

‘¢ Impressed with this idea, we
desire to put an end to the general
expectation of both nations, consi-
dering the slight appearanee there is
of seeing it realized. We feel that
the demand which we make, under
such circumstances, of passports for
our return, may be susceptible of
interpretations of a nature to retard
the happy moment, when the views
of the French government shall ap-
proach nearer to those whith it had
been supposed to entertain. It ia
in order to prevent the possibility of
such a misinterpretation, that we
think it incumbent on us to assure
your excellency, that a step which
would have the effeét of causing any
obstacle to the renewal of the nego-
tiation, would be very far from our
intention, though, from the reasons
which we have detailed, we find our-

Selves

766

selves ebliged to put an end to our
mission.”?

The undersigned, on finding that
no answer was made to these com-
munications, persuaded himself that
this delay might proceed from dispo-
sitions favourable to the progress of
the negotiation, and that he should
be at length rewarded by an answer
conformable to this expectation;
even when he found that no answer
arrived, he still persevered in acon-
duét, which must have incontestibly
proved the sincerity of the desire he
had evinced, to receive explanations
which might enable him to follow
up the objeéts of his mission, But
if, so early as the 14th instant, the
undersigned, together with the earl
of Yarmouth, found himself obliged
to observe to his excellency, the mi-
nister for foreign affairs, that he
feared, (from the silence of their ex-
cellencies, the French plenipotentia-
ries) that no answer would be given
on the subjeét; and if, at that pe-
riod, they thought it incumbent on
them to declare the necessity they
were under, in pursuance of their
sovercign’s orders, of demanding
passports for their departure, the
undersigned has no occasion to re-
mark to his excellency the minister
for foreign affairs, how imperiously
the fresh delays that have taken
place since that date, prescribed to
the undersigned the pressing renew-
al of this demand.

The undersigned must at the same
time add, that, net being able to
persuade himself, that in casean un-
favourable answer had been intend-
ed, his excellency the minister for
foreign affairs, would have so long
deferred the adoption of the only
alternative, namely, the sending
passports, he does not even now
, give up the hope of a renewal of the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

proposal, such as the ministers of

his Britanic majesty understood it to

have been made on the part of the

French government, since it is thus”

alone that the expeétation of both”

nations can at last be realized. Even
if these hopes should not be well —
founded, the undersigned will never —
regret a delay which has afforded”
him the opportunity of manifesting, ©
in an unequivocal manner, the sin-—
cere desire of a solid and honoura-
ble peace, which his majesty has
never ceased to entertain, and of —
which his majesty has given the most
convincing proof, in authorizing the
undersigned to negotiate on the basis
proposed, in the first instance, by

France. [t is with this view that

the undersigned has borne so long a

state of uncertainty, without making

the least observation on the wanes
countable delay.

The undersigned, in now request. —
ing his excellency, the minister for ~
foreign affairs, to transmit to him
provisionally, and for the purpose
of being made use of in the cases al.
ready pointed out, passports for
himself and his suite, conceives that
he has adopted the only means for
preventing the necessity he might ~
otherwise find himself under (if he
was forced to repeat this demand)
of accompanying it by representa-.
tions, suchas would be authorised
by the law of nations, and by the
dignity of his sovercign.

(Signed) Lauderdale.
Second Inclosure (B.)

Copy of a Note from the Earl of Lau.
derdalé to M. Talleyrand, dated
August 25, 1806.

(Translation.)
Paris, August 25, 1806.

The silence still maintained by
their excellencies the French pleni-

potentiaries,

+; SPATE PAPERS.

otentiarics, as well as by his excel-

Tency the minister for foreign affairs,

after the official note delivered by
the undersigned and the earl of Yar-
mouth on the 11th instant, after the

letter addressed to his excellency,
the minister for foreign aflairs, on
the 14th instant ; and after the offi-
cial note of the undersigned, dated
the 22d instant, appears clearly to
announce, that the French govern-
ment has abandoned every wish for
peace, on the conditions which they
themselves had, in the first instance,
proposed ; and which the undersign-
ed has uniformly declared to be the

- sole basis on which he was autho.
rised to negotiate with that govern.
ment.

‘In this state of affairs, the under-
signed cannot flatter himself with the
possibility of any advantage result-
ing from the prolongation of his stay
at Paris; he feels, too, that farther
delay would necessarily give to both
nations, and to all Europe, reason
to believe, that peace, the objeét of

_ their desires, is on the point of be.
ing concluded, at the very moment
when all reasonable hope of attain-

_ ing it, appears to be completely at

an end. .

The undersigned, strongly im,
‘pressed with this idea, finds himself
obliged to terminate his mission, by

making to his exeellency the minis-
ter for foreignaffairs, the formal de-
mand of passports for his return into
the presence of his sovereign.

At the same time, and in confor-
mity with the spirit of conciliation,
which has constantly characterised
his whole conduét since his arrival
at Paris, the undersigned, at the mo-

ment when he feels himself obliged
by his instructions to demand his
passports, cannot resolve to prevent
the possibility of a communication

767

on the part of the French govern.
ment, of a nature to enable him to
carry on the negotiation, although
from the continued silence of. that
government, he can scarcely retain
hopes of so favourable an issue.

It will not, therefore, be until the
morning of Wednesday the 27th in-
stant, that the undersigned will have
the honour of calling on his excel-
lency the minister for foreign affairs,
for the purpose of making a formal
and definitive demand of the neces-
sary passports for himself and suite.
He has only to add, that the passports
which he proposes to demand, will
be for his immediate return, and not
to be made use of according to cir-
cumstances, as. he lately demanded
them.

(Signed) . Lauderdale.
No. XLII.
Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of

Lauderdale to Mr. Secretary Fox,

dated August 29, 1806.— Received

September 3.

Paris, August 29, 1806.
Sir,

in my last dispatch, dated Augus¢
25th, I had the honour of stating to
you the detail of the negotiation till
the afternoon of that day. At
eleven o’clock at night, I received
from the plenipotentiaries of France
a note, intimating their desire of
having a conference on the subje
of the note written by lord Yar-
mouth and myself, on the 11th of
thementh. Of this, as wellas ef the
answer agreeing to the proposal, I
have the honour to inclose copies,
(marked A. and B,)

On the 26th, at the hour appoint.
ed, I went to the office of the minis.
ter of the interior, where I found
M. de Champagny and generaJ
Clarke, the two plenipotentiaries of

the

768
the French government. The gene-
ral result of what passed, nnpressed
me with the conviétion, that the

French plenipotentiaries no longer
thought on making peace, upon the

grounds of which Trance was un-

derstood to desire it, at the time of
Jord Yarmouth’s communication ;
and I am confident, that the part I
bore in the discussion, thoroughly
satisfied them, that I was resolved
firmly to adhere to the ground
which I had taken in the note of the
11th, on which f was invited to hear
their remarks.

The hour of dinner terminated
our conference, a renewal of which,

on any day I should name, was, af,

ter dinner, anxiously solicited by M.
de Champagny. I objected to it, as
apparently unnecessary, and only
calculated to protraét my stay in this
country, to ne purpose ; but, before
I left him, expressed my willingness
tocomply once more with the wishes
of the French plenipotentiaries, as a
farther mark of my anxiety to do
any thing which even they could
think had a tendency to produce
that peace, which his majesty was so
anxious to accomplish on equitable
terms : and another meeting was fix-
ed, to take place on Friday the 29th
at three o’clock.

Late on the evening of the 26th,
J waited on the minister for foreign
affairs, for the purpose of informing
him, that, at the request of the ple-
nipotentiaries of France, I had a-
greed to a renewal of the conference.
He had gone to St. Cloud, and, as
by the minister’s absence, I had no
opportunity of explaining my rea-
sons for not waiting on him, for the
purpose of asking passports, as an-
nounced in my note of the 25th, I
thought it right, early next morning

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

‘that, within eight and forty hours,

to send a letter, of which a copy is
inclosed, (marked C.) ty

On the 27th, after dinner, I had a’
very long conference with the minis-
ter for foreign affairs, the substance
of which confirmed me in the opini-
on I had antecedently formed, in
consequence Of what passed at the
meeting with the plenipotentiaries of
France, that there is at present no
disposition to make peace on the
terms tendered for his majesty’s ac«
ceptance; and I am convinced you
will have the same impression, when
I state to you that M. Talleyrand,
in the course of our conversation,
repeatedly made use of the following
marked expression : ** Jamais ? Em.
pereur ne cedera un grain de pous-
siere du territoire Francois.”

In the course of this conference,
the minister frequently alluded to
the situation of Hanover, and stated

its fate must be determined for ever,
He seemed much surprised that no.
thing appeared to make any impres-
sion on me, frequently repeating,
that, in getting the Cape, Malta, and
his majesty’s Hanoverian dominions,
1] should make a glorious peace; and
assuring me, that if this opportunity
should be lost, he did. not foresee
any means by which peace could
be ever attained, as the emperor was
determined to make war all his life,
rather than yield any part of the ter-
ritory of France, the integrity of

which he had sworn to maintain.
Our conversation ended, by my
assuring him, at the time I was about
to retire, that while these sentiments
continued to prevail in this country,
it was impossible peace should be
made, and that, with the knowledge
I now possessed of the opinions en-
tertained by the French govern-
‘ ~~ “ment,

>.<

STATE; PAPERS

ment, I could not acquit myself of

trifling, if I should remain any
longer to carry on what I must con-
sider as a farce.

After a full consideration of all
that has taken place, I have, there-
fore, this morning, resolved to bring

_ things to a point, by delivering to
the plenipotentiaries of France, the
detailed note, of which I inclose a
copy (marked D.)

Tam, &e.
(Signed) Lauderdale.
First Inclosure (A.)

Copy of a Note from Messrs. Cham-

pagny and Clarke to the Earl of

Lauderdale, dated August 25th, -

1806.
(Translation, )
Paris, 25th August, 1806.

The plenipotentiaries of Kis ma-
jesty the emperor of the French,
king of Italy, wishing to confer
with his excellency the earl of Lau-
derdale, his Britannic majesty’s ple-
nipotentiary, upon the subject of

_the last note* his excellency ad-
dressed to them, request his lord-
ship will call at the office of the

ister of the interior to-mor-
row, about three o’clock in the
afternoon, where they will meet,
provided the hour is convenient to

_ his excellency.

M. de Champagny has the honour
ef inviting the earl of Lauderdale
to dine with him after the confer.
ence, and hopes that his excellency
will bring with him to dinner,
Messrs. Goddard, Stewart, and

’ Maddison.

The French plenipotentiaries
have the honour of repeating, to his
excellency lord Lauderdale, the

Vou. XLVIII.

769

assurances of their high conside«

ration.
(Signed) Champagny.

Clarke.

Second Inclosure (B.) —Is a Copy
of a Note from the Earl of
Lauderdale to Messrs. Champagny
and Clarke, dated Aug. 25, 1806.
—Unimportant.

Third Inclosure (C.)
Copy of a Note from the Earl of
Lauderdale to M.. Talleyrand,
dated Paris, 27th August, 1806.

(Translation. )

Sir, Paris, Aug. 27, 1806.
I called yesterday evening at your —

excellency’s house, that 1 might
have the honour of seeing you, and
informing you that, in consequence
of the request which was yesterday
made to me by their excellencies the
French plenipotentiaries, of another
conference on Friday next, the 29th
inst. Ihave postponed my demand
for passports, which I intended to
make this day to your excellency.
Their excellencies the French pleni-
potentiaries appeared to attach so
much importance to my consenting
to another interview, that I gave
with pleasure this new pledge of the
pacific and conciliatory spirit by
which IJ have ever been guided ; and
if I cannot flatter myself that there
will result from this demand the
prospect of a happy issue to the ne~
gotiation, [ shall at least have the
satisfaction of having again mani-
fested, in the most unequivocal man.
ner, how much my personal senti-
ments agree in this respect with
those of my government, and with
what

* Lord Lauderdale’s note of the 11th inst. vide p, 759,

770

what eagerness I avail myself of
every opportunity of giving to the
persons, with whom this negocia-
tion has procured me the advan-
tage of being acquainted, fresh
marks of the distinguished senti-
ments which I shall never cease, un-
der any circumstances, to entertain
towards them.
Lam, &c.
(Signed) — Lauderdale.
Fourth Inclosure (D.)

Copy of a Note from the Earl
of Lauderdale to Messrs. Cham-
pagny and Clarke, dated August
29, 1806.

(Translation. )
Paris, 29th August, 1806.

The undersigned plenipotentiary
of his Britannic majesty, being on
the point of renewing with their ex-
cellencies the French plenipoten-
tiaries the conference of the 26th
inst. thinks himself obliged to lay
before their excellencies the state of
the negotiation, such as it stood af-
ter the note transmitted on the part
of the undersigned and of the earl
of Yarmouth,. on the 12th instant.
Their excellencies, the French ple-
nipotentiaries, will perceive from
this statement, that the discussion ‘is
come toa point which will no longer
permit the undersigned to continue
it, unless, by the admission of the
only basis on which he is authorised
to negotiate, their excellencies should
afford him fresh motives to justify
such a determination.

In the offcial note transmitted to
their excellencies the French pleni-
potentiaries, on the 12th of August,
it was observed to them, ‘* That
the British government, far from pre-
tending to ¢ exact from the French
government, every restjtution which
may suit their convenience, without

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

being bound to make any restita-
tion to France,’ never expressed
any other wish than that of treating
with the French government on the
basis which was proposed to her by
France herself ; as it is expressed in
the note of lord Lauderdale, viz. to
treat generally on the basis of uéé pos-
sidetis, which was to be scrupulously
observed, except in the case of
Hanover, which was proposed to be
ceded to his Britannic majesty, with
all its dependencies.”

‘¢ That even ifit were possible to
mistake the result which would ne-
cessarily follow from this principle,
the verbal discussions which took
place on the 9th inst. between the
Vrench plenipotentiaries and the
undersigned, leave no room for
doubt, whether the proposition thus
laid down was perfectly understood
by those plenipotentiaries.

‘¢ The undersigned have, there-
fore, only to repeat, that they can-
not, consistently with the instructions
of their government, do otherwise
than insist upon the previous recog-
nition of this principle. It is on
this condition alone that they are
authorized to continue the negotia«
tion.” ;

This note remained without
answer till the 25th of that month,
when their excellencies the French
plenipotentiaries informed the un-
dersigned by a letter, that, ‘* ‘The
plenipotentiaries of his majesty the
emperor of the French, king of
Italy, wishing-to confer with his ex-
cellency the earl of Lauderdale, his
Britannic majesty’s plenipotentiary,
upon the subject of the last note his

_exeellency addressed to them, re-

quest his lordship will eallat the of-
fice of the minister of the interior
to-morrow, about three o’clock in
the afternoon, where they will meet,

provided

"s

i SP OPS

i STATE

provided the hour is convenient to
his excellency.”

~ The undersigned forbears making
any observations on the length of
the interval which elapsed between
the sending the note of the 11th,
and the period when it was an-
swered ; as well as on the manner
in which their excellencies avoided
entering into discussion in writing
on the contents of that note, accord-
ing to the usage of all times, and of
all countries, whenever aflairs of
such importance are in question.
He confines himself to remark that,
when after'so long adelay, and the
undersigned accepted an invitation
from their excellencies to renew the
discussions, in the hope of receiving
at length the decision of the French
government, on the conteits of the
Official note of the 11th, the con-
ference appeared to tend on the part
of their excellencies the French ple-
nipotentiarics solely to engage the
undersigned to present the detailed
project of a treaty.

The undersigned, jointly with the
earl of Yarmouth, had already, in
the note of the 11th inst. formally
declared, that, until France had
adopted the basis, such as the Bri-
tish government understood it to
have been originally proposed by
her, le could not enter into a de-
tailed negotjation. If, indeed, the
undersigned could have forgot him-
self so far, as to accede to the pro-
position made at the last conference

_ by their excellencies the French ple-

nipotentiaries, it would not only
have been necessary, for that pur-
pose, that he should have abandoncd
the only conditions which his in-
Structions authorized him to admit
as the basis of the negotiation, but
moreover that he should expose him.
self to a manifest contradiction, in

PLA PERS. 771

presenting at first an entire project
of a treaty, the details of which were
to result from the negotiation itself ;
a negotiation which the undersigned
had declared that he could not enter
upon, till after a previous acknow-
ledzment of the basis in question.
In this state of things the under-
signed, after having attended, con-
formably to the desire of their ex-
cellencies the French plenipoten-
tiaries, at the conferences which
they proposed to him; after having
maturely reflected on all the com-
munications which he has received
from their excellencies, and thus
fully convinced himself, that the
present views of the French govern-
ment are far different from’ those
which his Britannic majesty had a
right to expect from them; in a
word, that the continuance of the
present negotiation can henceforth
have no other effect than that of
keeping up, in both nations, a hope
which cannot be realized, the under-
signed thinks it his duty formally to
declare to their excellencies the
French plenipotentiaries, the reso-
lution which -he has taken, in con.
formity to the instructions of his
sovereign, to put an end to his mis-
sion. The admission, in writing, of
the basis so often brought forward
by the undersigned, can alone occa-
sion a change in this determination.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

No. XLIV.

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Lauderdale to Mr. Secre-
tary Fox, dated Paris, August
30th, 1806.~— Received Sept. 3.

Sir, Paris, Aug. 30th, 1806.
When I reflect on the contents of
the dispatch 1 had the honour of
making up for you yesterday, I can-
not help anticipating the Surprise
3D2 with

772

with which you must receive the
intelligence, that I am now under
an engagement to renew the con-
ference with the plenipotentiaries
‘of France on Thursday, the 4th of
September.

On going yesterday, at three
o’clock, to the office of the minister
of the interior, I confess { did not
foresee the possibility of any thing
occurring that could prevent my ex-
ecuting the resolution I had formed,
of demanding passports this morning,
and of returning immediately to
England. I trust I need scarcely
assure you, that I haye as strong an
impression as any man ¢an have, of
the bad consequences that may at.
tend exhibiting any thing which
looks like versatility of conduct ;
and yet, under the circumstances in
which I found myself placed, [ am
satisfied I had no choice, and that I
¢ould not refuse, with propriety, the
solicitations of the French plenipo-
tentiaries to renew the conference.

At the commencement of our in-
terview I perceived a disposition to
greater cordjality than I had hitherto
experienced. To M. de Cham-
pagny’s inquiry, whether they had
been fortunate enough, by what they
had said, to induce me to deliver the
project of a treaty, I answered, by
recalling to his recollection the rea-
sons J had formerly stated, for de-
clining such a proceeding, till the
basis that had originally been pro-
posed, was again formally recog-
nized ; and I informed him, that, in
order ta give them an accurate view
ef my conception of the subject, I
had prepared a nete which I wished
to submit to them, delivering to
them the note, a copy of which {
had the honour of inclosing in my
dispatch of August 29th.

After reading this note, and ob-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

serving in general that they did not‘
know whether, if we should come to
a particular explanation, we might
not arrive at a conclusion coincident
in its effect with the object I had in
view, when I insisted on the general
principle, they entered into a de-
tail with respect to the necessity of
some immediate determination on
the subject of Hanover, and after-
wards stated their views as to the
French possessions in the East In-
dies, the Dutch colonies, St. Lucie,
and Tobago; on all of which they
talked in a style so perfectly dif-
ferent from any thing I had before
heard, that I should not be more
surprised if, at our next conference,
they were to give them up, than I
was at the change of tone manifested
on this occasion.

A great deal more passed in the
way of general conversation ; all of
which tended to shew me, that, al-
though they were still at a wide dis-
tance from such terms as I could ac-
cede to, they had wonderfully re-
laxed from the tone they had ante-
cedently assumed,

M. de Champagny then invited
me to name a day for resuming our
conference, To this I decidedly
objected, admitting, at the same
time, that they had made conces-
sions in the course of our discus-
sion; but adding, that they were
still so far from agreeing to admit
what the English government uni-
formly conceived the original pro-
position to have conveyed, that I
could not yet indulge any hopes of
our coming to an agreement, and
should, therefore, feel it necessary
to terminate my mission.

M. de Champagnuy ‘asked me with
some warmth, whether I wished for
peace on the terms which I myself
had stated? whether I thought my-

self

SPATE -PAP-ER 5.

self authorized, after the concessions
they had just made, to refuse them
time to consider how much further
they might go? and whether I
might not reasonably entertain hopes
that, with a little time, the dif-
ferences which appeared now to se-
parate us might vanish ?

On receiving such a remon-
strance, I thought it impossible not
to agree to a renewal of the con-
ference ; and, after some conversa-
tion, Thursday was fixed for the day
of our meeting.

No. XLV.
Extract from a Dispatch from Earl

Spencer to the Earl of Lauderdale,

dated Downing-street, Sept. Ath,

1806.

Downing-street, Sept. 4th, 1806.

My Lord,

Iam commanded by his majesty
to inform your lordship that he is
pleased to approve entirely the con-
duct you have held, in the circum-
stances detailed in your last dis-
patches, and to express his majesty’s
satisfaction in the good effect which
appears to have resulted from it.

It is proper, however, to remark,
that as the French plenipotentiaries
have not bound themselves as yet
by any written note, nor have, even
in conversation, agreed to replace
the negotiation on its true basis ; the
present appearances of greater faci-
lity on their part, may probably
arise only from their desire of keep-
ing your lordship at Paris, till the
answer from St. Petersburgh shall
be received ; an object which your
Jordship’s last note had shewn theui

they could no longer accomplish

7735

without some departure from the
ground on which they have hitherto
stood. .

If the Russian treaty shall not be
ratified, his majesty is then, (as I
have already observed to your lord-
ship) replaced, with respect to the
emperor of Russia, in the same si-
tuation as before the signature of
M. d'Oubril’s treaty; but with the
additional tie, which the two courts
would in that case feel from the
fresh proofs each will have given to
the other, of a steady adherence to
the system of alliance: and it will
then be necessary that our peace
shall be so far made dependent on
that of Russia, as is pointed out in
the instructions originally given to
lord Yafnouth,

Since the above wads written,
we have received the important in-
telligence contained in the in-
dorsed papers *, copies of which f

‘have thought it necessary to for-

ward to you, without 4 moment’s
delay, for your information ; the
case is already provided for in this
dispatch, and in the present state of
our information on the subject, L
have nothing to add to what is above
stated. A few days will now pro-
bably put us in posséssion of the
further views and intentions of
Russia, to which reference must of
course be had in every succeeding
stage of the negotiation; and as I
shall lose no time in transmitting to
your lordship such fresh instructions
as these may give rise to, so we
shall be anxious to hear as soon a6
possible from you, what effect this
event may produce on the disposi-
tion of the French government.
3D3 No. XLVI.

_® Intelligence of the refusal of the emperor of Russia to ratify M. d’Oubril’s

Treaty.

\

4

774

' No. XLVI. -

Extract from a Dispatch from the
Earl of Lauderdale to Mr. Se-
cretary Fox, dated Paris, Sept.
4th, 1806.—Received Sept. 7th.

Sir, Paris, Sept. 4th, 1806.

{n my last dispatch 1 informed
you that in consequence of the so-
jicitations of the plenipotentiaries of
France, urged in the manner I there
stated to you, I had consented to a
renewal of the conference this day
at three o'clock.

About half past-two I received
from M. Talleyrand a note, a copy
of which (marked A.) as well as of
my answer, (marked B.) I now in-
elose.

On going to M. Talleyrand’s of-
fice, | found him just returned from
St. Cloud. He begau by informing
me, that till yesterday they had re-
ceived no certain information from
Petersburgh ; but that the courier
whe arrived last night, bad brought
intelligence that the emperor had
positively refused to ratify the
treaty. He stated that he had the
emperor’s orders to say, that this
change of circumstances would cer-
tainly induce him to make peace
with England on more favourable
terms than he would otherwise have
at present consented to; and fur-
ther to declare, that as he would
find it necessary to give to his ple-
nipotiaries new instructions, so he
thought it proper to communicate
this to me, that | might write to my
court, to receive also such further
instructionsas they might think pro-
per to give.

In answer to a question whieh I
asked, whether there was any rea-
son te expect the arrival of any
minister to renew the negotiation
en the part of Russia, he said that

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

no information on that subject had
been received. On taking leave, I
assured M. Talleyrand that I should
report to you the apparent open-
ness with which the communication
had been made, and that I should
dispatch a courier this evening with
the information.

First Inclosure (A.)

Copy of a Note from Talleyrand to
the Earl of Lauderdale, dated
Sept. Ath, 1806.

(Translation. )
Paris, 4th Sept. 1806.
The minister for foreign affairs
has received the orders of his ma-
jesty the emperor and king, to hold

a conference this day with his excel-

lency lord Lauderdale. He has,

therefore, the honour to propose to
his excellency to call at. the office
for foreign affairs, half past two.

He begs him to accept the assurance

of his high consideration.

t
Second Inclosure (B.)

Copy of a Note from the Earl of
Lauderdale to M. Talleyrand,
dated Sept. Ath, 1806.

(Translation.) .
Paris, 4th Sept. 1806.—Half-past
two P. M.

Lord. Lauderdale has this instant
Tteceived the note, dated the 4th of
September, by which his excellency
the minister for foreign affairs, pro-
poses to lord Lauderdale a confer-
ence at his excellency’s office this
day, at half past two o'clock.

‘This invitation was not delivered
at lord Lauderdale’s hotel, till half
past two, the time specified for the
conference: but lord Lauderdale
will have great pleasure in waiting
upon his excellency in a quarter
of an hour at farthest.

No, XLVI.

—

__jesty’s most serious attention.
_ janguage held by M. Talleyrand ap-

STATE

No. XLVII.—Is an extract from a
dispatch from the earl of Lauder-
dale to Mr. secretary Fox, dated
Paris, September 7th, 1806.—
Received September 11th, pro-
posing to delay the renewal of
the conferences,

No. XLVIII.

- Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.
Secretary Windham, to the Earlof

Lauderdale, dated Downing-street,
September 10, 1806.
Downing-street, Sept. 10, 1806.
My Lord,
Your Jordship’s dispatch of Sept.
4th has not failed to engage his ma-
The

pears directed to the object of en-
gaging his majesty in a separate ne-
gotiation, to the exclusion of Russia;
but the interests both of this coun-

try and of Enrope have always

been considered here as essentially

connected with the maintenance of

the strictest union of councils and
measures between his majesty and
the emperor of Russia. It was with

deep regret that his majesty saw the

_ apparent violation of this principle

in the separate treaty signed by M.
d@Oubril ; and he cannot but con-
sider the steady and upright conduct
of the emperor of Russia on that
trying occasion, as imposing on his
majesty a fresh obligation not to
separate his interests from those of
so honourable and faithful an ally.
Your lordship must therefore, in
the first place, represent to the

French alg a that the refu-
i

sal to ratify M. d’Oubril’s treaty,
has replaced the two courts in their
former state of close and intimate
alliance ; and that any attempt on
the part of France to separate them,
must henceforth be considered as
hopeless, She cannow form no ex-

.

PAPERS. 775

pectation that she can conclude
peace with either of them, until the
negotiation with the other shall be
brought to the same conclusion.

In reverting to this resolution,
his majesty dues not however desire
to carry the operation. of this prin.~
ciple at all farther than. before.. He
has no objection to its being under.
stood, as was expressed to lord Yar-
mouth in Mr. Fox’s. letter of the
26th of June, thatthe two courts
shall treat separately in form, but
in substance im concert with each
other. In this mode of treating,
the separate interests of Great Bri-
tain and France may, as befere, be
separately discussed between them.
But his majesty is determined, as is
expressed in the same dispatch, that
he willnot come to any final agree-
ment without the consent of Russia,
and that any arrangement of the
points depending between him and
France, is to be considered as pro-
visional, and subject to the case of
alike arrangement to be made by
his ally.

_ With respect to the separate ins
terests of Great Britain, his majesty
adheres to the basis originally pro.
posed to him by France, and on
which your lordship has so often
had occasion to insist, that of the
utt possidetis for the two powers
and their allies in all parts of the
world, with the single exception of
the restitution of Hanover, as have
ing been originally- attacked on
grounds which cannot be defended.

Thisis the offer of France as ori-
ginally made to his majesty; it is
the demand on which his majesty
still thought fit to insist, when ap-
parently abandened by Russia; and
his majesty has no desire of increas-
ing it under circumstances, which,
according to the avowal of France
herself, entitle his majesty to ex-

3D4 pect

776

pect more favourable conditions
than France has lately been inclined
to accede to. The ud: possidetis thus
described, must however now of ne-
cessity include the kingdom of
Sicily.

Every endeavour was made in the
onset of the negotiation to obtain
the restitution of Naples to his Sici-
lian majesty; and the grounds on
which it was thought fit finally to
desist from that claim on the part of
his majesty are detailedin thecorres-
hen of this office with lord

armouth and your lordship.

But the case of Sicily was al-
ways deemed to be widely different
from that of Naples. Our actual
occupation of that island brings it
fully within the benefit of the ufé
possidetis. And recent events have
shewn how very distant are the hopes
of conquest in that quarter, which
were so much relied upon in one of
the notes presented to your lordship
by the French plenipotentiaries,

Lord Yarmouth had been uni-
formly instructed to insist on this
demand as a sine quad non condition
ofall arrangements for peaee. On
the refusal of France to accede to
this claim, his lordship had actually,
in pursuance of those instructions,
demanded his passports, and it was
not in the smallest degree departed
from or relaxed until a desire was
expressed to him by M. d’Oubril,
that this government would listen
to proposals for an equivalent to be
given for Sicily. In compliance
with the supposed wishes of his ally,
and on that ground alone, his ma-
jesty consented to entertain the
consideration of such an equivalent,
but none has ever been suggested
that appeared at all likely to meet
the just expectations which his Sici-
lian majesty would have been en-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

titled to form on that head. And
his majesty has now the satisfaction
oflearning, that the sentiments of
his ally have in fact never been dif-
ferent from his own on this point ;
and that the preservation of Sicily is
considered in Russia, as well asin
England, as ajust condition of any
peace with France. On both these
grounds, therefore, both on the
principle adopted for his own nego-
tiation, and on the ground of his de-
termination not to separate himself
from Russia, his majesty thinks it
absolutely necessary to maintain
this point with the same firmness
which he had originally manifested
respecting it.

This includes: all that it is neces.
sary to say on any point respecting
the immediate interests of this coun-
try, or of any possession hitherto
known to be occupied by his ma-
jesty’s arms,

No, XLIX.

Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of
Lauderdale to Earl Spencer, dated
Paris, September 18th, 1806,—
Received September 22d.

Paris, Sept. 18, 1806.

My Lord,

I had the honour of receiving the
dispatch, signed by Mr. secretary
Windham, dated September 10, late
in the evening of Friday last. ~

Unfortunately I had had a slight
degree of fever for four days preced-
ing, and I never was more unfit than
on Saturday morning to attend to
business of such a magnitude.

On considering the instructions
contained in the dispatch with all
the attention I could, they appeared
to me to relate to two distinct sub-
jects: first, tothe form and manner
in which his majesty thought proper
that I should conduct the negotia-
3 tion :

STATE PAPERS.

tion: secondly, to the terms which,
under the present circumstances of
the two countries, it is proper to
ask.

To this distinction I conceived it
to bethe more necessary for me to
attend, because 1 thought it fegu-
lar and proper to address what I had
to say on the first point to the mi-
nister of foreign affairs, whereas

the plenipotentiaries of France,

should the government authorize
them to proceed, seemed the pro-

per channel of communication on

the second.
In pursuance of this idea, I im-
mediately wrote a note, a copy of

_ which (marked A.) I inclose, ad-

ss

dressed to M. Talleyrand, which
I sent by Mr. Goddard in the
evening, as I was myself confined to
bed.

On Monday, about five o’clock,
M. Talleyrand called, and though !
was very ill at the time, I resolved
to admit him. He sat upwards of
half an hour, The outline of his
conversation consisted in his expres-
sing a desire to have a full commu-

nication with me, in his assuring me

that if the difficulties, in respect of
form, could be got over, he did not
think the objections to the terms

_ would be material, and that, where

_ was impossible.

peace was seriously in view, as it
was with them, it figured as an ob-

_ ject of such importance as to givea

disposition to accommodate about
conditions: In a word, that he had
little doubt that he and I would ar-
range the business.

On my part, I stated, that I was
afraid he proceeded on the suppo-
sition that I might give way in some
of the points in question, which I
thought it fair to assure him at once
I stated to him ge-
nerally the demands I was to make

777

on the part of England, which would
no way vary from the terms we had
originally understood to have been
proposed ; and that he must expect
I would be as positive in relation to
the conditions for Russia, with
which he was acquainted, as I should
be with respect to any point more
peculiarly of British interest. I then
thought it right to introduce the
subject of my having no powers
from Russia, observing that, ale
though there might be some irregu-
larity in this mode of proceeding,
yet that, under all the circumstances
of the present case, it seemed una-
voidable, because the principle and
feelings of his majesty would never
permit him to think of treating, but
in such a manner as might insure to
the court of Petersburgh an ho-
nourable peace, at the moment that
peace should be concluded between
England and France; and that un-
less | could be allowed to state the
objects of Russia, this could be
hardly effected.

He assured me that they would
wave all objections with regard to
form, and that they would be per-
fectly ready to hear me on the sub-
ject of a treaty of peace with Russia:
his objection to my proposal being
founded, not on the circumstance of
my wanting powers from Russia,
but on the very unusual proposal of
concluding a treaty, which, when
signed, was only to take place ina
certain event. I mentioned to him
that the same thing had been done
at Paris in 1782, when Mr. Oswald
concludéd a treaty of peace with Dr.
Franklin and Mr. Adam.

Daring the whole of this conver-
sation, 1 had gone even out of my
way to repeat to him the necessity
of his laying his account with my
adhering rigidly to the terms I had

detailed ;

778 ANNUAL

detailed; and yet he left me with
Such expressions us could not fail to
create a belief, thai he intended to
accede to my propositions.

At the moment he quitted me I
was much better than [{ had been
for some days, and was in such
hopes that £ was about to get well,
that I undertook to write to him
next morning, Tuesday the 16th, to
say whether I could appoint ameet-
ing in the course of that day. Un-
fortunately I had a miserably bad
night, and finding myself in the
morning totally disqualified for
exertion, | wrote to him a note of
which I now enclose a copy (mark-
ed B.)

Your lordship will perceive, that
in this note { pressed for an an-
swer in writing, in a manner as
strong and as inoffensive as | could
devise.

On the morning of the 17th, 1
wrote to. M. Talleyrand a short
note (marked C,) expressing my
desire that he would come to me
any time after three o’clock, which
was hardly dispatched before | re-
ceived a letter from his excellency,
announcing the arrival of a courier
at Boulogne, and the melancholy
account of Mr. Fox’s death. A
copy of this, together with my an-
swer, a copy of which (marked D.
and E.) Lhave the honour of in-
closing.

In the evening I reecived the in-
closure (marked F’.) from which your
lordship will perceive that [ shall at
last have a meeting with M. Talley-
rand to-morrow at one o'clock.

I have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

First Inclosure (A.)
Copy of a Note from the Earl of

i»

REGIS: TER,

1306.

Tauderdale to M. Talleyrand,
dated Seplember 13th, 1806.
(Translation. )
Paris, Sept. 13, 1806.

The undersigned plenipotentiary
of his Britannic majesty, lost no
time in transmitting to his court the
communication which his excellency
the minister for foreign affairs made
to him on Thursday the 4th instant ;
and he now hastens to reply to that
communication, by informing his
excellency of the line of conduct his
majesty has thought proper. to di-
rect htm to pursue under the present “
circumstances.

His Britannic majesty,everapxious
to maintain the intimate connection
and alliance which subsist between
his majesty and the emperor of all
the Russias, naturally finds, in the
recent conduct of his illustrious ally,
and in the proofs which he has lately
aitorded of the interest which he —
takes in the welfare of Great Bri- -
tain and in the general happiness
of Europe, additional motives not
to separate, in any case, his in-
terests from those of the court of St.
Petersburgh.

It is not, however, the intention
ofhis majesty to carry this principle
further than the earl of Yarmouth
wasinstructed to carry it by. Mr.
Fox, ‘in his lordship’s communica-~
tion with the French government,
There is nothing to prevent the in-
terests of Great Britainy and of
France from being treated separate-
ly: only his majesty does not au-
thorise the undersigned to sign any
treaty except provisionally: such
treaty not to have its full effect until
peace should have been concluded
between that faithful ally of Great
Britain, and France. It is upoa
these conditions alone that the un-

dersigned

lersigned is at present authorised to
ae otiate.

The undersigned has orders to
add, that his Britannic majesty,
fully acquainted with the desire en-
tained by the court of St. Peters-
urgh for peace upon conditions re-

rocaliy honourable and advan-
|tageous, and at the same time com-
patible with the interests of Europe,
has authorised him to impart to the
French plenipotentiaries the condi-
ons upon which Russia (according
» the full and perfect knowledge his
gritanuic majesty has of the inten-
tions of that court) would be willing
to negotiate with the French go-
vernment ; to reduce them into the
al of a treaty in the event of their
ee agreed to on both sides ; and

insert,an article in the provisional
ety between Great Britain and
rance, by which his Britannic ma-
ty should engage to employ his
mediation, for the purpose of ob-
taining the accession of his majesty
the emperor of all the Russias to the
Said treaty.
The undersigned is aware that he
‘ought to make the official commu-
Nication of the conditions to the
French plenipotentiaries : in the
mean time, and for the satisfaction
of his excellency the minister for
foreign affairs, he has no difficulty
‘in telling: him that they will- be in
Substance the same as those which
have already been communicated to
his excellency by his excellency
baron de Budberg.
* _ The undersigned expects with
ee ricstion, the answer to this
mmunication, which his excel-
ney the minister for foreign affairs
ii have the goodness to send in
“Writing. It is the more necessary
for him to receive it in that form,
as his court has remarked that the

;
od
ee

SMA TE, PARE RS.

779

communications the undersigned has
already made, have frequently re-
mained without a written answer.
The undersigned has the honour
to renew to his excellency the mi-
nister for foreign affairs the as-
surances of his high consideration.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

Second Inclosure (B.)—Is a copy
of anote from the earl of Lauder-
dale to M,. Talleyrand, dated
September 16th, 1806. Excusing
his delays on account of illness,
and requesting a written answer
to his note.

Third Inclosure (C.)—Is a copy of
a note from the earl of Lauder-
dale to M. Talleyrand, dated
September 17th, 1806, appoint-
ing a meeting.

Fourth Inclosure (D.}—Is a copy
of a note from M. Talleyrand to
the earl of Lauderdale, dated
September 17, 1806. Imma-
terial.

Fifth Inclosure (E.)—Is a copy of a
note from the earl of Lauderdale
to M. ‘Talleyrand, dated Septem.
ber 17, 1806. Immaterial.

Sixth Inclosure (F.)—Is a copy of a
note from M. Talleyrand to the
earl of Lauderdale, dated Sept.
17,1806. Puts off an appointed
meeting.

No. L.

Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of
Lauderdale to Earl Spencer, dated
Paris, September 19, 1806.—Re-
ceived September 22d.

Paris, September 19, 1806.

My Lord,
At one o *clock this day, Mon-
; sieur

7890

sieur Talleyrand called on me ac-
cording to the appointment which I
announced to your lordship in my
last dispatch. I immediately per-
ceived, that his plan was to exhibit
extreme civility, which no one knows
better how to execute.

' After some time spent in compli-
ments, and in condolence on the
great loss the world had sustained,
he told me, that as I insisted on an
answer in writing, one was prepared,
which contained a declaration con-
sonant to what he supposed me to
wish on the two most material
points. First, that the emperor
was willing to admit of an article
being introduced to answer the ob-
jects I had in view in relation to
Russia, and to instruct his plenipo-
tentiaries to hear me with respect to
the interests of that power. Se-

condly, that France would be ready ,

to make great concessions for the
purpose of obtaining peace.

After some conversation, all

‘tending to impress me with the idea
that peace was their main object,
and that they were even ready to
make any sacrifice to secure it, he
produced the paper to which he had
alluded (marked A.) ; and which I
had at first understood he meant to
transmit tome when he should go
home.

Before he opened it, he looked at
me, andsaid, that there was a mix-
ture in it of what, perhaps, I should
not like, but that 1 must take the
evil with thegood. He begged that
I would allow him to read itthrough
without interrupting him. When
he had finished, I said that T should
of course send such an answer as I
thought becoming and proper. I
told him, and, [ trust, with perfect
temper and seeming indifference,
that the most important thing for

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

me to know was, whether these
concessions would be to the extent
of allowing us to retain what they
had originally proposed? He an-
swered that the emperor would
leave every thing open to the pleni-
potentiaries.

On his going away I felt myself
So extremely fatigued, in conse-
quence of ‘ihe weak state in which
my late illness has left me, that I
was obliged to lie down and recruit
my strength before I could turn my
mind to the formation of what Icon-
ceived to be a proper answer to his
note. I trust your lordship will
approve of the answer I have sent,
acopy of which I have the honour
of inclosing, (marked B.). My ob-
jectin framing it, was to facilitate
as much as possible the immediate
progress of the negotiation, and, at
the same time, to Jet the government
of France féel that I was alive to
what, in point of dignity, belonged
to the plenipotentiary of his Bri«
tannic majesty.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

First Inclosure (A.) ;
Copy of a Note delivered by M.
Tulleyrand to the Earl of Lauder-
dale, dated September 18, 1806.
( Translation.)
Paris, September 18, 1806.
The undersigned, the minister for
foreign affairs, has laid before his
majesty the emperor, king of Italy,
the note which his excellency the
earl of Lauderdale, minister pleni-
potentiary from his Britannic ma-
jesty, did him the honour to address
to him on the 13th of this month.
His majesty the emperor and king
sees with regret that the negotiation
seems to take every day a retrograde |
course, and heis at a loss to discover
what

| what pointthe English government
wish to attain.
_ In the first instance, obsolete
‘forms were brought forward and
urged for our acceptance, the text
and the substance of which had
never been admitted, nor even dis-
| cussed, by the French government,
ee when this difficulty appeared to
removed, and the French pleni-
tentiaries held out a prospect of
Sacrifices which proved more and
more the desire of their government
for peace, points antecedent to the
hegotiation were recurred to, and a
question was started again which
had been three times decided ; frst,
by the powers given to M. d’Oubril,
with which his Britannic majesty’s
_ plenipotentiaries were acquainted,
‘afterwards by the powers given to
the earl of Yarmouth, and lastly,
for the third time, by those of the
earl of Lauderdale. One might
have supposed that a discussion,
terminated before the first confer-

ence of the respective negociators,

_ and decided even by the very fact of
their negotiation, would not again
be brought forward.
__ His majesty the emperor wishing
_ however to give a fresh proof of his
uniform desire for the re-establish-
ment of peace, adheres to the fol-
lowing proposal: ‘That the nego-
tiation between France and Eng.
land shall continue ; that the minis-
ter plenipotentiary of his majesty
_ the king of Great Britain shall be at
liberty to introduce into the treaty,
_ either as a public or a secret article,
Orinany other form which would
_ answer the same end, whatever he
May conceive would tend to recon-
' cile the existing differences between
_Franceand Russia, and wonld pro-
eure for the Jatter a participation in
_ the benefits of peace, it being well

STATE) PAPERS,

781

understood, that no proposal shall
be admitted except such as are res-
pectively honourable, and are not in-
jurious to the real power and the dig.
nity of the two empires; and that
we shall not see again brought for-
ward the extraordinary proposals
which M. de Noyosiltzoff was
charged to make on the part of
Russia, and which, haying marked
the origin of a coalition conquered
and destroyed in its birth, ought
equally to be forgotten with the
coalition itself. There are propo-
sals which, being only the result of
blind confidence, and of a species
of infatuation, and being founded
neither on the real force of the
parties, nor on their geographical
situation, are deprived of their pacitic
character, and carry with them their
own condemnation.

France ought neither to abandon
the interests of the Ottoman em-
pire, nor-a position which enables
her to sustain that empire against
the aggressions with which she is
openly menaced by Russia; but as
allthe objects destined to enter into
the arrangements of the treaty, must
be reserved for discussion, the un-
dersigned will not seek to anticipate
the result which it may produce.

If, after the changes which have
taken place in the cabinet of his
Britannic . majesty, peace is. still
wished for in England, peace may
be made, and that without delay.
The emperor will not hesitate to
make some sacrifices in order to ac-
celerate it, and to render it durable; °
but if the dispositions for peace
should have changed in London, if
the wise and siberal views manifested.
in. the first communications which
took place with the illustrious mi-
nister, whom both nations lament,
should no Jonger prevail, a vague
discussion,
@

“782

* discussion, immoderate pretensions,
and ambiguous proposals, wide of
that tone of frankness and ‘dignity
necessary to conduce to areal re-
conciliation, would only have the

effect of producing more irritation, -

and would be unworthy of both
nations. France does not pretend
to dictate either to Russia or to Eng-
Jand, but she will be dictated to by
neither of these powers. Let the
conditions be equal, just, and mo-
derate, and the peace is concluded ;
but if an imperious and exaggerating
disposition is evinced, if pre-emi-
nence is affected, if, in a word, it
ismeant to dictate peace, the em-
peror and the French people will
not even notice these proposals.
Confiding in themselves, they will
say,asa nation of antiquity answered
its enemies, ** you demand our arms,
come and take them.”

The undersigned, minister for fo-
reign affairs, has the honour to re.
new to his excellency the earl of
Lauderdale the assurance of his high
consideration.

(Signed)
Ch. Mau. Talleyrand,
Prince of Benevento.

Second Inclosure (B.)

Copy of a Note from the Earl of
Lauderdale to M. Talleyrand,
dated September 19, 1806.

( Translation.)
Paris, September 19, 1806.
The undersigned plenipotentiary
of his majesty the king of Great

Britain, in answering ‘the official

note of his excellency the minister

for foreign affairs, dated the 18th
instant, which has been received to
day, begins by remarking, that he
purposely abstains as much as pos.
sible from all observation upon those
points contained in it, which are
foreign to the immediate object in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

question. By this means, he w
avoid discussions of a natyre to le
him to forget that tone of moder:
tion which it is his duty to observ
in the whole course of his mission.
He will thus maintain the line of
conduct which is conformable to
that love of peace, which character-
izes all the proceedings of the kin
his master.

When the undersigned refleéis,
that he came to Paris, authorized to
conclude peace upon terms under-
stood to have been proposed by
France; that notwithstanding the
refusal of his imperial majesty of all
the Russias to ratify the treaty
signed by M. @’Oubril, and the
splendid successes obtained by his
majesty’s arms in Spanish America,
he was authorized to give assurances
(as he had the honour of doing to
his excellency the minister for fo-
reign allairs) that the demands of
his court, in its own favour, would
not in consequence of these suc-
cesses, be materially increased ; the
undersigned had reason to be sur-
prised .at finding his government
charged with manifesting an ‘* impe-
rious and exaggerating disposition.”
He is not less astonished, that his
excellency, in replying to a note in
which lord Lauderdale had the ho.
nour of explaining distinctly to him,
that the conditions pointed out by
his excellency baron de Budberg,
were in substance what would be
insisted upon by Great Britain in
favour of Russia, should have
thought it necessary to reprobate so
strongly conditions proposed by M.
de Novosiltzoff under totally differ.
ent circumstances, and of the nature
of which, the undersigned is entirely
ignorant.

Nevertheless, after the explana
tions given by the undersigned to his
excellency the minister for foreign

affairs,

affairs, aud the declaration made by
im to his excellency, that the un-
Braizved is not authorised to nego-
tiate otherwise than so as to ensure
the conclusion of a peace with
Great Britain and with Russia at
the same moment ; and, after having
received, in the official ncte of yes-
'terday’s date, assurances that the
French government does not refuse
the admission of an article, the de-
‘sign of which shal! be to provide for
‘ths indispeusable object, the under-
“signed will make no difficulty in
“resuming the conferences with their
-excellencies the French plenipotenti-
aries, as soon as their excellencies
‘shall be duly authorised for this
_ purpose.
The undersigned has the honour, &c.
f (Signed) Lauderdale.
No. LI.
Extract from a Dispatch from tie
Eari of Lauderdale to Earl Spen-
+ cer, dated Paris, September 26,
1806, Received September 28.
Nothing material happened after
the conference with M. ‘Valleyrand,
which I detailed in my dispatch of
the 19th instant, till the 22d, when
‘I received from him a communica.
_ tion, informing me that the emperor
having thought General Clarke’s
“services near his person necessary
_ in a journey he was about to under-
take immediately, M. de Champagny
would be instructed to conduct
singly, on the part of France, the

- This communication was made in

On the 23d, being anxious that
the negotiation should proceed
as soon as possible, [ took the
_ opportunity of M. de Champagny’s
sending to enquire after my health,
_ to urge him, in writing, te renew
:, 2

STATE : P’A:P-E R-S.

business of the negotiation in future..

788

the conference without farther loss
of time. Your lordship will find a
copy of my letter (marked C.) toge-
ther with his answer (marked D.) en-
closed.

On the 24th, I received from M.
Talleyrand an answer to the demand
I had made jor an explanation on
the subject of passports, in my
Jetter of the 22d. This communi-
cation (marked K.) I think it proper
also to transmit to your lordship,

On the 25th, at one o’clock, M.
de Champagny called on me, as had
been previously agreed, for the pur-
pose of renewing the conferences.

After the usual interchange of
civilities, he proceeded to say, that,
to secure peace, the emperor had
determined to make great sacrifices.

Ist, That Hanover with its depen-
dencies should be restored to his
majesty.

2d, hat the possession of Malta
should be confirmed to Great Bri-
tain.

3d, That France would interfere
with Holland to confirm to his ma-
jesty the absolute possession of the
Cape.

4th, That the emperor would con-
firm to his majesty the possession of
Pondicherry, Chandernagore, Ma-~
hee, and the other dependent comp-
toirs.

oth, That as Tobago was origin.
ally settled by the English, it was
meant also to give that island to the
crown of Great Britain.

To all this he added, that what
he had now said, proceeded on the
supposition, that Sicily was to be
ceded, and that the French govern.
ment proposed that his Sicilian ma.
jesty should have, as indemnity, not
only the Balearic Islands, but should
also receive an annuity from the
court of Spain to enable him to sup-
port his dignity,

I here

784

I here interrupted him, express-
ing my surprise, after the full expla-
nation I had with M.Talleyrand on
that very point, that the possibility
of our giving up Sicily should be
mentioned again; that the guaran-
tee of it to the king of the Two Sici-
lies was as much an objeét with
England as M. Talleyrand knew it
to be with Russia; and that L was
happy to take that opportunity of
stating to him fairly, that I felt my-
self bound to consider the obtaining
for Russia the arrangement which
she desired, as an object more inter-
esting if possible to England, than
those points which might be consi.
dered as peculiarly connected with
her own interests,

He informed me, that there was
no clause in his instructions empow-
ering him to hear me on the part of
Russia: but that he had even seen
M. 'Talleyrand’s note to me, and,
being satisfied that this was an acci-
dental omission, which would be
forthwith remedied, he had no ob-
jection to proceed, as if such a
clause had been inserted.

It was agreed that I should go to
him to-day attwo o’clock, te renew
the conference.

First Inclosure (A.)—Is a Copy of
a Note from M. Talleyrand to the
Earl of Lauderdale, dated Sep-
tember 22d, 1806, announcing the
intention of General Clarke and
himself to follow the Emperor,
and proposes to correspond with

Lord L.

Second Inclosure (B.)—Is a Copy of
a Note from the Earl of Lauder-
dale, dated September 22, 1806,
requesting to be furnished with
passports, &c. for messengers in
the absence of M, Talleyrand.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Third Inclosare (C.)—Is a Copy of
a Note from the Earl of Lauder-—
dale to M. de Champagny, dated
September 23, 1806, requesting
the appointment of a meeting.

Fourth Inclosure(D.)—Is a Copy of ©
anote from M. de Champagny to
the earl of Lauderdale, dated Sep-
tember 23, 1806. Appoints
Thursday next as the first day M.
Champagny would have leisure.

Fifth Inclosure (E.)—Isa Copy of a
note from M. Talleyrand to the
ear] of Lauderdale, dated Septem-
ber 24, 1806. Formal, containing
passports, &c.

No. LII.

Copy uf « Dispatch from the Earl of
Lauderdale to Earl Spencer, dated
September 26, 1806.—Received
September 28.

Paris, September 26, 1806.
My Lorp,

In conformity with my engage-
ment made yesterday, which I had
the honour of mentioning to your
lordship in my former dispatch of
this date, | waited on M. Champag.
ny this afternoon at two o’clock.

He informed me, that the acciden-
tal omission in his instruétions had
been. remedied, and that he had now
powers to talk with me on the inte-
rests of Russia, with a view to ar-
range the conditions on which
France would make peace with that
country : but he, at the same time,
proposed, that we should, in the first
instance, talk over the terms of
peace between France and England.

I observed, that as the greatest
difficulties in our last conference
seemed to arise from the conditions
that 1 had proposed as necessary to.
be granted to Russia; and, as Eng-

land

STATE) PA PERS.

land was resolved not to make peace
without obtaining for Russia all the
objeéts on which she ‘insisted, I
thought the more natural order
would be, to resume our conversa-
- tion on these last topics.

A long discussion accordingly en-
sued, which ended in his-informing
me, that on the subje& of conces-
sion to Russia, he was authorised to
communicate to me, that the govern-
ment of France was willing, in ad-
dition to the treaty made by M.
d’Oubril, to cede to that power the
full sovereignty of the island of Cor-
fu, but that he had no authority to
go any farther.

I then informed him, that I was
sorry to learn that the negotiation
was at an end, for that my instruc.
tions were precise, and that I should
feel it my duty, the moment [ left
him, to state to M. Talleyrand, that
all hopes having vanished of bring-
ing the negotiation to a favourable
issue, I had only now to request
passports for my return to England,

After strong expressions of mu-
tual regard, he attended mc to the
outer room, where he again pro-
_ posed a renewal of our conferences,
_ incase his government should give
him new instruétions.

My answer was, that L had no
choice in immediately applying for
passports; but that, as long as I re-
mained in this country, I never
_ would refuse to see him ; and thatil,
before my departure, he should
come with powers to grant all the
objeéts on which I had explained
_ myself, I should feel the greatest sa-
tisfaGtion, though at that moment, I
thought any appointment perfeétly

_ unnecessary.

On my return home J sent to M.
Talleyrand a letter demanding my
passports, a copy of which (marked
A.) Tenclose; and I understand
Vou, XLVI. ;

785

from the courier Basilico, th at he
received it ten minutes before he
got into his carriage to go to Mentz.

About six o’elock, I received
from M. de Champagny a note, of
which, as well as of my answer, I
enclose copies to your lordship,
(marked &. and C.)

Whilst I am writing, I have re-
ceived the note, which I enclose,
(marked D.)

I have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

I open this dispatch to enclose a
note, (marked BE.) I have this mo-
ment received from M. de Champag-
ny.

First Inclosure (A.) Copy of a note
from the Karl of Lauderdale to
M. Talleyrand, dated September
26, 1806. Demands passports to
reiurn, as the conference with M.
Champagny, ‘* unfortunately
leaves me no hope of being able
to bring the negotiations, on the
part of Great Britain and of Rus-
Sia, to a favourable issue.”

Second Inclosure (B.) Copy of a
note from M. de Champagny to
the earl of Lauderdale, dated
September 26th, 1806. § He
thinks it may tend to advance
that very desirable obje&t, peace,
to converse again on the subjeét
with his exeellency, and he has
the honour to propose to his ex-
cellency to receive him at his
house on Monday next.”

Phird Tnélosure (C.) Copy of 2
note from the earl of Lauderdale
to M. de Champagny, dated Sep+
tember 26th, 1806. Accepts the
appointment,

Fourth Inclosure (D.) Copy of 2
note from M, d’Hauterive to the
3k eary

786 ANNUAL
earl of Lauderdale, dated Septem-
ber 26th, 1806. Immaterial.

. Fifth Inclosure “E.) Copy of a note
from M. de Champagny to the
earl of Lauderdale, dated Septem-
ber 26th, 1806. Appoints two
o'clock on Monday next to meet.

No. LET.

Extract from a Dispatch from Vis-
count Howick to the Earl of Lau-
derdale, dated Downing-Strec/.
October 1, 1806.

Downing-Street, Oétober Ist. 1806.

My Lorn,

Your dispatches of the 26th ult.
brought by the messenger Johnson,
have been laid before the king.

Hlis majesty has seen, with great
regret, that after more than six
months spent in negotiation, the
French government: still hesitates
upon the admission of points con-
stantly urged by his majesty, as the
only grounds on which he could
consent to peace, and that in so un-
satisfa¢tory a state of things, the
chief of that government, together
with his principal minister, has sud-
denly left, Paris,* creating thereby
new obstacles to the progress of the
necotiation.

Whatever views the French go-
vernment may have, in keeping up
this state of suspense and uncertain-
ty, his majesty feels that it is equal-
ly prejudicial to the interests of his
subjecis, aud te these of f rope. if
the professions of I'rance are sincere,
there can be no reason why she
should not givé a plain and decisive
answer todemands which have been
so Jong under consideration ; and
the time isncw come, when such an
answer must be required, as indis-

REGIS FER,

1806.

pensable to your continuance at

Paris.

No. LIY. Extra& from a dispatch
from the earl of Lauderdale ‘to
Visceunt Howick, dated» Paris,
OdGrober 4th, 1806.—Reccived
October 6th. Immaterial.

No. LY. ;
Cony of a Dispatch from the Earl of

Lauderdale to Viscount Howick, —

dated Paris, October 6th, 1806.

Received October 8.

‘My Lon,

Late last night M. de {AS
ny’s principal secretary called upon
me with a letier from him, inclosing
a letter from M. Talleyrand, both
of which [| have the honour of trans-
mitting to yourlordship, (marked A.
and B.)

From. these your lordship will
perceive, that the negotiation is now
at anend, and that M. de Champag-
ny has been authorised, to give me —
the passports 1 required.

I have this day accordingly re-
newed my demand to him in a letter,
a copy of which I enclose (marked
G;

bn considering M. Talleyrand’s
note, it seemed to me necessary that
i should not take the step of asking
my passports from M. de Champag-
ny, without accompanying iny de-
mand with a reply to some of the
observations made by the minister
fur foreign affairs. Your lordship
will ace ordingly find intlosed a co-
py (marked D.) of an official note
addressed by me to that minister.

I have sent the courier Lyell, for —
the perpose of conveyiug: this infor-
mation, and I have given him a let--
ter to admiral mete desiring

a 2 $7 . him

* The chief of the French.government left Paris on the night of the, 24th Sep-

tember} and was followed by M. Talleyrand on the 26th.

‘
ee a

STATE) PAPERS:

him instantly to announce by the
telegraph, that [shall leave Paris on
Thursday morning.

i have taken this step, because it
occurred to me that government be-
ing thus in possession of the intelli-
gence, that the negotiation is at an
end, ten hours before it can reach
London, they may have it in their
power to take the most prudent

_ means to make the faét public.

I have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Lauderdale.

First Inclosure (A.) Copy of a note
from M. de Champagny to the
earl of Lauderdale, dated Oéo-
ber 5th, 1806. Formal.

Second Inclosure (B.)

Copy of a Note from M. Talleyrand
to the Eurl of Lauderdale, dated
Mentz, October 1, 1806.

(Translation. )
The undersigned, minister for fo-
reign afiairs, has laid before his ma-

jesty, the emperor, king of italy, the

note which his excellency the earl
of Lauderdale, minister plenipoten.
tiary from his Britaunic majesty, did
him the honour to address to him on

the 26th of this month.

_ His majesty, after having, from a

desire of peace, listened to every

proposition which could have. ren-
dered it durable, and of reciprocal

advantage to the two contracting

powers, and fo their allies, will sce
with pain the rupture of a negotia-
tion, to which his own disposition

_had Jed him to hope a more favour-
_ able conclusion.
_binet is resolved to forego the pros-

If the English ca.

pect of a peace, and, if his Britannic

_Majesty’s minister plenipotentiary

_ must depart from France, his majes-
_ ty still flatters himself, that the Eng.

lish cabinet, and Jord Lauderdale

787

will, when they shall measuretheextent
of thesacrifices which he was disposed
to make, in order to facilitate the re-
turn of a sincere reconciliation, be
convinced that his majesty, in order
to promote the happiness of the
world, would not: hesitate between
any advantages, in comparison with
those to be expeéted from peace,
and that the desire to insure ifs be-
nefits to his people, could alone have
determined his paternal heart to
make sacrifices, not only of self love
but of power, more considerable
than even the opinion of the English
nation could have pointed out in the
midst of a war, in which he had ob-
tained constant advantages, without
any mixture of reverse. If, how-
ever, it is the destiny of the empe-
ror, and of the French nation, still
to live in the midst of the wars and
tumults, which the policy and influ-
ence of England have raised, his ma-
jesty, having done every thing to put
a stop to the calamities of war, find-
ing himself deceived in his dearest
hopes, relies on the justice of his
cause, on the courage, the affection,
the power of his people. At the
same time calling to mind the dispos
sitions which he has_ expressed
throughout the negotiation, his ma-
jesty cannot see but with regret,
that England, who might have
strengthened and confirmed her vast
power by the blessings of peace, the
want of which is felt by the present
generation, and by the English peo-
ple, as well as all others, willingly
suffers the most favourable opportu.
nity of concluding it to pass by :—
The event will disclose whether a
new coalition will be more disadvan.
tageous to France than those whieh
have preceded it. ‘The event will
also disclose, whether those who
complain of the grandcur and ambi-
ye Les tion

788

tion of France, should not impute
to their own hatred and injustice,
this very grandeur and ambition of
which they accuse her. ‘the power
of France has only been increased
by the reiterated efforts to oppress
her. Nevertheless, whatever infe-
rences for the future may be drawn
from the examples of the past, his
majesty will be ready, should the ne-
gotiations with England be broken
off, to renew themin the midst of any
events. He will be ready to replace
them on the basis laid in concert with
the illustrious minister whom England
has lost, who, having nothing to add
to his glory, except the reconcilia-
tion of the two nations, had conceiv-
ed the hope of accomplishing it, but
was snatched from the world in the
midst of his work.

The undersigned has the honour
to inform his excellency the earl of
Lauderdale, that M. de Champagny
has been authorised to deliver to
him the passports which he has de-
manded.

The undersigned is desirous of
renewing to his excellency the earl
of Lauderdale, the assurance of his
high consideration.

(Signed) Ch. Mau. Talleyrand,

Prince of Benevento.

Third Inclosure (€.) Copy of a note
from the car! of Lauderdale to M.
de Champagny, dated October 6,

~ 1806. A formal demand of pass-
ports.

Fourth Inclosure (D.)

Copy of « Note from the Earl of Lau-
derdale to M. Talleyrand, dated
October 6, 1806.

(Translation.)
Paris, 6th Oétober, 1806.
The undersigned minister pleni-
potentiary of his Britannic majesty

!

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

received late last night the note |
which his excellency the minister for

foreign affairs, did him the honour

to address to him on the first of this
month.

The undersigned, learning that
his excellency M. de Champagny is
authorised to grant him the pass.
ports which he has demanded, and
which he is on the point of receiv-
ing, cannot refrain from observing
to his excellency the minister for
foreign affairs, in answer to his note,
that he has some difficulty in ima-
gining from what circumstances his
excellency has been able to infer,
*¢ that the British government have
resolved to forego the prospect of
peace.” :

The undersigned was sent to
France to negotiate a peace, at a
time when the illustrious minister,
to whom his excellency has paid so
just a tribute of praise, presided
over the department for foreign
affairs. This great man then acted
under the full conviétion, that he
had received from France an offer
of peace on the~basis of uti possidetis,
with the sole exception of Hanover
and of its dependencies, in favour of
his Britannic majesty. And, not.
withstanding the success of the
arms of his Britannic majesty, as
well in Italy as on the continent
of South America; and the refusal
of his majesty the emperor ofall the
Russias to ratify that treaty, which
in the cyes of the French govern-
ment, was equivalent to the most
splendid viétory ; not one new pro.
position has been advanced on the
part ef his majesty, incompatible
with the principle which was at first
proposed by the French govern-
ment, through the channel of the
earl of Yarmouth, as the basis of
the negotiation, is not, surely,

from

<2

STATE

from such condnét that the infer.
ence can be drawn, ‘‘ that the Bri-
tish government have resolved to
forego the prospeét of a peace.”
Are the conditions which the
undersigned was ordered to propose
as the basis of a peace between his
majesty the emperor of all the Rus-
‘sias and the French government
‘more of a nature to have given rjse
to this suspicion ? Quite the reverse.
If a solid and durable peace was the
object of the two powers, these were
such conditions as justice and expe-
diency demanded. Justice ; because
certainly nothing could be more
equitable than to grant to his Sicilian
_ majesty and to the king of Sardinia
_a compensation for their immense
losses on the continent. Expe-
_diency ; because in order to insure
the duration of peace, such an ar-
‘rangement of boundaries as may
prevent disputes must always be
preferable to that which furnishes
to one of the parties the means and
_ advantages of attack. It was on
_ this principle that the proposed eva-
_ cnation of Dalmatia and Albania by

PAPERS: 789

assurances of the disposition of the
French government to renew the
negotiation at a future period, as
expressed in the official note of his
exceliency the minister for foreign
affairs. He has seen with no less
pleasure, that the tone and the
moderation observed in this commu-
nication correspond with the senti-
ments which accompany them. On
this subject his excellency may rest
assured, that the French govern-
ment, could notin any way express
a stronger désire to see an end put
to the calamities of war, than that
which his Britannic majesty will in-
variably feel, whenever peace can
be concluded on conditions compa.
tible with the honour of his crown
and the interests of his subjects.
The undersigned ought here to
conclude the official answer which
he has thought necessary to make
to the note of his excellency the
minister -for foreign affairs, But
he cannot pass over in silence
one part of this note, where his ex-
cellency wishes to convey the idea
that «he British government seems

_ the French troops, ,naturdlly sug-
_ gested itself.
_. If, therefore, the undersigned has
i received orders to demand his pass-
_ ports, and to depart from France,
_ it is certainly not because his sove-
e. Teign wishes to renounce peace, but
because his sik finds himself
‘ obliged to doso ; the French govern-

no longer disposed to aét on the
same principles which direéted the
conduct of the great man whom
England has lately lost. The un-
dersigned, without being authorised
to mention this subjeét, nor even to
introduce it in an official paper,
trusts in the known goodness and
indulgence of his sovereign, when

ment not having consented to all
_ the conditions which were comprised
_ in the proposals originally made by
_ them to his Britannic majesty, and
having moreover rejeéted, as the
_ basis for the treaty with Russia, the
_ just and_ reasonable conditions
which the undersigned was autho-
rised to propose.
The undersigned has _ received
with real satisfaction the general

he allows himself to make the fol-
lowing observations on this subject,

During twenty-six years of inti-
mate and uninterrupted connection
with Mr. Fox, the undersigned ‘as
much as any one, has had an oppor-
tnnity of confidentially learning the

sentiments of that celebrated man.

From his knowledge of he is
impressed with the strongest convic~
tion, that no minister could give to

3E3 ? the

EnemM ,

790

the instrutions of which he was to
be the organ, a more ‘perfect assent,
or concur more efiedtually in their
execution, ‘than’ Mr, Fox would
have done, in’ giving to the under-
signed on the part of his britamnic
majesty, such orders as the tnder-
signed has in’ fact: received, under
circumstances in which peace (on
the just and equitable conditions
which had been proposed to that
minister) would have appeared to
him impraéticable.

How much would this opinion
have been strengthened in the mind
‘of that minister, on perceivivg the
French government refuse the just
demands of that illustrious. ally,
who, by his fidelity to his Britannic
majesty, has deserved, on the part
of the king, that his interests should
be as dear to him as his own.

The undersigned has the honour
to acquaint his excellency the minis-
ter for foreign affairs, that he this
morning applied to his excellency
M. de Champagny for his passports.
At the same time, he requests him
to accept the assurance of his high
‘ consideration,

(Signed) Lauderdale.

No. LVI.

Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.
Arbuthnot to Mr. Secretary Fox,
dated Buyukdéré, August 25,
1806.— Recewed September 29.
It was yesterday settled at the

Porte, that the present hospodars

of Moldavia and Wallachia should

be recalled, and that prince Charles

Callimaki, the first dragoman of the

Porte, should be named to the go-

vernment of Moldavia, and prince

Alexander Suzzo to that of Wal-

Jachia; at the same time Mr. Bano

Hanchyry was appointed dragoman

ja the room of prince Callimaki.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

‘To give you a perfeét idea of the
disrespect with which Russia has
been treated in this, instance, it is’ -
necessary. that 1 should transmit to
you an extract from the regulations
respecting Moldavia and Wallachia,
which were published in the year
1802.

As no accusation whatever has
been brought against either of the
Hospodars who are now removed,
there can be no excuse for breaking
the convention; by which it was
stipulated with Russia, that seven
years should be the period of each
prince’s government,

You will, probably, expecé to
hear that this measure has originated
with the French ambassador ;~ in
efieét, there are proofs sufficient
that it is his work.

(Inclosure.)

Extract of a Regulation respecting
the Principalities of Wallachia and
Moldavia, dated September 24th,
1802.

(Translation, ) |

Sept. 24th, 1802,
The term of the continuance of
the hospodars in their governments
shall from henceforth be fixed at se-
yen complete and entire years, to
date from the day of their nomina-
tion, and if they are not guilty of
any open offence, they shall not be
displaced before that term is ex-
pired.; if they do commit an offenee,
during that time, the Sublime Porte
will inform the minister of Russia
of the circuinstance ; and if, after
due examination is made into the af-
fairon both sides, it shall appear
that the hospodar has really com-
mitted an offence, in that case only
his deposition shall be allowed.
Ne.

a

~~ ere. TT e

— a ee,

SPATE? RAP ERS,

: No. LVIL.

Extract from a Dispatch from Mr.
Arbuthnot to Mr. Secretary Fox,-
dated Buyukdéré, Sept... 29th,
1806.—Keceived Nov, 9th.

Buyukdéré, 29th Sept. 1806.
Sir,

On the 18th of this ‘month the
dragoman of the Porte communi-
cated to Mr. Pisani*, for my in-
formation, a note which had been
presented by the French ambassa-

dor, a copy of which I have here-

with the honour to inclose.

(Inclosure.) |
Note presented by the French Ambas-
sador. at the Porte, to the Reis Ef-
fendi. ;
(Translation.)
Pera, Sept. 16th, 1806.

The undersigned general of divi-
sion, ambassador of his majesty the
emperor of the French, king of Ita-
ly, has the honour to lay before
his excellency the Reis Effendi, the
following considerations.

He has been positively informed,
although in an indireét manner, that
the Russian legation has delivered a
note to the Sublime Porte, in which
it is said that the emperor of Russia
has refused to ratify the treaty of
peace signed at Paris by his plenipo-
tentiary. ‘This refusal places Ku.

rope in the same situation .in which

she was six weeks ago, but it un-
masks the projects of Russia. This

treaty of peace stipulated for the in-~

dependence of the Seven Islands ;
a stipulation which removing the
Russians from the Mediterranean,
where they had established them-

selves in order to attack the Otto.

791

man empire ati various points, could
not be acceptable to them.

Ragusa was restored to its inde-
pendence under the protection ‘of
the Sublime Porte: this arrange-
ment rendering it impossible for the
Russians to keep up their intelli-
gence with the Montenegrians and
with the revolted Servians, was con-
trary to their views.

Doubtless it is the article-which :
stipulates for the independence of
the Ottoman empire, and the inte-—
grity of its territory, which has oc-
casioned the rejection of the peace)
at Petersburgh: Russia then per.
ceived that she could no longer seize
provinces of that empire by force of
arms, as she seized the Crimea, or
extort them from her in time of
peace, as she did with regard to
Georgia, and the passage of the.
Dardanelles. ;

This treaty of peace, in fine, leav-’
ing the French in Albania and Dal-
matia, placed upon the frontiers of
Turkey, her most ancient ally, and
her most faithful friend, who would

. have remained, and. will ever re-

main, ready to defend her. Such
are the motives which have led the
cabinet of Petersburgh to this re-
fusal. I do not give way to: vain)
declamation; 1 lay faéis before
you; I beseech you to weigh them
with all the attention to which they
are entitled.

If in these difficult circumstances
the Porte does not form a true esti-
mate of her dangers and of her
force, if she does not form the deci-
sion her interests require of her, I
shall, perhaps, ere long, have to Ja-
ment her fate.

The undersigned has received the
most positive orders from his ma-

3.EA jesty

* First dragoman, or interpreter, attached to the British mission.

792

jesty the emperor of the French,
king of Ifaly, to declare to the Sub-
lime Porte, that not only the prin-
ciples of friendship, but those of the
strictest neutrality, require that the
Bosphorus should be shut against
all Russian ships of war, as well as
against every other vessel of that
nation, bringing troops, ammuni-
tion, or provisions; and that the
Same passage cannot be opened to
them, without committing an act of
hostility against France, and with-
out giving his majesty Napoleon the
great, a right of passage over the
territories of the Ottoman empire, in
order to combat with the Russian
army on the banks of the Dniester.

Any renewal or continuation of
alliance with the enemics of France,
such as England and Russia, would
be not only a manifest violation of
the neutrality, but an accession on
the part of the Sublime Porte to the
war which those powers wage
against France, and his majesty
would see himself compelled to take
measures conformable to his interests
and his dignity.

The Subline Porte cannot main-
tain her relations with two missions
from Naples, and his majesty the
emperor of the French cannot suf-
fer his august brother, Napoleon
Joseph, king of Naples and the
Two Sicilies, to meet with difficul-
ties here which he does not expe-
rience from any power in, amity
with France.

His majesty the emperor has a

large army in Daimatia : this army
is collected for the defence of the
Ottoman empire, unless an equivo-
_ cal conduct on the part of the
Porte, and a condescension towards
Russia and England, which might
again throw her into their power,
should compel his majesty the em.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

peror of the French, to bring for-
ward his formidable forces for a
‘purpose totally opposite to that
which he had in view.

liis majesty has ordered the un-
dersigned to state to the Sublime
Porte, in the most friendly though
energetic manner, these demands,
for the purpose of obtaining an an-
swer in writing, and it is expected
that this answer shall be positive
and categorical.

No further delay can be allowed ;
and his majesty has no doubt that
the Sublime Porte will give lim the
assurances he desires, and which
are so much in unison with the in-
terests of the Ottoman empire.

The undersigned has no wish to
make a vain display of the formida-
ble forces of the great Napoleon ;
his friends know how to estimate
their importance ; his enemics have
felt their power.

The genius of his august master
is well known; his determinations
are wise and prompt, his personal
attachment to his highness is sin-
cere. He only seeks the inde-
pendence, the integrity, and the
glory of Turkey. He desires no-
thing. Ife asks nothing. What
inducements to an union wiit him!
At the same time what reason to ap-
prehend the loss of his good will, by
adopting a timid, uncertain, or ini-
mical line of conduct! Under these
circumstances the answer of the
Sublime Porte will regulate the con-
duct of my august master. Let not
the threats of the enemies of France
impose on the Sublime Porte; the
have been vanquished, and they will
ever be so. ‘The great Napoleon
“will employ all his resources for the
glory of his highness Selim ILE, his
friend ; and as his resources are im-
mense, his genius is still greater. :

’ is

STATE PAPERS.

This note is of sufficient impor-
tance to be submitted to the pro-
found wisdom of his majesty the
emperor Selim III. and your excel-
lency is requested to take the ear.
liest opportunity of laying it before
him,

The undersigned requests his ex-
cellency the Reis Effendi, to accept
the assurance of his high considera-
tion.

(Signed) Horace Sebastiani.

Declaration of his Britannic Majesty.
_ The negotiations in which his
majesty has been engaged with
France haying terminated unsucy‘css-
fully, his majesty thinks proper to
make this public declaration to his
subjeéts and to Europe, of the cir-
cumstances which have led to
an issue which his majesty deeply
regrets. He has no object nearer
to his heart than the conclusion of a
secure aud permanent peace. Ile
laments the continuance of a war
affecting the happiness of so many
nations, and which, even amidst all
the successes that attend his arms,
is so burthensome to his faithful and
affectionate people. But he is con-
fident that there can arise on this
occasion no other sentiments, either
in his own dominions, or in any
part of Europe, than that of an in.
creased conviction, that the restora-
tion of general tranquillity is re-
tarded only by the injustice andam-
bition of the enemy.

The French government, unsatis-
fied with its immense acquisitions on
the continent, still openly perseyeres
in a system destructive of the inde-
pendence of every other power.
War is pursued, not for security, but
for conquest; and negotiations for
peace appear to be entered into for

793

no other object than that of de.
luding the neighbouring powers into
a state of false security, while
France is herself preparing, arrang-
ing, and executing, her unremitted
projects of encroachment and ag~-
gression.

Her conduct in the recent discus-
sions has afforded but too many
proofs of this disposition.

The negotiation originated in an
offer made by the French govern-
ment, of treating for peace on the
basis of actual possession, which was
stated to admit of mutual compensa.
tion ; anda distinct assurance was
added, that his majesty’s German
dominions, which had been attacked
without even the pretence of any
cause of hostility, should be re.
stored.

Such a proposal appeared to his
majesty to-afford a just foundation
for negotiating : It was, therefore,
accepted, with this reserve, that the
negotiations should be conducted
by his majesty in concert with his
allies. j

No sooner had this basis been mu.
tually admitted, than it was depart-
ed from by the eaemy, and that too
in points of so great importance, as
to call for an immediate declaration
on the part of his majesty, that un-
less the principle proposed by
France herself were adhered to, the
communications which had been
opened between the two govern
ments must at once be closed.

This produced new professions of
the disposition of France to make
considerable sacrifices for the at=
tainment of peace, if the discussions
were suffered to proceed; at the
saiie time that a difficulty was start.
ed on avcount of the'want of full
powers m the person intrusted by his
majesty with this communication,

Steps

794

Steps. were thereupon taken by
his majesty for opening a regular
negotiation by ministers daly au.
thorized, in order to ascertain, in
a manner the most. satisfactory
and authentic, whether peace could
be. obtained on terms honourable
to the king and his allies, and con-
sistent with the general security of
Europe.

During these proceedings, a mi-
nister, sent by the emperor of Rus-
sia to treat for the same import-
ant object, in concert with his
majesty’s government, was induced,
by the artifices of the enemy, to

sign a separate treaty, on terms _

equally repugnant to the honour
and interests. of his imperial majesty.

Unmoved by this unexpected
event, the king continued to nego.
tiate precisely on the same prin-
ciples as before. He relied with
a confidence which experience has
amply justified, on the good faith
and steadiness of an ally, in concert
with whom he had begun to treat,
and whose interests he had main-
tained throughout with the same
firmnessas hisown,

The French government, on the
contrary, eJated with this advan-
tage, of which it boasted as equal
in importance to the most decisive
victory, departed in every confer-
ence mere aud more widely from
its own offers and engagements.
Not only did it take upon itself to
change at its own will the basis of
the negotiation with Great Britain,
but it violated, in points, still more
important, every principle of good
faith with Russia. The chief in-
ducement offered to that power as
the price of all the sacrifices extort-
ed from her minister, had been
the preservation of Germany. Yet,
before the decision of Russia on

/

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

this treaty could be known, France
had already annihilated the whole
frame and constitution of the Ger-
manic empire; had reduced under
her own yoke a large proportioa
of the states and provinces of Ger-
many; and, not content with this
open contempt of obligations so
recently contracted, had at the
same time instigated the Porte to
measures directly subversive of her

subsisting engagements with Russia.

While such conduct was pursued
towards his majesty, towards his
allies, and towards all independent
powers, there appeared so little hope
of any favourable issue to the nego-
tiation, that his majesty’s plenipo-
tenttaries demanded their paseporty
to return to England.

This demand was at first atnded
by an unusual and unexplained de-
lay, and the French government,
afterwards, by some material con.
cessions, accompanied with intima-

tions, that others of still greater,

consequence might be the result of
further discussion, procured a. re~
newal of the conferences, which
were protracted from day to day,
till at length it was announced at
Paris that the emperor of Russia
had indignantly rejected the unau-
thorised and separate treaty signed
by his minister.

In consequence of this important
event, the strongest assurances were
given to his majesty’s minister,
that France was now prepared, to
make sacrifices to a great. extent,
in order, by secuting peace with
Great Britain, to re-establish’
tranquillity of the world.

The object of these assurances
appeared, however, to be that of
engaging his majesty to a separate
negotiation, to the exclusion of his
allies ; a proposal which his majesty

had

the _

STATIEY PA PERS.

had rejected in the outset, and
which he could still less admit of at a
time when the conduct of Russia
had imposed on him an increased
obligation not to separate his in-
terests from those of so faithful an
ally. To these insidious overtures,
his majesty steadily refused to
listen ; but he took the most effec-
tual method to avoid all appearance
of delay, and to accelerate, if pos-
sible, the favourable issue of the
negotiation. The confidential in-
tercourse which he had constantly
maintained with Russia,’ enabled
his majesty to specify the terms on
which peace with that power might
be obtained; and his minister was
accordingly instructed to state to
France, in addition to his own de-
mands, those of his ally, to reduce
them into distinct articles, and
even to conclude on those grounds
a provisional treaty, to take effect
whenever Russia should signify her
accession,
This form of negotiating was, af-
ter some objection, acceded to by
France. Terms were now offered
to his majesty more nearly ap-
proaching than before to the origi-
nal basis of negotiation; but they
were still far short of what his ma-
jesty had uniformly insisted. on,
and was now more than ever en-
titled to expect; and the decisive
rejection of the just demands of
‘Russia, as well as of the conditions
proposed by his majesty, iv behalf
of his other allies, left to his ma-
jesty no other course than that of
ordering his minister to terminate
the discussion and returu to Eng-
Jand.
The foregoing short and simple
exposition of facts stands in need
ofnocomment, ‘he first overtures

793
which led to negotiation were made
by the enemy, and they were acs
cepted by his majesty in the sin-
cerest spirit of peace. very open-
ing which seemed to afford the
most distant prospect of accommo-
dation has been anxiously embraced,
nor was the negotiation finally
broken off while any hope of a
favourable issue could be entertain-
ed. His majesty’s demands were
uniformably just and reasonable :
directed to nm objects of personal
aggrandizemeat, but to such only
as were indispensibly required by
the honour of his crown, his en-
gagements to his allies, and a due
consideration of the general interests
of Kurope. ;

It is with heartfelt concern that
his majesty contemplates the con-
tinuance of those evils always in.
separable from a state of war; but
it is with his enemies that this awful
responsibility rests; and for the
issue of the contest his majesty
trusts, with confidence, to the jus.
tice of his cause; to the resources
and bravery of his people; to the
fidelity of his allies; and, above all,
to the protection and support: ef
the divine providence.

In contributing to the great ef-
forts which such a contest must
unavoidably require, his faithful
and affectionate subjects will not
forget that all their dearest interests
are at stake; that no sacrifices
they can be called upon to make,
are to be compared with the cer~
tain disgrace and ruin of yielding
to the injurious pretensions of the
enemy; that with the inviolable
maintenance of the good faith and
public honour of their country,
its prosperity, its strength, and its
independence, are essentially cons
nected ;

06 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

nected; and that, in asserting the commanders of the two powers by »
rights, and upholding the dignity Jand and sea shall enter into an
of the British empire, they defend agreement with respect to the march-
the most powerful bulwark of the ing out of the troops, and the sur.
liberties of makind. . render of the country.

4. His majesty the emperor of
France and king of Italy consents,
M.D’Oubril's Treaty, signed the 8th atthe request of the emperor of all

(20th) of July, with General Clarke, _ the Russias,

appointed Plenipotentiary for that I. To restore the republic of

Purpose by theFrench Government. Ragusa to its former independence,

under the condition that it shall en-

1. From the present day there joy, as heretofore, the protection of
shall be peace and friendship for the Ottoman Porte. The French ~
ever between his majesty the em- shall retain the position of Stagno,
peror of Russia, and his majesty the on the Peninsula Sabioncllo, to
emperor of France and king of secure the communication with
Italy, their heirs and _ successors, Cattaro.
their empiresand subjects. ~ II. To cease from any hostile un.

2, As a consequence of the first dertakings against the Montenegrins
article, all hostilities, both by sca from tke day of the signing of this
and land, shall cease between the convention, so long as they shall re.
two nations: the necessary orders main peaceable as subjects of the
for which shall be issucd within Porte. ‘They shall immediately re-
twenty-four hours after signing the turn home, and his majesty the em-
present convention. All ships of pcror Napoleon engages not tomo-
war, and other vessels, belonging to lest them, nor to make any en-
either of the two powers, or their quiries relative to the part they have
subjects, that shall be taken after taken in the hostile attacks that
the signing of thisconvention in any have been made in the territory of
‘part of the world, shall be restored Ragusa, and the neighbouring terri-
to the owners. tories.

3. The Russian troops shall give 5. The independence of the re-
up to the French the country known public of the seven islands is ac-
by the name of Bocca di Cattaro, as kuowledged by both powers. The
also Dalmatia, which, by the fourth Russian troops now in the Mediter-
article of the tredty of Presburg, ranean shall remove to the Lonian
belongs to his French imperial ma- islands. His Russian imperial ma-
jesty as King of Italy. Every faci- jesty to give a proof of his sincere
lity shall be afforded the Russian ‘disposition to peace, shall not leave
troops for theevacuation of Cattaro, more than 4,000 of his troops there,
as also of the Ragusan territory, which he shall remove as soon as
Montenegro, and Dalmatia, if the his imperial majesty shall judge ne-
éireumstances of the warshouldhave cessary.
occasioned them to occupy those 6. ‘The independence of the Otto-
territories., Immediately after this man Porte shall be acknowledged,
convention shall be ratified, the on both sides, and both the high

3 ; contracting

:

STATE PAPERS.

_ contracting parties engage to pro-
tect it and the integrity of its posses-
sions. _ ;

7. As soonas, in consequence of
the concluding of te present con-
vention, orders shall have been given
for the troops to leave the Bocca di
Cattaro, all occasion of hostilities
being removed, the French troops
shail retire from Germany, his ma-
jesty the emperor Napoleon de-
clares, that within three months after
the signing of the treaty, all his

troops shall have returned to
France.
g. Both the high contracting

powers shall employ their good
offices to terminate, as sp2edily as
possible, the war between Prussia and
Sweden.

9. As the. two high contracting
powers wish, as much as depends
upon them, to hasten the peace by
sea, his French imperial majesty
will willingly accept the good offers
of his Russian imperial majesty for
the attainment of that object.

10. The commercial relations be-
tween the subjects of the two em-
pires shall be restored to the same
footing on which they were before
the breaking out of the hostilities
by which they were disturbed and
separated. |

11. All prisoners of both nations

- shall be delivered up to the agents of

_ the respective governments, without
exception, as soon as the ratifica-
tions shall be exchanged.

12. The regulatious of the mis-

sions and ceremonials, between the
two high contracting powers shall
be placed on the same footing as be-
fore the war.

13. The ratifications of this con-
vention shall be exchanged at St.
Petersburgh within twenty-five days,
by plenipotentiaries appointed on
each side.

797

Done and signed at Paris, the 8th

of July, 1806.
“ (Signed) — Peter D’Oubril.
Clarke.
Hisimperial majesty has been pleas-
ed tolay thisactof pacification before
a council summoned specially for that
purpose, that it might be compared
both with the instructions given to
M. d’Oubril here, and with the or- _
ders sent to him at Vienna, before
his departure from that city ; and it
has appeared that the counsellor of
state, d’Oubril, when he signed the
convention, had not only departed
from the instructions he had re-
ceived, but had acted directly con-
trary to the sense and intention of
the commission given him.

The imperial council, with a com.
mon feeling for the honour of the
country, and abiding by the known
principles of his imperial majesty,
which are founded in the strictest
justice, have declared as their com.
mon opinion, that this act, which is
not conformable to the views of his
imperial majesty, cannot receive his
majesty’s ratification; and his im-
perial majesty has ordered this to
be notified to the French govern-
ment. His majesty, at the same time,
has signified his willingness to renew
the negotiations for peace, but only
on such principles as are suitable to
the dignity of his majesty.

Tbe ministry for foreign affairs
has made an official communication
on this subject to all the foreign mi-
nisters accredited to this court.

ge A

Full Powers of M. D'Qubril.

«¢ We, Alexander I. emperor and
autocrat of all the Russias, &c. &c.
&c, (through all, the titles of his
majesty.)

¢ Being

798

‘** Being actuated by a solicitude
for the preservation of Kurope ina

Stateof calm and tranquillity, and

animated by a sincere desire to put
an end to misunderstanding, and re-

-establish peace with France on solid

bases, we have considered it proper
to commit this task toa person en-
joying our confidence. For that

_ purpose we have nominated, ap-
p > ap

pointed, and authorised our trusty
and well beloved Pierre d’ Oubril,
counsellor of state, and knight of
the orders of St. Wolodimir, of the
third class, of St. Anne of the se-
cond, and of St. John of Jernsalem,
whom we donominate, appoint, and
authorize by these presents, for the
purpose and fo the intent of enter-
ing into conference with the person
or persons who shall be properly
authorised on the part of thel’rench
government, and of concluding and
signing with them an act or conven-
tion upon bases proper for the set.
tiement of the peace which is to be
established between Russia and
France, and to lay the foundation
of peace between the other bellige-
rent powers of Kurope.

‘¢ We promise on our imperial
word, to take for granted, and
toexccute faithfully, all that shall
be agreed upon .and signed by our
said plenipotentiary, and also to
give our imperial ratification within
the time which shall be agreed
upon.

‘¢ In testimony of which we have
signed these full powers, and have
affixed thereto the seal of our em-

‘pire.

*< Given at St. Petersburgh, the
30th of April, 1806, and in the 6th
year of our reign.

Alexander.
(Countersigned)
Prince Adam Czartoryski,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

(Certified to be translated con.
formably to the original.)
Pierre d’Oubril.”’

Russian Manifesto.

We, Alexander I. by the grace of

God, emperor and autocrat of all
Russia, &c. &e. &e.

To all our faithful subjects be it
known ; j

While we, in pursuance of our
incessant anxiety for the internal
prosperity of our empire, have di-
rected our constant atfention to its
external relations, it has uniformly
been our wish to establish it upon
the solid basis of the public interest,
and to maintain it by alliances suited
to the situation and circumstances
of our country,

In this view we thought it pro-
per, at the commencement of our
reign, to remove the causes of. the
misunderstandings which then ex-
isted, and to unite ourselvesin friend-
ly intercourse with those powers
whose wise and moderate principles
were most consistent with your in-
dependence, and with the geveral
tranquillity. The omnipotent fa+
voured ovr wishes, in restoring a
gencral peace throughout Europe.

Dutit was not consistent with his
inscrutable purposes to continue
this state of things. The war broke
out anew.

Although, from our situation, we
took uo immediate share in this war,
yet, agreeably ‘to alliances and to
the fixed principles of attachment to
the common interest and tranquil.
lity by which we were actuated, we
never ceased to wish for the restora-
tion of peace, and to labour, by
pacific negotiations, to obtain that
end. :

2 : pie eon

STATE

' In the midst of these negotia-
tions, the daily incroachments of
the French government, its spirit of
aggrandisement, and its unbounded

- ambition, which threatened to swal-
low vp our allies, at last compelled
us to take an active part in the
war

We took up arms,’ but never
ceased to wish for peace. We there.
fore announced, by our ukases of
the Ist of September, 1805, that the
object of our arming was to main-
tain the faith of our alliances, and
to re-establish a general peace.

The misfortune which attended
the arms of the allies disappointed
our intentions, but the principles
on which we acted are not changed.
The French government, in the
beginning of the present year, shewed
a disposition towards pacific ap-
proximations. We gave orders to
enter into discussions upon the sub-
ject.

The restoration of peace, which
should combine the security of our
empire with the interests of our
allies, and with the general tranquil-
lity of Europe, was laid down as the
principles of the discussions.

But to our regret the condition of
the treaty concluded with France

neither corresponded with the dig.
__ nity of our empire nor with the in-
terests of our allies. We there-
_ fore refused to ratify those condi-
tions.
7 In order, nevertheless, to demon-
strate the unalterable principles by
_ which we are actuated, and which,
under all events, we have kept
Steadily in view, we have at the same
_ -time explained the means and the
_ principles in conformity to which
we are disposed again to open ne-
gotiations with the French govern.
ment,

PAPERS.

799

The principles which we have
proposed are on the one hand so mo-
derate that they cannot be rejected
without a menace to the general se-
curity, and on the other hand so
conformable to the interests of all
the powers concerned, that if they
are accepted a general and lasting
peace may be again restored to
Europe.

Kither peace or a continuance of
war must necessarily be the result
of this measure. We wish for
peace, but if a durable peace, and
one grounded upon reciprocal ad-
vantages cannot be attained, we
shall accountit a sacred duty which
we owe to the honour of the Rus-
sianname, to the. security of the
country, to our faith pledged by
treaties, to the general preservation
of Europe, to abandon all pacific
proceedings, and to make those ex-
ertions which all those considerations
render indispensable.

We are persuaded, that the pro-
vidence of the most high, who is
the protector of truth, will defend
our just cause with his strong arm.

We are persuaded that our faith-
ful subjects, animated at all times
with love for their country, ac-
tuated at all times with a spirit of
honour, and sentiments of bravery,
all surrounded with great examples
of patriotic zeal, will unite their
exertions with ours when called
upon bythe security of Russia, by
the voice of fame, and by our com-
mands to co-operate for the general
weal.

In this firm persuasion, depending
upon the aid of the Almighty, and
the zeal of our faithful subjeets, we
have thought it necessary to an-
nounce to you beforehand our in-
tentions, thereby to give you a fresh
proof that in none of our under-

takings

800

takings we are actuated, either by
the desire of extending our empire,
or of acquiring fame by success in
war; but that the objects of our
wishes and our operations are the
general security, the maintenance of
our alliance, and the preservation
of the dignity of our empire.

Given at St. Petersburgh, August
30, 1806, and in the sixth year of
our reign.

Alexander.

(Countersigned) Budberg,

Minister for foreign affairs.

Prussian Manifesto.

As his majesty the king of Prus-
sia has taken up arms for the ‘de-
fence of his people, he thinks it ne-
cessary to lay before them and all

Surope, the circumstances which
have imposed this duty on his ma-
jesty.

The politics of France have been
the scourge of humanity during the
last fifteen years. Those men who,
in rapid succession, have been at the
head of affairs in that country, have
only sought the means of their do-
minion in war, and the guarantee of
their existence in the wretchedness
of the people, may be viewed with-
out astonishment. But the intro.
duction of a regular government, to
which the same necessity could not
be imputed, gave new life to the
hopes of the friends of peace. Na-
poleon, invested with the supreme
power, victorious, surrounded by

weaker states, friendly disposcd go-.

vernments, or. conquered and cx-
hausted rivals, had it in his power
to perfoym a better part. Tor the
greatness of France nothing more
remained for him todo; for her

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

happiness every thing was in his
power. -

It is painful to be compelled to
say, that French politics still re.
mained the same. An insatiable
ambition was still the ruling passion
of France. She made use of arms
and of treaties with the same view.
The peace of Amiens was scarcely
concluded, before the signal for the
first acts of violence followed.
Holland and Switzerland, two inde.
pendent states, were compelled to
accept a constitution which con-
verted them into French provinces.
The renewal of war was the conse-
quence.

Peace, however, still continued
upon the continent. ‘The German
empire had. purchased it by incalcu-
lable’ sacrifices, In the midst of
this peace, nevertheless, the French
troops invaded the electorate of
Hanover; a country which had no
concern in the war between France
and England, while the ports of
Germany were shut against the Bri-
tish flag; and the better to effect
her object, France took posession
ot Cuxhaven, and the territory of
a free state, which was still more a
stranger to war than Hanover.

In the midst of this peacealso, the
same troops a few months after, vio.
Jated the German territory, insuch
manner as to wound the honour of
the nation still deeper. The Ger-
mans have never avenged the death
of the duke d’Enghein ; but the re-
membrauce of thatevent will never
be extinguished among them.

The treaty of Luneville guaran.
teed the independence of the Italian
republic., In spite of the most po-
sitive promises did Napoleon place

the iron crown of Italy upon his

/

own head. Genoa was incorporated
owith

STATE

with France. Lucca was very near
ssharing the same fate. Only a few
months before had the emperor, ona
solemn occasion—an occasion which
imposed very important duties upon
him—declared, before his people
and before all Kurope, that he
wished not to extend the limits of
his territory. Besides, France was
bound, by a treaty with Russia,
to put the king of Sardinia in ‘pos-
session of indemnities in Italy. In-
stead of fulfilling that obligation,

_ she made herself mistress of every

object whieh could have been ser-
viceable towards that indemnifica-
tion.

Portugal wished to maintain her
neutrality, but Portugal was com-
pelled to purchase, by gold, the de-

_ ceitful security of a few moments.

The Porte, who had not forgot-
ten the invasion of Syria and Egypt,
was the only power remaining in
Europe, which had not been sub-

_ jected to the arbitrary proceedings

t

_ pression.

of France.
But to these acts of violence, a

_ system of abuse and injury remained
A journal, which |

still to beadded.
proclaimed itself the voice of go-

_ vernment, was chosen as a chro-

nicle of the attacks incessantly made
upon every crowned head.

Prussia could be no stranger to
any of those general acts of op-
Many of them were
nearly connected with her substan-
tial interests; especially as the wis-

4 dom of that system which considers
_ the states of Europe as members of
_ the same family, calls upon each of

‘

them for the defence of all; and
_ that the unbounded aggrandizement

_ of one state exposed the rest to dan-
- ger, was sufficiently manifest to ex-

t

perience.
Still it is most essentially neces.
Vor. XLVIII.

PAPERS.

sary, to represent in what manner
the conduét of France was calcu-
lated to operate in its immediate re-
lation to Prussia.

It were superfluous to enumerate
all the good offices rendered to Na.
poleon by Prussia. Prussia was the
first power that acknowledged him.
No promises, no menaces had been
able to shake the king’s neutrality.
every thing that the duty of a good
neighbour could prescribe, was most
amply afforded during a period of
six years, Prussia esteemed a vas
liant nation, which also had learned,
on its part, to respect Prussia both
in war and peace; and she did jus-
tice to the genius of its chief. But
the, remembrance of these times is
no longer retained by Napoleon.

Prussia had permitted the territory
of Hanover to be invaded. In this
she had countenanced an act of in.
justice ; therefore was it her first
view to remedy it. She offered her-
self for it instead of England, under
the condition that the latter should
cede it. It must, however, at least
be recollected, that thus a boundary
was prescribed to France, which she
should not pass. Napoleon so-
lemnly pledged himself not to com-
promise the neutrality of the north-
ern states; to exercise no violence
towards any of them; and, in par-
ticular, not to increase the number
of troops in the electorate of Hano-
ver.

Scarcely had he agreed to these
stipulations, than he broke them.
Every one is acquainted with the
violent manner in which sir George
Rumbold was seized; every one
knows that the Hanse Towns were
laid under contribution, under the
appellation of loans, not by any
means for their interest, but exactly
in the same manner as if France had

3F been

801

802

been at war with him. For the first
of these injuries his majesty con-
tented himself with accepting an in-
adequate satisfaction. Of the se-
cond he took no cognizance, being
prevented by the apprehensions and
representations on the part of the
Hanse Towns. His majesty, on his
part, did not scruple to make any
sacrifice, as the preservation of
peace was the dearest wish of his
heart.

The patience and sufferance of
-every other court were exhausted
sooner than that of his majesty.—
War again broke out on the conti-
nent—the situation of the king,
with respect to his duty, was more
difficult thanever. In order to pre-
vent France from augmenting her
troops in [lanover, he had promised
-to sufler no attack to be made on
that territory. ‘The Russians and
Swedes were preparing for an ats
-tack upon the French. From this
period the whole burden of the con-
tract between [france and Prussia
weighed upon the latter only, with-
out producing to her the least ad-
vantage; and by a singular conca-
tenation of circumstances, it seemed
that Prussia, who only wished to
remain impartial and neutral, could
no longer pursue her former system,
except to the prejudice of the allicd
powers. Every advantage which re-
suited from this situation of affairs
was on the side of France, and the
king was daily threatened with a
collision, not less formidable to him,
than deeisively favourable to the
plans of Napolcon.

Who could have thought that the
very moment when the king had
given to the French government the
strongest proof of his determination,
and a singular example of the faith-
ful fulfilment of engagements into

3

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

which he had once entered, should
be chosen by Napoleon to do the
king the most sensible injury ?
Who does not remember the viola«
tion of the territory of Auspach,
which took place on the 3d of Octo-
ber, in the last year, notwithstand-
ing the remonstrance of the provin-
cial administration, and of his mae
jesty’s minister?

This contest between that mode-
ration which pardons every thing—
that integrity which remains true to
its engagements to the last, on the
one part; and the abuse of power,

-the insolence inspired by deceitful

fortune, and the habit of only reck+
oning on this fortune, on the other,
continued several years., The king
declared to the French government
that he considered all his connec.
tions with it as dissolved. He placed
his army on 4 footing suitable to
circumstances. He was now fully
convinced, that so pledge of secu-
rity remained for the neighbours of
Trance, but a peace established
upon firm principles, and guaranteed
by all the powers in common.

His majesty offered the allies to
be the mediator in negotiations for
such a peace, and to support them
with all his force, It is sufficient
to Know the conditions then pro-
posed, to be convinced of the mode-
ration which, at all times, has go-
verned the politics of his majesty in
their whole extent. Prussia, at this
moment, listened not to the voice of
revenge: she passed over the events
of the late war, however violent
they might have been, since they
had been sanctioned by existing
treaties. She required nothing but
the punétual fulfilment of those trea-
ties ; but this she required without
limitation. Count Haugwitz repair-
ed to Vienna, where the French em-

peror

STATE PAPERS.

peror then was. Scarcely had this
minister been there a few days,
when the whole face of affairs was
changed; the misfortunes experi-
enced by the court of Vienna
had compelled it to sign av armi-
stice, which was immediately fol-
lowed by a peace. The emperor of
Russia sacrificed his magnanimous
views to the wish of his ally, and
his troops returned home. Prussia
stood now alone on the field of con-
test. His majesty was obliged to
limit his policy by his powers ; and
instead, as had been his wish, of
embracing the interests of all Eu-
rope, make his own security and
that of his neighbours, his first
object.

The French emperor proposed to
count Haugwitz a treaty in which
was stipulated, on the one side,
a mutual guarantee of possessions,
the inviolability of the Turkish ter-
ritory, and the results of the peace
of Presburg ; and, on the other, the
taking possession of Hanover by
Prussia, in return for the cession of

three provinces.

The first part of the treaty pro-
mised, ‘at least for the future, an
acknowledged, guaranteed, and, if
Napoleon had so pleased, a firm,
political constitution. The results
of the peace of Presburg were a ge-
neral misfortune for Europe, but

_ Prussia sacrificed herself alone when
she accepted them; and to place a
- limit to the incessant usurpations of
France, should the treaty be consi-
dered by the court of St. Cloud as
anything-more than words, appeared
an advantage: the king, therefore,
‘ratified this article unconditionally.

The second half of the treaty of
Vienna related to an object, the im-
portance of which had been mani-
fested by serious experience: Prus-

80€

sia cold not rely on security for 4
moment, so long as Hanover re-
mained involved in a war, in which
that country had, in fact, no con-
cern. At whatever price it might
be purchased, Prussia was resolved
that the French should not return
thither. She had her ¢hoice to ob-
tain this end, either by a treaty or
a war, The cession of three pro-
vinces, which had been faithful and
happy for a long series of years,
was a sacrifice not to be made for
any plan of vain ambition: but
these provinces, in case of a war,
would have been the first sufferers ;
all the calamities of that war would
have pressed upon the monarchy
while the acquisition of Hanover,
could it have been made under less
unhappy circumstances, would have
been productive of the most valuable
advantages to Prussia. The king,
therefore, conceived, that he recon<
ciled his wishes with his principles,
when he accepted the proposed ex.
change, only under the condition,
that the fulfilmentof the same should
be deferred till the general peace,
and that the consent of his majesty
the king of Great Britain should be
obtained.

All the advantages of this treaty
were for France. On the one side,
she received guarantees, which put
the seal on her conquests; on the
other, she gave what she did not
possess, what might be again cons
quered by the chances of an uncer-
tain war, while in the cessions of
Prussia she found the means of en-
riching her allies.

But between a policy which will
do every thing in its power, and an
integrity which regards its duties,
and especially its promises, the cone
test is ever unequal. ‘The king aps
proached the moment when he was

BF 2 corvinced

804

convinced of this by experience ;
this moment was the most painful of
his reign.

It was the affair of France to re-
ject the modifications under which
the king had confirmed the treaty,
if she did not approve them. But
she avoided doing this, for the whole
Prussian army was still under arms.
She continued to be lavish of assur-
ances of friendship: she fulfilled the
treaty as far as it suited her; but
when his majesty wished to reap the
only advantage which he had pro-
posed to himself from the late nego-
tiations, and which was nearest to
his heart, she suddenly altered her
language. The modifications, added
to the treaty of Vienna, were now
rejected at Paris. Endeavours were
made to force Prussia into the most
injurious measures ; and when count
Haugwitz, who was at Paris, remon-
atrated against this,the unconditional
fulfilment of the treaty was haugh-
tily insisted on, as were the immp-
diate cession of the three provinces,
and the recal of the patent by which
the occupation of Hanover was de.
clared provisional. Prussia was
required to resign a part of the
advantages stipulated, and to shut
the ports against the British flag, in
the same manner as if the French
had returned into the electorate.

The king, at length, was per-
fectly convinced of the true charac-
ter of the friendship of the emperor
of the French—a soporific draught
for a power which still feels its own
strength ; au instrument of degrada-
tion,and finally of subjection, to
every power which no longer pos-
sesses strength.

In the mean time, Napoleon was
in possession of every advantage.
The Prussian army had returned,
his own, after some movements of

. now utterly lost.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

no consequence, at which deceived
Germany prematurely rejoiced, on
some frivolous pretences, establish-
ed itself on this side the Rhine. The
first conflict might produce misfor-
tunes. War which isnot, under all
circumstances, the greatest of evils,
might become such under those then
existing. ‘The king determined to
continue the part he had hitherto
acted, for some time longer. Wish-
ing to preserve his force, now more
than ever necessary to Europe, and
at least to secure the tranquillity of
the north, he confirmed the new
treaty. Confidence, however, was
Prussia was con-
vinced that, on the first opportunity
to weaken her without danger, she
might expeet an attack from her
pretended ally ; convinced there is
a degree of ambition which nothing
can satisf y—which proceeds, without
intermission, from usurpation to
usurpation, sometimes without a
plan, but ever intent on destruc.
tion ; careless of the choice of means,
and employing alike arms, and the
pen, violence, and oaths. But even
with this conviction, so great is the
unfortunate superiority obtained by
such policy, over those who wish
only to be just, the king fulfilled all
the conditions of the treaty with the
punctuality of a faithful ally. Itis
known what the consequences were
with respeet to the connections of
his majesty with England. France
gained nothing by this ; but she tri-
umphed in secret at the thought of
having disunited two courts, the
union of which might have been
dangerous to her ; and what, in the
views of France, gave the principal
value to her alliance with the king
was, that this alliance isolated his
majesty, since it produced an opi-
nion, that Prassia was a participator

m

STATE

in the canse of so many misfor-
tunes.

But not content with this, we
shall soon see in what manner the
politics of France, assured that she
had now no enemy to fear, believing
that she had annihilated Austria,
forming a judgment of Russia with
equal ignorance and rashness, and
blinded by the apparent tranquillity
of Prussia, she atlength threw off
the mask; and despising forms
which she had hitherto sometimes
.Tespeéted, openly trampled on all
treaties and all rights. Three
months after the signing of the
treaty with Prussia, all its articles
were violated.

The treaty had for its basis the
status quo of the moment in which it
was concluded, also the guarantee
of the German empire and its states,
according to the constitution then
established. ‘This truth arises not
only from the nature of things ;
the treaty had also expressly pre-
scribed to the two powers their du-
ties. The relations in which the
peace of Presburg had left his ma-
jesty the emperor of Austria, were
guaranteed to him; consequently
also theimperial crown of Germany,
and the rights conneéted with it.
The existence of Bavaria, and con-
sequently the relations which had
connected it for so many centuries
to the empire, were likewise con-
firmed by the same common gua-
rantee. Three months after, the
confederation of the Rhine over-
threw the Germanic constitution,
deprived the emperor of the antient
ornament of his house, and placed
Bavaria, and thirty other princes,
under the tutelage of France.

But is it necessary to appeal to
treaties, to form a just judgment of
‘this extraordinary event? Previous

PAPERS. 805

to all ‘treaties, nations have their
rights ; and had not France sported
with the sanctity of an oath, this act
of unexampled despotism would
exasperate every mind. ‘To deprive
princes who had never offended
France, and to render them the
vassals of others, themselves the
vassals of the French government ;
to abolish, with a stroke of the pen,
a constitution of a thousand years
duration—which long habit, the
remembrance of so many illustrious
periods, and so many various and
mutual relations, had rendered dear
to such a number of princes—
which had so often been guaranteed
by all the European powers, and
even by France herself—to lay
contributions on the cities and
towns in the midst of profound
peace, and leave the new possessions
only an exhausted skeleton — to
abolish this constitution without
consulting the emperor of Germany,
from whom a crown was wrested,
or Russia, so lately become the
guarantee of the German League,
or Prussia, interested intimately in
that Jeague, thus arbitrarily dissolv-
ed—No: wars and continued vic.
tories have sometimes produced
great and remarkable catastrophes ;
but such an example in time of peace
was never before given to theworld.
The king commiserated the un-
fortunate princes, who suffered by
these transactions: but he pitied
not less those who had suffered
themselves to be hired by the hope
of gain; and he would reproach
himself, should he increase their
unhappiness by judging them with
too great severity. Deluded by the
reward of their compliance; pro.
bably, forced to obey commands
which admitted of no opposition ;
or, if surprised into consent, suftici-
ently
3F3

806

ently punished by their acquisitions,
and by being reduced to a state of
vassalage, as harsh and degrading as
their former relations were honour.
able, they deserve not to be treated
by Germany with the utmost rigour.
Perhaps, when the magnanimous
nation, to which they formerly be-
longed arises around them on every
side to contend for their indepen.
dence, they may listen to the voice
of gratitude and honour, and, at
Jeast, abhor their chains, wheu
they find they must be stained with
the blood of their brethren.

It was not enough that these de-
spotic acts were immediately injuri-
ous to Prussia. The emperor of
France was intent on rendering
them sensible to the person of the
king in all his allied states. The
existence of the prince of Orange
was under the common guarantee of
the two powers ; for the king had ac-
knowledged the political changes in
Holland only under this condition.
For several years this prince had
expected that the claims, secured by
the mutual stipulations of Prussia
and France, should be satisfied.
The Batavian republic had been
willing to enter into an accommoda-
tion, but the emperor Napoleon
forbad it. Neither the recollection
of this circumstance, nor the consi-
deration of the ties of blood which
united his majesty to the prince,
nor the declaration, twenty times
repeated, that the king could not
desert the rights of his brother-in-
Jaw, could prevent bis being added
to theheap of victims. He was the
first who was deprived of his pater-
nal property. Eight days before,
he had received ‘from the emperor
a letter, condoling with him, in the
customary forms, on the death of
his father, and wishing him joy on

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

his undisturbed succession tg the

states of his house. None of these
circumstances are unimportant 5
each throws a light on the whole.

Cleves had been allotted to prince
Murat. Scarcely become a sove-
reign, he wished likewise to be a
conqueror.—His troops took pos-
session of the abbies of Essen, Wer-
den, and Klten, under the pretext
that they appertained to the duchy
of Cleves, though they were entirely
territories newly acquired, and there
was not the shadow of a connection
between them and the ceded pro-
vince. Great labour was employed,
in vain, to give even acolour to this
outrage.

Wesel was to belong to the new
duke, not to the emperor Napoleon.
‘The king had never resolved to give
up the Jast fortress on the Rhine
into the power of France.—With.
out a word by way of explanation,
Wesel was annexed to a French de-
partment.

The existing state of the Austrian
monarchy, and of the Porte, had
been mutually guaranteed. The
empcror Napoleon certainly wished
that Prussia should be bound by
this guarantee ; for in his hands it
was an instrument which he might
employ as suited his politics, a pre-
text for demanding sacrifices in a
contest which his ambition might
occasion.— He himself, however,
did not observe it longer than it
contributed to his interest. Ragusa,
though under the protection of the
Porte, was taken possession of by
his troops. Gradiska and Aquileia
were wrested from Austria, under
nearly the same pretexts which had
been employed when thé’ French
seized the three abbeys,

In all political proceedings it was

naturally taken for granted, ig
the

SPARE? AP BS S:

fhe new states formed by France,
were states in the proper sense of
the term, and not French provinces.
But it cost the cabinet of St. Cloud
only a word to deprive them of
their independence. The appella-
tion, The Great Empire, was in-
vented, and that empire was imme-
diately surrounded with vassals.

Thus there was no trace of the
treaty left, yet Prussia proceeded to
shut her ports against England, and
still considered herself as having
obligations to fulfil.

The emperor, at length, informed
his majesty that it was his pleasure
to dissolve the German empire, and
form a confederation of the Rhine,
and he recommended to the king to
establish a similar confederation in
the north of Germany.—This was
according to his customary policy ;
2 policy which had long been
crowned with success ; at the mo.
ment of the birth of any new pro-
ject, to throw out a lure to those
courts which might occasion diffi-
culties in the execution of such pro-
ject. The king adopted the idea
of such a contederation, not that
thg advice he reccived made the
least impression on him, but because,
in fact, it’ was rendered necessary
by circumstances; and, because,
after the succession of the princes
who had acceded to the confedera-
tion of the Rhine, a close union
between those of the north, became
more than ever the condition of
their safety. The king took mea-

sures to establish this league, but on.

other principles from those of the
model presented to him. He made
it his pride to collect the last of the
Germans under his banners ;° but
the rights of each he left unimpaired,
and honour alone was the bond of

the league.

807

But could France advise the king
to any measure which should be
productive of adyantage to Prussia ?
We shall soon see what is to be exe
pected when France makes profes-
sjous of favour.

In the first place, care had been
taken to introduce into the funda-
mental statute of the confederation
of the Rhine, an article which con-
tained the germ of all future inno.
vations. It provided, that other
princes sliould be received into this
confederation, shauld they desire it.
In this manner, all. relations in
Germany were left indeterminate -
and as the means were still reserved
to detach and annex to this league
the weaker states, either by promise
or threats, it was but too probable
that, in time, this confederation
would be extended into the heart of
the Prussian monarchy.

And, that this might no longer
remain doubtful, but be manifest to
every one, the first attempt was im-
mediately made. Fortunately, it
was made on a prince who knows
not fear, and who considers inde-
pendence as the highest object of
his ambition. The French minister
at Cassel invited the elector to throw
himself into the arms of his master.
Prussia, it was alledged, did nothing
for her allies !—It is true, Napo-
leon knows how to manage his
better; and every one sees that
Spain and Holland, and the kings
of Wirtemberg and Bavaria, have
to thank their alliance with him for ,
peace, independence, and honour !
Prussia did nothing for her allies.
Napoleon, on the contrary, would
reward the accession’ of the elector
by an enlargement of his territory,

And this treachery was exercised
towards an ally, and at the very
moment when the king was advised

3F4 to

808
to form his alliance, of which Hesse
was to be the first bulwark, endea-
yours were made to detach from him
a power, whom family connections,
alliances, and relations of every
kind, united in the closest manner
to his majesty’s person.

But even these hostile steps were
not sufficient. Does any one wish
to know what was the Jure by
which it was hoped to gain the elcc-
tor of Hesse, and what was the aug-
mentation of territory with the ex-
pectation of which he was flattered ?
It was the prince of Orange, the
brother-in-law of the king—that
prince who had been twice deceived
ih the most shameful manner—who
was now to be robbed the third
time! He still possessed the terri-
tory of Fulda; this was promised to
the elector,.and it would have been
given, had the elector consented to
accept it, and had not Prussia taken
up arms.

His majesty saw the system of
usurpation advance every day; he
saw a circle, continually becoming
narrower, drawn round him, and
even the right of moving within it’
‘beginning to be disputed with him,
for a sweeping resolution forbade a
passage to any foreign troops, arm-
ed or not armed, through the states
of the confederation. ‘This was to
cut off, contrary to the rights of
nations, the connection between the
detached Hessian provinces; this
was to prepare pretexts on which
to act; this was the first threat of
punishment aimed at a magnani-
mous prince, who had preferred a
defender to a master.

But even affer this, his majesty
cannot reflect on it without admira-
tion ; the king considered whether
a combination might not be found,
which should render this state of

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

things compatible with the mainte.

nance of peace.

The emperor Napoleon appeared
to be solicitous to remove this doubt,
Two negotiations werethen carrying
on at Paris, one with Russia, the
other with the Hnglish ministry. In
both these negotiationsthe intentions
of France against Prussia were evi-
dently manifested.

By the treaty-which the emperor
of Russia has refused to ratify,
France offered, in conjunction with
Russia, to prevent Prussia from
depriving the king of Sweden of his
German territories. Yet, for many
months, the cabinet of St. Cloud
had continually pressed the king to
seize those States, with the threefold

view,—first to revenge himself on-

the king of Sweden ; secondly, to
embroil Prussia with all other
powers ; and, thirdly, to purchase
her silence with respect to the sub-
version of Southern Germany. But
the king had long been aware, that
such were the views of France ; and

-his unfortunate dispute with Swe.

den was painful to him.—He had,
therefore, been careful to provide
against every suspicion of self-inte-
rested motives, and he confided his
explanations to the emperor Alex.
ander. The scene nowagain changed,
and Napoleon, who had so long
been the enemy of the king of Swe-
den, was suddenly transformed into
his protector.

It is not superfluous to remark,
that, in this insidious treaty of the
French emperor, in order to satisfy
the honourable interest which the
court of St. Petersburgh took in the
maintenance of the rights of the king

of Naples, he promised the latter.

an indemnification; engaging te
prevail on the king of Spain to cede
to him the Belearic islands. He

will

STATE PAPERS.

will act in the same manner with
respect to the augmentation of ter-
ritory he pretends to bestow on his
allies.

These were all preludes to the
steps he took against Prussia: we
now approach the moment which
determined his majesty.

Prussia had hitherto derived no-
thing from her treaties with France
‘but humiliation and loss ; one sin-
gle advantage remained. The fate
of Hanover was in her power ; and
it must remain, unless the last
pledge of the security of the north
were annihilated. Napoleon had

solemnly guaranteed this state of

things, yet he negotiated with Eng-

_Jand on the basis of the restoration

of the electorate. ‘The king is in

_ possession of the proofs.

War was now in fact declared—

declared by every measure taken

by France. Every month produced
a new notification of the return of
his army; but, on one frivolous
pretext or another, it was still con-
tinued in Germany; and for what
purposes ?—Gracious heaven! to
eradicate the last trace of sovereignty

-among the Germans—to.treat kings

as governors appointed by himself—
to drag before military tribunals ci-
tizens only responsible to their own
governments; to declare others
outlaws who lived peaceably in fo-
reign states, under foreign sove-
reigns, and even in the capital of a
German emperor, because they had
published writings in which the
French government, or at least its
despotism, was attacked ; and this
at the time when the same govern-
ment daily permitted hired libellers
to attack, under its protection, the
honour of all crowned heads, and
the most saered feelings of nations.

809

The French troops were in no
manner diminished, but continually
reinforced and augmented, and con-
tinually advanced nearer to the
frontiers of Prussia or her allies,
till they at length took a position
which could onty menace Prussia,
and were even assembled in force in
Westphalia, which certainly was not
the road to the. Mouths of tbe
Cattaro.

It was no'longer doubtful that
Napoleon had determined to over-
whelm Prussia with war, or torender
her for everincapable of war, since he
was leading her from humiliation to
humiliation, till she should be re-
duced to such a state of political
degradation and feebleness, that,
deprived of every defence, she could
have no other will than that of her
formidable neighbour.

The king delayed no longer. He
assembled hisarmy. General Kno-
belsdorf was sent to Paris with the
final declaration of this majesty.
Only one measure remained which
could give security to the king,
which was the return of the French
troops over the Rhine. General
Knobelsdorf had orders to insist on
this demand ; it was not the whole
of the king’s just demands, but it
was necessary that it should be the
first, since it was the condition of
his future existence. The acceptance
or refusal of it must shew the real
sentiments of the French emperor.

Unmeaning professions — argue
ments, the real virtue of which were
known by long experience—were
the only answer the king received.
Far from the French army being
recalled, it was announced that it
would be reinforced; but with a
haughtiness still more remarkable
than this refusal, an offer was made,

that

$10

that the troops which had marched
into Westphalia should return home,
if Prussia would desist from her
preparations. This was not all:
it was insolently notified to the
king’s ministers, that the cities of
Hamburgh, Bremen, and Lubeek,
would not be sutfered to join the
northern confederation, but that
France would take them under her
protection, in the same manner as
in the other confederation, she had
given away cities, aud promulgated
laws, without permitting any other
power to make the least pretension.
The king was required to suffer a
foreign interest to be introduecd
into the heart of his monarchy.

Another contrast of conduct in-
censed the king to the utmost.
received from the emperor a letter
full of those assurances of esteem,
which, certainly, when they do not
accord with facts, ought to be con-
sidered as nothing, but which the
dignity of sovercigns renders a duty
to themselves, even when on the eve
efwar. Yet, a few day afterwards,
at amoment when the sword was
not yet drawn—when the minister
of the emperor endeavoured to
mislead those of the king, by as-
surances on assurances of the
friendly intentions of Fkrance—the
Publiciste of the 16th of September,
appeared, with a diatribe against the
king and the Prussian state, in a
style worthy of the most disgrace.
ful periods of the revolution, in-
sulting to the nation, and what, in
other times than ours, would have
been considered as amounting to a
declaration of war.

The king can treat slanders that
are merely abusive, with contempt,
but when these slanders contribute
to explain the real state of things,
it weuld be unwise to treat them so.

He.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1804

The last doubt had now disap.
peared, troops marched from the in-
terior of France towards the Rhine.
The intent to attack Prussia was
clear and certain. The king or-
dered a note to be transmitted by
general Knobelsdorf, containing the
conditions on which he was_ ready
to come to an accommodation.—
These conditions were :-—

1. That the French troops should
immediately evacuate Germany.

2. That France should oppose no
obstacle to the formation of the
northern confederacy; and that
this confederacy might embrace all
the larger and smaller states, not in-
cluded in the fundamental act of the
confederation of the Rhine.

3. That a negotiation should be
immediately commenced, for the
adjustment of all differences still
in dispute: a preliminary article of
which should be, the restoration of
the three abbeys, and the separa-
tion of the town of Wezel from the
French empire.

These conditions speak for them-
selves: they shew how moderate
the king, even at this moment, has
been in his demands, and how much
the maintenance of peace, if France
wishes peace, depends upon France
herself.

The term peremptorily fixed by
the king for the decision of peace
or war has elapsed. His majesty
has not received the answer of
the cabinet of St. Cloud; or
rather, the preparations madé
around him, daily, give that
answer, The king can henceforth
confide the safety and honour of his
crowu only to arms. He takes
them up with pain, because the chief
object of his wishes was, not a
glory purchased by the tears of his
people, but by their Be ah)

or

STATE PAPERS,

for his cause is just. Never has a
sovereign made greater sacrifices to
peace. He pushed his condescension
to the last limit that honour would
allow. Every thing which was di-
rected against him personally, he
passed over in silence. The opi-
nions of the ignorant, and the re-
flections of the slanderous, he de-
Spised, animated with the constant

hope, that he would be able to con-

duct his people, without injury, to
that period which must sooner or

dater arrive, when unjust greatness

Shall find its bounds ; and ambition,
which obstinately refused to ac-
knowledge any limits, shall at

Tength overleap itself.

The motives which induce his

‘majesty to take up arms, are not to

satisfy his resentments, to increase

his power, or to render a nation

uneasy which he shall always esteem,

as long as it confines itself to its
just and natural interests; but to
avert from his kingdom the fate
which was preparing for it; to pre-
serve to the people of Frederick,
their independence and their glory ;
to rescue unfortunate Germany

from the yoke by which it is op-

pressed, and to bring about a safe

and honourable peace. The day

on which he shall effect this, will
be the proudest of his life.

The

events of the war which is now be-

‘ginning, are in the disposal of Su-

preme Wisdom.—His majesty leaves

it to others to indulge in premature
-exultation and gratuitous insult, as

he has for a long time allowed them

from unjust invectives.

the miserable satisfaction arising
He leads to
an honourable combat an army
worthy of its former glory. He

‘reigns over a people of whom he

May be proud; and, while he is
yeady to shed his blood for them, he

$11

knows what he may expect from
their energy and affection. Princes,
the hononr of the German name,
who can confide in his gratitude
and honour, and who, fighting by
his side, are not dubious of victory,
have joined their banners with his ;
and a sovereign, who adorns with
his virtues one of the first thrones
in the world, is penetrated with the
justice of his cause. Every where
his arms are blessed by the voice of
the people, and even where they are
silent from fear, their impatience is
the greater. Withso many motives
to be conscious of her strength,
Prussia may well be permitted con-
tinually to confideinher high destiny.
Head-quarters, Erfurt, Oct. 9, 1806.

Letter from His Majesty the Em
peror and King.

Senators,

We have quitted our capital to
place ourselves in the midst of our
army of Germany, at the moment
we saw with certainty that its flanks
were menaced with unexpecied
movements. Scarcely arrived on
the frontiers of our states, we had
an opportunity of perceiving how
much our presence was necessary
there, and of congratulating ourself
on the defensive measures that we
had taken before we quitted the
centre of our empire. Already the
Prussian armies, ready for war, were
in motion in all parts; they had
passed their frontiers ; Saxony was
invaded, and the wise prince who
governs it was forced to act against
his will, and against the interest of
his people. The Prussian armies
had arrived in face of the canton.
ments of ourtroops. Provocations
of every kind, and even acts of vio-

, lence,

$14

lence, had marked the spirit of
hatred which animated our enemies,
and the moderation of our soldiers,
who, tranquil at the aspect of all
their movements, astonished only at
receiving no orders, rested under
the double confidence of courage
and a just cause. Our first duty
has been to pass the Rhine our-
self, to form our camps, and to
cause the sound of war to be heard.
Tt has spread into the hearts of all
our warriors. Rapid and com.
bined marches have. brought them,
in the twinkling of an eye, to the
spot we had indicated. All our
camps are formed ; we are going to
march against the Prussian armies,
and to repel force by force. At all
times, we ought to say it, our heart
is sorcly affected at this constant
preponderance which the genius of
mischief obtains in Europe, occu-
pied incessantly in traversing the
designs we form for the tranquillity
of Europe, the repose and happiness
of the present generation—besicg-
ing every cabinet by every kind of
seduction —leading those astray
whom it cannot corrupt—blinding
them to their true interests, and
Yaunching them into the midst of dis-
putes, without any other guide than
the passions it has known how to in¢
spire them with. The cabinet of
Berlin itself has not chosen with de-
liberation the part it takes: it has
been thrown into it with art, and
with malicious address. ‘The king
has found himself, ail at once, an
hundred leagues from his capital, on
the frontiers of the confederation of
the Rhine, in the midst of his army,
and opposite the French troops dis-
persed in their cantonments, and
who thought themselves justified in
¢ounting upon the ties which unite
the two states, and upon the lavish

.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

false reports, coming at once from

1806.

protestations made in all circum. ;
stances by the court of Berlin. In-
a war so just, in which we take armag
only to defend ourself, who have
provoked by no act, by no preten-
sion, and of which it would be im-
possible to assign the true cause, we
reckon entirely on the support of
the laws and the people; whom
circumstances call upon, to give us
new proofs of their love, of their
devotion, and of their courage. On
our part, no personal sacrifice will
be painful to us, no danger will stop
us, whenever it is the question to
assure the rights, the honour, and
the prosperity of our people.
Given at our imperial quarters, at
Bamberg, the 7th Oct. 1806.
By the emperor,

(Signed) Napoleon.

The minister secretary of state.
(Signed) H. B. Maret.

Copy of the Note of M. de Knobels-
dorff, to the Minister for Foreign
Affairs, Sept. 12, 1806.

The undersigned, feeling how
much itis of the first importance to
answer immediately the note which
his excellency the prince of Bene-
vento, minister for foreign affairs,
has done him the honour of addres.
sing to him this evening, feels him-
self compelled to limit himself to the
representation of the following ob
servations. The motives which have
engaged the king, my master, to
make armaments, have been the ef-
fect of a scheme of the enemies of
France and Prussia; who, jealous
of the intimacy which exists between
these two powers, have done every
thing in their power to alarm, by
every quarter. But above all, what

proves

ves the spirit of this measure is,
that his majesty has concerted it
With no person whatsoever, and that
the intelligence respecting it arrived
sooner at Paris than at Vienna, St.
Petersburgh, and London. But the
king, my master, has ordered to be
made to the envoy of his majesty
the emperor of the French and king
of Italy, an amicable communica-
tion on the subject of these mea-
sures. That minister had not yet
‘returned an answer upon this com-
‘munication. The relation of the
interesting conversations that his im-
perial majesty has deigned to en-
tertain with the undersigned, and
the marquis de Lucchesini, could
not yet have arrived at Berlin. After
this explanation, the undersigned
can only testify to his excellency,
his most ardent wish, that public
_actsmay yet rest suspended, till the
return of the courier dispatched to
Berlin.
_ The undersigned begs his excel-
_ Tency, &c.
| (Signed)
General Knobelsdorff.

_ Copy of the second Note to M. de
Knobeisdort, dated Sept. 13th.
1806.

_ The undersigned has laid before
_ his majesty, the emperor and king,
:

the note that his excellency M. de.

_ Knobelsdorff yesterday did him the
_ honour to address to him.
His majesty has found therein,
with pleasure, the assurance that
Prussia had not entered into any
concert hostile to France; that the
armament she has made, had no
other cause than a misunderstand.
ing; that the departure of the-gar-
vison of Berlin, though it happened
sinee the letter written by bis ma-

STATE PAPERS.

813

jesty the king of Prussia, ought only
to be censidered as the execution of
an anterior order; and that the
movements marked out for the Prus-
sian troops would cease as soon ag
it was known at Berlin, what his
majesty the emperor and king was
pleased to say to M. M. Knobels-
dorff and Lucchesini, in the pri-
vate audiences which he granted
them.

His majesty has ordered, in
consequence, that the communica.
tions which were to have been made
to the senate on Monday next, shall
be deferred; and that no troops,
beside those which are actually on
their march towards the Rhine,
shall be put in motion, until his ma-
jesty learns the determinations and
the measures that the court of Berlin
shall have taken, after the report
that M. M. de Knobelsdorff and
Lucchesini have made ; and if these
determinations are such that the
French army in Germany shall be
no longer menaced, and that alf
things shall be replaced between
France and Prussia on the same
footing as they were a month agoy
his majesty will immediately order
the retrograde march of the troops
who were actually advancing to the
Rhine.

His majesty expects that this
singular misunderstanding will be
cleared up. He expects to be ene
abled, without any mixture of un-
certainty or doubt, to restore him
self to those sentiments of which he
has given so many prools to the
court of Berlin, and which have al-
ways been those of a faithfulally.

The undersigned prays M. de
Knobelsdorff to receive the assur-
ances of his high consideration.

(Signed) C.M. Talleyrand,
Prince of Benevento.

Copy

814

Copy of the third Note addressed by
the Minister of Foreign Affairs
to M. Knobelsdorf.

The undersigned minister of fo-
reign relations has expressed to his
excellency M. Knobelsdorff, in the
note which he had the honour to
write to him on the 13th of Sept.
the confiding dispositions with which
bis majesty the emperor received
the assurances given by M. Knobels-
dortf, that the military movements
of the court of Berlin were not the
result of any hostile concert against
France, but simply the effect of a
misunderstanding ; and that they
would cease the moment when the
first communication of his excellency
should have arrived at Berlin.

Nevertheless, the news received
every day bears so much all the cha-
racter of an impending war, that his
imperial majesty must fecl some re-
gret at the engagement he made, not
yet'to call out his reserve, and to
defer the constitutional notification,
after which all the forces of the na-
tion would be placed at his dis-
posal. He will fulfil that engage-
ment ; but he shall think it contrary
to prudence and to the interest of
his people, not to order, in the in-
terim, all the measures, and all the
movements of the troops, which caa
take place without previous notifi-
cation.

His majesty has, at the same
time, charged the undersigned to
éxpress again to M. Knobelsdortt,
that he cannot yet conceive, by what
forgetfulness of her interests, Prus-
sia Should be willing to renounce
hier ties of amity with France. War
between the two countries appears
to him a real political monstrosity ;
and from the moment that the cabi-
net of Berlin shall return to her

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

pacific dispositions, and shall ceasé
to menace the armies of Germany;
his majesty engages to countermand
all the measures which prudence
commanded him to take. He will
cease with pleasure, as he does not
cease to do in all circumstances, the
occasion of testifying to his majesty
the king of Prussia the price he at-
taches to his friendship ; to aunion
founded on a wise policy, and on re-
ciprocal interests ; and to prove to
him that his sentiments are always
the same, and that no provocation
has been able to alter them.

The undersigned is happy in
being able to give to his excellency
M. de Knobelsdorff so formal an as-
surance of the dispositions of his
majesty, which are so foreign to all
ideas of war with Prussia, that he
has already committed a very grave
military fault, in retarding his mili-
tary preparations for one month,
and in consenting to let fifteen days
more pass over, without calling out
his reserves and his national guards,

This confidence, which his ma-
jesty loves to preserve, proves what
a value he sets upon what was stated
to him by M. Knobelsdorff, that
Prussia had entered into no concert
with the enemies of France, and that
the assurances that he had received,
in putting a term to the misunder-
standing which has just arisen, would
cause the cessation of those arma~-
ments which were the consequences
of it.

(Signed)
C. M. Talleyrand, &c.

Paris, Sept. 19, 1806,

Second Note of M. Knobelsdorff to
the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The undersigned envoy extra-
ordinary

STATE PAPER S.

érdifary and minister plenipoten-
tiary of his majesty the king of
Prussia, received yesterday the note
addressed to'‘him by his excellency
the prince of Benevento, minister
for foreign affairs, If, in this com-
munication, the undersigned has
found again, with extreme satisfac.
tion, the assurance formerly given,
in the note of the 13th of Septem-
ber, that his majesty the emperor
‘and king would fulfil the engage.
ment which he had made to wait the
result of the explanations given to
M. de Lucchesini and the general
Knobelsdortf, before taking any
measures respecting the constitu-

_ tional notification, which would put

_ all the forces of the French nation

\

_ far from ever having had an idea of

}

atthe disposal of government, he

has learned, with infinite pain, that
his majesty should have had any

regret at that engagement; and that

MH fulfilling it, he thinks it necesary
to order al! the measures and all the
movements of troops, which can be
‘taken without previous notification.

The undersigned hastens to
reiterate to his excellency M. the
prince of Benevento, the assurance
that his majesty the king of Prussia,

renouncing his relations of amity
with France, participates in that
respect all the sentiments of his im-
perial and royal majesty, expressed
in the communication to which this
note is an answer; that, far from
having entered into a concert with
the enemies of France, his Prussian
Majesty has always sought to calm
_allresentments for facilitating the
re-establishment of a general peace ;
in fine, that far from menacing the
French armies in Germany by his
armaments, these only took place in
consequence of the advice received
at Berlin, and which was so alarm.

815

ing, that it was not possible to neg.
lect measures of precaution, de.
manded by prudence for the welfare
of the state.

The undersigned is pleased, in
renewing to his excellency the
prince of Benevento the assurance,
that in taking these measures his
majesty the king of Prussia has aot
renounced, for a single instant, the
assurance of seeing the clouds dis.
persed that have been raised be-
tween him and France; and gene-
ral Knobelsdorff is pursuaded, that
such will be the result of the ex
planations that have taken place. In
begging M. the prince of Benevento
to make known to his majesty the
emperor and king this answer to his
communication, the undersigned has
the honour to renew to his excel-
lency the assurance of his high con-
sideration.

(Signed)
General Knobelsdorff.

Paris, Sept. 20, 1806,

Second Report addressed to His
Majesty the Emperor and King,
by the Minister of Foreign Rela-
tions, Oct, 6, 1806.

Sire

When in the report that a few
days back I had the honour to ad
dress your majesty, I established,
that if Prussia had any personal reas
sons which led her to make war, it
could only be from a desire to en-
Slave Saxony, and the Hanseatic
Towns, I was far from perceiving,
that she would ever dare avow such
amotive. It is, nevertheless, an
avowal which she has not feared to
make, and to express in a note that
M. de Knobelsdorff has sent me
from Metz, and which 1 have the
henour

816
honour to address to your majesty.
Of the three demands which that
note contains, the first and the third
are only made to disguise, if it be
possible, that no real importance
may be attached to the second.

Prussia, after having seen with a
tranquil eye the French armies in
Germany during a year, could not
be alarmed at their presence whea
their numbers were diminished—
when they were dispersed in small
bodies in distant cantoaments—
when, above all, your majesty had
solemnlyannounced, that they should
return to France, as soon as the af-
fair of Cattaro, the cause of the pro-
longation of their stay in Germany,
should be settled by an agreement
with Austria, and that already the
order for their return was given.

Prussia, who speaks of a nego-
tiation to fix all the interests in ques-
tion, knows well that there is no
pointof interest whatever, in question
between the twostates; theamicable
discussion Which should definitively
fix the fate of the Abbies of Essen
and Werden, has not been deferred
by any delay of the French cabinet.
The French troops have evacuated
those territories which the grand
duke of Berg had caused to be oc-
cupied, in the perfect persuasion
that numerous documents had given
him, that they made part of the du-
ehy of Cleves, and that they were
comprehended in the cession of that
duchy. ;

Thus the demands of Prussia,
on these different points, and others
of the same nature, and the pre-
tended grievances which she seems
to indicate, do not offer the real
mind of the cabinet of Berlin. It
does not reveal it. It lets its secret
escape only, when it demands that

no farther obstacle whatever shal}
, °

ANNUAL REG IS TER,

1806.

be made, on the part of France, to —
the formation of the northern ©
league, which shall embrace, with. ©
out any exception, all the states not
named in the fundamental act of the
confederation of the Rhine.

Thus, to satisfy the most unjust —
ambition, Prussia consents to break ~
the bonds that united her to
France, to call down new ealamities
upou the continent, of which your
majesty would wish to cicatrice the
wounds, and to assure the tranquil-
lity, to provoke a faithful ally, to
put him under the cruel necessity of
repelling force by force, and once
more to snatch his-army from the
repose which he aspires to make it
enjoy, after so many fatigues and
triumphs,

I say it with grief, I lose the hope
of the ability to preserve peace,
from the moment it is made to de-
pend upon conditions that equity
and honour equally oppose—pro-
posed, as they are, in a tone, and
in forms, that the French people
endured in no time, and from no
power, and which it can less than
ever endure under your majesty’s
reign.

(Signed) C.M. Tatlepranasy &e,
Mayence, Oct. 6, 1806.

Note.

The undersigned minister of his
Prussian majesty, ty the same cou-
rier who brought the letter to his
imperial majesty, which he has had
the honour to transmit to-day te
his excellency the prince of Bene-
vento, has received orders to make
the following communications.—
Their object is to have the relations
of the two courts no longer in Sus-
pense. Each of them is so immi-
nently interested in remaining no
longer in doubt upon the sentiments

; of

_ his dearest interests.

SRAGDE PAD ERS.

of the other, that the king flatters
himself that his majesty the emperor
will applaud his frankness. His
Prussian majesty has expressed, in
the letter mentioned above, his en.
fire thoughts, and the whole view of
the subject of the complaint, which,
from a faithful and honest ally, have
made him become a neighbour,
alarmed for his existence, and neces-
sarily aroused for the defence of
The perusal of
it will recal to his majesty the em-
peror and king, what Prussia was
for a long time to France. Will
not the remembrance of the past be
for her the pledge of the future?
And what judge would be blind
enough to believe that the king
could have been for nine years to.
wards France so consistent, and

_ perhaps so partial, in order to place

himself voluntarily with her in a dif-
ferent relation—he who more than
once might, perhaps, have ruined
her, and Who knows now only too
well the progress of her power.
But if France has in her recollec.
tions, and in the nature of things,
the pledge of the sentiments of
Prussia, it is not so with this last
Her recollections are made

power.
to alarm her: she has been careless,
neutral, friendly, and even in al

liance. The destruction that sur-
rounds her, the gigantic increase of
a power essenfially military and
conquering, which has injured her
successively in her greatest in-
terests, and menaces her in them

all, leaves her now without a gua. —
ranty.—This state of things cannot

last. The king sees almost nothing
around him but French troops, or
a. of France, ready to march

er. AW the declarations of

‘his imperial majesty announce, that

this attitude will not change. Far

Vor. XLVIN.

jesty,

817

from that, new traops issue from’
the interior of France.—Already
the journals of his capital indulge
themselves in a language against
Prussia, of which a sovereigny such
as the king, can despise the infamy,
but which does not expose, the in-
tentions and the error of the go-
vernment that suffers it. The dans
ger grows every day. It is necese
sary to be heard at once, or be
heard no more,

Two powers who esteem each
other, and who fear each other no
more than they are able, without
ceasing to esteem themselves, have
no need to go about to explain
themselves. France will not be less
strong for being just, and Prussia
has no other ambition than her inde-~
pendence and the security of her
allies. In the actual position of af.
fairs, both oueand the other would
risk every thing in protracting this
uncertainty. The undersigned has
received orders, in consequence, to
declare that the king expects
with justice from his imperial ma.

‘i That the whole of the Frenclt
troops, which are called by no fair
pretence into Germany, should im.
mediately repass the Rhine without
exception, beginning their march on
the very day that the king expects
the auswer of the emperor, and con.
tinue it without halting; for this
immediate and complete retreat is
the only pledge of security that the
king can receive at the point to
which affairs have been brought.

2. That no obstacle shall be
raised on the part of France to the
formation of the league of the
north, which shall include, without
any exception, all the -states not
named in the fundamental act of the ©

confederation of the Rhine.
3G 3. That

sis ANNUAL RE

3. That a negotiation shall be
immediately opened, to decide, in a
permauent manner, on all the points
in dispute, and that for Prussia its
preliminary basis shail be, the se.
paration of Wesel from the French
empire, and the re-occupation of the
three Abbies by the Prussian troops.

‘The instant that his majesty is
assured that this basis is accepted,
he will resume that attitude which
he has quitted with regret, and will
become to France that frank and

peaceable neighbour, who fer so.

many years has seen without jea-
lousy, the glory of a brave people,
for whose prosperity he has been
anxious. But the instant intelli-
gence of the march of the French
troops compels his majesty to ascer-
tain immediately what he is to do,
The undersigned is charged to insist
on an immediate answer, which at
all events must reach his majesty’s
head-quarters by the 8th of Octo-
ber; his majesty still hoping that it
will arrive there time enough, that
the unexpected and rapid progress
of events, and the presence of the
troops, should not put either party
under the necessity of providing for
his safety.

The undersigned is particularly
instructed to declare, in the most
solemn manner, that peace is the
sincere wish of his majesty, and
that he only requires that which can
contribute to make it permanent.
The causes of his apprehensions, the
claims which he had for ano-
ther connection, from France, are
unfolded in the letter of his majesty
to the emperor, and are calculated
to obtain from that monarch the last
permanent pledge of a new order
of things.

The undersigned embraces this
©pportunity te renew te the prince

2

GISTER, 1806.

of Benevento, the assurances of his
high consideration.
(Signed ) Knobelsdorff.
_ Parts, Oct. 1, 1806.

The senate referred the commu.
nication to a special commission.

Act of Confederation of the Rhenish
League, done at Paris, July 12,
1806. :

Whereas his majesty the emperor
of the French, and their majesties
the kings of Bavaria and Wirtem.
berg ; their electoral highnesses the
arch-chancellor and the elector of
Baden; his’ imperial highness the
duke of Berg ; and their royal high-
nesses the Landgrave of - Hesse.
Darmstadt, the princes of Nassau-
Weilburg, and Nassau-Usingen, of
Ifohenzollern-Hechingen, and Ho-
henzollern-Siegmaringen, Salm-
Salm, and Salm Kyrburg, Isenburg,
Birstein, and. Lichtenstein; the
duke of Ahremberg, and the count
of Leyen ; being desirous to secure,
through proper stipulations, the in- —
ternal and external peace of south.
ern Germany, which, as experience
for a long period and recently has
shewn, can derive no kind of gua-
rantee from the existing German
constitution ; have appointed to be
their plenipotentiaries to this effect,
namely, his majesty the emperor of
the French, Charles Maurice Tal-
Jeyrand, duke of Benevento, minis-
ter of his foreign affairs ; his majes-
ty the king of Bavaria, his minister
plenipotentiary, A. Von Cetto; his
majesty the king of Wirtemberg, his
state-minister the count of Wintzin-
gerode ; the elector arch-chancellor,
his ambassader extraordinary, the
count of Boust; the elector of
Baden,

7 STATE

Baden, his cabinet. minister the
baron of Reitzenstein ; his imperial
highness the duke of Berg, baron
Von: Schele; the landgrave of
- Hesse-Darmstadt, his ambassador
extraordinary, baron Von Pappen-
heim ; the princes of Nassau-Weil-
burg, and Usingea, baron Von Ga-
gern ; the princes of Hohenzollern-
Hechingen, and Siegmaringen, ma-
jor Von Fischer; the prince of
Isenburg, Birstein, his privy-coun-
sellor, M. Von Grentze ; the duke of
Ahremberg, and the count of Leyen,
Mr. Durand St. André; who have
agreed upon the following articles.
Art. I. The states of the contract-
ing princes (enumerated as in the
preamble,) shall be for ever sepz-
_ rated from the Germanic body, and
united, by a particular confedera-
tion, under the designation of .‘* the
confederated states of the empire.”
Art. I. All the laws of the em-
pire, by which they have been
hitherto bound, shall be in future
null and without force, with the
exception of the statutes relative to
_ debts determined in the recess of the
deputation of 1803, and in the pa-
_ ragraph upon the navigation, to be
funded upon the shipping tolls,
which statutes shall remain in full
_ vigour and execution.
_ Art. WI. Each of the contract.
ing princes renounces such of his
titles as refer to his connection with
the German empire, and they will,
on the first of August, declare their
_ entire separation from it.
Art. LV. The elector arch-chan-
_cellor shall take the title of prince

primate and most eminent highness.

(given in French, altesse eminentis~
_sime) which title shall convey no
_ prerogative derogatory to the entire

sovereignty which every one of the
_ contracting princes shall enjoy.

fRAP EWS: 819

Art. V. The elector of Baden,
the duke of Berg, and the landgrave
of Hesse-Darmstadt shall take the
title of grand dukes, and enjoy the
rights, honours, and prerogatives
belonging to the kingly dignity.
Their rank and precedence shal) be
in the same order as they are men-
tioned in Art, I. The chief of the
Houses of Nassau shall take the title
of duke, and the count of Leyen
that of prince.

Art. VI. The affairs of the con-
federation shall be discussed in a
congress of the union (Diéte) whose
place of sitting shall be in Frank.
fort, and the congress shall be di-
vided into two colleges, the kings
and the princes.

Art. VII. The members of the
league must be independent of every
foreign power. They cannot, in
any wise, enter into any other ser-
vice, but that of the states of the
confederation and its allies. Those
who have been hitherto in the ser-
vice of a foreign power, and chuse
to adhere to it, shall abdicate their
principality in favour of one of
their children. :

Art. VIII. Should any of the
said princes be disposed to alienate
the whole or any part of his sove-
reignty, he can only do it in favour
of the confederates.

Art. IX. All disputes which
may arise anong the members of
the league shall be ;settled in the

assembly at Frankfort.

Art..X. In this the prince pri-
mate shail preside, and when it shall
happen that the two colleges have
to deliberate upon any subject, he
shall then preside in the college of
kings, and the duke of Nassau in
that of the princes.

Art. XI. The time when the con-
gress of the league, or either of the

3G2 : colleges

§20

colleges, shall have particularly to
assemble, the manner of the convo-
cation, the subjects upon which they
may have to deliberate, the manner
of forming their conclusions, and
putting them in execution, shall be
determined in a fundamental statute,
which the prince primate shall give
in proposition, within a month after
the notification presented at Ratis-
bon. This statute shall be approved
of by the confederated states ; this
statute shall also regulate the re-
spective rank of the members of the
college of princes.

Art. XII. The emperor shall be
proclaimed protector of the confe-
deration. On the demise of the
primate he shall, in such quality,
as often name the successor.

Art. XIII. His majesty the king
of Bavaria cedes to the king of
Wirtemberg the lordship of Wie.
sensteig, and renounces the rights
which he might have upon Weiblin.
gen, on account of Burgau.

Art. XIV. His majesty the king
of Wirtemberg makes over to the
grand duke of Berg the county of
Bonndorff, Breunlingen, and Viblin-
gen, the part of the territory of the
latter city, which lies on the right
bank of the Brigoetz, and the city
of Tuttlingen, with the manor of
the same name belonging to it, on
the right bank of the Danuhe..

Art. XV. ‘The grand duke of
Baden cedes to the king of Wirtem-
berg the city and territory of Bie-
brach, with their dependencies.

Art. XVI. The duke of Nassau
cedes to the grand duke of Berg the
city of Deutz and its territory.

Art. XVII. His majesty the king
of Bavaria shall unite to his states
the city and territory of Nurem-
berg, and the Teutonic comitials of
Wehr aud Waldstetter,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

Art, XVIII. His majesty the
king of Wirtemberg, shall receive
the lordship of Wiesensteig, the city
and territory of Bleberach, with
their dependencies, the cities of
Waldsee and Schettingen, the comi-
tial lands of Karpfenburg, Lau.
cheim and Alschhausen, with the
exception of the lordship of Hohen.
feld and the abbey of Weiblingen.

Art. XIX. The grand duke of
Baden shall receive the lordship of
Bonndorff, the cities of Vreulingen,
Villingen, and Tuttlingen, the
parts of their territory which are
given to him in Art. XIV. and along
with these the comitials of Bolken
and Freyburg.

Art. XX. The grand duke of
Berg shall receive the city and terri-
tory of Deutz, the city and manor
of Koeningswinter and the manor of
Wistich, as ceded by the duke of
Nassau.

Art. XXJ. The grand duke of
Darmstadt shall unite to his states
the burgraviat of Friedberg, taking
to himself the sovereignty only dur-
ing the lifetime of the present poss
sessor, and the whole at his death.

Art. XXII. The prince primate
shall take possession of the city of
Frankfort on the Maine atid its ter-
ritory, as his sovereign property.

Art. XXIIE. The prince of Ho-
henzollern-Siegmaringen, shall re-
ceive as his sovereign property the
Jordships of Aschberg and Hohen-
sels depending on the comitial of
Aschhaufen, the convents of Klos
terwald and Haltzthal, and the sove-
reignty over the imperial equestrian
estates that lie in his dominions, and
in the territory to the north of the
Danube, wherever his sovereignty
extends, namely, the lordships of
Gamerdingen and Hottingen,

3 Art,

STATE) PAPERS.

Art. XXIV. The members of
the confederation shall exercise all
the rights of sovereignty hencefor-
ward as follow :—His majesty the
king of Bavaria, over the principa-
~ lity of Schwartzenberg, the county
of Castell, the lordships of Spein-
feld and Wiesenheid, the dependen-
cies of the principality of Hohen-
lohe, which are included in the mar-
graviate of Anspach, and the terri-
‘tory of Rothanburg, namely, the
great manors of Schillingsfurst and
Kirchberg, the county of Sternstein,
the principality of Oettingen, the
possessions of the prince of La Tour
_ to the north of the principality of
Neuburg, the county of Edelstetten,
the possessions of the prince and of
the count of Fugger, the burgraviat
of Winterreiden ; lastly, the lord-
ships of Buxheim and ‘Tannhausen,
and over the entire of the highway
from Memmingen to Lindau.—His
majesty the king of Wirtemberg,
_ over the possessions of the prince
and count of Truchess Waldeburg,
the counties of Baindt, Egloff Gut-
tenzell, Hechbach, Ysuy, Koenig-
seek, Aulendorff, Ochsenhausen,
Roth, Schussenried and Wiessenau,
the lordships of Mietingen and Sun-
-ningen, New Ravensburg Thann-
heim, Warthausen and Weingarten,
with exception of the lordship of
Hagenau; the possessions of the
prince of Thurn, with the exception
of those not mentioned above; the
lordship of Strassberg and manor of
Oztraitz, the lordship of Gundel-
singen which his majesty docs not
possess, all the unalienated: posses-
sions of the princess of Hohenlohe,
and over a part of the manor for-
merly belonging to Mentz, Kraut-
heim on the left bank of the Jaxt.
The grand duke of Baden over the
principality of Feurstenberg, (with

821

the exception of the lordships of
Gundelsingen and Neussen); also
over Trochtelfingen, Jungenau, and
the part of the manor of Moes-
kirch, which lies on the left bank of
the Danube, over the lordship of
Hagenau, county of Thuingen,
Landgraviat Klettgau, manors Nei-
denau and Billigheim, principality
of Liningen, the possessions of
Lowenstein Wertheim, upon the
left bank of the Maine (with the ex-
ception of the county of Lowen.
stein, ) and the lordships of Aaibach,
Brennherg, and Habitzheim; and
lastly over the possessions of the
princes of Salm-Reiferscheid-Krau-
theim, to the north of the Jaxt.
The grand duke of Berg, over the
lordships of Limburg Styrum, Brugg,
Hardenberg, Gimborn, and Neu-
stadt, Wildenberg; the counties of
Homburg, Bentheim, Steinfort, and
Horstman, the possessions of the
duke of Looz, the counties of Sie-
gen, Dillenburg (the manors of
Werheim and Burgoch excepted,)
over Stadamar, the lordships Wes-
terburg, Schadeck, and Beilstein,
and the property so called, part of
Runkelt on the right bank of the
Lahn, In order to establish a com-
munication between Cleves and the
abovenamed possessions, the grand
duke shall. have a frec passage
through the states of the prince of
Salm.—His highness the grand duke
of Darmstadt, over the lordships of
Brenberg, Haibach, the manor of
Habizheim, county of Erbach, lord-
ship of Illenstadt, a part of the
county of Konigsheim, which is pos-
sessed by the prince of Stolberb
Gederu ; over the possessions of the
baron of Redesel, that are included
in, or lie contiguous to, his states,
namely, the jurisdictions of Lauser-
hach, Stockhausen, Mort, and

3G3 Truenstern,

$22

Truenstern, the possessions of the
princes and counts of Solms, in
Wetterau, exclusive of the manors
of Hohen-Solms, Braunsels, and
Greifenstein ; lastly, the counties
Wittgenstein and Berleburg, and
the manor of Hessen-Homburg,
which is in possession of the line of
that name.—His most serene emi-
nence (Durchlauchtige eminez) the
prince primate, over the possessions
of the princes and counts of Lowen-
stein- Wertheim, on the right bank
of the Maine, and over the county
of Rheineck.—Nassau Usingen and
Nassau Weilburg, over the manors
of Diersdorf, Altenweid, Neurs-
burg, and the part of the county of
Bassenburg, which belongs to the
prince of Wied Runkel, over the
counties of Nouwied and Holzapsel,
the lordship of Schomburg, the
county of Diez and its dependen-
cies, over that part of the yillage
of Metzfelden, which appertains to
the prince of Nassau Fulda, the
manors of Werhem and Balbach,
that part of the Jordship of Runkel,
situate on the Jeft bank of the
Dalur, over the equestrian posses.
sions of Kransberg, and, lastly, over
the manors of Solms Braunfels, Ho-
hen Solms, and Greifenstein,—.The
prince of Hohenzollern-Siegmarin-
gen over Trochtelfingen, Jungenau,
Strasberg, manor Ostrach, and the
part of the lordship of Moeskirch
which lays on the left bank of the
Dannube.—Salm Kyrburg over the
lordship of Genmen.—Isenburg-
Burstein, over the possessions of
the count of Isenburgh Budingen,
Wechtersbaich, and Mohrholz,
without any pretensions on the part
of the branch in present possession
being urged against him.—Ahrem-
berg over the county of Dulmen.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Art. XXV. The member sof the
confederation shall take the sove-
reignty of the imperial equestrian
lands included within their bounda-
ries. Such of these lands as lie
between the states of two of the
confederates, shall be with respect
to the sovereignty partitioned as
exactly as possible between them,
that no misunderstanding with re-
spect to the sovereignty may arise.

Art. XXVI. The rights of sove-
reignty consist in exercising the
legislation, superior jurisdiction,
administration of justice, military
conscription, or recruiting, and levy-
ing taxes.

Art. XXVII. The present reign-
ing princes or counts shall enjoy, as
patrimonial or private property, all
the domains they at present occupy,
as well as all the rights of manor
and entail that do not esséntially
appertain to the sovereignty, viz.
right of superior and inferior ad.
ministration of justice in common
and criminal cases, tenths, patron-
age, and other rights, withthe reve.
nues, therefrom accruing. Their ~
domains and chattels, as far as re»
lates to the taxes, shall be annexed
to the prince of that house nnder
whose sovereignty they come, or if
no prince of the house be in posses.
sion of immoveable property, in
that case they shall be’ put upon an
equality with the domains of princes
of the most privileged class. These
domains cannot be sold or given to
any prince out of the confederation,
without being first offered to the
prince under whose sovereignty they
are placed.

Art. XXVIII. In penal cases,
the now reigning princes and counts,
and their heirs, shall preserve their
present privilegés of trial. They

shall

we

STATE

shall be tried by their peers. Their
fortune shall not in any event be
confiscated, but the reyenues may,
during the ‘life- time of the criminal,
be sequestrated.
Art. XXIX. The confederate
states shall contribute to the pay-
ment of the debts of their circle, as
well for their old as their new pos-
sessions. ‘The debts of the circle of
Suabia shall be put to the account
of the kings of Bavaria and Wir-

temberg, the grand duke of Baden,
_ the princes of Hohenzollern, Hech-
ingen, and Siegmaringen, the prince
of Lichtenstein, and prince of Leven,
in proportion to their respective
possessions in Suabia.

Art. XXX. The proper debts
of a prince or count who falls under
the sovereignty of another state
shall be defrayed by the said state,
conjointly with the now reigning
prince,in the proportion of the reve-
nues which that state shall acquire,
and of the part which by the present
treaty is allotted to attach to the
attributes of the present sovereigns.

Art. XXXI. The present reign-
ing princes or counts may determine
the place of their residence where
- they will. Where they reside in
the dominions of a member or ally
of the confederation, or in any of
the possessions which they hold out
of the territory of the confederation,
they may draw their rents or capi-
tals without paying any tax what-
ever upon them.

Art. XXXII, Those persons
who hold places in the administra.
tion of the countries which hereby
come under the sovereignty of the
confederates, and who shall not be
retained by the new sovereign, shall
receive a pension according to the
situation they have held.

PAPERS. 823
Art. XXXIII. The members of

military or religious orders who
shall lose their incomes, or whose
common property shall be secularis-
ed, shall receive during life a yearly
stipend proportioned to their former
income, their dignity, and their age,
and which shall be secured upon
the goods of the revenues, of which
they were in the enjoyment.

Art. XXXIV. The confederates
renounce reciprocally, for them-
selves and their posterity, all claims
which they might have upon the
possessions of other members of the
confederation, the eventual right of
succession alone excepted, and this
only in the event of the family hay-
ing died out, which now is in pos-
session of the territories, and objects
to which such a right might be ad-
vanced,

Art. XXXV. Between the em-
peror of the French and the confee
derated states, federatively and in-
dividually, there shall bean alliance,
by virtue of which every continental
war in which one or either parties
shall be engaged shall be common to
all,

Art. XXXVI. In the event of
any foreign or neighbouring power
making preparations for war, ~ the -
contracting parties, in order to pre
vent surprise, shall, upon the requi-
sition of the minister of one of them
at the assembly of the league in
Frankfort, arm also. And_as the
contingent of the allies is subdivided
into four parts, the assembly shall
decide how many of those shall be
called into activity. The armament
however, shall only take place upon
the invitation of the emperor to each
of the contracting parties.

Art. XX XVII. His majesty the
king of Bavaria binds himself to

3G4 fortify

824

fortify Augsburg and Lindau; in
the first of these places to form ‘and
maintain artillery establishments,
and in the second, to keep a quan-
tity of muskets aud ammunition
sufficient fora reserve, as well as a
baking establishment at Augsburg,
sufficient to supply the armies with-
out stop in the event of war.

Art. XXXVIIL. The contingent
of each is determined as follows :—

France 200,000
Bavaria ~ 30,000
Wirtemberg 12,000
Baden 3,000
Berg §,000
Darmstadt 4,000
* Nassau, Hohenzollern,
and others 4,000

Art. XXXIX. The contracting
parties will admit of the accession
of other German princes and states,

, in all cases where their union with

the confederation may be found
consistent with the general interest.
Art. XL. The ratification of
the present treaty shall be exchang-
ed between the contracting parties,
on the 25th of July, at Munich.

‘

Resignation of the Office of Emperor
of Germany, by Francis, Emperor
of Austria. — Dated at Vienna,
August 6, 1806.

We, Francis Second, &c.

~ Since the peace of Presburg, all
®ur attention and all our care have
been employed to fulfil, with scru-
pulous fidelity, all the engagements
contracted by that treaty, to pre-
serve to our subjects the happiness
of peace, to consolidate every where
the amicable relations happily re-
established, waiting to discover whe-
ther the changes caused by the
peace, would permit us to perform

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. »

our important duties, as chief of the
German empire, conformably to
the capitulation of election.

The consequences, however,
which ensued from some articles of
the treaty of Presburg, immediately
after its publication, and which
still exist, and those events generally
known, which have since taken
place in the Germanic empire, have
convinced us, that it will be impos-
sible, under these circumstances, to
continue the obligations contracted
by the capitulation of election, and: .
even, if, in reflecting on the politi-
cal relations, it were possible to
imagine a change of aflairs, the con-
vention of the 12th of July, signed
at Paris, and ratified by the con-
tracting parties, relative to an en-
tire separation of several considera-
ble states of the empire, and their
peculiar confederation, has entirely
destroyed every such hope.

Being thus convinced of the im-
possibility of being any longer ena-
bled to fulfil the duties of our impe-
rial functions, we owe it to our
principles and to our duty, to re-
nounce a crown which was only
valuable in our eyes, whilst we were
able to enjoy the confidence of the
electors, princes, and other states
of the Germanic empire, and to
perform the duties which were im-
posed upon us. We declare, there.
fore, by these presents, that we,
considering as dissolved the ties
which have hitherto attached us to
the states of the Germanic empire,
that we, considering as extinguished
by the confederation of the states
of the Rhine, the charge in chief of ©
the empire ; and that we, consider-
ing ourselves thus acquitted of all
our duties towards the Germanic
empire, do resign the imperial
crown, and theimperial ore

€

STATE PAPERS,

We absolve, at the same time,
the electors, princes, and states,
and all that belong to the empire,
particularly the members of the
supreme tribunal, and other magis-

“trates of the empire, from those du-
ties by which they were united to
is as the legal chief of the empire,
according to the constitution.

We also absolve all our German

provinces and states of the empire
from their reciprocal duties towards
the Germanic empire, and we desire,
in incorporating them with our Aus-
trian states, as emperor of Austria,
and in preserving them in those
amicable relations subsisting with
the neighbouring powers and states,
that they should attain that height
ef prosperity and happiness, which
is the end of all our desires, and the
object of our dearest wishes.
Done at our residence, under the
imperial seal.
Francis.

Address of the Emperor of Austria
on resigning the Office of Emperor
of Germany.

We, Francis Second, &c.

Tn abdicating the imperial govern-
ment of the empire, we, considerieg
it as the last effort of our care, and
as an absolute duty, do express thus
publicly adesire, equally reasonable
and just, that the persons who have
hitherto been employed in the ad-
ministration of justice, and in diplo-
matic and other affairs, for the good
of the whole empire, and for the
Service of the chief of the empire,
should be suitably provided for.

The care which all the states of
_ the empire took of those persons
who lost their places by the afiair
of the indemnity in 1803, induees
us to hope, that the same sentiments

$25

of justice will be extended to those
individuals who have hitherto been
employed in the general service,
who have been chosenin all parts of
the Germanic empire, and many of
whom have quitted other profitable
places, looking forward to an ho.
nourable subsistence for Wife, and
which should not be wanting to
them on account of their fidelity,
and the integrity and capacity with
which they have executed their func.
tions.

We have, therefore, taken the
resolution of preserving to those of
our imperial servants, who have
hitherto drawn their salaries from
our chamber, the same appoint-
ments, reserving to ourselves to
place them in employments in the
service of our hereditary states, and
we hope, with so much the more
confidence, that the electors, prin-
ces, and states, will provide for the
imperial chamber of justice of the
empire, and the chancellerie of the
chamber of justice, by charging
themselves voluntarily with this ex-
pence, as it will be trifling in
amount,and will diminish every year.

As to the chancellerie of the
Aulic council of the empire, the
funds destined for its support will
be employed to provide for the
wants of those individuals who have
hitherto drawn from thence their
salaries, this will serve them until
other measures may be taken,

Done in our capital and residence of
Vienna, under our imperial seal,
the 6th of August, 1806.

Francis.

Speech of the Lord Chancellor to both
Houses of Parliament, on the Part
of the Commissioners, Fuly 23,
1806.

My

826

My lords and gentlemen,

His majesty has commanded us to
acquaint you, that the state of the
‘public business enables his majesty
to close this session of parliament.

We are, at the same time, direct-
ed to express to you the great sa-
tisfaction which his majesty has de-
rived from your. unremitting zeal
and diligence, and from that atten-
tion to the most important interests
_ of his empire, which has been so
conspicuously manifested in all your
proceedings.

The measures which have been
adopted for the permanent improve-
ment of the various branches of our
military system, your attention to
combine these arrangements with
the great object of public economy,
and the regulations which you have
established for the speedy and ef-
fectual audit of the public accounts,
call for his majesty’s particular ac-
knowledgments.

Gentlemen of the house
commons,

We have it in command from his
majesty to thank you for the provi-
sion which you have made for the
various exigencies of the public ser-
vice, particularly by raising within
the year so very large a proportion
of the necessary supplies ; a mea-
sure in itself highly advantageous,
and which must create, both at home
and abroad, the most favourable im-
pression of aur national resources,
and of the spirit which animates the
British people. You may be as-
sured that the utmost attention shall
be paid to the frugal administration
of those supplies which you haye so
liberally granted,

His majesty is particularly sensi-
ble of the fresh proof he has re-
ecived of your affectionate attach-

of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

ment to him, in the provision which |
you have made for enabling the

_ younger branches of his royal family

to meet the necessary expences of
their stations.
My lords and gentlemen,

His majesty being always anxious
for the restoration of peace, on just
and honourable terms, is engaged
in discussions with a view to the ac-
complishment of this most desirable
end. ‘Their success must depend on

-a corresponding dispesition on the

part of the enemy; and in every
event his majesty looks with the
fullest confidence to the continuance
of that union and public spirit
among all ranks of his people, which
can alone give energy to war, or se-~
curity to peace.

g» Then a commission for proroguing
the parliament was read: After
which the lord chancellor said ;—

My lords and gentlemen,

By virtue of his majesty’s com-
mission under the great seal, to us
and other lords directed, and now
read, we do, in his majesty’s name,
and in obedience to his commands,
prorogue this parliament to Thurs-
day, the 28th day of August next,
to be then here holden; and this
parliament is accordingly prorogued
to Thursday, the 28th day of Au-
gust next.

Speech of the Lord Chancetlor deli-
vered, in his Majesty’s Name, to
both Houses of Parliament, Dec.
19, 1806.

My lords and ge:+(lemen,

His majesty has commanded us to
assure you, that in the difficult and
arduous circumstances under which
you are now assembled, it is a great

satis«

_ and conquest.

hoped to avert by

STATEOPAP ERS.

satisfaction to him, to recur to the

firmness and wisdom of his parlia-
ment, after so recent an opportu.

nity of collecting the sense of his

people.

His majesty has dachirel the pa-
rs which have been exchanged in

the course of the late negotiations

“with France, to be laid before you.

His majesty has employed every ef-
fort for the restoration of general
tranguillity; on terms consistent
with the interest and honour of his
people, and with that inviolable
good faith towards his allies, by
which the conduct of this country
has always been distinguished.

The ambition and injustice of the

enemy disappointed these endea-

vours, and in the same moment
kindled a fresh war in Europe, the
progress of which has been attended

with the most calamitous events, _
After witnessing the subversion

of the ancient constitution of Ger-
many, and the subjugation of a
large proportion of its most consi-

_ derable states, Prussia found herself

still more nearly threatened by
that danger which she had vainly
so many sa-
crifices. She was, therefore, at
length compelled to adopt the reso.
lution of openly resisting this unre-
mitted system of aggrandizement
But neither this de-

termination, nor the ‘succeeding

_ measures, were previously concerted
_ with his majesty, nor had any dis-

position been shewn to offer any
ee aate satisfaction for those ag-
_ gressious, which had placed the two

_ countries in a state of mutual wing
_ tility.

‘,
;

Yet, in this situation, his injesty
did not hesitate to adopt, without
» delay, such measures as were best

827

calcujated to unite their councils
and interests against the common
enemy. ‘The rapid course of the
calamities which ensued, opposed
insurmountable difficulties to the ex.
ecution of this purpose.

In the midst of these disastrous
events, and under the most trying
circumstances, the good faith of his
majesty’s allies has’ remained un-
shaken. ‘lhe conduct of the king
of Sweden has been distinguished by
the most honourable firmness. Be-
tween his majesty and the emperor -
of Russia the happiest union: subs
sists ; it has been cemenied by re-
ciprocal proofs of good faith and
confidence : and his majesty doubts
not that you will participate in his
anxiety to cultivate and confirm an
alliance which affords the only re.
maining hope of safety for the con-
tinent of Europe.

Gentlemen of the*house of
commons,

His majesty looks with confi.
dence to your assistance in those
exertions which the honour and in.
dependence of our Country demand.
The necessity of adding to the pub-
lic burthens will be painful to your
feelings, and is deeply distressing to
his majesty. «In considering “the
estimates for the various branches of
the public service, you will best con-
sult his majesty’s wishes, by combin-
ing all practicable economy with
those efforts which it is necessary to
make against the formidable and
increasing power of the enemy.

My lords and gentlemen,

The long series of misfortune
which has afflicted the continent of
Europe, could not fail to affeét, in
some degree, many important inte-
rests of the country. But under
every successive dilliculty, his ma~-

jesty

828

jesty has had the satisfaction of wit.
nessing an encreasing energy and
firmness on the part of his people,
whose uniform and determined re.
sistance has been no less advanta.
geous than honourable to. them-
- selves, and has exhibited the most
striking example to the surrounding
nations. ‘The unconquerable valour
and discipline of his majesty’s fleets
and armies continue to be displayed
with undiminished lustre. The
great sources of our prosperity and
strength are unimpaired; nor has
the British nation been, at any

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.:

time, more united in sentiment a nd
action, or more determined to main-
tain inviolate the independence of
the empire, and the dignity of the
national character. ;
With these advantages, and with
an humble reliance on the protec-
tion of the Divine Providence, his
majesty is prepared to meet the exi-
gencies of this great crisis ; assured ©
of receiving the fullest support from
the wisdom of your deliberations, —
and from the tried affection, loyalty,
and public spirit of his brave |
people.

CHARACTERS.

[829°

CHARACTERS.

The Eife and Literary Works of
Michel Angelo Buona®roti.

NHE name of Michel Angele has
been written differently by
different authors. Angelo is made
Agnolo by the Tuscaus, Angiolo by
' the Bolognese, and Anziolo by the
Venetians. The Roman form Angelo
is authorised by the academy della
Crusca. Buonarroti he himself
wrote four different ways.

Michel Angelo was descended
from the famous countess Matilda,
and had imperial blood in his veins ;
it could not, therefore, have been
from that side that he derived his
love of liberty, his genius and his
virtue. His father was podesta, or
governor of Chiusi, in eld times
the capital of Porsenna, and of Ca-

-prere, where Michel was born, on
the 6th of March, 1474, under a
benign aspect, when Mercury and
Venus, according to Condivi, were
in conjunction with Jupiter for the
second time, plainly shewing that
the child would be a very extraor-
dinary genius, whose success would
be universal, but particularly in the
arts of painting, sculpture, and ar-
thitecture. But as his nurse was
both daughter and wife of a stone-

mason, the chisel was his plaything, ,

and his nursing had more to do than
his nativity in making him a sculp-
ter. His father wished to educate

him for some learned profession,
thinking that if he became an artist,
according to his own early discover-
ed propensity, it would degrade the
dignity of his family; this propen~
sity, however, he was resolute in
pursuing, and the father, at length
wisely yielding to it, articled him,
when he was fourteen, to Domenico
Ghirlandaio and his brother David,
for three years ; they were to. teach
him the art and practice of paint-
ing, and to allow him six florins for
the first, wight for the second, and
ten for the third year. Domenico
had a numerous school, and was the

most eminent painter in Florence.
‘¢ Granacci was his constant
friend and companion: they studied
together, and probably helped each
other in their pursuits. The first
attempt Michel Angelo made in oil
painting, was with his assistance:
he lent him colours and pencils, and
a print*, representing the story of
St. Anthony beaten by devils, which
he copied on a pannel with such
success that it was’ much admired.
In this little picture, besides the fi-
gure of the saint, there were many
strange forms and monsters, which
he was so intent on representing in
the best manner he was capable, that
he ccloured no part without refer«
ring to some natural object. He
went to the fish-market to observe
the form and colout of fins, and the
> iB yeR

| * Vasari says, this print was engraved by Martino Tedesco, but there remains
Some doubt who this German artist was: Mariette is of opinion that his namie wae
Martin Schoén, whose prints are known by this monogram, M ¢S.

830

eyes of fish; and whatever in na-
ture constituted a part of his compo-
sition, he studiéd from its source.
About this time he made a fac-si-
mile of a picture, which his biogra-
phers have recorded to shew his
skill in imitation. A head bad been
given him to copy, and he imitated
it so well, that, to try his success,
he returned his own copy instead of
the original picture, to the person
from whom it was borrowed, and
the deceit was not immediately per-
ceived, but having told one of his as.
sociatés, who began to laugh, it was
discovered. To. add to the decep-
tion, he smoaked his copy, so as to
make it appear of the same age as
the original.

‘¢ Whatever might be the be-
nefit of the instruction he derived
from others, he rapidly surpassed
his contemporary students, and
adopted a style of drawing and de-
sign, more bold and daring than
Ghirlandaio had been accustomed
to see practised in his school ; and,
from an anecdote Vasari tells, it
would scem Michel Angelo soon
felt -himself even superior to his
master. One of the pupils copying
a female portrait from a drawing by
Ghirlandaio, he took a pen, and
made a strong outline round it on
the same paper, to shew him its de-
fects ; and the superior style of the
contour was ds much admired as the
act was eonsidered confident and
presumptuous *, [His great facility
in copying with accuracy whatever
objects were before him, was exem-
plified in an instance that forced a
compliment even from Ghirlandaio

* This drawing Vasari had in his possession,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

His master being employed —
in S. Maria Novella, in Florence, —
Michel Angelo, taking advantage of —

1806.

himself.

his absence, drew the scaffolding,
the desks, the painting utensils and

apparatus, and some of the young ©

men who were at work, with so
much correctness and ability, says
Vasari, that Ghirlandaio, when he
returned, was quite astonished, and
said it was rather the performance of
an experienced artist than of a scho-
lar.”

his pupil’s talents, and when any
work of his was praised, would insi-
nuate that he himself had touched
it. At this time lorenzo de Medici
had opened a garden at Florence,
well supplied with antique statues,
&c. as aschool for sculpture. He de-
sired Ghirlandaio to let avy of his
scholars study there, who were de-
sirous of drawing from the antique.
Michel Angelo, and his friend. Gra-
nacci, availed themselves of this in-
dulgence, and the Medici Garden
became their favourite school. Emu-
lation induced him to begin model-
ling in clay, and Lorenzo, who ob-
served his progress, encouraged
him.
‘¢ He was, not long after, desirous

to try his skill in marble, and being
particularly interested with a muti-
lated old head, or rather a mask re-
presenting a laughing Faun, he
chose it for his original. At that
time there were many persons em-
ployed in the garden, making orna-
ments for a library which Lorenzo
was decerating + from one of these
workmen he bb is a piece of mar.
ble

and being in Rome in the year 1550,

he shewed it to Michel Angelo, who recollected it with pleasure, and modestly
remarked, “1 knew more of this part of my art when I was a a young man than I

do now in my old age.’

Va usari vita di Michel An geloe

~-

Ra Iw

1 Drews

But Ghirlandaio was envious of |

- ble sufficiently large for his purpose,
and was also accommodated with chi-

toexecute his undertaking. Although
this was lis first essay in sculpture,
he in a few days brought his task
to a conclusion ; with his own in-
vention supplied what was imperfect
in the original, and made some other
additions. Lorenzo visiting his
garden as usual, found Michel An-
gelo polishing his mask, and thought
‘it an, extraordinary work for. so
young an artist; nevertheless, he
_jestingly remarked, You have re-
stored to the old ee all his teeth,

but don’t you know that a man of
such an age has generally some
wanting 2”? Upon this observation
Michel Angelo was impatient for
‘Lorenzo’s absence, that he might
_be alone to avail himself of his cri-
ticism ; and immediately, on his reti-
ring, broke a tooth from the upper
jaw, and drilled a hole in the gum
_to represent its having fallen out.

_ £¢ When Lorenzo made his next
visit, he immediately saw the alter-
tion, and was delighted with the
_aptness and simplicity of his scho-
tar; he laughed exceedingly, and
related the incident to his friends as
an instauce of docility and quick.
» ness of parts.”’*

This circumstance made Lorenzo
resolye to take him under his own
immediate patronage, and accord-
ingly he sent for the father. ‘The
_ father was greatly averse to this va
- degradation, as he supposed it ;

y be a painter was bad for a eres
roti, to be a stone-mason still
" worse ; and he lamented that Gra-
_nacci had Jed his son astray, for it
_was from him that Michel Angelo

success.

CH A: REACT. ELRS,,

sels and whatever else was necessary

831

had first iearnt his love for the arts.
When, however, upon waiting on
Lorenzo, he found that Michel was
to live in the palace, and sit at the
table of Lorenzo, he became soon
sensible of the importance of the
art which he had despised. Ae-
cordingly the young artist left Ghir.
landaio, to reside with Lorenzo,
and for his sake, an office-in the
custom-house was given to his fa-
ther, till something better should
present itself.

Here he enjoyed every advantage
that the best models, the best pa-
tronage, and the best society could
afford. Unfortunately, after two
years, Lorenzo died. His son and-
successor Piero, considered the arts,
says Mr. Duppa, without any re-
ference to genius or to intellect,
and encouraged them only to-admi-
nister to his idle pleasures. Under
the patronage of this man, Michel
Angelo was called upon to make a
statue of snow! Piero considered
him with ‘¢ as much esteem as he
had feeling to bestow,” and the
measure of this may be pretty well
estimated from the boast he made,
that he had two extraordinary men
in his house, Michel Angelo, and a
running footman who could keep
up with a horseman when going full
speed.

‘¢ In the house of Piero was a
man of Cardiere, an improvisatoré
of great ability, who, in the time of
Lorenzo, sung improviso to the lyre
in the evenings while he was at sup-
per. Being a friend of Michel An-
gelo, he told him of a vision that
disturbed his mind: Lorenzo de’
Medici, he said, had appeared to
him in a dream, with his body

wrapped

_ * This mask was preserved in the Florence gallery when I visited that city in the
_ year 1798. It has been engraved im Gori’s edition of Condivi, but with little

832

wrapped in a black tattered robe,
and commanded him to tell his sen,
that shortly he would be driven
from his house never again to return.
Michel Angelo exhorted Cardiere
to obey ; but from his knowledge
of Piero’s disposition he was afraid,
and kept it to himself. Another
morning Michel Angelo being in the
cortile of the palace, observed Car-
diere terrified and sorrowful: he
then told him Lorenzo had again
appeared to him that night in the
same habit as before, and suddenly
awoke him by a slap in the face,
demanding the reason why he had
not told Piero what he had before
seen. Michel Angelo then reprov-
ed him for not having made the
communication, and said so much
that he took courage, and, with
that view, set out on foot for Ca.
reggi, a villa belonging to the Me-
dici family, about three miles from
Florence ; but before he was quite
half way, -he met Piero returning.
He stopped him, and related what
he had seen and heard, Piero
laughed, and telling his attendants
Cardiere’s story, they made a thou-
sand jokes at his expence ; and his
chancellor; who was afterward car-
dinal di Bibbiena, said to him,
© You are out of yourmind. Whom
do you think Lorenzo wills best,
his'son or you? If his son, would
he not rather have appeared to him
than to any other person, if it had
been necessary to appear at all ?’
Cardiere, having thus diseharged
what he considered his duty, return -
ed home, and so feelingly deplored
the consequences, that Michel An.
gelo became persuaded the predic-
tion would take place, and in a few
days, with two companions, left
Florence, and went to Bologna,”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

id

If there had been no other sign”
of coming calamity than Cardiere’s
dream, it is not very likely that —
Michel Angelo would have retired
from Florence in consequence of it.
But the signs of the times justified
his retreat. He remained some-
thing more than a year at Bologna,
during which time the Medici were
expelled, and then, when the affairs
of Florence were tranquillized, re-
turned to his father’s house. At
this time that passionate admiration
of the remains of antiquity, was
beginning to shew itself, which —
admires things because they are an-
tique, and refuses all approbation to
productions of equal or greater
merit, if they are produced by a
contemporary. Michel Angelo had
produced the statue of a sleeping
Cupid ; it was sent to a proper
person in Rome, who buried it in
his vineyard, then dug it up, and
reported the discovery. This man
however carried ‘the trick too far :
he sold it to cardinal St. Giorgio,
for two hundred ducats, like a
rogue, and remitted thirty to the
sculptor as the price of his statue.
The truth was soon discovered, and
the money recovered from the sel-
ler; but Michel Angelo’s merit was
acknowledged, and he was invited
to Rome, as the proper theatre for
talents such as his, At Rome he
met with some encouragement ; it
happened, however, that Soderini
was now chosen Gonfaloniere of
Florence, and he returned to his
native city under the patronage of
this good man, who loved the arts
as well as Lorenzo had done, but
with better motives, for he loved
liberty also. For him he executed ©
his colossal statue of David, and

made that famous cartoon, which »
the —

CHARACTERS:

the Medici, when they finally spb-
verted the liberties of their coun-
try, suffered to be mutilated and
destroyed. ‘

From Florence he was invited

back to Rome by Julius Lf. on his
accession to the papal seat. That
pope, who patronized the arts better
than his successor, because he un-
derstood them better, gave Michel
Angelo an unlimited commission to
make him a mausoleum.
_ ‘© Having received full powers,
Michel Angelo commenced a design
worthy of himself and his patron.
The plan was a parallellogram, and
the superstructure to consist of
forty statues, many of which were
to be colossal, interspersed with
ornamental figures and bronze bas-
so-relievos, besides the necessary
architecture with appropriate deco-
rations, to unite the composition in
one stupendous whole.

‘¢ When this magnificent design
was completed, it met with the
pope’s entire approbation, and- Mi-
chel Angelo was desired to go into
St. Peter’s to see where it could
be conveniently placed. At the
west end of the church, Nicolas V.
had, half a century before, begun a
new tribune, but the plan had not
been continued by his SUCCESSOFS 3
this situation Michel Angelo thought
the most appropriate, and recom-
‘mended it to the consideration of
his holiness. He inquired what ex-
pence would’ be necessary to com-

-

833

to which Michel Angelo
answered, ‘a hundred thousand
crowns.’ ‘It may be twice that
sum,’ replied the pope; and imme-
diately gave orders to Giuliano da
Sangallo to consider of the best
means to execute the work.

‘¢ Sangallo, impressed with the
importance and grandeur of Michel
Angelo’s design, suggested to the
pope that such a monument ought
to have a chapel built on purpose
for it, where situation and light and
shadow might be so attended to, as
to display every part to advantage ;
at the same time remarking, that
St. Peter’s was an old church, not
at all adapted for so superb a mau.
soleum, and any alteration would
only serve to destroy the character
of the building. ‘The pope listened
to these observations, and to avail
himself of them to their fullest ex
tent, ordered several architects to
make drawings for that purpose ;
but in considering and reconsidering
the subject, he passed from one im-
provement to another, till he, at
length determined to rebuild St.
Peter’s itself ;* and this is the ori-
gin of that edifice which took a
hundred and fifty years to complete,
and is now the grandest display of
architectural splendour that orna-
ments the Christian world.”

The prosecution of this work was
suspended by Michel Angelo’s re-
sentment at being refused admit-
tance to the pope with marked and
meant

plete it;

‘

* To those who are curious in tracing the remote causes of great events to their
source, Michel Angelo perhaps may be found, though very unexpectedly, to have

! thus laid the first stone of the reformation.
to prosecute the undertaking money was wanting

_of corresponding magnificence ;

and indulgences were sold to “supply the deficiency of the treasury.

ce monument demanded a building

A monk of

_ Saxony opposed the authority of the church, and this singular fatality attended the
évent; that whilst the most splendid edifice which the world had ever seen was
“building for the Catholic faith, the religion to which it was consecrated was shaken

to its foundation.

Vox. XLVIII.

t

3H

$34

meant insolence. Men of genius
are sure to be the objects of envy,
hatred, and malice in all ages, and
this great man had his full share
of their persecution. He was of an
writable nature, and immediately
took post for Florence. Five cou-
riers were immediately dispatched
to bring him back: they did not
overtake him ‘till he was out of the
papal states, and their anthority of
course useless. ‘They requested him
to write to the pope, and exempt
them from blame. Accordingly he
wrote to this effect; that being
expelled the anti-chambers of his
holiness, conscious of not meriting
the disgrace, he had taken the only
eourse left him to pursue, consistent
with the preservation of that cha-
racter which had rendered him wor-
thy of his confidence, Neither
would he return, for if he had been
worthless to-day, he could be but of
ylittle value to-morrow, unless by
the caprice of fortune, which would
neither be creditable to his hotiness
nor himself.

Upon this Julius wrote the fol-
lowing letter to the government of
Florence.

‘¢ Health and apostolic benedic-
tion to our dearly beloved. Michek
Angelo, who has left us capricious-
ly, and without any reason we have
been able to learn, is now in Fle-
rence, and remains thcre in fear of
our displeasure, but against whom
we have nothing to alledge, as we

ANNUAL RE

GiISTER, 1806.

know the humour of men of his
stamp. However, that he may lay
aside all suspicion, we invite him
with the same aflection that you
bear towards us; and, if he will
return, promise, on our part, he
shall be neither touched nor offend-
ed, and be reinstated in the same
apostolic grace he enjoyed before
he left us. Rome, the 8th of July,
1506, Sd year of our pontificate, *”

From the temper of this letter,
Soderini concluded that the affair

would soon be forgotten, and Mi-—

chel Angelo chose to remain at
Florence.
more decisive tone, and the Gonfa-
lonieri then said to him, ‘‘ You
have done by the pope what the
king of France would not have pre-
sumed to do, he must be no longer
trifled with; we cannot make war
against his holiness to risk the safety
of the state, therefore his will must
be obeyed.”
before this had proposed to Michel
Angelo, to go to Turkey, and enter
into the sultan’s service, to build a
bridge between Constantinople and
Pera. This offer he would now have
accepted, but for the friendly and

earnest dissuasions of Soderini. If a _

Turkish sultan could have been trust-
ed, it is perhaps to be regretted that
the opportunity was lost of attempt-
ing a greater work of architecture
than ever yet has been achieved. He
was, however, persuaded to return
to the pope, then at Bologna ;

where

* Julius pp. 11. Dilectis filiis Prioribus libertatis, ef Vexillifero justitie populi

Florentini. |
Dilecti filii, salutem et apostolicam
qui,

benedictionem. Michael Angelus sculptor,
a nobis leviter. et inconsulte discessit, redire, ut accepimus, ad nos timet, cul nos

non succensemus 5 noyvimus hujasmodi homimuim ingenia. Ut tamen omnem suspi-
sionem deponat, devotionem vestram hortamur, velit ei nomine nostro promittere,
quod s) ad nos redierit, illasus inviolatusque erit, etin ea gratia apostoliea nos habi-

torgs, qua habebatur, ante discessum.

atum Reme 8 Juhi 1506 Pontificatus nostri HI.

Some Franceseans

A second followed, in a —

CHARACTERS.

where cardinal Soderini, the Gonfa-
Joniere’s brother, undertook to in-
troduce him. The cardinal was ill
at the time, and obliged to deputize
monsignore, who performed his of-
fice awkwardly : ‘The interview was
honourable to both parties.

« As Michel Angelo entered the
presence-chamber the pope gave
him an askance look of displeasure,
and after a short pause, saluted
him, ‘ In the stead of your coming

- to us, you seem to have expected

that we should wait upon you.’
Michet Angelo replied with sub-
mission, that his érror arose from
too hastily feeling a disgrace that he
was unconscious of meriting, and
hoped his holiness would pardon
what was past. The monsignore*
standing by, not thinking this a
sufficient apology, endeavoured to
extenuate his conduct, by saying
that great allowance was to be made
for such men who were ignorant of
every thing but their art ; on which
the pope hastily replied, with
warmth, ¢ Thou hast vilified him,
which I have not, thou art an igno-
rant fellow and no man of genius,
get out of my sight ;’ and one of
‘the attendants immiediately pushed
him out of the room. ‘The pope
then gave Michel Angelo his bene-
diction, and restored him to his
friendship ; and before he withdrew
desired him not to quit Bologna till
he had given him a commission for
some work of art. In a few days
he ordered a colossal statue of him-
self to be made in bronze.”

Within five years this statue was _

broken in pieces by the mob, and
the fragments cast into a piece of
cannon !

8355

When Michel Angelo returned to
Rome, it was his wish to proceed —
without delay upon the mausoleum,
which, as he coneeived, was to be
the noblest monument both of Juli-
us and himself ; but the pope had
now changed his mind, and ordered
him to paint the walls and cieliug of
the Sistine chapel in fresco. It has
been villainously said, that this was
the work of-Bramante, who being
jealous of Michel Angelo, persuaded
the pope to employ him ina branch
of art, in which he expected that
he would fail. Of this meanness
there is not the slightest proof :
Bramante and Michel Angelo were
not friends, but the former had too
much genius himself, to be capable
of such pitiful envy. If the dosire
of advancing the reputation of his
nephew Raffacllo, be imputed to
him as a motive, surely he must have
seen that Raffaello would have de-
rived far more from executing the
picture well himself, than from any
failure on the part of Michel An-
gelo. It is wicked to talk of rivalry
in such men as these, men so truly
great, are above all such base feel-
ings. Michel Angelo’s own Con-
duct evinces this; fresco-painting,
he said, was not his profession, and
he recommended his holiness to give
the commission to Raffaello, in
whose hands, he said, it would do
honour to them both. This could
not have been said from any distrust
of his own powers, no man of such
mighty powers ever distrusted him-
self. ;

‘“¢ It being now decided that he
must make an attempt to execute
this great undertaking, he com-
menced the cartoons, and the archi-

3H2 tect

* Vasari calls this dignitary a bishop (il Voscoya,) but I have preferred the appele
‘Prion of Monsignore, on the authority of Coadivi.

336

tect. of St, Peter’s had orders to
construct a scaffolding for the work
to be painted in fresco. When the
scaffolding was finished he found it
extremely objectionable, and in par-
ticular from certain holes pierced in
the ceiling, for cords to pass through
to suspend a part of the machinery.
He asked the architect how the cie-
ling could be completed if they were
suffered to remain? ‘To which he
answered, It was impossible to avoid
making them, and the remedy must
be a subsequent consideration. This
created a dispute, and Michel An-
gelo represented it to the pope as a
defect which might have been avoid-
ed, if he had better understood the
principles of mechanism. His holi-
ness therefore gave him permission
to take it down, and erect another
in its stead. He then designed and
constructed one so eomplete, that
Bramante afterwards adopted it in
the building of St. Peter’s, and is,
most probably, that simpleand ad-
mirable piece of machinery now used
in Rome, whenever there is occasion
for scatlolding to repair or construct
the interioy of public buildings.
This invention Michel Angelo gave
to the poor man whom he employed
as his carpenter, and, from the com-
missions he received for making
others on the same construction, he
realized a sinall fortune.” *

Having finished this, he began
make designs for the sides of
the chapel, to complete the de-
sign, but, unfortunately for the
arts, Julins died. He left it in

ANNUAL REGIS

TER,

charge to two eardinals, the one of

1806.

whem was his nephew, to see that

his monument was completed. The
cardinal nephew calculated the ex-
pence, and his arithmetic was con-
clusive ; the original design of the
mausoleum was faid aside, and Mi-
chel Angelo received instructions to
make another, on a lim#ted scale,
and at a stipulated price.

From this work to which he was
applyi ing himself with grateful feel-
ing to the memory of Julius, Leo
X. sent him, little to the liking of the
cardinal-executors, and less to his
own, to build the facade of the
church of St. Lorenzo, at Florence,
which had remained unfinished from
the time of his grandfather Cosmo.

«* As soon as he arrived in Flo-
rence, he made his arrangements for
executing the facade, and went to
Carrara to order the marble which
might be necessary, and also such
as he should want for the monument
of Julius, that in Florence no part
of his time might be unemployed.
At this period the pope received in-
formation that good marble was to
be obtained in the mountains of
Pietra Santa*, in the Florentine
state, equal in quality to that of.the
quarries of Carrara; and while Mi.
chel Augelo was there, he received
a letter from his holiness, desiring
that he would go to Pietra Santa,
aud examine how far this informa-
tion was correct. He obeyed his
orders, and in a short time after
sent him the result of his inyestiga-
tiou, which did not prove so fa

vourable

* By his gains, Condivi says, he was enabled to give marriage portions with his

“daughters,

“ Distece Michel Angelo il ponte e ne cavo tanti canapi, che avendogli

donati a uu pover uomo, che | aiuto fu cagione, ch’ egli ne maritasse due sue sigliuole.
Cosi fece senza corde il suo, cost ben tessuto e composto, che sempre era pit fermo

Quanto in aggior peso aveva.”

+ Pietra Santa was the name of a castle, which gave this distinctive appellation

to'the mountains in its neighbourheod.

CHAR AG TERS,

yvourable as had been represented
to his holiness. The marble was
more difficult to work, and of infe-
rior quality ; added to which there
was no practical means of conveying
itto Florence, without making aroad
of many miles to the sea, through
mountains, to be cut at a considera-
ble expence, and over marshes which
would require to be traversed with
fascines and rafts to make them
passable. These objections, how-
ever, made but a slight impression
on the pope’s mind, comparing them
with the advantages which result
from obtaining so valuable a mate.
vial for building, in a territory
which he could at any time call his
own; Michel Angelo was therefore
desired to proceed, and it is a mor-
tifying reflection, that the talents of
this great man should have been bu-
ried in these mountains, and his time
consumed, during the whole reign
_ of Leo X. in little other than raising
stone out of a quarry, and making
a road to convey it to the sea.”’
' & To seek for reasons why Mi-
chel Angelo was not more fortu-
nately employed during this reign,
might afford a wide field of specu-
lation; but if it should appear that
‘the attachment of this pope to the
arts, proceeded rather from their
importance to the pomp and shew
of ‘power, which was the delight of
his mind, than from a more noble
feeling of their worth; it is suffi.
ciently satisfactory to account for
his indifference and procrastination,
to know, that wars, alliances, and
subsidies, exhausted his treasury,
and that the money was spent which
was to have been appropriated to
the facade of St. Lorenzo. At the
death of Leo this part of the build-
ing was not advanced beyond its
foundation, and the time of Michel

$7

Angelo had been consumed in mak-
ing a road, in seeing that five co-’
Jumns were made at the quarry of
Pietra Santa, in conducting them to’
the sea-side, and in transporting one’
of them to Florence ; this employ-
ment, with. occasionally making
some models in wax, and some
trifling designs for the interior of a
room in the Medici Palace, appears
to have been all the benefit that was
derived from his talents, during the
whole of this pontificate. As the
patronage of the great often depends
upon the character of the man as
well as upon his genius, it has been
supposed that the independent spirit
which resisted the impetuosity of
Julius II. was ill calculated to con-
ciliate the accomplished manners of
Leo X. however this may have been,
there appears no evidence that Mi-
chel Angelo ever refused submis-
sion to his will, or opposed his au-
thority with disrespect: but as the
surest way to every man’s feelings is
through his heart, it is easy to con-
ceive that he was not likely to have
the affections of a prince, in whose
mind there was no congeniality of
sentiment with his own.” af
Under the pontificate of Clement
VII. Florence for a short time ree
sumed its ancient form of govern-
ment, and made its last struggle for
liberty. In such a struggle, how-
ever unfortunate its termination, it
is glorious to have borne a part.
The interests of that state were be-
trayed by France, and the emperor
prepared to reinstate the Medici in
their tyranny by force. The rea
public, feeble as its hopes were, re-
solved upon defence, and Michel
Angelo was appointed military ar-
chitect and master of the ordnance.
Whatever this wonderful man did,
he did well. The enemy, imme-
“3H3 diately

/

838,

diately on their arrival before the
ciity, began to storm one of the bas.
tions; “two guns which he had
placed upon a tower so annoyed
them, that they were compelled to
abandon the attack, and directed
their artillery against this tower.
Michel Angelo' hung mattrasses of
wool from the op; they were sus-
pended from a bold projecting cor-
nice, so that a considerable space
was left between them and the wall,
and the artillery might have played
till doomsday without producing
any .effeét. The enemy saw that
the conquest of Florence would not
be so easy as they had expected, and
had recourse to surer methods than

those of assault.
s¢ Michel Angelo, after the most
active service for six months, in
which he defended the city, and re-
pelled the repeated attacks of the
enemy, was secretly told of trea-
cherous plans to undermine the re-
public. He lost no time in making
the communication known to the
government, shewing at once the
danger to which they were exposed,
and how their safety might be pro-
vided for ; but instead of attending
to him with due respect, he was re-
proached with credulous timidity :
offended with this treatment, he
observed it was useless for him to
be taking care of the walls, if they
were determined not to take care of
themselves. Depending upon the
correctness of hts information, and
the perspicacity of his own judg-
ment, he saw inevitable ruin to the
sommon cause; this, added to the
personal disrespect he received, de-
termined him to give up his employ-
ment and withdraw from the city.
As the nature of his information did
not allow him to make a public de-
claration of his intention, he with.

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

drew privately; but he was no —
sooner gone, than his departure ©
created general concern. Upon his
leaving Florence he proceeded to
Ferrara, and from thence to Ve-
nice; where, as soon as he arrived, ©
he was fellowed by the importu- —
nities of persons high in office, so-
liciting him to return, and not aban-
don the post committed to his
charge; at the same time softening
by expletives the rudeness and inat.
tention with which he had been
treated. These solicitations, ad-
dressed to an ardent mind, and
strong patriotic feelings, prompted
him to obey the will of his country
and his friends, and without delay
he returned, and resumed his situa-
tion.”

A mercenary general sold the re-
public—he betrayed its plans to the
enemy, and finally delivered it up to
the Medici. ‘* Here,” says the
author, ‘* ended the Florentine re-
public, after three centuries of varied
and fluctuating fortune ; yet, amidst
civil dissentions, internal calamity,
or external war, genius flourished ;
and whatever may be the cause, it
is to this contracted territory that
our enlightened times owe more than
to all the states in Europe that as-
sisted in its ruin.”

‘The diseases of the soul are as
hereditary as those of the body.
Clement V. had chosen for himself a
lying name upon his election, he
was as false and as cruel as the rest
of his family. ‘* The general am-
nesty which he had promised to all
those who had injured the pope, his
friends and servants, his holiness
professed most faithfully to observe,
and willingly to forgive those who
had been his enemies: but the in-
jories committed by the same per-
sons in the affairs of the republic,

he

CHARACTERS.

he knew of no justice to extenuate,
nor mercy to forgive: he therefore
imprisoned, banished, and put to
‘death at his own discretion!” Mi-
chel Angelo secreted himself in the
pell tower of the church of St. Ni-
cholas. His house was eagerly
searched, and not a trunk left uno-
pened that could be supposed capa-
‘ble of containing him. After some
days, when all search had proved
ineffectual, the pope publicly pro-
mised that if he would discover him-
self he should not be molested—on
condition of his finishing the mo-
numents of Giuliano de Medici, and
his nephew Lorenzo, which he had
begun. Michel Angelo accepted the
terms, and as Mr. Duppa with his
usual good feeling expresses himself,
—<¢ with little respect for the per-
sons his genius was to commemorate,
and with less affection for his em-
ployer, he hastened to complete his
Jabeur.”’.

There was no work upon which
he would so willingly have pro-
ceeded, as upon the monument of
Julius ; butia this he was by va-
rious circumstances so often inter-
rupted, that it became a cause of
continual vexation to him. The
‘plan for this monument was now a
secénd time contracted on the score
Of expence, and an arrangement for
its execution concluded, by which he
was to be permitted to work for the
pope in Florence four months in
the year. Having worked there
four months, he returned to Rome
to fulfil his engagement with the
‘duke of Urbino, whe was now the
representative of Julius. ‘ But
Clement, who was not in the habit

of keeping promises, nor of per- ~

mitting others to do so when it in-
terfered with his inclination or his
interest,” ordered him to paint the

839

two end walls of the Sistine chapef.
He had formerly made several stw-

dies for the west end, where he de-

signed to have painted the Fall of
Satan : why this design was not now
carried inte_effect does not appear,
but he began the cartoon of the
Last Judgment. It is almost sinful
to regret any circumstances which
occasioned that wonderful picture,
yet as the same genius would have
been exerted on either subject, we
are almost tempted to wish that the
one had been preferred which was
wholly mythological, and in which
the superstitions of the Romish church
could not have found a place. He
procrastinated this work as much as
he could, and secretly proceeded
with the monument. Clement died-
Paul LI]. who succeeded, wished to
engage Michel Angelo in his service,
who resolutely protested that he
must devote himself to the fulfilment
of his prior engagement. The duke
of Urbino, however, was unwilling
to offend the pope.—The plan of
the monnment was once more
changed, and three statues only ine
stead of six were required from him,
and thus it was at last completed. -
He then finished the Last Judgment,
for which the pope with becoming
liberality rewarded him with a pen-

‘sion for life, equal to 60O0I.

At this time San Gallo died, and
Michel Angelo was appointed archi-
tect of St. Peter’s, a situation which,
however honourable, proved to
him a source of vexation as long as
he lived. He was not only a man
of genius, and therefore the certain
object of envy and malice, but also
a man of integrity; and therefore
hated by all the numerous persons
employed about the building, who
till his time had been accustomed to
cheat the government with impu-

3H4 nity.

840

nity. Panl understood his merits
and protected him.

‘¢ As men are generally malevo-
Jent in proportion to the disappoint-
ment of their mischievous hopes, so
the enemies of Michel Angelo grew
inveterate from the ill success of
their opposition : and to all those
who could have any influence in in-
juring his reputation, they did not
fail to use exertions to represent him
as an unworthy successor of San
Gallo. Upon the death of Paul
III. * an effort was made to remove
him from his situation, but Julius
III. who succeeded to the pontifi-
cate, was not less favourably dis-
posed towards him than his prede-
cessor ; however they presented a
' memorial, petitioning the pope to
hold a committee of architects in St.
Peter’s at Rome, to convince his
holiness that their accusations and
complaints were not upfounded. At
the head of his party was cardinal
Salviati, nephew to Leo X. and car-
dinal Marcello Cervino, who was
afterwards pope by the title of Mar-
cellus JJ. Julius agreed to the inves-
tigation, Michel Angelo was for-
mally arraigned, and the pope gave
his personal attendance. The com-
plainants stated, that the church
wanted light, and the architects had
previously furnished the two cardi-
nals with a particular example to

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

prove the basis of the general posi- /
tion, which was, that he had walled —
up arecess for three chapels, and —
made only three insufficient win-
dows; upon which the pope asked ~
Michel Angelo to give his reasons °
for having done so: he replied, ‘+ [
should wish first to hear the depu-
ties.”’ Cardinal Marcello imme-
diately said for himselfand cardinal
Salviati, ‘* We ourselves are the
deputies.” Then said Michel An-
gelo, ‘In the part of the church
alluded to, over those windows are to
be placed three others,” ¢* You
never said that before,” replied the
cardinal: to which he answered
with some warmth, “‘1 am not,
neither will I ever be obliged to tell
your eminence, or any one else,
what I ought or am disposed to do ;
itis your office to see that the
money be provided, to take care of
the thieves, and to leave the building
of St. Peter’s tome.” ‘Turning to
the pope—‘ holy father, you see
what I gain: if these machinations
to which I am exposed are not for
my spiritual welfare, ¥ lose both my
labour and my time.’ The Pope
replied, putting his hands upen his
shoulders, ‘* Do not doubt, your
gain is now and will be hereafter 5?
and at the same time gaye him as.
surance of his confidence and es-
teem.”

Julius

* “Paul IIT. died on the 10th of November, 1549, after a pontificate of fifteen
years and twenty-eight days. Among the most remarkable acts of his reign is the
excommunication of Henry VIII. who was declared to be deprived of his crown
and kingdom, his subjects absolved from all obedience, all acts of religion inter-
dicted or forbidden to be performed or celebrated in his dominions, commanding all
ecclesiastical persons to depart from his kingdoms, and the nobles to rise up in
rebellion against him. This bull is dated the 30th of August, 1535. It was in the
reign of this pope, inthe year 1540, that the Jesuits were established, and the
plan of that extraordinary society, confirmed ; and on the first of November, in the
year 1542, the celebrated council of Trent met to establish the truth of the gospel,
to convince all men of transubgtantiation, to prevent the further diminution of the
papal authority, and endeavour to do that which is impossible, reconcile the
Jarring opinions ef contending interests,

- Julius IIL. was indeed one of the
truest friends of Michel Angelo ;
he desired Condivi to write his life,
and, as appears by Condivi’sjdedica~
tion, recommended him to imitate
his virtue and his excellence. He
said also that if it were possible he
would gladly take upon himself his
years, that the world might have a
better chance of not being deprived
so soon ofa great man. Unfortu-
nately for Michel Angelo, Julius
died after a short reign of five years,
leaving him an old man of eighty
one. Cardinal Marcello, one of
his enemies, was elected in_ his
stead ; he died within the month,
and was succeeded by Paul IV. ;
whose two main objects were to be
revenged on his enemies by the
sword, and to root out heresy by
means of the inquisition, of which
he had long been the main patron.
This man’s religious feelings were
offended at the naked figures in the
Last Judgment, and he determined
that the picture should be reformed.
When Michel Angelo heard this,
he desired that the pope might be
told from him that what he wished
was very little and might be easily
effected ; for if his holiness would
only reform the opinions of mankind,
_the picture would be reformed of
itself. Paul at last determined to
destroy the picture altogether,—
Tuckily his cardinals persuaded him
that it would be a sin to whitewash
the wall, and he contented himself
with ordering the figures to be dress-
ed: thereby it is to be presumed
expressing his opinion that when
the trumpet sounds, the dead are not
to rise till they have made them-
selves decent, for which purpose
there will be a _ resurrection of
shrouds and winding sheets also.

CHARACTERS.

841

This was the barbarian who en-
couraged or instigated our bloody
Mary in all her cruelties. Pius LV.
made some little amends to him for
the insults and injustices he had re-
ceived from his predecessor, but
Michel Angelo was now going to
receive the reward of a Jong life of
integrity and virtue. He died on
the 17th of February, 1563, in his
eighty-ninth year. Public obsequies
were decreed him at Florence ; the
work of envy was over; from that
day the excellence of Michel An-
gelo has been acknowledged, and
it will continue to be so, as long as
stone and marble can endure, and
as long as the engraver can pre-
serve the conceptions of the painter,

‘¢ In the early part of his life,
Michel Angelo uot only applied him-
self to sculpture and painting, but
to every branch of knowledge con-
nected in any way with those arts,
and gave himself up so much to ap-
plication, that he in a great degree
withdrew from society. From this
ruling passion to cultivate his mind
he became habituated to solitude,
and happy in his pursuits, he was
more contented to be alone than in
company ; by which he obtained
the character of being a proud and
anodd man, distinctions that never
fail to be given to those with whom
we wish to find fault for not resem-
bling ourselves. When his mind
was matured he attached himself to
men of learning and judgment, and
in the number of his most intimate
friends were ranked the highest dig«
nitaries in the church, and the
most eminent literary characters of
his time. ‘That princely cardinal,
Ippolito de Medici, and the cardi-
nals Bembo, Ridolfi, and Maffeo,
were distinguished for their friend«

ship

$42

ship towards him, and, as an Eng.
lishman, it gives me pleasure_to
find cardinal Pole amongst them,
entitled, ‘‘ suo amicissimo.” Ip.
polito de’ Medici was particularly
partial to him, and understanding
that Michel Angelo admired a
Turkish horse he possessed, he sent
it to his house, with ten mules load-
ed with corn, and begged his ac.
ceptance of the gift as a mark of his
esteem. Notwithstanding he rank-
ed in the number of his acquaint-
ance the most distinguished names
of his time, he was also pleased with
the harmless comedy of human life,
and occasionally amused with the

» €ccentric good nature of those who

had little else to recommend them.
But the person of all others who
absorbed his affections and esteem,
was that excellent and accomplished
woman, the celebrated Vittoria Co-
Jonna, marchioness of Pescara ; her
superior mind and endowments,
and her partiality for his genius,
impressed him with the most lively
sense of esteem. For many years
before her death she resided at
Viterbo, and occasionally visited
Rome for no other purpose than to
enjoy his society. To her Michel
Angelo addressed three sonnets and
a madrigal, and wrote an epitaph,
on her death, in which his admira-
tion of her beauty and accomplish.
ments is tempered with the most
profound respect for her character,
Tn her last moments Michel Angelo
paid her a visit, and afterwards told
Condivi he grieved he had not kissed
hercheek as he did her hand, since
there was then but little hope of his
ever seeing her again. The same
writer also observes, that the recol-
lection of her death constantly pro-
duced dejection in his mind,”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Some Account of the Life and
Writings of Lope Felix de Vega
Carpio. From his Life by Lord
Holland,

This extraordinary man was born
at Madrid, on the 25th of Novem-
ber, 1562: his father had been se-
cretly addicted to poetry; there are
so many similar facts recorded, as
to justify an opinion that the pro-
pensity to poetry, or aptitude for
it, is hereditary. Lope’s talents
were early manifested. The un-
common quickness and brilliancy
of his eyes in infancy, indicated a
corresponding vivacity of mind, and
before his hand was strong enough
to guide the pen, he recited verses
of his own composition, which he
bartered with his play-fellows for
prints or toys. Thus, says lord
Holland, even in his childhood, he
not only wrote poetry, but turned
his poetry to account, an art in
which he must be allowed after
wards to have excelled all poets,
ancient-or modern. The bishop of
Kyvila was his first patron; his se-
cond was. the duke of Alva, at
whose instance he wrote his Arcadia.

Pastoral works, however, in prose
and verse, had already met with
considerable success in Spain;° of
which the Diana by Montemayor
was the first in point of merit, and I
believe in time. The species of
composition is in itself tedious, and
the conduct of the Arcadia evidently
absurd. <A pastoral in five long
books of prose run mad, in which ©
the shepherds of Arcadia woo their
Dulcineas in the language of Amadis
rather than of Theocritus, in which
they occasionally talk theology, aad
discuss in verse the origin and na-
ture of grammar, rhetoric, arith.
Metic, geometry, music, astrology,

and

CHARACTERS.

and poetry, and which they enliven
by epitaphs on Castilian generals,
and a long poem on the achieve-
ments of the duke of Alva, and the
birth of his son, is not well adapt-
ed to the taste of common readers,
or likely to escape the censure of
critics. In most instanees, how-
ever, the abstract of a work of this
_ nature, for it must be considered as a
“poem, forms a very unfair criterion
of its merit. The chief objects of
poetry are to delineate strongly, the
_ characters and passions of mankind,
to paint the appearances of nature,
and to describe their effects upon
our sensations. To accomplish

_. these ends the versification must be

smooth, the language pure and im-

_ pressive, and the images just, natural,

_ and

te

appropriate; our interest
should be excited by the nature of
the subject, and kept up by the spi-

rit of thenarration. The probability

of the story, the connexion of the

_ tale, the regularity of the design,

are indeed beauties; but beauties
which are ornamental rather than
necessary, which have often been
attained by persons who had no

_ poetical turn whatever, and as of-

t

ten neglected by those whose genius
and productions have placed them
in the first rank of the province of

_ poetry. Novels and comedies de-
rive, indeed, a great advantage from

“

an attention to these niceties.

But
in the higher branches of invention
they are the less necessary, because

the justness of the imitation of

_ passions inherent in the general na-

_

ture of man, depends less upon the
probability of the situations, than
that of manners and opinions re-
suffing from the accidental and tem-
porary forms of society.

843

“¢ To judge,” says Lord H. ‘* by
another criterion of the parts of the
Arcadia which I have read, and es.
pecially of the verses, there are in
it many harmonious lines, some elo-~
quence, great facility and occasion-
ally beauty of expression, and above
all, a prodigious variety of maxims,
similes, and illustrations. These
merits, however, are disfigured by
great déformities. The language,
though easy and fluent, is not the
language of nature ; the versification
is often eked out by unnecessary
exclamations, and unmeaning ex-
pletives, and the eloquence is at
one time distorted into extravagant
hyperbole, and at another degene-
rates into low and tedious common-
place. The maxims, as in all Spa~
nish authors of that time, are often
trivial and often untrue. When
they have produced an antithesis,
they think they have struck out a
truth. ‘The illustrations are some-
times so forced and unnatural, that
though they may display erudition,
and excite surprise, they cannot elu-
cidate the subject, and are not like-
ly to delight the imagination. They
seem to be the result of labour, and
not the creation of fancy, and par-
take more of the nature of conun-
drums and enigmas, than of similes
and images. Forced conceits, and
play upon words, are indeed com~
mon in this as in every work of
Lope de Vega; for he was one of
the authors who contributeé to in-
troduce that taste for false wit,
which soon afterwards became so
universally prevalent throughout
Europe. Marino,* the champion
of that style in Italy, with the
highest expressions of admiration
for his model, acknowledges that

he

* Essequie poetiche, yol. xxi. Lope de Vega.

844

he imbibed this taste from Lope,
and owed his merit in poetry to the
perusal of his works.”

After he had been married a few
years, Lope de Vega lost his wife,
and to fly from painful recollec-
tions, embarked with his brother in
the famous armada. The conquest
of England was fully expected from
this powerful armament, and the
Spanish poets, atits outset, wrote
odes and sonnets of prophetic tri-
umph, which it would have been
prudent not to have published be-
fore the event, and to have des-
troyed after it. Gonzara upon the
occasion addressed his country
in an ode, of which one passage is
remarkable, as having been so com-
pletely verified in favour of En.
gland, instead of Spain. He says to
Spain,—

By pais zeal and noble wrath possest,
ith restless woods hast thou
Peopled the humid Neptune's billowy
breast :
And all who in thy kingdoms would ad-
vauce
*Gainst Britain the avenging lance,
Collected in their numbers now,
So multiplied a multitude has sent,
That for their barks the wat'ry ele-
ment
Scarcely hath scope, and scanty are the
gales
Of Heaven to fill their sails,
Therefore be sure that on thy vengeance

ay
Ocean shall dye his waves, now sreen
and gray,
All scarlet with the English pirates’ gore,
And rich with ruins of the fray
Waft their wreek’d navies o’er, .
And conquered banners, thy triumphal
boast,
_ And dash her slaughtered sons upon thy
coast,
Illustrating thy ports and trophied
shore,”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Lope de Vega bade the armada
go forth and burn the world! he
lost his brother in the expedition,
and wrote nothing about it on his
return. During the voyage, he
composed the Hermosura de Ange-
lica, one of his longest poems,
which professes to take up the
story of that princess where Ariosto
had dropped it. The Spaniards
have several continuations ef the
Orlando Furioso. That by Luis
Baraliona de Soto has been highly
praised by Lope himself, whose
praise, however, was so indiscrimi-
nating, as to be of no authority ;
and also by Cervantes: but Cer-
vantes extols some poems which are.
of little merit, and there is some
reason to think that this is of the
same character, as it is so seldom
met with, and little known. The
Araucana, the only heroic poem in.
the language of real merit, has often
been reprinted, nor can the Spa-
niards be accused of neglecting their
early poets, It may therefore be
suspected, that those which are ne-~
glected, deserve to be so.

The Hermosura de Angelica is as
ridiculous in fable as possible, but
it contains many spirited passages,
and is certainly of all Lope’s long
poems, that which may be read
with most pleasure, or perhaps
more accurately speaking, with
least fatigue. Lord Holland, in his
life of Lope de Vega, has given two
specimens, well chosen, and happily
translated,

Lord Holland quotes from this
work, a Latin stanza, as being per-
haps the only eight Latin lines of
titles and names which are to be
found in modern metre, and iva
poem written in a modern lan-
guage. It is an inscription under a
golden statue of Philip II]. A

proof,

,

_— wae 7

Lg
fn

. CHARACTERS

| proof, it may be observed, that
though he might have begun the
poem when on board the armada,
this part was not written till the
following feign:

“ Phillippo Tertio, Cesari invictissimo,
Omnium maximo regum triumpha-
tori,
Orbis utriusque et maris felicissimo,
- Catholici secundi successori,

Totius Hispanie principi, dignissimo,
Ecclesiz Christi et fidei defensori,
Fama, precingens tempora alma lauro,

‘Hoc, simulacrum dedicat ex auro.”

Lope de Vega in whose epics
every thing which is odd and extra-
vagant may be found, has in like
manner inserted a Latin ‘epitaph
‘upon Rodrigo in his Jerusalem
‘Conquistada, It is worth tran-
‘scribing.

‘Hoc jacet in sarcophago Rex ille
* Penultimus Gothorum in Hispania.
‘Tnfelix Rodericus, viator sile,
Ne forte pereat tota Lusitania: ,
_ Provocatus Cupidinis missile
_, Telo, tam magna affectus fuit insamia,
Quam tota Hiberia vinculis astricta
| Testatur mesta, lachrimatur victa.

Wexccrabitem Comitem Jalianum
-Abhorreant omnes, nomine et remoto

Patrio, appellent Erostratum Hispanum,

Non tantum nostri, sed in orbe toto.

Dum current Cceli sidera, vesanum

_ Vociferent, testante Mauro et Gotho,

. - Cesset Florindz nomen suave

Eava viator est, a Cava cave.

2

vw“

_ In the same volume with the An-

: gelica, he published a cellection of

"sonnets, and another narrative poem
‘of some length upon sir Francis
Drake, who of course receives no
“more mercy at his hands, than he
_ would have done, had he been made
5 aed upon the coast of Peru.
‘Lope had little reason to love sir
2

845

Francis Drake, and for Elizabeth
he entertained a right catholic ab-
horrence, it is amusing to read the
iuvectives in which. the Spanish
poets vented their hatred against
her. Gongora in his ode upon the
Armada, says of England,

How art thou doom’d to everlasting
shame
For her accursed sake,
Who for the distaff dares to take
The sword and sceptre in*her bastard
hand !
She-wolf libidiaous, and fierce for blood.
Thou strumpet offspring of the adul-
trous bed.
Soon may avenging heaven hurl down
Its lightning-vengeance on thy impious
head.

Lope’s Dragontea is a dull poem.
An historical subject of such recent
date, will not bear the intermixture
of invention ; we know the truth so
well, that all the fiction has tbe ef.
fect of falshood. ‘This,-however, is
only the case, in this instance, with
an English reader. Spaniards might
believe sir Francis Drake to be a ty-
rant, a slave, and a coward, but the
poet who could flatter the passions
ofhis contemporary countrymen, by
ealling him so, might have known
that the reputation of his poem
would be temporary as well as lo-
cal.

Another of his long poems is his
St. Isidro,in honour not of the great
St. Isidore, who procured for his
nephew Hermenegild the honours
of canonization, by instigating him
to commit rebellion and attempt
parricide, but of a labourer in the
vicinity of Madrid, who was sainted
by the ingenuity of others in invent-
ing miracles for him, not by any
knavery of his own in enactivg them.
The Isidro is a wearying collection
of miraculeus stories, with no other

connection

‘

846

connection than the order in which
_ they took place, and these are ren-
dered still more wearying by the
endless apostrophes and reflections
of the author. The metre, however,
is wonderously stimulant, and con-
trasts provokingly with the dull
matter which it conveys ;—it is one
of the vernacular metres. Lope

says the verse shall be Castilian as :

wellas the subject.

Lope de Vega’s fame was now
very high.

*¢ Henceforward the licences pre-
fixed to his ‘books do not confine
themselves to their immediate object,
the simple permission ‘to publish, but
contain long and laboured enco-
miums upon the particular merit of
the work, and the general character
and style of the author. ‘This was
probably the most fertunate period
of his life. He had uot, it is true,
attained the summit of his glory, but
he was rising in literary reputation
every day ; and as hope is often
more delightful than possession, and
there is something more animating
to our exertions while we are pant.
ing to acquire then when we are
Jabouring to maintain superiority,
it was probably in this part of his
life that he derived most satisfac-
tion from his pursuits. About this
time also we must fix the short date
of his domestic comforts, of which,
while he alludes to the toss of them,
he gives a short but feeling descrip-
tion iv his Eclogue to Claudio :”

“Yo vi mi pobre mesa in testimonio,
Cercada y rica de fragmentos mios,
Dulces y amargos ros

Del mar del matrimonio,

Y vi pagando su fatal tributo,!
De tan alegre bien tan triste luto.

n * Pellicer Life of Cervantes.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

“<The expressions of the above
are very difficult, if not impossible,
to translate, as the metaphors are
such as none but the Spanish lan.
guage will admit. The following is
rather a paraphrase than a _transla-
tion.

“ T saw a group my board surround,

And sure to me, though poorly

spread,

"Twas rich with such fair objects

crown’d,
Dear bitter presents of my bed !

I saw them pay their tribute to the
tomb,

And scejies so cheerful change to mourn,
ing and to gloom.

“Of the three persons who
formed this family group, the son
died at eight years, and was soon
followed by his mother ; the daugh.
teralone survived our poet. ‘The
spirit of Lope seems to have sunk
under such repeated losses. Ata
more enterprising period of life,
hé had endeavoured to drown his
grief in the noise and bustle of a mi-
litary life; he now resolved to-
sooth it in the exercise of devotion.
Accordingly, having been secretary
to the inquisition, he shortly after
became a priest, and in 1609 a sort
of honorary member * of the
brotherhood of St. Francis. But
devotion itself could not break in
upon his habits of composition ; and
as he had about this time acquired
sufficient reputation to attract the
envy of his fellow poets, he spared
no exertions to maintain his post,
aud repel the criticisms of his ene-
mies.””

The faults rather than the suc.
cess of Lope drew upon him the
censure, among others, of Gongora
and Cervantes.

66 The

~ CHARACTERS.

«© The genius and acquirements *
ef Gongora are generally acknow-
ledged by those most conversant in
Spanish literature, and his histo-
rical ballads or romances have al-
ways been esteemed the most per-
fect specimens of that kind of com-
position, But his desire of novelty
led him in his other poems to adopt
a style of writing so vicious and af-
fected, that Lope, with all his extra-
‘vagancies, is a model of purity in
comparison with him. He was
however the founder of a scct in lite-
_rature +. The style called in Cas-
tilian cultismo owes its origin to him.
This affectation consists in using lan-
guage so pedantic, metaphors so
strained, andconstruction so involv-
ed, that few readers have the know-
ledge requisite to understand the
words, and yet fewer the ingenuity
to discover the allusion or patience

to unravel the sentences, These
authors do not avail themselves of
the invention of letters for the pur;
pose of conveying, but of conceal-
ing their ideas. The art of writing
reduces itself with them to the talent
of puzzling and perplexing ; and
they require in their readers a de-
gree of ingenuity at least equal to
their own t. The obscurity of
Persius is supposed to have rufiled
the temper of a saint, and an indig-
nant father of the church is said to

847

have condemned his satires to the
flames, with this passionate but sen.
sible observation : Sz non viz intel.
ligi non debes fegi. It might be rea.
sonable to suppose, that the public
would generally acquiesce in the
truth of this maxim, and that the
application of it would be one of the
few points of taste in which their
judgment might betrusted. But it
is the fate of genius, undirected by
judgment, to render its very defects
the chief object of applause and
imitation: of this the example of
Gongora furnishes a singular illus-
tration. For near a century after
his death, his works had such an in-
fluence on Castilian poetry, that
little or nothing was admired which
could be easily understood. Every
word appeared a metaphor, and
every sentence a riddle. This revo-
lution in the taste of his countrymen
was not however sudden or imme-
diate ; for Gongora himself was
disappointed at the reception given
to what was termed the new poetry,
and the little success that attended
his first efforts at innovation is sup-
posed to have inflamed his animosity
against his more popular contem-
poraries §. | Lope did not escape
his censures ; and galled by his vi-
rulent lampoons, as well as alarmed
at the progress which his new style
of writing was gradually making, he

occasionally

* Don Nicholas Antonio. Bibliot héca Nova.

+ Luzan’s Poetica,c. 3. |. i.

{ For aspecimen of this style I have only to refer my readers to Luzan’s. criti-

cism on asonnet of Gongora ch. 15.1. 2. ofhis Poctica. He will there find that
the pen of the historian opens the gates of memory, and that memory stamps shadows
on mounds of foam. By these expressions Genyora means to give a poetical de-
scription of the artof writing on paper. Luzan, whose object was to explode this
taste, which was prevalent even in his time, does not do ample justice to the merits
of Gongora, and quotes only his defects without mentioning those poems which are
exempt from them, or those beauties which rendered this extravagant style se
palatable to the public.
§ Parnaso Espanol, vol. yi.

848

occasionally satirised the’style with-
out naming the authors. | Even in
his plays are to be found several
strokes of ridicule on this subject.
Thus, when Severo come to recom-
mend himself as a poet to a bride-
groom in the Améstad y Obligacion,
Lope the bridegroom asks him :

Lop. Sois vulgar o culterano?

Sev. Culto soy.
Lop. Quedaos en casa

Y escribireis mis secretos.
Sev. Sussecretos! por que causa ?
Lop. Porque nadie los entienda...

Lop. A plain or polish’d bard ?
Sev, My style’s polite.
Lop. My secrets then remain with me to
write,
Ser. Your secrets? Why?
Lop. Because, politely penn’d,
Their meaning sure no soul shall
comprehend.

*¢ And again in the Bizarrias de
Belisa, the heroine of that piece, in
describing the bad qualities of her

rival, represents her as a pupil of ’

the new school: :

“ Aquella que escribe en culto,
Por aquel Griego lenguage ;
Que no le supo Castilla,

Ni se le enseno su madre.

She who writesin that fine polish’d style,
That language so charmingly Greek,
Which never was heard in Castile,
And her mother ne’er taught her to
speak,”

In the contest with Gengora,
Lope demeaned himself with unu-
sual moderation, calmly investigated
the faults of his style, exposed it by
a few good-humoured parodies, and
was generous enough, in one of his

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

: . 4 ‘
poems, to celebrate his unquestion- —

4

able merits, without any allusion to ©

these defects.
his latter days, he yielded in some
degree to the fashion, and wrote in
the cultivated style himself.

Whenever Cervantes has mention-
ed him in his printed works, it is
not only with respect, but admira-
tion. How diflerent were the fates
of these two men! ‘* Cervantes was
actually starving in the same street
where Lope was living im splen-
dour!’ Lope is now almost neg-
lected in his own country, and Don
Quixote is the only book which is
read with the same interests in every
country in Europe!

Lope dedicated another long
poem, of which Mary Queen of
Scots was the heroine, to Pope Ur-
ban VIII.

‘¢ Upon this occasion he received
from that pontiff a letter written in
his own hand, and the degree of
doctor of theology. Such a flat.
tering tribute of admiration sanc-
tioned the reverence in which his
name was held iu Spain, and spread
his fame through every catholic
country. The cardinal Barberini
fellowed him with veneration in the
strects; the king would stop to
gaze at sucha prodigy ; the people
crowded round him wherever he
appeared: the learned and the
studious * thronged to Madrid from
every part of Spain to see this phoc-
nix of their country, this *¢ monster
of literature ;’? and even Italians,
no extravagant admirers in general
of poetry that is not their own,
made pilgrimages from their country
for the sole purpose of conversing

with Lope. So associated was the
idea

« Montalvan, Parnaso Espanol, &c.

It is curious, thatin —

CHARACTERS.

idea of excellence with his name,
that it grew. in common conversa.

tion to signify any thing perfect

‘

in its kind ; and a Lope diamond,
a Lope day, or a Lope woman, be-
came fashionable and familiar modes
of expressing their good qualities.
His poetry was as advantageous to
his a as to his fame : the king
enriched him with pensions and

_ chaplaincies ; the pope honoured him
with dignities and. preferments ;

_ valuable presents.

and every nobleman at court aspired
to the character of his Mecenas, by
conferring upon him frequent and
His annual in-

' come was not less than 1500 ducats,

exclusive of the price of his plays,
which” Cervantes insinuates that he
was never inclined to forego, and
Montalvan estimates at 80,000. He
received in presents from individuals
as much as 10,500 more. His ap-

plication of these sums partook of

More than usually oppressed

the spirit of the nation from which
he drew them. Improvident and
indiscriminate charity ran away with
these gains, immense as they were,
and rendered his life unprofitable
to his friends, and uncomfortabie to
himself.”

‘‘ He continued to publish plays
and poems, and to receive every
remuneration, that adulation and

generosity could bestow, till the

year 1635, when religious thoughts
had rendered him so hypochondriac
that he couid hardly be considered
as in full possession of his under-

‘standing. On the 22d of August,

which was Friday, he felt himself
in
Spirits and weak with age; but
he was so much more anxious about

the health of his soul than of his

* Montalvan.

Vor, XLVIII.

849

body, that he would not avail hime
self of the privilege to which his in-
firmities entitled him, of eating
meat; and even resumed the fla
gellation *, to which he had accus-
tomed himself, with more than asual
severity. This discipline is suppos-
ed to have hastened his death. He fell
ill on that night, and having passed
the necessary ceremonies with exces-
sive devotion, he expired on Mon-
day the 25th of August 1635.

‘¢ The sensation produced by his
death, was, if possible, more asto-
nishing than the reverence in which
he was held while living. The splen-
dour of his funeral, which was con-
ducted at the charge of the most
munificent of his patrons, the duke
of Sese, the number and language
of the sermons on that occasion, the
competition of poets of all countries
in celebrating his genius and lament.
ing his loss, are unparalleled in the
annals of poetry, and. perhaps
scarcely equalled in those of roy-
alty itself. ‘The ceremonies attend-
ing his interment continued for nine
days.

‘¢ The. priests+ described him asa
saint in his life, and represented his
Superiority over the classics in poc-
try as great as that of the religion
which he professed was over the
heathen. ‘The writings which were
selected from the multitude produced
on the occasion fill more than two
large volumes.”

Yet Lope de Vega was not con-
tented either with his fame or his
profits ? and actually complained of
neglect, envy and poverty !

‘¢ Asan author heis most known,
as indeed he is most wonderful, for
the prodigious number of his writ-

ings.

+ See Funeral Sermons. Ay Spaeens edit. of Lope.
3

850

ings *. Twenty-one million three

hundred thousand of his lines are_

said to be actually printed ; and no
less than eighteen hundred plays of
his composition to have been acted
on the stage. He nevertheless as-
serts, in one of his last poems, that,

“ No es minima parte, aunque es ex-
ceso,

De lo que esta por imprimir, lo im-
preso.

“ The printed part though far too large,
is less,

Than that which yet unprinted waits the
press.

‘¢ It is-true that the Castilian
language is copious ; that the verses
are often extremely short, and that
the laws of metre and of rhyme +
are by no means severe. Yet were
we to give credit to such accounts,
allowing him to begin his composi-
tions at the age of thirteen, we must
believe that upon an average he
wrote more than nine hundred
lines a day ; a fertility of imagina-
tion, and a celerity of pen, which,
when we consider the occupations of
his life as a soldier, a secretary, a
master of a family, and a priest ;
his acquirements in Latin, Italian
and Portuguese ; and his reputa-
tion for erudition, become not only
improbable, but, absolutely, and,
one may almost say, physically im-
possible.

' As the credibility however of
miracles must depend upon the
weight of evidence, it will not be
foreign to the purpose to examine
the testimonies we possess of this
extraordinary facility and exube-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

rance of composition. There does
not now exist the fourth part of the
works which he and his admirers
mention, yet enough remains to

render him one of the most volumi-

nous authors thatever put pen to
paper. Such was his facility, that
he informs us in his Eclogue to Clau-
dio, that more than a hundred times
he composed a play and produced
iton the stage in twenty-four hours.
Montalvan declares that he latterly
wrote in metre with as much rapi-
dity as in prose, and in confirma- .
tion of it he relates the following
story :* :

‘¢ ¢ His pen was unable to keep
pace with his mind, as he invented
even more than his hand was capa-
ble of transcribing. He wrote a
comedy in two days, which it would
not be very easy for the most expe-
ditious amanuensis to copy outin the
tine. At Toledo he wrote fifteen
acts in fifteen days, which made five
comedies. These he read at a pri-
vate house, where Maestro Joseph
de Valdebicso was present and was
witness of the whole; but because
this is variously related, I will men-
tion what I myself know from my
own knowledge. Roque de Figu-
eroa, the writer for the theatre at
Madrid, was at such a loss for co-
medies that the doors of the theatre
dela Cruz were shut ; but as it was
in the Carnival, he was so anxious
upon the subject that Lope and my-
self agreed to compose a joint co-
medy as fastas possible. It was the
Tercera Orden de San Francisco,
and is the very one in which Arias
acted the part of the saint more
naturally than was ever witnessed on

the

* Parnaso Espanol.
+ Appendix, No, ITI.

t Montalvan’s Eulogium.
)

the stage. The first act fell to Lope’s
Jot, and the second to mine; we dis-
" patched these in two days, and the
third was to be divided into eight
leaves each. As it was bad weather,
I remained in his house that night,
and knowing that I could not equal
_ him in the execution, I had a fancy
_ tobeat him in the dispatch of the
_ business ; for this purpose I got up
at two o’clock, and at cleven had
' completed my share of the work. I
_ immediately went out to look for
him, and found him very deeply
_ eccupied with an orange-tree that
had been frost-bitten in the night.
- Upon my asking him how he had
_ gone on with his task, he answered,
_ * Iset about it at five; but I finish-
_ ed the act an hour ago ; took a bit
* of ham for breakfast ; wrote an
epistle of filty triplets ; and have
_ watered the whole of the garden :
_ which has not a little fatigned me.’
_ Then taking out the papers, he read
me the eight leaves and the triplets ;
a circumstance that would have asto-
nished me, had [ not known the fer-
tility of his genius, and the domi-
Rion he had over the rhymes of our
language.”
One of his admirers told an Ita-
‘lian, he was so.good a_ poet,
_ that in order to oblige africnd, he
‘wrotea whole comedy, witha Loa
and Entremesis; in one night. ‘That,
sir, replied the Italian, proves hing
to be a good friend, but not a good
poet.
: As Lope had sinsliad Ariosto in his
Angelica, so he thought to rival
Wasso in his Jerusalem. ‘Lhis poem
ke the former consists of twenty
cantos, it is equally irregular and
xtravagant in story, and does not
rontain parts of such beauty, yet it
isnot one of those books over which
the reader fcels disposed to fall

CHARACTERS.

851

asleep. Among other odd things
it contains a long string of riddles.
There is in the first canto, a picture,
which walks out of the pannel, as
in the Castle of Otranto.. A Por.
tuguese who wrote under the feigne
ed name of Diogo Camacho, has al-
Iuded very neatly to this ferusalem
and the Arcadia, and their great in-
feriority tothe epic, and the pasto-
sal of Tasso,

Lope de Vega, as adramatic wri-
ter, decided the character of the
Spanish stage, and to his genius,
therefore, are in some measure to
be ascribed, the peculiarities which
distinguish the modern drama from
the ancient.

‘* Whatever may be their com-
parative merit, it is surely both ab-
surd and pedantic to judge of the
one by rules laid down for the
other,-—a practice which had begun
in the time of Lope, and is not alto-
gether abandoned to this day.
There are many excellencies te
which.all dramatic authors of every
age must aspire, and their success
in these forms the just points of
comparison: but to censure a mo-
dern author for not following the
plan of Sophocles, is as absurd as to
object to a fresco that it is not
painted in oil coldurs ; or, as Tira-
boschi, in his parallel of Arioste
and ‘Tasso, happily observes, to
blame Livy for uot writing a poem
instead of a history. The Greek
tragedians are probably superior to
all moderns, if we except Racine,
in the correctness of their taste, and
thei> equals at least in the sublimity
of their peetry, and in the just and
apirited dclingation of those events
and passions which they represent.
These, however, are the merits of
the execution rather than of the de.
sign; the talents of the disciple ra-

ai? ther

852

ther than the excellence of the
school ; and prove the skill of the
workman, not the perfection of the
system, Without dwelling on the
expulsion of the chorus (a most un-
hatural and inconvénient machine),
the moderns, by admitting a com.
plication of plot, have introduced a
greater varicty of incidents and cha-
racters. ‘Ihe province-of inyention
is enlarged; new passions, or at
feast new forms of the same passion,
are brought within the scope of
dramatic poetry. Fresh sources of
interest are opened, and additional
powers of imagination called into
activity. Can we then deny what
extends its jurisdiction, and en.
hances its interest, to be animprove-
ment, in an art whose professed
object is to stir the passions by the
imitation of human actions? = In
saying this I do not mean to justify
the breach of decorum, the neglect
of probability, the anachronisms
and other extravagancies of the
founders of the modern theatre.
Because the first disciples of the
school were not models of perfec-
tion, it does not follow that the fun-.
damental maxims were defective.
The rudeness of their workmanship
is no proof of the inferiority of the
material ; nor does the want of skill
deprive them of the merit of having
discovered the mine. The faults
objected to them form no necessary
part of the system they introduced.
Their followers in every country
have cither completely corrected or
gradually reformed such abuses.
Those who bow not implicitly to the
authority of Aristotle, yet avoid
such violent oufrages as are common
“Gn ourcarly plays.” And those who
pigue themselyes on the:strict ob-
servance of his laws, betray in the
conduct, the sentiments, the cha-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

racters, and the dialogue of their
pieces (especially of their comedies),
more resemblance to the modern
than the ancient -theatre: their
code may be Grecian, but their
mauners, in spite of themselves, are
Spanish, English, or French :—they
may renounce their pedigree, and
even change their dress, but they
cannot divest their features of a
certain family likeness to their poe- _
tical progenitors.”
‘“ Lope was contemporary with
both Shakspeare and Fletcher. [n
the choice of their subjects, and in
the conduct of their fables, a resem
blance may often be found, which
is no doubt to be attributed to the
taste and opinions of the times, ra-
ther than to any knowledge of each
other’s writings. It is indeed in
this point of view that the Spanish
poet can be compared with the
greatest advantage to himself, to the
great founder of our theatre. It is
true that his imagery may occa-
sionally remind the English reader
of Shakspeare ; but his sentiments,
especially in tragedy, are more like
Dryden and his contemporaries than
their predecessors. The feelings of
Shakspeare’s characters are the re.
sult of passions common to all men $
the extravagantsentiments of Lope’s,
as of Dryden’s heroes, are derived
from an artificial state of society,
from notions suggested by chivalry,
and exaggerated by romance. In
his delineation of character he is yet
more unlike, and it is scarce neces-
sary-to add, greatly inferior; but
in the choice and conduct of his
subjects, if he equals him in extra-
vagance and improbability, he does
not fal] short of himin interest and
variety, A rapid ‘succession of
events, and sudden changes in the
situation of the personages, are the
charms

- 7

CHARACTERS.

charms by which he interests us so
forcibly in his plots. These are
the .only features of the Spanish
‘stage which Corneille left unim-
proved; and to these some slight
resemblance may be traced in the
operas of Metastasio, whom *the
Spaniards represent as the admirer
and imitator of their theatre. In
his heroic plays there is a greater

4 variety of plot than in his comedies,

though it is not to be expected that
inthe many hundreds he composed,
he should not often repeat the same
Situation and events. On the whole,
however, the fertility of his genius,
in the contrivance of interesting plots,

_ is as surprising as in the composition

of verse. Among the many I have
read, [ have not fallen on one which
does not strongly fix the attention ;
and though many of his plots have
been transferred to the French and
English stage, and rendered more
correct and more probable, they
have seldom or never been improved

___ in the great article of exciting curio-

sity_and interest. This was the
spell by which he enchanted the
populace, to whose taste for won-
ders he is accused of having sacri-
ficed so much solid reputation. True
it is that his extraordinary and em-
barrassing situations are often as un-
prepared by previous events as they
are unforeseen by the audience;
they come upon one by surprise, and
when we know them, we are as
much at a loss to account for such
strange occurrences as before ; they
are produced, not for the purpose
of exhibiting the peculiarities of cha-
racter, or the workings of nature,
but with a view of astonishing the
audience with strange, unexpected,
unnatural, and often inconsistent
~ conduct in some of the principal cha-
racters, Nor is this the only de.

853

fect in his plots. The personages,
like the author, ara full of intrigue
and invention ; and while they lay
schemes and devise plots, with as
much ingenuity as Lope himself,
they seem to be actuated by the same
motives also; for it is diflicult to
discover any other than that of di-
vertiug and surprising the audience.
Theic efforts were generally attend.
ed with success.. All contemporary
authors bear testimony to the po-
pularity of Lope’s pieces ; and for
many years he continued the fa-
vourite of the public. Stories are
related of the audience taking so
lively an interestin his plays, as to. °
tally to give way to the illusion, and
to interrupt the representation. A
spectator on one occasion is said to
have interfered with great anxiety
for the protection of an unfortunate
princess—‘ dando voces,’ says my
author, ‘ contra el cruel homicida
que degollaba al parecer una dama
inocente’—crying out against the
cruel murderer, who to all ap-
pearanee was slaying an innocent
lady.”

“* Tt has often appeared to me,”
says lord Ifolland, ‘‘ that the fre-
quent recurrence of antithesis on the
Spanish stage was a natural conse-
quence of the short verses, in which
most of their old scenes are com-
posed. As the public are extremely
partial to that metre, which is near-
ly the same as that of the old bal-
lads or romances, and as they think
it peculiarly adapted to recitation,
a stranger should speak with great
difidence in his own judgment,
when it is. at variance with the
Spaniards on such a subject ; but it
is certain that such dialogues as con~
tain most points, are those which
are best received on their stage ;
and few couplets in that metre are
313 quoted

854

quoted with approbation by their
critics, but such as abound in anti-
thesis, or such as are confessedly of
a nature too lyrical for represeuta-
tion, The love of epigram may
have rendered a metre, peculiarly
favourable toit, popular; but, from
the history of their poetry, I am in-
clined to believe that the epigram
rather owes its popularity to the

cultivation of a metre, which, when ‘

the language is somewhat refined,
becomes insipid without it. Such
short pauses are evidently more
calculated for the.expression of wit
than of passion. Hence it is not
unusual for the characters of Lope,
when placed in embarrassing situa-
tions, and wavering between the
most violent and opposite affections,
to express their wishes, describe
their feelings, and justify their con-
duct in a long string of reasoning
epigrams ; of which the logic is not
very convincing, and the wit evi-
dently misplaced.”

More than five hundred of Lope
de Vega’s plays are still extant.
Many of them are exceedingly
scarce, but all merit preservation,

A Dutch Vendue of Slaves, at Ber-
bisthe, &c. From Pinckard’s Notes
on the West Indies.

On arriving at the town, we were
surprised to find it quite a holiday,
or a kind of public fair. The sale
seemed to have excited’ general at-
tention, and to ‘have brought tege-
ther all the inhabitants of the co-
tony. The planters came down
from the estates with their wives
and families all arrayed in their
gayest apparel: the belles and
beaux appeared in their Sunday
suits: even the children were in full

ANNUAL REGTS TER,

1806.

dress; and their slayes decked out
in holiday-clothes. It was quite a
gala-day, and greater numbers of
people were collected than we had
supposed to have been in the colo-
ny. Short jackets, with tawdry
wide-flowered petticoats, and loose
Dutch slippers, formed the prevail-
ing dress of the females. Scarlet,
crimson, and poppy, with all the
bright colours used in a northern
winter, rivalled a tropical sun, and
reigned conspicuous in the flaming
broad-patterned petticoat. To the
inhabitants it seemed a day of feast-
ing and hilarity, but to the poor
Africans it was a period of heavy
grief and affliction, for they were to
be sold as beasts of burden—torn
from each other—and widely dis-
persed abont the colony, to wear
out their days in the a toils
of slavery.

The fair being opened, and the
crowd assembled, these unpitied sa+
ble beings were exposed to the
hammer of public auction. A long
table was placed in the middle of a’,
large room, or logis. At one end
was scated the auctioneer, at the
other was placed a chair for the ne-
grocs to stand upon, in order to be
exposed to the view of the pur-
chasers; who were sitting at the
sides of the table, or standing about
the different parts of the room.
All being in readiness, the slaves
were brought in, one at a time, and
placed upon the chair before the
bidders, who handled and inspected
them, with as little concern as if
they had been examining cattle in
Smithfield market. “They turned
hem about, felt of them, viewed
their shape and their limbs, looked
into their mouths, made them jump |
aud throw out their arms, and sub-
jected them to al! the means of trial

as

4

5

|

i!

CHARAC TE RS.

as if dealing for a horse, or any
other brute-animal. Indeed the in-
delicacy shewn towards the poor
defenceless Africans, by some of

_ these dealers in their species, was

not less unmanly and disgusting than
it was insulting to humanity.

We were shocked to observe wo-
‘men in the room who had come to
the fair for the express purpose of
purchasing slaves. Nay, even chil-

“dren were brought to point the
ducky finger, and the boy or girl,
_ thus chosen, was bought by papa at

_ the request of superstitious mamma,
_ to give to young massa or missy !

The price of these poor degraded
blacks varied from 600 to 900 guil-
ders, according to their age and
strength, or their appearance of
_ being healthy or otherwise. The
_ boys and girls were sold for 600 or
700 guilders—some of the men
fetched as high as 900—and the
women were knocked down at
_ about 800.

In the course of the sale, a tall
Bee chust negro, on being brought
into the auction-room, approached
the table with a fine negress hanging
upon his arm. The man was order-
ed to mount the chair. He obeyed,
though manifestly with reluctance.
His bosom heayed and grief was in
his eye. The woman remained in
the crowd. <A certain price was

- mentioned to set the purchase for-

ward, and the bidding commenced :
but on the slave being desired to ex.
hibit the activity of his limbs, and
to display his person, he sunk his
_chin upon his breast, and hung

_ down his head in positive refusal—

then, looking at the woman, made

signs expressive of great distress.

Next he pointed to her, and then to
the chair, evidently intimating, that
he desired to have her placed by

85a

his side. She was his chosen wife,
and nature was correctly intelli-
gible. Not obtaining immediate
acquiescence, he became agitated
and impatient, ‘The sale was inter-
rupted, and as he could not be pre-
vailed upon to move a single muscle
by way of exhibiting his person,
the proceedings were at a stand.
He leoked again at the woman,—
again pointed to the chair,—held
up two fingers to the auctioneer,
and implored the multitude in anxi-
ous suppliant gestures. Upon his
countenance was marked the com-
bined expression of sorrow, affec-
tion, and alarm. He grew more
and more restless, and repeated signs
which seemed to say—‘* Let us be
sold together. Give me my heart’s
choice as the partner of my days,
then dispose of me as you please,
and I will be content to wear out
my life in the heavy toils of bend-
age.” It was nature that spake—
and her language could not be mis.
taken! Humanity could no Jonger
resist the appeal, and it was univer-
sally agreed that they should make
but one lot. A second chair was
now brought, and the woman was
placed at the side of her husband.
His countenance instantly brighten-
ed. He hung upon the neck of his
wife, and embraced her with rap-
ture—then folding her in his arms,
and pressing her to his bosom, he
became composed; and leoked
round, with asmile of complacency,
which plainly said ‘* proceed !—I
am yours, yours, or yours! Let
this be the associate of my toils, and
I am ‘satisfied? »” The bidding was
renewed! They-exhibited marks of ©
health and strength,~and, quickly,
the two were sold together for
1650 guilders.

314 *¢ Rnough”

856

¢¢ Enough !’—you will say.
s¢ Give me no more of slaves, nor
of slavery !’—For the present I
obey, and, leaving the dusky Afri-
cans, proceed to introduce you to
the copper-coloured Indians ; thus,
Jeading you to the opposite extreme
of human life, and placing you
amdng those of our species, who
spurn alike the shackles of slavery,
and the slavish trammels of society.
I have lately had an opportunity of
seeing several parties of the wild
and naked inhabitants of these
woods—men who rauge at large, in
the fullest freedom of nature ; nei-
ther suffering their liberty to be
effaced by bondage, nor abridged by
civilization. Being one day at the
town of New Amsterdam with the
acting surgeon of the garrison, we
took a walk down to the bush,* on
the border of the creek or river
Kannye. Nigh to the water we
“met with a party of Indians, and
observing that they made no attempt
to avoid us, we went so near to
them as to mixin_the group. We
found them engaged in various pur-
suits; and remarked that none of
their occupations suffered any in-
terruption from our presence. A
woman and her son, who were in
the river, continued to bathe before
us, and seemed greatly to enjoy the
water. Some were cutting wood
for fring—some collecting the bush-
water + with a calabash, for the
purpose of drinking,or of cooking--
some, with their pot of baked clay,
upon the fire, were stewing crabs,
together with capsicum and cassada
juice into pepper-pot—and some
were eating the raw tops of the
mountain-cabbage. ‘T'o the latter 1

¥

<
i -

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

held forth my hand implying a
desire to partake of their repast.

They immediately gave me a part ; —

and seemed pleased on observing me
eat of it. A better sallad I never
tasted. It was very crisp and white
—much superior to the best lettuce —
er endive; and, in flavour, some-
what resembling the filbert. Per-
ceiving that they were not incom-
moded by our society, we remained
a considerable time attentively
watching their proceedings; but
their curiosity was not commensur.
ate with our own, for they scarcely
looked at us, or appeared to be, in
any degree, interested concerning
us. With indifference they saw us
approach—they regarded us with
indifference whilst we remained—
and with indifference they witnessed
our departure,

Two days after, I saw a much
larger party of Indians, who came
to the government house to: ask for
rum, as a compensation for cutting
down timber: and the same even-
ing, on walking towards the creek
with some of the-oflicers, we met
with a still more numerous body of
these inhabitants of the forest, who
had been employed by the governor
to eut down wood preparatory to
clearing the land near the town for
cultivation. They were busied in
packing up all their little store of im-
plements and. utensils, in order to —
return to their native abode in the
woods. Bows and arrows, appara.
tus for preparing cassada, the clay.
cooking vessel,’ hammocks, cala.
bashes, and crab-baskets, constitut.
ed their whole list of stores and fur.
niture. All these were light in
structure, or made of light materj-

als,

* Upon this coast the forest is termed the Bush,
} The rain-water which ladges inthe low parts of the forest.

‘als, and, being arranged in compact
order, were easily carried on their
backs, ‘The women were made to

bear the burden; while the men
took no share of the load. One
man, who had three wives, very
neatly packed upon their backs the
whole of what he had to carry
away ; then taking up a long staff,

he marched on before with lordly

_ step, the’ wives following him in

silent train, one after another. We
walked gently behind a party of
about forty as far as the creek, and
there saw some of them embark in
their canoes, and paddle up the
river, while the others took a nar-

_ row path leading into the depths of

_ the forest ; and presently the whole

body of them were out of sight,

leaving not a trace of their visit
behind.

They come down, occasionally,
in parties, and enter into an engage-
ment to cut wood for a certain
compensation; but no dependence
can be placed upon them for a single
day, for they sometimes pack up all
belonging to them, and return sud-

_ denly and unexpectedly into the

woods; from whence they come not

again for several months, perhaps not

_ atall. They are naturally indolent,

and being tenacious of freedom, they

become impatient of the restraint im-

__- posed by daily labour ; wherefore,

i they hastily east it off, and fly back

_ tothe woods to range in their native

j liberty, which knows no bounds,

_ Mor control, From possessing a

‘ degree of expertness in the felling

{

.

;

of timber, they might be highly use-
ful in forwarding the cultivation of
the colony, but they have no sense
of industry, nor do they seem to
: acquire the least disposition to emu-
Jate the colonists in any of their
pursuits :-.content with-finding food

CHARACTERS.

857

and pepper in the woods, they have
no ambition to become planters,
Cotton is not necessary to protect
their naked skins; nor are their
appetites so refined as to require
gither coffee or sugar.

At the fort we have also had 2

visit from an Indian family, who

came to us in the true style of native
accommodation—exhibiting the full
equipage of the family canoe, and
forming a scene of high interest and
novelty. Before the canoe reached
the fort, we observed the long black
hair and naked skins of the man, his
two wives, and several children,
who were all stowed about the ves-
sel with the strictest attention to
equipoise—trimming it most exactly.
‘The canoe was large, and, in addi-
tion to the family, was loaded. with
cedar and other kinds of wood, for
sale or barter. On the top of the
cargo appeared a ferocious-looking
animal, setting up his bristles like
the quills of the porcupine. It wasa
species of wild-hog caught in the
forest, and hence called a bush-hog.
A small monkey was likewise skip-
ping about the canoe. At one side
sat two very fine parrots, and on
the other was perched a large and
most beautiful mackaw, exhibiting
all the rich splendour of his gay
plumage. On the canoe arriving at
the landing-place, the bow and
arrows, the clay cooking-vessel,
calabashes, hammocks, and crab-
baskets, were all brought into view,
and we gazed on the whole, as forme.
ing a very complete. and striking
specimen of original equipage and
accommodation, The whole family,
—the household apparatus—the
bow and arrows—the canoe and
paddles—the hammocks—in short
all the furniture and implements for
cooking, for sleeping, for shooting,

fishing,

$58

fishing, and travelling, were here
moved together in one eK |
body, so as to render it indifferen
to them, whether they should return
to the home from whence they came,
er take up a new abode in any
other part of the forest.

On the Island of Madeira. From
Barrow’s voyage to Cochinchina.

The few good dwelling-houses
that are found in the town (of F'un-
chal) are those which are occupied
by the British merchants, who
have established themselves here in
the wine trade. These houses are in
general sufficiently spacious, but
neither commodious nor comforts
able. These and a few others ex-
cepted, all the rest have rather a
mean appearance. Their roofs are
chiefly covered with tiles, on which
large loose stones are laid to pre-
vent their being carried away by
the blasts of wind that occasionally
blow with great violence from the
mountains behind the town, ‘lhe
extent of Funchal may be nearly a
mile in a line parallel with the
beach, and rather more than half a
mile in depth. It is said to contain
two thousand houses, occupied by
about twelve thousand inhabitants.
There are besides six other small
towns or villages on.the island, the
whole population of which, includ-
mg Funchal, is estimated to amount
to about ninety thousand persons.

At a little distance behind the
government-house, which stands
within the fort Lorengo, and overs
looks the bay, is'the Passao Publico,
the public mall, a short but very
pretty walk, well shaded with
erange or lime trees, willows and
poplars. On oneside of the entrance

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

stands the theatre, which is seldom
opened, and on the other the hos.
pital. Funchal, like other towns —
and cities of Roman Catholic coun.
tries, has no scarcity of churches
and convents ; but we met with
little in any of them that could be
considered as deserving of particular
notice. The beams and the roof of
the cathedral are pointed out to ’
strangers as being of cedar, a spe-
cies of tree with which it is said the
island was at its discovery nearly
covered. Another curiosity which
is shewn in the town is a chamber in
one of the wings of the Franciscan
convent, the walls and ceiling of
which are completely covered with
rows of human skulls and human
thigh bones, so arranged that in the
obtuse angle made by every pair
of the latter, crossing each other
obliquely, is placed a skull. The
only vacant space that appears is in
the centre of the side opposite to
the door, on which there is an ex-
traordinary, painting above a kind
of altar, but what the subject is in-
tended to represent I am really at a
loss to decide. A figure in the pic-
ture, intended probably for St.
Francis, the patron saint, seems to
be intent on trying in a balance the
comparative weight of a sinner and
a saint. But a very accurate
drawing, from which a print was
taken for Mr. Barrow’s. work,
by Mr. Daniell, will perhaps best
explain the subject.

A dirty lamp suspended from
the ceiling, and just glimmering in
the socket, served dimly to light up
this dismal den of skulls. The old
monk who attended as shewman
was very careful to impress us with
the idea that they were all relics of
holy men who had died on the
island ; but I suspect they must oc-

casionally

‘lecturer on skulls in Vienna.
_ taking leave we deposited our mite

easionally have robbed the church-

yard of a few lay-brethren, and

perhaps now and then of a heretic.
(as strangers are interred in their
burying ground,) in order to ac-
¢umulate such a prodigious number
which, on a rough computation, I
should suppose to amount to at least
three thousand. The skull of one
of the holy brotherhood was point-
ed out as having a lock-jaw, which

‘occasioned his death ; and from the

garrulity of our attendant, I have
no doubt we might have heard the
history of many more equally im-
portant, which, though thrown
away upon us who had no taste
for craniology, would, in all pro-
bability, have been highly inter.
esting to Doctor Gall, the famous

On

on the altar, as charity to’ the con-

vent, which seems to be the princi.

pal object in view of collecting and

exhibiting this memento mori of the

monastic and mendicant order of St,
Francis.

There are other convents, to

which young women are sometimes

Prr

_ bands.

sent for the purpose ef completing
their education ; but not a single

instance of the. veil. having been
_ taken occurs for many years past.
- Married women also, who are par-

ticularly tenacious of their charac-

_ ter, and who wish to be considered

as models of chastity and virtue,
sometimes retire into a cenvent
during the absence of thcir hus-
In those which were visited
by our party, we saw only a few

antiquated virgins, who affected a
considerable degree of shyness ;

and though their air and general ap-
pearance were not ill calculated to

_ spire feelings of pity, it was not

however, of that kind which ‘ melts

CHARACTERS. 859

the soul to love,” but whose less
powerful influence pleads rather
to the purse than to the heart: and
accordingly we gave them, what
was considered to be the most ac-
ceptable, a few dollars in exchange
for pieces of paper cut into repre-
sentations of the virgin, and saints,
and crucifixes. A general languor,
occasioned by confinement and the
unvaried insipidity of a monastic
life, frequently passes in the nun as
the token of patient resignation ;
and we are apt to attach a liyely in.
terest to young females, who are
thus so cruelly, as we suppose, se-
parated for ever from all society ex-
cept that of each other: butit is by
no means clear that we do net often
ascribe to persons under such cir-
cumstances notions of purity’ and
delicacy, which are more romantic
than just. It is extremely doubt-
ful if they possess those exalted
sentiments, nice feelings, and sound ,
understandings, which prevail
among females of those countries
where they are allowed to enjoy un-
restrained freedom. The education
of the former is suited to prepare
them for their. future condition :
they are held in such littie con.
sideration in their own family, that
they are fully aware they cannot be
less esteemed in a convent; and
they make the sacrifice of their liber-
ty under the consoling reflection
that by so doing, they shall secure
everlasting. happiness in the world
to come.

The residence of a few days
among a foreign people cannot be
supposed to furnish much informa-
tion of their manners, character,
and condition. It requires no little
time to get rid of our own preju-
dices; and while labouring under
the influence of those, we are apt

i2

860

to forget the making of a duc allow.
ance for the prejudices of others,
It does not require, however, any
very long stay at. Madcira to per-
ceive that the great bulk of the peo-
ple of Funchal, as in most other
cities, is doomed to encounter the
ills of poverty :—ills that, in this
country, however, on which Na.
ture has bestowed 50 fine a climate,
would seem to be rather owing to
some mismanagement on their own
part, than to any system of op-
pression in the government, defi-
ciency in the means of subsis-
tence, or other moral or physical
causes.* The steady and moderate
temperature which this island en-
joys is scarcely excelled in any part
of the world. In the winter
months, the mercury in Fahren-
heit’s thermometer seldom desceads
below 55°, or rises higher than
65°: aud the usual range in sum-
mer is from 66° to 76°. It is visit-
ed, however,’ occasionally, but

very rarely, by a kind of Sir-.

ecco wind from the eastward, that
scorches vegetation, and renders
the air suffocating and insupport-
able ; at such time, the thermome-
ter rises to 90° or 95°. It cannot
be the climate, therefore, that oc-
casions the meagre, sallow, and
sickly appearance which the in-
habitants of Funchal generally wear,
but may rather be attributed to the
poverty of their food, which chiefly
consists of fish, pumpkins, and
sour wine, or pernicious spirits ; to
a life of drudgery and exposure to
great vicissitude of climate, by daily
ascending the steep and lofty moun-
tains in search of fuel; and, above
all, to a total disregard of cleanli.
ness. As a corroborative proof of
this being the case it may be menti-

oned, that almost all the natives are
9

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

infected with what they consider an
incurable cutaneous disease, a spe.
cies of itch, which jis attended with
an extraordinary degree of viru-
lence and inflammation. Ido not re.
member to have seen or heard of any
remarkable instance of longevity ;
and the chances are, that Dr.
Price, in speaking of the mortality
of this island as one in fifty only of
the population, while that of Lon-
dou he considers as one in twenty,
is not less inaccurate in these in-
stances than in many other of his
calculations.

Productions, and Exports of Madei-
ra. From the same.°

The cultivated plants are vines,
oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, ba-
nanas, guavas, apricots, peaches,
and European fruits, besides good
walnuts and chesnuts. ‘lhe island
poduces wheat, barley, and rye ;
but more than two-thirds of the
grain consumed is imported from
the Azores or Western Islands,
and from America. For more than
a century Madeira was considered
as valuable chiefly for the quantity
of sugar it produced ; but since this
aromatic reed has been spread over
the continent and islands of the new
world, little is now in cultivation
here ; and the sugar extracted from
it is of a coarse quality, used only
among the lower class of inhabi-
tants, commonly as an inspissated
brown jnice, not unlike molasses,
The arid soil seems much _ better
suited for the growth of the vine
than the sugar.cane. Wine, in-
decd, may be considered as the prip-
cipal product of the island, of which
the quantity made varies, in differ.
ent years, from fifteen to twenty-

five

thousand pipes. The greatest
ntity exported in any one year
‘appears to have been fifteen thou-
sand pipes, in the following man-

othe East Indies - Pipes 5500
ToEngland - - - - - 4500
Tothe West Indies - - 3000
To America, and taken away

by Americans 2000

15000

_ The value of which, with a little
fruit and other articles exported,
may be estimated at 500,000/., of
hich more than 400,000/. is taken
‘by Great Britain and its colonies,
in exchange for various manufac.
tures and provisions, amounting in
Value to about 300,000/., making
thus a balanceagainst us of 100,000/.
_ America supplies the island with
' lumber, staves, salt provisions, and
grain, to the amount of 80,000/.
_ annually, which is more than is im-
ported into the island by Portugal
from Europe, Brazil, and the
Azores; and the whole amount
of produce taken by the mother-
_ country from Madeira does not ex-
ceed 10,0001. ‘The total revenues
of the island, consisting of one-
_tenth of the produce and duties on
import and export, are said to
amount to about 100,000/., out of
_ which, after paying the expences
of the civil, military, and ecelesias-
tical establishments, the crown is
supposed to receive about 30,000/.,
_ although the old governor assured
lord Macartney that the net sum
_ Fecéived by the crown of Portugal
- seldom exceeded eight or ten thou-
sand pounds.

It will appear extraordinary, and
I shonld not have ventured to men-
tion it had I not the authority for so

“gp CHARACTERS.

861

doing, of a gentleman who has been
thirty years on the island, that so
large a quantity of wine should
annually be sent to India, and con-
sumed there, (for of this not 300
pipes a year are returned to En.
rope,) and so little imported into
England. The latter weuld appear
to be of less difficult explanation
than the former ; for although it is
supposed that the quantity consum-
ed in Great Britain, under the name
of Madeira, is, on the least calcula.
tion, equal to the whole quantity
that is exported from the island, or
more than three times what is actu.
ally imported, yet it is well known
that a variety of mixtures pass for
Madeira, some of which are com-
pounded of wines that never grew
on the island, as those of Teneriffe,
Lisbon and Xeres. And with re-
gard to India it may be observed,
that although the number of English
there is very limited, and few ofany
other nation drink Madeira wine,
yet this and claret are the only
wines in general consumption at
both the presidencies and in the
army, the former of which is freely
used during dinner,

This wine is known to possess
many extraordinary qualities. I
have heard it asserted, that if pure
genuine Madeira be exposed to frost
until it is congealed into a solid mass
of ice, and again thawed by the fire ;
if heated to the boiling point, and
then left to cool; if exposed to the
sun for weeks together in open
casks, or placed in damp cellars; it
will not suffer the least injury by

.Such great and violent changes,
That part, however, which is con-
sumed on the island is a raw meagre
beverage, which, if compared with
London particular, iss bad as smalt
beer to fine ale.

The

862

The usual mode of training the
vines is by basket-work fixed to
espaliérs, about five fect high ; but
in some vineyards they are led up
trees, or high poles ; and in others,
cut down to the height of two or
three feet, as at the cape of Good
Hope. In some places, the hills
are terraced, in order to retain the
soil, by stone walls. The process
of making the wine is very simple.
The grapes are picked from the
stalk, thrown into a vat, pressed
first with the feet and afterwards by
a weighted wooden lever. ‘The pro-
prietor of the land and the collector
of the taxes for the crown, both
attend at the press; the latter takes
out of the tub his tenth of the whole
must, after which the remainder is
equally divided between the Jand-
owner and the tenant. Each takes
with him a sufficient number of
porters to carry away their respec-
tive shares, sometimes in barrels, and
sometimes in goat-skin bourachas,
to the eellars in Funchal. ‘The
English merchants usually supply
the farmers beforehand with money,
to enable them to make amore ex.
tensive tillage.

General Observations on the Brazils.
From the same.

The antipathy of the Brazilians
to the Portuguese is so great that
the viceroy is not able, without
some difficulty, to keep up an esta-
blishment of twelve rowers of the
state-barge. These were the only
real natives we had an opportunity
of seeing during our stay of three
weeks. Their features were not
much different from those of the
Malays, ‘Tartars, and Chinese.
Their stature was short, They

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

appeared to be of a grave and seri-
ous disposition, seldom speaking to
each other, and indicating an aver-

' sion to communicate with strangers.

They had long black hair, and the
beard was visible only on the upper
lip and under the chin. Those who
engage in this service are said to be
so much detested by their country~
men, as to prevent them from ever
returning to the horde, apprehensive
that if once in their possession they
would certainly be put to death.
When the Portuguese were suffi-
ciently convinced of the inefficacy
of the attempt to reduce the Brazi-
lians to slavery, or to compel them
to submit to the labours of agri-
culture, their next recourse was to
the settlements they had already ac-
quired on the coast of Africa for
a supply of negroes. Whole cargoes
of these ill-fated people were annu-
ally transported from their native
countsy and their connections, cut
off from every hope of returning
aud doomed to toil for the remain-
der of their days in the foreign fields
of South America. ‘The number
which at present is said to be annu-
ally imported amounts, on an ave~
rage, to twenty thousand; and as
this demand is constant, whilst the
quantity of produce is supposed to
be little, if at all increased, for seve-
ral years past, there are strong
grounds to suspect that at least an
equal number to those imported
must be destroyed every year. Yet
these people make a boast of treat-
ing their slaves better than any other
nation. The French and the Dutch
do the same; and they all unite in
asserting that the English are the
most cruel to their slaves. Peaple,
however, are apt to differ in their
notions of humanity, as well as on

less important points; and, tee
the

| the whole system is bad, the de-
) grees of atrocity may perhaps be
| the less discernible. Bad as our
countrymen are, I am still inclined
to hope that few are to be found
among them who would act, ona
‘similar occasion, in the same manner
asIam about to relate. An officer
im the French army, having disco-
-yered that dealing in slaves was a
‘more lucrative profession than
hting, was transportiug a cargo,

consisting of about three hundred,
a. Mosambique to the isle of
They had scarcely put to
sea when the small-pox broke out
among them. On three or four the
" pustules appeared in such a manner
‘as to leave no doubt as to the nature

fected. As it was pretty evident
that none of the cargo had gone
rough the disease, aud equally so
that they could not escape infec-
tion; and as the chances were, in
this event, that the mortality would
Breatly exceed seven per cent.,
the slave-merchant resolved to
throw the fifteen or sixteen in
fected persons immediately over-
board. This man afterwards wrote
an account of his voyage to the
East Indies, in which he talks a
great deal about humanity, but
_arefully avoids the mention of this
transaction, ,
_~ Whatever the pretensions of other
lations may be, in regard to the
good treatment of their slaves, [ am
“Inclined to think that the method
pursued by the Portuguese planters
of the Brazils is far from being the
Worst. The master expects from
Me slave a certain quantity of labour
#1 the week, which is calculated to
be sufficient to employ four days of
Moderate application: tbe other

CHARACTERS.

863

two are for himself; but out of the
proceeds of the labour of these two
days he must clothe and feed him.
self for the whole week. By such
a system the lash of the whip is un-
Necessary ; the master is at no ex.
pence beyond the first cost, which
is about twenty pounds; and the
slave, by the surplas produce of the
labour bestowed on his own account,
is frequently enabled to lay by a
sufficient sum to purchase his froe-
dom. ‘Those who are doomed to
work at the mines experience worse
treatment than such as are employed
in domestic purposes, or in agricul.
ture. ‘The temptation to secrete
small diamonds has sometimes induc.
ed the slaves to swallow’ them.
Whenever the labour of the day
has not been usually productive, or
any other cause of suspicion arises
that such may have been the case,
they are put for acertain time in
close confinement, and a strong dose
of ipecacuanha is administered. If
this should not produce the desired
effect, the next step is to ply them,
like the pearl fishers of Ceylon,
with powerful catharties, till the
poor creatures are nearly exhaust.
ed; and this happens very often
when they are perfectly innocent.
The slave of the Brazils has many
advantages over the slave of the
West India islands. The climate of
the former is infinitely superior to
that of the latter, and the seasons of
planting and of reaping are of
longer duration. The owner. of a
sugar plantation in the West Indies
has but a short period allowed him
during the rains to get his canes
into the ground. Hqually short. is
the season of reaping them. If the
canes are not cut down when fully
Ripe, the juice evaporates, aud they
turn to wood: if they are cut down
and

86-4

and not immediately pressed, the
juice begins to férment, and is fit
only to be converted by distillation
intorum. At these seasons, there-
fore, and particularly in the latter,
. every hand that can work, however
feebly, is of importance to the
planter ; and the urgent demand for
labour sometimes makes him wholly
insensible to acts of inhumanity,
which, perhaps, at other times, might
appear to him in their true light, and
as odious and atrocious in the ex-
treme. This is not the case in the
Brazils. The season of planting,
on account of the longer continu-
‘ance of rain, is at least two months
Jonger here than in the West Indies ;
and the gradual ripening of the
plants protracted in the same pro-
portion. Itis not therefore found
to be necessary here, as is the case
in our colonies, to drive the slaves
to work with the crack or the lash
of the whip, or to regulate the
stroke of the bill or the hoe by the
measure of a forced song,

If it should unfortunately happen
that our colonies in the West Indies
may ultimately be involved in the
fate of St. Domingo, a considerable
mass of property will no doubt be
lost to this country; but, at the
same time, it cannot well be denied
that this loss would be productive
of a most important saving to the
state, by the number of British sub-
jects whe, in their removal to a
better climate, would escape a pre-
mature death. The most valuable
productions of the West India
islands were originally transplanted
from the Kast, where the labour of
slaves is not required, nor, any ex-
traordinary waste of Europeans oc-
casioned. ‘T'o this source we may
again recur, and India and China
may eventually prove the great

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

sheet anchors of our commercial)
prosperity.

The ruin of the West Indias
islands, it is to be feared, would
equally affect the franquillity of
those colonies on the continent of
South America, in the possession of
the English and the Dutch, which
would tend in a very material degree
to enhance the valué of the posses-~
sions of Spain and Portugal on the
same continent. But the restrictions, —
the exactions, and the monopolies, -
under which the settlements of these
two powers are oppressed, and the
total want of energy in the inhabit-
ants, which necessarily results from
such asystem, areso many invincible
barriers against any improvement
which favourable circumstancesmight
otherwise suggest. Few countries af-~
ford so great a number or So great a
variety of valuable productions as
the Brazils. Beside the articles de-
scribed in eight ancient paintings,
which are noticed inaformer chapter
of the original work,thecountry pro-
duces an inexhaustible supply of the
finest timber, suitable for all the
purposes of civil and naval architec-
ture; but the cutting and disposing
of it is a monopoly of the crown.
The first object of every man who
obtains a grant of woodland, is to
destroy the best trees as fast as he
can: because he is not only forbid-
den to send them to market, but
may have the additional mortifica-
tion of being obliged to entertain
the king’s surveyor, whenever he
thinks fit to pay him a visit, with a
numerous retinue, for the purpose
of felling the timber, which he, as
owner of the estate, has not the
power to prevent. Yet, notwith-
standing this discouraging monopoly,
together with the difficulty of trans-
post, on account of the badness of
the

}

CA ARA'C TERS,

the roads, and the searcity of ship-

_-wrights, very fine vessels, equal in

_ Size to an English 74 gun-ship, have

_ been constructed at Bahia or St.

_ Salvador, and sent afloat, at the ex-
‘pence of about fifteen or sixteen
pounds a ton, which in England
‘would have cost from twenty four
to thirty-four pounds a ton.

Wheat, barley, Guinea corn, mil-
Tet and all the European and tb pital
Grains are produced in the greatest

_ abundance ; and all species ‘of pro-
visions and supplies for victualling
and storing ships, and fitting them

out for actual service at sea, are
_procurable at moderate rates in
almost all the ports of the Brazils.
At Rio de Janeiro alone a navy
might be built, equipped, and fitted
with every necessary for a sea voy-
age, sufficient to command the navi-
gation of the southern Atlantic ;

_and the fisheries, by proper encou-

coment, would create a never-
failing supply of seamen. Both the

_ black whale and the spermaceti are

ee rarul on every part of the coast.

’

_ Account of a Theatrical Entertain.

ment at Cochinchina. From the

Same.

_ The ambassador had not as yet

handed at the town of Turon; and
as the principal officers of that place
were extremely desirous of testifying
their respect by a public entertain-
ment to be given on the occasion,
his lordship fixed on the 4th of
June for celebrating, with the Co-
chinchinese on shore,, the anniver-
sary of his majesty’s birth- day.

Whether through accident, or in.

consequence of former suspicions,

or to give eclat to the entertain-

ment, did not rhpears but on the
Vou. XLVIU.

865

evening preceding we observed an
unusual bustle about the place, an
increased number of troops in and
about the town, besides several huge
elephants of war. We therefore, on
our part, took the precaution of
sending the two armed brigs up the
river opposite to the town, to make
a retreat, if necessary, the more
secure. The day, however, passed
over iu harmony and conviviality.
We were conducted from the place
of landing to a temporary building,
on a larger scale than that which we
had hitherto occasionally occupied.
The two pitches of its roof were
supported by a row of bamboo poles
which, running down the middle,
divided the building into two parts.
The sides and the roof were covered
with thick double matts, and lined
within with coarse Manchester cot
tons, of various patterns. These
prints appeared to be new, but
damaged, and were probably the
refuse of the China market, carried
thither by the Portuguose trader.
In the first compartment of the
building was a long table covered
with linen, and laid out with plates,
knives and forks, in the manner ang
style of Europe. Our Portuguese
friend, it seemed, by way of making
some atonement for the injury he
had nearly, though perhaps not
maliciously, done us, had prevailed
on the Cochinchinese to allow him
to be master of the ceremonies
for the day, concluding in his own
mind that, as the eating and drink-
ing would be considered by us as the
best part,of the entertainment, he
would be able to suit our taste in
these respects better than the Coe
chinchinese ; and under this impres-
sion, to do him justice, he hag
spared neither trouble nor expence
in making his digner as complete a9

866

circumstances would admit: and
thus, by his misplaced zeal, a good
Cochinchinese cntertainment was
entirely marred by a bad Portuguese
dinner.

A trifling circumstance occurred
on our first entering the building,
which was rather embarassing to the
Cochinchinese officers. These peo-
ple who, on most occasions, adopt
the Chinese customs, had prepared
a yellow skreen of silk, bearing, in
large painted characters, the name
of the young adventurer at Hueé.
Whether they took it for granted,
or were so told by Manuel Duomé,
that the English, as a matter of
course, would make the usual pro.
stratious to this shade of majesty,
we did not inquire, but it was very
evident they expected it; for when
the general commanding at Turon,
and who sat cross-legged on a bench
as proxy for his master, observed
that, having made our bow, we filed
off and took our seats regardless of
the yellow skreen, he appeared to
be greatly disconcerted, and could
hardly be said to recover himself the
remainder of the day. His disap-
pointment in missing the nine pros-
trations seemed to operate on his
mind as if he had been sunk so many
degrees in the estimation of his
brother officers. He took little
notice when the rank and station
were explained, though at his own
desice, which each of us held in the
embassy, until the Chinese interpre-
ter announced captaiu Parish of the
artillery as the *¢ overseer of the
great guns,” upon which his at.
tention was suddenly roused, and
he seemed the whole day toregard
this officer as a very formidable
and a dangerous man.

In the farther division of the buil.
ging a party of comedians was en-

2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

gaged in the midst of an historical —
drama When we entered; but on
our beiig seated they broke off and
coming: forward, made before us
that obeisance of nine genufiexions
and prostrations, which we had been
so very uncivil to omit to the Man.
darin and his painted skreen of
silk; after which they returned to —
their labours, keeping up an inces- —
sant noise and bustle during our
stay. The heat of the day, the
thermometer in the shade standing
at 81° in the open air, and at least
ten degrees higher in the building,
the crowds that thronged in to see
the strangers, the horrible crash of
the gongs, kettle-drums, rattles,
trumpets, and squalling flutes, were
so stunning and oppressive, that
nothing but the novelty of the scene
could possibly have detained us for
amoment, The most entertaining
as well as the least noisy part of the
theatrical exhibition was a sort of
interlude, performed by three young
women, for the amusement, it would
seem, of the principal actress, who
Sat as a spectator in the dress and
character of some ancient queen ;
whilst an eld eunuch, very whimsi-
cally dressed, played his
tricks like a scaramouch or buffoon
in a harlequin entertainment. The
dialogue in this part differed entirely ©
from the queralous and nearly
monotwnous recitative of the Chi-
nese, being light and comic, and
occasionally interrupted by cheer-
ful airs, which generally concluded
with a common chorus. These airs,
rude and unpolished as they were,
appeared to be regular composi-
tions, and were sung in exactly mea-
sured time. One in particular at-
tracted vur attention, whose slow
melancholy movement breathed that
kind of plaintiwe softness so peculiar

te

antic -

CHARACTERS.

to the native airs of the Scotch, to
which indeed it bore a very close
resemblance. ‘The voices of the-
-women were shrill and warbling,
but some of their cadences were not
without melody. ‘The instruments
at each pause gave a few short flou-
rishes, till gradually overpowered
by the swelling and deafening gong.
Knowing nothing of the language,
we were of course as ignorant of the
‘subjectas the majority of an English
audience is of an Italian opera. In
_ the shed of Turon, however, as well
as in the theatre of the Haymarket,
the,eye was amused as. well as the
ear. At each repetition of the chorus
the three Cochinchinese graces dis-°
played their fine slender shapes in
_ the mazy dance, in which, however,
the feet were the least concerned.
By different gestures of the head,
body, and°arms, they assumed a
_ variety of figures; and all their
_ Motions were exactly adapted to the
Measure of the music. The burden
of the chorus was not unpleasing,
and was long recollected on the
quarter-deck of the Lion, till the
novelty which succeeded in China
effaced it from the memory. In the
latter country, however, we saw no
_ dancing, neither by men nor women,
which makes it probable that this
» part of the Cochinchinese entertain.
_ment must be an amusement of their
own invention, or introduced from
_ the western part of India.
_ No entrance money is ever ex-
pected in the theatres of China or
~Cochinchina. The actors are either
hired to play at private entertain-
“ments, at a fixed sum for theday ;
er they exhibit before the public in
-atemporary shed, entirely exposed
in front. On such occasions, instead
of cheering the performers with
empty plaudits, the audience throw

867

among them pieces of copper
money : for this purpose, the Man-
darins brought us some hundred
pieces strung on cords, of the same
kind as those which are current in
China. By the Cochinchinese the
regular drama is called Troien, or
a relation of histories. ‘To the ope~
ratic interlade of recitative, air, and
dancing they give the name of Song.
sang ; and a grand chorus accompa-
nied with the gong, the kettle-drum,
castanets, trumpets and other noisy
instruments, is called the Ring-rang,
‘The ambassador had ordered his
band to attend on shore, where they
played*a few light airs; but the
Cochinchinese had no ear for the
soft and harmonious chords of Euro-
pean music. Their Ring-rang and
their Song-sang were infinitely supe-
rior in their estimation, and were
the more applauded in proportion
as they were the more noisy.

On the Character of the Cochinchi-
nese. From the same.

Cochinchina, until a few centuries
after the Christian zra, formed a
part of the Chinese empire; and the
general features of the natives, many
of the customs, the written language,
the religious opinions and ceremo-
nies still retained by them, indicate
distinctly their Chinese origin. In
the northern provinces, however,
they are more strongly marked than
in those to the southward. The
same characteristics are likewise dis-
cernible, but in a fainter degree, in
Siam which is properly Se-yang, or
the westtrn country ; in Pegu, pro-
bably Paquo, or the northern pro.
vince; and in Ava and the rest of
the petty states now comprehended
under the Birman empire, where,

3k 2 however,

868

however, from an intermixture with
the Malays of Malacca and the
Hindoos of the upper and eastern
regions of Hindostan, the traces of
the Chinese character are in many
respects nearly obliterated. ‘he
Cochin¢hinese of Turon, notwith-
standing the loose manners of the
women which | shal! presently have
occasion to notice, and the tendency
which all revolutions in governments
have to change, im a greater or less
degree, the character of the pedple,
have preserved in most respects a
close reseniblance to their original,
though in some points they differ
from it very widely. They per-
fectly agree, for instance, in the
etiquette observed in marriage and
funeral processions and ceremonies,
in the greater part of religious super-
stilions, in the offerings usually pre-
sented to idols, in the consultation
of oracles, and in the universal pro-
pensity of inquiring into futurity by
the casting of lots; in charming
away diseases; in the articles of
diet and the mode of preparing
them ; in the nature of most of their
public entertainments and amuse-
ments; in the construction and
devices of fire-works; in instru.
ments of music, games of chance,
cock-fighting and — quail-fighting.
The spoken tanguage of Cochin.
china, though on the same principle,
is so much changed from the original
as to be nearly, if not wholly, unin-
telligible to a Chinese; but the
written character is precisely the
‘same. All the temples which fell
under our observation were very
humble buildings; and we saw no
specimens either of the heavy curved
roofs, or of the towering pagodas,
so frequently met with in China ;
but it seems there are, in many
parts ef the country, monasteries

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

that are amply endowed, whose |

buildings are extensive and enclosed
with walls for their better security.
The houses in general near Turon-
bay consisted only of four mud
walls, covered with thatch ; and such
as are situated on low grounds, in
the neighbourhood of rivers, are
usually raised upon four posts of
wood, or pillars of stone, to keep
out vermin as well as inundations.
The dress of the Cochinchinese

has undergone not only am citera. —

tion, but a very considerable
abridgment. They wear neither
thick shoes, nor quilted stockings,
nor clumsy sattin boots, nor petti-
coats stuifed with wadding; but
always go barelegged and generally
barefooted. Their long black hair,
like that of the Malays, .is usually
twisted into a knot, and fixed on the
crown of the head. ‘This, indeed,
is the ancient mode in which the
Chinese wore their hair, until the
‘Tartars, on the conquest of the
country, compelled them to submit
to the ignominy of shaving the whole
head except a little lock of hair
behind.

On the precepts of Confucius is
grounded the moral system for the
regulation of the conduct in_ this
country as well as in China. Here,
however, to the exterior forms of
morality very little regard seems to
be paid. In China these precepts
are gaudily displayed in golden cha-
racters in every house, in the streets
and public places; but here they
are seldom seen and never heard.
Were they, indeed, repeated in their
original language, (and they will
scarcely bear a translation,) they
would not be understood. Their
conduct, in general, seems to be
as little influenced by the solemn
precepts ef religion as by those of

morality.

i

CHARACTERS.

morality. The Cochinchinese are,
like the French, always gay and for
ever talking; the Chinese always
grave, and affect to be thinking: the
former are open aud familiar, the
latter close and reserved. A Chi-
hese would consider it as disgraceful
to commit any affair of importance
toa woman. Women, in the esti-
mation of the Cochinchinese, are
best suited for, and are accordingly
entrusted with, the chief concerns
of thofamily. The Chinese code of
politeness forbids a woman to talk
unless by way of reply, to laugh
beyond a smile, to sing unless desir-
ed, and, as to dancing, she labours
under a physical restriction which
makes this kind of movement impos-
sible. In Cochinchina the women
are quite as gay and unrestrained
as the men. And as a tolerably ac-
curate conclusion may be drawn of
the state of their society, from the
condition in which the female part
of it is placed, and the consideration

in which the female character is

held among them, [ shall be more
particular in describing the situation
here assigned to them, in so far at
least as our limited means afforded
as the opportunity of observing,
than on other points.

In some of the provinces of China
women are condemned to the de-
grading and laborious task of drag-
ging the plough, and otherwise em-
ployed in various kinds of heavy
drudgery. In Cochinchina it would
appear likewise to be the fate of the
weaker sex to be doomed to those
occupations which require, if not
the greatest exertions of bodily
strength, at least the most persever-
ing industry. We observed them,
day after day, and from morning
till night, standing in the midst of
pools of water, up to the knees,

869

occupied in the transplanting of
rice. Jn fact, all the labours of
tillage, aud the various employments
connected with agriculture, seem fo -
fall to the share of the female pea-
santry ; whilst those in Turon, to
the management of domestic con-
cerns, and the superintendance of
all the details of commerce. They
even assist in constructing and keep-
ing in repair their mud-built cot-
tages; theyconduct the manufacture
of coarse earthen ware vessels ;
they manage the boats on rivers and
in harbours ; they bear their articles
of produce to market; they draw
the cotton wool from the pod, free
it from the seeds, spin it into
thread, weave it into cloth, dye it
of its proper colour, and make it
up into dresses for themselves and
their families. Almost all the
younger part of the males are com-
pelled to enrol themselves in the
army ; and such as are exempt from
military service employ themselves
occasionally in fishing, in collecting
swallow’s nests and the biches de
mer among the neighbouring islands,
as luxuries for the use of their own
great men, but more particularly as
articles of export for the China
market; in felling timber ; building
and repairing ships and boats, and
a few other occupations which, how-
ever, they take care shall not engross
their whole time, but contrive to
leave.a considerable pertion of it
unemployed, or employed only in
the pursuit of some favourite amuse-
ment: for they are not by any means
of an idle disposition. But the
activity and the industry of the
women are so unabating, their pur-
suits so varied, and the fatigue they
undergo so harassing, that thé Co-
chinchinese apply to them the same
proverbial expression which we
$e 3 confer

870

confer on a cat, observing that a
woman, having nine lives, bears a
great deal of killing. It is evident,
indeed, from the whole tenor of
their conduct, that the men, even in
the common ranks of life, consider
the other sex as destined for their
use ; and those in a higher station,
as subservient to their pleasures,
The number of wives or of concu-
bines, which a man may find it expe-
dient to take, is not limited by any
law or rule; but here, as in China,
the first in point of date claims pre -
cedence and takes the Jead in all
domestic concerns. The terms on
which the parties are united are not
more easy than those by which they
may be separated. To break a
sixpence between two parting lovers
is considered, among the peasantry
of some of the counties in England,
as an avowal and pledge of unalier-
able fidelity. In Cochinchina, the
breaking of one of their copper
coins, or a pair of chop-sticks,
between man and wife, before pro-
per witnesses, is considered as a dis-
solution of their former compact,
and the act of separation.

In China the men have sedulously
and successfully inculcated the doc-
trine, thata well bred women should
not be seen abroad ; that she should
confine herself constantly to her
own apartments; that in the pre-
sence of even her nearest male rela-

‘tions she should not expose her
neck and her hands, to prevent
which her gown is buttoned up close
to the chin, and its sleeves hang
down below the knee; and so craft-
tily have they contrived, their pre-
cepts to operate, that the silly
women have actually heen prevailed
on to consider a physical defect
which confines them to the house
as a fashionable accomplishment,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

Here, in this respect, there is a
total difference with regard to the
sex. So far from the Cochinchinese
women being deprived of the free
use of their limbs or their liberty,
they have the enjoyment of both to
the fullest extent. It certainly was
not in Coohinchina where Eudoxus,
in his travels, is said to have observ-
ed the feet of the women to be so
small, that they might with propri-
ety be distinguished by the name of
the ‘* ostrich-footed ;” feminis plan-
tas adeo parvas ut Struthopodes appel-
lentur ; as by their bustling about
with naked feet, they become un-
usually large and spreading ; but the
name might aptly enough be applied
to the feet of the Chinese ladies,
whose undefined and lumpish form
is not unlike the foot of the
ostrich,

Extremes often approximate. The
same cause which in China has ope-
rated this total seclusion of the sex
from society, and the abridgment of
their physical powers, has produced
in Cochinchina a diametrically oppo-
site effect, by permitting them to
revel uncontrolled in every species
of licentiousness. This cause is their
being degraded in public opinion,
and considered as beings of an infe-
rior nature to the men. Thus situ.
ated, character becomes of little
value either to themselves or to
others ; and, from all accounts, it
appears they are fully sensible of
its unimportance in this respect.
The consequence of which is, that
women of less scrupulosity, or men
of more accommodating dispositions,
are not certainly to be met with in
any part of the world than those in
the environs of Turon bay. It is
to be hoped, however, that the gene-
ral character of the nation may not
exactly correspond with that which

prevails

CHARACTERS.

prevails at one of the most frequent.
etl of its sea-port towns. ‘The sin-
gular indulgence, granted by the
laws of Solon, of permitting young
women to dispose of personal fa-
yours, for the purpose of enabling
them to procure articles of the first

necessity for themselves or their fa-

milies, is sanctioned by the Cochin-
chinese without any limitation as to
age, condition, or object. Neither
the husband nor the father seem to
have any scruples in abandoning
the wife or the daughter to her
gallant.

There was little prepossessing in
the general appearance and charac-
ter of the Cochinchinese. ‘The wo-
men had but slender pretensions to
beauty ; yet the want of personal
charms was in some degree compen-
sated by a lively and cheerful tem-
per, totally unlike the dull, the
morose, and secluded Chinese. An
expressive countenance, being as
much the result of education and
sentiment as a delicate set of fea-
tures and a fine complexion are of
health, ease, exemption from drud-
gery and exposure to the vicissitudes
of the weather, eould hardly be ex-
pected in Cochinchina. In point of
fact, both sexes are coarse featured,
and their colour nearly as deep as
that of the Malay; and, like these
people, the universal custom of
chewing areca and betel, by redden-
ing the lips and blackening the
teeth, gives them an appearance still
more unseemly than nature intend-
ed. The dress of the women was
by no means fascinating. A loose
cotton frock, of a brown or blue
colour, reaching down to the middle
of the thigh, and a pair of black
nankin trowsers made very wide,
constitute in general their common
eloathing. With the use of steck-

873

ings and shoes they are wholly un-
acquainted ; but the upper ranks
wear a kind of sandals or loose slip-
pers. Asaholiday dress, on parti-
cnlar occasions, alady puts on three
or four frocks at once, of different
colours and lengths; the shortest
being uppermost. Their long black
hair is sometimes twisted into a knot
and fixed on the crown of the head,
and sometimes hangs in flowing
tresses down the back, reaching fre-
quently to the very ground. Short
hair is not only considered as a
mark of vulgarity, but an indication _
of degeneracy. The dress of the
men has little, if any thing, to
distinguish it from that of the other
sex, being chiefly confined to a
jacket and a pair of trowsers. Some
wear handkerchiefs tied round the
head in the shape ef a turban;
others have hats or caps of various
forms and materials, but most of
them calculated for protecting the
face against the rays of the sun;
for which purpose they also
make use of umbrellas of strong
China paper, or skreens of the
leaves of the borassus or fan-palm@
and other. kinds of the palm-tribe;
or fans made of feathers. Con-
sonant with the appearance of their
mean and scanty cloathing, as fre-
quently thrown loosely oyer their
shoulders as fitted to the body, were
their lowly cabins of bamboo. In
short, nothing met the eye that
could impress the mind of a stranger
with high notions of the happy con-
dition of this people.

fee ee

On the State of the Arts, $c. From
the same.

That particular branch of the arts
in which the Cochinchinese may be
3K 4 said

$72

said to excel at the present day is
naval architecture, for which, how-
ever, they are nota little indebted
to the size and quality of the timber
employed for that purpose. ‘Their
rowsgallies for pleasure are remark-
ably fine vessels. ‘I’hese boats,
frem filty to eighty feet in length,
are sometimes composed of five sin.
. gle planks, each extending from one
extremity to the other, the edges
morticed, kept tight by wooden
pins, and bound firm by twisted
fibres of bamboo, without either
ribs or any kind of timbers. At
the stem and stern they are raised to
a considerable height, and are curi-
ously carved into monstrous figures
of dragons and Serpents, ornamented
with gilding and painting. A num.
ber of poles and spears bearing flags
and streamers, pikes ornamented
with tufts of cows’ tails painted
red, lanterns and umbrellas, and
other insignia denoting the rank of
the passenger, are erected at each
end of the boat. And as these peo-
ple, like the Chinese, differ in most
of their notions from the greater
portion of mankind, the company
always sit in the fore part of the
boat; but as it would bea breach
of good manners for the rowers to

turn their backs on the passengers, |

they stand with their faces towards
the bow of the boat, pushing the
oars from them instead of pulling
towards them, as is usnally done in
the western world. The servants
and the baggage occupy the stern of
the boat. The vessels that are em.
ployed in the coasting trade, the
fishing craft, and-those which collect
the trepan and swallow’s nests
among the cluster of islands called
the Paracels, are of various descrip-
tions ; many of them, like the Chi.
nese Sampans, covered with sheds

ANNUAL REG ISTER, 1806,

of matting, under which a whole
family constantly resides; and
others, resembling the common
proas of the Malays, both as to_

their hulls and rigging. Their fo.

reign traders are built on the same
plan as the Chinese junks, the form
and construction of which are cer-
tainly not to be held out as perfect
models of naval architecture; yet,
as they have subsisted some thou.
sands of years unaltered, they are at
least entitled to a little respect from
the antiquity of the invention. As
these vessels never were intended
for ships of war, extraordinary
Swiftness for pursuit or escape was
not an essential quality : security
rather than speed was the object of
the owner. And as no great capi.
tals were individually employed in
trade, and the merchant was both
owner and navigator, a limited tone
nage was sufficient for his own mer.
chandize; the vessel was therefore
divided, in order to obviate this in.
convenience, into distinct compart.
ments, so that one ship might sepa.
rately accommodate many mer-
chants, The bulk heads by which
these divisions were formed consist.
ed of planks of two inches thick, so
well caulked and secured as to be
completely water-tight.

Whatever objections may be

_ Started against the dividing of ships’

holds, and the interference in the
Stowage seems to be the most mate-
rial one, it cannot be denied that it
gives to large vessels many impor.
tant advantages, A ship, thus for-
tified with cross bulk heads, may
strike on a rock and yet sustain [no
Serious injury; a leak springing ‘in
one division of the hold will not be
attended with any damage to the
articies placed in another : and b
the ship being thus so well bound
together,

| together, she is firm and strong
enough to sustaina more than ordi-
nary shock. It is well known to
seamen, that when a large ship
strikes the ground, the first indica-
tion of her falling in pieces is when
the edges of the decks begin to part
from the sides; but this separation
can never happen when the sides
and the deck are firmly bound toge-
ther by cross bulk-heads. In fact,
this old Chinese invention is now on
trial in the British navy, as a new
experiment. Other schemes have
likewise been proposed in this coun-
try for propelling ships in a calm,
by large scullers, by water-whecls
placed at the sides or throngh the
bottom, and by various other
modes ; all of which, though taking
the name of inventions, have been in
common use among the Chinese for
' more than two thousand years,
Although the present king of this
country has, to a certain degree,
_ broken the fetters of custom, as far
as regards the construction of ships
of war, yet. in doing this, he has not
been unmindful of popular prejudice
_ which, in Asiatic countries in parti-
cular, where they are wholly guided

' by opinion, is stamped with a cha-
_ racter too sacred to be torn up at

once by the roots, Out of defer-
ence to this prejudice, he caused
that part only of the hull er body

’ of the vessel to be altered which is

immersed in the water ; ali the upper

_ works, the masts, sails and rigging,
- remaining Cochinchinese.

Indeed

_ it may be questioned if the pliant

7

bamboo, which forms so material a
part of the upper works of their

_ vessels, could be displaced with any

advantage by solid timber, than
which it is more light and equally
strong. It is impossible not to ad-

mire the good sense of this wise and

CHARACTERS.

878

aetive prince, who, in steering this
middle path, obtained a real advan-
tage without introducing any visible
change.

Of tenacity to ancient custom a
curious instance appeared on the
part of the emperor of Japan, when
the Dutch carried to this sovereign
from Batavia, a few years ago,
among other presents, the model of
a ship of war. The ambassador
happening to-observe the emperor
casting his eye upon this model, and
conceiving the occasion might be
turned to the advantage of his em-
ployers, ventured to make a propo-
sal for sending to Japan a number
of proper artificers from Helland,
for the purpose of instructing his
subjects in the art of ship-building,
according to the practice of Europe.
The emperor desired he might be
asked how long his countrymen had
been acquainted with the art of con-
structing ships on the model he had
brought. ‘I'he ambassador replied,
about three hundred years. ‘* Tell
him” says the emperor, ‘* that my
people have built such ships as he
sees floating in my harbours for as
many thousand. years, and that
I have not yet heard of any com.
plaints against their utility. f[
shall not, therefore, pay so ill a
compliment to myself or to my
people, as to lay aside the test
of ages for an invention of yes-
terday. The Dutch ships may
suit the Dutch, but not the Japa-
nese. Tell him, therefore, | would
advise him to take back this part
of his present.”’

Character of the late Right Honour.

able William Pitt.
William Pitt, the illustrious eari
of Chatham, had three sons, of
whom

874

whom William was the second.
Ile was born May 8, 1759, ata
time when his father’s glory was at
its zenith.

On the accession of his present
majesty, that great statesman, in
consequence of new arrangements,
chiefly occasioned by the rising
influence of the earl of Bute,
retired from the station which he
had so honourably filled; and con-
signing his other sons to the care of
tutors, he devoted his own time to
the education of William, on a
strong and well-founded persuasion
(as he was in the habit of saying,)
that ““he would one day increase
the glory of the name of Pitt.”
His classical knowledge Mr. Pitt
acquired under the care of a private
tutor at Burton Pynsent, the seat of
his father ; and the earl took great
pleasure in teaching him, while still
a youth, to argue with logical preci-
sion, and to speak with elegance and
force. He judiciously accustomed
him tothe practice of making accu-
rate inquiries respecting every sub-
ject that caught his attention, and
taught him not to remain satislicd
with a superficial observation of
appearances.

That he might enjoy all the bene-
fits of instruction which this country
could give him, and, at the same
time, by a rapid progress in the pre-
liminary studies, qualify himself early
for the senate, he was taken, be-
tween fourteen and fifteen years
of age, from his father’s roof, and
the care of a very enlightened and
worthy clergyman, Mr. (now Dr.)
Wilson, and sent to Pembroke col-
lege, Cambridge, where he was ad-
mitted under the tuition of Messrs.
Turner and Prettyman, both very
able men, and willing to second to
the utmost of their power, the in-
tentions of his father, Mr. Pretty-

ANNUAL: REGISTER, 1806.

man was also his private instructor,
and a better choice could not have
been made, as far as classical and

- mathematical knowledge were con-

cerned. For eloquence he could
not look up to either of his instruc-
tors; but his father’s example and
precepts required no farther assis-
tance on that head.

In Cambridge he became a model
to the young nobility and fellow-
commoners; and it was not doubted
that, if the privileges of his rank
had not exempted him from the
usual exercises for the batchelor’s
degree, he would have been found
among the first competitors for aca-
demical honours. On his admission,
according to custom, to his master’s
degree, the public orator found it
needless to search into genealogy,
or even to dwell much upon the
virtues of his father, for the eyes of
the university were fixed on the
youth: the enraptured audience
assented to every encomium, and
each breast was filled with the live-
liest presages of his future greatness.

Mr. Pitt was afterwards entered
a student of Lincoln’s inn, made
a rapid progress in his legal stu-
dies, and was called to the bar, with
every prospect of success.

We are informed, that he once or
twice went the Western circuit,
and appeared as junior counsel
iu several causes. He was, however,
destined .to fill a more important
station in the government of his
country, than is usually obtained
through the channel of the law.

At the general election, 1780,
we find him nominated by some of
the most respectable persons in
Cambridge as a candidate to repre-
sent that university; but notwith-
standing the high character he had
obtained these, he fouud very few
to second his pretensions. In the

following

acting, as it were, in him.

-Lowther.

CHA RA

following year, however, he was
returned for the borough of Apple-
by, by the interest of sir James
On taking his seat in
the house of commons, he enlisted
himself on the side of the party
which had constantly opposed the
minister, lord North, and the Ame-
rican war, and which regarded him
with a degree of veneration; reco-
gnising in his person the genius of
his illustrious father, revived and
His first
speech was in favour of col. Barre’s

motion for substituting a set of

other gentlemen, than what the
‘minister (lord North) had ap-

_ pointed, as commissioners for au-
diting the public accompts, at the

head of whom was John Elwes,

-esq.; and one of the first acts, in

which he took the lead in that

house, was extremely well calcu-

-

lated to increase his popularity ;
this was his motion for a committee,
to consult upon the most effectual
means to accomplish a more equal
representation of the people in par-
Jiament.

On the death of the marquis of
Rockingham, the old whig party
fell into a state of disunion, nearly
bordering upon dissolution. A new
arrangement took place soon after,
-and lord Shelburne became the first
lord of the treasury, assisted by

_ Mr. Pitt, who astonished the coun-

3 try, and, indeed, all Europe, by the

phenomenon of a chancellor of
‘the exchequer at the age of tuenty-
three!

This administration, however, of
which he was one of the most dis-
tinguished members, was short-lived.
On its dissolution, and the coalition
ministry being formed, Mr. Mans-

CIT EAR -S. 875

field vacated his seat for Cambridge
by accepting the office of solicitor.
general, and ‘his return for the
university was unsuccessfully op-
posed by Mr. Pitt, who was treated
with contempt by many of the
heads and members of the college.
One of them almost threw the door
in his face, and wondered at the
impudence of the young man,
thus to come down and disturb the
peace of the university! From such
a scene he retired in a few days in
disgust ; and afterwards went
abroad for some time, visiting
France, Italy, and several of the
German courts.

A few months, however, changed
the scene; the British dominions in
India having long been in an alarm-
ing situation, it was generally ad-
mitted that an immediate remedy
was indispensably necessary to pre-
serve them. On this occasion, Mr.
Fox, thensecretary of state, formed,
digested, and brought forward his
famous India bill, which he carricd
through its several stages in the
lower house with a high hand; but
it being rejected by the lords, the
coalition ministry was thrown out,
and lord North with his new allies
were accordingly dismissed, and
that too in a very unusual manner ;
and Mr. Pitt, the new premier,
who ‘had in the interim re-appeared
on the great theatre of politics,
was assisted by lord Thurlow, as
keeper of the great seals—arrange-
ments, which, at that time, were,
however, only considered as tem-
porary. ’ ,

He now astonished the commer-
cia] and political world, by his own
India bill! He had, however, the
mortification to find the majority of

the

876

the house of commons against him ;
and he was placed in the peculiar
situation of a minister acting with a
minority, and that in opposition
fo the strongest union of talents
ever combined against any adminis-
tration, He, however, remained
firm in his seat amidst a general
confusion; and though the house
had petitioned, his majesty to dis-
miss him and his coadjutors, our
young premier ventured to inform
the representatives of the nation,
that their petition could not be
complied with!

‘This struggle between the com-
mons and the crown was of the
greatest importance ; but the people
at large were of opinion, that the
former encroached upon the regal
prerogatives; and on the question
being, in a manner, thrown into
their hands by a dissolution of par-
liament, a new one was returned,
which changed the majority in favour
of the premier.; who had again
repaired in confidence to Cam-
bridge, where he was received with
open arms by the heads of the
university, and now carried his
election, in conjunction with lord
Euston, who was supported by
the interest of the duke of Graf.
ton, chancellor of the university,

To notice the various public mea-
sures brought forward by this active
minister, would far excced the
bounds of a memoir so limited in its
object as the present. ‘They are
incorporated in the history of his
country, and at prevent familiarly
recollected by his contemporaries.
—The following, however, are
some of the dates of the principal
incidents in his life, which, as they
form part of our history, are par-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ticularly detailed in the Annual Re-
gister of the times. ‘They will be
sufficient to guide the inquiry of ou
readers. 7
‘He came first into parliament for
the borough of Appleby, 23d Ja-
nhuary, 1781, upon the interest of
sir James Lowther; and on the)
10th of July, 1782, being two)
months more than twenty-three
years of age, he became chancellor
of the exchequer, lord Shelburne
being first lord. of the treasury.)
March 31, 1803, he announced his |
resignation, and the coalition mi-
nistry was formed. On the 18th
of November, 1783, Mr. Fox pro-
duced his celebrated India bill, and
in consequence of the contest upon
this subject was defeated by Mr.
Pitt, who met the parliament as mi-
nister a second time, Jan. 12, 1784,
Mr, fox and lord North being dis-
missed, Dec. 18, 1783. On the
26th of January, 1784, a meeting
at the St. Alban’s ‘Tavern, of the
most independent members of par-
liament, proposed an union of par.
tices to Mr. Pitt and the duke of
Portland, which it was found impos.
sible to effect upon equal teris,
On the 9th of March, 1787, he
voted for the impeachment of Mr.
Hastings. The important debates
on the regency commenced Dec.
10, 1788, and his letter to the
prince of Wales on that subject,
was written December 30, but the
necessity for coming to cxtreme
measures was prevented by thefortu-
nate recovery of his majesty. Shortly
after, Nootka Sound became an ob-
ject of contention with Spain, and
we were involved in a shor contest
with Russia respecting Oczakow,
The French revolution, which has
Nearly

ase

-

AS

_s

* nearly subverted all the powers of

Europe, then broke out, and his
majesty having sent a message to
parliament, on the 12th of Fe-

'} bruary, 1793, respecting the ag-

gression on Holland, a war
was immediately commenced with
France, for the conduét of which,
and the administration of the go-

‘| vernment of the country, during a

long period of the grealest difficulty,

Mr. Pitt, must chain. his iipliekt
te On the consequences of
that war it is impossibie now to
speak, for they are not yet com-
plete; and, if Mr. Pitt was not as
triumphantly successful as his fa-
_ ther, he yet called forth all the
energies of his, country, against an
enemy whose power has been rarely,
if ever, equalled, and extended the

_ naval greatness of Britain beyond
all example of naval power in all

times.

In 1794 were passed the Bills for
suspending the habeas corpus act,
and the suppression of popular so-
cieties, and on the 2d of October in
that year, occurred the trials of
Hardy, Tovke, aud others, for high

_ treason.

Mr. Pitt having favoured reform
in parliament, and proposed a plan
for that purpose, the 2d of May,
1783 ; afterwards, on the 26th of
May, 1797, on the motion of Mr.
Grey, stated his reasons for not
acceding to a reform. Shortly

after succeeded the mutiny at the

Nore.
In July, 1798, were opened the

Regotiations with the French pleni-

_ potentiaries and lord Malmesbury,
at Lisle, which were shortly after
broken off. In 1799, anaddress to
his majesty, proposing an union of
the two kingdoms of England and

Ireland, was voted by both houses

CHA RACG'T ERS:

877

of parliament, and in 1800 that
plan was ratified by the Irish par-
liament, which constitues one of the
most important events of the pre-
sent reign, by concentrating the
energies of two great countries under
one imperial monarch, In the same
year the first consul of France made
overtures of peace, which were re-
jected, and Mr. Pitt gave the rea-
sons for the conduét of ministry, in
one of the ablest and most eloquent
speeches that was ever delivered in
any assembly. In 1801, Mr. Pitt
resigned his official situation as mi-
nister, which he had held so long,
on the avowed occasion of the im-
possibility of carrying into effeét
his views with respect to catholic
emancipation, which he had consi.
dered as a grand objeét in forming
the union. :

During the interval of his retiring
from office, and becoming minister
for the last time, he lived in great
retirement, sold his seat at Holwood,
in Kent, and occupied a smal! house
in Baker-strect, where his sinecure
of the wardenship of the Cinque
Ports, was his sole revenue.

In 1802 he defended the treaty
of Amiens, and gave his firm sup-
port to the administration of his,
successor, Mr. Addington; but, in
1804, after the breaking out of hos-
tilities with France, thinking that
ministry unequal to the vigorous
prosecution of hostilities, he opposed
the Additional Force Bills, for the
defence of the country, and even
joived Mr. Fox in severai motions
against the ministry, succeeded
in overthrowing it, and became
chancellor of the exchequer, and
first ford of the treasury again;
May 12, 1804.

In 1805 the character of his great
colleague, lord Melville, was vio-

lently

$78

lently attacked in the house of com-
- mons, and notwithstanding the able
defence of the minister, a resolution
passed the house, by ~the casting
vote of the speaker, which -after-
wards led to his impeachment, on
which he was afterwards acquitted.
Mr. Pitt’s own conduct was in-
quired into by the house, on the
subject of an advance of 40,0001. of
the public money, to Messrs. Boyd,
and Co. in 1796, by a loan upon
scrip, and he was by all parties ac-
quitted of any improper or inte-
rested views in this transaction, and
a bill of indemnity for his conduct
was passed. ‘This year was full of
labour and difficulty to Mr. Pitt,
and replete with disaster to the
arms of those allies, whose assis-
tance he had procured for this coun-
try against France. Ilis constita-
tion became’grealy enfeebled, and
in the autumn of this year he was
afflicted with the disorder which
terminated his existence Jan. 21,
1805. In grateful remembrance of
his services, parliament not only
voted a public funeral, the parti-
culars of which we have detailed
in another place, but also a sum of
40,0001. for payment of his debts.

He was not of age when his fa-
ther died, and it is most honourable
to his memory, that an attack hav-
ing been made upon some part of the
conduct of his beloved parent, he
wrote a very vigorous pamphlet in
his defence, and he was remarkable
for his filial aud pious attention to
his mother, who survived lord Chat.
ham many years, and lived to enjoy
the proud satisfaction of beholding
her son’s greatness.

His skill in measures of finance,
was acknowledged by his bitterest
enemies, and there can be little
doubt, that by the operation of his

ANNUAL REGISTER, 18066. -

plan for the reduction of the na
tioyal debt, had not the war o
the French revolution commenced,
he would have raised this country,
its commerce, and its wealth, to a
pitch of greatness almost beyond
hope. ‘The plan of reducing the
debt by a sinking fund, it is admitted
is not the invention of the minister,
but it is his praise to have adopt-
ed it, and to have persevered in it.
Plans of economy are not of diflicult
discovery, it is only the fortitude
which adheres to them in all trials,
that is rare or difficult. In all de-
tails of business, and particularly in
opening the budget, Mr. Pitt was
eminently skilful; his statements
were not only the most perspicuous
and connected, but the most ani-
mating and impressive. His preci«
sion of language upon all such oc-
casions was admirable ; he said every
thing that he ought, every shing
in its right place, and every thing
with a powerful and appropriate
emphasis of manner and of diction.
Nota figure was dropped in his cal-
culations, not an illustration, nor
even a word wanting in his speech.
It was the characteristic of his style
to be always accurate, fluent, firm,
dignified, energetic, grand, as. oc-
casion suited. In fluency and cor-
rectness no orator ever equalled
him. He was so fastidiously accu-
rate, that in the most unpremeditated
speech, if any interruption occurred
to suspend the thread of his dis-
course, he would resume it as if
reading from a book, just at the ~
word where he had left off, pursuing
the sentence to the end. Yet with
all this fastidious accuracy, he never
was deficient in dignity, strength, °
or animation. His sarcasm was’
bitter, pointed, and excruciatingly
severe. ’

Amongst

Amongst the leading principles
ef his conduct it will be observed,
that he never denied the necessity

of some reform iu parliament, but
objected to the time of commencing
it; that he always supported the
bills for the abolition ot the slave
trade ; and that, while he opposed
the repeal of the test act, he en-
couraged the hope of relief to Ire-
land, by what is called catholic
emancipation.

In war he had to cope, as it
were, with a demon of gigantic
force, the offspring of the revolu-
tion, with whom no human power
could contend without injury ; but
atleast he prevented this country
‘from being over-run by a foreign
enemy, and its constitution from be-
_ ing subverted by a democratic revo-
lution amongst the people. If he
_has been suspected of not favour-
ing sufficiently the principles of li.
_ berty, it is, perhaps, more to be at-
tributed to the danger, and general
corruption of the times, which
forced him to adopt strong mea-
sures, and hold the reins of govern-
ment with a strict hand, than to any
_want of virtue or love of freedom.

_ His integrity was unimpeachable.

Amongst his personal qualifica-
_ tions, courage has been allowed to
_ him in an eminent degree. He met
Mr. Tierney in a duel, upon anun-

fortunate occasion, with the coolest ,

ve

_intrepidity; and an instance of a
_ much better courage has been given,
_ that once, for the purpose of ne-
_ sessary information with respect to

_ the revenue, he put to sea for Calais
- in an open beat, at the hazard of his
life, with a spirit and daring equal
_ to that of Cesar, when he embark-
ed from Dyrrachium. He got safe

_ te his port, and in the next session ©

(@f parliament introduced a bill

C.H AYR A(CiT EVR S$.

879

which had for its object, and in
great part effected, the stoppage of
smuggling, by measures which he
had devised through the means of
information acquired in this voyage.

Of private anecdotes there are
very few told concerning him. It
is said, that -he rose late, and
drank port wine rather freely,
even when at Cambridge, an indul-
gence to which he was led from an
original debility of the stomach ;
that he was often convivial, but
more frequently dignified and po-
lite than familiar. In the recess,
during the interval that he was last
out of office, he paid great atten-
tion to the corps of the Cingue Port
volunteers, which he commanded,
with a skill little, if at all, exceeded
by any regular officers, and we have
heard his knowledge of military
tactics praised highly. His classical
attainments were great, as must be
apparent from his speeches, and as
he possessed cousiderable imagina-
tion, as well as critical judgment, it
is not improbable that he had in his
youth cultivatyd poetry. We have
heard that, when at college, he
wrote a tragedy, which was after-
wards seen, read, and admired, by
an intimate friend, who returned it
to him with high compliments, and
was no less struck with astonish-
ment than regret, when, upon giv-
ing it into the hands of the then
minister, he made no reply, but
calmly consigned the manuscript to
the flames, as he, stood near the
fire.

It cannot be supposed that he
was unsusceptible to the charms of
female beauty, but the toils of a life
like his were ill suited to connubial
happiness, and he was never mar-
ried ; and, perhaps, he might al-

‘most consider it a duty as well asa

virtue,

880°

virtue, to place his sole happiness
in promoting the greatness of his
country, to be devoted alone to her
interests, and to remain unmarried,
and without a progeny, that he
might be, in a sense somewhat dif-
ferent from Cato, urbi pater urbique
Marius.

Of lady Hester Stanhope, his
nieee, he shewed the highest regard.

An attention to commerce greatly
distinguished Mr. Pitt’s administra-
tion. Perhaps there is no man ‘in
the kingdom better acquainted with

the principles of trade than he was—

The oldest and most experienced
merchants have been astonished at
his readiness in conversing with
them upon subjects of which they
thought themselves exclusively mas=
ters.—Many who have waited upon
him, in full confidence that they
should communicate some new and
important information, have, to
their great surprise. found him mi-
nutely and. intimately acquainted
with all those points to which they
had conceived he was a stranger.
By the close attention which he
uniformly paid to the mercantile
interests, he also secured to himself
an exclusive basis of support, which
enabled him not only to resist a
most vigorous opposition, but to
carry into effect financial measures
until his time deemed impracticable.

Some men~ have charged him
with political tergiversation, on the
ground of having abandoned, if not
opposed, the project of a parlia-
mentary reform, If he really cone
sidered such a reform as no longer
necessary, it will not be difficult to
exonerate him from this heavy accu-
sation. But there certainly is a
great difference between absolute
apostacy and an oceasional cessation
frem a particular system of. opinions

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

4

or line of conduct. It docs not
follow that Mr. Pitt was an enemy
to necessary reform, because he con-_
sidered the existing circumstances of —
the country as too critical to admit—
the trial of the experiment.

One trait in the character of Mr,
Pitt should be noticed to his honour,
namely, his grateful remembrance _
of those to whom the care of his
earliest years and the task of his
instruction had been consigned. |
Under his patronage, Dr. Wilson,
his first instructor, is now canon of
Windsor ; and one of his sons has a ©
lucrative sinecure in Jamaica. The ©
worthy Dr. Turner isdean of Nor-—
wich ; and Dr. Prettyman has been ©
rewarded with the bishopric of
Lincoln, and the deanery of Saint
Paul’s,

This principle of gratitude was
displayed by him in other instances.
Ifis first coming into parliament was
somewhat extraordinary. Sir James
Lowther was possessed of several
boroughs, and had some peculiar —
notions with respect to parliamen-
tary inflaence. The duke of Rut-
Jand saw and valued the talents of
Mr. Pitt in his youth, and knowing
what sir James could do for him,
took occasion, as he was walking
in Pall-Mall, and accidentally met
Mr. Pitt, to recommend him to the
notice of sir James, telling him that
it would be a public service to the
country, to put a young man of his
splendid talents into parliament.
Sir James acceded to the proposal,
gave him a Seat for Appleby, and in
the most honourable manner accom-
panied it with a written declaration,
that he should require of him no
political adherence to any party.
So little was he fettered with terms,
that one of his first public exertions
was to promote a reform in parlia-

ment,

CHA RA CT ERS,

‘ment, and overthrow all private

influence in obtaining seats in an

assembly, where he was placed, not
by the votes of the people, but by
the will of one rich and powerful
commoner. Were boroughs al-
ways so disposed of, all arguments
for reform must be absurd ; and it
must at least be admitted, that the

house of commons has frequently

Se ee,

owed the possession of its brightest

ornaments, as senaters, to the in-
fluence of individual patronage.
Men of splendid, but unknown or

_ unpopular talents, can find no other

means of admission.

It is almost

unnecessary to say, that Mr. Pitt,

~

_ rhetorician ; but
clear, powerful, and harmonious ;

in his subsequent accession to power,
did not forget to gratify sir James
Lowther with a peerage, while he
conferred on the duke of Rutland
the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland.
Lord Carrington (formerly Mr.

_ Smith) early’ formed a friendship

with Mr. Pitt, whose greatness of
mind, and independence of charac-
ter, were qualities so congenial
with his lordship’s sentiments, as
served to bind and continue that
friendship with unabated cordiality,
and which ceased but with the ter-
mination of Mr. Pitt’s life.

As a public speaker, Mr. Pitt
was almost unequalled, and is

mot to be characterised by over-
strained parallels, drawn from the

orators of antiquity. He possessed
rather the elegance and grace of Ci-
cero than the fire of Demosthenes.

’ He displayed, however, more of the

acute logician, than of the mere
his voice was

and his copious eloquence rather
Stormed the judgment than charmed
the ear, or stole upon the heart.—
To a magnificent dignity of style,
which never failed him, was added
Vou. XLVIII.

881

a forcible method of reasoning, and
a facility of stating his arguments,
which made them not only concei-
vable by the meanest understanding,
but gave them frequently a preci-
sion and vigour which may be pro
nounced irresistible,

Asan orator, he possessed an ad-
vantage of inestimable value, name-
ly, a great command over his tem-
per, added to much coolness during
the ardour of debate.

This enabled him to reply clearly
and particularly to the arguments
of his opponents, and to defend his
cause, by often turning the weapons
upon themselves. Though confident,
and frequently, it must be confessed,
even arrogant, in hisspeeches, which
sometimes provoked his adversaries
to harsh language, yet he seldom
lost his own temper, or retorted in
anger,

His action was not strictly grace-
ful, which was, in some measure,
owing to the disadvantage of an ex-=
terior, which, however dignified,
was yct not engaging ; for he was
very tall and thin. His counte-
nance was also severe and forbid-
ding, expressive, indeed (in the lan-
guage of physiognomists) of a cae
pacious mind, and inflexible resolu-
tion; but also of a too lofty, and,
perhaps, unbending spirit.

The commonly received account
of the last illness of Mr. Pitt is in-
teresting, It originated in extreme
debility, brought. on by exces-
sive anxiety and unwearied atten
tion to business. By this debility,
his whole nervous system was so
deranged, that for weeks together
he was unable tosleep, and this pri-
vation of rest, originating in debili-
ty,still farther augmented the cause,
so as to lead to a general breaking
up of his constitution. An heredi-
31 : tary

882

producing, according to its ordinary
effect on a debilitated system, water
in the chest, and such a weakness
of stomach, that he could neither
admit nor retain any thing.

Under these circumstances a Bath
yourney wwas determined on. Mr.
Pitt lefttown on the 7th of Decem-
ber, attended by his physician, sir
W. Farquhar, and the Hon. Charles
Stanhope, who attended him during
the whole of his stay, and on the
1ith of January returned with him
to his house at Putney, which he
reached with considerable difficulty,
_ having derived little or no benefit
from the waters. On Tuesday the
14th he was gratified by a visit from
marquis Wellesley, one of his oldest
‘and dearest friends, just returned
from India, who experienced a truly
cordial and welcome reception, On
the same day Mr, Pitt had the plea-
sure of secing his brother the earl
of*Chatham, and again the ensuing
Friday.

On Sunday, Jan. 19, 1806, his
disorder had taken a more fayour-
abe turn and the fever was appa-
rently so abated, that his physicians
encouraged hopes of his recovery :
but, on the following day, more es-
pecially towards the evening, when
the physician who chiefly attended
him paid his visit, before taking
Jeave of his patient for the night, he
found that the fever had returned
with increased violence. On the
Tuesday every symptom was so ag-
gravated, that ajl expectation was at
anend, On the Wednesday it be-
came necessary to declare an opi-
nion, and to acquaint Mr. Pitt him.
self with the imminent danger. The
bishop of Lincoln, his tutor and
early friend, was called out of the
roem, and the following opinion

3

ANNUAL REGISTER,

tary gout completed the whole—

1806.

was expressed to him nearly in these’
words :—‘He cannot live forty-eight
hours—the disorder has taken amor-
tal turn—any attempt to rouse from
his present lethargy’ would be at-
tended with instant death; he is
not strong enough for medicine, or —
any restorative application. If he
lingers a few days, it will astonish
me.” '

The bishop of Lincoln now
saw the necessity of intimating the
danger to Mr. Pitt. He fulfilled
this. painful office with firmness ;
Mr. Pitt was hardly sensible :' this
dreadful shock had scarcely power
to dissipate his lethargy ; but after
a few moments he waved his hand,
and was left alone with the bishop.

He instantly. expressed himself
perfectly resigned to the Divine will;
and, with the utmost composure,
asked sir Walter Farquhar, who
was present, How long he might ex-
pect to live ?

Mr. Pitt then entered into a
conversation of some length with
the bishop of Lincoln upon religious
subjects, He repeatedly declared,
in the strongest terms of humility, a
sense of his own unworthiness, and a
firm reliance upon the mercy of God
through the merits of Christ.

After this, the bishop of Lincoln
prayed by his bedside for a consi.
derable time; and Mr. Pitt appear-
peared greatly composed by these
Jast duties of religion.

A man of the superior mind of
Mr. Pitt could not but have the
strongest impressions of religion 5
doubtless at this awful moment they
smoothed his pillow, and whispered
comfort to his soul.

The physician now thought pro-
per to discontinue medicine.—In the
course of Wednesday repeated en-
quiries were made after him, and a

statement

@H AK A C TF ERS:

statement of his danger was trans.
mitted to his majesty, to his rela-
tions, and most of his friends.—The
royal family had been throughout
most anxious on the occasion, and
Col, Taylor called that very morning
by his majesty’s direction. —Lady
_ Hester Stanhope, his niece, had an

"interview with him on the Wednesday

evening, and received his last adieu,
which he gavein the most affection-
_ ate and solema manner. Mr. James
Stanhope continued with him all
night, during which he expressed at
intervals frequent solicitude as to the
political intelligence at that time ex-
pected. The mortal symptoms were
now approaching toa crisis. His
extremities were already cold, and
his senses began to fail. As a last
and desperate effort to protract life,

__ blisters were applied to the soles of

hisfeet. They restored him to some-
thing- of life and recollection, but
they could arrest nothing of the pro-

gress of death. Itis said that he con-

tinued clear and composed tilla short
time before his dissolution, which
took place without any addition of
suffering or struggle, at half past four
on Thursday morning. His last
words are said to have been—‘‘ O
my country {”

Mr. Pitt was in the 47th year
of his age; the age of our immortal
Nelson.

Thus died a man as eminent in
his virtues as his station!. a man
whose foibles were only rendered
conspicuous as they were elevated
into notice by his worth. An in-
flexible constancy of purpose, equal-
ly proof against casual failure, and
the most insurmountable difficul-
ties ; an erectness ef principle, and
'a pride originating in and support.
ed by his. conscious talents and in-
‘tegrity ; these were his chief cha.
racteristics as a minister; and his

,

885

foibles as connected with, and in
a manner resulting from these same
virtues, were in fact nothing but
their excess. Thus his constancy
of purpose approached to ob.
stinacy ; and his pride of conscious
integrity rendered him occasionally
too indifferent to the defence of his
conduct.—This was not suited to a
country with a constitution so po-
pular as is our own. Mr. Pitt was
accordingly regarded by many in an
indifferent point of view. He has
divided the country inte two par.
ties,—his advocates, and his oppo-
nents.—In one thing alone all were
agreed,—in lamenting his death.

His firmness of purpose,—his erect
principle,—his honourable pride, —
were talents suited to the perils of
the times, The country owes him
much,—we acknowledge the debt 5
and in its present situation more
than acknowledge it,—we feel it.

He shewed in every thing a pee
culiar magnanimity, a characteris-
tic grandeur, which never failed
him,—His schemes, considered in
the general, and as separated from
their exccution, were always great,
and, as far as depended upon him-
self, the means and the execution
had the same character; he was ale
together a great man, anda just
pride to his country. tis ambition,
however ardent, had hands as clean
as active; he had nothing person-
ally sordid.—His incorruptible in-
tegrity was rooted in his very sys-
tem.

This is not the character of a pare
tial friend, his praise is, therefore,
not the less valuable.

As to his private character, it
was beyond the reach of calumny.
His social feelings were warm, and
his attachment to those around him,
kind and tnremitting. Indeed, no
man ever died more sincerely la-

3L2 mented

ssh ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

mented by all his connections, whe-
ther relatives, fricuds, or domestics.
He is thus described by thé right
honourable George Rose,* than
whom tone can be more capable of
judging, and he thus expresses
. himself :—
' 6¢] have hitherto confined my-
self to matters within the immediate
department at which Mr. Pitt pre-
sided ; but considering the pre-emi-
‘nence he long held in the councils
of Kis majesty, and that unhappily
for! the country he is no longer
among us, I may, I hope, ‘be al-
. Yowed to refer very shortly to some
of the principal matters that occur-
‘red during the eventful period of his
‘administration, and to say a few
words respecting his character.
‘6 If we look to naval and mili-
‘tary operations, it will be seen,
‘with no small degree of astonish-
ment as well as satisfaction, that in
the period referred to, we took and
destroyed more ships of the line of
our enemiés,+ than in all the wars
we have been engaged in since the
Revolution, viz. those in the reign of
«King William, Queen Anne, during
the hostilities with Spain, in the
‘reign of George the First, when the
A of Spain was destroyed in the
Mediterranean, in the wars of
°1742, of 1756, and the American
‘war.

‘¢ That the French under their
‘emperor Buonaparte, were driven
-out of Egypt by an inferior army,
composed of troops from the banks
~of the Thames and of the Ganges,

‘health, and to the exercise

who met in that country, and there
gained immortal honour; and that
they were deprived of every foot of
land they had on the continent of
India, as well as of almost all their
colonies in the West Indies; and
that many of those of Spain and
Holland were taken by the British.
arms, while the numerous and ex-
tensive possessions of Great Britain
in all parts of the world, were com~
pletely protected.

‘¢ If we turn our attention to
what has passed within these king.
doms, under our immediate view,
we shall not have less reason to ads
mire the character, and to revere
the memory, of one of the most able,
firm, virtuous, and ~ disinterested
men, that ever lived in any nation
or in any time. His conduct du-
ing the long and dangerous illness
of our beloved sovereign, in 1788-9,
will not soon be forgotten by his
grateful countrymen It is the
pride of the British constitution, as
now understood and administered,
that the personal interest of the mo-
narch isso much identified with the
interests of the people, that the lat-
ter feel every circumstance tending
to the health, the comfort, or the
dignity of their sovereign, asa fa.
vourite acquisition to themselves ;
and I think I may venture to say,
there never was a period of more
genuine national joy, than when our
beloved king, after a considerable
interval of alarming indisposition,
was restored to the enjoyment of
of his
public

* Sce a brief.cxamination into the increase of the reveriue, commerce, and navir
gation of Grea: Britain, during Mr. Pitt’s administration.
+ ‘‘ These amount to 110 ships of the line; while those in the former wars were

in nurober only 109.

In this comparison the ships destroyed in the very arduous

euterprize at Copenhagen, are not included, although the expedition was equipped
under Mr, Pitt’s government, nor several ships of the line lost in a storm, when the

invasion of Ireland was attempted.”

CHARACTERS.
At dink hinsetive’

(public functions,
there were particular circumstances
in the political state and political
opinions of Europe, which tended
more than ever to endear to every
goodand virtuous man, the monarch
‘they saw re-established, and the
tranquillity which that happy event
had restored The display of wis
dom and firmness evinced by Mr.
Pitt, during that interval of national
anxiety which the king’s illness oc-
casioned,did him infinite honour :
it he took that high ground which his
_ virtue as well as his ability, en-
titled him to take, and with a
_ dignity and courage inspired by
_ both, rebuked at once the fears of
_ the timid, and supported the rights
; of his sovereign: not less faithful
to his country than loyal to his
: - King he devoted his services to
both in a manner equally manly
_ and disinterested. We rejoice that
4 the danger,

“ Which overcame us like a sum-
_,_ mer’s cloud,”

was too short to give all the effect
to his services, which circumstances
less favourable mizht have shewn
_ them calculated to produce.
_ “Nor should the perils with
__ which the -ountry and its constitu-
_ tion were for some time threatened,
_ in consequence of what may be
_ termed the mania of the French
revolution ever be forgotten ;
though, perhaps, not now strong
in the imagination of the people
(and to some of the less conside-
' rate or less candid seem to have
_ -been exaggerated beyond the truth)
from the very success with which
_ they were opposed: by those,
_ however, who had better oppor-

885

tunities of appreciating Mr. Pitt’s
services, and of caleulating the
magnitude of, those dangers which
he opposed and overcame, the
recollections of that acuteneéss,
and clearness of perception, that
soundness of judgment, that com-
posure and fortitude .of mind,
which never forsook him ‘on:
the most trying occasions, and
wth which he met the difficulties
of his own and of the public situ-
ation, will be now remembered,
as at the time they were acknow~
ledged, as not less admirable in
themselves, than important in their
consequences. :

‘¢ An intention is entertained of
a history of Mr. Pitt's whole life
being given to the public. In the
mean time I trust I shall be excused
in making some very short observa-
tions respecting him, as few had
better, perhaps none so frequent,
opportunities of forming a judgment
on the subject, in the last two-and-
twenty years of his life, during
which peri d [I had the happiness
to possess his affectionate friend-
ship and perfect confidence, with-
out the slightest or shortest inter-
rupti n.

‘¢ To those who enjoyed his in=
timacy I might safely refer for the
proof of his possessing those private
virtues and endowments, which,
though they may sometimes be ac-
counted*foreign to the public cha-
racier of a statesman. the congenial
feelings of Englishmen always dis-°
pese them to regard as the best
pledges of a minister’s upright ad-
ministration. Areund these, in the
present case, an additional lustre as
well as sacredness has been thrown
by the circumstances of his death ;
by the manner in which he met it;
and by the composure, the fortitude,

3L3 the

g36 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. .

the resignation, and the religion,
cwhich marked his last moments.
With a manner somewhat reserved
and distant, in what might be termed
his public deportment, no man was
ever better qualified to gain, or
more successful in fixing the attach-
ment of his friends, than Mr. Pitt.
They saw all the powerful ener.
gies of his character softened into
the most perfect complacency and
sweetness of disposition, in the
circles of private life, the pleasures
of which no one more cheerfully
enjoyed, or more agreeably pro-
moted, when the paramount du-
ties he conceived himself to owe
to the public, admitted of his
mixing in them that indignant
severity with which he met and
subdued what he considered un-
founded opposition ; that keenness
of sarcasm with which he repelled
and withered (as it might be said) the
powers of most of his assailants in
debate, were exchanged, in the so-
ciety of his intimate friends, for a
kindness of heart, a gentleness of
demeanour, and playfulness of good
humour, which none ever witnessed
without interest, or participated
without delight. His mind which,
in the grasp and extent of its .capa-
city, seized with a quickness almost
intuitive, all the most important
relations of political power and
political economy, was not less up-
commonly susceptible of all the light
and elegant impressions, which form
the great charm of conversation of
cultivated minds. ia

‘¢ This sensibility.to the enjoy-
ments of private friendship, greatly
enhanced the sacrifice he made of
every personal indulgence and com+
fort, to a rigid performance of duty
to the public ; that duty, for the last
year of his life, was, indeed, of the

Lomo

most. laborious and unremitting
kind. The strength of his attach=
ment to hie. sovereign, and the are |
dour of his zeal for the welfare of
his country, led him. to forego, not
only every pleasure and amtisement,
but almost every pause and relaxa-
tion of business, necessary to the §
preservation of health, till it was 9
too late, in a frame like his, alas !
for the preservation of life! That
life he sacrificed to his country ; not
certainly, like another most valuable
and illustrious servant of the public,
(whose déath has been deeply and
universally lamented) amidst those
animating circumstances in which
the incomparable hero often ven-
tured it in battle, and at last resigned
it for the most splendid .of all his un.
exampled victories, but with that
patriotic self-devotedness which
looks for a reward only in ifs own
consciousness of right, and in its
own secret sense of virtne.

‘¢ The praise of virtue, of honour,
and of disinterested purity, whether
in public or private character, need
scarcely be claimed for his memory ;
for those his enemies (if now he has
any, which I am unwilling to be»
lieve, although some are frequently
endeavouring to depreciate his me.
rits) will not venture to deny ; and
his country, in whose cause they
were exercised to the last, will
know how to value and . record
them. That they should be so
valued and recorded, is important
on every principle of justice to the
individual, and benefit to the com
munity. ‘To an upright minister in _
Great Britain, zealous for the inte-
rest and honour of his country,
there is no reward or profit, eme,
lument or patronage, which can be
esteemed a compensation for the
labours, the privations, the anxie-

eRe ties,

CHARACTERS.

ties; or the dangers, of his situation ;
it is in the approbation of his sove-
reign, and in the suffrage of his
countrymen, added to his own, con-
yviction of having done every thing
to deserve it,that he must look for

that reward which is to console him

for all the cares and troubles of his
Station; the. opposition of rivals,

the misrepresentation of enemios,

the desertion or peevishness of

friends, and sometimes the mistaken

censures of the people. ’Tis the ho-
_nourable ambition that looks beyond
_ the present time, that, must create,
encourage, and support a virtuous
and enlightened statesman; that
must confer on his mind, the upright.
ness and purity that rise above all
self-advantage; the courage that

guards the cnet from foreign hosti-

lity or internal faction; the firmness
that must often resist the wishes,
to ensure the safety of the people.

-.. © This is the legitimate ambition
of a statesman ; and, that Mr. Pitt
possessed it, his friends are CON
vinced ; but he has been sometimes
accused (by those who, although
their opposition, was,active and Sysp

- tematic, yet knew’ how to honour

the man) of a less Jaudable, and
less. patriotic ambition, that wislied
*< to reign alone,’’. to.exclude from

_ the participation of office and of

J
r

ei)
-

;
|

ty
}

power, other men, whose counsels
might have assisted him to guide the
country amidst its difficulties and

embarrassments, or might have con-

tributed to its safety in the hour of
its danger. It is, however, per-
fectly well known to some of the
highest characters in the kingdom,
that Mr. Pitt, after the resignation
of Mr. Addington, in the summer of
1804, was most anxiously desirous
that lord Grenville and Mr. Fox
should form a part of the new ade

_—

887

ministration, ahd pressed their ads
mission into oflice in that quarter
where only such earnestness could be
effectual ; conceiving the forming a
strong government as important te
the public welfare, and as calcue
lated to call/forth the united talents
as well.as the utmost resources of
the empire; in which endeavour he
persisted till within afew months of
his. death. 1am aware of the deli.
cacy of such a statement, but | am
boldjin the certainty of its truth, _
My profound respect for those by
whom such ayerment, if false,
might be contradicted; would not -
suffer me to make jit, were it not
called for, to do justice to that great
and virtuous statesman, whose uns
rivalled*qualities, both, in private
and in public life, will ever be in my
recollection, i

4
*¢ Duan memor ‘ipse met, dum ced

hos regit artus,??

’

Memoirs of the Right Honourable
Charles Juihae Fi ov.

Charles James Fox, igedond sure
viving son of Henry, the first lord
Holland, and lady Georgina Caro»
lina Lenox, daughter of the duke of
Richmond, was born on the 24th
day of January, 1749,

His lordship’s immediate ancestor,
sir Stephen Fox, was the youngest
son of William fox, of Farley, in
Wiltshire, and born there the 27th
of March, 1627. He married his
first lady, Elizabeth, .the only sur-
viving issue of) Mr. Wallin Whittle,
of Lancashire, and afterwards went
abroad with king Charles the Second.
in his exile. While accompanying
the king abroad, Stephen, his eldest
soy by this marriage, was born and

‘sL4 buricd

888

buried ii France. His second soti
by this marriage was born in 1659,
and the king standing for his god-
father, was christened Charles.
After the restoration he had. five
other sons born in England; Ste.
phen, who was buried in Westmin-
ster Abbey ; William, who was bu-
ried by him, aged 20; Edward,
buried in the same place, aged 7 ;
James, who died, aged 13; and
John, who died aged one. He also
by the same marriage, had three
daughters, Elizabeth, married 27th
of December, 1673, in Henry the
Seventh’s Chapel, to the Honourable
Charles Cornwallis; who succeeded
to the peerage, 1676, and from
which marriage the present marquis
Cornwallis is descended; Jane, the
youngest danghter of sir Stephen
Fox, by his first wife, married
George Compton, fourth earl of
Northampton, from which marriage
the present earl of Northampton is
lineally descended; Margaret, the
second daughter, was buried in
Westminster Abbey, unmarried.
Charles, the eldest surviving son of
sir Stephen Fox, by his first mar-
riage, held several offices and
honourable employments to the end
of his life. He was joint paymaster
general of the forces, at the age of
* twenty-three years, and his abilities,
candour, integrity and honour, were
so conspicuous, that he held the
same office of pay-master general
under the successive reigns of Charles
II. James IJ. and queen Anne. He
was vice-treasurer to king William,
and treasurer to Catherine of Bra-
ganza, the queen dowager. He
married Miss Trollop, daughter of
sir William Trollop, by whom he
had no issue, and he died in his 54th
year, A. D. 1713. A very fine por-
trait of himis preserved at the family

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

seat of Holland house at Kensings
ton.

Sir Stephen Fox mafried his |
second wife, Miss Hope, daughter
of the rev. Mr. Hope, in 1703, and
the only surviving issue of the
marriage, On the death of sir Ste-
phen, there were two sons, Stephen ©
and Henry, and also one daughter,
named Charlotte. The first son was
created earl of Ilchester, the second
lord Holland, and the daughter was
married to the hon. Edward Digby,
second son of lord Digby, and was
grandfather to the presentear! Digby,

Of this sir Stephen Fox, who
appears to have been a man of great
liberality, as well as high honour,
Collins, in his peerage, vol 6. p.
392. records, amongst others, the
following acts of munificence :—

‘¢ The just profits of his offices
enabled him to provide for his family,
and exercise those acts of generosity
and charity, which in the course of
his whole life he gave such extensive
and uncommon instances of. His
disposition to all who had any claim
to his assistance, and that diffusive
charity which was visible in him to
the last of his life, begun with the
increase of his fortune, at an age
when most are inclined te pleasures,
and at the time when the court was
in the greatest gaiety. His first
regard was to the place of his birth,
for at Farley he built the church at
his own charge; and in 1678 built
and founded there an hospital for
six old men, and six old women; @
neat building, with a chapel in it,
and handsome lodgings for a chap.
lain, who resides there, and hath the
title of warden of the hospital. This
he endowed with 1881. per aunnm;
and there is likewise a charity
school, wherein are taught six boys
and six girls, all at his sole charge.

He

He also built an hospital at Brome,
in Suffolk, and another at Ashby,
in Northamptonshire.

_ **In thenorth part of Wiltshire, he
built a chancel entirely new, where
he was not at all concerned in the
tythes, but the rector being unable,
it moved him to build it. He like-
wise built the church of Culford, in
Suffolk ; and pewed the body of ‘the
‘cathedral church of Sarum, in a
‘Manner suitable to the neatness of
that church, to which he was many
other ways a great benefactor.

_ These are lasting monuments of
vhis piety and generosity ; but his
whole life was full of good works
of all kinds, to the glory of God,
the. honour of the kingdom, the
benefit of the’ public, and the relief
of the poor of all sorts *. He was
the first projector of the noble
_ design of Chelsea hospital, and con-
_ tributed to the expence of it above
-13,0001. His motive to it was
, ictiown from his own words: he
th _ said, He could not dear to see the
common soldiers, who had spent their
e strength in our service, to beg at our
doors, He therefore did what he
could to remove sucha scandai from
‘the kingdom. He first purchased
' Some grounds near the old college
e Chelsea, which had been escheated

_ to the crown in the reign of king
James the First, and which that
_ monarch dsigned for the residence
‘and maintenance of protestant di-
_ vines, to be employed in the defence
of the reformation against all op-
posers: and on these grounds the
"present college is erected. In me-
mory of which public benefaction,
his name is transmitted to posterity,
in a fine prospect and description of

ef Sarum,
7

OHA Arr ERS.

Fox.

889
Chelsea college, by Mr. Inglish,
then comptroller of the works
thereof, inscribed to the right hon.
sir Stephen Fox, the earl of Rane-
Jagh, and sir Christopher Wren,
with their several coats of arms.”
Collins also mentions many others
of the family of the Foxes, who
served in parliament, and held
offices of dignity under several
of our earlier monarchs, and
amongst the rest, as the most ancient
of the name, mentions Thomas Fox,
sheriff of London, in the 8th year
of the reign of Edw. I. 1280; and
a William Fox, who was. employed
by Edward III. with Simon ‘de
Stanes, in an embassy to treat with
the earl of Flanders. It would
greatly exceed our limits to follow
Collins in his account of the family,
or even to add many particulars of
the life of that active statesman,
Henry lord Holland, the father of
Mr, Fox. He possessed at least all
the talents of his father, sir Stephen
He was chosen one of the
members for Hindon, in Wiltshire,
on a yacancy in March 1735, in
that parliament which first met
Jan. 23, 1734; and being consti-
tuted surveyor-general of his ‘ma.
jesty’s board of works, a writ was |
ordered, June 17, 1737, and he was
re-elected. Jn the next parliament,
which was summoned to meet June
25, 1741, and sat on business Dec.
Ath, following, he+ served for
Windsor; and in 1743, being con.
stituted one of the fords commis-
sioners of his majesty’s treasury, a
writ was issued, Dec. 21, that year,
for a new election, and he was re-
chosen. Also in 1746, being ap.
pointed secretary at war, on a writ
issued

} * Vide the Sermon at his funeral by Mr. Eyre, canon-residentiary of the @hurch
+ British Parl, Regist. No. 4.

- 890

issued May 27, the same year *, he
was again re-elected, And on his
majesty’s being present in council
at Kensington, the 23d of July fol-
- lowing, he was, by his command,
sworn of his most honourable privy
council +, and took his place at the
board accordingly. In the parlia-
ment, which first sat on business
Noy. 12, 1747, he was again chosen
one of the members for Windsor ;
also in the parliament which first
met on May 31, 1754. In De-
cember following, he was sum-
moned to be of the cabinet council
to his majesty ; and on + 26 April,
1755, the sovereign declaring his
intention of leaving the kingdom,
appointed him one of the lords
justices for the administration of the
government, till his return, distin-
guishing his integrity and fidelity,
by conferring those eminent trusts
on him, which no secretary at war
ever before held. Nov. 14, 1755,
he was appointed one of the secre-
taries of state, which office he held
until 1756, when he was succeeded
by the right honourable William
Pitt, earl of Chatham. On July 5,
1757, he was appointed pay-master
of the forces, in which office he was
continued by his present majesty, on
his accession, but soon after re-
signed. His lordship was afterwards
a lord of the privy council, and
clerk of the Pells in Ireland, granted
him for his own life and that of his
two sons. April 16, 1763, he was
raised to the peerage by the style
and title of lord Holland, baron of
Foxley, in the county of Wilts, to
him and his heirs male.

He married, May 2, 1744, lady
Georgina Carolina, éldest daughter
of his grace Charles Jate duke of

* Briush Parl. Regist. No, 4.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

+ Gazette, No. 8556.

>

Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny,
(created baroness Holland, May
1762, 2d Geo. III.) by whom he had
issue, the honourable Stephen Fox,
“(the late lord Holland) born Feb.
20, O. S. 1744-5, and married
April 20, 1766, to lady Mary Fitz-
. patrick, daughter of John, earl of
Upper Ossory, in the kingdom of
Ireland, by whom he had issue a
daughter, born Nov. 3, 1767;
Henry, born Oct. 8, 1746, who
died in the January following ;
Charles James, born Jan. 13, 0.8.
1748-9; and Henry Edward, born >
March 4, 1755.

His lordship died July 1, 1774,
and was succeeded by his son Ste-
phen, who succeeded also as baron
of Holland, in Lincolnshire, on the
death of his mother, July 24, 1774,
who dying Dec. 26, 1774, was
succeeded by Henry Richard, the
present earl of Holland.

Lord Holland early planned a
system of education, which, if the
accounts given of it be true, was of
a very extraordinary kind, and.
tended to give full scope to the na-
tural character and warm feelings,
as well as the genius and talents of
his son,

He, however, early perceived the
genius of this his favourite son, and
placed him first at Hackney, at a
school keptby Dr. Newcomb, whence
he removed him to Eton, under
Dr. Bernard, for his private tutor.
His progress was rapid, and of every
class in which he entered he was
soon the head; while, on every oc
casion that offered, his juvenile
compeers with one accord appointed
him their leader,

Among his contemporaries, with
many others who have subsequently

distinguished

} Ibid, No. 9474.

CHARACTERS.

‘distinguished themselves in parlia-

_ ment, were the duke of Leinster,
the earls of Fitzwilliam and Carlisle ;
| iperom the latter of whom he received

the following pleasing testimony of
| ane promise of his future abilities.
pew will my Fox alone, by strength of
a parts,

"Shake the loud senate, animate the hearts
Of fearful statesmen! while around you

a stand,

_ Both peers and commons, listening your

/ command;

| While Tully’s sense its weight to you

f; affords,

H, ‘His nervous sweetness shall adorn your
words,

What praise to Pitt, to Townshend e’er

was due,

In future times, my Fox, shall wait on

m.* you.

Mr. Fox left Eton with the highest
_ credit, and was entered of Hertford
' college, in Oxford. Here his time
_ was so divided between learning and
' dissipation, that of him it might be
said, ‘“to have seen him in either one
or the other, it must have been sup-
, ‘posed that each was his peculiar
study.”

It has been recorded of him, with
_ no apparent partiality, that, at-this
_ time, ‘* he read Aristotle’s Ethics
_ and Poetics, with an ease uncom-
--mon.in those who have principally

writers. His favourite authors were
-Longinus and Homer, with the
latter of whom he was particularly
conversant; he could discuss the
_ works of the Ionian bard, not only
as aman of exquisite taste, and as a
_ philosophical critic, which might be
_ expected from a mind like his, but
also as a grammarian. He was in-
deed capable of conversing with
- Longinus, on the beauty, sublimity,
and pathos of Homer ; with Aristo-
tle, on his delincations of man ; with
_ a pedagogue on dactyls, spondees,

and anapests, and abl the arcana of

\

cultivated the study of the Greek °

891

language. History, ethics, and pe-
litics, were, however, his particular
studies.”

Completing his studies, he accom-
panied his father to Spa, then the
fashionable resort on the continent,
and afterwards made the grand tour
alone, visiting every scene of impor-
tance or celebrity, and entering,
with his usual eagerness, into every
pleasure which they offered. For
the vivacity of Mr, Fox, the man-
ners of France and Italy must have
possessed no common charm ; in the
season of gaiety, is it then to be
wondered if he exceeded the bounds
of propriety.

Lord Holland procured for him
a seat in parliament, at the general
election of 1768, as representative
of Midhurst, ia Sussex, anticipating
the age of parliamentary compe-
tency “by at least more than twelve
months.

The maiden speech of Mr. Fox
took place on the discussion of Mr.
Wilkes’s petition, to ** take his seat
and satisfyjhis constituents,” being,
at the same time, a knight of the
shire for the county of Middlesex,and
confined in the king’s-bench prison.
This speech was not on the popular
side of the question, which was, at
the same time, strongly argued to
be that of justice ; nor was it indeed
to be expected that he was to make
his first appearance in the senate in
opposition to the gevernment, of
which his own father was in the
particular confidence.

Mr. Wilkes had been outlawed,
for not appearing to a conviction for
a libel in the North Briton, No. 45,
and expelled the house of commons
for an indecent poem, to which the
name of bishop Warburton had been
in levity attached; he had, after a
tedious exile, obtained the reversal
of his outlawry, and an election for

the

‘

892

the county of Middlesex, but was
precluded from taking his seat by
incapacity, arising from the causes
of his former expulsion. Notwith-
standing this preclusion, Mr. Wilkes
continued to threaten and annoy the
government with petitions, which, if
they obtained not their prayer,
Served at least to keep him in the
public view, and afford new pretexts
for tumult ; and it was in opposi-
tion to the selfish violence of this
refined and turbulent person, that
Mr. Fox, with that clear perception
of character, for which he was
afterwards so remarkable, made his
maiden speech.

In this first effort he was oppos-
ed, among others, to the celebrated

Mr. Burke, who, by his tongue

and pen, asserted the unconstitu-
tional grounds of the expulsion.
Yet such was the immediate effect of
his powers, as to attract the at-
tention both of the senate and the
world ; and through the whole of
the proceedings on the different
elections for the county of Middle-
sex, he was an active and useful
champion of the government. The
result was, an early appointment of
Mr. Fox to the office of paymaster
of pensions to the widows of land
officers ; and, in the beginning of
1770, to a seat at the admiralty
board.

In March, 1771, when freedom
was determined to consist in a rude
disdain of superiors, and alderman
Oliver was summoned before the
house of commons, Mr. Fox is said,
in the heat of indiguance for unwor-
thy artifice, to have called him assas-
sin—a circumstance too advantage.
ous to escape the colleague of Mr.
Wilkes. His principal parliament-
ary operations for the ensuing year,
consisted in opposing the marriage

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

act, and afterwards in moving for
its repeal. He was also of the secret
committee for enquiring into the
malversations then the subject of
complaint in the East Indies. Some
dispute, however, arising between
Mr. Fox and the minister, he is
reported to have dismissed himself
from office in a very laconic man~
ner, by the following note :—
‘¢ My lord,

‘¢ You have greatly insulted me,
and I will resent it, I am abont to
set out for St. James’s, to resign
my seal at the admiralty-board
to the king.

“6 Tam, my lord,
‘¢ Your lordsbip’s humble servant,
“6 C, J. Fox.”

This difference lasted but a short
time, and Mr. Fox became one of
the lords of the treasury. ©

The genial sympathy of corres.
ponding minds, however, had alrea-
dy drawn the young statesman into
an union with Mr. Burke. From
him Mr. Fox did not hesitate to
acknowledge, that ‘* he learned
more than from all others.” His
attraction to the most powerful
chief of opposition did not long.
escape the penetration of lord North,
who, without any vulgar censure of
his choice, only laughingly argued—
‘© If we see a woman coming fre-
quently from a bagnio, we cannot
swear she is not virtuous, yet we
cannot help judging of her from her
company.” Mr. Fox, nevertheless,
was drawn closer into the connec.
tion, and carly became a member
of the literary club, established by
Johnson and his friends.

In political affairs, Mr. Fox, at
this time, stood, if not in an inde. °
pendent, at least in an isolated situ-
ation, With the opposition he
bore all the obloquy ef being a

_ placeman

placeman and supporter of adminis-
tration, while the government, in
whose interest he remained, charged
him with the strongest attachment to
its enemies. Lord North, with the
“most amiable private character,
possessed’ not vigour sufficient for
the reins of government ; in times
when, perhaps, no vigour would
~haye been effectual. His lordship
was ueither insensible to his situa-
on nor to the talents of his young
colleague ; but experience does not
_ easily bend to genius, and power is
seldom risqued in experiment. In
yy 1774, therefore, when the death of
ford Holland had left Mr. Fox un-
restrained, having -made some re-
t monstrances with considerable spi.
rit, he received in the house of com-
"mons, on the next day, his dismissal
in the following terms:—
_ His majesty has thought proper
to order a new commission of the
treasury to be made out, in which I
_ do not perceive your name.
<¢ North.”?
At this measure, Mr. Fox enter-
tained a sort of contemptuous satis-
faction ; and hé was“Now in the si-
tuation “to which his talents and
inclinations were forcibly attracted.
_ Much has been said of this conver-
sion to whiggism, as it has been
called, and Mr. Fox has tot escaped
the charge of inconsistency ; a poli-
tical crime of no small magnitude.
It is not intended here to confound
these points by unqualified panegy-
Tic, but it must be remembered,
that Mr. Fox never assumed the
character of one of sir Robert Wal.
pole’s *‘ old Romans.” He came
from his father, like Pallas out of
Jove’s head, full armed and mature.
From the first he knew and studied
human nature, and the knowledge
Xpanded, instead of contracting,

CHARACTERS.

893

his heart and mind. Hence, as a
minister, he was incapable of the
artifices of petty policy, and, as an
epposer of government, he was free
from the vulgarity of contention.
He never forgot the relations of
either character. He never imbibed
the venom of party.

‘The growing talents of Mr. Fox,
whilea minister, attracted the notice
of Junius, With the great John-
son, Mr, Fox was in habits of famili.
arity, -and of his abilities the English
Socrates thought highly.

The dismissal of Mr. Fox took
place early in 1774, a year the most
pregnant in personal events, per-
haps, ofany in his whole life. InJa.
nuary his father’s residence (Win-
terslow-house) in Wiltshire, was de-
stroyed by fire. He next attended
the Encenia at Oxford, and was so
disgusted at the number of illiterate
associates for honorary distinctions,
that he refrained from taking a
degree. {n July his father died;
in August, his mother; and in
November, his elder brother. He
was afterwards unsuccessful in
the election for the borough of
Péole. He made- an apology
for the colonists, which first distin.
guished the generous bias of his
soul; and lost a considerable ‘part

of the fertune he had derived from

his father and brother, at play, bee
fore the end of the year.

In his kindred he had suffered
losses which could never be supplied,
and of such losses none could be
more sensible.

The commencement of his new
career was, however, marked with
spirit; and he soon shone by the
side of Burke and Dunning, with
increased reputation and success.
The dispute with America was
growing to a crisis, and Mr, Fox,

who

894

who had before disapproved of the
mingled measures of the ministry,
now naturally attacked them with
full vigour. He urged the policy
of forbearing from war, aud fore.
boded the event of it. He shewed
what ought to have been done, what
ministers had promised to do, and
what had been done; and admit-
ting, for argument, the coercion of
America to be necessary, demanded
to know the means! On. the first
hostilities he declared that lord
Chatham, the king of Prussia, nay,
Alexander the Great never gained
so much in one campaign as lord
North had lost.—‘* He has lost,”
said he, ‘¢ a whole continent!”

In 1770, he again visited his fa-
vourite Paris, at that time certainly
‘the seat of the Graces. While ar-
dently engaged in the diversions of
the Plaine de Sablons, he was pos-
sessing himself with intelligence re.
specting the affairs of Europe, which
could perhaps have been gained in
no other way, and availing himself
profitably of an intimacy with the
French nobility, in which his ad-
dress always obtained him a. prefer-
ence,

Open and easy in his manner,
Mr. Fox had much of that point
which distinguishes a ready wit and
general intelligence. Of his repar-
tees and bun mots volumes have been
furnished, but itis to be feared that
they who solemuly record these
momentary effusions are those who
do little else, and from such indis-
criminate judges the best are_not to
be expected.

On his return to the heuse of
eommons in 1777, Mr. Fox had so
well acquainted himself, -by the
means already described, with the
intentions of the house of Bourbon,
that while the minister declared his

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

confidence, that neither France nor
Spain would interfere in the coloniat |
cenflict, he was enabled to state
directly the reverse ; and that both
governments waited only for a fa-
vourable opportunity on some diss
tinguished success of the Americans.
This prediction’ was but too well
confirmed.

The sessions of 1777 commenced
under peculiar disadvantages, for in
the preceding recess general Burs
goyne had been surrounded by the
American troops under Gates, and
his whole army taken prisoners.
Mr. Fox joined with Burke in the
defence of Burgoyne and of Howe,
who complained of the ministry,
and formed an auxiliary to the pur-
poses of opposition.

In the succeeding autumn, Mr.
Fox made the tour of Ireland, and,
so completely had he gained posses-
sion of the public mind, that, asa
diplomatic commission had been be-

fore attributed to his journey to

Paris, so this was said to be under-
taken on account of Irish politics,
The affair of Burgoyne has been
already mentioned, as a part of the
minor politics which occupied the
day, It was considered as a mark
of promptness, that, on the minister
denying his assertion, that twenty
thousand men had fallen in the con-
test; he instantly moved for an ac-
couat of all that had been sent, and
those which remained, that the dif-
ference might produce the truth
they wished to conceal. The next
prominent object of minor politics,
was the dispute respecting admiral
Keppel and vice-admiral Palliser,
which turned upon the first lord of
the admiralty (Sandwich) not hav-
ing sent him a sufficient force. Mr.
Fox naturally exerted ‘himself for
his relation, for such was lord Kep-
pel; =

CHARA CITERS.

pel; but these are not the opportu-
nities for displaying the talents of
such a statesman. About this time
also, he had an affair of honour with
Mr. Adam, which is related in the
Annual Register of the year.

The support of the trade of Ire-
Jand now- occupied a _ good deal
the mind of Mr. Fox, and he did

not hesitate to make some strong

allusions to the propriety of popular
armament, when the constitutional

rights of the people can be obtained

_ by no other means.

The county of York also began,

at the present period, to take the

usual popular measures for evincing

their discontent at the increase of

taxes, in which it was followed by
_ the city of Westminster.

The par-

liament being about to be dissolved,
a connection begun between Mr.
_ Fox and the electors of Westmin-
_ ster, who proposed to him the repre.

“eis

sentation of that city in parliament.
Though by no means an old states-
man, and without any popular mea-
sures, such was the effect of his
manners, and of the exertions he had
made, that he received, on this occa-

sion, the flattering title of The Man

io

of the People ; and the name of Fox

_ was ever after associated with con-

on

Sete.

Ee

<
~

we

stitutional freedom. The power

_ with which he had to contend (the

Newcastle interest,) and; the eclat
of the affair of honour in which Mr.
Fox had been engaged, did not fail
to have their wonted effect on the
public mind.

Lord Lincoln was his opponent,
and made what is called a powerful
stand ; but Mr. Fox was ultimately

successful. A scrutiny was demand-

ed, but lord Lincoln did not proceed
very far, As a mark of the inter-
est Mr. Fox had} excited in the
public mind, it is related, that

895.

not having been seen for a few
hours, it was reported he had fought
lord Lincoln, and that he was killed ;
when immediately a vast:concourse
of people proceeded to his house,
to ascertain the truth. A wag first
set them right, by exclaiming,
‘¢ Oh! you need not make your-
selves uneasy, for if it were true the
park and tower gans would have
been fired !”

In the consideration of the riots
of 1780, which yet so strongly im-
press every mind, and which shook
the very empire to its centre, Mr.
Fox is no way prominent. Perhaps
it was notto beexpected immediately
after a popular election.

Mr. Fox, this year, obtained the
co-operation of a _ parliamentary
friend, and the public the accession
of abilities scarcely inferior to that
of his splendid contemporarics, in
Richard Brinsley Sheridan. And,
in the month of February following,
Mr. Pitt, the predestined rival of Mr.
Fox, made his first speech in the
house of commons.

Mr. Pitt, who was in the twenty-
second year of his age, (1781) had
already maintained a literary dis-
pute with the lord Mountstuart,
concerning a supposed application
of his father, the earl of Bute, to the
earl of Chatham. Dr. Addington,
father to the present lord Sidmouth,
had published an account of some
political transactions between the
earl of Bute and the earl of Chat-
ham; immediately previous to the
death of the latter. Mr. Pitt pub-
lished, in answer to it, a short well
written pamphlet, which he entitled
‘6 Another account.” ‘The subject of
debate was Mr. Burke’s economical
bill for regulating the civil list reve~
nue, which Mr. Pitt supported.
Although he rather appeared among

the

896
the adherents of the earl- of Shel-

burne, who headed the party acting:

in opposition, though not in junc-
tion with Fox, Burke, and Sheridan.
He exhibited at once great talents,
and followed his father in reprobat-
ing the idea of American independ-
ence, though he disapproved the
war. He took his seat for Poole.

Mr. Sheridan was elected for
Stafford, and first distinguished him-
‘self by a motion relative to the em-
ployment of the military in the
riots,

The continued want of success in
the war, combining with the views
of opposition, as the Christmas recess
approached, it was determined that
Mr, Fox should attack the ministry
immediately after, in the ordinary
mode of accusation, and lord Sand-
wich was again assailed by them
repeatedly, Such was the en.
ergy of this attack, that the leader,
for such he had by this time unques-
tionably become, being fora few days
indisposed, Mr. Burke declared,
*¢ of so much importance is this
enquiry to the public, that no bad
use would be made of the skin of
my departed friend, (should death
be his fate) if, like that of John
Zisca, it be converted into a drum,
and used for the purpose of sound.
ing an alarm to the people of Eng.
land,”

On the 7th of February, how.
ever, Mr. Fox was able to make
his promised attack, supported by
his party, which tended to a reso-
lution declaratory of mismanage-
ment in naval affairs. It was nega-
tived but by asmall majority. On
the 22d general Conway moved an
address to his majesty, for peace,
which was strongly supported, and
Jost by a majority only of one, On

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the 27th the same gentleman repeat. —
ed the motion in a different form, —
and carried it, the country gentle. —
men withdrawing their support from —
the minister. Lord John Cavendish
next made a motion, declaratory,
that the country could no longer
repose confidence in ministry, and —
it was defeated by a small majority.
On a similar motion, a few days after, —
lord North, with much dignity,
arose, and declared himself no longer .
minister.

Of the new administration, the
marquis of Rockingham was the
nominal, and Mr. Fox the real |
leader, with the appointment of mi-
nister for foreign affairs. Mr She.
ridan was his under-secretary ; Mr.
Burke paymaster-general of the
forces. Mr, Fox tiow came into”
power with a character of the most
popular kind, and supported gene-
rally by the two parties who had
unwillingly joined in opposition ;
these were the ‘ king’s friends,
or Rockingham and Newcastle
whigs ;”? and the ** Pitt and Gren-
ville whigs.”” :

The new administration proceed.
ed with vigour to the protection of
their favourite measures, and the
reversal of those of the ministry they
had just conquered. Overtures of
peace were made to America and
Holland ; a plan, recommended by
the king, for retrenching the public
expenditure,which led to passing Mr.
Burke’s bill ; contractors were ex-
cluded from the house of commons ;
officers of customs and excise dis-
qualified from voting at elections 5
the resolutions ef 1769, against
Wilkes, expunged from the jour-
nals ; and even Pitt moved for a
reform in parliament. But, alas!
death interrupted their progress, by

the

<, lath re a

CHARACTERS.

the sudden death of the marquis
of Rockingham, their leader, and
more than friend.

The members of the new admi-

pistration thus suddenly deranged,

looked to his. grace the duke of
Portland to supply the place of

‘their deceased leader; but his ma-

jesty embraced the opportunity of

placing at the head ef government

the earl of Shelburne, whose princi-
ples were known to differ in some
great objects, particularly as to the
mode of recognising the inde-
pendence of America. On this
being made known, Mr, Fox at-
tended the king, and requested to
name the new secretary, but found
that was also done; upon which it
is described that he immediately
added, “ then I trust your majesty
can dispense with my services,” —
To which the reply was equally
direct :—‘‘ Certainly, sir, if you
feel them the least irksome.”” Mr.
Fox, on the next day, delivered up
the seals.

His observations to his friends,
as they are recorded in the political
circles of the time, are certainly
characteristic of his open and inge-
nuous manner. ‘ In resigning my
situation (he is described to say) I
am not insensible to the conveni-
ence, I might almost say to the ne-
eessity, of its emolument ; but ina
case where honour or profit must
he sacrificed, I could not be long
in resolving what to do, I dictate
to no gentleman how he is to act ;
but as there are several inthe same
predicament with myself, if they
feel as I do, they will act as I do.”—
Much is to be regretted the neces-
sity for the first consideration in
such a man—Lord John Cavendish,
Burke, Sheridan, and others of his

Vou. XLVI,

897

friends, followed his example. Mr,
Pitt, who, ithas already been ob-
served, leaned towards the politics
of lord Shelburne, became chancel-
lor of the exchequer, aud Mr. Fox
was succeeded by lard Grantham.
Mr. Pitttook an early opportunity to
bear testimony to the merit of Mr.
Fox, saying, he ‘* could not think
his retreat warrantable, and that his
abilities marked him to be public
property.”

The statesman was now at greater
leisure to resume the haunts of
fashion, which, although never en-
tirely neglected, had lately been
superseded by more important con-
cerns.

The administration of lord Shel-
burne entered into a negociation
for peace, agreeable to the prin-
ciples on which they acted. But
Mr. Eden having negociated a coa-
lition between lord North, and
Mr. Fox, the preliminavy articles
of the peace which they concluded,
were censured by a majority in
parliament, in consequence of
which the ministers were compelled
to resign the employments so newly
obtained.

But, though the leaders of the
coalition succeeded in the imme-
diate object of their ~ coalition,
that measure was a general sub-
ject of disapprobation, through.
out the country. They, how-
ever, resumed the government,
with the duke of Portland at their
head, and lord John Cavendish
chancellor of the exchequer. Lord
North and Mr. Fox were principal
secretaries of state, Burke occupied
his former appointment, Mr. Sheri-
dan was secretary te the treasury,
and all the friends of both parties
joined.

Peace.

ANNUAL

Peace with America was now,
(1783,) concluded, and East-Indian
affairs, which had ‘been long in dis.
order, numerous wars with the
native princes, and other circum.
stances, natural to the government

898

of a distant province, demanded
consideration. y
To Mr. Fox was confided the

formation of a bill which should
settle that distracted country. This
bill was introduced to the house of
commons on the 18th of November,
by a speech of Mr. Fox, equal to
the production of any orator, of
ancient or modern times. Burke
supported the bill with all his fire,
and in his arguments laid the ground-
work of a charge against Mr Has-

tings ; he concluded with pro-
nouncing the eulogium of Mr.
Fox.

The bill passed with a consider.
able majority in the house of com.
mons, and was sent up to the house
of peers. But, to the astonishment
no less of the ministry than of a
large portion of the public, it was
rejected; and the king determined
on an entire change of administra-
tion! The intimation was conveyed
to lord North and Mr. Fox, very
late in the evening, and they Were
desired to render up their seals of
office, through the medium of their
under secretaries, on the next day.
Mr. Pitt again became minister,
Mr. Dundas (afterwards lord Mel-
ville,) his only colleague capable of
offering him any material assistance,

was appointed treasurer of the
_ Mavy ; and Mr. (afterwards Jord)
Grenville‘ succeeded Burke. ‘Thus
was soon formed a ministry, but
the majority remained with the new
opposition; on the part of whom
2 number af resolutions took place.

REGISTER,

An attempt was made, by the coun-
try gentlemen in parliament, to
bring together the leading mem-
bers of ministry and.opposition but
in vain. Mr. Fox and the duke of
Portland would admit of no steps
till Mr, Pitt, by resignation, should
create an equal basis, which he
refused. Mr, Pitt stood his ground,
and parliament being dissolved, a
majority favourable to the new
ministry was returned in the ensuing
parliament,
The new election rendered it
necessary for Mr, Fox to prepare
for a meeting with his constituents,
in the city of Westminster.
To attempt here to describe the
Westminster election of 1784, the
concerns of which have already fill-
ed a quarto volume, would be im-
possible. Lord Hood and sir Cecil
Wray were the other candidates,
and they formed a coalition against
Mr. Fox.
At the close of the poll, on the
17th of May, after it had lasted
forty-seven days, Mr. Fox hada
majority of 235 above sir Cecil
Wray, 18,925 votes were polled,
out of which lord Hood had 6694,
and sir Cecil Wray 5998, leaving to
Mr. Fox 6233, Notwithstanding
this majority, the unsuccessful can.
didate demanded a scrutiny, and
the high bailiff, in consequence, re-
fused to return Mr. Fox, for which
he was prosecuted, and a verdict was
obtained against him for 20001. In
the mean time, he was seated in the
house of commons, for the Scotish
boroughs of Dornoch, Tain, Ding-
wall, Wick, and Kirkwall, and after
a long and tedious scrutiny, the ex-
pences of which were defrayed by
his principal friends, he obtained his

seat for Westminster.
In

i, i es

— So

ne

CHARACTERS.

In the summer of 1785, Mr. Fox
paid a visit to lord Derby, at his
seat near Prescot in Lancashire.
The shop-tax, among other obnoxi-
ous measures of Mr Pitt, had been
powerfully opposed by his, lordship
and Mr. Fox, and they were, in
consequence, received with the
greatest popularity. Lord Derby
had presented a petition from Man-
chester against it, signed by 12,000
persons. Receiving an invitation
to Manchester, they visited that
place with their friends, in a state
of civic triumph, being met on
the road by the different trades
in procession, with bands of music,
and vast numbers of the inhabitants
on horseback. The horses’ were
taken from the carriage, and they
were drawn amidst the acclamations
of the people to the town-hall,
where an elegant entertainment was
provided: at Liverpool also they
were invited to a public dinner, and
experienced all the marks of popu-
lar favour.

From these less important cir-
cumstances, however, Mr. Fox
was now called to duties of impor-
tance.

During the discussion of the In-
dia, bill, considerable blame had
been attached to the governor-gene-
ral of India, Mr. Hastings, and
Burke had pledged himself that
whenever that gentleman should ars
rive in England, he would. bring
forward several charges against
him. On the 17th of February
he brought forward the subject,
on which Mr. Fox took an active
part with him. Mr. Burke had post-
poned the consideration of the
charges, which referred to Mr.
Hastings, till that gentleman should
be in London to prepare a refutati-

899

on of them, if it were possible.
An impeachment was voted by the
commons, and Messrs. Fox, Burke, |
and Sheridan, were appointed the
principal managers.

In the summer of 1786, Mr. Fox
retired to his seat at St. Ann’s Hill,
nor, except the impeachment of
Mr. Hastings, on which he was by
no meaus particularly active, was
there any thing to call for the inter~
ruption of his tranquillity, in this
or the next year.

The repeal of the test act, moved
by Mr. Beaufoy in the ensuing ses-
sion (17 87), "as opposed by Mr. Pitt
and lord North, but ably supported
by Mr. Fox, who said, in allusion
to the late political part taken by
the dissenters, that though they lost

sight of the principles of the cons

stitution, he should not, upon any
occasion, lose sight of his principles
of toleration. Karly in 1788, he
was elected recorder of Bridgwater,
in the room of earl Poulet.

In summer, 1788, a vacancy for
Westminster occurred, by lord Hood
being made a lord of the admiralty,
on which occasion lord John Towne
send came forward as a* candidate
for the representation of that city,
upon the whig interest, and after a
long and expensive contest, finally
prevailed. From the bustle of this
election Mr. Fox departed for
Switzerland, and proceeding along
the delightful lake of Geneva, af=
ter visiting its simple, and, then,
happy vales, visited the historian of
‘* The decline and fall of the Ro-
man empire,”’ at Lausanne.

‘¢ The man of the people,” says
Gibbon, ‘* escaped from the tumult
—the bloody tumult of the West-
minster election, to the lakes and
mountains of Switzerland, and I

3M2 was

900

was informed that he was arrived
at the Lion d’Or ; I sent a compli-
ment : he answered it in person,
and settled at my house for the re-
mainder of the day. -I have eat,
. drunk, and conversed, and sat up
all night with Fox in England, but
it never has happened, perhaps it
never can happen again, that I
should enjoy him as I did that day,
alone from ten in the morning till
ten at night. Our conversation
never flagged a moment ; and he
seemed thoroughly pleased with the
place and with his company. We
had little politics, though he gave
me, in a few words, such acharac-
ter of Pitt, as one great man should
give of another, his rival ; much of
books, from my own, on which he
flattered me very pleasantly, to Ho.
mer and the Arabian Nights:
much about the country, my gar-
den, (which he understands far bet-
ter than Ido) and, upon the whole,
I think he envies me, and would
do so were he minister. The next
morning I gave him a guide to walk
him about the town and country,
and invited some company to meet
him at dinner. The following day
he continued his journey to Bern
and Zurich, and I have heard of
him by various means. The peo-
ple gaze on him as ona prodigy,
but he shews little inclination to
converse with them.”

Again (September 1788), he says,
¢¢ In his tour of Switzerland, Mr.
Fox gave me two days of free and
private conversation. He seemed
to feel, and even to envy the hap-
piness of my situation ; while I ad-
mired the powers of a superior man,
as they are blended in his attractive
character, with the softness and
simplicity of a child. Perhaps no

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

human being was ever more per-
fectly exempt from thé taint of ma-
levolence, vanity or falsehood.”

From Switzerland he proceed.
ed to Italy, and he had arrived at
Bologna, on his way to Rome,
when, in the middle of November,
a messenger overtook him, with
an account of the royal indisposition,
which was likely to furnish him
with much laborious discussion.

He immediately quitted Bologna,
and returned with such rapidity,
that,, on his arrival in London, on
the 24th of the same month, he
became himself severely indisposed.

The parliament met on the 20th of
November, and were informed of-
ficially of the inability of his rajes-
ty to attend to the affairs of govern-
ment, and-adjourned for the consi-
deration ofaregency. Fortunately
for the country, in the midst of
this unpleasing contention, his ma-
jesty recovered, and was able to
attend to public business early in
1789.

The health of Mr. Fox was now
so much impaired, as to alarm his
friends exceedingly. He accord-
ingly went to Bath, on the re.
commendation of his physi.
cians, and was received in a man-
ner the most complimentary to his
character, In the course of a month
he was happily recovered, and re- .
turned to his parliamentary duty
with renovated vigour.

In the various probabilities of
war, which happened this year,
Mr. Pitt was defeated in his exer-
tions, and that of his party. The
contention with Spain concerning
Nootka Sound (another Falkland
Island) was speedily adjusted. And
wheu Russia was menaced fer her
Turkish politics, Mr Fox not only
3 exerted

CHARACTERS.

exerted himself to prevent his coun.
try from being embroiled in war,

but commissioned his friend, Mr.

Robert Adair, to examine facts on
the scene of action, for the purpose
of furnishing certain data.

War was prevented, and it is,
perhaps, not going too far to say,
that these steps improved the rela-
tion between the two countries.
Catharine the Great gave the most
sensible proof of her high estima.
tion of Mr. Fox, in requesting him
to sit for a bust of white marble, to
be placed between those of De-
mosthenes and Cicero, at St. Pe-
tersburgh.

Mr. Fox was re-elected at the
dissolution of parliament, in® the
ensuing year (1790), with less dif-
ficulty than he had before experi-
enced. Mr. Horne Tooke, (former-
ly the friend of Wilkes, and cor-
respondent of Junius), suddenly
became his opponent, and polled
1679 votes, being more than half
the number of either of the other
candidates. He petitioned against
the return, but his petition was
declared frivolous and vexatious.

In 1790, in consequence of their
discordant opinions on the revolu-
tion in France, a difference arose
between Mr. Fox and Mr. Burke,
which terminated their friendship
for ever, much to the regret of
both. In 1792, in consequence of
some strong measures of govern-
ment, particularly the calling out
of the militia, and hastily summon-
ing parliament, Mr. Fox made se-
veral motions with regard to our
connection with France, which did
not meet with the approbation of the
house ; a majority of which were of
opinion, that there existed a danger
of insurrection in the country.—

901

In consequence of which, to ex-
plain his own views, he wrote his
celebrated letter to the electors of
Westminster, in 1793, which is
strongly marked by his characteris.
tic simplicity, and vigour of style,
and points out, most plainly, many
of the dreadful consequences which
have since ensued from the mis.
guided and ineffectual combination
of Europe against France,

Of this pamphlet it would be vain
to attempt an abridgment. It is
clear, concise, and argumentative,
and seldom rises into any grandeur
of style ; but the following passage’
will never be forgotten. Speaking
of the attempt to subdue, and to
divide France, he says, ‘* The
conquest of France! ! !—O calum-
niated crusaders, how rational and
moderate were your objests!—O
much-injured Louis XIV. upon
what slight grounds have you been
accused of restless and immoderate
ambition !—O tame and feeble Cer-
vantes, with what a timid pencil
and faint colours have you painted
the portrait of a disordered imagin.
ation.” ;

On the ist of June, a meet.

ing of several noblemen and
gentlemen took place at _ the
Crown and Anchor tavern, in

the Strand, ‘¢ for the purpose,’ as
they said, ‘* of offering to Mr.
Fox some effective testimony of
gratitude for his long and unwearied
political exertions” in their cause
and that of the public. ‘This was
explained by Mr. Francis, who
added, that every possible precau.
tion had been taken}to keep the ine
tention from the knowledge of Mr.
Fox.

Mr. Serjeant Adair, as chairman,
addressed the company nearly in

3M 3 these

902

these words : ‘* Whatever difference
of opinion may prevail as to the
particular measures which Mr. Fox
may have supported or opposed in
the long course of his parliamentary
exertions, there is one point to
which all mankind must agree, and
which even his most inveterate ene-
mies will not dare to call in questi-
on,—that if the wonderful talents
‘of his mind, instead of being exert-
ed in the service of his country, had
been directed to objects of private
interest and personal ambition, they
would long ere this have placed
their possessor in a situation of opu-
lence and power equal to his fame
and celebrity. That this has not
been the case is equally notorious,
and it must therefore be the natural
wish of every man of liberal feel-
ings, that he who has conducted
himself in so distinguished a manner
should be placed in a situation as in-
dependant as his mind.”

After this declaration, resoluti-
ons were passed to the tenor of the
proposition, and a committee was
appointed to forward the plan, and
to execute any trust which might be
necessary, consisting of Jord “John
Russel, lord G.H.Cavendish, Messrs,
Francis, Crewe, Vyner, Wright-
son. Skinner, Coombe, Adair,
Coke, Pelham, and Byng. Never
was there a nobler instance of re-
recognition of public services by in-
dividuals ; never was any one bet-
ter deserved.

Mr. Serjeant Adair now commu-
nicated this generous procedure to
Mr. Fox, from whom he received
the following letter :

é St. Ann's Hill, June 6ti, 1793.
_ © Dear sir,

«“ You will easily believe that it
is nota mere form of words, when
Tsay, that 1 am wholly at a loss

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

how to express my feelings upon the
event which you have in so kind
a manner communicated to me.

‘¢ In difficult cases it is wot un-
usual to enquire what others have
said or done in like circumstances,
butin my situation, this resource is
denied me; for where am I to look
for an instance of such a proof of
public esteem as that which is offer-
ed to me? to receive at once from
the public such a testimony to the
disinterestedness of my conduct,
and sucha reward as the most inter-
ested would think their lives well
spent in obtaining, is a rare in-
stance of felicity which seems to
have been reserved for me,

‘¢'Tt would be gross affectation,
if, in my circumstances, 1 were to
pretend that what is intended me is
not in itself of the highest value.
But it is with perfect sincerity that
I declare, that no other manner in
which a fortune could have come to
me, would have been so gratifying
to ‘the feelings of my heart. I ac.
cept, therefore, with the most sin-
cere gratitude, the kindness of the
public, and consider it as an additi-
onal obligation upon me, if any
were wanting, to continue steady
to the principles which | have uni-
formly professed,and to persevere in
the honest and independent line of
conduct, to which alone I am con-
scious that I am indebted for this,
as well as for every other mark of
public approbation.

‘* | hope 1 need not add, my
dear sir, that I could not have
received this honourable message
through a more acceptable channel.

** J am with great truth,
*¢ My dear sir,
s* Your most obliged tanheeenrnlyis
“Gr Ju Fox

Mr. Serj, Adair.”

This

’

| This candid and manly letter,
>so highly characteristic of Mr.
Fox, was submitted to another
meeting on the 11th, when the
committee announced that the plan
had been seconded with such spirit
as to enable them to present Mr.
Fox with an annuity neither unwor-
thy of him nor themselves,
It is difficult whether most to re-
gret the necessity for this transac-
tion towards such a man, or to ad-
mire the manner in which, on’ both
sides, it was conducted. Both
parties, however, presented a useful
example for the imitation of man-
kind.

On a resolution being proposed ©

by lord William Russel, and sup-
ported by the friends of Mr. Fox,
members of the whig club,-‘‘ that
this club think it their duty, at this
extraordinary -juncture, to assure
the right hon. Charles James Fox,
that all the arts of misrepresentation,
which have been so industriously
circulated of late, for the purpose of
calumniating him, have had no
other effect upon them than that of
confirming, strengthening, and in-
creasing their attachment to him,”
forty-five noblemen and gentlemen
withdrew from that body. This
was a great and irrecoverable,
_ though not an unexpected blow.

In this year Mr. Hastings was pro-
nounced by the high court of parlia-
ment, not guilty, and Mr. Burke
who had declared his intention of
resigning on this occasion, retired
from parliament.

The subsequent career of Mr.
Fox, is best learned from the his-
tory of his country, and the debates.
in parliament ; where he continued
to oppose the measures of Mr. Pitt,
with an energy, that nothing but

CHARACTERS.

903

conviction of rectitude could have
produced, ina mind ofsuch candour
and urbanity as that of Mr. Fox,
For the principle events of his poli.
tical life, we must refer the reader
to our preceding volumes: which
have been so frequently illumined
by the brilliancy of his eloquence,
as it is recorded in our history of
Europe. A few particular dates of
leading events, will be all that it is
necessary for us to set down; as
marking the great points of his poli-
tical history. In consequence of
the state trials in 1794, and some
disturbances, bills were brought
into parliament by Mr. Pitt and
lord Grenville for the prevention of
seditious meetings ; which, certaia-
ly went to consider the country in
a state of insurrection, and were,
in their nature, contrary to the con.
stitution.

It is not likely that Mr. Fox
should suffer these bills to pass with.
out his notice, if not his serious re-
prehension. ‘* Should these bills
pass,’’ said he, ‘* by the mere influ-
ence of the minister, contrary to
the sentiments of the great majority
of the nation, and he was asked

‘ without doors what was to be done,

he would say: This was not now a
question of morality,or of duty, but
of prudence, Acquiesce in the bills
only as long as you are compelled to
doso. They are bills te destroy
the constitution, and parts of the
system of an administration aiming
at that end. He was interrupted
with some provocation, when he
rejoined,—that, He knew the mis.
construction to which these senti-
ments were liable, and he braved it.
Noattempt of the Stuarts called for
more opposition than the present
bills, and extraordinary times

3M4 demanded

904

demanded extraordinary declara-
tions.

Mr. Fox moved for a repeal of
the bills, with a minority of 50 a-
against 200. His little party was,
however, more successful in a sin.
gular measure which became necessa-
ry about the same time,

Mr. John Reeves, who had been
Conspicuous as a founder of * an
association against republicans and
levellers,”? published, ¢ Thoughts
on the English government,” tend-
ing to shew the propriety of its be-
coming—an absolute despotism. It
was voted a daring libel on the con«
stitution.

In 1796 parliament was dissolved,
and the candidates for Westminster,
with Mr. Fox, were sir Alan after-
wards lord Gardner, and Mr. Horne
Tooke.

Mr. Tooke, in his usval strain of
popular argument and dry humour,
told the electors, with respect to sir
Alan Gardner, ‘ that if Mr. Fox
and sir Alan were returned by the
electors of Westminster, they would
be literally not represented at all ;
they would be like a mansetting out
in a carriage with one horse harness-
ed before and the other behind,both
pulling different ways, which was a
pretty method ‘of arriving at the
journey’send!”? and as respected Mr.
Fox, he said, that “ the only distinc.
tion between them was, that Mr.
Fox was right honourable ; but as
he himself was neither right honour.
able nor honourable, he must con.
sider himself as a private in the ranks;
and though he was afraid he could
never command, yet he could fight
as bitterly and as effectually as any
of them.”

Mr. Fox pursued his usual mode,
without deviating cither one way

ANNUAL REGISTE R, 1806.

or the other. Mr. Tooke had been _
eminent as a leader of the people, —
and was therefore a popular candi- f
date. It was desired,probably both —
by minister and people, that Mr.
Fox should join that gentleman.
He,however, constantly denied the
existence of any coalition.

The following were the final num-=
bers.

For Mr, Fou cittesnabise
Forsir A. Gardner « « 4814
For Mr. Horne Tooke ~ 2810

Early in the new parliament,
which commenced its sittings in Oc-
tober 1796, the minister opened a
negociation for peace with France,
in which Mr. Fox most heartily
concurred But, in the following
December, he censured with all his
force the conduct of Mr. Pitt, in
having granted money to the Empe-
ror of Germany, and to the French
princes, without the consent or
even knowledge, of parliament ; a
censure, the justice of which was
proved by the acquiescence of many
even ef the minister’s friends, form-
ing a minority of 81, which was con-
sidered important. In the early
part of 1797, Mr. Fox’s exertions
were indefatigable, and received
every support of his party. In
May, with three other gen-
tleman, he presented a petition
from Bristol, for the dismissal
of the ministers, signed by nearly
four thousand persons ; and soon
after, by himself, another from An.
trim. As a privy counsellor, he
obtained an andience of the King in
the closet, and represented to his
majesty the alarming situation of
the kingdom. On the 23d of the
same month, he moved for a repeal
of the treason and sedition bills, but
found himself again in a minority of

50.

|
|

o. A few days afterwards, Mr
Grey renewed the motion fora re-
fmin parliament. It afforded an
opportunity for Mr. Fox to declare
n intention he had formed, of
forbearing to prosecute an useless
attendance in parliament.

Mr. Fox now retired from parli-
ament to his villa at St, Anne’s Hill,
claring his intention to return on
eccasion of any important question;
and at the same time representing to
his constituents his readiness to va-
cate his seat, if by holding it on
those terms he incurred their disap-
probation ‘rhis secession from par-
liament was productive of much cen-
sure. Many conceived that, how-
ever unprofitable, his attendance
was by no means to be dispensed
with, after having undertaken the
representation of a great city. Pri-
vate letters were poured in upon
him from all quarters, with the sig-
nature of ‘‘ Elector,”? and some of

est style.

Agreeably to his ieahieddew wiheen
the important measureof the assessed
*tax bill came to be discussed, Mr,
Fox attended the house of com-

mons and strenuously opposed it.
While these circumstances hap.
pened, however Mr. Fox experi-
enced a painful incident,that tended
much to qualify the satisfaction he
enjoyed in the attachment of
_ his remaining friends,—this was the
publication ‘of a pamphlet entitled
.S Fifty-four articles of impeachment
_ against the right hononrable Charles
James Fox, ” from the pen of Ed-
mund Burke! It had hardly, indeed,
been published, when its sale was
stopped by the friends of Mr. Burke,
and it was stated to have been the
matter of a private letter from that

CHARACTERS.

them not in the politest or pleasant. -

905

gentleman to the duke of Portland,
in the year 1792, for the use of his
grace and earl Fitzwilliam; that
was not to be opened till they should
have separated from Mr. Fox,
which he considered as certain. An
amanuensis was stated to have secre-
ted a copy, to which he now gave
this title, and published it against
the intentions of Mr. Burke, It had
however, been so assiduously circu-
lated, that it was useless to withdraw
it, and the title only was therefore
softened to its real nature, ‘¢ A Let-
ter to the duke of Portland,” &e.
Those who understand the minor arts
of literature and politics, may judge
of this attack. It, however, contain-
ed all Mr, Burke’s feelings with re-
gard to Mr. Fox. Every measure of
parliament hostile te the country, he
charged on that gentleman, and every
unsuccessful measure, whether fo-
reign or domestic ; every tumult of
the people ; the proceedings of ail
the popular societies were charged
upon Mr. Fox; because he might
have averted them! ‘* With Mr.
Fox,” said he, ** we might save the
country ; without him, we ought
to attemptit’’ ‘To his regret at not
converting the great talents of Mr:
Fox to his cause, may be ascribed
the charges of this letter.

Mr. Fox had been equally desi-
rous of a liberal re-union with Mr.
Burke, and took every means, to ef-
fect it; but Mr, Burke’s reply in-
variably was—‘* Will he sign the re-
nunciation?” (asingular paper drawn
up by himself, containing a solema
renunciation of the principles of the
French revolution, and a promise
that he would never again propose
a reform in parliament or the abo-
lition of the test.) Nor was this all,
for he was to ‘‘ make the sentiments

of

906

of this paper a part of his speech in
a full house,” a call of which he
proposed to procure, that, as he
said, ‘* nothing might be wanting to
the impossibility of future aposta.
c 2?

The subject is beyond discussi-
on; Mr. Burke, however, latterly,
answered Jess pasionately. ‘* My
separation,” (said he) * from Mr,
Fox is a principle, and not a passi-
on; I hold it asa sacred duty to
confirm what I have said and written
by this sacrifice ; and to what pur-
pose would be the re-union of a
moment? I can have no delight with
him, nor he with me.”

The ‘* Letter,” however, in no
way altered Mr. Fox against
him.

About the end of June it was an-
nounced to him by lord Fitzwilliam,
that his illustrious friend was then
confined by an illness which was as-
certained to be fatal. He became
agitated beyond the power of de-
scription, and was solicitous of ob-
taining an interview with one who
had been so dear to him.

With this view he addressed a
note to Mrs. Burke, and received, by
express, an answer :

‘* That it had cost Mr. Burke the
most heartfelt pain to obey the stern
voice of his duty, in rending asun-
der along friendship, but that he
had effected this necessary sacrifice;
and that, in whatever of life yet re-
mained to him, heconceived that he
must continue to live for others and
not for himself.”

The poignancy of Mr. Fox’s dis-
appointment may be more easily
conceived than expressed ; aud when
he heard that the friend whom for five
and twenty years he had never seen
without pleasure, nor heard with.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

out instruction, was no more !—he
wept bitterly.

If it is to be regretted that Burke
was so inexorable,let his virtues and
his talents be appreciated.

Every event of this painful pe-
riod tended to widen the breack
between Mr. Fox and the ministry.

The anniversary of his birth day
in 1798 was held at the Crown and
Anchor tavern, inthe Strand, and
the duke of Norfolk was in the
chair. His Grace gave for a toast :
‘¢ The sovereign majesty of the peo-
ple.’’ . This, in the first peer of the
realm, could not be easily attributed,
in the most remote manner, to a de-
sire of exciting disaffection ; it was,
however, construed into the worst
meaning, and, in consequence, the
lord lieutenancy of the West riding
of Yorkshire, and the command of
its militia, was taken from him.

It was not in the nature of Fox
to suffer another to be a solitary
viétim in his behalf. It was not long,
therefore, before,at a meeting of the
Whig Club, he took the chair, and
justified the aét of his friend in the
following manner. After the usual
prelude, ‘‘ I will give you,” said he

.** a toast, than which I think there

cannot be a better, according to the

_printciples of this clubh—I mean the

sovereignty of the people of Great
Britain.” [or this speech Mr. Fox
received the only mark of displea-
sure that could be shewn him, the
erasure of his name from among
those of the privy council
The circumstances of . Ireland
had now arrived at a painful crisis.
The consequence was first loud re-
monstrance and determined declara-~
tions against, next an appeal .to
arms, and lastly an invitation of the
aid of the French government.
From

i}

CH A RAC

From the embarrassment of pub-
ic affairs at this period, the little
villa of St. Ann’s Hill would be
xpected to unfold its charms to
ir. Fox with fresh delight, and
thither he retired. He rose early,
and though nearly approaching his
fiftieth year, did not fail fre-
quently to bathe in the Thames:
under an old beech (uow for ever
sonsecrated to the rights of man-
tind) on a small elevation at. the
western extremity of St. Ann’s
Hill, he was to be seen inhaling the
breeze of the morning. And here,
in 1799, he erected the seat which
‘surrounds the old tree; and gene-
‘rally visited it before breakfast.
_ This retreat was also sacred to
‘letters, ‘the charm of sorrow. He
“now read over agaifi the best au-
thors, and added to that informa-
“tion, already so great, whatever of
advantageous novelty was to be ob-
tained. In languages also, the key
of science, he made new acquisitions.
‘His method may be imitated by
hose who can no otherwise imi--
tate him ; it is said that, ‘* after
abouring a week at his grammar, in
getting by heart the declinable parts
he substantives, adjectives, and
verbs, he immediately began, with
‘the assistance of his diétionary, to
‘read some classic author, learning
the syntax by reference as the exam-
ples occurred.”
_ To describe the course of life
prescribed to himself by Mr. Fox,
may afford some gratification. The
orenoon tilltwo o’clock he employ-
ed in reading and study. He
then visited some of the neigh-
bouring villages; returning toa do-
a dinner, always simple and
}

wnexpensive. Occasionally the duke
of Bedford or lord Holland broke
in upon his solitude. Sometimes, in-

}

ra

= KS:

907

deed, the great, the learned, and the
gay might be seen to visit the rural
graces of polished life, hid in shrub-
beries, or sporting on his parterre of
roses ; and there were not wanting
the sister muses of poetry and music.
There was nothing, hewever, to
interrupt the -infantine joy that
arises out of health and innocence ;
and the hour of tea was generally
exhilarated by a good novel, which
all present read aloud alternately.

Thus happily passed his time,
diverted by the pleasing care of
Mr. Fox, whose only study. was
his ease, and whom he repaid
by the tenderest attention. Here
he planned a final retirement from
public life, for which purpose he is
said to have penned a farewel
address to the electors of Westmin-
ster, and here he began the histori-
cal work which is now in the press.

He was, however, called with
renovated vigour tc the discussion
of overtures for peace made. by
France on the appointment of her
first consul. | He also attended with
particular zeal to the motion for an
inquiry into the state of the nation,
made by Mr. Grey, in March,
1801.

In the year 1801, internal tumults
had ceased, and an union with Ireland
was suddenly brought about on ex-
pectations never yet realised; to
which Mr. Fox opposed his efforts.
Mr. Pitt and his party soon after re-
tired: Mr. Addington was pre-
vailed upon to accept the vacant
helm, and cong¢luded the peace of
Amiehs, which seemed to have been
made for. the purpose of being
broken,

‘No sooner, however, had Mr.
Fox again emerged from retirement,
than new wounds. were inflicted on
his sensibility. His grace the duke

of

908

of Bedford, his Jong and tried friend,
in the prime of life, and pursuit of
lasting fame, was suddenly cut off
by an accident, sincerely regretted
by the public. To Mr. Fox his
loss was particularly painful; and
in moving for anew writ for Tavis.
tock, vacant by the elevation of
his successor, he pronounced an
eration upon his character with his
usual force.

The general election of this year
was expected to be less difficult than
any for aconsiderable period. The
sitting members were, nevertheless,
opposed by a Mr. John Graham, an
auctioneer, who assumed a popular
interest, and continued the poll for
nine days, in the course of which
time, from the inactivity of the prin-
cipal candidates, and his own popu-
dar activity, he had more than half
the number of votes of cither of
the other candidates.

Mr. Fox then changed the scene,
and having, during his lettered re.
tirement, formed a desire to see
the Stuart papers, which had for-
merly been deposited in the Scots
college at Paris ; being also anxious
to visit the French nation. under
the new form of its government ; he
determined once more, with Mrs.
Fox, to visit Paris.

On their arrival at Calais, Mr.
and Mrs. Fox were immediately
attended by the municipality in
their civic robes, and received every
mark of their respect, the mayor
declaring ‘* the high gratification
which he and his fellow-citizens
felt in seeing in their city the-great
and disinterested statesman, whose
counsels, had they been seasonably
adopted, would have prevented the
ealamities that have distracted the
world.”

Not, to invite a similar eompli-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ment as they proceeded, Mr. Fo
determined to trayel incognito :
was, however, recognised at, Lis]
with the same compliments as
Calais, and an entertainment

given in honour of his presence
the Circus, while the band of th
61st brigade, serenaded him at hi
lodgings.

At VParis he was universall
sought, and addressed as the ‘¢ Eng~
lish patriot, and the benefactor
the human race.” He was visited
by all the public and learned bodies,
and invitations flocked into him from
every quarter. An opportunity
immediately offered which of all
others he most ardently wished, that
of studying the most eminent cha-
racters of the revolution.

Having announced his arrival at
the consular court, he was received
in the most obliging manner by the
first consul. He was introduced by
Mr. Merry to the first public audi-
ence, (Sept. 3) where the first con-
sul twice addressed him with the
most condescending _ affability.
‘¢ There are,” said he, ‘‘ in the
world, ‘but two nations, the one in-
habiting the east, the other the west.
The English, French, Germans,
Italians, &c. under the same civil
code, having the same manners, the
same habits, and almost the same
religion, are all members of the
same family ; and the men who wish
to light up again the flame of war
among them, wish for civil war ;
these principles, sir, were developed
in your speeches with an energy that
does as much honour to your heart
as your head.”

The same day he dined with the
first consul, and conversed with him
long in the midst of a numerous
company.

The chief subjects of conversa. ©

tion

m between these two extraordi-
y persons, are said to have been
concordat, for the provisions of
hich, with regard to the celibacy
f the clergy, Bonaparte was at
eat pains to justify himself to Mr.
‘ox; and the trial by jury, which
gir. Fox vindicated against the at-
ks of Bonaparte, saying, in an-
er to the complaint of the first
asul, that juries were often ex-
imely inconvenient to the go-
ronment; that he liked them for it
Oo much the better.
‘On every occasion the first consul
tified the high consideration in
hich he held him; and constantly
eclared “¢ that, if the then English
hinisters had been such men as Mr.
fox, England and France might
emain at eternal peace, and mntu-
ily concur in each other’s hap-
iness.””
_ The following agreeable incident,
{s repeated here, as it accords with
e character of Mr. Fox :-—
»On the 16th of September, he
isted at an extraorinary sitting of
e tribunate. A few minutes be-
fore the opening of the sitting, M.
oyer, captain of the guard of the
bunate, advanced to Mr. Fox,
nd addressed him in these words:
“1 am one, sir, of two hundred
1 rench prisoners, who, in the year
3, (1795) were prisoners at Port-
chester. We applied to you, and
de had thegenerosity to exert your
uence in our favour. On a
idden our chains were broken,
d we were almost free. This
Benofit will never be forgotten by
my companions in misfortune: but
Iam at present happier than they
are, because I am able to declare to
ou publicly my gratitude. I en-
reat you to add to it, if it be possi-
e, by condescending to accept my

CHARACTERS.

909

weak, but sincere, expression of it.”
He replied to this emanation of gra-
titude, with his wonted modesty :
“6 Yes, sir, I believe'I have the
pleasure to recollect you.”

The following account of the cir-
cumstances of his residence was also
circulated with so much confidence
in various ways, that it is inserted
without other authority.—It is be-
lieved to have come originally from
a writer to whom the public is at
the same time indebted for much
Science.

<¢'To ape Mr. Fox was now the
fashion ‘at Paris. His dress, his
manner of speaking, nay, his very
dinners, were imitated. The beaux
of Paris exhibited a singular con-
trast between what they actually
were and what they endeavoured to
appear. It was the fashion to be a
hinking man—to think like Fox ;
and the coxcombs endeavoured to
model their features to that charac-
ter! At the opera he attracted overy
eye, and was followed as a spectacle
through the streets. ° His picture
was exhibited in every window, and
no medallions had such a ready sale
as those which bore the head of Mr.
Fox. The artists alone felt some
dissatisfaction, as he refused to sit
for his portrait. It is said that a
celebrated statuary sent his respects
to Mr, Fox, and informed him that,
being desirous to partake of his
immortality, he purposed to execute
a statue of him, and would call the
following day, when he flattered
himself that Mr. Fox would have na
objection to sit half an hour in his
shirt, while he took the exact con~
tour of his body !

‘“* Among the fashionables of
Paris, (continues this account) whe
were particularly attentive to Mr.
Fox, was Madame Recamier. She

called

910

\
ealled for him one day in her car-
riage, but Mr. Fox hesitated to
accompany her, ‘ Come,’ said the

Jady, ‘I must keep my promise
Y> y P ’

and shew you on the promenade.
The good people of Paris must
always have a spectacle. Before

» you came, [ was the fashion ; it isa

~

‘attending to the opera.

point of honour, therefore, that I
should not appear jealous of you,
You must attend me, sir.” A few

days afterwards appeared an ode, in

which Mr. Fox and Madame Reca-
mier were transformed into Jupiter
and Venus. The author, with all
the modesty of a Frenchman, puta
copy of this ode into the hand of
Mr. Fox, and another into that of
Madame Recamier, whom he was
On reading
the subject, Mr. Fox appeared
confused, but his fair companion
smiled —‘ Let them say what they
please,’ said she, ‘ as longas Mons,
Recamier preserves his senses, and
laughs at them as I do.’ Of this
lady Mr. Fox entertained the high-
est opinion ; and observed, that she
was the only woman who united the
attractions of pleasure to those of
modesty,

Nor was this attention from the
French people changed during the
stay of Mr. and Mrs. Fox at Paris.
Every pleasure that could be afford-
ed them was studiously offered, and
it is ‘only necessary to recognise the
disposition of the parties upon whom
the distinction was conferred, to
conceive the pleasing interchange
they established. -With the first
consul Mr. Fox continued on the
most liberal terms : he examined his
character, his motives, and his pow-
ers; and the result was a decla~
ration, that ‘* he was a nan as mag-
nhificent in his means as in his eads—
that he possessed a most decided

2

NNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

character, that he would pursue hi
purpose with\more constancy, and
for a longer period, than was imas
gined ; that his views were no
directed against Great Britain, but
that he looked only to the conti.
nent. His commercial enmity was
only a temporary measure; ané
was never intended to be acted on
as a permanent policy. ‘Thathe had
a proud candour, which, in the cons
fidence of success in whatever he
resolved, scorned to conceal his in-
tentions.”—‘* I never saw,” said
he, *¢ so little indirectness in any
Statesman .as in the first consul.
He makes no secret of his designs.”
There are those who will not think,
even in this instance, Mr. Fox!
belied his just knewledge of human
nature.

Notwithstanding these various
occupations, Mr. Fox found leisure
to make great acquisitions for his
history, from docaments in the va~
rious offices which had yet survived
the storm of the revolution. In
those which were the principal ob-
jects of his enquiry, however, he
was disappointed.

The documents alluded to, were
the original Memoirs of King James
If. written by that monarch himself,
and deposited by him in the Scots
college, in the rue Fossé St. Victor,
at Paris, but which were after-
wards lost in the tumult of the
revolution.

In the middle of November, Mr,
and Mrs. Fox returned to England.
Mr. Fox immediately recommenced
his parliamentary duty, with every
advantage of information on the
topic of French affairs.

Mr. Fox now again ceased to
attend the house of commons; he
did not approve of the war, and
he did not wish to embarrass the

measures

“measures which must be taken after
‘it was entered into. At this time,
notwithstanding this favourable in-
clination shewn to Mr. Addington,
an apparent cordiality seemed to
exist in Mr. Pitt towards Mr. Fox,
‘and lord Grenville evinced a grow-
‘ing approbation. Mr. Fox how-
ever, continued to indulge chiefly in
‘his favourite retirement, and the
‘domestic enjoyments it contained.
From these. pleasing employ-
ments, Mr. Fox was called in the
“following month to vindicate, in par-
diament, the conduct of his brother
’ “(general Fox) as commander-in-
_ chief in Ireland, and to instigate an
enquiry into the government of that
country, during the insurrection.
Several other motions of minor im-
sportance followed, and on one for
“the revision of the bills respecting
' the defence of the country, he was
_ seconded by Mr. Pitt! This first
_ caused a minority of 234 against
256; which decided Mr, Adding-
__ton’s administration.

The world now leoked with ex-
__pectation for the succession of Mr.
_ Fox to the ministry, but not so with
_ that gentleman ; a thousand opinions
floated upon the public mind, but
all in vain. Mr, Pitt ELE his
office, though at the expence of
_ lord Grenville, who insisted on Mr,
_ Fox being joined in the government.
Mr. Pitt turned the obstruction
nk _ from himself,

War with Spain was immediately
f renewed ; ; of the duplicity of which,

_ Mr. Fox "strongly complained. The
a opposition vengeance, however,
soon fell upon lord Melville (for-
merly Mr. Dundas) who had com-
mitted himself under an economical
arrangement of the late administra-
tion. The subject was discussed on

:
,

CHARACTERS.

91t

the 8th of April, 1805, when he
again appeared with all his energy.

The next exertion of Mr. Fox
was on the petition of the catholics
of Ireland, which had before been
presented by him. It was thrown
out by a large majority, but a por-
tion of the empire was conciliated
by the protection it had received.

On the 23d of January, 1806,
Mr, Pitt died, and a junction taking
place between the friends of lord
Grenville and Mr. Fox, a new ad-
ministration was formed, in which
Mr. Fox and all his friends were
comprised ; and after twenty-two
years’ absence from the offices of
government, he returned to power as
secretary of state for foreign affairs.

Mr. Fox, having appropriated to
himself the elegant mansion of the
duke of Bedford, at St. James’s,
(who was now appointed lord lieu-
tenant of Ireland,) returned to
business with vigour, and, as may
be expected, fully prepared in all
its details, notwithstanding his long
absence.

Immediately upon his entering
into office, communications took
place between him and the minister
for foreign relations in France ;
which led to resolutions for peace,
which was conducted with his usual
openness of character. ©

The labour of the session in par-
liament was considerable; and the
duties of his office were extraordi-
narily fatiguing, and overpowered
his constitution; and, whatever
his spirit, his health had been
gradually weakening: the first
acknowledgment he made of it,
however, was in a letter to a
friend who had desired his concur-
rence in an affair of some impor-
tance. ‘* My life has been active

beyond

912,

beyond my strength,” said he, ‘ I
had almost said, my duty. If I
have not acted much, you will
allow I have spoken much; and I
have felt more than [ have either
acted or spoken. My constitution
has sunk under it. I find myself
unequal to the business on which
you have written ; it must be left to
younger men.”

Once he employed this remarkable
expression.—‘* Pitt has died in Ja-
nuary—perhaps I may go off before
June.’ A gentleman who was in
company with him, haying made
some observation in reply—** Nay,”

said Mr. Fox, ‘1 begin to think’

my complaint not unlike Pitt’s ;
my stomach has been long discom.
posed ; I feel my constitution dis-
solving.”

This state of health continued
through the month of March, when
his friends were conyinced he was
breaking fast. Still he insisted that
his diseasé was only a temporary
habit, and as he happened in May
to recover an interval of strength,
that circumstance tended to confirm
him in his error. The symptoms,
however, soon returned with redou.
bled violence, and he was pro-
nounced, at the latter end of June,
to have decided symptoms of
dropsy.

It was the beginning of July be-
fore his disease was completely
ascertained. The symptoms were
no longer doubtful, and the swelling
daily increased. All efforts to dis-
charge the water by diuretic me.
dicine failing, the operation of
tapping was performed on the
7th of August; the quantity
taken from him was about five
gallons. The weakness which suc-
ceeded, was such as to excite a
general alarm that he would not

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

survive it; he was long speech}
and that at the moment when th
public’ prints represented him
gaiety and spirits. His state conti
nued very doubtful, till the night o
the 10th, when he again began t
recover strength. He now dined
with one or two of his most inti-
mate friends, and conversed, with
them as long as his physicians per
mitted. > a
Mr. Fox had occasionally fa-
vourable symptoms after his first
operation, and his medical attend-
ants entertained hopes almost to the
Jast, of his recovery. But, in the
mean time, the accumulation of
water returned, and as another
operation was obviously soon to be
necessary, he was removed, in the
first instance, to Chiswick, that he
might enjoy there the benefits of air
and residence in the country. This
change of residence took place on
the 28th of August, and on the Ist
of September following the opera-
tion of tapping was again per-
formed. He suffered less than he
had done the first time, from the
immediate effects of the operation ;
and the symptoms of his case were,
in the opinion of his physicians,
mere favourable than they had been
at any time during his illness, when
he suddenly fell into astate of great
lowness and exhaustion, on Monday,
the 8th of September, from which
he never campletely recovered,
He continued to languish till the
13th instant, when he expired, hay-
ing retained his senses and recollec-
tion to the last. His body being
examined after death, it was found
that the cause of his illness was a
schirrus, or induration ef the liver.
Thus died the right honourabfe™
Charles James Fox, on the 13th
day of September, 1806, in the 58tk
year

his heart was easy.

CHARACTERS.

year of his age, a period the most
satisfactory of any in the whole

course of his life—a period at which

he, accustomed to adversity, had

' at length arrived at the attainment

of every wish, and at that age of a
life, when death is attended with
fewer terrors than in one more
advanced: If the peace ofhis coun-
try, for which he had always

_ struggled, were not indeed attained,

he had the happiness to see it in

fair prospect; and he was spared

the pain of seeing the intricate policy
of modern times triumph over his
favourite object, The partner of
His private
friends, and the old associates of
his public career, were in the
employment of the state, and
receiving the honours that reward
persevering virtue. He had, through
his short administrations, been an
enlightened and benevolent mivis-

_ ter, and nothing had detracted from
_ his fame.

Let those who wish he
had lived longer, and attained higher
honours, rejoice that he lived so
Jong, and died regretted by the Bri-
tish people.

The day fixed for the funeral was

the tenth of October, the anniver-

sary of Mr. Fox’s first election for
Westminster. *

_ Thus far we have endeavoured to
abridge, from the narratives at pre-
sent published, the facts generally
known concerning the political and
private life of Mr. Fox, we shall
add a summary of the character of

_ that great man, chiefly from our
own observation.

Mr. Fox was of the middle sta-
ture, and for many years had been

' much encumbered with corpulence

and obesity. His complexion was
yery dark, his nose well formed, and
Vor, XLVIII.

LS

913

his mouth, according to Lavater’s
system, expressive of good nature
and a love of pleasure His eyes
brows were not only remarkably
thick and black, but were peculiarly
shaped; not being arched but rising
upward at aconsiderable angle from
the temples towards the middle of
the forehead. Lhe whole expres-
sion of his face and person has been
said, by one of his panegyrists, to
have formed a perfect specimen of
the English character ; but his dark
beard and sallow complexion were
by others thought to give him much
the appearance of a native of a nore
southern climate. His countenance
was manly, bold, and open: and
the bust of him by Nollekinsis grand
and impressive. His temper was
kind, and in private equabie; his
manners were the most affable and
engaging ; no man had more per-
sonal friends, and there never was a
man whose friendships were more
lasting, or whose enmities were less
rooted.

Having visited the courts of Eu-
rope early, he wanted nothing of
the polished address which distin-
guishes the man of high breeds
ing; and having been drawn into
the vortex of pleasure which led
to many embarrassments, “in his
youth ; having approached the
lowest classes of his fellow citizens
with familiarity, in the tumult of
many a popular election, he had,
like our fifth Harry, ** sounded the
very base, string of humility ;” he
had seen mankind in al! the grada-
tions of rank, and varieties of cha-
racter, and knew human nature
thoroughly. Of his scholastic ac-
quirements we have spoken al-
ready, and have only to add, that
they were chiefly confined to the

3N belles

* See our Chronicle.

O14

belles Icttres, history, and the an-
cient and modern languages of Eu-
rope, and heis not supposed to have
given his time to the acquisition of
the mathematical sciences, which,
indeed, have little connection with
the chief objects of a statesman’s
‘attention. In history, particularly
that of his own country,—in the po-
litical constitution and particular
interests of the different nations of
Europe, he was eminently skilled.
He had early shewn a taste for
poetry, and was celebrated for a
ready wit, which he displayed in oc-
casional sallies of repartee, and that
light species of composition, which
the French call vers de société. With
a warm heart, a generous spirit, a
simple mind, a clear understanding,
and a perspicuous, easy style of ex.
pression, Fox necessarily became the
admiration of the British parliament,
and one of the most animated and
powerful. amongst ancient or mo-
dern orators. His delivery was,
however, not graceful, and his
voice wanted power and harmony,
but his manner was always pleasing,
because it was always sensible and
unaffected, and when he rose, as he
always did, in the heat of debate,
with the subject which he. was dis-
cussing, he soared an eagle’s flight,
and fell upen his adversaries with
a force and energy which was ir-
resistible. The great art of his
eloquence seemed to be the abso-
lute disregard of every thing that
had the appearance of art. He had

no set style, no. monotony of round:

and studied periods, like his adver-
sary, Pitt, or the prototype of that
adversary, Cicero. His words and
phrases were all the simple English
of the reign of queen Anne, such as
Swift or Addison would have used,

* In the excellent speech alluded to, Burke was nearly coughed down.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

but in a style more concentrated.
His illustrations were drawn from
history, or from common life, and
not, like those of his friend Burke,
scientific, poetical, or metaphysical.
He always reasoned from facts and
plain obvious principles, and made
his hearers usually feel with him,
because he appeared to speak and
feel like acommon man of uncommon
energy. He possessed beyond all
other men the grandsecret of impres-
sive eloquence, the power of making
every one present believe that he
was capable of thinking rightly,
that he was incapable of deceit, and
that his sole desire was to convince
his hearers of the. truth which he
felt himself strongly, and which he
was only anxious to impress upon
others with equal force of feeling.
Yet in reality he was often a most
skilful orator,and knew as wellasany
man how to draw the attention of
his hearers from the strong parts of
his opponents’ arguments, by attack-
ing their political characters rather
than their measures. An instance
of this may be found in his speeches
on the celebrated East India bill,
where we shall find, if we compare
him with Burke, that although
totally neglecting the local infor.
mation which the latter displayed
upon the subject *, he produced a
greater sensation upon his audience,
by withdrawing their attention from
the objects of the bill, as_ they af.
fected the people in India, to their
consequence, in adding weight toe
the influence of the ministers in this
country. In this he was wise, he
knew that his hearers felt but a
remote interest for the distant inha-
bitants of Hindostan, whom they
considered only as filling up a space
in the map of Asia. To speak,

like

s CHARACTERS.

like Burke, of their injuries, of
their countries desolated by mer-
chant conquerors, as unfeeling as
the ouran outang and the tyger,
would bid no accordant string to
vibrate in their breasts ; but, direct
them to Leadenhall-street and St.
Stephen’s chapel, and they were at
home; they could understand him,
and they could feel with him. There
needs no better example of his
knowledge of man, and his skill as
an orator. His real artifice lay in
the skilful choice of his topics,

-and in discussing those which he

selected with the most natural and
energetic simplicity. To affect
the feelings of his audience, he
used every means which nature

“supplies to art, he argued him-

self into a fervour of passion;
he declaimed with vehemence, he
spoke in sententious apophthegms,
in sudden exclamations, in broken

_ sentences and in tears.

He has been compared to Demos-
thenes, and the comparison is just,
He will be remembered as the Demos.
thenes of England. One point of si.
milarity has, perhaps, not yet been
noticed. Demosthenes acquired his
style by frequent copying of the his-
torian Thucidydes. The English De-
mosthenes, it is true, had no Thuci-
dydes of his own nation to copy ; but
by historical studies he formed his
eloquence upon the rigorous and
chaste model of an historical

_ style ; and hence, perhaps, may be

found one source of his great re-
semblance to the Grecian orator
in the characteristics of simpli-
city, natural dignity, and senten-
tious energy.

OF his political character as a mi-
nister, considering that he held the
reins of government for a_ short
time only, it is difficult to speak.

915

As a leader of opposition he was the
most powerful; but those who
watch the proceedings of the Bri-
tish parliament, will observe that a
leader of opposition is often obliged
to condemn, is rarely at liberty to
praise, and has many opportunities
of gaining popular favour, without
much risk of reputation. Yet Fox
often praised the financial skill of
his opponent, and it is much to his
credit ‘for foresight, as a politi-
cian, that from the first he predicted
the evils of a coalition against
France, that he always sighed for
peace, and that our warfare has
failed of its desired object, and led
to the subjugation of Europe,
through the aggrandizement of
France.

in private life, we have already
said, he was most amiable.—He had
follies, indeed, or if the love of
pleasure and of gaming be vices in
youth, he had vices too, which it
would be weakness to conceal.
But, with an ardent passion for
these destructive habits, he quitted
them entirely for a modest re-
tirement, when he could ne longer
enjoy them without risking the
independence which. his _ friends
had given him, from public spirit,
in order to preserve him for the
service of his country; and, though
he had been profuse of his own
fortune, he was neither greedy nor
enyious of another’s ; non alieni ap.
petens, sui profusus. His virtues too
were not less admirable because they
shone through, and in the end pu-
rified and corrected the transient
defects of his character. He had both
a natural and acquired urbanity,.a
gentlemanly feeling, which thought
and acteds with the greatest kind.
ness towards every fellow man,
however humble. Even in the ar-

3N2 dour

‘

916

dour of debate he insulted no one,
and scarcely ever used an expression
whicha gentleman would wish to
disavow. He sneered at no man's
weakness, but chose always for his
competitor the strongest of his op-
ponents. He scorned to fight with
dwarts, but always ventured alone
into combat with the Goliath of his
times; and his weapons, though
strong and well-directed, were fair
and simple, as the sling and the
stone of the son of Jesse. - In all
things he was great, he lived and
died with many friends, and amongst
a nation of admirers, and he will
ever be remembered amongst the
great leaders of the British senate,
and the glories of British eloquence,

Parallel between Mr. Pitt and Mr.
t Fox.

Ilaving thus attempted to de-
scribe the eloquence, and delineate
the characters of these two great
men, we may pronounce of them,
that as rivals for power and for
fame, their equals have not been
known in this country, and perhaps
in none were there two such states.
men, in so regular and equal a
contention for pre-eminence. In
the advantages of birth and fortune
they were equal; in cloquence,
dissimilar in their manner, but su-
perior to all their contemporaries ;
in influence upon the minds of
their hearers equal; in talents and
reputation, dividing the nation into
two parties of nearly equal strength;

_in probity above all suspicion; in
patriotism rivals, asin all things else.

Whatever the spirit of party may
have suggested in the ardour of
contention, the writer of this
cannot now be persuaded, that their
opposition was more than aconstitu-
tional struggle for power, to which

ANNUAL REGISTER,

-each had pretensions that must hare

1806.

borne the palm from any other man
of his time.

At the commencement of Mr.
Pitt’s long administration, to which
he succeeded by one of those court
manceuvres which have obtained in
all countries, Mr. Fox could rarely
object anything to his measures, ex-
cept that the proposer of them first
obtained his power against the majo-
rity of the house of commons. In the
nice and difficult affair of the prepos-
ed regency, we see the Whig leader of
opposition, the man of the people,
endeavouring to check the limita-
tions which the court minister,
through the two popular branches
of the legislature, would have fixed
upon the hereditary successor to the
executive government, on a tempo-
rary demise of the crown. In op.
position, each declaimed against the
corruption of the commons, and
proposed plans of reform. This
was the engine by which the one
raised himself in early youth to a
great degree of popular favour, and
gained the citadel of ministerial
power. ‘This too was the engine
which the other employed to be-
siége him in his state, when he found
it necessary to lead, and not destroy
parliamentary influence. How Fox,
as minister and the avowed patron
of reform, would have encountered
the difficulties of a similar situation
is doubtful; he died before the
hour of trial arrived. On the sub-
ject of the catholic claims, each, at
a late period, avowedly favoured
them; but when in power, subse.
quently, neither was capable of car.
rying his views immediately into
effect, and the attempt was fatal to
the power of those to whom Mr.
Fox bequeathed his 2s and his
influence,

Upon

CHARACTERS.

Upon the French revolution, and
the coalition of the European
powers against France, it is but just
to believe, that the difference be-
tween these great men, was one of
real political opinion. As far as it
was a measure of mere foreign po-
' licy, the one was tempted to it by
the flattering hope of increasing the
military power of Britain, and ex-
tending her influence upon the con-
tinent. At the same time it af-
forded the best counteraction of the
turbulent spirit of reform, which
then so much embarrassed him at
home, and which, had he not sup-
pressed it, by occupying the public
attention with foreign war, and by
strong and unusual measures of do.
mestic coercion,would certainly have
effected a reform in parliament, by
means which must have endangered
the due equipoise of the well ad-
justed powers which that constitu-
tion combines in a mixed govern-
ment. The other was led to ob-
Serve more thoroughly the conse-
quence of an attack upon the infant
republic of France, and knowing
that the coalition was composed, as
all coalitions are, of powers jealous
of each other, and that England
neither possessed a great’ military
establishment, nor a Marlborough
to give toa small one an ascendancy
over its allies, and a superiority over
its more numerous enemies, wisely
predicted that the conflict must end
in rendering France a nation of
soldiers, who would become the
masters of all the continent.

ether the minister, having
quenched the flames of popular
contention at home, might have
chosen a happy moment for the
cessation of the war abroad, is a
question which puts the political
Sagacity of Mr. Pitt to a test the

917,

most difficult for his reputation,
But, it mast be considered, when
perhaps he desired peace most it
was unattainable; for he had exas-
perated and aggrandized the enemy,
and had raised up a war party, and
created an unusual military esta-
blishment at home. If this could
have been avoided, it would have
been well: since, in the end, great
military establishments have génc-
rally led nations to external cpn-
quest at the expence of domestic
liberty. On this ground and be-
cause even successful war must have
this tendency, Mr. Fox cpposed it
with firmness, and, as we ought to
believe, with sincerity ; for in sup-
port of his opinions he employed his
pen in the only composition which
he ever avowed, and sacrificed even
the friendship of Burke to his con.
viction of their truth.

To conclude our parallel, they
were men of such transcendent ta-
lents and towering ambition, that
had they lived in a republic, one
or the other would probably have
been dictator; in an absolute mo-
narchy, either might have founded
a new dynasty ; while in a mixed go-
vernment they were rival statesmen,
alternately ministers, and during
life the leaders of the house of
commons, whose names may be
fairly placed in competition with
any of the ministers of modern
empires, or the popular leaders
of ancient republics. Let those
who think less of them, consider
how much more men are to be go-
verned by their prejudices and
their passions, than by their reason,
and then endeavour to take the
Jead in opposing or in directing the
affairs of a mixed government, like
ours, in times of difficulty, with
greater talents, more virtue, and less

3N 3 faction

918

¢
faction ; for ourselves, we shall still
continue to think, that under the
guidance of such men, Britain must
ever remain great, prosperous, and
invincible.

Some Account of Lieut. Col. M‘Leod,
of the 7 8th Regiment, with a Nar-
_ rative of the Battle of Maida.

‘fier. colonel Patrick M‘Leod,
was third son of Donald M‘Leod,
of Geanies, esquire ; sheriff depute
of the shires of Ross and Cromarty,
in Scotland; and was born at
Geanies in Rossshire on the 18th
April, 1776. Being destined for the
army, an ensign’s commission in the
42nd regiment was procured for him
immediately after his leaving college,
and Great Britain being then at
peace, he obtained leave of absence
from his regiment, to repair to a
military academy at Brunswick, to
study there the principles of his
profession. After two years’ resi-
dence at Brunswick, he returned
home on the breaking out of the
war with France, in 1793, and soon
after accompanied his regiment, with
the rank of lieutenant, to the con-
tinent, where he served his first
campaign. Having afterwards ob-
tained a captain’s commission in the
2d battalion of the 78th, he em-
barked with it in the expedition
against the Cape of Good Hope,
assisted at the capture of that im-
portant settlement, and, though still
a very young man, such was the
opinion entertained of him by sir
Alured Clarke and sir James Craig,
that he was appointed by them fort
major of Cape Town. This situa-
tiom he retained, till the 2d battalion
of the 78th was ordered to India,
to be incorporated with the first.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Captain M‘Leod accompanied the
battalion to- India, and remained ©

there till 1802, when bad health —
compelled him to return to Europe. |

Soon after his arrival in England, he
became major of the 78th by pur-
chase, and was then appointed to |
the command of a battalion of |
recruits, for different regiments, in
India, collecied in the Isle of Wight,
with whom he was dispatched soon
afterwards to the isle of Guernsey,
then threatened with invasion from
the coast of France. While sta-
tioned in Guernsey, major M‘Leod
prepared a plan of defence for the
island, in case it should be inyaded,
which was highly approved of by
the general officer, commanding in
the island, to whom it was sub-
mitted. ‘

Major general Fraser having, in
the mean time, obtained an order
from government for raising again a
Qnd battalion of the 78th, major
M‘Leod was recalled from Guernsey
and sent to Scotland to assistin super-
intending the levy, and when the
battalion was completed, he was
appointed to the immediate com-
mand of it, with the rank of lieut.
colonel.. The care and attention he
bestowed in forming and disciplining
this young corps were unremitted,
and the steadiness they displayed at
the battle of Maida, is a proof that
his labour was not thrown away
upon them. We have subjoined the
orders which he issued to his bat.
talion, before their disembarking,
and the letter which he wrote to
general Fraser, giving an account
of the battle. No one can read with-
out a wixed sensation of pleasure
and regret, the natural and animated
description of his feelings, as he
looked along the line, and observed
the coolness and steadiness af the

~ young

young soldiers he had formed, while
he led them on to make their first
charge against anenemy. Itis worth
remarking, that when the battle of
Maida was fought, hardly eighteen
months had elapsed since the ‘batta-
lion which so distinguished
under his command, had been first
passed as a regiment.
After the evacuation of Calabria,
colonel M‘Leod remained in Sicily,
till a detachment of the army, in
which the 2d battalion of the 78th
was included, received orders to
proceed to Egypt, and take posses-
sion of Alexandria. In the second fatal
/attempt upon Rosetta, this batta-
lion of the 78th was employed ; and
evinced, during that disastrous ex-
pedition, the same steady courage
and discipline, which they had dis-
played on the plains of Maida. Col.
M‘Leod commanded the advanced
guard of the army, in its march from
Alexandria ; and after dispossessing
theenemy of the different posts which
they occupied, drove them into

_ Rosetta. While the rest of the army
invested the town. He was dis-
patched, with a small reinforcement,
to the post of Et Hamed. The par-
ticulars of the melancholy catas-
trophe which followed, are not yet
fully known to the public. But
the detachment at El Hamed was
overpowered and cut off; and col.
M‘Leod fell during the action,
fighting bravely at the head of his
grenadier company; and making
every possible exertion to extricate
his small corps from the furious
attacks of his numerous and barbar-
ous assailants.

Lieut. Col. M‘Leod’s Battalion.
Orders, on board the Transports,
previous to disembarking in Cala-
bria, 29th of June, 1806.

CHARACTERS.

itself .

919

On Board the Valiant Transport, at

Sea, June 29, 1806.

As the battalion will, in all pro.
bability, on disembarkation, have
to act in the face of an enemy 4
lieut. col. M‘Leod thinks it proper
to state to all officers and non-com-
missioned officers, the most essential
points of their attention while so
situated. It must be obvious to all,
that the steady compactness of any
body of men, while either halted or
in movement, is that which makes it
appear most respectable and most
formidable to an enemy, as beiag,
in that state, more prepared, either
to make, or repel an attack ; while’
a body of men, in any degree sepa-
rated or unconnected, gives advan-
tages of an alarming pore to an
active enemy.

The only manner in which this
principle can be sustained, amidst
the hurry and bustle likely to take
place on such an occasion, is by the
animated exertion of the officers at
the heads of companies, aided by
their junior officers and non-commis-
sioned officers, to preserve the most
perfect compactness in their own
cempanies, in every situation, inthe
first instance ; and in the next, that
connection with their companies on
right and left, which secires the
compactness of the battalion.

Officers commanding companies,
should therefore ntake their junior
officers. and non-commissioned offi-
cers perfectly familiar with the par-
ticular duty that will be required
from them on this occasion; and
they should be so divided in the
rear as to furnish the most effectual
aid in securing instantaneous and
implicit obedience to the orders of
their commanding _ officer: they
should, for this purpose, be fre-
quently spoken to by their com-

3N manding

920

manding officers, collectively and
individually, previous to debark.
ation ; and through their means,
care should aiso be taken to instil
into their men, that all our success
willdepend upon their exact atten.
tion, aé the moment, to the orders
they receive. Next to compactness,
the attention of all officers and non-
commissioned officers will be requir-
ed in endeavouring to preserve cool.
ness and steadiness while firing at,
or under the fire of an enemy, and
to 'prevent, by every means in their
power, an unnecessary waste of
ammunition ; a fault, which young
Soldiers are too apt to fall into:
sometimes a fire is opened upon an
imaginary enemy, the consequence
of an excessive anxiety and eager-
ness ; ittherefore evidently requires
much collectedness and attention in
an officer at the head of a company,
to prevent such an error.

It must be well recollected by
officers in command of companies,
that whatever accident may separate
the companies of a battalion from
each other, no circumstance should
arise to make a separation of a
company, as it must always be kept
compact, as already mentioned.

Lieut.-col. M‘Leod most earnestly
entreats all officers commanding
companies, not to permit their
attention or eyes to be taken for
ane moment from their companies,
as upon their unremitting exertions
in preserving compactness and com-
posure, together with the effect of
their own example, in an energetic
and implicit obedience to all orders
they receive from superior officers,
will depend the rendering in any
respect effectual, the natural spirit
and ardour which now influences
every rank and individual in the
battalion.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

While the battalion is in moves
ment, major Stewart will direct his
attention to, and guide the conduct
of, the three rear companies of the «
battalion: while formed in line, the
three left-hand companies will, ina
similar way, be his charge, The
serj. major will constantly attend
him to circulate his orders.

Major Macdonell will, in a simi.
Jar manner, take charge of the
three central companies: assistant
Serj. major Cooper #Fill constantly
attend him for the same purpose;
lieut..col. M‘Leod proposing to
guide the four leading companies in
column of march,or right hand com-
panies, while formed in line.

The men are to land and march
with their spats over their hese, to
preserve the latter.

If the battalion should be ordered
to disembark with cooked provi.
sions, the necessaries must be some-
how -put up in the inside of the
blanket. Such magazines as havo
not yet been fixed on, to be care.
fully put into the haversack : it is
hoped that officers are now. aware
of the value of every rownd of
ammunition, and that they have
taken every precaution to instil the
same principle into every individual
man in their companies.

Licut-col. M‘Leod is most proud
to find, that the disposition of all the
officers and non-commissioned offi-
cers is such, as to produce in his
mind a well-grounded expectation
that, when an Opportunity offers,
their zeal and gallantry will be pub.
licly established and confirmed, f
* It must be recollected by all, that
the 2nd battalion of the 78th regi-
ment, has yet its fame in the field to
establish, and by it to support, in its
fullest extent, the well-earned repu-
tation of its elder battalion. Let every

individual

—

2 CHARACTERS.

individual, therefore,belonging to it,

feel proud of the prospect held out
to him, and to endeavour to display
in every part of his conduct, all the
characteristics of the genuine High-

land soldier.

Lieut.-Col. M‘Leod’s Letter to Maj.
Gen. M. Fraser, giving an Ae-
count of the Battle of Mazda, dated

July 7, 1806.
Camp near Maida, Calabria,
7th July, 1806.

My dear general,

It is now only that I have been

able to obtain a leisure moment, to

retrace in my memory the different
particulars in the progress of an
enterprise undertaken by maj. gen.
sir John Stewart, to relieve this
province of the Neapolitan kingdom
from the tyranny and oppression of
our boasting and insolent foe; and
although extreme fatigue and con-
sequent lassitude render me at this
moment unequal to the task, | will,
nevertheless, exert myself to convey
to yousuch a view of the whole as is
immediately present to my recollec-
tion. Your 2nd battalion may, pro-
bably, be frequently introduced in
the recital, owing, in the first in-
stance, to my naturally interesting
feelings in respect to them; and
next to a conviction, that a faithful
representation of their proceedings
in particular, cannot fail to excite
in you an equal degree of interest.

Dispatches being now preparing, I

must not delay longer, although

sensible that my narrative will bear

upon it the appearance of hurry.
Soon after I wrote you of our

review at Messina, stating my gra-

tifying feclings, in the favourable

impression it excited among the ~

several general officers of the army ;

we were ordered, with two other

921

regiments, to march to a flying
encampment at Milazzo, about 26
miles N. W. of Messina : the dissi-
pation of Messina had augmented
the number of our sick list to about
100 rank and file, whom I was
obliged to leave there; so that our
effective number at the camp did
not exceed 700. Brigadier-general
Acland commanded the brigade, and
I must here state, how strong my
feelings of obligation are to him for
forwarding, at head-quarters, such
objects as [ proposed for the good
of the battalion, and the distinguish-
ed manner in which he has uniformly

treated us.
We were suddenly apprised of an
embarkation of the brigade on the
morning of the 27th June; and it
took place accordingly in the bay
of Milazzo, on the same evening ;
the regiments being ordered to put
up their packs in store, and embark
in light marching order : The extent
and destination of the enterprise
was, at this time, matter of the most
anxious, nay irksome, speculation,
in my mind, under the impressions
and opinions I had formed, together
with all the information I céuld
obtain, onthe circumstances of the
enemy in the neighbouring conti-
nent; I therefore did not conceive
it to have so formidable an object as
an invasion of these provinces, with-
out any apparent co-operation or
support beyond our own very limit.
ed means. ‘The expedition from
Milazzo and Messina united in the
course of the following evening, and
came to an anchor close in shore,
in a bay in the gulph of St. Euphe-
mia, being the northern boundary ©
of Lower Calabria. In the evening
of the 30th of June, at half past one
o’clock in the morning, the debark.
ation of the army commenced under
the

922

the inauspicious circumstance of a
most heavy and constant rain; the
light infantry brigade were however
got ashore, and met witlr but little

opposition in their advance forward.

Some companies of the 78th were
next debarked, and thrown forward
to support the light infantry; we
dislodged the enemy’s small posts
as we went along, finally taking up
a good position about two miles
from the beach, until the debark-
ation of the remaining part of the
army was completed. In this affair,
about 100 prisoners were taken
from the enemy, and 30 more
killed and wounded. The officer
who commanded the enemy’s force
in the bay, surrendered to captain
M‘Gregor of the 78th, whom I
detached with his company to scour
some underwood in our front,
The object of our expedition was
now sufficiently developed, and
although I could then by no means
reconcile or feel confident on what
the prospective offered, I contem-
plated with admiration the boldness
of the adventure, and thought that,
on this account, we richly merited
the favours of fortune, if every
relative and more critical argument
on the subject did not so immedi-
ately apply. :

The army took up a strong posi-
tion with its right flanked by the
sea, and its left extending to the
height of St. Euphemia. ‘The front
of the line being an extensive plain,
and the rear being on the northward
a chain of stupendous and impassable
mountains. The British force con-
sisted of the following corps: the
light-infantry battalion, with a part
of the Corsican corps, formed the
advanced guard ; the 78th and 81st
brigaded under genera] Acland ; the
grenadier battalion and 27th regi-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

ment, under gen. Cole ; the 58th and
De Watteville’s, under colonel Os-
wald of the 35th; 15 pieces of
light ordnance, under major La
Moine, and a company ofartillery,
constituted the sum total; and their —
effective numbers about 4,500. The
78th, at my urgent request, were at
no time deprived of their flank com-
panies. Our first information, re-
ceived through the prisoners, stated
the enemy's force, which had been
much scattered, to be all retiring
into Lower Calabria, to join their
commander-in-chief, gen. Regnier ;
and that their number did not exceed
4,000. Had this information been
confirmed by any insurrection of -

_the inhabitants in our favour, we

should, at that moment, have felt
more confident of a proper result to
our objects. But Regnier had play-
ed off a very good ruse de guerrein
circulating a most contemptuous
opinion of the British land forces,
paying, at the same time, the highest
compliment to its navy, the more
to reconcile his impudent assertion :
and we find that he was at first
successful in restraining the inclina-
tions, and retarding that armed
insurrection which the deputies of
the people had pledged themselves
to produce, immediately upon our
appearance ; and upon which pledge,
a vast quantity of arms and ammu-
nition had been distributed amongst
them. The 2nd of the month passed,
apparently, without any event of
consequence, unless I am to except
the deliberation and supposed deter-
mination of our commander-in-chief,
under the disappointment of not
finding the inhabitants so forward in
our favour as he had reason to _
suppose. It was whispered we were
to re-embark,&c. &c, Thanks to the
Supreme Disposer of all events! the
- honour

‘

- brigades.

ee

honour of this portion of the British
army, and the reputation of the
service at large, was saved and sup-
ported by the fortunate appearance
of general Regnier with his army,
on the forenoon of the 3rd: he
took up his position on a ridge of
heights parallel to our line, bound-
ing the other extremity of the plain,
but with his left opposite to our left,
and consequently so menacing to
that flank of our position as to
render some change immediately
necessary ; I was ordered, with the
78th, to occupy the village of St.
EKuphemia, and to cover, by this
position, the left flank of the army ;

the rest of the evening was taken

up, on our side, in closely recon-
noitring the enemy’s force and posi-
tion ; and we discovered general

Regnier similarly employed in the
_ plain, with an escort of 50 dragoons.
- Our information with respect to the

enemy’s force was very unsatisfac-
tory, and, as it afterwards proved,
false: but that information had
perhaps.one good effect, in giving
our army an impression, that we

' were going to attack inferior num-
_ bers.

At eight o’clock at night, I
moved by order, with the 78th
regiment, to support the advanced
corps, and took post in retired
echellon, to their left, where we
Jay under our arms until 3 o’clock,
when the whole army destanil-
ed into the plain in’ columns of
Right in front, the
light infantry, being that nearest
to the enemy ; the 78th and 81st in
the next parallel, for the immediate
support of the light infantry ; gen.
Cole’s brigade, followed by colonel
Oswald’s, at some greater distance,
formed a third parallel ; sir sydney
Smith at this time, took up a posi-
tion with his ships and boats, to act

CHARACTERS. 923

as circumstances might happen: but
from the position of the two armies,
no co-operation from the navy could
take place, much to the annoyance
of that gallant knight. A vast
plain, extending from four to six
‘miles in breadth, and flanked by
chains of mountains, which run
nearly parallel from sea tosea, and
which form the interior boundaries
of the Two Calabrias, seemed to
favour the manceuvre of both armies,
and certainly did offer an oppor-
tunity for the fairest play, in the
expected conflicts. ‘This singular
feature of ground communicates
across from sea to sea, narrowing

as it approaches the Adriatic.
About six o’clock in the morn.
ing we had gained sufficient ground
on the direction parallel to the sup-
posed left flank of the enemy, to
form our line for the attack; sir
John’s intention being obviously to
draw him from his strong position,
and oblige him, by threatening his
left flank, to fight on equal terms
on the plain. While we formed,
Regnier (as might be expected)
dextrously changed his front, and
drew upin order of battle, opposite
to us, on the plain, his tlanks so ex-
tended, as to point out how greatly
we were mis-informed as to his ac-
tual strength. The light brigade,
which formed the right of our line,
were now about a mile distant from
the enemy ; the78th and 81st about
200 yards retired in echellon position
totheir left; in this order weadvanced
in line (as our general directed) to
feel the enemy; we halted about
1000 yards from them, while the7 8th
and 81st were ordered up into line
with the light infantry, and the ac-
tion then commenced by the field
pieces posted between the light in.
fantry and 78th, commanding the
enemy’s

924

enemy’s line: a column of cavalry
was perceived attempting to separate
the two corps, but our field-pieces
kept them at bay; they then at-
tempted to turn the left of the 81st,
but general Cole's brigade shewing
themselves ‘at this critical moment,
they inclined off further to their
right, with the apparent view of
turning our Jeft, whenever an op-
portunity offered, but the 20th re-
giment, which had just been landed
on the beach, threw themselves un-
perceived into a wood on the flank
of this cavalry, opened their fire,
and so dispersed them, that they
never rallied again in that direction.
While this attempt to turn our left
flank so completely failed, his at-
tempt to turn our right was rendered
more completely abortive. ‘The
light infantry, 78th and 81st, were,
as I formerly mentioned, about 1000
yards from the enemy, who were
advancing at this time upon us in
the most perfect order; the four-
pounders, on the right of the 78th,
fired about four rounds, one of
which unhorsed an officer that ap-
peared to command the regiment
directly opposed to us, and whose
superb saddle is now a regimental
trophy, and to be sent to you by
the quarter-master, who picked it
up while we were otherwise em-
ployed. Having now ascertained
that colonel Kemp meant to fire a
volley and then charge, J judged
that the 78th could be guided by no
better principle, and I prepared it
accordingly. No rapture of enthu-
siasm ever enjoyed by any mortal,
could exceed my sensation at ob-
serving, not only the firmness and
determination, but the universal
disposition to order, and implicit
obedience to the different directions
that were necessary, by the olflicers

“ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

and men of the battalion. My mind,
though much engaged, was thereby
made calm and tranguil, and [ con.
fidently predicted the glory of the
day. ‘The obvious ardour of indi- ¥
viduals, the enthusiasm of the whole, -
inspired a decided confidence, while
it produced a proud contempt for
the foe they were about to combat,
Under these most happy circum.
stances, little exertion became ne.
cessary on my part to guide the |
machine, and accordingly, having
permitted the enemy to advance
about 200 yards nearer, with our
arms at the shoulder, both corps
threw in a heavy fire, and instantly
afterwards advanced to the charge in
double quick time. As soon as the
smoke had completely dispersed,
we could discern our enemy, with
whom we expected to come in con-
tact, distant about one ‘hundred and
fifty yards, to. be retiring with
the same speed that we advanced.
With ashout of victory, and quick.
ening our pace, we still endeavoured
to close with them, but without
success. About this time general
Acland, who followed in rear to
the 78th column, during the charge,
observed to me that our flanks were
exposed and unprotected, and de-
sired a halt, when we found the
78th to be in advance of the whole.
army. ‘The light infantry upon our
right, having had the good fortune
to close with the regiment imme-
diately opposite them, were delayed
by the slaughter, nay, almost anni-
hilation, of Buonaparte’s favourite
corps.: Our halt had occasioned
that of the enemy’s regiment op.
posed to us, at a respectable dis
tance, who appeared inclined to
make another stand ; but, upon the
light infantry, and 81st coming
up again upon our flanks, we

2 pushed

\

ushed forwards, after giving them
close fire, with huzzas of victory,
d forced the troops in our front
o break and fly in every direction.
he enemy’s Icft being thus broke
and routed, the right and central
hewed a disposition to retire, which
they soon after did in tolerable or-
der, covered by their cavalry; the

78th and light infantry, being the
‘Jonly corps permitted to pursue
‘}them, which was.done for upwards
‘lof three miles, taking numbers of
'} prisoners.

The enemy are said to have lost,
before they entirely left the field,
about 2,500 in killed, wonnded,
and taken prisoners, among whom
was included general Compere, who
commanded their left, and led their
attack, and by his, acknowledgment
the French force exceeded 6000.
Our total Igss is under 300 killed
and veaund, of which number the
78th lost one-third. Oursmall loss
must be attributed to the prompti-
tude and energy of the charge by
the light infantry, 78th, and 81st,
which so early confounded general
Regnier and his whole army. The
corps on the left of our army were

but: partially engaged, but by all
accounts shewed excellent-discipline
in the manceuvres that were neces-
sary to check the enemy’s advance
on that flank. ;

The result of this signal victory
places Lower Calabria not only in
_ our immediate possession, but, as |
understand, from the strength of
the country, furnishes the apparent
means, io strong posts and passes,
_ of preserving it. Regnier is said to
have collected the debris of his army
_ about thirty miles distant, on the
_ Adriatic. One thousand more pri-
_ soners and deserters have, however,

joined us since the action, and his

CHARACTERS.

925

present army are said to be so dispi-
rifed by the rough handling they
haye received, as to. be not so ma-
nageable as they ought to be. It is
singular, that it was the 42d regi.
ment of the French line, that op.
posed and were put to flight by the
78th regiment; most of the corps
have been killed, wounded, or taken
prisoners,

rhe commander in chief himself,
who, witnessed the whole, addressed
the 78th in the field, in the most
flattering manner, on their distin-
guished bravery and discipline, (as
he termed it) and said that he would
petition his majesty for a badge of
commemoration. 1 trust that our
countrymen at home will be grati-
fied to find that your Highlanders
have supported their general mili-
tary character in this part of the
world, MajorStewart, from whom
I had received essential assistance in
the commencement of the action, :
received a severe wound in the arm ;
captains M‘Pherson and M‘Gregor ;
lieutenant Mackay; ensigns Colin
Mackenzie and M‘Gregor, are also
severely wounded, but none of them
dangerously, and are now doing
very well, and never guitted the
field while the battle lasted. They,
as well as all my officers, have my
eternal thanks and: gratitude for the
valuable military qualities they exhi-
bited, independent of personal bra-
very. Our colours bear very de-
cided and honourable marks of the
engagement, being torn and shot
through with shell splinters, grape,
and musketry.

I was wounded towards the con-
clusion of the action, by a rifle-ball,
which grazed my left side, within a
quarter of an inch of my heart ; the
shot nearly unhorsed me; a ser-
jeant of the grenadiers supported

my -

- 926

my fall. Coming to myself a few
seconds after, aud finding my br eath-
ing not affected, I remounted, and
never have quitted the battalion
since; my side is inflamed and
bruised, but it is of no consequence
whatever. The spur of my right
heel was shot away a few minutes
before, without doing me any mis-
chief. The loss of the battalion, in
killed and wounded, amounts to 92;
I fear, by the doctor’s report, that
one half of the wounded are mor-
tally. It is, however, astonishing
how few we lost, considering the
very heavy fire under which we
were during the whole of the action.

I shall subjoin a list of all the of-
ficers that wére in the engagement,
and of the killed and wounded,
with their descriptions. We have
had, since the action, very fatiguing
marches, and severe weather, with.
out any covering but the canopy of
heaven: neither this, nor the ef-
fects of my wound, have, however,
affected my health in the least de-
gree, nor prevented me from as-
suming the active command of the
battalion.

The experience of this action will
contribute, in an eminent degree,
to confirm a sense of the necessity
and yalue of strict discipline in

officers and men ; and I may safely~

assert, that if the battalion may be

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

said to have gained reputation on
this occasion, they are now muck
better prepared to add to their lau-
rels, than they were to obtain them
in the first instance. The day after
‘the action exhibited the eflects of
war in the most horrid colours :
the number of killed and wounded
on the enemy’s side, who were
found in the fields and in the woods,
much exceeded what we had any
conception of, whilst it made mani-
fest the excellent direction of our
fire.

The next opportunity I shall have
the pleasure of communicating such
other circumstances as have been
here omitted ; in the mean time, if
you discover that the impression of
our conduct, at head-quarters, is
sufficiently favourable, 1 am anxious
that you should put the question of
our being made a light infantry
corps, a distinction I have ever been
anxious to obtain for the battalion.

(Signed)

P. M‘Clcod, lieutenant-colonel..

P.S. IT must not forget to men-
“tion, that the 78th fought in their

*complete. Highland garb, which is

supposed to have excited no smal
degree of terror in our immediate.
antagonist, the 42d regiment, which,
by the bye, | now find were a corps

of grenadiers.
NATURAL

aay
»

On the Direction of the Radicle and
Germen, during the Vegetation of
ae By Thomas Andrew Knight,

gq: F.R.S. Ina Letter to the
Rake Honourable Sir Joseph
Banks, K. B. P. B.S.
‘(FROM THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANS-
, ACTIONS FOR A. p. 1806.)

oy

Read, Jan. 9, 1806.
_My dear sir,
T can scarcely have escaped the
notice of the most inattentive
_ observer of vegetation, that in what-
ever position a seed is placed to ger-
_ minate, its radicle invariably makes
an effort to descend towards the
centre of the earth, whilst the elon.
"gated germen takes a precisely op-
"posite direction ; and it has been
e proved by Du Hamel, that if a seed,
_ during Haecraination, be frequently
inverted, the points, both of the
_ radicle and germen, will return to
the first direction. Some naturalists
have supposed these opposite ef-
fects to be produced by gravitation ;
and it is not difficult to conceive
‘that the same agent, by operating
on bodies so differently organized
_as the radicle and germen of plants
are, may occasion the one to de-
scend and the other to ascend.
The hypothesis of these natu-
-ralists does not, however, appear
to have been much strengthened 4
Ry.

F

NATURAL HISTORY

any facts they were able to adduce
in support of it, nor much weaken-
ed by the arguments of their oppo-
nents; and, therefore, as the phe-
nomena observable during the con-
version of a seed into a plant, are
amongst the most interesting that
occur in vegetation, I commenced
the experiments, an account of
which i have now the honour to
request you to lay before the royal
society.

1 conceived that if gravitation
were the cause of the descent of the
radicle, and of the ascent of. the
germen, it must act either by its im.
mediate influence on the vegetable
fibres and vessels, during their for-
mation, or on the motion and con.
sequent distribution of the true sap
afforded by the cotyledons: and as
gravitation could produce these ef.
fects only whilst the seed remained
at rest, and in the same position
relative to the attraction of the
earth, I imagined that its operation
would become suspended by con-
stant and rapid change of the posi-
tion of the germinating seed, and
that it might be counteracted by the
agency of centrifugal force.

Having astrong rill of water pass-
ing through my garden, I constructed
a small wheel, similar to those used
for grinding corn, adapting another
wheel of ditfereat construction, and

formed

O28

formed of very slender pieces of
wood, tothesameaxis. Round the
circumference of the latter, which
was eleven inches in diameter, nu-
merous seeds-of the garden bean,
which had been soaked in water to
produce their greatest degree of ex-
pansion, were bound at short dis-
tances from each other. The radi-
eles of these seeds were made to
' point in every direction, some to-
wards the centre of the wheel, and
others in the opposite direction,
others as tangents to its curve ; some
pointing backwards, and others
forwards, relative to its motion, and
others pointing in opposite direc-
tions, in lines parallel with the axis
of the wheels. The whole was in-
closed in a box, and secured by a
Jock, and a wire grate was placed
to prevent the ingress of any body
capable of impeding the motion of
the wheels.

The water being then admitted,
the wheels performed something
more than 150 revolutions ina mi-
nute, and the position of the seed
relative to the earth, was of course
as often perfectly inverted, within
the same period of time, by which I
conceive that the influence of gravi-
tation must have been wholly sus-
pended.

In a few days the seeds began to
germinate, and as the truth of some
ot the opinions I had communicated
to you, and of many others which I
had long entertained, depended on
the result of the experiment, [
watched its progress with some
anxiety, though not with much
apprehension; and I had soon
the pleasure to see that the
vadicles, in whatever direction
they were protruded from the
position of the seed, turned their
points eutwards from the circum.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

ference of the wheel, and in their ~
subsequent growth receded nearly
at right angles from its axis. ‘The
germens, on the contrary, took the —
opposite direction, and in a few
days their points all met in the cen.
tre of the wheel. Three of these
plants were suffered to remain on —
the wheel, and were secured to its
spokes, to prevent their being
shaken off by its motion. The
stems of these plants soon extended —
beyond the centre of the wheel ; but
the same cause which first occasion-
ed them to approach its axis, still
operating, their points returned,
and met again at its centre.

The motion of the wheel being, in
this experiment, vertical, the radicle
and germen of every seed occupied,
during a minute portion of time in
cach revolution, precisely the same
position they would have assumed
had the seeds vegetated at rest ; and
as gravitation and centrifugal force
also acted in Jines parallel with the
vertical motion, and surface of the:
wheel, I conceived that some slight
objections might be urged against
the conclusions I felt inclined to
draw. J] therefore added to the
machinery I have described, another
wheel, which moved horizontally
over the vertical wheels; and to this,
by means of multiplying wheels of
different powers, I was enabled to
give many different degrees of ve-
locity. Round the circumference
of the horizontal wheel, whose dia-
meter was also eleven inches, seeds
of the bean were bound as in the
experiment which I have already
described, and it was then made to
perform 250 revolutionsin a minute:
By the rapid motion of the water-
wheel much water was thrown up-
wards on the horizontal wheel, part
of which supplied the seeds upon it

with

NATURAL HISTORY:

with moisture, and the remainder
was dispersed, in alight and constant
shower, over the seeds in the verti-
cal wheel, and on others placed to
vegetate at rest in different parts
of the box.

Every seed on the horizontal
wheel, though moving with great
rapidity, necessarily retained the
same position, relative to the at-
traction of the earth; and, there-
fore the operation of gravitation
could not be suspended, though it
‘might be counteracted, in a very
considerable degree, by centrifugal
force; and the difference I had
anticipated, between the effects of
-Tapid, vertical, and horizonial mo-
tion, soon became sufiiciently ob-
vious. The radicles pointed down-
wards about ten degrees below, and
the germens as many degrees above,
_the horizontal line of the wheels’
‘motion; centrifugal force having
made both te deviate 80 degrees
from the perpendicular direction
each would have taken, had it vege~
tated at rest. Gradually diminish.
_ ing the rapidity of the motion of the
horizontal wheel, the radicles de-
scended more perpendicularly, and
the germens grew more upright;
and when it did not perform more
than 80 revolutions in a minute, the
radicle pointed about 45 degrees
below, and the germen as much
above, the horizontal line, the one
“always receding from, and the other
‘approaching to, the axis of the
wheelj
_ I would not, however, be under-
stood to assert that the velocity of
250, or of 80 horizontal revolutions
ina minute, will always give accu-
“rately the degrees of depression and
- elevation of the radicle and germen,
which I have mentioned; for the
fapidity of the motion of my wheels

You. XLVIII.

929

was sometimes diminished by the
collection of fibres of conferva
against the wire grate; which ob-
structed in some degree the passage
of the water; and the machinery,
having been the workmanship of
myself and my gardener, cannot be
supposed to have moved with all the
regularity it might have done, had it
been made by a professional mecha-
nic. But I conceive myself to have
fully proved that the radicles of
germinating seeds are made to de-
scend, and their germens to ascend,
by some external cause, and not by
any power inherent in vegetable
life: and I see little reason to doubt
that gravitation is the principal, if
not the only agent employed, in this
case, by nature. I shall, therefore,
endeavour to point out the means by
which I conceive the same agent
may produce effects so diametrically
Opposite to each other.

The radicle of a germinating seed
(as many naturalists haye observed)
is increased in length only by new
parts successively added to its apex
or point, and not at all by any ge-
neral extension of parts alread
formed ; and the new matter, which
is thus successively added, unquese
tionably descends in a fluid state
from the cotyledons. On this fluid,
and on the vegetable fibres and ves. -
sels whilst soft and flexible, and
whilst the matter which composes
them is changing from a fluid to a
solid state, gravitation, I conceive,
would operate sufficiently to give an
inclination downwards to the point
of the radicle; and as the raudicle
has been proved to be obedient to
centrifugal force, it can scarcely be
contended that its direction would
remain uninfluenced, by gravitation.

I have stated that the radicle is
increased in length only by parts

30 successively

930

successively added to ity point: .the
germen, on the contrary, elongates
by a general extensicn of its parts
previously organized ; and its ves-
sels and fibres appear to. extend
themseves in proportion to the
quantity of nutriment they receive.
If the motion and consequent distri-
bution of the true sap be infuenced
by gravitation, it follows, that when
the germen at its first emission, or
subsequently, deviates from a per-
pendicular direction, the sap must
accumulate on its under side; and
I have found, in a great variety of
experiments on the seeds of the
horse chesnut, the bean, and other
plants, when vegetating at rest, that
the vessels and fibres on the under
side of the germen, invariably elon-
gate much more fapidly than those
on its upper side; and thence it
follows, that the point of the germen
must always turn upwards; and it
has been proved that a similar in-
crease of growth takes place on the
external side of the germen, whdir the
sap is impelled there by centrifugal
force, as it is attracted by gravita-
tion to its under side, when the seed
germinates at rest.

This increased elongation of the
fibres and vessels of the under side,
is not cunfined to the germens, nor
even to the annual shoots of trees,
but occurs and produces the most
extensive effects in the subsequent
growth of their trunks and branches.
The immediate effect of gravitation
is certainly to occasion the further
depression of every branch which
extends horizontally from the trunk
of the tree, and, when a young tree
inclines to either side, to increase
that inclination; but at the same
time attracts the sap to the under
side, and thus occasions an in-
creased longitudinal extension of the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

substance of the new wood on that.
side.. The depression of the lateral

branch is thus prevented, andit is §

even enabled to raise itself above its -
natural Jevel, when the branches

above it are removed ; and the young §

tree, by the seme means, becomes —
more upright, in direct opposition to
the immediate action of gravitation 5:

nature, as usual, exccuting ihe most —

important operations by the most 9

simple means,

1 could adduce many more facts
in support of the preceding deduc-
tions, but those I have stated, I
conceive to be sufficiently cual’
sive. It has, however, been objected
by Du Hamel (and the greatest de-
ference is always due to his opinions)
that gravitauion could have little
influence on the direction of the ger-
men, were it in the first. instance
protruded, or were it subsequently
inverted, and made to point perpen-
dicularly downwards. To enable
myself to answer this objection, I
made many experiments on, seeds of
the horse chesnut, and of the bean,
in the box I have already described,
and as the seeds there were suspend-
ed out of the earth, I could regu-
larly watch the progress of every ef-
fort made by the radicle and ger-
men, to change their positions. The
extremity of the radicle of the bean,
when made to point perpendicularly
upwards, generally formed a consi-
derable curvature within three or
four hours, when the weather was
warm. The germen was moreslug-
gish ; but it rarely or never failed to
change its direction in the course of
twenty-four hours; and all my ef-
forts to make it grow downwards, by
slightly changing its direction, were
invariably abortive.

Another, and apparently a more
weighty, objection, to the preceding

hypothesis,

NATURAL

hypothesis, (if applied to the subse-

quent growth and forms of trees)
arises frém the facts that few of their
branches rise perpendicularly up-
wards, and-that their roots always
spread horizontally ; -but this objec-
tion [ think may be readily answered.

The luxuriant shoots of trees,
which abound in sap, in whatever
direction they are first protruded,
almost uniformly turn upwards, and
endeavour to acquire a perpendicu-
lar direction ; and to this their points
will immediately return, if they are
bent downwards during any period
of their growth; their curvature up-
wards being occasioned by an in-
creased extension of the fibres and
vessels of their under sides, as in the
elongated germens of seeds. The
more feeble and slender shoots of
the same trees will, on the contrary,
grow in almost every direction,
probably because their fibres, being
more dry, and their vessels less am-
ply supplied with sap, they are less
affected by gravitation. Their
points, however, generally shew an
inclination to turn upwards; but
the operation of light, in this case,
had been proved by Bonnet, to be
very considerable.

» The radicle tapers rapidly, as it

descends into the earth, and its
lower part is much compressed by the
greater solidity of the mould into
which it penetrates. The true sap
continues to descend from the co-~
tyledons and leaves, and occasions a
continued increase of the growth, and
is subsequently augmented by the
effects of the motion, when the ger-
men lies above the ground. The
true sap is, therefore, necessarily ob-
structed in its descent; numerous
lateral roots are generated, into
which a portion of the descending
sap enters. The substance of these

HISTORY. 931

roots, like that of the slender horia«
zontal branches,’is much less succu-
leat than that of the radicle first
emitted, and they are in consequence
less obedient to gravitation; and,
therefore, meeting less resistance
from the superficial soil, than from
that beneath. it, they exterd hori.
z0ntally in every direction, growing
with most rapidity, and producing
the greatest number of ramifications,
wherever they find most warmth,
and a soil best adapted to /nourish
the tree. As these horizontal or
lateral roots surround -the base of
the tree’ on’ every side, the true
sap descending down its bark, enters
almost exclusively’ into them, and
the first perpendicular root, having
executed its office of securing mois-
ture to the plant, whilst young, is
thus deprived of proper nutriment,
and, ceasing almost wholly to grow,
becomes of no importance to the
tree. The tap root of the oak, about
which so much has been written,
will possibly be adduced as an exe
ception ; but having attentively exa-
mined at least 20,000 trees of this
species, many of which had grown
in some of the deepest and most fa-
vourable soils of England, and never
having found a single tree possessing
a tap root, I must be allowéd to
doubt that one ever existed.» |
As trees possess the power to
turn the upper surfaces of their
leaves, and the points of their shoots
to the light, and their tendrils ia any
direction tu attach themselves to
contiguous objects, it may be sus-
pected that their lateral roots are by
some means directed to any soil in
their vicinity, which is best calcue
lated to nourish the plant to which
they belong; and it is well. known
that much the greater part of the
roots of an aquatic plant, which
302 has

932

grown ina dry soil, on the margin of
a lake or river, has been found to
point to the water; whilst those of
another species of tree, which thrive
best: in a dry soil, have been ascer-
tained to take an opposite direction ;
but the result of some experiments
I have made, is not favourable. to
this bypothesis, and I am rather in-
clined: to believe that the roots dis-
perse themselves in every direction,
and only become most numerous
where they find most employment,
anda soil best adapted to the spe-
ciesof plant. My experiments have
not, however, been sufficiently va-
ried or numerous to decide this
question, which I prepose to make
the subject of future investigation.
Iam, &c.
T. A. Knight.
Elton, Nov. 22, 1805.

On the inverted Action of the Albur-
nous Vessels of Trees. By Thos.
Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. 8. In
a Letter to the Right Hon. Sir
Joseph Banks, K. B. P. B.S.

ie (13B1D. )

Read May 15th, 1806.

My dear sir,

I have endeavoured to prove, in
several Memoirs which you have
done me the honour to lay before
the royal society, that the fluid by
which the various parts (that are
annually added to trees and herba-
ceous plants, whose organiZation is
similar to that of trees) are gene-
rated, has previously circulated
through their leaves, either in the
same, or preceding season, and sub-
sequently: descended through their
bark; and after having repeated
every experiment that occurred to
me, from which I suspected an un-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

favourable result, I am not in pos~
session of a single fact which is not,
perfectly consistent with the theory
I have advanced.

There is, however, one circum- |
stance stated by Hales and, Du Ha- ©
mel, which appears. strongly to
militate against my hypothesis; and
as that circumstance probably in-
duced Hales to deny altogether the
existence of circulation in plants,
and Du Hamel to. speak less deci-
sively in favour of it, than he possi-
bly might have done, I am anxious
to reconcile the statements of these
great naturalists (which I acknow-
ledge to be perfectly correct) with
the statements and opinions I have
on former occasions communicated
to you.

Both Hales and Du Hamel have
proved, that when two circular in-
cisions through the bark, round the
stem of a tree, are made at a small
distance from each other, and when
the bark between these incisions is
wholly taken away, that portion of
the stem which is below the incisions ©
through the bark, continues to live,
aud in some degree to increase in ~
size, though much more slowly ob-
served than the parts above the
incisions. They have also observed
that a small elevated ridge (bour-
velet) is formed rownd the lower lip
of the wound in the bark, with
some slight advances to meet the
bark and wood projected, in much
larger quantity, from the opposite,
or upper lip of the wound.

I have endeavoured, in a former
Memoir, to explain the cause why
some portion of growth takes place
below incisions through the bark, by
supposing that a small part of the
true sap, descending from the leaves,
escapes downwards through the
porous substance of the alburnum,
Several facts stated by Hales, seem

favourable

NATURAL

favourable to this supposition ; aud
the existence of a power in the al-
burnum, to carry the sap in different
directions, is proved in the growth
of inverted cuttings of different spe-
cies of trees. But I have derived so
“Many advantages, both asa gardener
and farmer (particularly in the ma-
nagement of fruit and forest trees)
from the experiments which have
been the subject of my former Me-
moirs, that I am confident much
public benefit might be derived from
an intimate acquaintance with the
use and office of the various organs
of plants, and thence feel anxious to
adduce facts, to prove that the con-
clusions I have drawn are not in-
consistent with the facts stated by
my great predecessors.

It has been acknowledged, I be-
lieve, by every naturalist who has
written on the subject (and the fact
is, indeed, too obvious to be contro-
verted) that the matter which enters
into the composition of the radicles
of germinating seeds, existed pre-
viously in their cotyledons; and as
the radicles increase only in length
by parts successively added to their
apices, or points, most distant from
their cotyledons, it follows of neces-
sity, that the first motion of the
true sap, at this period, is down-
wards; and as no alburnous tubes
exist in the radicles of germinating
seeds, during the earlier periods of
their growth, the sap in its descent
must either pass through the bark or
the medulla. But the medulla does
not apparently contain any vessels
calculated to carry the descending
sap, whilst the cortical versels are,
during this period, much distended,
and full of moisture; and as the
medulla certainly does not carry any
fluid in stems or branches of more
than one year old, it can scarcely
be suspected that it, at any period,

HISTORY.

935

conveys the whole current of the de-
scending sap.

As the leaves grow, and enter on
their office, cortical vessels, in every
respect apparently similar to those
which descended from the cotyle=
dons, are found to descend from the
bases of their leaves; and there ap-
pears no reason, with which I am
acquainted, to suspect that both do
not carry a similar fluid, and that
the course of this fluid is, in the
first instance, always towards the
roots.

The ascending sap, on the con-
trary, rises wholly through the al-
burnum and central vessels; for the
destruction of a portion of the bark,
in a circle round the tree, does not
immediately, in the slightest degree,
check the growth of its leaves and
branches; but the elburnous ves-
sels appear, from the experiments I
have related in a former paper, and
from those I shall now proceed to
relate, to be also capable of an in-
verted action, when that becomes
necessary to preserve the existence
of the plant.

As soon as the leaves of the oak
were nearly full grown in the last
spring, I selected, in several i
stances, two poles of the same
age, and springing from the same
roots, in a coppice, which had been
felled about six years preceding, and
making two cireular incisions, at the
distance of three inches from each
other, through the bark of one of
the poles on each stool, I destroyed
the bark between the incisions, and
thus cut off the communication
between the leaves and the lower
parts of the stem and roots, through
the bark; much growth, as usual,
took place above the space from
which the bark had been taken off,
and very little below it.

Examining the state of the expe-

303 Timent

934
riment in the succeeding winter, I
found it had not succeeded accord-
ing to my hopes, for a portion of
the alburnum, in almost every in-
Stance was lifeless, aud almost dry,
toa considerable distance below the
space from which the bark had been
removed. Ia one instance the whole
of it was, however, perfectly alive ;
and in this I found the specific gra-
vity of the wood, above the decor-
ticated space, to be 1114, and be-
low it 1111; and the wood of the
unmutilated pole, at the same dis-
tance from the ground, to be 1312,
each being weighed as soon as it was
detached from the root.

Had the true sap in this instance
wholly stagnated above the decorti-
cated space, the specific gravity of
the wood there ought to have been,
according to the result of former
experiments, comparatively much
greater; but I do not wish to draw
any conclusion from a single expe-
riment; and, indeed, I.see very
considerable difficulty in obtaining
aby very Satisfactory, or decisive
facts, from any experiments on
plants, in this case, in which the
same roots and stems collect and
convey the sap during the spring
and summer, and retain, within
themselves, that which is, during
the autumn and winter, reserved to
form new organs of assimilation in
the succeeding spring. In the tube-
rous-rooted plants, the roots and
stems which collect and convey the
sap in one season, and those in which
it is deposited, and reserved for the
succeeding season, are perfectly dis-
tinct organs; and from ene of these,
the potatoe, I obtained more inte-
resting and decisive results.

My principal object was to prove
that a fluid descends from the leaves
and stem to form the tuberous roots

ANNUAL BEGISTER;

1806.

of this plant;and that this fluid will

“in part escape down the alburnous
substance of the stem, when the con-
tinuity of the cortical, vessels is
interrupted: but I had also another
object in view.

Every gardener knows, that early
varieties of the potatoe never afford
either blossoms or seeds, and I at-
tributed this peculiarity te.privation
of nutriment, owing to the tubers
being formed preternaturally early,
and thence drawing off that portion
of the true sap, which, in the ordi-
hary course of nature, is employed
in the formation and nutrition of
blossoms and seeds. :

I therefore planted, in the last
spring, Some cuttings of a very early
variety of the potatoe, which had
never been known to blossom, in gar-
den pots, having heaped the mould as
high as I could above the level of the
pot, and planted the portion of the
root nearly at the top of it. When
the plants had grown a, few inches
high, they were secured to strong
sticks, which had been fixed erect in
the pots for that purpose, and the
mould was then washed away from the
base of their stems by a strong current
of water. Each plant was now sus-
pended in air, and had no commus
nication with the soil in the pots,
except by its fibrous roots, and as
these are perfectly distinct organs
from the runners which generate and
feed the tuberous roots, 1 could
readily prevent the formation of
them. Efforts were soon made by
every plant, to generate runners and
tuberous roots; but these were de-
stroyed as soon as they became per-
ceptible. An increased luxuriance
of growth now became visible in
every plant, numerous blossoms
were emitted, and every blossom af-
forded fruit.

Conceiving

NATURAL

Conceiving, however, that a'small
part only of the true sap would be
expended in the production of blos-
soms and seeds, I was anxious to
discover what use nature would
make of that which remained, and
I therefore took effectual means to
prevent the formation of tubers on
any part of the plants, except the
extremities of the lateral branches,
. those being the points most distant
from the earth, in which the tubers
are naturally deposited. After an
effective struggle of a few weeks, the
plants became perfectly obedient to
my wishes, and formed their tubers
. precisely in the places I had assigned
them. Many of the joints of the
plants, during the experiment, be-
came enlarged and turgid, and I am
much inclined to believe, that if I
had totally prevented the formation
of regular tubers, these joints would
have acquired an organization capa-
ble of retaining life, and of affording
plants in the succeeding spring.

T had another variety of the potatoe
which grew with great luxurianee,
and afforded many lateral branches ;
and just at that period, when I had
ascertained the first commencing
formation of the tubers, beneath the
soil, I nearly detached many of these
lateral branches from thé principal
stems, letting them remain suspended
by such ‘a portion only of alburnous
and cortical fibres and vessels, as
were sufficient to preserve life. In
this position I conceived that if
their leaves and stems ‘contained
any unemployed true sap, it could
not readily find its way to the
tuberous roots, its passage being
obstructed by the rupture of the
vessels, and by gravitation; and I
had soon the pleasure to see, that,
-imstead of returning down the prin-
cipal stem into the ground, it re-

HISTORY. 938

mained, and formed small tubers at
the base of the leaves of the de-
pending branches.

The preceding facts are, I think,
sufficient to prove that the fluid,
from which the tuberous root of
the potatoe, when growing beneath
the soil, derives its component mat-
ter, exists previously either in the
stems or leaves; and that it subse.
quently descends into the earth;
and as the cortical vessels during
every period of the growth of the
tuber are filled with the true sap of
the plant, and as these vessels extend
into the runners, which carry nutri-
ment to the tuber, and in other in-
stances evidently convey the true
sap downwards, there appears little
reason to doubt that through these
vessels the tuber is naturally fed.

To ascertain, therefore, whether
the tubers would continue to be fed
when the passage of the true sap
down the cortical vessels ‘was inter-
rupted, I removed a portion of bark
of the width of five lines, and extend.
ing round the stems of several plants
of the potatoe, close to the surface
of the ground, soon after that period
when the tubers were first formed.
The plants continued some time in
health, and, during that period the
Biber continued to grow, deriving
their nutriment, as I conclude, from
the leaves by an inverted action of
the alburnous vessels. The tubers,
however, by no means attained their
natural size, partly owing to the
declining health of the plant, and
partly to the stagnation of a portion
of the true sap above the decorti-~
cated space.

The fluid contained in the leaf has
not, however, been proved, in any of
the preceding experiments, to pass
downwards through the decorticated
space, and to be subsequently dis-

304 charged

936

charged into the bark below it : but I
have proved with amputated branches
of different species of trees, that the
water which their leaves absorb,
when iramersed in that fluid, wil! be
carried downwards by the alburnum,
and conveyed into a portion of bark
below the decorticated space; and
that the insulated bark will be pre-
served alive and moist during several
days ; and, if the moisture absorbed
by a leaf can be thus transferred,
it appears extremely probable that
the true sap will pass through the
same channel. This power in the
alburnum to carry fluids in different
directions probably answers very
important purposes in hot climates,
where the dews are abundagt and the
soil very dry; for the moisture the
dews afford may thus be conveyed
to the extremities of the roots; and
Hales bas proved that the leaves
absorb most when placed in humid
air; and that the sap descends,
either through the bark or alburnum,
during the night.

If the inverted action of the alburn-
ous vessels in the decurticated space be
admitted, itis not difficult to explain
the cause why some degree of growth
takes place below such decorticated
spaces on the stems of trees; and
why a small portion of bark and
wood is generated on the lower lip of
the wound. A considerable portion
of the descending true sap certainly
stagnates above the wound, and of
that which escapes into the bark
below it, the greater part is probably
carried towards, and into, the roots ;
where it preserves life,and occasions
some degree of growth to take place.
But a small portion of that fluid
will be carried upwards by capillary
attraction, between the bark and the
alburnum, exclusive of the imme-
diate action of the latter substance,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

and the whole of this will stagnate
on the lower lip of the wound,
where I conceive it generates the
small portion of wood and bark,
which Hales and Du Hamel have
described,

[ should scarcely have thought an
account of the preceding experi-
ments worth sending to you, but
that many of the conclusions I have
drawn in former memoirs appear, at
first view, almost incompatible with
the facts stated by Hales and Du
Hamel, and that I had one fact to
communicate relative to the effects,
produced by the stagnation of the
descending sap of resinous trees,
which appeared to lead to important
consequences. I have in my posses-
sion a piece of a fir-tree, from which
a portion of bark, extending round
its whole stem, had been taken off
several years before the tree was
felled ; and of this portion of wood
One part grew above, and the other
below the decorticated space, Cons
ceiving that, according to the theory
I am endeavouring to support, the
wood above the decorticated space
ought to be much heavier than that
below it, owing to the stagnation of
the descending sap, I ascertained the
specific gravity of both kinds, taking
a wedge of each as nearly of the
same form, as I could obtain, and I
found the difference greatly more
than I had anticipated ; the specific
gravity of the wood above the decor-
ticated space being 0,590, and of
that below cnly 0,491; and having
steeped pieces of each, which weighed
100 grains, during twelve hours in
water, I found the latter had ab-
sorbed 69 yrains, and the former
only 51.

The increased solidity of the wood
above the decorticated space, in this
instance, must, I conceive, have

arisen

-

May, or beginning

‘

NATURAL HISTORY.

arisen from the stagnation of the
true sap in its descemt from the
leaves ; and therefore in felling firs,

-or other resinous trees, considerable
advantages may be expected from

stripping off a portion of bark all
round their trunks, close to the sur-
face of the ground, about the end of
of June, in the
summer preceding the autumn in
which they are to be felled. For much
of the resinous matter contained in
the roots of these is probably carried
up by the ascending sap in the spring,
and the return of a large portion of
this matter to the roots, would, pro-
bably, be prevented: the timber I
have, however, very litde doubt,
would be much improved by standing
a second year, and being then felled
in the autumn ; but some loss would
be sustained owing to the slow growth

of the trees in the second summer.
» The alburnum of other trees might

probably be rendered more solid and
durable by the same process; but
the descending sap of these, being of

a more fluid consistence than that of

the resinous tribe, would escape
through the decorticated space into
the roots in much larger quantity.
It may be suspected that the in-
creased solidity of the wood in the
fir-tree I have described, was con-
fined to the part adjacent to the
decorticated space; but it has been

- long known to gardeners, that taking

offa portion of bark round the
branch of a fruit-tree occasions the
production of much blossom on

every part of that branch in the suc-

ceeding season. The blossom in
this case probably owes its existence
to a stagnation of the true sap, ex-
tending to the extremities of the
branch above the decorticated space ;
and it may therefore be expected,
that the alburifous matter of the

937
trunk and branches of a resinous
tree will be rendered more solid by
a similar operation.

T send you two specimens of the
fir-wood I have described, the one
having been taken off above, and the
other below, the decorticated space.
The bark of the latier kind scarcely
exceeded one-tenth of a line in thick-

-ness; the cause of which, I propose

to endeavour to explain in a future

communication relative to the repro-

duction of bark. lam, &c. |
T. A. Knight.

An Account of the Genus Termes.
From Shaw’s General Zoology. Vol.6.

Generic Character :—Legs six,
formed for running. Eyes tuo. An-
tenne setaceous. Mouth furnished with
twojaws.—F rom the observations of
Degeer, and the more recent ones of
Mr. Smeathman, recorded in the phi-
losophical transactions,itappears that
the male and females, of the genus
termes, are, in their complete state,
furnished with wings, though the
labourers or neuters are destitute of
those organs. The genus might,
therefore, in strict propriety, rather
claim a place in the order Neurop-
tera, than that of Aptera, in which
it is stationed by Linnzus.

The European species of termes
are very small, compared with those
of the warmer regions of Africa and
America ; and, instead of assembling
in multitudes, as in those climates,
are usually observed single. The
most common of these is the termes
pulsatorius of Linnzus, a diminutive
insect, of awhitish culour, and which,
from its general resemblance to
the insects of that genus, has,by Der-
ham and some other naturalists been
distinguished by the title of Pedi-

culus

938

culus pulsatorius. It is very fre-
quent, during the summer months,
in houses, particularly where the
wainscot is in any degree decayed,
and is remarkable for causing a long-
continued sound, exactly resembling
the ticking of a watch, Itisa very
common insect in collections of dried
plants, &c. which it often injures
greatly. It is of so tender a frame,
as to be easily destroyed by the
slightest pressure, and is an animal
of very quick motion. When mag-
nified, the head appears large ; the
eyes remarkably conspicuous, of a
most beautiful gold-colour, and
divided, like those of most other
insects, into innumerable hexagonal
convexities; the antenne Jong and
setaceous ; the palpi or feelers, two
in number, of moderate length,and
terminating in a large club-shaped
tip; the thorax rather narrow, and
the abdomen obtusely oval; the
thighs or first joints of the legs
thick, the remaining ones slender,
and the feet furnished with very
small claws; the whole animal is
beset with small, scattered hairs.
According to the observations of the
celebrated Derham, this insect, at
its first hatching from the egg,
which is white, oval, and extremely
small, bears a complete resemblance
to a common mite, being furnished
with eight legs, and beset with long
hairs. After a certain time it casts
its skin, and appearsin the very dif-
ferent form above-described. Degeer
observes, that in some specimens he
has remarked appearances similar
to the rudiments of wings on each
side the thorax, and resembling a
pair of oblong scales. From my
own observations, I can affirm, with
certainty, that some individuals of
this species, become winged when
arrived at their full growth: the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

wings, which are four in number, -
being very large, of a slightly iri-

descent appearance, and variegated

with blackish and brown clouds, or

spots. Itis in the beginning of July.
that this change takes place, and at

this time several may be seen with

the wings half grown; ina few days,

they seem to obtain their full size.

Mr. Derham imagines the ticking
sound which these animals produce,
to be analogous to the call of birds to
their mates, during the breeding sea~
son ; there seems to be no reason for
calling in question the truth of this
observation. I may add, that this
sound, as well as that produced by
the ptinus fatedicus, or death-watch,
seems to afford a convincing proof
of the faculty of hearing in insects,
which some naturalists have been
inclined to deny.

On the bark of trees, during the
decline of summer, may be sometimes”
observed a species of winged termes,
extremely resembling the preceding,
but larger, and of a greenish brown
colour, with darker variegations ;
and I am inclined to believe that
several small species of this genus
exist, which, from their general
resemblance to each other, have been
hitherto confounded.

Of the exotic termites the most
remarkable seems to be the termes
bellicosus, whose history is so amply
described by Mr. Smeathman, in the
Philosophical Transactions.

Of a great many curious parts of
the creation I met with on ‘my
travels, in that almost unknown dis-
trict of Africa, called Guinea, the
termites, which, by most travellers
have been called white ants, seemed
to me, on many accounts, most
worthy of that exact and minute
attention which I have bestowed
upon them.

The

_ The amazingly great and sudden
Mischief they frequently do to the
property of people in tropical cli-
mates, makes them well known and
greatly feared by the inhabitants.
_ The size and figure of their build-
ings haye attracted the notice of
‘Many travellers, and yet the world
has not hitherto been furnished with
bid tolerable description of them,
though their contrivance and execu-
tion scarce fall short of human inge-
nuity and prudence; but when we
come to consider the wonderful eco-
-nomy of these insects, with the good
order of their subterraneous cities,
they will appear foremost on the
_ fist of the wonders of the creation, as
‘most closely ‘imitating mankind in
rovident industry and regular go-
yernment. ~
The termites are represented by
Linnezus as the greatest plagues of
_ both Indies, and are indeed every
_ way, beiween the tropics so deemed,
from the vast datnages they cause,
and the losses which are experienced
1 consequence of their eating and
perforating wooden buildings, uten-
_sils, and furniture, with all kinds of
houshold-stuff, and merchandize,
which are totally destroyed by them,
_ if not timely prevented; for nothing
less hard than metal or stone can
escape their most destructive jaws.
They have been taken notice of by
various travellers, in different parts
of the torrid zone; and, indeed,
where numerous, as is the case in
all equinoctial countries, and islands
that are not fully cultivated, if a
person has not been incited by curi-
osity to observe them, he must have
been very fortunate who, after a
short residence, has not been com-

pelled to it, for the aalety of his
‘property.

St >

= a ae ih ee

_ NATURAL HISTORY.

939

These insects have generally ob-
tained tae name of ants, it may be
presumed, from the similarity in
their manner of living, which is, in
large communities that erect very
extraordinary nests, for the most
part, on the surface of the ground,
from whence their excursions are
made through subterraneous passa-
ges or covered galleries, which they
build whenever necessity obliges, or
plunder induces, them to march
above ground, and, ata great dise
tance from their habitations carry
on a business of depredation and
destruction, scarce credible but to
those who have seen it- But, note
withstanding they live in commu-
nities, and are, like the ants, omni-
vorous; though, like them at a
certain period, they are furnished
with four wings, and emigrate or
colonize at the same season: they
are by no means the same kind of
insect, nor does their form corres-
spond with that of ants in any one
state of their existence ; which, like
most other insects, is changed several
times.

The éermifes resemble the ants
also in their provident and diligent
labour, but surpass them as well as
the bees, wasps, beavers, and all
other. animals which I have ever
heard of, in the art of building, as
much as the Europeans excel the
least cultivated savages. It is more
than probable they excel them as
much in sagacity and ‘the arts of
government ; it is certain they shew
more substantial instances of their
ingenuity and industry than any
other animals} and do in fact lay
up vast magazines of provisions and
other stores; a degree of prudence
which has of late years been denied,
perhaps without reason, to the ants.

Their

940

Their communities consist of one
maleand one female (who are yene-
rally the common parents of the
whole, or greater part, of the rest,)
and of three orders of insects, appa-
rently of very different species, but
really the same, which together
compose great commonwealths, or
rather monarchies, if I may be
allowed the term.

The great Linnzus, having seen or
heard at but two of these orders, has
classed the genus erroneously; for
he has placed it among the Aptera,
or insects without wings; where-
as, the chief order, that is to say,
the insect in its perfect state, having
four wings without any sting, it
belongs to the Neuroptera; in which
class it will constitute a new genus
of many species.

The different species of this genus
resemble each other in form, in their
manner of living, and in their good
and bad qualities ; but differ as much
as birds in the manner of building
their habitations or nests, and in the
choice of the materials of which they
compose them.

There are some species which
build upon the surface of the ground,
or part above and part beneath,
and one or two species, perhaps
more,‘that build on the stems or
branches of trees, sometimes aloft at
a vast height.

Of every species there are three
orders: first, the working insects,
which, for brevity, I shall generally
call labourers; next, the fighting
ones, or soldiers, which do no kind
of labour ; and last ofall, the winged
ones, or perfect insects, which are
male and female, and capable of
propagation. These might very
appositely be called the nobility or
gentry, for they neither labour, or
toil, or fight, being quite incapable

tee;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 18061

of either, and almost of self-defence.
These only are capable of being
elected kings or queens ; and nature
has so ordered it, that they emigrate
within a few weeks after they are
elevated to this state, and either.
establish new kingdoms, or perish —
within a day or two.

The termes bellicosus being the
Jargest species, is most remarkable
and best known on the coast of
Africa. It erects immense buildings
of well-tempered clay or earth,
which arecontrived and finished with
such art and ingenuity, that we are
at a loss to say, whether they are
most to be admired on that account,
or for their enormous magnitude and
solidity. It is from the two lower
orders of this, or a similar species, |
that Linnzus seems to have taken hig
description of the termes fatalis ;
and most of the accounts brought
home from Africa or Asia, of the
white ants, are also taken from a
Species that are so much alike in
external habit and size, and build so
much in their manner, that one may
almost venture to pronounce them
mere variations of the same species.
My general account of the fermites is ©
taken from observations made on the
termes bellicosus, to which I was
induced by the greater facility and
certainty with which they could be
made, :

The nests of this species are so
numerous, all over the island of
Bananas, and the adjacent continent
of Africa, that it is scarce. possible
to stand upon any open place, such
as a rice plantation, or other clear
spot, where one of these buildings is
not to be seen within fifty paces,
and frequently two or three are to
be seen almost close to each other.
In some parts near Senegal, as men-
tioned by Mons. Adanson, their

number,

| number, magnitude, and closeness
of situation, make them appear like
the villages of the natives.

_ These buildings are usually termed
hills, by natives as well as strangers,
from their outward appearance,
which is that of little hills, more or
less conical, generally pretty much
in the form of sugar loaves, and
about ten or twelve feet in perpen-
dicular height above the common
surface of the ground,

These hills continue quite bare
until they are six or eight feet high ;
but in time the dead barren clay, of
which they are composed, becomes
‘fertilized by the genial power of the
elements in these prolific climates,
and the addition of vegetable salts and
other matters, brought by the wind ;
and in the second or third year, the
hillock, if not overshaded by trees,
becomes, like the rest of the earth,
almost covered with grass and other
plants ; and, in the dry season, when
the herbage is burnt up by the rays
of the sun, it is not much unlike a

very large hay-cock.

Every one of these buildings con-
sists of two distinct parts, the exte-
tior and the interior.

The exterior is one large shell, in
the manner of a dome, large and
strong enough to inclose and shelter
the interior from the vicissitudes of
the weather, and the inhabitants
from the attacks of natural or acci-
dental enemies. Itis always, there-
fore, much stronger than the inte
nor building, which is the habitable
part, divided with a wonderful kind
of regularity and contrivance, inte

an amazing number of apartments

for the residence of the king and
queen, and the nursing of their nu-

Merous progeny; or for magazines,

which are always found well filled
with stores and provisions,

~

-

NATURAL HISTORY, Say

These hills make their first ape
pearance above ground by a little
turret or two in the shape of sugar
loaves, which are run a foot high or
more. Soon after, at some little
distance, while the former are in-
creasing in height and size, they
raise others, and so go on increasing
the number and widening them at
the base, till their works below are
covered with these turrets, which
they always raise the highest and
largest in the middle, and by filling
up the intervals between each tur-
ret, collect them as it were into one
dome.

They are not very curious or ex-
act about these turrets, except in
making them very solid and strong,
and when, by the junction of them
the dome is completed, for which
purpose the turrets answer as scaf-
folds, they take away the middle
ones entirely, except the tops (which
joined together make the crown of
the cupola) and apply the clay to
the building of the works within, or
to erecting fresh turrets, for the pur-
pose of raising the hillock still high-
er; So that no doubt some part of
the clay is used several times, like

‘the boards and posts of a mason’s

scaffold.

The outward shell or dome, is not
only of use to protect and support
the interior buildings from external
violence, and the heavy rains; but
to collect and preserve a regular de-
gree of genial warmth and moisture,
which seems very necessary, for
hatching the eggs and cherishing the
young ones.

The royal chamber, which I call
so on account of its being adapted
for, and occupied by, the king and
queen, appears to be, in the opinion
of this little people, of the most con-
sequence, being always situated as

near

942

near the centre of the interior build-
ing as possible, and generally about
the height of the common surface of
the ground, at a pace or two from
the hillock., lt is always nearly in
the shape of half an egg, or an ob-
tuse oval within, and may be sup-
posed to represent a long oven,

In the infant state of the colony,
it is not above an inch, or thereabout,
in length, but in time will be in-
creased to six or eight inches, or
more, in the clear, being always: in
proportion to the size of the queen,
who, increasing in bulk as in age, at
length requires a chamber of such
dimensions.

Its floor is perfectly horizontal,
and in large hillocks, sometimes an
inch thick and upwards, of solid
clay. | The roof also, which is one
solid, well turned, oval arch, is ge-
nerally of about the same solidity,
but in same places it is not a quarter
of an inch thick, this is on the side
where it joins the floor, and where
the doors or entrances are made level
therewith, at pretty equal distantes
from each other.

These entrances will not admit
any animal larger than the soldiers
or labourers, so that the king and
the queen (who is, at full size, a
thousand times the weight of a king)
can never possibly go out.

The royal chamber, if in a large
hillock, is surrounded by an innu-
merable quantity of others of dif-
ferent sizes, shapes, and dimensions,
but all of them arched in one way
or another, sometimes circular, and
sometimes elliptical! or oval.

These either open into each other,
or communicate by passages as
wide, and being always empty, are
evidently made for the soldiers and
attendants, of whom it will soon ap-

juices of plants,

ANNUAL: REGISTER, 1606,

pear, great’ numbers are necessary,
and of course always in waiting.

These apartments ‘are joined by
the magazines and nurseries. \ The
former are chambers of clay, and
are always filled with provisions,
which, to the naked eye, seem to
consist of the raspings of wood and
plants, which the termites destroy,
but are found in the microscope to
be principally the gums or inspissated
These are thrown
together in Jittle masses, some of
which are finer than others, and re-
semble the sugar about preserved
fruits, others are like tears of gum,
ove quite transparent, another like
amber, a third brown, and a fourth
quite opaque, as we see often in par-
cels of ordinary gums.

These magazines are intermixed
with the nurseries, which are build-
ings totally different from the-rest of
the apartments; for these are com=-.
posed entirely of wooden materials,
seemingly joined together with gums.
I call them the nurseries, because
they are invariably occupied by the
eggs and young ones ; which appear
at first in the shape of labourers, but |
white as snow. These buildings are
exceeding cumpact, and divided into
many very small irregular shaped
chambers, not one of which is to be
found of balf an inch in width ; they
are placed all round the royal apart-
ments, and as near as possible to
them.

When the nest is in the infant
state, the nurseries are close to the
royal chamber ; but, asin process of
time the queen enlarges, it 1s neces-
sary to enlarge the chamber for her
accommodation, and as she then
laysa greater number of eggs, and re-
quires a greater number of attendants,
So it is necessary to enlarge and in-

crease

NATURAL) HISTORY.

crease the number of the adjacent
apartments ; for which purpose the
small nurseries which are first built,
are taken to pieces, rebuilt a little
farther off a size bigger, and the
number of them increased at the
same time.
Thus they continually enlarge
their apartments, pull down, repair,
or rebuild, according to their wants,
with a degree of sagacity, regularity,
_ and foresight, not even imitated by
any other kind of animals or insects
_ that I have yet heard of.

There is one remarkable circum-
stance attending the nurseries, which
I must not.at this time omit. They
are always found slightly overgrown
with, and plentifully sprinkled with
small white globules, about the size
of asmail pin’s head. These at first
I took to be the eggs, but on bring.
ing them to the microscope, they
evidently appeared to be a species of
mushroom, in shape like our eatable
mushroom, in the young state in
which it is pickled. They appear,

_ when whole, white like snow a little

thawed and then frozen again, and
When bruized seem composed of an
infinite number of pellucid particles,
approaching the oval forms, and dif-
ficult to separate; the mouldiness
seems to be the same kind of sub-
stance.

The nurseries are inclosed in
chambers of clay, like those which
contain the provisions, but much
Jarger. In the early state of the
nest they are not bigger than an
hazel nut, but in great hills are often
as large as a child’s head of a year
old.

The disposition of the interior
parts of these hills, is pretty much
alike, except when some insur-
mountable obstacle prevents; for
instance, when the king and queen

943

have been first lodged, near the foot
of a rock or of a tree, they are cere
tainly built out of .the usual form,
otherwise pretty nearly according to
the following plan.

The royal chamber is situated at
about a level with the surface of the
ground, at an equal distance from
all the sides of the building, and di-
rectly under the apex of tbe hill.

It is on all sides, both above and
below, surrounded by what I should
call the royal apartments, which
have ouly labourers and soldiers in
them, and can be intended for ne
other purpose than for those to wait
in, either to guard or serve their
cominon fatherand mother, on whese
safety depends the happiness, and,
according to the negroes, even the
existence, of the whole community.

These apartments compose an in-
tricate labyrinth, which extends a
foot or more in diameter from the
royal chambers, on every side.
Here the nurseries and magazines of
provisions begin; and, being sepa
rated by small empty chambers and
galleries, which go round them, or
communicate from one to the other,
are continued on all sides to the
outward shell, and reach up within
it two-thirds, or three-fourths of its
height, leaving an open area in the
middle, under the dome, which very
much resembles the nave of an old
cathedral ; this is surrounded by
three or four very large gothic
shaped arches, which are sometimes
two or three feet high next the front
of the area, but diminish very rapidly
as they recede from thence, like the
arches of aisles in perspectives, and
are soon lost among the innumerable
chambers and nurseries behind
them.

All these chambers, and the pas«
sages leading to and from them, being

arched

O44

arched, they help to support “one
another; and, while the interior
large arches prevent them falling
into the center, and keep the area
open, the exterior building supports
them on the outside.

There are, comparatively speak-
Ing, few openings into the great area,
and they, for the most part, seem
intended only to admit that genial

_ warmth into the nurseries which the
dome collects.

The interior building, or assem-
blage of nurseries, chambers, &c. has
a flattish top or roof, without any
perforation, which would keep the
apartments below dry, incase through
accident, the dome should receive
any injury, and let in water; and it
is never exactly flat and uniform,
because they are always adding to it
by building more chambers and nur-
series; so that the divisions or co-
lumns, between the future arched
apartments, resemble the pinnacles
upon the fronts of some old build-
ings, and demand particular no-
tice, as affording one proof, that for
the most part. the insects project
their arches, and do not make them,
as J imagined for a long time, by
excavation.

The area has also a flattish floor,
which lies over the royal chamber,
but sometimes a good height above
it, having nurseries and magazines
between. It is likewise water-proof,
and contrived, as far as I could
guess, to let the water off, if it should
get in, and run over, by some short
way, into the subterraneous passages
which run under the lowest apart-
ments in the hill, in various direc-
tions, and are of an astonishing size,
being wider than the bore of a great
eannon, I have a memorandum of
one I measured, perfectly cylindri-
cal, and thirteen inches in diameter.

ANNUAL-REGISTER, 1806.

These subterraneous’ passages or
galleries; are lined very: thick with
the same kind of clay of which the
hill is composed, and ascend the ine,
side of the outward shell, in a spiral
manner, and winding round the
whole building up to the-top inter-
sect each other at different heights,
opening either immediately into the
dome in various places, and into the
interior building, the new turrets,
&c. on communicating thereto by
other galleries of different bores or
diameters, either circular or oval.

From every part of these large
galleries, are various small pipes or
galleries, leading to different parts
of the building. Under ground
there are a great many which lead
downward by sloping descents, three
and four feet perpendicular, among
the gravel, from whence the labour-
ing termites cull the finer parts,
which, being worked up iv their
mouths, to the consistence of mor-
tar, becomes that solid clay or stone,
of which their hills and all their
buildings, except their nurseries, are
composed.

Other galleries again ascend and
lead out horizontally on every side,
and are carried under ground, near
to the surface, a vast distance; for,
if you destroy all the nests within
one hundred yards of your house,
the inhabitants of those which are left
unmolested fartber off, will neverthe-
less carry on their subterraneousgal-
leries, and invade the goodsand mer-
chandizes contained in it by sap and
mine, and do great mischief, if you.
are not very circumspect.

Bat to return to the cities from
whence these extraordinary expedi-
tions and operations originate, it
seems there is a degree of necessity
for the galleries under the bills being
thus large, being the great thorough

' fares

NATURAL

fares for all the labourers and sol-
diers going forth or returning upon
any business- whatever, mhetlier
- fetching clay, wood, water, or pro-
visions ; and they are certainly well
calculated for the purpose to which
they are applied, by the spiral slope
which is given them; for, if they
were perpendicular, the labourers
would not be able to carry on their
building with so much facility, as

they ascend a perpendicular with _

great difficulty, and the soldiers can
scarce doit atall. It ison this.ac-
count that sometimes a road Irke a
Jedge is made on the perpendicular
_ side of any part of the building with.
in their hill, which is flat on the
upper surface, and half an inch
wide, and ascends gradually like a
stair-case, or like those roads which
_ are cut on the sides of hills or moun-
_ tains, that would otherwise be inac-
cessible ; by which and similar con-
trivances, they travel with great
_ facility to every interior part.
_ This too is probably the cause of
their building a kind of bridge of
one vast arch, which answers the
_ purpose of a flight of stairs from the
_ floor of the area, to some opening on
‘ " the side of one of the columns which
_ Support the great arches, which
must shorten the distance exceed-
i ingly, to those labourers who have
the eggs to carry from the royal
_ chamber to some of the upper nur-
" series, which, in some hills, would
be four or five feet in the straightest
line, and much more if carried
4 through all the winding passages
f which lead through the inner cham-
_ bers and apartments.
I have 2 memorandum of one of
- the bridges, half an inch broad, a
_ quarter of an inch thick, and ten
inches long, making the side of an
by Dettiptic arch, of proportionable size,

7’ Vou. Vill,

<a

HISTORY. 945

so that it is wonderful it did not fall
over or break by its own weight,
before they got it joined to the side
of the column above. It was
strengthened by a small arch at the
bottom, and had a hollow, or grove,
all the length of the upper surface,
either made purposely for the inha-
bitants to travel over with more
safety, or else, which is not impro-
bable, worn so by frequent treading.

I have observed before, that there
are of every species of termites three
ordeta} of these orders the working
insects, or labourers, are always the
most numerous; in the ¢ermes
bellicosus there seems to be at the
least one hundred labourers to one
of the fighting, insects, or soldiers.
They are, in this state, about one
fourth of an inch long, and twenty-
five of them weigh about a grain;
so that they are not so large as some
of our ants. From their external
habit and fondness for wood, they
have been very expressively called
wood-lice by some people, and the
whole genus have been known by
that name, particularly among the
French. They resemble them, it is
true, very much, at a distance, but
they run as fast or faster, than any
other insects of their size, and are
incessantly bustling about their af-
fairs.

The second order, or “soldiers,
have a very different form from the
labourers, and have been by some
authors supposed to be the males,
and the former neuters; but they
are, in fact, the same insects as the
foregoing, only they have undere
gone a change of form, and. ap= _
proached one degree nearer to the
perfect state. They are now much
larger, being half an inch long, and
equal in bulk to fifteen of the la
bourers,

3 P There

946

There is now, likewise, a most re-
markable circumstance in the form
of the head and mouth; for, in the
former state, the mouth is evidently
calculated fv gnawing and -holding
bodies, but in “this state, the jaws
being shaped just like two very
sharp aw!s, a liitie jagged, they are
incapable of,any thing but piercing
or wounding, tor which purposes
they are very effectual, being as hard
as a crab’s claw, and placed ina
strong horny head, which is of a
nut brown colour, and larger than
all the rest of the body together,
which seems to labour under great
difficulty in carrying it> on which
account, perhaps, the ammal is 1n-
capable of climbing up perpendicu-
lar surfaces. m

The third order, or the insect in
its perfect state, varies its form still
more than ever. The head, thorax,
and abdomen, differ almost entirely
{rom the same parts in the labourers
and soldiers; and, besides this, the
avimal is ndw furnished with four
fine large, brownish, transparent
wings, with which it is at the same
time of emanation to wing its way In
search of a new settlement. In
short, it differs so much from its
form and appearance in the other
_ two states, that it has never been
supposed to be the same animal, but
by those who have seen it in the
same nest; and some of these have
distrusted the evidence of their
senses. I: was so Jong before I met
with them in the nests myself, that I
doubted the iifurmation which was
given me by the natives, that they
belonged to the same family. Lo-
deed, we ma) open twenty nests
with vut finding one winged one, for
those are to be found only just be-
fore the commencement of the rainy
season, when they undergo the last

ANNUAL REGISTER; 1806.

change, which is preparative to their
colonization, Add to this, they
sometimes abandon an outward part
of their building, the eommuuity
being diminished by some accident,
to me unknown. Sometimes too,
different species of the real ant
(formica) possess themselves by force
of a lodgment, and sv are frequently
dislodged from the same nest, and
taken for the same kind of insects.
This, | know, is often the case with
the nests of the smaller species,
which are frequently totally aban-
doned by the termites, and com. .
pletely inhabited by different species
of ants, cock-roaches, scolopendra,
scorpions, and other vermin, fond
of obscure retreats, that occupy dif-
ferent parts of their roomy build.
ngs. J : ;

In the winged state they have also
much altered their size as well as
form. Their bodies now measure
between six and seven tenths of an
inch in length, and their wings above
two inches and a half from tip to tip,
and they are equal in bulk to about
thirty labourers, or two soldiers.
They aie now also furnished with
two large eyes, placed on each side
of the head, and very conspicuous ;
if they have any before, they are not
easily to be distinguished. Probably
in the two first states their eyes, if
they have any, may be small lke
those of moles ; for as they live like
those animals, always under ground, —
they have as little occasion for these
organs, and It is not to be wondered ©
at that we do not discover them; —
but the case is much altered when
they arrive at the winged state in ©
which they are to roam, though but —
for a few hours, through the wide
air, and explore new and distant
regions. In this form the animal
comes abroad, during, or soon —

after

37a

k
YY
g
7

OF a a a

NATURAL

after the first tornado, which, at the
Jatter end of the dry season, pro-
claims the approach of the ensuing
rains, and-seldom waits for a second
or third shower, if the first, as is
generally the case, happens in the
night, and brings much wet after it.

The quantities that are to be.

found the next morning, all over the
surface of the earth, but particu-
larly on the waters, is astonishing ;
for their wings are only calculated
to carry them a few hours, and after
the rising of the sun, not one ina
thousand is to be found with four
wings, unless the morning continues
rainy, when here and there a solitary
beingisseen winging its way from one
place to another, as if solicitous only
to avoid its numerous enemies, par-
ticularly various species of ants,
which are hunting on every spray, on
every leaf, and in every possible
place, for this unhappy race, of
which, probably, not a pair in many
millions get into-a place of safety,

fulfil the first law of nature, and lay

the foundation of a new community.

Not only all kinds of ants, birds,
and carnivorous reptiles, as well as
insects, are upon the hunt for them,
but the inhabitants of many coun-
tries, and particularly of that part
Africa where I was, eat them.

On the following morning, how-
ever, as I have observed, they are to
be seen running upon the ground in
chace of each other; sometimes
with one or two wings still hanging
to their bodiesy which are not only
useless, but seem rather cumber-
some.

The greater part have no wings,
but they run exceeding fast, the
‘males after the females; I have
sometimes remarked two males after
one female, contending with great
eagerness who should win the prize,

HISTOR Y. 947

regardless of the innumerable daa-
gers that surrounded them.

They are now become, from one
of the most active, industrious, and
rapacious, one of the most fierce and
implacable little animals in the
world, the most innocent, helpless,
and cowardly; never making the
least resistance to the smallest ant.
The ants are to be seen on every
side in infinite numbers, of various
Species and sizes, dragging these an.
nual victims of the Jaws o! nature to
their different nests, It is wonder-
ful that a pair should ever escape so
many dangers, and get into a place
of security. Some, however, are so
fortunate; and being found by some
of the labouring insects, that are
continually, running about the sur-
face of the ground, under. their
covered galleries, which I shall
shortly describe, are elected kings
and queens of new states; all those
who are not so elected and preserved,
certainly perish, and most probably
in the course of the following day,
The manner in which these labourers
protect the happy pair from. their
innumerable enemies, not only on
the day of the massacre of almost
all their race, but for a long time
after, will, I hope, justify me in the
use of the term election. ‘The little
industrious creatures immediately
enclose them in a small chamber of
clay, suitable to their size, into whith
at first they leave but one small
entrance, large enough for theme
selves and the soldiers to goin and
out, but much too little for either of
the royal pair to make use of; and
when necessity obliges them tomake
more entrances, they are never
larger ; so that of course the volun-
tary subjects charge themselves with
the task of providing for the offspring
of their’ sovereigns, as well as to

3P2 work

948

work and to fight for them, until
they shall have raised a progeny ca-
pable at least of dividing the task
with them.

About this time a most extraordi-
nary change begins to take place in
the queen, to which J know nothing
similar, except in the pulex penetrans
of Linneus, the jigger of the West
Indies, and in the different species of
coccus, cochineal. The abdomen of
this female begins gradually to ex-
tend and enlarge to such an enor-
mous size, that an old queen will
have it increased so as to be fifteen
hundred or two thousand times the
bulk of the rest of her body, and
twenty or thirty thousand times the
bulk of a labourer, as J have found
by carefully weighing and computing
the different states. The skin, be-
tween the segments of the abdomen
extends in every direction ; and at
last the segments are removed to
half an inch distance from each

other, though at first the length of:

the whole abdomen is not half an
inch. They preserve their dark
brown colour, and the upper part of
the abdomen is marked with a regu-
lar series of brown bars, from the
thorax to the posterior part of the
abdomen, while the intervals be-
tween them are covered with a thin,
delicate, transparent skin, and ap-
pear of a fine cream colour, a little
shaded by the dark colour of the in-
testines and watery fluid seen here
and there beneath. I conjecture the
animal is upwards of two years old
when the abdomen is increased to
three inches in length : Ihave some-
times found them of near twice that
size. The abdomen is now of an
irregular oblong shape, being con-
tracted by the muscles of every seg-
ment, and is become one vast ma-

trix tull ef eggs, which make long

ANNUAL RE

GIS TER, 1806. °

circumvolutions, through an innu-
merable quantity of ‘very minute
vessels, that circulate round the
inside, in @ serpentine manner, which
would exercise the ingenuity of a
skilful anatomist to dissect and de-
velope. This singular matrix is not
more remarkable for its amazing
extension and size, than for its pe-
ristaltic motion, which resembles
the undulating of waves, and conti-
nues incessantly, without apparent
effort of the animal; so that one
part or other alternately is rising
and sinking in perpetual successior,
and the matrix seems never at rest,
but is always protruding eggs to the
amount (as I have frequently count-
ed in old queens) ef sixty in a mi-
nute, or eighty thousand and upward
in one day of twenty-four hours.

These eggs are instantly taken
from her body by her attendants, of
whom there always are in the royal
chamber and galleries adjacent, a
sufficient number in waiting, and
carried to the nurseries, which, in a
great nest, may some of them be
four or five feet distant, in a straight
line, and consequently much farther
by their winding galleries. Here,
atter they are hatched, the young
are attended and provided with
every thing necessary, until they are
able to shift for themselves, and
take their share of the labours of the
community. ‘The foregoing, I flat.
ter myself, isan accurate description
and account of the dermes bellicosus,
or species that builds the large nests
in its different states,

The termites except their heads,
are exceeding soft, and. covered with
a very thin and delicate skin; being
blind, they are no match on open
ground for the ants, who can see,
and are all of them covered with a
strong horny shell, not easily pierced,

and

NATURAL HISTORY.

and are of dispositions bold, active,
atid rapacious. Whenever the
termites are dislodged from their
covered ways, the various species of
the former, who probably are as
Numerous above ground, as the lat-
ter are in their subterraneous pas-
sages, instantly seize and drag them
away to their nests, to feed the young
brood. The termites are, therefore,
exceeding solicitous about the pre-
Serving their covered ways in good
repair ; and if you demolish one of
them, for a few inches in length, it
is wonderful how soon they rebuild
it. At first, in their hurry, they
get into the open part an inch or
two, but stop so suddenly, that it is
very apparent they are surprised ;
for, though some run straight on,
and get under the arch as speedily
as possible in the former part, most
of them run as fast back, and very
few will yenture through that part of
the track which is left uncovered.
In a few minutes you will perceive
them re-building the arch, and by
the next morning they will have
restored their gallery, for three or
four yards in length, if so much has
been ruined; and upon opening it
again will be found as numerous as
“ever, under it, passing both ways.
Tf you continue to destroy it several
times, they will at ngth seem to
give up the point, and build another
in a different direction; but, if the
old one Jed to some favourite plun-
der, in a few days will rebuild it
again; and, unless you destroy
their nest, never totally abandon
their gallery.
_ ‘The lermites arborum, those which
build in trees, frequently establish
their nests within the roofs of houses,
to which they do considerable da-
mage, if not timely extirpated.

The large species are, however,

949

not only much more destructive, but
more difficult to be guarded against,
since they make their approaches
chiefly under ground, descending
below the foundations of houses and
stores, at several feet from the sur-
face, and rising again either in the
floors, or entering at the bottoms of
the posts, of which the sides of these
buildings are composed, bore quite
through them, following the course
of the fibres to the top, or making
lateral perforations and cavities here
and there as they proceed.

While some are employed in
gutling the posts, others ascend
from them, entering a rafter, or
some other partofithe roof. Ifthey
once find the thatch, which seems to
be a favourile food, they soon bring
up wet clay, and build their pipes
or galleries through the roof, in
various directions, as long as it will
support them; sometimes eating the
palm tree leaves aud branches, of
which it is composed ; and, perhaps,
(for variety seems very pleasing to
them), the rattan, or other running
plant, which is used as acord to tie
the various parts of the roof together,
and that to the posts which support
it; thus, with the assistance of the
rats, who, during the rainy season,
are apt to shelter themselves there,
and to burrow through it, they very
soon ruin the house, by weakening
the fastenings, and exposing it to the
wet. In the mean time the posts
will be perforated in every direction,
as full of holes as that timber in the
bottom of ships, which has been
bored by the worms; the fibres and
knotty parts, which are the hardest,
being left to the last.

They sometimes, in carrying on
this business, find, I will not pretend
to say how, that the post has some
weight to support, and then, if it is

3P3 a con=

950

a convenient track to the roof, or is
itself a kind of wood agreeable to
them, they bring their mortar, and
fill all, or most of the cavities,
leaving the necessary roads through
it, and as fast as they take away the
wood replace the vacancy with that
material; which, being worked to-
gether by them, more close and
more compact}; than human strength
or art could ram it, when the house
is pulled to pieces, in order to exa«
mine it any of the posts are fit to be
used again, those of the softer kinds
are often tound reduced almost to a
shell, and all, or a greater part,
transformed from wood to clay, as
solid and as hard as many kinds of
free-stone used for building in Eng-
land. It is much the same when the
termites bellicosé yet into a-chest or
trunk, contaiuing clothes and other
things, ff the weight above is. great,
or they are afraid of ants or other
enemies, and have time, they carry
their pipes through, and replace a
great part with clay, running their
galleries in various directions.

The tree termites, indeed, when
they get within a box, often.make a
nest there, and being once in posses-
sion, destroy it at their leisure.
They did so to the pyramidal box
which contained my compound mi-
croscope. It was of mahogany, and
I had Jeft it in the store of gover-
nor Compbell, of Tobago, for a few
months, wile’ I made the tour of
the Leeward Islands, On my return
T found these insects bad done much
mischief in the store, and among
other things, had taken possession of
the microscope, and
thing about it except the glass.or
metal, and the board on which the
pedestal 1s fixed, with the drawers
under it, and the things inclosed.
The celis were built all round the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

eaten every |

1806.

pedestal and the tube, and attached
to it on every side. All the glasses
which were covered with the wooden
substance of their nests, retained a
cloud of a gummy nature upon

‘them, that was not easily got off,

and the lacquer or burnish with
which the brassework was covered,
was totally spoiled. Another party .
had taken a liking to the staves of a
Madeira cask, and had let out almost
a pipe of old wine. If the large
species of Africa (the ¢ermites belli-
cost) had been so long in the unin-
terrupted possession of such a store,
they would not have left twenty
pounds weight of wood remaining of
the whole building, aud all that it
contained.

These insects are not less expedi«
tious in destroying the shelves,
wainscoting, and other fixtures of a
house, than the house itself. They
are for ever piercing and boring in
all ‘directions, and sometimes go out
of the broad side of one post into
that of another joining to it; but
they prefer, and always destroy the
softer substances first, and are par-
ticularly fond of pine and fir boards,’
which they excavate, and carry away
with wonderful dispatch, and asto-
nishiig cunning: for, except ashelf-
bas something standing upon it, as a
book, or any thing else which may
tempt them, they will not perforate
the surface, but artfully preserve it
quite whole, and eat away all the
inside, except a few fibres, which
barely keep the two sides connected
together, so that a piece of an inch
board, which appears solid to the
eye, will not weigh much more than
two Sheets of pasteboard of equal
dimensions, after these animals bave
been a little while in possession of it.
In short, the termiles are so insi«
dious in their attacks, that we

2 cannot

_ ¢annot be too much on our guard
against them: they will sometimes
_ beginand raise their works, especially
in new houses, thtough the floor. If
you destroy the work so begun, and
_ make a fire upon the spot, the next
night they will attempt to rise
through another part; and, if they
happen to emerge under a chest or
trunk early in the night, will pierce
the bottom, and destroy or spoil
_ every thing in it before the morning.
_ On these accounts we are careful to
set all our chests and boxes upon
__ stones or bricks, so as to leave. the
bottoms of sueh furniture some
inches above the ground, which not
only prevents these insects finding
them out so readily, but preserves
the bottoms from a corrosive damp
which would strike from the earth
through, and rot every thing therein:
a vast deal of vermin also would har-
bour under, such as cuck-roacbes,
centipedes, millepedes, scorpions,ants,
and various other noisomie insects.
When the termites attack trees
and branches in the open air, they
sometimes vary their manner of
doing it. If a stake in a hedge has
not taken root and vegetated, it
becomes their business to destroy it.
If it has a good sound bark round
it, they will enter at the bottom, and
eat all but the bark, which will
remain, and exhibit the appearance
of a solid stick (which some vagrant
colony of ants, or other insects,
often shelter in till the winds disperse
it); but, if they cannot trust the
bark, they cover the whole stick with
their mortar, and it then looks as if
it had been dipped into thick mud
that had been dried on. Under-ihis
covering they work, leaving no more
of the stick and bark than is’ barely
sufficient to support it, and frequently
not the smallest particle, so that,

5

-SNATURAL HISTORY.

951

upon a very small tap with your
walking-stick, the whole stake,
though apparently as thick as your
arm, and five or six feet long, loses
its form, and disappearing like a
shadow, fails in small fragments at
your feet. They generally enter the
body of a large tree, which has
fallen through ate, or been thrown
down by violence, on the side next
the ground, and eat away at their
leisure within the bark, without
giving themselves the trouble either
to cover it on the outside, or to
replace the wo.d which they have
removed from within, being somehow
sensible that there is -no neces:it
for it. These excavated trees have
deceived me two or three times in
running; fur, attempting to step two.
or three feet high, F might as well
have attempted to step upona cloud,
and have come down with, such
unexpected violence, that, besides
shaking my teeth and bones almost
to dislocation, I have been precipi
tated, head foremost, among the
neighbouring trees and bushes.
Sometimes, though seldom, the
animals are known to attack living
trees; but not, I apprehend, before
symptoms of mortification — have
appeared at the roots, since it is
evident, as is before observed, that
these insects are intended, in the
order of nature, to hasten the disso-
lution of such trees and vegetables
as have arrived at their greatest
maturity and perfection, and which
would, by a tedious decay, sefve
only to encumber the face of the
earth. This purpose they answer so
effectually, that nothing perishable
escapes them, aud it is almost im=
possible to~leave any thing pene-
trable upon the ground a long time
in safety; for the odds are, that
put it where you will abroad, they
aP4 will

952

will find it out before the following
morning, and its destruction follows
very soon of Course. In consequence
of this disposition, the woods never
remain long encumbered with the
fallen trunks of trees or their
branches ; and thus it is, as I have
before observed, the total destruction
of deserted towns is so effectually
completed, that in two or three
years a thick wood fills the space 5
and; unless iron-wood posts have
been made use of, not the least
vestige of an house is to be disco-
vered,

The first object of admiration
which strikes one upon opening their
hills, is the behaviour of the soldiers:
If you make a breach in aslight part
of the building, and do it quickly
with a strong hoe or pick-axe,in the
space of a few seconds a soldier will
run out, and walk ebout the breach,
as if to see whether the enemy is
gone, or to examine what is the
cause of the attack. He will some-
times go again, as if to give the
alarm; but most frequently in a
short time is followed by two or
three others, who run as fast as they
can, straggling after one another,
and are soon followed by a large
body, who rush out as fast as the
breach will permit them, and so
they proceed, the number increasing,
as long as any one cuntinues bat-
tering their building. It is not easy
to describe the rage and fury they
shew. In their hurry sthey fre-
quently miss their hold, and tumble
down the sides of the hill, but re-
cover themselves as quickly as pos»
sible ; and, being blind, bite every
thing they run against, and thus
make a crackling noise, while some
of them beat repeatedly with their
forceps upon the building, and make
a small yibrating noise, something

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

shriller and quicker than the ticking
of a watch: I could distinguish this
noise at three or four feet distant,
and it continued for a minute ata
time, with short intervals, While
the attack proceeds they are in the
most violent bustle and agitation.
If they get hold of any one, they
will in an instant let out blood,
enough to weigh against their whole
body ; and if itis the leg they wound,
you will see the stain upon the
stocking extend an inch in width.
They make their hooked - jaws
meet at the first stroke, and never
quit their hoid, but suffer themselves
to be pulled away leg by leg, and
piece after piece, without the least
attempt to escape. On the other
hand, keep out of their way, and
give them no interruption, and they
will in less than half an hour retire
into the nest, as if they supposed
the wonderful monster that- da-
maged their castle to be gone
beyond their reach. Before they
are all got in, you will see the la-
bourers in motion, and hastening in
various directions towards the breach;
every one with a burden of mortar -
in his mouth, ready tempered. This
they stick upon the breach as fast as
they come up, and do it with so
much dispatch and facility, that al-
though there are thousands, and I
may say millions of them, they
never stop or embarrass one another,
and you are most agreeably deceived
when, after an apparent scene of
hurry and confusion, a regular wall
arises, gradually filling up the

chasm.

While they are thus employed,
almost all the soldiers are retired
quite out of sight, except here and
there one, who saunters about among
six hundred or @ thousand of the
labourers; but never touches the

mortars

SS WN ee

NATURAL HISTORY.

mortar, either to lift or carry: it;
one in:particular places himself close
to the wall they are building. This
soldier will turn‘bimself leisurely on
all sides, and every now and then, at
intervals of a minute or two, lift up
his head, and with his forceps beat
upon the building, and make the
vibrating noise before mentioned, on
which immediately a loud hiss,
which appears to come from all the
labourers, issues from withinside
the dome, and all the subterraneous
caverns and passages; that it does
come from the labourers is very
evident, for you will see them all
hasten at every such signal, redouble
their pace, and work as fast again.
As the most interesting experi-
ments become dull by repetition or
continuance, so the uniformity wita
which this business is carried on,
though so very wonderful, at last
Satiates the mind. A renewal of the
attack, however, instantly changes
the scene, and gratifies our curiosity
still more. At every stroke we hear
a loud hiss; and on the first the
labourers run into the many pipes
and galleries with which the building
is perforated, which they do so
quickly that they seem to vanish,
for in a few seconds all are gone, and
the soldiers rush out, as numerous
and as vindictive as before. On
finding no enemy, they return again
leisurely into the hill, and very soon
after the labourers appear, loaded as
at first, as active and as sedulous,
with soldiers here and there among
them, who act just in the same
manner, one or other of them giving
the signal io hasten the business.
Thus the pleasure of seeing them
come out to fight or to work alter-
nately, may be obtained as often as
Curiosity excites or time permits :
and it will certainly be found, that

953

the one order never attempts to
fight, or the other to work, let the
emergency be ever so great.

We meet vast obstacles in examin-
ing the interior parts of these tu-
muli. In the first place the work,
for instance, the apartments which
surround the royal chamber and the
nurseries, and indeed the whole in-
ternal fabric, are moist, and conse-
quently the clay is very brittle :
they have also so close a connection
that they can only be seen as it
were by piece-meal; for, having a
kind of geometrical dependance or
abutment against each other, the °
breaking of one arch pulls down two
or three.

To these obstacles must be added
the obstinacy of the soldiers, who
fight to the very last, disputing every
inch of ground so well, as often to
drive away the negroes who are
without shoes, and make white
people bleed plentifully through
their stockings. Neither can we leta
buildingstand so as togeta view of the
interior parts without interruption,
for while the soldiers are defending
the outworks, the labourers keep
barricadoing all the way against us,
stopping up the different galleries and
passages which lead to the various
apartments, particularly the royal
chamber, all the entrances to which
they fill up so artfully, as not to let
it be distinguishable while it remains
moist ;. and externally it has no
other appearance than that of a
shapeless lump of clay. It is, how.
ever, easily found, from its situation
with respect to the other parts of the
building, and by the crowds of la-
bourers and soldiers which surround
it, who shew their loyalty and fide-
lity by dying under its walls, The
royal chamber, in a large nest, is
capacious enough to hold many

nundreds

954

hundreds of the attendants, besides
the royal pair, and you always find
it as full of them as it can hold.
These faithful subjects never aban-
don their charge, even in the last
distress ; fur, whenever I took out
the royal chamber, and, as I often
did, preserved it for some time in a
large glass bowl, all the attendants
continued running in one direction
round the king and queen, with the
utmost solicitude, some of ‘them
stopping on every circuit at the head
of the latter, as if to give her some-
thing. When they came to the ex-

tremity of the abdomen, they took:

the egys from her, and carried them

‘away, and piled them carefully ‘o-
gether in some part of the chamber,
or in the bowl under, or behind any
pieces of broken c ay which lay most
convenient for the purpose.

Some of these little unbappy crea-
tures would ramble from the cham-
ber, as if to explore the cause of
such a horrid ruin and catastrophe
to their immense building, as it must
appear to them; and,*after fruitless
endeavours to get over the side of
the bowl, return and mix with the
crowd that continue running round
their common parents to the last.
Others, placing themselves along her
side, get hold of the queen’s vast
matrix with their jaws, and pull
with all their strength, so as visibly
to lift up the part which they fix at;
but, as I never saw any effect from
these attempts, I never cou'd deter-
mine whether this pulling was with
an intention to remove her body, or
to stimulate her to move herself, or
for any other purpose; but, alter

ANNUAL REGISTER,

case, because he is very small in

1806.

many ineffectual tugs, they would _
desist, and joinin the crowd runnin
reund, or assist some of those who
are cutting off clay from the external
parts of the chamber, or some of the
fragments, and moistening it with |
the juices of their bodies, to begin (o
work a thin arched shell over the
body of the queen, as if to exciude —
the air, or to hide her from the ob-
servation of some enemy. These, if!
not interrupted, before the next
morning. completely cover her,
leaving room enough within for great
numbers to ran about her. *

Ido not mention the king in this

proportion to the queen, not being
bigver than thirty of the labourers,
s» that be generally conceals himself
under one side of the abdomen, ex
cept when he goes up to the queen’s
head, which be does now and then,
but not so frequently as the rest.
Tiin your attack onthe hill you stop
short of the royal chamber, and cut
down about half of tbe’ building, and
leave open some thousands of galle-
ries and chambers, they will all
be shut up with thin sheets of
clay before the next morning. If
even the whole is pulled down, and
the different buildings are thrown
into a confused heap of ruins, pro-
vided the king and queen are not
destroyed or taken away, every in-
terstice between the ruins, at which
either cold or wet can possibly ens
ter, will be so covered as to exclude
both, and, if the animals are left
undisturbed, in about a year they’
will raise the building to near its
pristine size and grandeur.

USEFUL

granted in the Year 1806. From
the Repertory of Arts, Manu-

-* factures and Agriculture, Vol. 8;

Second Series, 1808. -

JOHN Syeds, of Fountain Stairs,
~ Rotherhithe-wall, in the county
of Surrey, mathematical-instrument-
maker, for a steering amplitude, or
azimuth-compass and scale, for find-
ing and working courses of ships.
‘Dated Oct. 7, 1805.

Daniel Desormeaux, of Barking,

apothecary, and Samuel Hutchings,
of \lford, in the said parish of
Barking, weaver; for certain im-
provementsin the making and manu-
facturing of wax, spermaceti, and
tallow candies. Dated Oct. 22,1805.
Richard Kentish, late captain in
_ the Cambridgeshire wilitia, but now
of Birminghain, in the county of
Warwick, esquire; for an armour-
waistcoat, which is a sure defence
against the bayouet, sword, pike,
or any pointed instrument, and in
many instances, may prevent the
wound from a musket-ball. Dated
October 30, 1805.
Josep Huddart, of Highbury-
_ terrace, in the parish of Isimgton,
in the county of Middlesex; for
sundry new improvements in the
- manufacture of large cables, and

Lists of Patents for Inventions, &c..

jn the county of Essex, surgeon and’

[955]

USEFUL PROJECTS.

cordage in general. Dated October
30, 1805.

Samuel Miller, of Gresse-strect,
in the parish of St. Pancras, in the
county of Middlesex, engineer ; for
certain improvements on steame
engines. Dated October 30, 1805.

John Hartop, of Brightside, in
the parish of Sheffield, in the county
of York, iron.master; for certain
improvements in the method of pre-
paring malleable iron for the purpose
of making the same into bars, sheets,
and slit rods, and manufacturing the
same also into hodp iron; and for
certain improvements in the methed
of preparing all other malleable
metals. Dated November 7, 1805.

John Trotter, of Soho-square, in
the county of Middlesex, esquire ;
for a rotary-engine, for applying
the powers of fluids as first movers,
Dated November 14, 1805.

William’ Milton, vicar of Heck-
field, in the county of Southampton,
M. A.; for a mode of rendering
carriages in general, but particularly
stage-coaches, more safe than at
present, and various other improve-
ments upon such carriages. Dated
November 16, 1805.°

John Curr, of Sheffield Park, in
the parish of Sheflield, in the county
of York, gentleman ; for a method
different from any that has hitherto
been invented or known, of laying @

956 ANNUAL
rope, or, in other words, of twisting
and forming the strands together
that compose the round rope. Dated
November 16, 1805.

Andrew Flint, of Gee-street
Goswell-streect, in the county of
Middlesex, mill-wright ; for a ma-
chine upon an improved construc-
tion, which may be used as a steam-
engine. Dated November 16, 1805.

John Delafons, of Threadneedle-
street, in the city of London, watch-
maker; for a marine alarum chro-
nometer, for ascertaining the time
of ship’s log-line running out, the
time of the watches on ship-board,
and many other useful purposes.
Dated November 19, 1805.

George Wyke, of Winsley, in
the county of Wilts, esquire ; for a
method of working pumps of various
descriptions, by machinery, whereby
much manual labour will be spared.
Dated November 19, 1805.

William Pocock, of the parish of
St. Paul, Covent-garden, in the
county of Middlesex, cabinet-maker
and upholsterer : for improvements
on tables for dining, and other use,
Dated November 19, 1805. .

Archibald, earl of Dundonald ;
for certain improvements in machi-
~ nery on mill-spinning, for the spin-
ning of cotton, wool, silk, hemp,
and flax, and substitutes for hemp
and flax; communicated to him by
Thomas Nelson, late of Lambeth,
engineer, deceased. Dated Nov.
19, 1805.

Richard Lambert, of Wick Ris-
singtén, in the county of Glouces-
ter, gentleman ; for an improved
thrashing-machine ; and also an im-
proved portable windlass, to be
worked. by one or more horses,
particularly useful for drawing or
hauling. Dated November 23, 1805.

Richard Brown, of the parish of

‘ 3

REGISTER, 1806

St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, in the
city of London, cabinet-maker ; for
certain improvements in the con
struction of several parts of tables,
and of various other articles o
household furniture, which stand
upon, or are supported by, legs or
fect. Dated November 26, 1805.

James Ingram, of Castle-street, in
the city of Bristol, grocer: for a ¥
method of manufacturing powder- |
sugar from raw sugar alone, and
from syrup of sugar alone, and
from the mixtures of raw sugar and
syrup of sugar. Dated Nov. 26,
1805.

Samuel Amoss, of Red lion-place, |
in the parish of St. Sepulchre, in
the city of London, china ename!-
ler ; for certain improved methods
of preparing various enamel colours,
and of applying the same so prepar-
ed, to the ornamenting useful vessels
of glass. Dated Nov. 26, 1805.

Joseph Steel, of Stockport, in the
county of Chester; for a species of
cloths, fustians, calicos, cambricks,
lawns, striped cottons, and other —
articles, manufactured with cotton,
wool, and flax, mixed and spun
together. Dated Dec. 17, 1805.

Joseph Fletcher, of Horsley, in
the county of Derby, needle-maker ;
for a machine for raising water.
Dated January 23, 1806.

George Barton Alcock, of the
city of Kilkenny, in the part of the
united kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, called Ireland; for cer-
tain improvements in lamps. Dated
January 23, 1806.

John Dobbs Davies, of New
Compton-street, in the county of
Middlesex, gentleman ; fora saddie-
bar on an improved constrpction 5
which he denominates the motion
saddle-bar. Dated January 23,

1800.
- Robert

Robert Berriman, of Speen, in
e county of Berks, wheelwright ;
or a machine for preparing land
r the reception of seed, which he
}; confident will prove of the utmost
Wdvantage to agriculturists in saving
orn, in producing a regular and
ore abundant crop, and in enabling
e farmer, at an easier rate,to keep
is land free from all kinds of weeds.
ated January 23, 1806.
William Sampson, of Liverpool,
n the county of Lancaster, wheel-
right; for certain improvements
the application of power, em-
loyed mechanically, especially as
dapted to the use of cranks and
y-wheels, or other contrivances,
roducing equivalent or similar ef-
ects. Dated February 12, 1806.
John Phillips, of East Stone-
ouse, in the county of Devon,
tone-mason and seulptor; for cer-
in improvements in the construc-
ion of tinder boxes. Dated Fe-
ruary 12, 1806.
John Phillips, of East Stone-
house, in the county of Devon,
stone-mason and sculptor; for a
chain and apparatus for straight,
Square, and parallel stone and mar-
ble sawing; which chain may be
applied to other useful purposes.
Dated February 12, 1806.

John Marchall, of Northwick,
in the county of Chester, salt pro-
prietor, and John Naylor, of the
same county, salt proprietor: fora
new and improved method or manner
of manufacturing and making salt.
Dated February 14, 1806.

Thomas Kentish, of Baker-street,
north, in the parish of St. Mary-le-
bone, in the county of Middlesex,
esquire; for certain improvements

‘in the construction of machines or
engines, applicable to the moving,
raBing, or lowering of heavy bodies

USEFUL PROJECTS.

957

and weights of all kinds, either upon
land, or on board of ships and ves-
sels. Dated February 20, 1805.

John Jones, the younger, of
Birmingham, in the county of War-
wick, tool-maker and die-sinker
for improvements in the mode of
manufacturing barrels for fire-arms.
Dated February 20, 1806.

John Woodhouse, of the parish
of Heyford, in the county of North-
ampton, engineer; for certain im-
provements relative to canals. Dated
February 20, 1806.

Patrick Whytock, of Liverpool,
in the county of Lancaster, mer-
chant; for an improvement in the
manufacture of piece goods, com-
posed of cotton, of flax, or of hemp,
or of any mixture or mixtures of
two or more of these articles, by
which such goods will resist the
rotting action of wet or moisture
much better than similar fabrics
manufactured by the methods in
common use. Dated March 8,
13806.

John Curr, of Sheffield park, in
the parish of Sheffield, in the
county of York, gentleman; for
a method, different from any that
has hitherto been invented or
known, of spinning hemp for mak-
ing of ropes or cordage. Dated
March 8, 1806.

Richard Willcox, of the parish of
St. Mary, Lambeth, in the county
of Surrey, merchant; for certain
machinery for glazing and graining
leather, now usually performed by
hand. Dated March 8, 1806.

Edward Dampier, Edward Jack.
son, and James Shackleton, of Prim-
rose-street, in the city of London,
manufacturers ; for certain machi-
nery for rasping, grating, or reduc.
ing into small parts or powder,
such woods, drugs, and other sub-

2 stances,

‘958

tances, for the use of dyers and
others, as are not easily to be pul-
verized by mere percussion. Dated
March 12, 1806.

Michael Logan, of Paradise-
street, in the parish of Rotherhithe,
in the county of Surrey, engineer ;
for an entire new system of marine,
fort, and field artillery: Dated
March 13, 1806.

Charles Robert West, of Plough-
court, Fetter-lane, in the city of
London, optician, and William
Bruce, of King’s-head-court, Shoe.
lane, in the city of London, optical-
turner ; for improvements in day or
night telescopes, whereby the same
will be rendered more portable than
they now are. Dated March 18,
1306.

Henry Gove Clough, of Norton-
street, in the parish of St. Mary-le-
bone, in the county of Middlesex,
surgeon ; for improvements in the
instruments or apparatus commonly
called trusses, which are used for
compressing and supporting such
parts of the human frame as are or
may be ruptured or disposed t) pro-
trude. Dated March 21, 1806.

Francis Place, of Charing-cross,
in the parish of St. Martin in
the fields, in the county of Mid-
dlesex, taylor and mercer; for im-
provements in locks for muskets,
pistols, fowling-pieces, carriage
guns, and every species of fire arms.
Dated March 21, 1806.

Richard Otiley, of Myrtle-hill,
near Caermarthen, in Caermarthen-
Shire, esquire ; and James Jeans, of
Portsmouth, in the county of Hants,
ship builder; for improvements in
chain-pumps ; in the mode of work-
ing the same, and in the wells for
receiving such pumps; whereby
much manual labour may be saved,
Dated March 21, 1806. ,

Joseph Hinchcliée, of Dumfrics,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806. .

{

in that part of the united kingdor
called Scotland, cutler and surgeo
instrument maker-; for a meth
of manufacturing elastic spring tra
ses, for ruptures or rupture ban
ages. Dated March 26, i806. -

Bracey Clark, of Giltspur-street
in the city of London, Veterinary
surgeon, for improvements upo
horse-shoes.. Dated” March 26
1806.

Quintin M? Adam, of Anderston,
near the city of Glasgow, in the
county of Lanark, in that part o
the united kingdom called Scotland,
manulacturer; for anh taproved
method of dressing yarns for weave
ing, by means of a new and use/ul
machine. Dated March 26, 1806.

William Parr, of Bermondsey
new road, in the county of Surrey,
gentleman, Richard Bevington, of
Gracecburch-street, in the city of
London, merchant, and Samuel Be-
vington, of Grange road. Bermond-—
sey, in the said county of Surrey,
leather-dresser ; for a machine for
splitting hides, skins. pelts, or lea-
ther, inan improved manner. Dated
March 26, 1806.

Samuel Miller, of the parish of
St. Pancras, in the county of Mid-
dlesex, engineer ; for various im-
provements in the working of coal,
tin, Jead and other mines, by which
there will be a great saving of fuel
and labour, and many accidents
prevented. Dated April 1, 1806.

James Keir, of West Bromwich,
in the county of Stafford, esquire ;
for an improved method of manu-
facturing white lead. Dated April
3, 1806. |

William Henry Lassalle, of the.
city of Bristol, apothecary: for
certain improvements in soap. Dated
April 5, 1806.

James Key, of Preston, in the
county of Lancaster, machine-

maker =

aker; for improvements upon
homas Johnson’s patent machine
or dressing cotton, silk, and other
foods, by power. Dated April 17,
806.

Thomas James Plucknett, of the
parish of Christ church, in the
cowity of Nurrey, agricultural ma-
hine-maker ; for a machine for dib-
ling and drilling all kinds of grain
nd pulse. Dated April 17, 1806.

Anthony Francis Berte, of the
arish of St. Dunstan’s inthe West,
n the city of London, merchant;
ora machine for casting or founding
types, letters, and ornaments, usu-
ally made use of in printing. Dated
April 29, 1806.

William Bundy, of Pratt-place,

Camden town, in the parish of St.
Pancras, in the county of Middle-

for machines or iustruments for the
purpose of making leaden bullets,
and other shot, Dated May 1, 1806.
Stephen Hooper, of Walworth, in
the county of Surrey, gentleman ;
for an aqueduct, tunnel or machine,
for cleaning docks and other basons
of penned water ; and certain im-
‘provements on machines or machi-
nery, (for which he hath already
obtained letters patent) for cleaning
dry and other harbours, rivers,
-ereeks, bars of harbours, and other
purposes, Dated May 3, 1806.
“William Robert Wale King, of
Kirby-street, in the parish of Saint
Andrew, Holborn, in the county of
Middlesex, tin-plate worker ;- for
’ a method of manufacturing tin, or
iron plates covered with tin, com-
monly called tin-plates, into covers
for dishes and plates. Dated May
8, 1806. .,
Martin Cowood, of Leeds, in the
county of York; for an improve-
ment in the manufacturing metallic

“USEFUL PROJECTS.

sex,mathematical instrument maker ;_

959

cocks, for conveying and stopping
liquids, Dated May 15, 1806.
Richard Wilcox, of the parish of
St. Mary, Lambeth, in the county
of Surrey, mechanist ; for improve.
ments in steam-engines. Dated

-May 21, 1806.

Richard Tomkinson, of the town
of Liverpool, in the county of Lan.
caster, salt merchants for a ma.
chine, engine, or instrument, for
making white salt, and preparing
brine to make white salt. Dated
August 1, 1806. :

James Rawlinson, of the town o
Derby, gent.; for certain improve-
ments on apparatus commonly made
use of as trusses or bandages for
ruptures, Dated August 1, 1806.

Peter Marsland, of Heaton Nor-
ris, in the county of Lancaster,
cotton spinner; for an improved
method of weaving cotton, linen,
woollen, worsted, and mohair, and
each or any of them by machinery.
Dated August 1, 1806.

Thomas Fricker, of New Bond-
street, in the county of Middlesex,
paper-hanger, and Richard Clarke,
of Manor-street, Chelsea, in the said
county, paper-hanging manufactur.
er ; fora new mode of decorating the
walls of apartments in imitation of
fine cloth, without joint, seam, or
shade, by means of cementing of
flock on walls of plaister, wood,
linen, or.paper. Dated Aug. 1, 1806.

Ralph Walker, of Blackwall, in
the county of Middlesex, enginéer ;
for an improved mode of making
ropes and cordage, of every dimene
sion or size, by not only making all
the yarns bear equally in the strand,
and laying the strands uniformly in
the rope, but also by making the
rope or cordage from the yarns in
the same operation. Dated August
9, 1806. Josias

960

Josias Robbins, of Liverpool, in
the county of Lancaster, mill-
wright, and James Curtis, of the
city of Bristol, coppersmith ; for
certain improvements in boilers, for
manufacturing sugar, and in the
mode of fixing the same, whereby

’ much Jabour and fuel will be saved.

Dated August 20, 1806.

John Bywater, of the town and
county of Nottingham; for an im-
provement in certain sails of ships,
and other navigable vessels, and the
mode of working the same.” Dated
August 22, 1806.

John Curr, ef Belie Vue House,
in the county of York, gent; fora
method of laying and twisting the
yarns that compose a rope; by
which method the yarns of a rope
have a better and more equal! bearing
than they have in a rope made in
the common way. Dated August
23, 1806. -

‘Richard Ford, of the city of
Bristol, rope-maker; for a new
kind of cordage, made by a proccss
entirely new, from old rope or
junk, or such short ends of new rope
as are now commonly converted only
into oakum or coarse paper; by
means of which process the objec-
tion to cordage, usually termed
twice-laid cordage, are totally obvi-
ated, and the newly invented cord-
age is made nearly equal to cordage
made from new materials. Dated
August 30, 1806.

Themas Pearson, of Haberdash-
er’s Place, in the parish of St. Leo-
nard, Shoreditch, in the county of
Middlesex, wholesale upholsterer ;
for a machine or machinery, for the
purpose of cleansing, seasoning, and
dressing feathers, and other articles.
Dated August 30, 1806.

John Carey, D. L. of Camden.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

street, Tottenham court road, Mid-

street, Islington, in the county oF
Middlesex ; for various contrivances
for preventing or checking fires,
and preserving persons and propert
therefrom, by means of divers ima)
provements in alarms, chimnies, cis-
terns, fire-skreens, and other arti-
cles. Dated August 30, 1806. 1
Christopher Wilson, of Windmill

dlesex, master mariner; for a new}
system of naval architecture. Dated}
August 30, 1806.

Robert Newman, of Dartmouth, |
in the county of Devon, shipe|
builder ; for improvements in the
form, formation, and construction
of ships and other vessels of war,
and ships.and other vessels of com-
merce, and of sloops, barges, and
other vessels, any otherwise employs.
ed. Dated September 6, 1806.

Joseph Manton, of Davies-street, —
Berkeley square, London, gun.
maker : for improvements in double-
barrelled guns. Dated September
15, 1806.

Isaiah Birt, of Plymouth dock, in
the county of Devon, gent.; fora
black paint, composed chiefly of
carthy and mineral substances, which
will be beneficial to our navy, and
the shipping interest at large ; being
particularly calculated to preserve
wood, and prevent rust in iron, and
may be applied to all purposes for
which paint in general is used.
Dated September 18, 1806.

Marc {sambard Brunel, of Port. -
sea, in the county of Southampton,
gent.; for a new mode of cutting
veneers, or thin boards. Dated
September 23, 1806. :

Henry Pratt, of Birmingham, in
the county of Warwick, steel toy.
maker ; for a new toast-stand, or an
improvement on the article called

yg tats

USEFUL PROJECTS.

cats or dogs, upon which things are
placed before the fire. Dated Oct.
2, 1806.

Robert Salmon, of Woburn, in
the county of Bedford, surveyor ;
for newly invented mathematic prin-
cipled, safe and easy trusses, for the
relief and cure of ruptures. Dated
October 2, 1806.

William Cooke, of Chute-house,
in the county of Wilts, gentleman ;
for certain improvements in the con-
struction of waggons and other car-
riages with more than two wheels.
Dated October 2, 1806.

Ralph Wedgwood, of Charles-
street, Hampstead-road, in the
county of Middlesex, gent.; for an
apparatus for producing duplicates
of writings. Dated October7, 1806.

Ralph Sutten, of Macclesfield, in
the county of Chester, brazier and
tin-plate-worker ; for certain im-
provements in an apparatus for
cooking, either by steam or water.
Dated October 7, 1806.

William Sampson, of. Liverpool,
in the county of Lancaster, mill-
wright ; for a new discovery or in-

vention to be acted on by the impulse
of wind, in order to work mills,
pumps, and other machinery suitable
to its application. Dated October
7, 1806.

Archibald Jones and James Jones,
of Mile-end, in the county of Middle-
sex, printers ; for a method of dis-
charging colours from shawls and
other dyed silks, and silk and
worsted of every description, on
such part or parts thereof as may be
required, for the ‘purpose of intro-
ducing, by printing or staining,
various patterns on such discharges
or otherwise. Dated October 7,
1806. fo

William Clegg Gover, of Rother-
hithe, in the county of Surrey, car-

Vou, XLVIII.

961

penter ; for an improved wheel or
purchase for the steering of ships,
by means of which wheel or purchase
a considerable degree of labour is
saved, and a ship may be steered
with more ease, and greater steadi-
ess and certainty, and with more
safety to the steersman. Dated
October 15, 1806.

Joseph Bramah, of Pingico, in
the county of Middlesex, efginéer ;
for a machine whereby valuable im.
provements in the art of printing
will be obtained. Dated October
15, 1805,

John Fletcher, of Cecil-street, in
the Strand, in the county of Middle-
sex, esquire; for a composition for
agricultural purpgses, which is not
only of the greatest value as a
manure, but is also extremely eflica-
cious in the destruction of the fly in
turnips, snails, slugs, ants, and the
majority of those other insects which
are detrimental to vegetables ; which
composition he usually denominates
prepared gypsum. Dated October
21, 1806.

Elihu White, of. Threadneedle.
street, in the city of London, gent.
for a method of making a machine
for casting orfounding types, letters,
spaces, and quadrats, usually made
use of in printing. Communicated to
him by a certain foreigner residing
abroad. Dated Oct. 23, 1806.

John Prosser, of Back hill,
Hatton-garden, in the county of
Middlesex, smith ; for various im-
provements upon smoke or air
jacks, which may ‘be applied to
those now in use. Dated October
30, 1806.

James Caparn, of Leicester, in
the county of -Leicester, brazier ;
fora machine for discharging smoke

from smoking chimnies. Dated
October 30, 1806.
3Q Isaae

962

Isaac Sanford, of the city of
Gloucester, sivil-engineer ; and Ste.
phen Price, of the Strand, in the
county of Gloucester, civil engineer ;
for a method to raise a nap or pile
‘on woollen, cotton, and all other
cloth, which may require a nap or
pile, as a substitute for teasels or
cards. Dated October 30, 1806.

Robert Bowman, of Leith, manu.
facturer; for a method of making
hats, caps, and bonnets, for men
and women, of whalebone ; harps,
for harping or cleaning corn or
grain, and also the bottoms of
sieves and riddles, and girths for
horses ; and also cloth for webbing,
fit for making into hats, caps, &c.
aud for the backs and seats of chairs,
sofas, gigs, and other similar carri-
ages and things; and for the bottoms
of beds; as also reeds for weavers,
&c. Dated October 30, 1806.

Remarks on sundry important Uses
of the Potatoe. Abridged from
Letters and Papers of the Bath
and West of England Society.

The potatoe has, though descry-
edly, oecupied so much of the atten-
tion of different writers, that it may
seem almost necessary, to, bring for-
ward some new and important dis-
coveries concerning it, if we attempt
to say more on its qualitics. It is
not, however, a singular opinion,
that so important is this vegetable,
and so applicable to economical
uses, as human food, that it will
remain for posterity fully to appre-
ciate its positive and comparative
value, But as no new and promising
experiment, hawever imperfectly
conducted, shouldbe suffered to

: : ’

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

escape general notice, it will be
acceptable to our readers to receive
a general statement of certain trials
made by a very respectable British
merchant, with a view to ascertain
the value of the potatoe for sea
provision and other stores. His
ditfidence about having done justice
to the subject, which he doubts of
finding leisure to prosecute, prevents
his allowing his name to appear as
to a finished essay of his own; but
certain statements are deemed too
important to be lost, as they may
lead to farther discoveries and facts.
The statements, then, are in sub-
stance as follow.

The ease with which this root is
prepared by boiling and for imme-
diate consumption, either in its se-
parate farm, or mixed in bread ; the
litle trouble there is in preserving
it through the winter months; and
the short period between the time of
planting and the return of the crop ;
have most probably been the causes
why less pains have been taken to
find out cheap methods of preserving
potatoes, as a store for future suste-
nance, than would otherwise have
been the case.

The large quantity of potatoes
produced in the last season, and the
reputed scarcity of bread-corn, in-
duced me afew wecks since to make
some small experiments on the means
of drying potatoes, either in sub-
stance or in flour; eitherfor future
consumption at home, or for the
supply of our seamen on long
voyages,

The ease with which I found this
might be done, and the probable
benefit which I think may be derived
to the public from a farther pursuit of
the subject, induces me to submit to.

the

‘USEFUL PROJECTS.

_ the inspection of the society a small

~Fer

quantity of the flour of potatoe sent
herewith.

Tie potatoes were boiled with
their skin on, dried on a kiln, and

_ the whole ground in a steel corn-
mill: none of the skin has been
separated by dressing.

By experiments that have been
before made on fine dried flour of
potatoes, it is known, that it will
keep longer than the flour of wheat

without spoiling ; that it is used as a

substitute for sago, and makes good
biscuits without admixture. And |
have every reason to believeit will mix
and make good bread,in a much larger
proportion with wheat-flour, than

has hitherto been employed of the

boiled root, in the common mode of
using it. Of the expence of pre-
paring the flour from the root in

Jarge quantities 1 am not prepared
to speak. ‘he chief labour is wash-

ing the potatoes from the mould,
which adheres to the eyes, particu-

_ larly in those sorts, the eyes of which

are much depressed. Drying them
will be considerably expensive; but

_ I think may be reduced much below

what at first it will be estimated at.

_ Grinding will not cost more than

corn.
From what I believe were accu-

rate experiments, I find that 100 fts
__ of washed potatees will produce full

— little,

25 ibs of flour (such as the sample.)
The difference in weight will be very
whether the potatoes are

boiled, or only ground in an apple-

~

dried.

mill, and the juice suffered slowly to
drain from them before they are
It might seem, therefore, at
first view, that the boiling might be
omitted ; my trials however have
shewn me, that the colour of the
flower is much fairer when boiled,
and the taste more pleasant; and,

963

that the expence of boiling in steam
is very little. With the greatest
care even some of the starch (the
most nutritive part of the root) will
separate with the juice ; above 3 ths
of the fine starch, (weighed after it
was dried) passed off with the water
from 100 tbs of potatoe. Other
persons will, [ trust, ascertain suck
facts with more accuracy ; 1, myself,
hope soon to ascertain more satis-
factory particulars. In the mean
time, permit me to make an estimate
of the probable produce of au acre
of potatoes in quaatity, when re-
duced to the state of flour.

The average produce of an acre,
managed with care, is estimated at
about 80 sacks of 240 ibs each.

According to my experiments (as
before,) 100 tbs of washed potatoes
will produce 25 its. of dry flour ;
or each sack O0tbs.; or one acre,
two tons and upwards,

I am not qualified at present to
carry these calculations farther—if
quantity alone be the question, I
need not,

Note. The potatoes used in the
foregoing trials were the red apple
potatoe.

The steel-mill has not ground this
flour so fine as { believe a stone-milk
would have done. Some of these
had their skins stripped off after
boiling. Should an expeditious me-
thod be found of stripping off the
skins, it will, perhaps, be less trou-
blesome than washing so carefully
as must be otherwise practised.

After giving a numerical account
of the samples of flour of potatoe
prepared for exhibition, this gentie-
man gives also samples of bread and
biscuit made from different sorts of
potatoe flour, mixed with different
proportions of wheat flour of difier-
ent degrees of fineness ; but these

3Q2 would

964
would be unintelligible in this place,
in the absence of such samples.
The~potatoe-flour used in the
bread and biscnit is made of the
whole of the potatoe, washed,
steamed, bruised slightly after steam-
ing, dried on a malt-kiln, and
ground in a common corn-mill,

no alteration whatever having been:

made in the set of the stones, from
what they were as used for grinding
wheat; it may reasonably be sup-
posed, however, that a miller, accus-
tomed to grind this article, would
make better work and finer flour.

Nothing was taken from the flour’

except some large pieces that were
not ground, and a little large bran
in the proportion of the samples sent
herewith.

The potatoes of which this flour
was made, were certainly over-
dried; and having Jain in an heap
after steaming upwards of two days
before they were put upon the kiln,
some degree of fermentation had
begun to take place, but which was
thought so little as to have been
perfectly connected by the drying.
In the bread, however, it is certainly
distinguishable. The baker considers
that it is from’ this cause that the
bread is not so light as it otherwise
would have been. It rose well in
the oven, but fell when the door
was opened. He thinks, that when
mixed with the four of dry wheat,
the potatoe meal will have exactly
the same effect as the mixture of a
certain portion of cone-wheat flour,
and that it will answer as well in
about the same proportion. Hehas
no doubt but that even with this
flour he shall succeed hetter in the
second attempt. With potatoe-meal,
well made, he believes that bread of
the best quality may be produced.

ANNUAL REGISTER) 1906.

The chief precautions mecessary
in making potatoe flour seem to be
to prevent ary fermentation taking
place in the boiled potatoes pre-
viously to their being dried, and to
avoid giving them too great a heat
in drying. With this view it scems
adviscable to construct the appara-
tus for preparing it, so as that the
steaming-tubs and kiln, should be
heated by the same fire, without Joss
of time or Jabour: the potatoes
may then be immediately removed
from the steam to the kiln; and
nicans should be, used to regulate
the. heat of the kiln, so that it
should not much exceed 90°.

For the common purpose of
bread, it scems evident, from the
samples, that taking off the rind or
ekin is by no means necessary ; to
wash the potatoes carefully before
boiling seems, therefore, the only
precaution required.

' From experiments as_ before
stated, the produce of dry meal is
to the raw potatce, as 26 or 27 to
to 100, but let it be estimated at 25,
or one quarter of the whole. The
greatest quantity of. raw. potatoes
said to be used as a mixture with
wheat flour in bread, is one-third ;
not much above the same quantity
of boiled potatoes has usually been
employed. The proportion of flour
in boiled potatoe exceeds that in
raw potatoe by about one quarter.
Asa rough ground for calculation,
we may, therefore, call 33 per cent.
as the proportion of flour in any
given quantity of boiled potatoe.

Yhe proportion, therefore, which
the potatoe meal makes of the

‘whole mixture in this bread, above

that in which one-third raw potatoe
has been used, is four times; that
is, the actual quantity of potatoe

; ; flour

USEFUL) PROJECTS.

flour in this bread is as great as if
24lb. of raw potatoe had been
mixed with 12lbs of wheaten flour ;
and, compared with boiled pota-
toes, it is as great as if 18lb. of
potatoes had been mixed with 12lb.
of wheat flour.

From the foregoing statemeuts, it
is notpresumed that much farther in-
formation isimparted, than may have
been gathered from some former ac-
counts of bread-making from a
mixture of such flours, except as to
the mode of preparing the potatoe
flour. Neither is it at present sup-
posed that for common use, when
corn is not dear, the potatoe will

_-Supersede the use of neat wheat
flour for family bread.

But in very dear times, when it
may be used in some places to great
advantage, the most economical
mode of doing it is important ; and
the process of steaming, kiln-dry-
ing, grinding, and dressing, seems
excellent. If equal quantities of
wheat and potatoe flour are found
to make very good bread, and the
potatoe to have the effect of cone-
flour in the mixture; this may be
set down as a sufficient regulation,
and a valuable fact.

But what is of great consequence
to be known, and fully noticed is,
that the flonr of the potatoes so
prepared, if barrelled up, and kept
in any common dry place, will re-
tain its virtue longer, cither on land
or at sea, than the other sorts of
flour made from grain; .in short,
from frequent appearances, and
well-attested facts, the flour of this
vegetable, prepared as aforesaid,
seems to possess the singular gua-
lity of being almost imperishable.
In addition to that quality, the
power of preserving potatoes in
barrels, after being kiln-dried, either

965

when whole or cut into parts, for
the use of the table in long voyages,
is very important; and it is found
that, after being so preserved, they
are capable of being again boiled
soft, and served up as a vegetable —
at table, retaining much of their’
original flavour, consistence, and
other qualities.

An Essay on Manures. By Arthur
Young, Esq. Abridged from the
Bath Papers, Vol. 10.

This essay obtained the reward
of the first Bedfordean medal, which
was voted by the Bath Agricultural
Society to the author who produced
‘* the best essay, founded on prac-~
tical experience, on the nature and
properties of manures, and the mode
of preparing and applying them to
various soils: in which essay shall
be peinted out the cheapest manner
of collecting and preparing the dif-
ferent kinds of manures, and the
state, season, and quantity in which
they should be applied.” In this.
essay the author considers the sub-
ject of manures under the several
heads of their nature, their proper-
ties, the mode of collecting them, the
state in which they are applied, thé
manner of application, the season
when applied, the quantity required,
and on what soils the respective
kinds are most beneficial. In class-
ing the various bodies which may
be applied as manures, he divides
them into, '

1. Such as are dry or made ona
farm ; and,

2. Such as are usually purchased,

Marte, of the manures of the
first class, is the most common in
England, in some one of the deno-
minations of clay, stone, or shell

3Q3 marle ;

966 ANNUAL RE
marie; it may be distinguished by
various colours, but these are no
otherwise material, than as indica-
tive of iron. Itis by nature a fossil

substance, usually composed of sand,
clay, and calcareous earth; it falls
in pure water, as well as by expo-
sition to the atmosphere. The pro-
perty that renders this manure par-
ticularly valuable, is the calcareous
earth it contains; and there is
great reason to believe that the cal-
careous earth is the part taken up
by vegetables. The commou way
of collecting marie is by digging: it
may, however, be sometimes dredg-
ed up from the bottoms of rivers,
particularly the Shannon, In search-
ing for marle, therefore, these
places ought not to be overlooked,
but should be bored as well as other
parts of a farm. ‘This manure re-
quires no preparation, and, as to
the state in which it is applicd, what-
ever benefit may result from expo-
sition to the atmosphere, it nast be
attained after spreading ; if, how-

ever, it be obtained from the bottom:

ot lakes or rivers, the heaps sheuld
be left for six or twelye months.
The application requires more ex-
tensive notice: the bulk of this
manure renders the carriage so
expensive, that every means should
be used for lessening it. As marle
should be very long exposed for the
atmosphere te melt it down, and as
the roots of the grass combine it
with the surface of sweard land,
whether appli¢d to this or to ara-
ble, it should be applied in such a
pianner as (uo remain as long as pos-
sible undisturbed. The most expe-
rienced farmers are apprehensive of
turning marle in too deep with the
plough. This manure is usually
applied on so large a scale as to
preclude cheice in the season; it

3

GISTER, 1806.

.-must be done when the teams have.
most leisure ; it should, however,
be suspended whenever the ground
is much cut by the carting. The
most advantageous quantity, though
an object of extreme importance,
has not been satisfactorily ascer-
tained: it is better, however, to

lay on too little than too much, as_

the application may be repeated in
the former case; and the latter is
sometimes produgtive of deteriora-
tion of the soil, and must be regue-
lated in some manner according to
what soil it be applied. On loose
and sandy soils, the Norfolk farmers
frequently apply from one hundred
to one hundred and fifty cubical
yards to an acre, and on soils of
more firmness eighty, and even sixty
yards have been found sufficient. If
turnips produce deformed strings of
root, or if the rush-rooted grasses
prevail, the experienced farmer will
pronounce the land to want marling ;
and upon wet, loose Joams, which
are found when manured with dung
io be more productive of straw than
corn, marle has generally been found
au effectual remedy.

CHALK differs so very little from
marle, as to make it necessary to
point out only the variations: it
naturally possesses more calcareous
carth, and is comparatively harder,
and consequently its properties are
not very different ; it is usually co/-
lected by digging from pits, which,
for the convenience of application
should be opened at small distances ;
and it may be applied in all states,
and at all seasons. ‘
reguired is smaller than that of
marle, and the soils abounding with
wild sorrel, have been found to be’
highly improved by it; aud, indeed,
it is used successfully on all soils,
on whieh marle has becn found te

answer ;

The quantity °

~

USEFUL PROJECTS.

answer; on moors, Best bogs, and
peat-fens, chalk is more beneficial
than marle, as doneatwiets a larger
Proportion of calcareous earth.
Lime has furnished matter for
volumes; but the best chance of
obtaining the plain truth will be, to
reject Opinions and examine expe-
riment alone. Of the exact nature
of lime, there is some difference
among chemists: it may be ob-
tained from the burning of all hard
calcareous substances whatever, as
marble, limestone, chalk, spar, &c.
The operation of fire expels from
these substances certain portions of
water and carbonic acids, leaving
nearly pure calcareous earth. From
this circumstance its properties are
sufficiently apparent, and are the
same as those of chalk and marle,
as far as calcareous earth is con-
cerned; it neutralizes acid salts,
and consequently will act power-
fully on all peat soils, but will not
give the tenacity to sands, or the
friability to clay, which chalk will
effect: it is, when slacked, of such
extraordinary divisibility, that it is
capable of much more intimate com-
bination with other substances, than
either marle or chalk. it may be
collected almost in every situation ;
for limestone exists in many dis-
tricts unknown to the farmer: the
common test of the stone is by
pouring upon it a strong acid; yet
this is not always practically cor-
rect, Calcination, or burning, is
the preparation of lime, a process
too common to need description.
The state in which lime is applied is
either fresh from the kiln while hot,
or else after it is slacked; each
method has its advocates: where
putrefaction is the object of the
application, it should be made as
soon after it is burned as possible,

967

Summer is undoubtedly the best sea-
son fur the application of lime ; but
it may be laid on at other periods,
The quantity of this manure varies
more, perhaps, than in any other :
it has becn used up to seven hundred
bushels to an atre, but the im-
provement has not been always in
proportion to the quantity; for
much depends on the soil. Upon
peat-bogs, and moors, and moun-
tains, experience speaks an uniform
language : on these the benefit of
applying lime is great and decided ;
its caustic powers destroy the spon-
taneous productions of the soil, and
convert them into a mucus, which
the atmosphere turns into vegetable
mould, All wastes are best re-
claimed by lime. When Meriden
Heath, in Warwickshire, was in
closed, part was trebly folded, part
well dressed with rotten dung, and
part limed: oats were sown over
the whole: the part folded pro.
duced scarcely any corn, and the
seed not worth suving: the part
dunged succeeded very little better,
but that which was limed produced
an excellentcrop. It does worst of
all on a cold hungry soil, and on
strong deep clay extremely retentive
of moisture, no perceptible good is
produced by it.

Limestone has been tried, and
found excellent in ameliorating such
soils as other calcareous manures
operate upon successfully. ‘The

sutirazes of Dr. Anderson and lord

Kaims, are decidedly in its favour.
When pulverized and reduced by
breaking, it is not very dissimilar
from lime which has been slacked :
it is the best of all manures for im.
proving a bog, its great weight ziv-
ing the pressure so much wanted on
peat-moss.

CLAY, L@AM, and SAND, are sub-

3Q4 stauces

(968 ANNUAL

stances which have been all used as
manures, upon the largest scale.
Their effect depends on the defi-
‘ciency of the soil, Clay is benefi-
cial on sand, but sand not equally
so on clay: what is called clay, is
sometimes found on examination to
be loam, and always improves a
sandy soil. Sea-sand, from the
quantity of shells it contains, par-
takes of the nature of marle.

BURNT CLAY, MARLE, and EARTH,
are frequently applied as manure
in every part of the United King.
dom. Their nature and properties
will vary with the proportion of
calcareous earth. they contain, as
that is converted by burning into
lime.

Pantne and purRNtING are mecha-
nical operations; and though no-
thing is. directly added to the soil
by them, yet the elfects are fre-
quently very beneficial. The nature
of the ashes resulting from this ope-
ration, must necessarily vary ac-
cording to the nature of the earth
burned ; but in all cases. the opera-
tion reduces the roots of vegetables
to coals and ashes. and this prepares
a stimulant aud nutriment for
plants, The eifect of heat in this
operation is visible wherever burn.
ing has been practised, by the spots
where the firds were made assuming
a deeper green than the rest of the
field. The properties of the ashes
may also vary with the soil, but
they all operate as a very powerful
manure: the practice of paring and
burning has never been adopted
without success. ‘The common
practice of col/ecting the turf, is to
pare on some soils from two inches
thick to half an inch oa others ; but
an inch may be considered the ave-
rage depth; uad the chicf attention
required in burning, is to guard

REGISTER, 1806.

A

against too great a calcination.

‘considerable variation of the state in

which the ashes are applied exists; in
common practice; some farmers
spread and plough them in imme-
diately ; others leave’ them for a
considerable time in heaps exposed
to the atmosphere. In the applica-
tion they should be kept as near the
surface as possible, and care should
be taken not to bury them very
deep in the furrow; and as- this
work can only be done in dry wea-
ther, the season is necessarily li-
mited to the summer months. The
quantity of this manure must depend
on the depth of paring, and on moist
soils it may beapplied with success :
experiments have confirmed the be-
neficial effects of paring and burning
on clay, loam, sand, chalk, and
peat.

Yanrp and sTABLE puNG is the
principal manure’ employed. by
ninety-nine farmers out of a hun-
dred; but whether it should be
accumulated. in heaps till fermenta-
tion and putrefaction have brought
it to a certain state, in which it is
most ready and proper for applying
to the land, or whether it should be
carried to the land before that fer.
mentation and putrefaction take
place, has excited much dissertation
and inquiry. Thelate Mr: Ducket
conceived, that the more dunghills
were stirred, the more their virtue
was lost. Mr. Patterson, of Wim-
bledon, and Mr. Bocket, of Hert.
fordshire, are of the same opinion.
Mr. Johnson, of Kingsthorpe, near
Northampton, has for many years
been in the practice of Jaying long
dung, merely wetted. by his cattle,
on the Jand, and has found that the
fresher it is used the better the ef-
fect. Mr. Robinson, near Salise
bury, has been confirmed in this

practice

USEEU.L: PROJECTS.

practice, by a succession of superior
crops, and the example of his more
intelligent neighbours. Mr. Rogers,
of Ardley, in Essex, has found long
dung preferable to short, not only
for corn but for turnips and potatoes,
and a considerable number of the
best agriculturalists in Norfolk,
have adduced their experience ia
favour of the practice. Mr. Eng-
_ Jand, Mr. Reeve, Mr. Dursgate, and
-Several others, however, have relin-
quished the practice of using long
dung, from a conviction that rotten
is preferable in almostevery respect.
With regard to the nature of dung,
all organized bodies are resolvable
into hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon, phosphorus, and sulphur,
and the mixture of animal and vege-
table matter, which is called dung,
contains all these. ‘The grand pro-

perty ef dung is to yield immediate
_ food to plants; it opens the soil, if
strong; it attracts moisture, and
by the fermentation which it ex-
ckes in the soil produces the de-
composition of whatever vegetable
particles may be already in the land ;
its effects have powerful progressive
influences to produce a great crop
of leaf, root, and stalk, and by its
shade and fermentation, leaves the
land in better order for succeeding
erops. The circumstances to be
attended to in the collecting yard
and stable dung in receptacles are
few, but very important ; the most
niaterial is the spreading over the
yard a layer of earth or peat, to
receive the moisture from the dung,
and prevent its being wasted. This
Manure requires no preparation;
no stirring, mixing; or turning, but
if the weather should occasion too
much fermentation, it may be ad-
- vantageous to scatter a quantity of

969

the same earth over the surface, as
was made use of for the under-layer,
As to the state in which tt is to be
applied, upou the prineiples detailed
above, it is to be carried to the
land as soon as circumstances of
crops and convenience will permit.
The application deserves attention,
for ali dung should be applied to
hoeing crops, to layers, or to grass
lands, and never to white corn ; but
this is more essential with fresh long
dung than with that which is short,
for there will be many more seeds of
weeds remaining in it, which have
not been destroyed by fermentation,
and would consequently grow, and
render the land foul. If the dung
is turnedin for any crop soearly,
that more tillage is to be given be-
fore sowing or planting, it should
be ploughed in deep enough for the
successive operations, not to bring
it nearer the surface ; for all animal
and vegetable manures have a eon-
stant tendency to rise, as fossil ones
have to sink. The right quantity
of dung must be found by experi-
ment; butif it has been found to
answer on any soil in a particular
proportion, that proportion may be
retained. And as it is generally
allowed that dung divides and
loosens the constituent parts of the
soil, by fermentation, it is applicable
to all; but it must necessarily have

‘a more desirable effect on soils toe

compact, than on others already toe
light.

The seep roxp-is a method of
manuring which is universally

known, The immediate application

of dung and urine to all soils, and
of treading to loose ones, is too
generally practised to need recom.
mendation. This circumstance may,
perhaps, tend to elucidate the pro-

priety

$70

priety of using yard dung, -while it
retains the greatest quantity of
these valuable materials.

Picron’s pune is esteemed a very
hot and powerful manure, and
usually applied by measure; the
common quantity is from forty to
fifty bushels to the acre. No other
kind of dung would produce the
same efiect, for no other kind con-
tains an equal abundance of vola-
tile salts.

Ponp and River MUD are ex-
tremely uncertain in their effects.
in several experiments the bengtit
has been extremely great, in others
but little good has resulted from it.
These different effects are easily re-
conciled ; for, in proportion as the
water is resorted to by cattle, wild-
fowl, &c. or receives the drainings of
yards or towns, in that degree will
the mud be good, and display its
virtues.

Sea weeps are used with uniform
success whenever they can be ob-
tained. In different parts of the
coast, however, they have been
found to produce fertility for very
different periods.

Ponp and RIVER WEEDS may be
used with success betore the last
ploughing for turnips, and spreading
them as a manure for that crop.
Mr. Coke clears the lake at Hol-
comb every year for this purpose.
Mr. Wagstatf values them load for
load as dung.

Hemp and FLAX WATER makes
the grass grow doubly, where it is
used aS a manure ian Yorkshire,
which shews that all the putrid
water of the pits should be used as
manure. Mr. Billingsley carted flax
water on his grass lands, and found
the elfect superior to that of urine.

BuRNT VEGETABLES have a near
resemblance to the ashes produced

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

by paring and burning, in their
nature, property, and effects, A
practice prevails in part of Lin.
colnshire, of burning straw upon
turnip land, just before sowing :
from three to five tons to an acre
are laid on, and evenly spread, and
then set fire to; and it has been
found superior to common dung.

PLouGHING in GREEN cRops is a
mode of husbandry which has been
long practised with satisfaction in
this kingdom, and is common in |
many others. ‘The practice keeps
its ground, though the success be
not uniform. If growing vegetables
turned down prove good manure, it
can only be from their fermentation
converting them into the food of
plants. Care should be taken that
they be completely buried, as the
effect depends much on the execu-
tion. Ploughing in green crops
answers better for a summer crop,
as turnips or tares, than for autumnal
or spring crops.

The seeond class of manures, or
those which are usually purchased,
the anthor divides into animal, ve-
getable, and fossil ; and as this sub-
division is not merely imaginary,
the several substances are noticed in
their respective orders, with obser-
vations common to each kind.

Nienur soi is to be had in
quantities only in the neighbourhood
of cities. In such situations it is
largely used, and much experience
has arisen from the application.
‘Yhe common quantity for an acre
is two hundred bushels. It is the
best of all manures, and, if dry, the
cheapest: it does well on all. soils
and for all crops. it has been
drilled along with rape-cake dust
with much benefit, by Mr. Coke at
Holkham.

Bones are used to a considerable

extent

USEFUL PROJECTS.

extent about London; about five
or six loads to the acre, which con-
tain on an average 250 bushels.
They are most beneficial on strong
soils, and their duration exceeds
that of any other manure. ‘The
effects have been visible for more
than thirty years. The dust and
refuse of bone manufactories is also
avaluable manure, particularly for

- drilling.

SHeep’s TRoTTERS are a powerful
manure, and usually sold by the
quarter, with felt-mongers’ cuttings ;
they are commonly applied in the
Proportion of four or five quarters

' to theacre, but eight are sometimes

used. They should be plonghed in

not less than six or eight inches
_ deep, to prevent the attraction of
_ Yermin and dogs.

_ twenty bushels is the

Harr of hogs is sometimes sold
in great cities, and from sixteen to
quantity
usually applied to an acre.

Fearuers are found to be a
powerful manure, and twenty-five
bushels an acre have been spread
with much success ; ten bushels to
an acre yiclded a produce of forty-
eight bushels of white wheat, while

- the same quantity unmanured pro-

duced only twenty-eight bushels.
Fisu of all kinds is one of the
most effective manures that can be
carried into our fields. The whale.
blubber offal never fails of pro-
ducing great crops wherever it is
applied; pilchards and _ herrings
produce the same effect. In Dorset-
shire Mr. Davis spread them fresh
at one shilling per Joad, and
ploughed them in for wheat with
much benefit, but they are usually
applied mixed with salt. Ju the
feus the small fish called stickle-
backs are obtained out of the
rivers, and applied to this purpose.

971

Graves, or tallow-chandlers’ re-
fuse, is purchased for manure, and
from ten to fifteen hundred weight
are-commonly spread upon an acre.
The effects from them on poor
sandy soils, are very great in turnip
crops.

Wootten RAGs, chopped in small
pieces, are frequently applied as
manure, from ten to fifteen hundred
weight to the acre. It has been
noticed in Hertfordshire, that they
are most beneficial on dry and
sandy soils. They become the
food of plants in common with all
other animal substances, and also
attract aud retain much moisture
from the atmosphere.

Curniers’ sHAvines, and fur.
riers’ clippings, are bought in Lon-
dou and other populous places.
When cornseils high they are eagerly
sought for; for, though they are
an expensive, yet they are a bene-
ficial manure, but do best on dry
soils.

LioRN SHAVINGS are also bought,
and applied at about thirty bushels
to the acre; they are applicable to
all soils, but succeed best on all in
wet seasons.

‘lhese. manures are all animal
substances, and their nature and
properties are in all resolvable into
the same parts as yard and stable
dung; they contain the principles
which by every consistent theory of
vegetation are necessary to the food
of plants, and the practice of the
farmer is in perfect unison with the
theory of the chemist; for every
husbandman knows, or ought to
know, that every animal matter
whatever, will fertilize his fields.
‘The only question of preparation
which can arise, is whether these
substances should be immediately
applied ta the soil, er prepared by

fermen.

972
fermentation in a dunghill ; and the
common practice is to make the
applicutton of them to the soil in
the state in which they are purchased,
The season must be determined by
the opportunity of purchase, and
the quantity has been remarked un-
der each article ; and as to soil, all
animal substances act as manures
powerfully on all.

Woop asurs were found to bea
manure, in consequence of some ex-
periments undertaken to disprove a
suggestion of Mr. Hazentratz, who
thought that all alkalis were not
manures, ‘The nature of them is
well known, and wherever they
have been tried they have proved a
valuable manure. ‘Their property is
to attract carbonic acid from the
air; they are applied without pre-
paration, and the spring is the pro-
per season ; and forty bushels to the
acre is the common quantity on all
sous.

PEAT ASHES are a common ma-
nure in all countries where peat-
bogs are found; their value usually
depends on the blackness and den-
sity of the peat, and the neighbour.
hood of Newbury, in Berkshire,
supplies the best : the usual quantity
of these is ten or twelve bushels to
the acre, but of other kinds from
twenty to forty bushels have been
used ; their eflect is greatest on dry
friable soils,

Coax asus are used all over the
kingdom, from fifty to two hundred
bushels to an acre; they are most
effective when spread on clover,
sainfoin, or other seeds, in the
spring; and are beneficial on grass
lands and green wheat. The cifect
on them is considerable on the dry
chalk lands of Hertfordshire. The
knowledge of their preperties is
very imperfect,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806

Soor is composed of oil, solute
alkali, carbon, and earth ; ‘no won.
der, therefore, that it should be
found a very powerful manure. Its ©
component parts are so minute,
that they may be washed into the
ground by a single shower, and be~
come the immediate food of plants,
Twenty bushels te the acre is the most
common quantity, and the season of
application is the spring. Green
wheat and clover are much benefited
by this manure, the effect of which
is great on most soils, but least upon
strong or wet clay.

Prat ust, if the peat be black
and solid, is resolvable into a
greater proportion of hydrogen gas
than most other manures ; it is also
strongly attractive of humidity,
which renders it very advantageous
on dry sandy soils. he use of it
as a manure is not general, but it is
well-known, and much esteemed, in
Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire.

Porasn wAsre is a powerful ma-
nure ; and ten loads, or 350 bushels,
are commonly applied to an acre.
Much good is produced by it on
low meadows, and in general on
all grass lands. |

SUGAR-BAKERS’ WASTE iS sup-—
posed to be a powerful manure, but
its effects are not known from expe-
riment ; it can be procured only at
five or six places in the kingdom.

.Tanners’ BARK, if useful. any-
where, ought to beso on calcareous
soils; mixed with lime it has been
beneficial. But as the tanning
principle is in all cases hostile to
vegetation, whatever benefit is de-
rived from tanners’ bark, must
arise cither from the lime or the
animal impregnation. Experiments
do not recommend it.

Matt pusr has been used with
success wherever it has been ap-

plied.

—
‘

MA SEEV Li PRODE-CT 8,

|
plied. Particular experiments have
proved its value, if laid on from fifty
to sixty bushels to the acre. It gives
great improvement to cold grass
Jands, and is consistent with all
kinds of sodt.

Rave cake has been in common
use in Norfolk for more than half a
‘century, and the quantity was

, usually half a ton to the acre 3 an
advance of price has, however, now
compelled the -agriculturalist. to
~lesscn the quantity, and Mr. Coke

_ makes a ton do for five or six acres
by drilling it with turnip seed.
When ploughed in with wheat, it

has been found more forcing to the
crop than either dung or fold; but
the turnips after the wheat have not
been so good as after those manures.
Malt dust and soot were found
equal for wheat, but rape dust
better than either. The operation
of this manure is assignable toa very
obvious theory; for all oleaginous
bodies abound greatly with hydro-
gen and carbon, and their utility

_ consequently must be great.

These manures are all vegetable

_ substances, and their nature and
properties do not differ from the ve-
getable substances in the first class ;
the most beneficial quantity has been
_ mentioned under each.

Among fossil manures coal ashes

_ might have been classed, but for
obvious reasons they are mentioned
_ with other ashes ; lime kas also been
treated of in the first part of the

essay ; there only then remain to be
noticed, salt and gypsum.

Satr, by various experiments,
and by observations made appa-

_ rently with care, has been decided
to act as a manure in some cases, to

_ adegree which proves its excellence,
when properly applied, but other

Ak ia: 2

973
persons have reported unfavourably
of it. ‘The knowledge of this ma-
nure is yet in its infancy, but ex-
periments have generally shewn it
to be beneficial, but more especially
when added to any dung or dung- .
hills; and it probably acts as an
assistant to putrefaction.

Gypsum is scarcely known at all
as amavure: the reports of those
who have made experiments with it,
are very contradistory. In this
state of our Knowledge both of this
and the preceding article, it is wise
to accept the favourable reports,
and attribute the failures to soil,
season, or some unrelated circum-
stance. ‘The quantity of gypsum
usually applied has been about six
bushels to the acre.

Experiments on mixtures, or

_composts, are extremely difficult,

and must be ever unsatisfactory. If
composts be resorted to to promote
putrefaction, that is inconsistent
with the idea that putrefaction
should be retarded till the manure
be applied to the land; they may
be useful to get rid of an evil, as to
mix pot-ash, or lime, or chalk, with
pond mud to destroy its sterility ;
but here seems to end the benefit
of composts.

THe FOOD OF PLANTS deserves
much consideration in the applica-
tion of manures. From experi-
ments extremely numerous, and
observations made by eminent che-
mists, it appears that the two sub-
stances which play the greatest part
in vegetation, are hydrogen and
carbon (the presence of light and
heat is always to be supposed):
those manures then, which supply
the greatest proportion of these,
must be most beneficial in pro-
moting vegetation, Theory has

furnished

974

furnished many conjectures on this
subject, but experience has con-
firmed few facts, and the enquiry
belongs rather to chemistry than to
agriculture.

.

Account of Mr. Curwen’s Method of
Feeding Cows, during the Winter
Season, utth a View to provide
poor Persons and Children with
Milk at ihat Time, from Trans-
actions of the Society of Arts, &c.
Vol. XX1X. 1806.

Every attempt. to ameliorate
the condition of the labouring
classes of the community, is an
object not unworthy of public at-
tention; and has, on all occasions,
been zealously patronized by the
society of arts. Under this impres-
sion | hope for the indulgence of
the society, in calling their attention
to an experiment, which I flatter
myself will, in its conseqnence,
prove not only highly beneficial to
the Jower orders of society, but
tend likewise.to the advancement of
agriculture.

There is not any thing, I humbly
conceive, which would conduce
more essentially to the comfort and
health of the labouring community
and their families, than being able
to procure, especially in winter, a
constant and plentiful supply of
good and nutritious milk. Under
this conviction, much pains have
been taken to induce the landed
proprietors to assign ground to their
cottagers, to enable them to keep a
milch cow. The plan is humane,
and highly meritorious, but unfor-
tunately its beneficial influence can
reach but a few. Could farmers in
general be induced from humanity,
er bound by their landlords to fur-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

nish milk to those, at least, whom
they employ, it would be more ge-
nerally serviceable. Even those
who have the;comfort of a milch
cow would find this a better anda
cheaper supply, as they can seldom
furnish themselves with milk through
the winter. The farmer can keep
his milch cows cheaper and better ;
for, besides having green food, his
refuse corn and chatf of little value,
are highly serviceable ia feeding
milch cows.

My object is to combat the pre.
vailing opinion, that dairies in sum-
mer are more profitable than in
winter. I confidently hope to esta-
blish a contrary fact. The experi.
ment | am about to submit to the
society, is to prove, that by adopt-
ing a different method of feeding

milch cows in winter, to what is in-

gencral practice, a very ainple pro-
fit is to be made, equal if not supe-
rior to that made in any other sea-
son.

I believe the principle will hold
good equaily in all situations: my
experience is confined to the neigh-
bourhood of a large and populous
town.

The price of milk is one-fifth
higher in winter than in summer.
By wine measure the price is 2d.
per quart new milk, 1d. skimmed.

My Jbocal situation afforded me
ample means of knowing how
greatly the lower orders suffered
from being unable to procure a
supply of milk; and [ am fully
persuaded of the correctness of the
statement, that the labourjg poor
lose a number of their children from
the want of a food so pre-emineutly
adapted to their support.

Stimulated by the desire of mak-
ing my farming pursuits contribute
to the comfort of the public, and of

those

USEFUL PROJECTS.

those by whose means my farm has
been made productive, I determined

to try the experiment of feeding
_ milch cows after a method very dif-
ferent to what was in general prac-
tice. I hope to be enabled thereby
to furnish a plentiful supply of good
and palatable milk, with a prospect
of its affording a fair return of pro-
fit, so as to induce others to follow
_my example.

The supply of milk during the
greatest part of the year, in all the
places in which I have any local
_ knowledge, is scanty and precarious,
and rather a matter of favour than
of open traffic.

Consonant with the views I en-
_tertained of feeding milch cows, I
made a provision of cabbages, com-
mon and Swedish turnips, Kholrabi,
and cole-secd. I made use also of
chaff, boiled, and mixed, with re-
fuse grain and oil cake, I used
straw instead of hay for their fodder
at night.

The greatest difficulty which I
have had to contend with, has been
_ to prevent any decayed leaves being
_ given. The ball only of the turnip
was used. When these precautions
were attended to, the milk and but-
ter have been excellent. .

Having had no previous know-
ledge of the management of a dairy,
my first experiment was not con-
ducted with that frugality requisite
to produce much profit.

I sold the first season, between
October 1804, and the 10th of
May, 1805, upwards of 20,000
quarts of new milk. ‘Though my
return was not great, I felt a tho-
rough conviction that it proceeded
from errors in the conduct of the
undertaking, and that under more
_ judicious management, it would not
fail of making an ample return,
which the subsequent experiment

975

will prove. In the mean time I had
the satisfaction of knowing, that it
had contributed essentially to the
comfort of numbers.

In October, 1805, my dairy re-
commenced with a stock of 30
milch cows; a large proportion of
these were heifers; and in general
the stock was not well selected for
giving milk, for they were pur-
chased with a view of their being
again sold as soon as the green
crop should be exhausted. If the
plan be found to answer under such
unfavourable circumstances, what
may not more experienced farmers
expect ?

By the end of this present month
I shall have sold upwards of 40,000
quarts of milk. ‘

The quantity of food, and its cost,
are as follow. The produce of milk
from each cow upon 200 days, the
period of the experiment, is calcu-
lated at no more than six wine
quarts in the twenty-four hours:
this is to allow for the risk and
failure in milk of some of the heifers.
A good-stock, I have no doubt,
would exceed eight quarts in the
two meals, which would add 1001.
to the profit.

Daily cost of feeding one milch
cow :—

Two stone of green food

(supposing 30 tons of

green crop on an acre,

Ad. per stone would pay

51. per acre) at 4 per

stone of 14lb. 0 O O}
Two stone of chaff boiled,

at id. perstone .. 0 0.2
Two lbs. of oil-cake, at

id. per lb. costing from

8). to 9]. per ton. 0) One
Eight Ibs. of straw, at 2d.
- per stone oi fede WOOO
0 0 5:

The

976

The chaff, beyond the expence of
boiling, may be considered as en-
tirely profit to the farmer ; 2d. per
stone for straw likewise leaves a
great profit, ‘lurnips also pay the
farmer very well at 4d. per stone.

Expence of feeding one milch
cow for 200 days, the period upon
which the experiment is made :-—
200 days keep of one milch

-cow, at the rate of 51

perdsy (4. ese! © 42° 718
Attendance . . Zee CC
Supposed loss on re-sale 2 0 O

Saris
Return made of one milch cow in
200 days milking :—
6 quarts per day, at 2d.
per quart for 200 me sl
PAGAN EG DY
Profit on 20 carts of ma-

pure, Is.6d.each . 110 0

13.10 0

Clear gain upon each Rae
milchcow . .

This gives a profit upon the
whole stock of 1471. 10s. The
profit of another month may be
added, before a supply of milk can
be had from grass, which will make
the balance of profit 1671. 18s, 4d.
This profit, though not as large as it
ought to have been, had the stock
been favourable for the experiment,
far exceeds what could be made of
the same quantity of food by fat-
tening cattle. Were'the two quarts
to be added, which on’ a moderate
computation might be expected, the
gain would then be 267]. 16s. 4d.
The trifling quantity of land from
which the cattle were supported, is
@ most’ important consideration.
One half of their food is applicable
to no other purpose, and is equally

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

employed in carrying on the system
of a corn farm. I have found oil
cake of the utmost advantage to my
dairy, promoting milk, and contri. |
buting greatly to keep the milch
cows in condition. The best me.
thod of using it is to grind ittoa
powder, and to mix it in layers, and
boii it with the chaff: half the
quantity in this way answers better
than as much more given in the
cake, besides the saving of 2d. a
day on each beast. This I was:not
aware of on my first trial. The oil
cake adds considerably to the quan-
tity and richness of the milk without
affecting its flavour. ‘The refuse
corn was likewise ground and
boiled; it is charged also at 1d. per
pound. I make use of inferior
barley to great advantage. A change
of food is much to the advautage of
the dairy. Potatoes steamed would
answer admirably, but near towns

‘they are too expensive.

By repeated trials it was found
that seven quarts of strippings,
wine measure, gave a pound of but- |
ter, while eight quarts of a mixture
of the whole milk was required to
produce the same weight. Contrast
this with milk produced from the
feeding of grains, twenty quarts of
which will scarce afford a pound of
butter. 5

The agricultural report of Lan-
cashire, treating on the milk in the
neighbourhood of Liverpool and
Manchester, states eighteen quarts
with a hand-churn, and fourteen or
fifteen with a horse churn. In a
paper published by the Bath society,
twelve quarts are said to give @
pound of butter; but whether ale
or wine measure is not specified.
A friend of mine, who feeds his

milch cows principally on hay,

finds sixteen wine quarts will not
yield

, USEFUL PROSE GIS.

yicld more than seventeen ounces
of butter, and this upon repeated
trials.

The milch cows, treated accord- ~

ing to _my new plan, have been in
excellent order both seasons, and
are allowed to be superior to any
in the neighbourhood.

Cole seed [ have found to be the
most profitable of all green crops
for milk ; and it possesses the fur-
ther advantage of standing till other
green food is ready to supply its
place.

To ascertain the benefit and uti-
lity of a supply of milk both to the
consumer and the public, will be
best done by comparison.

To prove this let us contrast the
price of milk with other articles of
prime necessity, and consider how
far it affords a greater produce from
a less consumption of food.

I cannot here omit observing, at
a moment when Great Britain can
hope for no further supply of grain
from the continent, and must look
for and depend on her own re-
sources for feeding her population,
every mean by which the quantity
of victuals can be augmented, is an
object of great public concern.

Kach milch cow yielding six
- quarts of milk per day, furnishes in
_the period of 200 days, 2,400
pounds of milk, or 171 stone of 14
_ pounds, equal to twice her, weight,
supposing her in a state fit for kill-
ing, with a third less food, and at
one half less expence.
costs 101. whilst the same weight of
butcher’s meat, at 6d. per pound,
would amount to 601.

Taking the scale of comparison
with bread, we shall find a Win-
chester bushel of wheat, of the
usual weight of 4 stone and 42lb.

Vou. XLVILL

The milk

977

when manufactured into flour of
three sorts, yields
Of first four

« st. Olb:

OD SCCORE aeons. -O,. Tike
Of third . kn!” Ole eile
_3 > Olb.

Lost by bran, &c. . 0 otlb.

The present cost is 10s. 3d.
2,400ib. of the three sorts of flour,
will cost 231. 3s. 9d. To make it
into bread allow 1s. per bushel,
which makes the cost of bread
261. 10s, Yd. or something mere
than 27d. perlb. exceeding twice the
price of the same weight of milk.
To furnish 2,400lbs. of bread re-
quires 47 bushels, or the average
produce of two acres of wheat,

Three acres of green food sup-
plied 30 milch cows, with two stone
each of green food, for 200 ‘days.
‘Two stone of hay each for the same
period, would have required 75
acres of hay. Chaff can scarcely
be considered as of dny value be.
yond the manure it would make,
which shews the profit of keeping
milch cows in all corn farms.

Certificates of the quantities of
milk sold and money received, ag-
company this.

If the society of arts, &c. think
the experiment worthy their notice
and approbation, [ shall be highly
flattered. Atall events I trust they
will accept it as a small tribute of
respect and gratitude for the many
favours conferred upon their
Obedient and very humble servant.

J. C. CURWEN,
Workington Hall, April 18, 1806.
To Dr. C. Taytor, Secretary. —

Schoose Far, April 18, 1806.
I Isaac Kendal, bailiff to-J. C.
sk Curwen,

978

following quantities of milk have
been sold from the 1st of October
last, to the 18th of April, 1806,

To Jan. 1, 1806 16,685
From that date to
9
April 18,1806 _f 72027
38,712

Cash received for new and

skimmed milk 320 7 52
Calves sold. Ag 0 0
. 364 7 5%

I conceive the estimate of 5id.
per day to be correct.
200 days keep of 30

COWS es wy % Lor AO 1 @
Cost of attendance . 60 O O
Loss upon re-sale lag ath

257 10°'0
Cash receiv. : :
ed as tetera sida as
600 carts of
manure, at - 4500
Is, 6d. J
4090 '7 52
Prone 1S 17.53

I believe the above statement to
be correct. The condition and
health of the milch cows is equal,
if not superior, to any in the neigh-
_ bourhood.

The average of the milk is yet
200 quarts per day, varying with
the Weather and’ other accidental
circumstances,

Mr. 8. Grandi’s Method of prepar-
ing Pannels for Painters. From

ANNUAL REGISTER, °1806.

Curwen, esq. do certify that the °

Transactions of the Society of Arts,

&c. A.D. i806. Vol. XXIV. 7

Take the bones of sheep’s trotters,
break them grossly, and boil them
in water until cleared from their
grease, then put them into a cru-
cible, calcine them, and afterwards
grind them to powder. ‘Take some
wheaten flour, put it in a pan over
a slow fire until it is dry, then make’
it into a thin paste, add an equal
quantity of the powdered bone-ash,
and grind the whole mass well to-
gether: this mixture forms the
ground for the pannel. ne

The pannel having been pre.
viously pumiced, some of the mix-
ture above-mentioned is rubbed well
thereon with a pumice-stone, to in.
corporate it with the pannel. Ano-
ther coat of the composition is then
applied with a brush upon the pan.
nel, and suffered to dry, and the
surface afterwards rubbed over with
sand-paper.

A thin coat of the composition is
then applied with a brush, and if a
coloured ground is wanted, one or
two coats of the colour is added, so
as to complete the absorbent ground,

When it is necessary to paint
upon a pannel thus prepared, it
must be rubbed over with a coat of
raw linseed, or poppy-oil, as drying
oil would destroy, the absorbent
quality of the ground; and the
painter’s colours should be mixed
up with the purified oil hereafter
inentioned.

Canvas grounds are prepared, by
giving them a thin coat of the com.
position, afterwards drying and
pumicing them, then giving them a
second coat, and lastly a coat of
colouring matter along with the
composition.

r The

|

_ The grounds thus prepared do
mot crack; they may be painted
upon a very shoct time after being
laid, and from their absorbent qua-
lity, allow the business to be pro-
‘ceeded upon with greater facility
and better elfect, than, with those
prepared in the usual mode.

—

Method of purifying Oil for Painting.

Make some of the bone-ashes
into a paste with a little water, so
as to form a massor ball; put this
‘ball into the fire, and make it red-
hot; then immerse it for an hour,
in a quantity of raw linseed oil,
-suffeient to cover it: when cold,
pour the oil into bottles, add toit a
little bone-ash, let it stand to settle,
and in a day it will be clear and fit
for use.

IVhite Colour
Is made by calcining the bone of
sheep’s trotters in a clear open fire,
till they become a perfect white,
which will never change.

Brown Colour
Js made from bones in a similar
manner, only calcining them in a
crucible instead of an open fire.

Yellow Colour ; or, Masticot.

Take a piece of soft brick, of
a yellowish colour, and burn it in
the fire; then take forevery pound
of brick, a quarter of a pound of
flake-white, grind them together,
and calcine them; afterwards wash
the mixture, to separate the sand,
and let the finer parts gradually dry
for use.

Red Colour, equal to Indian Red.
Take some of the pyrites, usually
found in coal- pits, calcine them, and

they will produce a beautiful red.

USEFUL PROJECTS.

979

Grey Colour
Is made by calcining together
blue-slate and bone-ashes powdered,
grinding them #ogether, afterwards
washing them, and drying the mix~
ture gradually.

Blue Black
Is made by burning vine-stalks in
a close crucible in a slow fire, till a
perfect charcoal is made of them,
which must’ be well ground for use.

Crayons
Are made of bone-ash powder
mixed with spermaceti, adding
thereto the colouring matters. The

proper proportion is, three ounces
of spermaceti to one pound of the
powder. ‘The spermaceti to be first
dissolved in a pint of boiling water,_
then the white bone-ash added, and
the whole to be well ground toge-
ther, with as much of the colouring-
matter as may be necessary for the
shade of colour wanted. They.are
then to be rolled up in the pro-
per form, and gradually dried upon
a board,
White Chalk,

If required to work soft, is made
by adding a quarter of a pound of
whitening to one pound of the bone-
ash powder; otherwise the bone-
ash powder will answer alone. The
coloured chalks are made by grind-
ing the colouring-matter with bone~
ashes.

On Means of assisting Persons in
Danger of Drowning. By Mr,
H. Lawson, —( Phil, Mag.)

Vhe absolute necessity that assise
tance to persons in danger of drown.
ing should be speedy to be effectual,
induced Mr, Lawson’ to consider
what articles were most readily and

3R2 universally

980 ANNUAL

universally to be found at hand in
all cases, which could be converted
into a floating apparatus, either for
the use of the person in danger, or
those who might venture to his as-
sistance. What seemed to Mr.
Lawson in a great measure to an-
swer all those conditions, is the
buoyancy afforded by a common
hat reversed on the water, which
will thus admit of being loaded
nearly with ten pounds weight be-
fore it will sink, and will bear seven
pounds with safety; and as the
body of a man is about the same
weight as the water, a buoyancy
equal to seven pounds will effec-
tually prevent hissinking. ‘To ren-
der the hat more manageable for
this purpose, and less liable to fill
with water from accidents, Mr.
Lawson recommends that it should be
covered with a pocket-handkerchief
Jaid over its aperture, and tied
firmly on the crown: Mr. Lawson
asserts that with a single hat pre-
pared in this manner, held by the
tied part, a man, who even does not
know how to swim, might venture
safely to assist one in danger.

When two hats can be had, Mr.
Lawson recommends that a stick be
run through the tied parts of the
handkerchiefs which cover them:
and if more hats could be got it
would be still better; four hats
may thus be fastened to a common

_walking-stick, which will thus sus-
tain at least 28 pounds.

When a stick is not at hand,
another pocket-handkerchief tied te
the lower parts of those which co-
vered two hats, would thus unite
them like a pair of swimming corks
and make them equally convenient.
If a man happens te fall out of a

ship or boat, he may support him. _
3

REGISTER, 1806.

self till he can get assistance, by
turning his hat on its crown, and
holding by its brim with both hands,
so as to keep the hat level on the
water,

Mr. Lawson recommends that
the Humane Society should have at
their receiving-houses large foot-
balls, furnished each with a string
and small weight, to throw out to
those in danger, (if the expence of
swimming spencers for the same
purpose should be thought too great) }
by which they might support them.
Selves till better assistance our be
procured.

Observations.—The number of
accidents that happen every year
both to swimmers and skaiterse (the
more melancholy, as the sufferers
are generally in full health and vi-
gour, and often in the midst of
gaicty and frolic) make Mr. Law-
son’s contrivances for affording in-
stant relief in all cases, very valua-
ble ; and should therefore obtain
them notice in every publication
where they can be admitted.

Large foot-balls also which Mr,
Lawson recommends for assisting
persons in danger, might be ren.
dered more serviceable by uniting
them in pairs like swimming corks ;
and would be thus nearly equal to
swimming spencers, which latter
differ somewhat from a cork jacket,
and consist of a cork girdle, which
is made by stringing a number of
old bottle-corks (which may be pre.
cured at a small expence) on pack-
thread, and uniting as many of
those strings of corks as will form a
belt of six inches diameter, which is
inclosed in oil-cloth, and furnished
with bands for girding it over the
shoulders and between the legs.

It is strongly shia “pea, in

the

the Esprit des Journaux, to carry a
number of those cork spencers in
every ship, for the use of the sea-~
men; and an instance is mentioned
in it where the lives of hundreds
might have been saved by some
such contrivance, in the fate of an
English vessel of war, which was
burned within view of the shore, off
Leghorn.

A Mr. Mallison has invented a
simple apparatus for similar pur-
poses, of cork, which he sells under
the name of the seaman’s friend, and
is one of the most convenient arti-
cles of the kind. Those commanders
of ships who would not think it
worth while to attend to these mi-
nute matters for the sake of the
sailors, may perhaps do so for the
sake of theship. ‘The inaction and
insubordination which total despair
produces among the crew, has often
caused the loss of valuable ships ;
and such a contrivance as this men-
tioned, though it might only keep
those who used it afloat for a few
hours, would prevent this despair,
and make them stick to the ship to
the last. In case of a ship taking
fire, which often happens near other
ships or the shore, their use would
be indisputable.

In addition to the methods be-
fore-mentioned for giving assistance
in case of accidents, the following
means of preventing their frequency
in the neighbourhood of this and
other large cities, is earnestly re-
commended to the attention of the
Humane Society, and other benevo-
lent gentlemen; which would not
only have this effect, but greatly
contribute also to the health, clean-
Jiness, and activity, of that valuable
class of men, to whose labours the
rest are indebted for most of the
necessaries and comforts of life.

USEFUL PROJECTS.

“981

All those advantages would arise
from having large ponds prepared
near the city, of about four feet
deep, well supplied with fresh wa-
ter, in which any one might be per-
mitted to bathe or swim, for a penny
paid at the entrance; within some
feet of the bank, these ponds should
be surrounded with walls or hedges,
and might be planted, ia the inter-
val between thege and the water,
with shrubs, soas to form an agree-
able walk all round. There is ne
doubt but ground might be procured
in Hyde Park for this purpose, if
properly applied for. ‘The excava-
tion to so small a depth would cost
very little comparatively, and the
trifle paid at the entrance would as
sist in paying interest for this cost.
Baths for the use of the lower
classes of people, furnished at the
expence of the benevolent and rich,
are universal in most parts of Asia,
in Russia, and in several other
countries. ‘That there are none yet
in England, unless some few for
the actual sick, can only proceed
from no one having suggested their
use to the public.

As a farther inducement to gen.
tlemen to subscribe to form such
swimming places, it should be con-
sidered, that they will formexcellent
situations in winter for skaiting,
where this fashionable and manly
amusement may be practised in per-
fect safety, which will be an argu-
ment in their favour, even to those
gentlemen who do not skait them.
selves, as there are very few of those
who have not some friends or rela-
tions who use this exercise.

For both swimming and skaiting
the ponds should be made of consi-
derable extent: if formed on a too
confined scale, the cost would be
thrown away, as in this case few or

3R3 none

988

none would frequent them ; and it is

evident, that to make them service- |

able in preventing accidents, they
should be formed as much as possi-
ble, so as to induce people to prefer
them to any other situation for the
above purposes. |

It need scarcely be mentioned,
that the circumstances which would
constitute the safety of those ponds
for the above uses, would be their
small depth.

Easy Method of purifying Water.—
Bib. Phys. Econ.

A member of the Society of
Sciences and Belles-Lettres at Douay,
has published this method, which

§

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

consists in forming a filter, by plac.
ing inan empty flower pot a wicker
frame horizontally, over which four
or five inches thick of pounded”
charcoal are to be Jaid, and on that
a bed of sand, and over all a paper
pierced with holes, to prevent the
water, on being poured in, from
forming pits in thesand. ‘The filter
is to be renewed at the end of some —
time.

‘This simple, and cheap me-
thod will enable even the poorest
man to procure pure and wholesome
water, which is a circumstance of
great consequence in many foreign
countries, and even in some parts
of England.

ANTIQUITIES: —

An Essay towards an History of
Temples and Round Churches,

- from “ the Architectural Anti-
_ quities of Great Britain,” by John
Britton, F, S.A.

N a state of savage nature, the
human mind is but little super-
rior to brutal instinct; yet, even in
that degraded condition, there ap-
pears a consciousness of some supe-
rior and awful power. That man,
in every state of society and civilized
life, is inspired with, or possesses,
some peculiar notions of a deity, is
the general opinion of philosophers ;
and according to the advancement
of civilization and refinement, so is
the proportionate rationality” of
their modes of worship. ‘The early
annals of every country furnish eyi-
dences of this, and further inform us,
that either some manufactured idol,
or other more impressive object, was
worshipped with servile veneration,
As the eye of the ignorant is mere
susceptible than the ear, and as im-
pressions on that organ are more
powerful than those conveyed to the

f 983 J ‘

ANTIQUITIES.

mind by hearing, the most sagacious
class of men, in the primitive ages,
adopted certain symbolical figures
to personify metaphysieal subjects.
Among these, the circle is described
by different ath Ot as the most .
ancient, the most mystical, and, con-
sequently, the most awful, figure.
According to many writers, this
denoted eternity, infinity, &c. and
by the Hindoos it was formed by a
coiledsnake, which, with the addi-
tion of wings, was regarded with
profound veneration, The Egyp-
tians also used a globe with wings,
anda snake attached, as asymbol of
the deity; and on Chinese gates are
found the figures of coiled snakes,
applied to similar purposes,*
Among the most ancient (if not
really the very first) species of cir-
cular temples, were those rude piles
of stones, which are usually deno-
minated druidical.+ These are al-
most uniformly disposed in a circle,
and consist of one, two, or four
concentric rows of upright un-
wrought stones.+ Several of these,
of various dimensions and figures,
3R 4 are

* See Stukeley’s description, &c. of “ Abury,” fo. ’
+ “ Moses rose early.in the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and

twelve pillars.” Exodus, chap. xxiv. v. 4.

See also the first volume of King’s

Munimenta Antiqua, where the author has described, and referred to, numerous

stone circles, or temples.

{ Stonehenge, I believe, is the only example in Britain, where the stones have
been squared, or shaped with tools; whence the Welsh antiquaries infer thatit is not

a purely druidical structure.

984

are still remaining in Wales, Corn.
wall, Cumberland, Scotland, Ire-
land, and other parts of the British
‘islands ; also in Brittany, Denmark,
&c. but the most considerable in
size, and popular in estimation, are
those of Stonehenge, and Avebury,
in Wiltshire. The former has ob-
tained extraordinary celebrity ; but
the temple at the latter place, though
upon a much more stupendous
scale, and surprising plan, is seldom
alluded to by antiquaries, and
scarcely knowneven toEnglishmen.*
Its centre consisted of a circular
range of immense stones, one hun-
dred in numb@, with four other
circles within the area. ‘The whole
was environed with a deep ditch,
- and high bank. Diverging from
this were two avenues, or double
rows of upright stones, which ex-
tended a mile each way from the
centre, and at the extremity of one
of these avenues, were two oval
ranges of upright stones.

It was, and still is, the custom of
many nations to worship the sun,
the moon, fire, ‘or some other visi-
ble object, in the open air; either
onthe summit of a mountain,+ or
within the area of a raised bank,t+
&c. for, with more sublime, than

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

rational ideas, they deemed it im.
proper to confine their devotions
within stone walls. The roof of
their temple was the immense con-
cave of the heavens, and the field of
vision embraced the whole circled
horizon. The Persians, Scythians,
Numidians, Bithynians, Celte.§ &c.
according to the testimonies of most
writers, adopted this grand system
of worship. In the southern regions,
and in temperate climates, such cus-
tom was easily persisted in; but in
the northern’ countries,. where
storms, and snows, and frosts, often
prevailed, it was found necessary to
guard against the inclemency of sea-
sons, by resorting to caves, or erect~
ing appropriate buildings.

The first regular sacred struc-
tures, according to the opinions of
Herodotus and Strabo, were erec-
ted by the Egyptians ; but the most
ancient temples and tabernables that
we find described, are those of the
tabernacle in the wilderness, made
by Moses, and the splendid temple
of Solomon.|| Forbearing any fur-
ther observations on temples in ge-
neral, F will now briefly notice a
few of those only, which are built
on a circular plan. ‘Though we
may fairly suppose that Greece, in

the

* Stukeley wrote a dissertationon it, which he published in a folio volume,
with numerous plates, in 1748 ; but as this work is scarce and dear, it is only to
be found in the libraries of the curious, and consequently is only read by afew

persons.

+ In Homer, among other instances, the picty of Hector is commended by
Jupiter, for the many sacrifices made by him on the tap of mount Ida.

{ From the remaining examples of druidical temples, we infer that all were en-
circled witha mound of earth, or vallum, and a ditch. ©

§ Pausanias writes, that the Thracians used to build their temples reund, and

open at the top:

|| See ample accounts of these, and other sacred temples, with plates, in Calmet's
Dictionary of the Bible, 2 vel. 4te. 1801, and in a volume of Iliustrative Fragments,

by C. Taylor,

4 Round temples are characterized by Vitruvius by the terms-of monopteral,
1, €, those without walls or cells, but with a cupola raised on ty and perip-

teral, which have detached columns, with an enclosed wall within,

rC.

ANTIQUITIES.

the effulgence of her architectural
splendour exhibited many fine spe-
cimens of these buildings, yet we
know but of one round building in
Athens, the capital city of that coun-
try. This is called the Choragic
monumentof Lysicrates ; and though
a very small structure (only six fect
diameter within,) is beautiful in its
proportions and ornaments. It is
of the Corinthian order, and is said
to have been erected above three
hundred years before the christian
era; in the time of Demosthenes,
Apélles, and Alexander the Great.*
The tower of the Winds, in thesame
city, is an octangular building.

The Romans, who were mere imi-
tators of the Greeks, built numerous
' temples, both in their capital and in
the provinces; but it was not till
after the revolution under Julius
Cesar that they produced any thing
admirable in the arts. Among their
circular temples we may notice the
following.-

Onthe banks of the Tiber isa
round building, which, according to
geveral opinion, says Palladio (B.
IV. Ch. 14.) was built by Numa
Pompilius, and dedicated to ~the
goddess Vesta. Without the walls
of Rome, near the Porta Viminialis,
(now called the gate of St. Agnes, )
is acircular building, dedicated to
St. Agnes, and supposed to have
been a temple of Bacchus.+ On
the Appian Way, near the Porta

* Stuart’s Antiquities of Athens, vol. I.
According to this author, the temples of Bacchus

t Palladio, B, IV. Ch. 21.

985

Appia, (now called the gate of St.
Scbastian,) are the remains of a cir-
cular building. t
The temples dedicated to Vesta -
were generally, if not always, cir-
cular. Plutarch remarks that Numa
erected a round temple to contain
the sacred fire, which he intended as
a symbol of the whole universe.
This temple of Vesta had an atrium,
and agrove, near the fountain of
Juterna, and in the inmost part of
it was kept the sacred fire, which
was attended by the Vestal virgins.
Near the palace of Augustus was also
another similar building, called the
temple of Vesta Palatina.§ Near
the celebrated cascade of the Anio,
at Tivoli, is another circular temple,
sacred to the goddess Vesta. It is
sometimes called the temple of
Sibylla Tiburtina, is of the Corin-
thian order, and is much celebrated
by travellers.|| Upon the Celian
Mount, at Rome, was a large cir-
cular temple, which, according to
some writers, was built by Claudius,
and dedicated to Faunus. It con-
sisted of a circular wall, which in-
cluded two colonnades, one within
the other. It is now called St. Ste-
phen the Round, and measures about
190 feet in diameter.{@ The most
popular of these circular temples is
the pantheon at Rome, which is
commonly supposed to have been
erected by M. Agrippa, in his third
consulate, though Palladio is of
opinion

and Venus were to be built always on the outside of the city walls.

t Palladio, B. IV. Ch. 22.

§ Montfaucon, vol. II. Ch.7. In this volume are several plans of circulgr

temples.

|| See Chevalier Piranezi’s Plans, &c. of this building, and Desgodetz’s anti-
quities of Rome. The latter is translated by Marshall, and contains several plans,

sections, &c. of ancient buildings,
q See Desgodetz’s Antiquities,

986

opinion that the body, or circular
part, was builtin the time of the
republic, and the portico only
added by Agrippa. It was. re-
paired A. D. 607, and dedicated to
the blessed virgin, by pope Boni-
face LV. and, in three years after,
it was again dedicated to all the
saints, by pope Gregory IV.’

We must recollect, that alt + the
preceding temples were originally
erected and consecrated to Pagan
worship; though some of them,
with several other similar edilices,
were afterwards converted into
Christian churches, As this new
doctrine extended its benign in-
fluence, it was found necessary to
provide its ministers and disciples
with appropriate places of devotion.
These now assumed the names of
Ecclesia, Basilica, and Church ; and
as Constantine the Great, who was
the most powerful advocate in the
cause, became more and more con-
firmed in the Christian tenets, he
extended his liberality and influence
towards the Christians, and their
sacred structures, ** The Christian
temples of Antioch, Alexandria,
Jerusalem, Constantinople, &c. dis-
played the ostentatious piety of a
prince, ambitious, in a declining
age, to equal the perfect labours of
antiquity.”’{ In the course of two

* See Desvodetz’s Antiquities.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

centuries, from.the reign of Constan-
tine to that .of Justinian, eighteen
hundred churches of the empire were —
established and endowed.§
Let us now turn our eyes to the
small islands of Britain, where we
shall perceive afew glimmering rays
of Christian light breaking through
the mists of Paganism. In the
beginning of the seventh century,
Austin, or Augustin, with forty
other monks, were deputed by Gre-
gory the great, from the papal see at
ome, to ith England. They were
particularly instructed, by the zea.
lous and sagacious pope, ** not to
destroy the heathen temples of the
English, but only to remove the
images of the gods, to wash the
walls with holy water, to erect al-
tars, and deposit relics in them, and
so convert. them into Christian
churches.’’|| What was the exact
shape aud size of these temples, we
are not well informed, though it is
generally admitted that the first
Saxon churches had semicircular east
ends.. Dr. Stukeley, speaking of
rqund churches, very strangely says
—‘‘ I suspect these are the most
ancient churches in England, and
probably built in the later, times of
the Romans, for Christian service,
—at least in the early Saxon
reigns,’@ As this remark is scarcely
entitled

+ The church of St. Agnes, according to some writers, was built for a temple
of Bacchus; but others contend that it was pape by the emperor Constantine.

t Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. L. X. Ch. 2, 3

. “ The bishop of Cesarea,who studied

and gratified the taste of his master, prortot bath in public, an elaborate descrip-
tion of the church of Jerusalem, (in Vit. Const. L. IV. C. 46.) It no longer exists; but
he has inserted in the life of Constantine, (1, II. Ch. 36,) a short account of the

architecture and ornaments.
Apostles at Constantinople.
Ill. 292.

§ | bid.

|| ILenry’s History of Great Britain, vol. III. p. 194, ae:

tory of the Anglo-Saxons, vol. IV.
ci Itinerariuin Curiosum, p, 35,

He likewise mentions the chureh of the holy
(1. IV. Ch. 29.)”

Gibbon’s Roman History, vol.

See also Turner’s [iss

AN Teal Q:U TD) PDE S.

entitled to animadversion, let us en-
deavour to ascertain, with seme ap-
pearance of consistency and ration-
ality, the origin, styles of architec-
ture, and characteristics of

English Round Churches.

These certainly constitute a sin-
gularand rare class of ancient cdi-
fices, and are eminently interesting
to the architectural antiquary. The
three examples here brought forward
will perhaps stagger the faith, or
remove the doubts, of those writers
who contend that the pointed arch,
when once adopted, completely su-
perseded the semicircular. Such
antiquaries should recollect that new
fashions, with every other species of
novelty, are not instantaneously and
universally embraced ; but that they
become prevalent according to their
utility, and in proportion to the in-
fluence of the inventor. Every new
fashion has also to contend with the
prejudices of man, and with his es-
tablished customs. ‘The revolutions
_ of architecture are not exempt from
these obstacles ; and we should not,
therefore, be surprised in beholding
two styles of arches, &c. employed
in the same building.* (In the cir-
cular parts of the churches at Nor-
thampton and at the Temple, this
variety of style is decidedly mani-
fest. Here the pointed arch is dis-
played, from its first formation, (the
intersection of the semicircular
-archesin the Temple church) through
the’gradation of the plain, simple,
almost straight-lined triangle, in the
church at Northampton, to that of
the Temple, where the same shaped

987

arch is adorned with mouldings, and
where it springs from the capitals of
clustered columns.

The origin of round churches, in
England, has been generally attri-
buted to the Jews. This opinion
was very prevalent in Cambridge,
till Mr. Essex corrected it by his
historical observations, which were
published in the sixth volume of the
Archeologia. ‘‘ Their temple at
Jerusalem,” he observes, ‘* was not
of the circular form, neither was
the tabernacle of Moses ; nor do we
find the modern Jews affect that
figure in building their synagogues.
It has, however, been generally sup-
posed, that the round church at
Cambridge, that at Northampton,
aad some others, were built for sy-
nagogues, by the Jews, while they
were permitted to dwell in those
places ; but as no probable reason
can be assigned for this supposition,
and I thinkit very certain that the
Jews, who were settled in Cam-
bridge, had their synagogue, and
probably dwelled together, in a part
of the town now called the Jewry,
so we may reasonably conclude, the
round churches we find in other
parts of this kingdom were not built
by the Jews, for synagogues, what-
ever the places may be calledin which
they stand.’+ As these churches
are evidently not of Roman archi-
tecture, and as they were not erec-
ted by the Jews, we are naturally
curious to ascertain when, and by
whom, they were built. There ap-
pears to be four perfect examples
of these buildings in England: St. '
Sepulchre’s church at Cambridge,
St. Sepulchre’s church at Northamp-

ton,

* Thumbly offer this, merely as a hint, or a remark en passant, at present: in
another place I hope to develope and elucidate the subject.

+ Archzxologia, vol. VE. p. 166.

988

ton, the Temple church, London,
and asmall church at Little Map-
Tested, Essex.’ All these, with one
that was at Temple Bruer, and one
at Aslackly, Lincolnshire, are ge-
nerally attributed to the knights
Templars,* during their power and
prosperity in England. This sin-
gular religious order of °¢ knights-
errant” obtained their organization
and fame in the vicinity of the
church of the Holy-Sepulchre at
Jerusalem.

it is the general opinion of wri-
ters, that this sacred structure was
built by Helena, the mother of Con.
stantine the Great ; but, unfortu-
nately, none of these writers have
identified the part then built, or des-
cribed its size, character, or style of
architecture. Besides, we are in-
formed that Charlemagne (A. D.
$13.) rebuilt this venerated edifice.
‘¢ The east end,” observes Mr.
Essex, ‘‘ I take to be of his build.
ing, containing the semicircular tri-
bune ; but the intermediate part,
between it and the sepulchre, is more
modern, and might be rebuilt when
the church was restored, in the year
1049, after it was defaced by the
Saracens towards the end of the
tenth century.”+ Bede, speaking
of this structure, describes it as a
Jarge round church, with three walls
and twelve pillars; but the precise
disposition of these walls and pillars

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

is not specified. The round part
of the present building materially
differs from this description. It
consists of a semicircular wall, which
attaches to a large mass of buildings
onthe east, and a little within the
wall is a circular colonnade, con-
sisting of sixtecn columns and piers,
with an open space for four others,
towards the east.6 The circular
part of the building is of Roman ar.
chitecture, and its roof, which is
mostly of cedar, gradually dimi-
nishes from its base upwards, and
terminates with a round aperture.
This shape is rather singular, as it
differs from the usual form and con-
struction of domes, or cupolas. The
other parts of the building consist of
several chapels, oratories, passages,
towers, &c. and on the south side is
displayed several examples of point.
ed arched doors and windows, with
corresponding clustered columns,
Sandys, Le Brayn, and Maundrell,
who have all visited this place, are
so extremely vague and unsatisfac-
tory in their respective accounts,
(i cannot apply the term of history,
or description,)that they prove more —
tantalizing than gratifying to our —
curiosity.

This sacred structure was rever-
ed, by the holy knights, above all
earthly objects; their enthusiasm
had endowed its every stone with
marvellous qualities; and they

foolishly

* The Templars had numerous other places of residengein England, where they

established preceptories, &c.

In Strype’s edition of. Stow, 1720, vol. I. p. 270, it

1s said that they had temples at London, Cambridge, Bristol, Canterbury, Dover,

Warwick, &c.
+ Archzologia, VI. p. 169.

T Resurrectionis Dominice rotunda ecclesia tribus cincta parietibus, duodecim

columnis sustentatur,

(De Locis Sanctis
§ See the ground plan in Sandy’s Travels.

» Cap. 2.)

I have also been favoured with a

view of amodel of thischurch, now in the possession of the learned auther of

Munimenta Antiqua.

APN WSl Q VUuL aT TNE'S:

foolishly fancied it a secure passport

to heaven, if they lost their lives in
defence of the building.
their province to protect Christian
pilgrims against the Saracens, and
as they were originally instituted
and stationed at the church of the
holy Sepulchre, it seems extremely
probable that they would imitate
that structure, when they were af-
terwards distributed in companies
over Europe, and when they had
occasion to erect a new. church.
This appears actually to have been
the case with those that settled in
England ; for we have already seen
that they had circular churches at
several places,* and some of those
were dedicated to the holy Sepul-
chre, Sanctum Sepulchrum. Per-
haps the most ancient of these is
‘that at Cambridge.

ry

Architectural Nomenclature.

In Britton’s architectural anti-
quities, part Vi. there is a history
of Maimsbury abbey church, and
the author gives the following table
of terms, &c. to characterize the
various styles which prevail in ancient
English ee

As it was

989

In this essay, and in the subse-
quent parts of the present work, I
shall find it necessary to employ
some precise terms, calculated to
characterize the various styles of
that ancient architecture, which pe-
culiarly belongs to Great Britain,
and of which we are endeavouring
to investigate the history and ascer-
tain the principles. The usual com-
mon-place terms of Saxon and Go-
thic, are not only extremely vague,
but, from indiscriminate application,
are completely nugatory. It is
time this was remedied; and itis
rather a reproach to antiquarian li-
terature, that such improper and
imperfect words should have so long
continued in general use. ‘Though
almost every writer, on this subject,
reprobates the latter term as applied
to architecture, yet all continue to
use it, asif it were criminal to core
rect inaccuracy, or oppose an ab.
surd custom, that would be: ** more
honourable in the breach, than in
the observance.” ‘Though I am not
disposed to employ an imperious
dictatorial tone, to enforce the ne-
cessity of the following arrangement
and classification, yet I am persuad-
ed that every one who feels the ne-
cessity of rendering language une-
quivocal, of being definite and pre-

cise

“ The German writer of ‘ Voyage en Sicile & dans la Grande Gréce ad-

hie al Abbé Winckelman ,Lausanne, 8vo. 1773,”
of St. Sepulchre at Brindisi, the ancient Brundusium.

gives this description of a church
‘On donne l’Eglise du St.

Sepulcre pourun temple antique ; c’etoit une rotonde; cet edifice n’est point du

bon tems de |’architecture:

sa forme n’est pas parfaitement circulaire &iln’y a

point de portique a l’entrée, et il decrit un demi circle différent, qui ne fait point

eurps avec le reste du batiment ;

ce qui lui donne une irregularité désagreable.

L’on reconnoit aussile mauvais gofit du tems de la decadence des arts aux orne-

mens de l’ancienne porte qui est murée aujour d*hui.

Cet edifice est vouté &

soutenu entierement par des colonnes de marbre.’
“ This person, who was over head and ears in Roman and Grecian antiquities,

would not have thought it worth his while to have taken notice

of an ancient Chris-

tian temple, as this is no doubt, had he not ‘mistaken it for a Pagan one. The
oem answers exactly to our church of the holy Sepuichre at Cambridge.’’
British Museum, Cole’s MSS. vol. I. p. 46

990

cise in his own writings, and who
hopes to avoid all mistakes im con-
struing theterms employed by others,
will admit the propriety of the plan
now suggested, or give it a better
modification,

I would recommend that each
decisive variety of style, in ancient
buildings, be designated by one of
the following phrases, agreeably to
the era of its prevalence; and to be
more precise in these, it may be ne-~
cessary to specify five divisions, or
eras of time ; each of which is marked
by,a distinct style of architecture in
the public buildings erected during
the respective periods.

Sketch of a Nomenclature of An-
cient Architecture, intended to
affix precise terms to each peculiar
style in English buildings.

First style-—Anglo-Saxun. This
will embrace all buildings that were
erected between the times of the
conversion of the Saxons, and the
Norman conquest, from A. D. 597,
to A. D. 1066,

Second style—Anglo-Norman, by
which will be meant that style which
prevailed from 1066 to 1189, in-
cluding the reigns of Williams [. and
ui Henry 1. Stephen, and Henry

We

Third style-—English, from 1189,
to. 1272, embracing the reigns of
Richard I. John, and Henry ILL,

Fourth style-—Decorated English,
from 1272, to 1461, including the
reigns of Edwards J. Tf. and III.
Richard If. and Henrys LY. V. and
Fifth style—AHighly decorated,
or florid English, from 1461 to 1509,
including the reigns of Edwards IV.
and V, Richard III. and Henry
VIL.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

From this era we lose sight of all
style and congruity; and the publi
buildings erected during the reigns
of Henry VIII. Elizabeth, and-
James I. may be characterised by
the terms of Debased English, or
Anglo-L[talian,

Account of the Ruins of Carthage,
and of Udenain Barbary, by John
Jackson, Esq. F. A. 8. in a Letter
to John Wilkinson, M. D. F. R. |
S. and F. AS.

Read Dec. 15, 1803.

Tonnisholm Hall, Nov. 25, 1803.
Sir,—The scite of ancient Carthage
appears to have been a most excel-
lent situation for commerce, no part
of the world could afford better ac-
commodation for shipping; here is
a lake about ten miles long, and
five broad at the widest part, in a di-
rect line between the ruins of Car-
thage, and the city of Tunis, and
communicating with the sea, by a
navigable canal at the Goletta, near
Carthage. On examining this lake,
I found that it had once been about
eighteen feet in depth, with an hard
bottom, except a part of the east:
side, lying near the sea between the
Goletta and the Tunis. Here are
the remains of houses for about three
miles, their breadth at the broadest
part does not appear to have been
above a mile. I took a great deal
of pains to satisfy my curiosity re-
specting these houses: having a boat
belonging to a ship of war, n> other
being permitted to navigate on this
lake at low water. Some of the tops
of them were not above a foot under
the surface of the water; at the Go-
letta there is generally a rise and fall
of the tide, about three feet; but
the canal between the sea and the

lake

ANTIQUITIES.

lake being very narrow, it does not
Taise the water in the lake so much.
My people frequently got out of the
boats, and walked on the tops of the
houses,’ but weie sometimes in dan-
ger, often meeting with places be-
yond their depth ; one of them hav-
ing shot at a flamingo, and broke tts
wing, pursued it over these houses,
where the boats could not go, and
had nearly lost his life by falling into
some deep holes. Many parts of
this lake are now scarcely navigable,
and particularly towards Tunis,
since the Moors will not take the
trouble to clear away the immense
quantity of mud’ and filth, that
is continually washing into it, from
the city of Tunis, and which has
been accumulating for many centu-
ries.

The ruins of ancient Carthage
are about twelve miles north west
from Tunis, in a pleasant situation,
and reckoned very, healthy, com-
manding an extensive prospect over
the guiph of Tunis, as weil as the
interior of the country, but there
are no fresh running streams of wa-
ter near them; to remedy this incon-
venience, the Carthaginians, at the
time of their prosperity, were at im-
mense labour and expence in con-
ducting a considerable stream of
fresh water from the mountain
Zuan, about forty-five miles south-
east from Cafthage. This stream
is still very remarkable for its good
quality in dying scarlet, and the
Tunisians are now obliged to carry
all their articles that are to dyed of
that colour, to Zuan. The length
of this aqueduct is above seventy
miles, and by means of it the Car-
thaginians conducted the stream
through mountains and over val-
leys; considerable remains of it
are still to be seen:. near Udena
there is a range of above onethousaud

3

991

arches, where it had been conveyed
across a valley: some of the arches
in the middle of the valley are above
one hundred feet bigh. I have every
reason to believe this aqueduct, but
more particularly this great range of
arches near Udena, had been repair-
ed by the Romans, every arch being
regularly numbered in Roman cha-
raciers. In building this aqueduct,
they have made use of a strong ce-
ment, which seems to be aS durable
as the stones themselves, though they
are harder than our limestene of a
yellowish colour. In the conduit
where the waters have run, there is
a cement of about four inches thick,
which in some places has fallen down
in flakes one bundred feet in length,
yet sull adheres together. The con-
duit is about six feet high within,
and four feet broad, yet two people
cannot conveniently walk abreast
within it, by: reason of its being
arched to a point at top. At Uriana,
a village four miles north-west from
Tunis, many arches of the aqueduct
are of a considerable height, but not
in so perfect a state as at Udena, the
Bey of Tunis having taken away
many of the stones to build his pa-
lace at Manuba.’ Where the stream
has been conveyed through a moun-
tain, at every sixty yards, there is a
round hole about four feet in diame-
ter, and yery neatly walled with .
hewn stone, and the wall is continued
about four feet above the surface of
the earth, to prevent any thing falling
in; the stones are very neatly round-
ed at top. \

There is no difficulty in tracing
the remains of this aqueduct, all the
way from Zuan to Carthage, follow-
ing the course of it through moun-
tains and over valleys. In magni-
tude it far exceeds any thing I have
yet seen in Asia or Europe, of either
ancient or modern archiiecture; it

has

992

has been neatly executed, and very
highly finished, which has been the
cause of its lasting so. many ages; in
some places it is so, very perfect,
that it does not appear to have re-
ceived the least injury. This coun-
try abounds in ruins, many of which
are still very considerable; even in
Carthage there are some remains of
its former greatness. The reser-
voirs for water are still very perfect,
being all arched over; they are not
_ exposed, the walls being covered with
a thick and strong cement in general.
Those remains are ina tolerable state
of preservation, which have not been
exposed to the sun and air. I very
frequently visited these ruins, and
found, though they were very eXten-
sive, the greatest part to have been
undermined, and supported by very
strong arches; some of these have
fallenin, which makes it rather dan-
gerous to take a horse amongst the
ruins. Through some of these bro-
ken places in the arches, I descend-
ed, and went into some neat square
chambers, communicating one with
another, being covered witha strong
cement, still used in this country ;
its present name is gyps. Some of
the rooms were so very perfect, that
I could not discover the least flaw in
the plaister, and very little disco-
loured, being still a tolerably good
white. I. was informed that the
walls of some of those chambers
were covered with handsome paint-
ings, in a tolerably perfect state ;
but I did not discover any of those
painted chambers, nor could I find

any guideableto conduct me to them. ~

The plough now passes over the
greatest part of the ruins of Carthage.
I have seen a very abundant crop of
wheat, under which were many hand-
some apartments in a very perfect
state, the floors of the chambers
were all laid with gyps- It is rather

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

unpleasant searching amongst these —
ruins ; to get down into the cham-
bers, I was frequently obliged to
creep upon my hands and knees, but
after I got into them often found it
cool and pleasant. I never saw any
scorpions, or other venomous rep-
tiles, in any of the chambers, though
they were very numerous on the sur-
face; to guard against them, I wore
boots and strong gloves.
There are no very considerable |
remains of buildings to be seen on >
the surface : the principal is what I
was told were the ruins of the tem-
ple of Asculapius, but I am of
opinion that must be merely con-
jecture, There are now only some
massy walls, about twelve feet thick,
and no part above thirty feet in
height; the whole is lying in such |
confused heaps, I could not trace the
form or extent of the building. These
ruins lie near the sea at the lower
part of Carthage towards the Goletta,
along the shore facing the gulph of |
Tunis, where for above one mile and
ahalfthe sea has made some en-
croachment on the land: here I dis-
covered the foundations of houses. |
The stones were in general very large,
some above and some below the sur- |
face of the water; the sea being very |
clear, I could discern the whole very
perfectly. The foundations are an
oblong square, their greatest length
projecting towards the sea, They]
have been at least three times as
large as the rooms I saw in the midst}
of the fuins, which were in general
about eighteen feet square. There
are still a great many ancient coins
and antiques discovered amongst
the ruins ; they are chiefly found}
hy the Bedguins, who afe not well
acquainted with their value: the
Bedouins sell them to the Jews.
The present Bey of Tunis is very}
jealous, and will not permit any
Christian

AUN WH Onli 40°F 1 Eis.

Christian to dig amongst the ruins,
though it has often been prop sed to
‘Bim, to retarn the same weight of
whatever valuable metal might be
found.

[In this country they haye plenty
of naphtha, or bitumen, but [ never
found that they had made use of it
in any of their buildings, as T have
seen at Cresiphon, Seleucia, and other
‘ancient ruins, in that pirt of Asia;
here the vyps appears to have been
generally used.

It is very difficult to form an ac-
curate idea of the exteat of ancient
Carthage, but it does not appear to
have been above nine miles tn cir-
cumference ; the principal parc lies
on the side of a hill, which narrows
as it rises, almost to an angle on the
north side, towards Porta Farina;

_from the top of this hil there is 2
very extensive and most beautiful
prospect. This promontory, or
cape, is still distinguished on the
charts by the naine of Cape Car-
thage.
_ On the north side of the hill down
to the sea, it Is very steep, and does
not appear ever to have been mach
inbabited ; it contifiues very steep

on the east side towards the seay to

_ a considerable distauce.

At. present, the Bey of Tunis
employs a great many Christian
slaves in carrying stones from the
east side to the pier Mow making at
the Goletta; the slaves roll the
stones down the steep, then put them
_ into sandals, a sort of flai-butromed

craft used in that country; they
have only to carry them a few miles
onthe gulph of Tunis, then throw

them overboard, to form ‘he pier at

the Goleita. This pier now extends
a considerable way into the sea, and
is a very great improvement to the
port of the Goletta, and an accom-

— Vex. XLVUL,

993

modation to vessels of an easy draft ’
of water, as they may now lie in
perfect safety; and it is intended
to carry the pier further out into
deep water, where the largest ships
may be protected by it, and lie in
perfect safety.

Amongst the ruins of Carthage I
have found marble of almost every
description, but mostly in small
pieces.

The principal cause which has
Contributed so much to reduce the
ruins of Carthage to its present in-
Significant appearance, is its prox-
imity to Tunis, and the palace of
Bardo, &c.. ‘The beys and the prin«
cipal people ha¥e, for a considerable
time past, built their palaces from
the-ruins, and they have always been
particularly careful to collect the
most beautiful marbles.

Uden is situated about twenty
miles south from Tunis; it appears
to have been a city of some conse-
quence, though it has uever been
mentioned by Lee, Dr. Shaw, or
any other traveller or historian.
The remains of this city are still in
a more perfect state than any other
ruins in Barbary. Having no guide
to instruct me what this city was
formerly, or even its ancient name,
or whether it has always been dis-
tinguished by the name it bears at
present, I could form no other idea
of it, than what fell within my own
observation. The Tunisians at pre-
sent cal] it Udena; it is situated
upon a hill, having an easy ascent to
it on every side; from the best ob-
servations I could make upon the
spot, the ruins still visible do not
exceed five miles in circumference.
The cisterns, or reservoirs for water,
are ina much more perfect state
than thore of Carthage; they scarecly
appear to have received any injury,

35 and

994

and still contain a considerable quan-
tity of good fresh water. The arches
which form the roofs of the cisterns,
are covered with earth a considera-
ble depth, which appeared to me to
have preserved them in their very
perfect state. The cisterns are at
least a quarter of a mile south from
the principal ruins of the city.

There are the remains of a noble
amphitheatre, about two hundred
yards in circumference, taking its
extent from the bighest seats in the
galleries ; it is of an oval shape, the
principal entrances into it, are one
at each end, at the bottom,’ or
ground floor of the building; these
two entrances have been very broad.
There are sixteen other .entrances
for the spectators, eight on each
side, perfectly uniform, and from
each entrance there is a staircase to
ascend into thegalieries. From the
bottom, or ground floor of the am-
phitheatre, to the lowest seats in the
galleries, is about thirty feet perpen-
dicular. solid wall, -quite smooth ;
the whole has been burlt with hewn
stone, generally of a large size,
harder than our lime-stone, and of a
yellowish colour.

Near the amphitheatre are the
remains of several large marble co-
lumns, standing in rows, at equal
distances. There appears to have
been an immense pile of building
standing on the highest ground: I
conceived it must have been the ci-
tadel. Within this building there is
a bath of semi-circular form, and
almost perfect; the whole of the
bath is beautifully inlaid with Mo-
saic work ; in which are drawn se-
veral female figures, swimming in
various attitudes, as perfectly as in
any painting; being done with va-
rious coloured marbles, they do not
seem-in the least to have lost their

2

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

colour. There are several aquatic
fowls, drawn in the same style, above
the human figures; the whole are
coloured so as to resemble nature. I
was much mortified that I could not |
take away any of those figures entire, |
having no instruments to cut them J
out, and it is very difficult to make
anyimpression upon the mosaic-work, |
being so strongly cemented together ;
it has been so very highly finished, |
that [ could not distinguish it as
mosaic-work, without a very narrow |
examination, Near the bath are’
the ruins of many very elegant builds })
ings, which I imagined to have been
temples, or some other publ € works : |
one of the most perfect bas two rows
of pillars in the inside, and a gallery
stillentire, by which T walked round
the whole of the building on the
outside. This temple is an oblong,
about forty yards in length, an ene
trance at each end: at present it
has no roof over the centre of the
building, being only covered on each
side, as far as the two rows of pillars,
I observed particularly in this build.
ing, that all the masonry was very
handsome, highly finished, and not
of the massy structure that I have
often observed amongst other ancient
ruins ; the pillars, and the whole of
the building are quite plain, without
any carved ornaments,
Very near this temple is an im
mense heavy pile of building, which
seems to have been a place of con-
siderable strength; the stones with |
which it has been built are very
large, 1 am persuaded many of them
would weigh three tons. The whole
of this building is arched over : upon |
a careful examination of this heavy |
pile, it appeared to me to have been
a prison. There is a very large hall
which seems to have been upon the }
ground-floor,’ and into this hal] there }
are

our large entrances, all arched over:
m entering, it is very similar to
assing under the arch of a bridge;
this hall is certainly capable of con~
aining more than two thousand
ople. Underneath this building
here are vaults, or cells, which go
ound the whole; there is a stair-
Case on each side of the hall, leading
down to the vaults; I went with my
companions down one of these stair-
cases, each carrying a light: we
found it very difficult to enter the
vaults, not having more than eighteen
inches in height at the bottom of the
Stair-case, and were obliged to creep
down flat upon the rubbish before
we could enter. » We found the
vaults, or cells, were about fifteen
feet in height. The door-ways be-
tween the several cells are very
small ; from the surface of the earih
to the bottom of these vaults is at
f least forty feet perpencicular: we
could not prevail on any of our
}servants or the Bedouins, to ac-
company us down ioio the vaults.
It does not appear there has ever
been the least ray of hyot in any of
these cells; and the air being so
much confined, I felt some incon-
venience. On entering these borrid
gloomy cells, I was fearful we might
meet with some ravenous beast, as
this country abounds with wild
beasts of prey of almost every
description ; to guard against them,
1 took a double-barrelled gun down
with me; however, I met with no-
thing but foxes, which appeared to
be numerous, and even here, at so
great a depth, burrow amongst the
rubbish at the bottom of the cells.
The cieling of the cells is covered
with bats of a large size, which,
when disturbed, flew about the cells
and sometimes struck with consi-
derable force against our heads, and

ALN TQ Ui Tel E:s:

995

if the greatest care had not been
taken, they would soon have put out
the candles ; we took down with usa
dark lanthorn, to prevent any acci-
dent of this kind: without proper
precaution, it might have been
attended with ‘very. serious Conse~
quences, not having the least ray of
light, it would have been very
difficult to have found our way oye
again. In one of the smallest cells
I fired my gun, to try what effect it
would have in such a confined plage,
so far below the surface of the earths
though the gun was very well charged.
it had little effect; and was scarce
heard by the people at the top; it
seemed to rarify the air-a little in
the cell, and make it more tolerables
All the walls and cieling in these
vaults are quite. black, as if occas
sioned by smokey yet it does not stain
the hand.

About two miles north from the
citadel, is a very fine stream of fresh
water; over the valley through
which this stream runs, is the
greatest range of arches in the Care
tbagenian aqueduct. The whole of
the surrounding country appears to
have been once cultivated; and [
have no doubt it would still yield
abundant crops with very little
trouble ; at preset there is not the
least @itivation for a great many
miles, except among the ruins of
Udena, and no fixed habitation
nearer than Tunis. Such is the
present degraded staie of what was
formerly considered one of the most
fertile countries in the world.

There were a few Bedouin tents
in the neighbourhood. The Bedouins
appeared to be almost half-starved,
and were very happy to accept of
any part of our victuals that we
chose to give them, and were very
ready to fetch us fresh water. There
352 are

4

996 ANNUAL REGISTER. 1806.

are still some small tribes of Be-
douins in this country, who profess
Christianity ; they are chiefly to be
met with about Zuan and that neigh~
bourhood. f

Among the ruins of Udena, are a
great many deep wells, and in these
the wild pigeons build their nests ;
by throwing stones down the wells,
the pigeons flew up, by which means
we caught several,

“While examining the ruins of
Udena, the strange infatuation of
the ignorant Bedouins, to prefer
sowing their corn in the midst of
ruins, struck my mind very forcibly 5
these ruins being in a more perfect
state than those of Carthage, there
is, consequently, not so much arable
land 5 but wherever they find a small
patch amongst the ruins, they are
ure to plough it. | I could not easily
account for this strange notion of
the Bedouins, because ir is certainly
contrary to nature, {n the kingdom
of Tunis, the quantity of corn de.
pends entirely on the quantity of
rain, and it cannot be supposed that
water can lodge much amongst
ruins, where the whole is under-
mined ; it must of course drain off
a!most as fast as it falls: it cannot
do so upon a good solid ground,
which will naturally imbibe the
moisture, and retain it a considerable
time.

I imagined they might have some
other inducement, more than the
bare prospect of the crops of corn;
and that was the prospect they had
of finding treasure; was this their
principal motive, they certainly
would know how to turn whatever
they found to a better account. A
Bedouin will sell the most valuable
antique to a Jew, fora caroob, (13d,
English money) and the gold and
Giver for much less than their

®

weight in the current cain of the
country. I have very often enquired
why they preferred ploughing
amongst the ruins of ancient cities,
but could never get a satizfactory
answer.

I have the honour to be, siz,

Your most obedient servant,
John Jackson.

John Wilkinson, esq. M. D. F. R.S,

and F. A. S.

Some Remarks on the Ancient Cere-
mony of the Feast of Fools, and on
a Seulptured Girdle worn at its
Celebration. By Francis Douce,
Esq. F. A. S.
Read May 10, 1804.

During the early ages of Chris-
tianity, when the minds of men were
yet under the dominion of their pre-
judices for the Pagan superstitions,
it had become necessary on the part
of those who held the reins of civil
and ecclesiastical government, either
to endure the practice of certain ce.
remonies and amusements, to which
the common people had beer
long accustomed, or to substitute
otuers in their stead, which bore at
least some resemblance to them.
One of the most ancient of the latter
kind, and which appears to have
been the greatest favourite, was that
known by the name of the ‘¢ Feast
of the Calends.” It had arisen out
of the Roman Saturnalia, and re.
sembled, in a great degree, the
excesses of a modern carnival,
Amidst various other absurdities men
ran through the streets disguised as
old women, and even as brute ani-
mals, whence this ceremony has
been sometimes distinguished by the
names of ** Vetula,” and ‘* Cervu-
la.” As it was attended by the
3 commission

AN TeE.Q Us ‘Ti. B S.

_ gommission of many crimes, and had

~

bec«me in all respects an object of
ecclesiastical cen-ure, we accerd-
ingly find the pious Tertullian, with
many other fathers of the church,
vehemently declaiming against it;

and Si. Augustine, in one of bis

Sermons, menaces severe punishment
against all who should encourage it;
but the anahemas of these holy
men appear to have no effect in
checking these impious fooleries, for
they were continued without .inter-
ruption even to the middle ages, the
religious and other manuscripts of
which, particulaily those of the
thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
centuries, furnish many allusions to
them, dep'cted in their margins. The
late ingenicus Mr. Strutt, whose ins
defatigable but ill-rewarded services
will be duly appreciated by every
real antiquary, has preserved a me-
morial of these representations, but
not aware of their precise significa»
tion, he has included them in the
general mass of ancient mummeries.

These festivities, which prevailed
at the opening of the new year, were,
it is to be hoped, «riginally confined
to the laity ; but it is certain that
they were very soon imitated by the
clergy. In the ninth century the
acts of the eighth general council of
Constantinople, indistinctly refer to
some ecclesiast.cal mockesies, that
seem to have relation to the before-
mentioned excesses. During the
tweifth century, a festival remained,
called ‘ Libertas Decembr ca,”
which in some degree resembled the
Roman Saturnalia, inasmuch as the
archbishops and bishops degraded
themselves by playing at dice and
otber games, and dancing with the
inferior clergy in the monasteries
and episcopal houses.

997

In France a very singular ceré=
mony crept into the church about
this time, under the name of * La
Féite des Foudiacres ;”’ or the feast
of subdeacons. The learned M. Du-
cange conjectures that this exprese
sion did not indicate that the sub-
deacons were exclusively the actors
in this farce, but that it is to be lites
rally expounded, diacres faouls, or
drunken clerks, from their bacchae
nalian excesses; an opinion, which
with great reverence to so high an
authority, I cannot help regarding
as very apocryphal. It is more ge»
nerally known under the title of the
Feast of Fools, on which occasion in
the cathedrals, a mock bishop or
archbisbop was elected. Sometimes
be was called an abbot, and in those
churches that were more immediately
under the papal jurisdiction, a pope.
There was no unity of time in this
election, for it is found to have been
celebraied, according to variety of
place, on Christmas-day, St. Ste-
phen’s, St. John’s, andthe Innocents?
Days; the Circumcision, the Epis
phany, and on some of the octaves
of those festivals. An ancient cere-
monial for the church of Viviers
States, that the abbot was elected om
the 17th of Detember. It is neces-
sary te observe, that an episcopus
stultorum bad been already elected
on the Innocents’? day of the pre-
cedit g year, but he enjoyed his offi.
ciat rights only during the three
days of St. Stephen, St. John, and
the Innocents?» At Auxerre the
ceremony tock place on the 18th of
July. In the celebrated Beaford
Missal, now in the possession of Mr,
Edwards, there is'a calendar, in
which, under the month of February,
tbe following inseription cecurs,’
$* Comment a Fevrier on soulvit faire

383 i

998
la feste aur fols et aux mors.” One
might be supposed at first sight to
imagine that the Feast of Fools is
here alluded to as celebrated in this
month; but as the fabrication of
this calendar umformly refers to
feasts and ceremonies in use among
the ancients, it is evident that in
this instance he applies the above
expression to the Quirinalia, which
were also termed feria stultorum,
between which and the Feast of
Fools in question, there is not the
slightest connection. The illumne-~
tion that belongs to this line, repre-
sents. several men feasting in a
church-yard, who have been sup-
posed hy an eminent antiquary, in
bis account of this invaluable ma-
Nuscript, to wear fools’ caps; but
this will be found, on attentive exa-
mination of the figures, to be a mis-
take, probably originating from a
part of the above motto. The sub-
“ject of it refers to another ancient
festival, on the 2st of Feb. viz, the
feraha, or feast of the dead, insti.
tuted by Numa, in honour of the
manes, and sometimes ca)led paren-
édlia. It is to be supposed that si-
milar variations would arise in the
manner of celebrating this indeco-
rous violation of gvery thing that
was sacred and solemn, yet the prin-
cipal incidents were at least uniform,
and these were, a ludicrous para-
phrase of the service of the mass,
performed by persons with blackened
faces, disguised in masquerade ha-
bits of women, of fools, and of brute
animals, exhibiting, in this respect,
evident. traces of the Veluta and
Cervula, already noticed. The bi-
shop, or abbot, was arrayed in mock
pontificals, partly. borrowed from
the dresses of jesters and buffoons,
and after his election carried in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

procession through the streets, ina
triumphal car, filled with ordurey —
with which he bespattered the spec-
tators. His attendants threw them-
selves into all kinds of indecent
attitudes, saluting the people in the
grossest and most lascivic us language,
Sometimes they danced in the choirg ~
In the churches, and chaunted disso~
Inte songs. They even profaned the
altars by converting them into
tables for their provisions, carousing
in the most riotous manner, and
crowning their impious orgies with
playing at dice and other games,
Nor should it be omitted to’ state
that the ceremony: of burning
incense was likewise ridiculed with
the smoke of old shoes, which they
burned for this purpose. In short,
the excesses of these fools and mad.
men may very well warrant the
expression of a writer on the subject,
who bas emphatically called them
the abomination of desolation.

The enormities of this idle cere-
mony became at length so excessive,
that it might well be expected some
effort would be made to curb and
counteract, if not wholly to abolish
it. Accordingly, many of the
councils issued their decrees against
them, but as it should seem to very
litte purpose; so deeply rooted
were they become in the minds of
the lower orders of the clergy, and
of the common people every where,
who always joined in and supported ©
them. Mons. Du Tillot, a writer
who has given many curious partis
culars relating to this ceremony,
but whose treatise is on the whole
very confused and immethodical,
from his indiscriminate admission of
extraneous matter, has cited several -
ecclesiastical decrees forits abolition.
Ducange supposes it to have been |

altogether

ANTIQUITIES.

altogether suppressed in France in
the year 1444, when the faculty of
theology at Paris issued circular
letters for that purpose ; but it seems
impossible to state with any precision,
when it disappeared entirely at any
place, except at Sens, where it
~ ceased in 1528, because it is said to
be mentioned in edicts of a much
later daie, and particularly in one
so low as 1620; but there is very
good reason for supposing it to have
been confounded with the Feast of
the Innocents, which, from the best
consideration I have been able to
give it, appears to have been a very
different ceremony, and to have
existed long after the abolition of the
Feast of Fools.

M. Ducange has cited the ceremo-
nial for this festival, belonging to
the cathedral of Viviers, in 1365,
and another for Sens. has been
described by M. Lancelot, in vol. 7,
of the “ Mem. del’ Acad. des Inscrip-
tions et Belles Lettres.” The latter
is a long folio, covered with ivory,
on which some of the ceremonies of
the festival itself are said to be rudely
sculptured, Of this a transcript on
~ yellum is preserved in the French

pational library at Paris. No. 1351,
which is thus described ‘* Officium
stultorum ad usum metropoleos et
_premitialis eccleste Senonensts: cum
“notis musicis.”” At the beginning is
written, ‘* Transcriptus est liber se-

“quens, vel potius officium, ex originali-

perantiquo in thesauro metropolitane
Senonensis ecclesie conservato, ex
utraque parte folits eburneis munilo,
nuncin auctivis capitularibus incluso.”*
Engravings from these ivory covers
would be very desirable, and I shall
take this opportunity of hazarding
a remark, that many of the grotesque
figures in the illuminated religious
manuscripts generally, but erro-

999

neously, called missals, as well as
some of the sculptures in ancient
cathedrals, have a reference to the
subject in question.

The Feast of Fools soon made ifs
way into England, but its vestiges
here are by no means so numerous
as among our neighbours. ‘The eare
liest mention of it that I have traced,
is under the reign of Henry III.
when Grosthead, bishop of Lincoln,
in a letter addressed to the dean and
chapter of that diocese, about the
year 1240, thus speaks of it—
“ Execrabilem etiam consuetudinem
que consuevit in quibusdam ecclestis
obserwvari de faciendo Sesto stultorum,
specialé authoritate rescripta apostolict
penitus inhibemus, ne de domo ora-
tionis fiat domus ludibrit, et acerbitas
circumcisionis Domini Jesu gocts et
voluptatibus subsannetitr. Qua prop-
ter vobis mandamus in virtute obe-
dientiee firmiter injungentes, quatenus
festum stultorum cum sit vanitate ple-
num et voluptatibus spurcum, Deo
odibile et demonibus amabile, de ce-
tero in ecclesia Lincoln die venerande
solemnitatis circumcisionis Domine
nullatenus permittatis fiert.” What.
ever effect this inhibition might have
had in the place to which it imme-
diately related, it is certain that the
Feast of Fools continued to be ob-
served in various parts of the king-
dom, for more than a century after-
wards, It was probably abolished
about: the end of the fourteenth
century; for, in some statutes and
ordinations, made by ‘Thomas Arun-
del, archbishop of York, for the
better government of the collegiate
church of St. John, at Beverley, in
1391, there is the following regula-
tion :—** In festis tnsuper sanctorum
Stephani, Diaconis, et Johannis, Vi--
cariis; ac sanctorum tnnocentium,
Thuribulariis et Choristis; im die

354 etiam.

*

10600 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

etiam circumctsionis dumini, subdia-
‘conis et clericis de secunda forma de
victualibus annis singulis, secundum
morem ct cunsuetudinem ecclesi@ ab
antiquo usitatos, debite ministrabit
(2. e. prepositus) antigua consuetu-
dine immo verius corruptela regis
stultorum infra ecclesiam et extra
hactenus usttota sublata ct extirpata,”

This festival has by many writers
been strangely confounded with the
ceremony of electing a boy-bishop
jn cathed:als and other places.
Ducange, followed by Du Tilliot,
quotes from Dugdale’s Monasticon,
an inventory of ornaments, &c.
belonging to the cathedral of York,
jn 1510, wherein are mentioned a
small mitre and a_ ring, for the
** episcopus puerorum,”’ irom which
he bas inferred that the Feast of
Fools continued tll that period in
England: but it is evident that this
xefers to the election of a boy-bishop,
a ceremony not only of a serious
nature, and instituted in honour of
St. Nicholas, or, as some have, I
think erroneously, conceived, in
remembrance of the massacre of the
Innocents, but which uniformly tock
place on the 6th of December, St.
Nicholas’s Day, from which time to
the Feast of the Innocents, this boy-
bishop remained in office. But I
purposely wave any further discus-
sion of this subject, because I feel
much pleasure in reflecting that it
will most probably find a_ place
amidst a general exhibition of our
popular customs and antiquities, by
the, masterly hand of my valuable
and learned friend, the secretary of
this society, and shall conclude my
remarks on the Feast of Fools, with
stating that numerous imitations of

it arose in various places, and on

different occasions. These wer
the feast of the ass; the elections of —
an abbe des conards on curnards, of
an abbe des esclafiards, wf an abbe
de malgouverne, whence our abbot,
orlordcf mis-rule, ofa prince des sots,
(sometimescalled mere folle, or tohe)
of a prince de plaisance, a prince de
Pestrille, a prevot des etourdis, @
roi des ribauds, and some others.of a
similar nature. It is now ume to
advert to the more immediate sube
ject. of the exhibinon which has
given rise to this imperfect commu-
nication. It is a girdle which tra
dilien reports to have been worn by
the abbot of fools, in the cathedral
of Dijon, en his election into office.
From the style of 1, 1 conceive it
to belong to the fourieenth century.
It consists of thirty-five squaré
pieces of wood, so contrived as to
let into each other, by which means
it easily ussumes a circular form,
On these are carved a variety ‘of
ludicrous and grotesque figures,
consisting of fools, tumblers, hunts~
men, and animals, with others, that
trom their heentiousness do not
admit of a particular description.
They bear, on the whole, a very
striking similitude to the sculptures
on the seats of the stalls in our cae
thedrals and monastic buildings,
which were, no doubt, conceived in
ridicule of the elergy in general, but
more particularly of the friars ; or,
as, J have already observed, they
may, ip some instances at least, iefer
to the mockeries thet were practised
in celebrating the Feast of Fools. It
only remains to add, that for the
possession of this, perhaps unique
curiosity, I am indebted to the libe-
rality of monsieur l’abbe de Terson,
of Paris.

MISCELLANEOUS

State of Educationin France. From
Recollections of Paris, in 1802-3-
4-5. By J. Pinkerton, Vol. I.

HE state of educa‘ion, in any
country, is of infinite conse-
quence to its prosperity and glory.
At may be doubted whether even the
form of government have such de-
cided influence on the talents and
happiness of the individual.

In the Roman Catholic countries
of Europe, education had become
extremely neglected, before the Je-
suits lent their attention to this de-
partment. Their method of educa-
tion has been highly praised: and it
is to be supposed that they studied

the character of the youth entrusted
to their care, and, by the spur of a
preduminant besten’ instigated them
jn the path that was most adapted to
their capacities. It is, however, to
be wished, that some patient writer
would, fom their own publications
On this Subject, delineate the com-
plete plan of education practised by
the Jesuits.
_ Numerous universities were also
scattered over the kingdom ; but the
mode of education there followed,
was far frm being the best, as, in-
stead of changing their forms, and
adapting themselves to the progress
of national illumination, they re-

f 1001

; on

- MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

tained a pedantic routine and jar-
gon, wholly useless in the high road
of buman affairs. This obstinacy
led, as usual, to their own destruc=
tion; as they could not bend they
must break : while some colleges, as
that of Louis the Great, still exist,
because the professors did not
choose to sacrifice an useful ine
stitution to their own obstinacy or
caprice.

As it often Rappsie’ in human af-
fairs, that the useiul is sacrificed to
the splendid, the foundation of uni-
versities, of very dubious utiliry,
supplanted that of common schooisy
which may be regarded as the chief
pillars of national education. For,
ifwe except divinity and medicine,
in which regular degrees are be-
stowed, it may be questioned whe=
ther the education at the French
universities, were of the smallest ade
vantage to any other class of mane
kind. As the military schools have
been found to confer such great ade

vantages, it would seem to follow

that similar institutions might be
allotted to other protessions, after
the bias of the child has been discoe
vered, which may generally be done
about the age of twelve years ; before
which period the gymnastic exercises
ought to be the chief part of educa-
tion, but mixht be interspersed with

the

1002 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the native language, writing, and
arithmetic. To these, in a French
education, ought to succeed a long
course of the mathematics, in order
to allay the volatility and evapora-
tion of the character.

In the parochial, or common
schools, might therefore be taught
horsemanship, swimming, fencing,
and other gymnastic exercises, and
amusements, interspersed with the
French language, writing, and aritb-
metic, and followed by the course of
mathematics, which would be found
useful in every possible profession.
Jf the conscription must be conti-
nued, itis to-be regretted that the
lots are not drawn at the age of
twelve, that needless care and ex-
pence might be saved in the educa-
tion of the boy for another pursuit,
At the age of twelve, the boys might
be transferred to the Lyceums, or to
the special schools for each profes-
_sion. This separation at the age of
twelve, would also be attended with
certain beneficial effects, moral and
physical, which may easily be di-
vined by parents; the mixture of
little boys with those more advanced
being of so pernicious a tendency, as
torequire prohibition by positive laws.
fn some schools, containing gene-
yally boys from the age of seven to
that of twelve, a great lad of seven.
teen or eighteen arrived from some
colony for the first rudiments of his
education, has been known to cor-
rupt the morals and health of thirty
hittle boys, who befure had not even
an idea of vice.

After these considerations the
present plan of the Lyceums cannot
be approved, as there isa great mix-
ture of ages, while they ought not to
be permitted to receive any scholars
till after the age of 12 years complete.
Other foundations might be allotted

to the earlier years of the children
of officers killed in battle, or others
deserving the public care, an institu= |
tion, by-the-bye, worthy of imita-
tion. Such foundations might still
be styled Prytanées, as maintaining
those who have deserved well of their
country ; while the Lyeeums derive
their name from a famous university
at Athens.

At present the primary sclrools
are those which deserve the greatest
attention, and would attract the
chief care of an enlightened go-
vernment; but the masters of the
Lyceums, and other persons con-
sulted on education, unhappily either
affect a contempt for the primary
schools, which can alone diffuse a
general national education, open the
bud of the village rose, increase its
scent, and destroy its thorns; or
regard them asrivals who may with-
draw a part of their gains. Hence,
in conversations with directors and
professors of the Prytanées and Ly-
ceums, I have been not a little hurt
by their apparent spirit of monopoly,
and their estrangement from the idea
of a national education, which might
deeply influence the public character,
and by opening the mind to modera-
tion and modesty, the usual conco-
mitants of knowledge, prevent the
recurrence of scenes of outrage and
blood, the fruits of ignorance con-
ducted by knavery. These effects
of rivalry and jealousy, between the
Lyceums and primary schools,
would also be effectually prevented
by the division of ages above pro-
posed.

There were formerly two Pryta-
neums in France, one at Paris, ano-
ther at St. Cyr, chiefly destined, as
the name imports, for the children
of men who had deserved well of
their country, though they also

, boarded

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

J boarded and educated other scholars,

_ But within these two years the name

has been formally changed for the
common appellation of Lyceums.
The most important is that at Paris,

_ formerly the college of Louis the
Great. The direct:r Champagne,
a member of the Institute, and a
man of considerable talents, gave
me a plan of the education here pur-
sued, with 2 work written by himself,
on the organization of public in-
struction. The importance of the
subject will merit a few extracts and
observations.

It was under the administration of
Francois de Neufchateau, that the
new name of Prytaneum was adopt-
ed; and when Chaptal became mi-
nister of the interior,-one hundred
and eighty scholarships were granted
at the public expence, and soon after
one hundred others, all to be named
by the first consul. It was at the
same time permitted that other
children might share the advantage
of the careful education proposed,
on paying a moderate salary. This
institution is immediately under the
care of the minister of the interior,
who names the directors and pro-
fessors. Mass is celebrated every
morning, but no blame is attached
to those who do not attend: gym-
nastic exercises are also mingled with
instructions in the moral duties to-
wards their parents, their country,
and the Supreme Being; but each
scholar is at perfect liberty to follow
his own mode of worship.

Instead of the old pedanticroutine,
simple and practical methods have
been adopted. Instead of a general
tinge of superficial knowledge, the
talents and inclination of the scho-
lars are carefully observed, and
directed to such studies as they may
pursue with most advantage.

1003

The course of study is divided inta
three distinct parts. Children are
first taught the French language and
grammar, a first and indispensable
branch, which ‘is never neglected
during the whole period of instruc
tion. The Latin tongue is carefully
taught by the methods of Condillac
and Dumarsais, which spare the time,
and sometimes prevent the disgust of
the scholars. In this first course,
all are taught the elements of arith.
metic.

To this course, merely elemental
and grammatical, succeeds another,
in which the scholars are taught
composition ; and instituted in the
elements of literature, French, La-
tin, and Greek.

In the third course, the education
is completed by that kind of instruce
tion which is adapted to their talents
and inclinations: rhetoric, philoso-
phy, and the mathematics, with
mechanics, surveying, and the first
principles of astronomy and chemis-
try, are laid before the students.
Geography is not only studied, but
accompanied with tbe practical art
of drawing maps and plans. In
history, the scholars write d®wn the
lessons, so as to form a little collec-
tion of their own composition. In
the second and third course all are
taught the Gerntan and English
languages ; and the study of drawing
is alike universal. A fencing master
and a dancing master are each
charged with a class of twenty-five
scholars, chosen for their ‘good
behaviour; but any may be taught
these arts, and music, at the expence
of their parents.. Gymnastic and
military exercises, and swimming,
are practised by all on the days of
vacation. The instruction is not
uniform, a plan rather calculated to
enchain than to develope the facul-

ties,

1004

ties, but is varied according to the
talents, dispositions, and future
views. A select and ample library
is @pen to the scholars.

They are divided, according to
their age and studies ito Classes
of twenty-five; each forming a sepa-
. rate habitation, with. a school and

sleeping rooms, under the care of an
experienced teacher, who watches
over their manners end conduct,
assists their inexperience in Jiterary
toil, forms their character by remon-
strating on their fauJts and teaching
them their duties, sees that they
read no improper books, and that
they write regularly to their friends.
He presidés over their repasts, ats
tends when they rise and go to bed,
in short, never quits them, except
when he brings them to the profes-
sors, ads pting every care of a good
master'and father of a family. A
careful servant confined to each
class or division, is charged with the
physical care of the children, their
dress, and personal cleanliness. Ii
may not be improper to add, that
they sleep alone, and are carefully
watched by the teacher, who is
placed in the centre of the division ;
and that the domestic and a night
watcher walk through the sleeping
, Tooms, to guard against the smallest
accident or impropriety. ‘

The games and recieations of the

childien are always superintended by
the masters, and their walks in par-
ticular are well wa'ched. A regu
Jation approved by the government,
forbids them to leave the. house upon
any pretence, except dumng, the
vacations, when they may visit ther
families. They are, however, indem.-
nified by the extent of their own
domains, even those at Paris passing
the summer days of vacation at the
jorge house and park of Vanvres,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

‘food of a salutary nature, and the

in gymnastic exercises, swimming,
and such little exercises in gardene
ing and agriculture, as they may
choose.

Although sickness be rare, a phy-
sicilan and surgeon constantly reside
in the house; and there is an infir-
mary where tbe sick children are
attended with the same care as if
they were in their ownfamilies. At
the same time every attention is paid
to the general health. The halls
and rooms are well aired, a regular
warmth distributed in winter, the

beginning of any cisease carefully
marked and opposed. —__

Such is the general plan of this
institution, in which there is doubt«
less much to be praised; but in the
division of the courses, it may be.
doubted whether the Latin should
enter into the fist course, where
writing might supply its place; and,
in fact, this first course ought
wholly to belong to the primary —
schools. Yet, upon the whole, the
education is excellent, and the dis-
tribution of the prizes. which takes
place before the summer vacation,
furms avery interesting and crowded
spectacle. After discourses by the
director, and by the minister of the
interior, or any other member of the
administration named to dignify the
ceremony by bis presence, the
names of the boys who have distin-
guished themselves in each branch
are Sulemnly proclaimed, with flou-
risbes of music, and the plaudits of
the audience. The boy advances,
is embraced by the minister, who
places on his head a wreath of
laurel, and gives him some valuable
book. The catalogue of the victors
and prizes is afierwards published,
to the great satisfaction of parents
and friends.

“Let

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

Let me not be accused of being
‘edious on a subject of such infinite
‘Importance as practical education,
the subject of innumerable books,
but of difficult execution, as what
seems true and salutary in theory,
often in practice’ proves false and
detrimental. Nor shall an apology
be offered for some further illustra-
tions of this interesting topic, and

- which though sometimes minute, may
be of lasting consequence to the
community.

The board at the Prytanée, now
the Lyceum at Paris, is nine hun-

dred francs a-year (not thirty-eight
pounds sterling), but each boarder
must pay quarterly, and by advance,
Exch boarder must bring a trunk,
containing the foliowing articles ;

A great coat of broad cloth, co-
lour, iron grey—the uniform of the
school.

An uniform coat of iron grey,
With blue collar and sleeves.
Two waiscoats, &c. of the same.
Two white waistcoats, one of
cloth the other of dimity.

Two pair of shee's of ten ells.

One dozen napkins.

One dozen of shirts.

Two bed-gowns.

Twelve handkerchiefs.

Six cravats of double muslin, and
two of black sitk.

Six pair of cotton stockings,
ef mixed blues, and two white.

Six cotton night caps.

Two hats, one three cornered .

Two pair of shoes.

Two combs, and a comb brush.

A clothes brush.

A plate and goblet of silver, or
other metal, at the choice of the pa-
rents, and marked with the number
of the scholar, which is also put on
his other effectsy that no other may
use them.

1005

After this first equipment, no fur-
ther expence is incurred for the
children, whether sick or in health.
The dress and all the other articles
are renewed at the expence of the
institation, during the whole course
of the studies, except losses positively
ascertained to have been mide by
the scholars themselves. For books,
maps, and paper, used in the third
icourse, there is an additional charge
of twenty-five franks, or a guinea a
year. The trunk, except the sheets
and napkins, is returned when the
scholar leaves the Lyceum; and as
only Prench manufactures are per-
mitted, the articles, in case of diffi-
culty, may be easily procured at the
house.

The boyseducated at this seminary
are very numerous, generally appear
stout and healthy, and possessed
with an interesting emulation. The
military part of their education is
ratber to be regretted; but it Is to
be feared that theambition of France
wili render it necessary in other

_ countries. :

The work of Champagne, the direc=
tor,on Public Educition, 1s valuable,
asthe production ofa practical man ;
but several of his ideas are objec-
tionable. That education should be
connected with politics seems illu-
sory, it ought rather, like a national
bank, to be independant of the go-
vernment, and an absolute silence
observed on political subjects. Of
what consequence are the politics of
a boy? Even a thinking: man finds
it difficult to choose, when there are
faults on all sides, und attended
with such dismal ‘ani unforeseen
consequences. He supposes the
primary schools are between six and
seven thousand, a number certainly
too small for the extent of France;
and he justly observes great defects

in

1006

in the organization, especially the
want of encouragement for the mass
ters, and the deficiency of fixed ele-
mentary books.

The population of the French
empire being at this moment about
thirty-four millions, there must be
three millions of children under the
age of twelve; and supposing that
the sixth part of the parents can
afford to pay liberally for the edu-
cation, and that there be sixty scho-
Jars for each country school, more
than forty-seven thousand teachers
of botb sexes will be required. The
commencement ought of course to
be to teach the teachers, by institu.
ting a grand foundation for needy
and deserving young men, in order
to qualify them for this office, which
sbould be accompanied with a sa-
Jary for life, only to be lost by
notorious and scandalous misconduct.
Tf, during the rage of innovation,
the voice of reason could have been
heard, the funds, revenues, and
buildings of the ancient universities,
would have been admirably adapted
to this purpose; and the useless
fellowships, and other sinecures,
might have been supplanted by a
most useful body of men, the future
schoolmasters, who, after a residence
of two years might have made room
for others.

A moderate salary to the masters
of the primary schools ought to be
secured by a tax upon fand and
houses; but itis supposed thatone
half of the salary might be paid by
such parents as are in tolerable cir-
cumstances, wits the poorer class
ought to pay’ “nothing. This land-
tax might be called the tax of in-
struction ; and ought to be rendered
perpetual as far as human foresight
can penetrate into futurity.

But I forget Champagne, who

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

recommends public schools support«
ed by beneficent societies. He justly
observes, that before parochial
schools were spread through the
Highlands of Scotland, there were
frequent disturbances and rebellions,
which have ceased since the country
became more enlightened. He pro
poses that the tax upon bachelors

should be a}lotted to the public in- |
struction; and that, of fifty thou-

sand places of clerks, employed in
the different offices under governs
ment, one quarter should be ree
served for schoolmasters who have
performed that office during ten
years. But the chief object would
seem to be, that, by a moderate tax
on land and houses, each parish
should support its own school
master.

This practical writer also observes,
that there was too violent a transis
tion between the primary and the
central schools, where the boy who
had only been taught to read and
write, and the four first rules of
arithmetic, was suddenly introduced
to the ancient languages, This de-
fect was chiefly owing to the boy’s
not having been taught grammar
and orthography. Before the -revo-

_ lution there were three gradations,

the little schools, the colleges, the
universities; the instruction of the
first being necessary to all ranks;
that of the second for liberal pro-«
fessions ; while the universities qua-
lified men to become masters them.
selves. That. the utility of) the
secondary schools may become more
apparent, he computes that in ‘the
French empire there are sixty thou-
sand officers in the land and sea
service ; fifty thousand agents and
clerks in the administration and
finances ; some thousand judges and
professors; while there ought to be

at

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS. .

‘at least twenty thousand masters of
primary schools, not to speak of
Men of business, merchants, and
artists, who ought to receive a
liberal education. Of these a great
‘part must necessarily belong to poor
families, for the son of a rich man
will not employ his time for such
‘moderate salaries. It therefore
‘becomes necessery that the colleges
‘be encouraged by the government,
and the three hundred and twenty
colleges, formerly existingin France,
were ill supplanted by one hundred
‘and four ‘central schools, one for
each department. These schools
were also objectionable, as each was
to contain nine masters and a libra-
rian; a number often ridiculously
disproportioned to the little villages,
which have become the chief places
of the departments.
bampagne proposes that the
-eentral schools, or universities,
: should be restricted to the twenty-
nine cities where there are tribunals
_ of appeal ; and that there be founded
-one hundred and fifty small colleges,
each with five professors, in towns
of the second “order. This idea
‘seems to have been in part adopted
' by the government, the secondary
schools, or colleges, having been re-
“established ; while the lycées supply
the place of the central schools or
‘universities.
He afterwards proceeds to consider
the plan of education, supposing
‘that the boys leave the primary
schools at the age of ten years, and
remain at the secondary till the age
of thifteen or fourteen. He proposes,
as already mentioned, that there
should be five professors in each
secondary school, two for grammar,
-onefor elements of history and thearts
_ of composition; one for arithmetic
and sinmple geometry, one for draw-

1007

ing. The professors of grammar
are chiefly for instruction in the
French language, interspersed with
elements of Latin and of geography.
Herightly recommends that grammar
be taught from the native tongue;
and regards it as absurd to place
abruptly the rudiments of Latin in
the hands of children, to whom the
words adverb, pronoun, verb, mood,
number and case, are as unintelligible
as the Latin itself, and the child is
taught the unknewa by the unknown;
a great cause that so many educations
totally fail: nay, perhaps, the more
understanding a child has, the more
he appears a dunce, because dulness
may learn by perseverance, where
intelligence is totally confounded by
seeing the palpable darkness. This
observation may explain why so
many men of distinguished talents
have appeared dunces in common
schools.

After some observations upon the
hours of labour employed by each
professor, he recommends that a
person skilled in natural history
should accompany the boys in their
walks, to give them some rudiments
of botany and mineralogy, which
might be useful to them on many
occasions. His remarks on the
central schools are also just and
practical, but do not fall into my
present design. ‘The professorship
of legislation is a truly singular title
for a teacher of the laws of nations,
and of the French laws. The
academy of legislation existing at
Paris, is liable to the same objection,
and should be styled the academy
of jurisprudence. There ought, as
he observes, to’be four ‘professors, ©
of natural Jaws, of ancient laws, of
civil and French law: and he adds
that there might even be a professor
of the forms of procedure, which

might

1008

might tend to prevent the avidity and
cunning of some professional men.
“6 Yei, amongst the ancients and
. the moderns, the wisest Jaws have
not been able to prevent this evil,
which re-appears: under a thousand
Shapes. If the knowledge of the
forms of proce!ure were generally
Spread ; if all the tricks and turns
of chicane were well known, and
ceased to be the useful secret of
knaves; no one would dare to use
them: and, perhaps by means
of this course, the yradual destruc-
tion might be operated of that
chicane, which is the mst dangerous
malady of justice.” Though there
be schools for the education of
Jawyers and physicians, itis believed
there are none especially dedicated
to that of the clergy ; and with: the
universities all degrees have expired.
He justly praises the liberality of the
€ancient government, which, at the
college of Louis the Great, educated
six hundred boys free of all expence,
and founded the excellent military
schools, which formed so many great
men. The various universities also
enjoyed very numerous free scholar.
ships. He justly regrets the sale of
the funds destined fur these laudable
Purposes, and quotes, wiih deserved
applause, the example of Washing-
tony who bequeathed a great part of
his wealth for the public instruction
of his country. He _ preposes,
therefore; 1. That such donations
be authorized by law. 2. That
small contributions be paid by those
who have received their education
in these seminaries. 3, That the
government, actually in possession
of eight millions of acres of woods,
sould for a very trifling profit, should
allot the whole, or a part, for this
purpose. 4. That a part of the
national lands, generally sold at five

ANNUAL REGISTER,

™ _< sei

1806.

or six years purchase of the rent,
should be disposed of to administra-
tors, on condition of paying th
price at the end of six years; whew
the departments might be excited,
by the certainty of the pledge, to
contribute by gifts or loans to dew
fray the expenece,

He concludes with remarks upor
the rewards to be offered, in order
to excite emulation; and recome
mends that, afler solemn examinae
tions, the most meritorious of the
poor scholars should have an allows
ance of certain sums, in order’ to
prosecute their studies, or be placed.
at the public offices, where intrigue
and interest have too long supplanted
merit, and states sometimes perish
by the ignorance of subalterns. He
justly and somewhat boldly repro-
bates the military education given
by the ancient Greeks and Romans,
** Where what was called a republic
was a handful of nen, who kept the
rest of the people in oppression and
slavery.”

If this important subject of nas
tional education bave diffused itself
to more length than was intendedy
it must. be considered tn apologyy
that some degree of minuteness: 1s
essential fo its illustration: and it
was thought that the practical opi«
nions of an experienced masilery in a
country where an unprecedented
revolution had authorized every ex~
periment and innovation, deserved:
to be weighed with particular atten
tion.

Luxury of Paris. From the Same.
Vol. IL.

An Englishman who has not vi-
sited Paris; wihl scarcely believe
that the luxury of London can be

exceeded.

__ their libraries.

Fe a

i ~

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS:

exceeded, But in fact the luxuries
and opportunities at Paris are al.
Jowed, by all candid judges, infi-
nitely to surpass those ot the Eng-
lish capital, in the variety, and the
cheap rates at which they may be
procured. The superior dryness
of the air also exhilarates the spi-
rits, aud gives a keener relish to
many enjoyments.

The well known work, called
¢ The Almanach des Gourmands,”
by Grimod de la Reyniere, may
serve in some measure as a text book
in treating of the luxuries of Paris.
But it is in so many hands, that a
few extracts, or rather remarks,
suggested by its perusal, may suf.
fice. ‘That work, indeed, only em-
braces one branch of luxury, but a
beanch particularly cultivated by the
new rich; whose cellars and lar-
ders are far better replenished than
This taste has be-
come so general, that many book-
sellers have become traiteurs, and
find the corporeal food far more
profitable than the mental.

The old new year, the first of
January, is stil the season of little
gifts, chiefly eatables and sweet.
meats, for which last the Rue des
Lombards is deservedly famous.
The best beef at Paris is that of
Auvergne and Cotentin, and the
aloya, which seems to be the inner
part of our sirloin, is regarded as
the most, chosen morsel; but the
French custom of sticking such
picces with little morsels of lard, is
to an English palate truly nauseous,
and irreconcileable with any just
principles of cookery, as it dimi-
nishes the juice, and injures the
flavour of the méat. When M.
Grimod supposes that beef-sieaks
form the chief dish of an English
dinner, he shews a ridiculous igao-

Vor. XLVIII.

rance of our customs. The best
yeal is that of Pontoise, not far from
Paris ; but as they are strangers to
our mode of nourishing the animals,
this food is regarded as of difficult
or irregular digestion, nor can it
ever be compared with English veal.
Our author says, that the French
calves are fed with cream and bis-
cuits, which may account for this
quality. Thelamb is alsoso young,
so insipid, so vapid, that it bears no
resemblance to the delicate juices
and fiavour of the English. The
inutton is from the Ardennes, but
it is as rare as’ Welch mutton in
London. In general the mutton
cannot be praised; and while the
French import the Spanish breed on
account of the wool, they ought
also to import some other for the
meat, Nor does their pork seem
equal to the English.

The game is, in general, superior
to that of England; and the red
partridge forms an elegant rea
gale. The pheasant has become exe
tremely rare, the pheasantries hav-
ing been destroyed with the other
marks of rank. The quails in the
neighbourhood of Paris are excels
lent.

Young turkies, of the size of a
large fowl, are very common, though
somewhat higher in price; and
poultry in general is about one
third cheaper than in London, if
bought in the Jarge markets.
Among the vegetables, spinach is
particularly well cooked, and not
diluted with water as in London,
As the leaves take up much space,
it is always sold at the green-shops
simply boiled, and is afterwards
cooked according to the fancy of
the purchaser. The vinegar put
into the sauee for cauliflower de.
stroysits favour; and in general a

37 mixture

1009

1010

mixture of the English and French
’ modes of cookery would be the best.
Boiled endive, rare with us, is a
common and healthy dish at Paris,
being mucilaginous, and agreeable
to weak stomachs. But another
usual dish, a partridge boiled with
bacon and cabbage, seems an ab-
surdity, the flavour being lost, and
the whole nauseous to the English
palate. Carrots are regarded as
stomachic, and a bason of vermi-
celli soup, with grated carrot, is a
famous breakfast. ‘The French
pastry is much celebrated, but many
persons seem deservedly to prefer
the English. Some have an aversion
to the pigeons of Paris, because they
are fed:from mouth to mouth. The
goose is left to the populace, being
in general meagre and unsavoury ;
but the ducks are often excellent.
In the winter there is a sufficient
supply of excellent fish, and turbot
is sold by the pound. A rich farmer
general, about to give a solemn
dinner, sent his maitre d’hotel for
fish, who: reported that there was
only a large turbot, for which a
counsellor had paid two louis d’or.
‘¢ Here,” said the farmer-general,
throwing four louis on the table,
*¢ go and buy me the turbot and the
counsellor.” During the summer
the fish is scarce and bad, and a
large forturle might be made by
bringing this article to Paris in ice.
Fish-women carry about live carp in
Jeathern vessels, suspended at their
girdles: these are dangerous to en-
counter, as any derangement of her
fish-pond occasions a torrent of
abuse; and sometimes a live carp
serves as an instrument of manual
exercise. A dish of gudgeons is a
favourite food of a petite maitresse.
The hams of Bayonne are excellent,
aud extremely mild; but those of
3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Mentz, though harder, are more
savoury. The milk and eggs of
Paris are superior to those of. Lon-
don. Of artichokes and strawber-
ries the season is prolonged by the
art of the gardener, and both may
be had at the end of September.

M. Grimod has wittily observed,
that thirteen form an unlucky num.
ber at table, when there is only
food for twelve; and that the fall-
ing of the salt-seller is very unlucky,
when it spoils a good dish. Yet
he recommends as sacred another
prejudice, that of paying a visit at
the house where you are treated,
some days after the dinner; as if
the business of a forenoon could
be neglected for such an idle cere-
mony. His parallel, vol. i. p. 225,
between the. pleasures of the table
and those of love, gave some of-
fence to the Parisian belles, and he
was obliged to soften it in a second
edition.

Le dejeuner a la fourchette, or
fork-breakfast, is so called, because
in eating meat you have occasion
for a fork. Since the lateness of
the dinner hour, and the disconti-
nuance of supper, this repast has
become very common. It gene.
rally consists of cold meats; ' but
broiled fowls, kidneys, and sausages,
are admitted with petit-patés. Dur-
ing the winter, oysters from the
rock of Cencale, a public-house so
called, and much celebrated for this
article, form the usual introduction,

The master and mistress of the
house continue to carve, while it is
to be regretted that the German
fashion is not introduced, of having
the dishes carved by a servant at a
side-table. ‘The plateau which de-
corates the middle of the table, is
often strewved with fine sand, of va«
rious colours, in compartments, and

deco-

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

decorated with small images, and
real or artilicial flowers. images of
orcelain seem particularly adapted
Fo: this purpose; and the proper
decorations are peculiar objects of
good taste. In England it is not
‘uncommon to see a splendid silver
vase, containing a few oranges, or
a sallad, placed in the middle of the
table, with, perhaps, two smaller
vases at either extremity, filled with
similar articles, or with bottles of
favourite wine. Nothing cau be
more void of taste, as the contents
do not correspond to the richness
of the vases, and a statue of clay
might as well be mounted ona horse
of gold.. A bottle of wine, a few
oranges, or a sallad, can never de-
light the eyes, the chief intention of
the plateau, and the vases are only
profitable to the silversmith. It
was at the marriage of Louis XV.
in 1725, that the first sanded pla-
teaux appeared at Paris. Desforges,
father of the celebrated author of
the Jealous Wife, Tom Jones at
London, &c. introduced artificial
verdure with great success. The
son was no less remarkable as an
actor and dramatic poet, than as
the author of the very singular and
erotic Memoirs of his own Life, in
eight small volumes, under the title
of Le Poete, ou Memoires d’un
Homme de Lettres. Little temples
were added by Dutofy, who also
invented artificial fire-works in mi-
niature, delighting at once the eye
and the smell.

The custom of dining without the
‘attendance of servants, is warmly re-
commended by M. Grimod, who
justly observes that they throw a
constraint over the conversation.
He recommends the use of numerous
dumb waiters, and that the servants
‘should only bring in the services.

101%

The custom of visiting during the
dinner, not uncommon at Paris,
Seems contrary to every rule of true
politeness, as it disturbs the guests,
and prevents the enjoyment of the
repast. But the French talk so
much during the dinner, that one
would conceive they are anxious
not to know what they are eating.
The want of carpets in a French
dining-room forms also, as already
mentioned, a great and unhealthy
inconvenience.

The hour of invitation is marked
in three ways. If it bea séx heures,
it is understood that the dinner will
be served at-seven ; if six heures pre-
céses, it is half after six; if sr
heures trés precises, it is an invita-
tion for six o’clock exactly. ‘lhe
art of arranging the guests, so that
the characters and conversation may
correspond, is regarded as the height
of good breeding.

Among the finest wines of France
are esteemed Clos-Vougeot, Roma.
née, Chambertin, S. Georges, Pom-
mard, Volnay, Vosne, Nuits,
Beaune, Tonnerre, . Macon,
Fitte, Chateau Margot, S. Julien,
S. Estephe, Pic-Pouille, Tavel, S.
Giles. “The white wines are those
of Montrachet, Mursault, Ponilly,
Chablis, Sillery, Pierry, Ai, Sau.
terne, Grave, Barsac, Condrieux,
Hermitage, Cote-Rotie, Rhenish,
Moselle. Bar, &c. ‘Vhe swect wines
served at the desert, are those of
Lunel, Frontignan, (which we call
Frontiniac) and Rivesaltes, which
last is esteemed the best. That of
St. Peray, near the Rhone, which
the eye cannot distinguish from
water, is also excellent. The fo.
reign wines are those of Malaga,
Alicante, Xeérés (Sherry), Pacaret,
Madeira, Clazoméne, Constantia,
Calabria, Tokay, Lacrima Christi,

3T 2 Canarie,

La -

101%

Camarie, &c. Nor shonld = that
called the wine of Syracuse be
omitted. When it is considered
that all the French wines have dif-
ferent and peculiar flavours, more
or less acceptable to, the stomach at
particular times, and with various
aliments, the luxury may be com-
pared with our very homely port
wine and claret.

The ordinary wines common at
Paris, are offen those of Orleans,
which rather load the stomach ; and
those of Lower Burgundy, which
are also known under the name of
Macon, though they chiefly come
from the neighbourhood of Auxerre.
These last are often healthy, nou-
rishing, and generous, without be-
ing in the least heady. But, at the
best tables the ordinary wine is
sometimes of a bad quality. The
beer at Paris resembles our table
beer, but is always in bottles. There
are two kinds, the white and the
red, the malt used in the latter being
higher dryed. What is called double
beer, approaches to our strong beer.
Bierre ds Mars, or March becr, is
the most esteemed, and advertised
atevery public-house, though it can
seldom be found within. ‘The signs
are often singularly improper ; one
of the best brewers of laris lives at
the Incarnation of the Word, in the
street Oursine,

Great quantities of cyder are
brought from Normandy by the
Seine, and lodged on the quay of
the Louvre, where the venders may
be found in a kind of sentry boxes.
Another quay on the other side of
the town, is often loaded with thou-
sands of barrels of wine, from
Auxerre and Orleans, As the Nor-
mans do not make good keeping

* Being regarded as a chief cause of the fluor albus, and gonorrhea benigna, so ge-

neral at Paris.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

cyder, it is a winter drink at Paris,
being always made in the preceding
autumn. For the Parisians, who
love sweets, it is also mixed with
honey, &c. so as to be a corrupt ©
and_unwholesome beverage.
The coup du milieu is a recent re. ©
finement, which has passed from,
Bourdeaux to Paris. It is thus de.
scribed by the modern Apicius.
Between the réti and entremets,
that is, about the middle of dinner,

you see at Bourdeaux the door of +

the dining-room open, and a young
gicl appear, between the age of
eighteen and twenty-two, tall, fair,
and well made; with features be-
speaking affability. Her sleeves are
tucked up to her shoulders; and
she holds in one hand a tray of ma.
hogany, replenished with glasses,
and in the other a decanter of Ja-
maica rum, Wormwood wine, or that
of Vermouth. ‘This Hebe goes
round the table filling to each guest,
and then retires in silence.”

‘The glass is thought to restore the
appetite to its original vigour.

The French liqueurs form ano-
ther article of their luxury; and
even those of the isles or West In-
dies are sold at less than one quarter
of the price which they bear in Lon-
don. ‘She variety is also great;
but many deservedly refuse this
luxury, and even coffee. M. Gri-
mod observes that ‘* coffee, mixed
with milk or cream, forms a com-
mon breakfast of nine tenths of the
Parisian females, in spite of the in.
conveniencies which result from its
habitual use; the consequences of
which are prejudicial to their health
and freshness, and often cause the
infidelity of a husband or lover *”,
After Sinner; and simply prepared

with

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

with water, coffee is thought to as~
sist the digestion; but many find it
on the contrary heating and preju-
dicial.

To such a pitch is luxury carried
by some, that their cooks regularly
take medicines, in order to preserve
the fineness of their palate, and of
their sauces.

Fromage, or cheese, is alax term
at Paris for any substance com-
pressed. ‘Thus a fromage d’ Italie is
a Bologna sausage, a fromage glace
is a kind of ice, &c. Animals killed
by electricity are found to be sin-
gularly tender.

The French have only one term,
confitures, for pickles and confec-
tions. The best preserved fruit at
Paris is that of the julian, or green
plumb, here called those of queen
Claude, but in the time of the revo-
jution they were cried through the
streets, prunes de la citoyenne
Claude.

The master and mistress of the
house generally sit opposite to each
other, at the middle of the table,
not as with us, at the head and foot.
They can thus converse with all the
guests, and see that a proper atten-
tion is paid to each,

‘distributed on the right and left
alternately ; and if there be few or
no ladies, it is passed from hand to
hand, so that the nearest are the last
served. In some houses glasses of
sugar and water are presented two
hours after the dinner, in order to
assist the digestion ; but it must be
drank by mouthfuls and slowly,
otherwise the intention will be de-
feated. Three or four hours after
dinner, the guests escape one by
one, and in silence; for to take
Jeave would be thought as impolite
as not to make the ceremopial visit,

‘

The soup is-

1013

of tacit acknowledgment, within a
week after the dinner. Healths
are rarely drank, but it is usual to
clash the glasses as a token of inti-
mate good will. Twelfth cake, and
the king and queen of the bean now
re-appear. Qn the birth-day of the
master the servants often exhibit
little fire-works.

The author of the Almanach des
Gourmands has wisely added a chap.
ter upon indigestion, from which
there are not a few sudden deaths at
Paris. A beautiful lady died sud-
denly after a copious breakfast of
oysters and new bread. This 4rbiter
elegantiarum advises slow mastica.
tion; and he well observes the di-
versity and caprice of the stomach,
which may be very strong in some
respects, yet weak in regard to cer-
tain foods.

According to his decision, a great
dinner is composed of four services :
Ist. the soups, the hors-d’ euvres,
relevés, and entries; 2d. the roast
meats and sallads; 3d. the cold
pastry and entremets; 4th. the de.
sert.— lhe superiority of the French
cookery is: thus visible even in
the language; and I know not
that any translation has been at-
tempted. g

Among the fruits of France the
peaches are excellent and cheap.
The smooth peach, which we call
nectarine, is common, and is called
brignolet ; but that called the teton
de Venus, which ripens towards the
end of August, is preferred. The
pears are also excellent, especially
the cresanne and bon chretien, The
most excellent grape for the desert
is what is called the chasselas de Fon-
tainbleau, which over a golden ca-
lour presents a rich bloom. The
best apples are, the rainette, calvel,

373 api,

1014

apt, &c. -In the autumn, 1804,
rainettes, weighing more than a
pound, and of excellent flavour,
were brought from T'ressancourt,
two leagues beyond St. Germaine.
The chesnuts of Lyons are large and
celebrated. Almonds ripen at
Paris, and are highly beneficial to
the stomach, by diminishing acri-
mony from hile or other causes. In
the form of orgeat they become a
febrifuge. Figs and melons, as
already observed, never appear at
the desert, but accompany the
boiled beef.

The Wednesday club consists of
loves of good cheer, who assemble
at Le Gacques’s, in the garden of
the Tuilleries, The perpetual pot
of the street Grands-Augustins, is
said to have been in activity for
more than a century, and is always
well replenished with capons. Green
pease are preserved in salt; when
boiled they are thrown into cold
water, which restores their frésh-
mess and colour; they are then
warmed with butter and = sugar.
Sugar also is often used. with spi-
nach.

The- best oysters come from
Dieppe, Cancale, Marréne, Etretat,
and Grandville. Cahors is cele-
‘brated for partridges, wine, truffles,
-eels, cheese, and fine bread ; and is
thus of singular eminence in Apician
geography.

Gluttony is of all ages. A little
boy, in the middle of a great re.

past, having no longer any appe.~

tite, began to cry; being asked the
¢ause, ** Oh, (says he) I can cat no
more ;’—“‘ But put some in your

ockets.””—** Alas, they are full,”
replied the child <A_ little girl
hearing a conyeysation, whether

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

gluttony or liquorishness gaye the
most pleasure, said, ** I prefer
being liquorish, because it does not
take away the appetite ? Children,
and even women will pocket sweet-
meats from the table, while in other
countries such a practice would sa-
your of very bad breeding. | After
eating eggs it is usual to break the
shells, a fragment of ancient super-
stition, as it was thought that
witches made use of them. to pro-
cure shipwrecks,

The bustard, and the cock of the
woods, or in French} of the heath,
about the size of a peacock, are not
unusual in the shops of eatables at
Paris. ‘The latter’ is chiefly from
the mountains of Vosges.

go much for the luxury of the ta-
ble; the luxury of the houses is
often extreme, particularly in the
boudoir. \\indows over the fire-
place were invented for a farmer-
general, who was contined by the
gout, and wished to enjoy the pro-
spect of his garden. The luxury of
equipages is on the increase, but
that of beautiful jockies must’ be
passed in silence, though known
even by advertisements in the news-
papers. ‘The worshippers of Venus,
or, as they are here called cmateurs,
may at Paris gratify every taste and
caprice with females of all countries
and complexions; moral liberty
being complete, and aberrations
only reprobated by ridicule, while
civil liberty does not find the cli-
mate so favourable. Nor must the
luxury of the theatres be forgotten,
particularly the grand and expen-
sive opera: so that, in this respect,
Paris probably rivals ancient Rome,
or any other luxurious metropolis,
ancient or modern,

Account

-_ MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

Account of Foanna Southcott, from

Letters from England, by Don M,
A, Espriella. Translated from the
Spanish. Vol. III.*

In the early part of the thirteenth
century there appeared an English
virgin in Italy, beautiful and elo-
quent, who atlirmed that the Holy
Ghost was incarnate in her for the
redemption of women, and she bap-
tized women in the name of the Fa-
ther, and of the Son, and of herself.
Her body was carried to Milan and
burnt there. An arch-heretic of
the same sex and country is now
establishing a sect in England, found-
ed upon a not dissimilar and equally
portenious blasphemy. The name
of this woman is Joanna Southcott ;
she neither boasts of the charms of
her forerunner, nor needs them. In-
stead of having an eye which can
fascinate, and a tongue which can
persuade to error by glossing it with
sweet discourse, she is old, vulgar,
and illiterate. In all the innumera-
ble volumes which she has sent into
the world, there are not three con-
nected sentences in sequence, and
the language alike violates common
sense and common syntax. ‘Yet she

/has her followersamong thceducated
classes, and even among the benc-
ficed clergy. ‘‘ If Adam,” she says,
‘¢ had refused Jistening to a foolish
ignorant woman at first, then man
might refuse listening to a foolish
ignorant woman at last :’—and the
argument is admitted by her adhe.
rents. When we read in romance
of enchanted fountains, they are de-
scribed as flowing with such clear
and sparkling waters as tempt the
traveller to thirst; here, there may
be a magic in the draught, but he

* These letters are supposed. to be
* some reputation,

374

1015

who can taste of so foul a stream
must previously have lost his senses.
The filth and the abominations of de«
moniacal witchcraft are emblemati-
cal of such delusions; not the golden
goblet and bewitching allurements of
Circe and Armida.

The patient and resolute obe-
dience with which I have collected
for you some account of this woman
and her system, from a pile of pam-
phlets half a yard high, will, I hope,
be imputed to me as a merit. . Had
the heretic of old been half as volu-
minous, and half as dull, St. Epipha-
nius would never have persevered
through his task.

She was born in Devonshire about
the middle of the last century, and
seems to have passed forty years of
her life in honest industry, some-
times as a servant, at others work-
ing at the upholsterers’ business,
without any other symptom of a
disordered intellect than that she
was zealously attached to the me-
thodists. These people were equally
well qualified to teach her the arts
of imposture, or to drive her mad 5
or to produce in her a happy mix-
ture of craziness and knavery, in-
gredients which in such cases are
usually found in combination. She
mentions in her books a preacher
wlio frequented her master’s house,
and, according to her account, lived
in habits of adultery with the wife,
trying at the same time to debauch
the daughter, while the husband
yainly attempted to seduce Joanna
herself. This preacher used to ter-
rify all who heard him in’ prayer,
and make them shriek out convul-
sively. [fe said that he had some-
times, ata meeting, made the whole
congregation lie stiff upon the floor

written, in fact, by an English author of-
til

’

1016
till he had got the evil spirits out of
them; that there never was a man
$0 highly favoured of God as him-
self; that he would not thank God
to make him any thing, unless he
made him greater than any man upon
earth, and gave him power above all
men; and he boasted, upon hearing
the death of one who had censured
him, that he had fasted and prayed
three days and three nights, beseech-
ing God to take vengeance upon
that man and send him to eternity.
Where such impious bedlamites as
this are allowed to walk abroad, it
is not to be wondered at that mad-
ness should becomeepidemic. Joanna
Southcott lived in a house which this
man frequented, and where, not-
withstanding his infamous life, his
pretensions to supernatural gifts
were acknowledged, and he was ac-
customed to preach and pray. The
servants all stood in fear of him. Sie
says, he had no power over her, but
she used to think the room was full
of spirits when he was in prayer ;
and he was so haunted that he never
could sleep in a room by himself,
for he said his wife came every night
to trouble him: she was perplexed
about him, fully believing that he
wrought miracles, and wondering
by what spirit he wrought them.
After she became a prophetess her-
self, she discovered that this San-
derson was the false prophet in the
Revelations, who is to be taken
with the Beast, and cast alive with
him into a lake of burning brim-
Stone.

Four persons have written to
Joanna upon the subject of ber pre-
tended mission, each calling himself
Christ! One Mr. Leach, a methodist

preacher, told her to go to the Lord
in his name, and tell the Lord that
he said her writings were inspired

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

by the devil. These circumstances
show how commonly delusion, blas-—
phemy, and madness are to be found —
in this country, and may fessen our
wonder at the phrensy of Joanna
and her followers. Her own ca-
reer began humbly, with prophecies
concerning the weather, such as the ©
popular English almanacks contain,
and threats concerning the fate of
Europe, and the successes of the
French, which were at that time the
speculations of every newspaper,
and of every alehouse politician.
Some of these guesses having chanced
to be right, the women of the family
in which she then worked at the up-
holstering business, began to Jend
ear to her, and she ventured to sub.
mit her papers to the judgment of
one Mr. Pomeroy, the clergyman
whose church she attended in Ex-
eter. He listened to her with timid
curiosity, rather wanting courage
than credulity to become her dis-
ciple; received from her certain
sealed prophecies which were at.
some future time to be opened,
when, as it would be.seen that they
had been accomplished, they would
prove the truth of her inspiration ;
and sanctioned, or seemed to sanc-
tion, her design of publishing her
call to the world, But in this pub-
lication his own name appeared, and
that in such a manner as plainly to
imply, that if he had not encou-
raged her to print, he had; not en.
deayoured to prevent her from so
doing. His cyes were immediately
opened to his own imprudence,
whatever they may have been to the
nature of her call, and he obtained
her consent to insert an advertise-
ment in the newspaper with her sig-
nature, stating that he had said it
was the work of the devil. But
here the parties are at issue: as the

; advertisé~

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

advertisement was worded, it signi-
fies that Mr. Pomeroy always said
her calling was from the devil; on
the other hand, Joanna and her wit-
Nesses protest that what she had
signed was merely an acknowledg-
ment that Mr. Pomeroy had said,
after her book was printed, the de-
vil had instigated her to print his
name in it. ‘This would not be
worthy of mention, if it were not
for the very extraordinary situation
into which this gentleman has brought
himse!f. Wishing to be clear of the
connection’ in which he had so un-
luckily engaged, he burnt the sealed
papers which had been intrusted to
his care. From that time all the
Joannians, who are now no incon-
siderable number, regard him as the
arch-apostate. He is the Jehoiakim

who burnt Jeremiah’s roll of pro- -

phecies, he is their Judas Iscariot,
a second Lucifer, son of the Morn-
ing. They call upon him to pro-
duce these prophecies, which she
boldly asserts, and they implicitly
believe, have all been fulfilled, and
therefore would convince the world
of the truth of her mission. In vain
does Mr. Pomeroy answer that he
has burnt these unhappy papers :-—
in an unhappy hour for himself did
he burn them! day after day long
letters are dispatched to him, some-
times from Joanna herself, some-
times from her brother, sometimes
from one of her four-and-twenty
elders, filled with exhortation, in-
' vective, texts of scripture, and de-
nunciations of the law in this world,
and the devilin the next ; and these
letters the prophetess prints, for this
very sufficient reason—that all her
believers purchase them. Mr. Po-
-meroy sometimes treats them with

1017

contempt, at other times he appeals
to theircompassion, and besceches
them, if they have any bowels of
Christian charity, to have compas-
sion on him and Jet him rest, and
no lenger add to the inconceivable
and irreparable injuries which they
have already occasioned him. If he
is silent, no matter, on they go,
printing copics of all which they
write, and when he is worried into
replying, his answers also serve to
swell Joanna’s books. In this man-
Ner is this poor man, because he has
recovered his senses, persecuted by
a crazy prophetess, and her four-
and-twenty crazy elders, who seem
determined not to desist, till, one
way or other, they have made him
as ripe for Bedlam as they are them-
selves,

The books which she sends into
the world are written partly in
prose, partly in rhyme, all the verse
and the greater part of the prose
being delivered in the character of
the Almighty! It is not possible to
convey an adequate idea of this un-
paralleled and unimaginable non-
sense by any other means than literal
transcript.* Her hand-writing was
legibly bad, so that at last she
found it convenient to receive orders
to throw away the pen and deliver
her oracles orally ; and the words
flow from her faster than her scribes
can write them down. This may
be well believed, for they are
words and nothing else: a mere
rhapsody of texts, vulgar dreams
and vulgar interpretations, vulgar
types and vulgar applications :—
the vilest string of words in the
vilest doggerel verse, which has no
other connection than what the
vilest rhymes have suggested, she

* See the end of the letter.

vents

1018

vents, and her followers receive, as
the dictates of immediate inspiration.
A herd, however, was ready to de-
vour this garbage as the bread of
life. Credulity and Vanity are foul
feeders.

The clergy in her own neighbour-
hood were invited by her, by pri-
vate letters, to examine her claims,
but they treated her.invitation with
contempt: the bishop also did not
choose to interfere ;—of what avail,
indeed, would it have been to have
examined her, when they had no
power to silence her blaspheimies !
She found believers at a distance.
Seven men came from different parts
of the country to examine—that is
—to believe in her ; these were her
seven stars; and when at another
time seven more arrived upon the
same wise errand, she observed, in
allusion to one of those vulgar say-
ings from which-all her allusions are
drawn, that her seven stars were
come to fourteen. Among these
early believers were three clergy-
men, one of them a man of fashion,
fortune, and noble family. It is
not unlikely that the woman at firet
suspected the state of her own in-
tellects : her letters appear to indi-
cate this; they express a humble
submission to wiser judgments than
her own; and could she have breathed
the first thoughts of delusion into
the ear of some pious confessor, it
is more than probable that she would
have soon acknowledged her error
at his feet, and the phrensy which
has now infected thousands would
have been cut off on its first appear-
ance. But when she found that
persons into whose society nothing
else could have elevated her, lis.
tened to her with reverence, be-
lieved all her ravings, and supplied
her with means and money to spread

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

them abroad, it is not to be won.
dered atif she went on more boldly 5 |
—the gainfulness of the trade soon
silencing all doubts of the truth of
her inspiration, ’
Some of her foremost adherents
were veterans in credulity ; they had
been initiated in the mysteries of
animal magnetism, had received spi- |
ritual circumcision from Srothers,
and were thus doubly qualified for
the part they were toact in this new
drama of delusion. ‘To accommo-
date them, Joanna confirmed the -
authenticity of this Jast famatic’s
mission, and acknowledged him as
King of the Hebrews,—but she
dropt his whole mythology. Her
heresy in its main part is not new.
The opinion that redemption ex-
tended to men only and not to wo-
men, had been held by a Norman
in the sixteenth century, as well as
by the fair English heretic already
mentioned. ‘Chis man, in a book
called Virgo Veneta, maintained that
a female Redeemer was necessary
for the daughters of Eve, and an-
nounced an old woman of Venice of
his acquaintance as the Saviour of
her sex. Bordonius, a century ago,
broached even a worse heresy. In
a work upon miracles, printed at
Parma, he taught that women did
not participate in the atonement,
because they were of a different spe-
cies from man, and were incapable
of eternal life. Joanna and her fol-
lowers are too ignorant to be ac-
quainted with these her prototypes
in blasphemy, and the whole merit
of originality in her system must be
allowed her, as indeed she has ex-
ceeded her forerunners in the au-
dacity of her pretensions. She
boldly asserts that she is the Woman
in the Revelations, who has the
moon under feet, and on her head
a crown

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

a crown of twelve stars; the twelve
stars being her twelve apostles, who
with the second dozen oi believers
makeup her four-and-twenty elders.
Ip ier visitation it was told her,
_ that the angels rejoiced at her birth,
because she was born to deiiver both
men and angels trom the insults of
the devil. Let it be lawful for me
to repeat these blasphemies, holding
them up to merited abhorrence. The
scheme of redemption, she says, is
completed in her, and without her
_ would be imperfect ; by woman came
- the fall of man, by woman must
come his redemption; woman pluck-
éd the evil fruit, and woman must
pluck the good fruit; if the tree of
knowledge was violated by Eve, the
tree of life is reserved for Joanna,
Eve was a bone from Adam, she is
a bone from Christ the second Adam.
She is the bride, the promised seed
who is to bruise the serpent’s head ;
she it is who claims the promise
made at the creation, that woman
should be the helpmate of man, and
by her the Creator fullils that pro-
mise, and acquits himself of the
charge of having given to man the
woman in vain. ‘The evening star
was placed ‘in the firmament to be
her type. While she arrogates so
much to herself, she is proportion-
ately liberal to her followers; they
have been appointed to the four-
and-twenty elderships: and to one
of them, when he died, a higher
character was more blasphemously
attributed ; she assured his relations
that he was gone to plead the pro-
mises before the Lord; that to him
was to be given the key of the bot-
tomless pit, and that the time was at
hand when he should be seen de-
*scending in the air,—for they knew
not the meaving of our Saviour’s
words when he said, *¢ Ye shall

1019

see the Son of Man coming in the
clouds, in power and great glory?”
The immediate object of her call
is to destroy the devil: of this the
devil was aware, and that it might
not be said he had had foul play,
a regular dispute of seven days was
agreed on between him and Joanna,
in which she was to be alone, ahd
he to bring with him as many of the
Powers of Darkness as he pleased :
but he was not to appear visibly ;
for, as he did not choose to make
his appearance on aformer occasion
when some of her elders went to
give him the meeting, but had dis-
appointed them, he was not to be
permitted to manifest himself bodily
now. ‘The conditions were, that if
she hell out with argument against
him for seven days, the woman
should be freed and he fall; but if
she yielded, Satan’s kingdom was to
stand, and asecond fall of the human
race would be the consequence. Ac-
cordingly, she wentalone intoa solita-
ry house for this conference.. Joanna
was her ownsecretary upon this oc-
casion, and the process-verbal of
the conference has been printed, as
literally taken down; for she was
ordered to set down all his blasphe.
mies, and show to the world what
the language of hell is. It is by no
means a polite language ;—indeed
the proficiency which Satan displays
in the valgar tongue is surprising.
Of all Joanna’s books this is the
most curious. Satan broughta friend
with him, and they made up a story
for themselves which has some inge-
nuity, ‘+ It is written,” said they,
“ Be still, and know that I am
God ;” this still worship did not suit
Satan; he was a lively cheerful
spirit, full of mirth and gaicty, which
the Lord could not bear, and there-
fore cast him out of heaven. This,
according

1020

according to Apollyon’s account of
heaven, could have been no great
evil. ‘* Thou knowest,” he says,
“¢ it is written of God, he is a con-
suming fire, and who can dwell in
everlasting burnings? Our backs are
not brass, nor our sinews iron, to
dwell with God in heaven.” The
heaven therefore which men mis-
takingly desire, is in its nature
the very hell of which they are so
much afraid; and it is sufficient
proof of the truth of all this, that
the devil invites them to make them.
selves happy and lead a gay life,
agreeably to his own cheerful dispo-
silion, whereas religion enjoins self-
denial, penitence, and all things
which are contrary to our natural
inclinations. Satan accounted to
Joanna for her inspiration by this
solution: an evil spirit had loved
her from her yonth up, he found
there was no other access to her
heart than by means of religion ;
and, being himself able to foresee
future events, imparted this know-
ledge to her in the character of a
good spirit. ‘This spirit, he said,
was one which she had been well
acquainted with ; it was that of one
Mr. Follart, who had told her if
she would not have him for a hus-
band he should die for her sake,
and accordingly he had died. But
this deception had now been carricd
so far that Satan was angry, and
threatened, untess she broke her
seals and destroyed her writings, he
would tear her in pieces.

The conference terminated like
most theological disputes. Both
parties grew warm. Apollyon in-
terfered, and endeavoured ty ac-
commodate matters, but without ef-
fect, and Joanna talked Satan out
of all patience. She gave him, as
he truly complained, ten words for

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

one, and allowed him no time to.
speak. All men, he said, were
tired of her tongue already, and
now slie had tired the devil. This
was not unreasonable ; but he pro-
ceeded to abuse the whole sex,
which would have been ungracious
in any one, and in him was un-
grateful. He said no man could
tame a woman’s tongue—the sands ©
of an hour-glass did not run faster
—it was better to dispute with a-
theusand men than with one woman. —
After this dispute she fasted forty |
days; but this fast, which is ree |
garded by her believers as so mira-
culeus, was merely a catholic lent,
in which she abstained trom fish as
wellas flesh.

Fhe moon which is under her feet
in the Revelations, typifies the devil:
for the moon, it seems, having power
to give light by night but not by
day, is Satan’s kinglom, and his
dwelling-place; he, | conclude, be-
ing the very person commonly called
the man in the moon, a conjecture
of my own, which, you must al-
low, is strongly confirmed by his
horns. Once, when the Lord made
her the same promise as Herod had
done to Herodias, she requested
that Satan might be cut off from the
face of the earth, as John the Bap-
tist had been. This petition she was
instructed to write, aud seal it with
three seals, and carry it to the altar
when she received the sacrament!
and a promise was returned that it
should be granted. Her dreams are
usually of the devil. Once she saw .
him like a pig with his mouth tied,
at another time skinned his face with
her nails after a fierce battle; once
she bit off his fingers, and thought
the blood sweet.—and once she
dreamt she had fairly killed him.
But neither has the promise of his

destruction

MISCELLANE

destruction been as yet fulfilled, nor
the dream accomplished.

This phrensy would have been
specdily cured in our country ; bread
and water, a solitary cell, and a
little wholesome discipline, are spe-
cifics in such cases, Mark the dif-
ference in England. No bishop in-
terferes; she therefore boldly as-
serts that she has the full consent of
the bishops to declare that her call
is from God, because, having been
called upon to disprove it, they
keep silent. She who was used to
earn her daily bread by daily la-
bouwr, is now taken into the houses
of her wealthy believers, regarded
as the most blessed. among women,
carried from one part of England to
another, and treated every where
with reverence little less than idola-
try. Meantime dictating books as
fast as her scribes can write them
down, she publishes them as fast as
they are written, and the Joannians
buy them as fast as they are pub-
lished. Nor is this her only trade.
The seals in the Revelations fur-
nished her with a happy hint. She
calls upon all persons ‘* to sign
their names for Christ’s glorious and
peaceable kingdom, to be establish-
ed and to come upon earth, and his
will to be done on earth as it is done
in heaven, and for Satan’s kingdom
to be destroyed, which is the prayer
and desire of Joanna Southcott.”
They who sign this are to be sealed.
Now if this temporal sealing, which
is mentioned by St. John in the Re-
velations, had been understood be-
fore this time, men would have be-
gun sealing themselves without the
visitation of the Spirit; and if she
had not understood it and explained
it now, it would have been more
‘fatal for herself and for all man-
’ kind than the fall of Eve was. The

OUS ESSAYS. 1021 .

mystery of sealing is this: whoso-
ever signs his name receives a sealed
letter containing these words: Zhe
Sealed of the Lord, the Elect, Pre-
cious, Man’s Redemption, to inherit
the Tree of Life, to be made Heirs of
God, and Jowt-heirs with Jesus
Christ. Signed founna Southcott.
i know not what the price of this
initiation is ; but she boasts of hav-
ing sealed above eight thousand
persons, so that the trade is a
thriving one,

And these things are believed in
England! in England, where Ca-
tholic Christians are so heartily de-
spised for superstition; in England,
where the people think themselves
so highly enlightened,—in this coun-
try of reason and philosophy and
free inquiry! It is curious to oly
serve how this*age in which we live
is denominated by every writer, just
as its temper accords with his own
views: with the Infidel, it is the
Age of Reason; with the Church.
man, the Age of Infidelity ; with
the Chemist, the Age of Philoso.
phy ; with Rulers, the Age of An-
archy; with the People, the Age of
Oppression,—every one beholding
the prospect through a coloured
glass, and giving it sunshine or shade,
frost or verdure, according to his
own fancy; none looking round
him and seeing it fairly as itis. Yet
surely if we consider the ignorance
of the great majority of the English,
the want of anchorage for their
faith, the want of able directors for
their souls, the rapidity with which
novelties of any kind are circulated
throughout the country, the eager-
ness with which the credulous listen
to every new blasphemy, the con-
temptuous indifference of the clergy
to any blasphemy, provided it does
not immediately threaten themselves,

the

1023

-the unlimited toleration shewn to
Jews, Gentiles, and Heretics of
every description,—above all if we
remember that every person has the
power of comparing these delusive
books with the Bible. of which they
are instrucied to consider themselves
competent expounders,—we must
acknowledge that there never was
any country so favourable to the suc-
cess of imposture and the growth of
superstition, as this very age and
this very England.

I have to add concerning Joanna,
that she prophecies how she and her
believers are to be tried in the en-
suing year, and that this awful trial
will be only second to that of
our blessed Lord at Pilate’s bar!
What new juggle is in. prepara-
tion I pretend not to divine. Thus
much is certain, that her believ-
ers are proof against conviction,
and you will agree with me in think-
ing no further trial necessary to
prove thatshe and her abettors ought
either to be punished as impostors,
or silenced as lunatics,

The translator has been curious
enough to inquire the event of this
trial, which may be related in few
words. None but her believers as-
sembled ; they provided an attorney
to give their proceedings some of the
ceremonials of legality, examined
witnesses to prove the good charac-
ter of the prophetess, signed a pro-
fession in belief of her,—and after-
‘wards published an account of all
this folly under the title of The Trial
of Joanna Southcott. Joanna had
predicted that at this trial she was
to be cast into a trance; not think-
ing this convenient when the time
appointed came, she had a revelation
to say, thatif any of her judges re-
quired it, the Lord would still en-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

trance her, but that it would cer-
tainly be her death: and thus throw-
ing herseli upon the mercy of her
own accomplices, it will easily be
guessed that none amoung them in-
sisted npon the proof. One of the
compauy inquired whether Satan
knew he was cast by this trial; as,
in that case, it was to be presumed
he would rage against her and her
friends with the utmost of his fury.
This gentleman would have been a
good subject for a night-mare. .

D. Manuel might well say that
nothing but literal transcript could
convey an idea of this woman’s vul-
garity and nonsense ; witness the
passages which he has selected.—T Rr.

So, learned men, no more contend,
Till you have seen all clear,

The Woman clothed with the Sun
A wonder to you here.

So, in amaze, you all may gaze,
As Adam did at first,

To see the bone to him unknown,
The woman there was placed.

‘The woe you see, she brought on he,
And the first woe for man ;—

But how shall Satan now get free,
She casts her woe on man,—

Though ’twas not she, I must tell ye,
Did cast the woe on man;

The serpent was condemned by she,
And there her woe must come.

It is speaking within compass to
say, that she has sent into the world
above twenty thousand of such
verses as these, as the dictates of the
Spirit !

What follows is in the words of
one of her chosen disciptes :—** On
Monday morning Joanna received a
letter from Exeter, which informed
her she would have Mr, Jones’s an-

swer about Mr. Pomeroy in the .

evening ; and her fears for him
flung her into a violent agitation ;
every nerve in her shook, and she

fell

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

sick as though she would have fainted
away. She could not keep in her
bed, but laid herself on the floor in
agonies, and Said she knew not whe-
ther to pity or condemn him; butat
last got up in a rage against the De-
“vil, and said her revenge would be
sweet to see the Devil chained down,
and sbe should like, with a sharp
sword, to cut him in pieces. She
' then got into bed, exclaiming against
the clergy, and asked for a glass of
wine; but she brought it up imme-
diately. Soon after the bason was
set upon the bed, she tuok it up and
_ dashed it violently across the room,

1023

and broke it to pieces. After that
she had some lamb brought up for
her dinner; she tried to swallow a
mouthful but could not, but spit it ,
into another: bason, and said she
could neither swallow the wine nor -
the lamb, but found the fury of the
Lord break in upon her, and she
dashed the second bason on the
floor. She then said she felt herself
happier and easier since she had
broken both the basons; forse would
the Lord, in his anger, break the
clergy.”

This is from a _ book with the fol-
lowing curious title :

; MR. JOSEPH SOUTHCOTT,

THE BROTHER OF

WILL NOW COME

JOANNA SOUTHCOTT,
FORWARD AS DINAH’S BRETHREN DID,

THAT THEY SHALL NOT DEAL WITH HIS SISTER
AS THEY WOULD WITII A HARLOT,

FOR SO THEY ARE NOW DEALING

WITH HER,

AND HE WILL PROVE TO THE WORLD WHERE THE
ADULTERY IS COMMITTED, BY MEN WHO ARE

UNCIRCUMCISED IN HEART AND LIFE:

AND NOW HE WILL EXPEND ALL THAT HE HAS
IN THE WORLD, IF REQUIRED, IN THE IIONEST
4 DEFENCE OF HER CHARACTER, TILL HE HAS SLAIN
THE UNCIRCUMCISED PHILISTINES,
AND ENTIRELY FREED HIS SISTER FROM THE
REPROACHES OF THEIR ADULTERY.

A few flowers of infernal elo-
quence should be added from The

Dispute with the Powers of Dark- -

ness. Satan says to her, * Thou
infamous b—ch! thou, hast been
flattering God that he may stand thy
friend. Such low cunning art I de-
spise.—Thou wheening devil! stop
thy d—mn’d eternal tongue; thou
Tunnest on so fast all the Devils in
Hell cannot keep up with thee.—
God hath done something to chuse a
_ b—ch of a woman that will down-
. argue the Devil, and scarce give him

room to speak.”—It may truly be
said, in Joanna’s own words, ‘¢ if
the woman ts not ashamed of herself,
the Devil cannot shame her.”

If the language of Joanna herselfis
grovelling in the very mud and mire
of baseness ayd vulgarity, one of her
elders has soared into the sublime
of frenzy. The passage is long, but
deserves insertion, as, perhaps, there
does not exist elsewhere so complete
a specimen of a prophet rampant.
The gentleman begins in some plain
prose reflections upon the Fall, and’

gues

1024 ANNUAL REGISTER,

goes on addressing the Devil, till he
has worked himself up, and begins
thus to rave in rhythm.

‘ —Then where’s thy ground on
earth ? receive thy doom, the pit,
there twist in flames, and there thy
ike deceive !—Then Cain receive
thy doom from Abel’s blood, Then
where is Paraoh and his host? Judge
then, need Moses fear! Where is
the Lion fallen! and the pit has oped
its mouth,—the covering’s dropt;—
the Pauly has nought to fear—then
roar no more to shake the earth and
sea. Where now’s the eagle and
vultur’d host—thy wings are pluck’d
on earth, she stands defenceless, the
fatal net beneath—The Dove now
has protection; she ranges earth and
sea, and soars aloft unhurt, unfeared,
to carry peace to all.—The Ark
opened now, she brings the olive
branch,—the floods are past, where’s
how the giant race ?—Who pressed
an Lot? ’Pwas thee the proud op-
pressor! Where art thou now ?—
Where is thy pride and city ? Know-
est thou the words, come out! come
out! let Sodom feel its doom. Where
now is Lot? At Zoar safe! Where
is his wife? Is she not salt all ?—
The writing’s on the wall-—Thou
tewdly revellest with the bowls of
God.—Thby kingdom’s past away —
Now see my Daniel rise—Who cast
him in the den >—’T was thee—Thbou
rolledst the stone, thow sealedst his
doom—the roaring Lion thee ! Thea
Jet the stone return, the seal be
broke, and go thou in his stead,
Where is the image gold and Bel ?
Where is proud Babel’s builder ?
Confusion is thy name: confusion is
thy doom! Let Bel asunder burst!
the pitch, and tar, and walls of wood
expose thy make, deceit, and eraft,
—and pass in flames away. The God
ef Daniel stands—Dauniel rise up !—

2

1806.

Six days are past—the seventh now
js here—seven times refined and pu-
riied—in innocency come.—The
emerald, uohurt in fire, displays
great Judah’s son.—Let Urim’s light
aod Thummim shine in bright per-
fection’s day. The twelve mea stand
upon the plate—ihe fourth denotes
great Judah’s son, who is the right~
ful heir. The stones denote old Ja-
cob’s sons, their hight and quality—
they shine. as stars in Jesus’ crown
upon the Woman’s head.—Tbe Sun
unveil’d shall now arise—The Moon
from scarlet shall emerge—The stars
from darkness now appear to light
the midnight hour—Tnen where art
thou, O Satan! Where are thy
heads, and horns, and dragon’s tail,
which slew and burt the living stars!
Whereare thy rays ol fire—thy watery
floods— behold they are past away—
The woman’s fears of thee are o’er
—the wilderness receives her child,
whose iron red now feel. The pit
has oped its mouth—thou now art
cast, shut up and sealed—the saints
now judge theearth. The Oimnipo~
tent is here in power and spirit in
the word—The sword, white horse,
and King of Kings has drawn the
flaming sword ! Rejoice, ye saints,
rejoice! The Beast and Dragon,
mountain, tree, no more shall hurt,
devour, becloud, the saint, the gold,
and vine. The yold and gems ap-
pear—The mig bty earthquake now
displays the hidden Son of God, The
rod and smitten rock gush forth, and
smite and slay, and make alive, now
saves and now destroys. The cloud
and glory, Jonah’s sign, display the
virtues of the word, the light and
darkness shews. The Gospel brings
the light, and life, and death—and
death as men obey or mock. The’
six denotes the suffering time to shew
the Son of Man—The sign within

the

he sun—The fowls now feast on
ee! Then where’s thy former
ign? Beneath the rod of Moses
ee thy fall from Heaven’s height.
Son of the Morning, Lucifer, no
more oppress—be thou a fallen star !
Great Gog and Agag, where are ye?
The walls of Jericho art thou ; fall
flat ! Joshua’s ram’s horns, the seven
and twelve, pass Jordan’s stream.—
Where is the Lion, Bear, Goliath
huge, but inthe center thee. Da-
vid appears, a stripling youth, now
tears, and slays, and slings the stone,
and smites thy dragon’s head. Now
see great David’s reign—The tem-
ple’s stones, unhewed by man in
those days, unite, the King of Peace
amidst the seven in oil unite, and in
a stone with seven eyes appears.
The stately fabric now is laid,
founded and topped with gems of
every hue. The ark of Moses now
is built—The words, the laws, the
sceptre, all unite, and Aaron’s bud-
ded rod—He now is chosen; eat
the bread, prepare the sacrifice.
John eats the book which sweet and
bitter is—He prophecies; the tem-
ple metes, and stands before the
Lamb. The temple measures, and
anoints, and Moses’ tabernacle.
The witnesses, Matthew and John,
as olive trees appear—The broken
stones of Moses now uplift, renew-

ed in books arise from death—The
E Lord’s anointed reigns— The rods,
_or laws, of Ephraim ten, unite in

one and hold by Judah’s skirt—The
Son of Man o’er Israel reigns—|he
dry bones now arise—Here ends

thy earthly reign—'The bond of

union now is come—The marriage

‘ring appears—The bride is come—

The bridegroom now receives the
marriage seal—The Law and
Gospel now unite—The Moon

Vor. XLVIII.

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

1025
and Sun appear—Caleb and Joshua

pass the stream in triumph
to restore, Where now thou
Canaanite art thou? Where

all thy maddened crew 2

“ Hittites, be gone! no more appear to
hurt.or to annoy ;

Now Israel’s sons in pedce succeed, and
Canaan’s land enjoy.

Behold from Edom [ appear with gar-
ments dipt in blood;

My sons are freed and saved, and saed
amidst the purple flood.

The law, or moon, imperfect was to save—

But now the star points dead men to the
grave,

‘¢ Mercy benign appears—The
Gospel Sun embraces all—The
Spirit and the Bride invite, and offer
wine and milk—but not to mockers
here. Infinity of love and grace !
Gentiles and Jews unite, no more
from love to part. Six days are
past—Peter, and James, and John,
behold my glory in my word.

“ The Law and Prophets now are seca
with Jesus’ word to shine,

But what hast thou, thou serpent here,
to do with love benign ?

‘¢ Tremble and flee, ’tis donee
Theseals are burst—the vials pour
and end thy destiny. _

*¢ These are a small part of the
thoughts of the judgments of God
pronounced on Satan,’’ concludes
the writer, who is a gentleman of
vast respectability.

One of her books has the title
printed on the last page, because it .
was ordered that the book should
contain neither more nor less than
forty-eight pages.—Another has a
seal in the middle of it bearing, the
letters J. C.—the J., it is said,
being meant for Jesus and Joanna! !

3 U Keswichy

1026

Keswick, and its Lake.—Lodore
Waterfall. Ascent of Skiddaw.
From the same, Vol. Il.

From Penrith to Keswick is four
Jeagues and a half ; and as we were
told there was no place where we
could breakfast upon the way, we
lay in bed till a later hour than
would otherwise have beseemed pe-
destrians. The views were unin-
teresting after such scenery as we
had lately passed, yet as we were
returning to the mountainous coun-
try, they improved as we advanced,
Our road laid under one very fine
mountain called Saddleback, and
from every little eminence we be-
held before usin the distance the
great boundaries of the vale of Kes-
wick. At length, after walking
five hours, we ascended the last hill,
and saw the vale below us with its
lake and town, girt round with
mountains even more varied in their
outline, and more remarkably
grouped than any which we had left
behind. It was beginning to rain,
and to confess the truth we derived
more Satisfaction from the sight of
the town, than from the wonders
around it. Joyfully we reached
the inm to which our trunks had
been directed from Ambleside, but
our joy was in no slight degree
damped by the unwelcome intelli-
gence that the house was full. Was
there another inn ?—that was full
also; the town was crowded with
company :—but if we would walk
in they would endeavour to procure
us beds. In a few minutes word
was brought us that they had pro-
cured one bed, if we had no objec-
tion to sleep together,—and if we
had it seemed there was no alterna-
tive. We were assured for our
comfort that strangers had some-

3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

times slept in their carriages. Acs
cordingly we were conducted to
our apartment, which proved to be
at the house of the barber. q
The barber in England is not the
important personage he is in our
country ; ke meddles with no sur-
gical instruments, and the few who
draw teeth practise exclusively
among the poor, and are considered
as degrading the profession ;—still
the barber is a person of importance
every where. Our host was as at~
tentively civil as a man could be,
and partly out of compliment to—
him, partly from a fancy to be ©
shaved in the English fashion, I sub-
mitted my chin to him. Barbers- —
basons it seems are as obsolete here —
as helmets, and Don Quixote must
in this country have found some
other pretext for attacking a poor
shaver. Instead of rubbing the soap
upon the face, he used a brush 35
this mode of operating is not so
cleanly as our own, but it is more
expeditious, We find him of great
use in directing our movements
here. He has been a sailor ; was
in the famous action against the
Comte de Grasse , and after having
been in all parts of the world, re-
turned at last to his native place, to
pass the remainder of his days in
this humbler but more gainful em-
ployment. His wife was as active
as himself in serving us; our
trunks were presently brought up,
—the table laid,—dinner brought
from the inn ;—and though we
might have wished for a larger apart.
ment, which was not to serve for
bed-room as well, yet the beha-
viour of these people was so unlike
that of inn waiters, and had so
much the appearance of real hospi-
tality, that the gratification of see-
ing it was worth some little incon-
venience.

venience. The room is very neat,
and bears marks of industrious fru-
gality ;—it has a carpet composed
of shreds of list of different colours,
and over the chimney-piece is the
portrait of one of the admirals un-
der whom our host had served.

It rained all night, and we were
congratulated upon this, because
the waterfall of Lodore, the most
famous in all this country, would
bein perfection. As soon as we
had breakfasted a boat was ready
for us, and we embarked on the
lake, about halfa mile from the
town, A taste for the picturesque, if
I may so far flatter myself as to rea-
Son upon it from self observation,
differs from a taste for the arts in
this remarkable point,-—that in-
stead of making us fastidious, it
produces a disposition to receive
delight, and teaches us to feel more
pleasure in discovering beanty, than
“connoiseurs enjoy in detecting a
fault. I have oftentimes been sa-
tiated with works of art ; a collec-
tion of pictures fatigues me, and I
have regarded them at last rather
as a task than asa pleasure. Here,
on the contrary, the repetition of
such scenes as these heightens the

enjoyment of them, Every thing-

grows upon me. I become daily
more and more sensible of the
height of the mountains, observe
their forms with a more discri-
minating eye, and watch with in-
creased pleasure the wonderful
‘changes they assume under the
effect of clouds or of sunshiue.

The Lake of Keswick has. this
decided advantage over the others
which we have seen, that it imme-
diately appears to be what it is.
Winandermere and Ulswater might
be mistaken for great rivers, nor in-
deed can the whole extent of either

s

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS. 1027

be seen at once; here you are ona
land-locked bason of water, a

Jeague in length, and about half as

broad,— you “do not wish it to be
Jarger, the mirror is in_ perfect pro-
portion toits frame. Skiddaw, the
highest and most famous of the En.
glish mountains, forms its northern
boundary, and seems to rise almost
immediately from its shore, though
it is at the nearest point half a league
distant, and the town intervenes.
One long mountain, along which
the wad forms a fine terrace,
reaches nearly along the whole of
its western side ; and through the
space between this and the next
mountain, whichin many points of
view appears like the lower segment
ofa prodigious circle, a lovely vale
is seen which runs up among the
hiils. But the pride of the Lake of
Keswick is the head, where the
mountains of Borrowdale bound
the prospect, in a wilder and grand.
er manner than words can ade-
quately describe. The cataract of
Lodore thunders down its eastern
side through a chasm in the rocks,
which are wooded with birch and
ash trees. It isa little river, flowing
from a small Jake upon the moun-
tains about a league distant. The
water, though there had been heavy
rains, was not adequate to the chan-
nel; indeed it would require a”
river of considerable magnitude to
fill it,—~yet it is at once the finest
work and instrument of rock and
water that I have ever seen or heard.
At a little public-house near where
the key of theentrance is kept,they
have a cannon to display the echo ;
it was discharged for us, and we
heard the sound rolling round from
hill to hil!,—but for ‘this we pay
four — shillings,—which are very
nearly a pesoduro. So that En.
3.U,2 glish

1028

glish echoes appear to be the most
expensive luxuries in which a travel-
Yer can indulge. It is true there
was an inferior one which would
have cost only two shillings and six~-
pence; bunt when one buys an
echo, who would be content tor the
sake of saving eighteen pence, to
put up with the second best, instead
of ordering at once the super-extra-
double-superfine?

We walked once more at evening
to the Lake side. Immediately op-
posite the quay is alittle island with
a dwelling house upon it. A few
years ago it was hideously disfigured
with forts and batteries, a sham
church, and a new drudical temple,
and except a few fir-trees the whole
was bare. The present owner has
Gone all which a man of taste could
do in removing these deformities :
the church isconverted into a toll-
house, the forts demolished, the
batteries dismantled,the stones of the
drudical temple employed in form-
ing a bank, and the whole island
planted. There is something in this
place more like the scenes of en-
chantmentin the books of ¢hivalry
than like any thing in our ordinary
world,—a building the exterior of
which promised all the conveniences
and elegancies of life, surrounded
with all ornamental trees, in a little
island the whole of which is one
garden, and that in this lovely lake,
girt round on every side with these
awful mountains. Immediately be-
hind it is the long dark western
mountain called Brandelow: the
contrast between this and the island
which seemed to be the palace and
garden of the lady of the lake, pro-
duced the same sort of pleasure that
a tale of enchantment excites, and we
beheld it under circumstances which
heightened its wonders, and gave

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the scene something like the unrea- —
lity of a dream. It was a bright ©
evening, the sun shining, anda few
white clouds hanging motionless in -
the sky. There was not a breath ©
of air stirring, not a wave,—a rip-
ple or wrinkle on thelake, so that
it became like a great mirror, and
represented the shores, mountains, —
sky and clouds so vividly, that there
was not the slighest appearance of
water. The great mountain-open- —
ing being reversed in the shadow be~
came a huge arch, and through that
magnificent portal the long vale was
seen between mountains and bound-
ed by wountain beyond mountain,
all this in the water, the distance
perfect as in the actual scene,—the
single houses standing far up in the
vale, the smoke from their chimneys
—every thing the same, the shadow
and the substance joining at their
bases, so that it was impossible to
distinguish where the reality ended
and theimage began. As we stood
on the shore, heaven and the clouds
and the sun seemed lying under us ;
we were looking down intoa sky,
as heavenly and as beautiful as that
overhead, and the range of moun-
tains, having one line of summit un-
der our feet and another above us,
were suspended between two firma-
ments.
* * * &* * #& *#

This morning we inquired as
anxiously about the weather’ as if
we had been on shipboard, for the
destined business of the day was to
ascend the great Skiddaw. After
suffering hopes and fears, as sun.
shine or cloud seemed to predomi-
nate, off we set with a boy to guide
us. The foot of the mountain lies
about a mile from the town ;_ the
way for the first stage is along a
green path of gradual and uninter-

rupted

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

rupted ascent, on the side ofa green

_declivity. At the northern end of

the vale there is another lake called
Bassenthwaite closed in like a

' wedce between two mountains, and
g )

bounding the view ;__ the vale with
both its lakes opened upon us as we
ascended. The second stage was

infinitely more laborious, being so

steep, though still perfectly safe,
that we were many times forced to

_halt for breath, and so long that

before we had completed it the
first ascent seemed almost levelled
with the vale. Having conquered
this, the summit appeared before us,
but an intervening plain, about a
mile across, formed the third stage
of the journey ; this was easy tra-
velling over turf and moss, The
Jast part was a ruder ascent over
loose stones with gray moss growing
between them,—on the immediate
summit there isno vegetation. We
sat down on a rude seat formed by

a pile of the stones, and enjoyed a

boundless prospect,—that is, one
which extended as far as the reach
of the human eye, but the distance
was dim and indistinct. We saw
the sea through a hazy atmosphere,

_and the smoke of some towns upon

the coast about six leagues off, when
we were directed where to look for
them: the Scotch mountains ap-
peared beyond like clouds, and
the Isle of Man, we were told,
would have been visible had the
weather been clearer. The home

_ scene of mountains was more im-
pressive, and in particular the

Jake of Bassenthwaite lying under
a precipice beneath us. They who
visit the summit usually scratch

their names upon one of the loose:
' stones which form the back to this

rude seat. We felt how natural
and how vain it was to leave be-
hind us these rude memorials, which

1029

so few could possibly see, and of
those few in all human probability
none would recognise,—yet we fol-
lowed the example of our prede-
cessors. There are three such seats
upon the three points of the moun-
tain; all which we visited. It is
oftentimes piercingly cold here,
when the weather is temperate in
the vale. ‘This inconvenience we
did not perceive, for the wind was
in the south,—but it brought on
rain as we were descending, and
thoroughly wetted us before we
reached home.

After dinver, as the rain still con-
tinued, and we could not go further
from home, we went to see an
exhibition of pictures of the lakes,
afew doors distant. There were
several views of one called Was.
water, which isso little visited that
our book of directionsis silent con-
cerning it. It seemed to us how-
ever to be of so striking a charac.
ter, and sa different from, all which
we have yet seen, that.we consult-
ed with our host concerning the
distance and the best mode of get-
ting there, and have accordingly
planned a route which is to inelude
it, and which weshall commence to-
morrow.

The people here wear shoes with
wooden soles. D., who had never
seen any thing of the kind before,
was inclined to infer from this that
the inhabitants were behind the rest
of England in improvement ;° till
I asked him whether in a country
so subject to rain as by experience
we knew this to be, a custom
which kept the feet dry ought not
to be imputed to experience of
its utility rather than to ignorance ;
and if, instead of their following
the fashions of the south of Kngland,
“the other peasantry would not do
wisely in imitating them.

3U 3 POETRY.

f 1080 )

POETRY. |

ODE for the Nrw Year, 1806.
By Henry James Pye, Esq. Poet-Laureat.

q ' 7 HEN ardent zeal for virtuous fame,
When virtuous honour’s holy flame,

Sit on the gen*rous warrior’s sword,
Weak is the loudest Jay the Muse can sing,
His deeds of yalour to record ;
And weak the boldest flight of Fancy’s wing :--
Far above her high career,
Upborne by worth th’ immortal chief shall rise,
And to the lay-enraptur’d ear
Of seraphs, list’ning from th’ empyreal sphere,
Glory, her hymn divine, shall carol through the skies.

For though the Muse in all unequal strain*
Sung of the wreaths that Albion’s warriors bore
From ev'ry region and from ev’ry shore,

The naval triumphs of her George’s reign—
Triumphs by many a valiant son
From Gaul, Iberia, and Batavia won ;

Or by St. Vincent’s rocky mound,
r sluggish Texel’s shoaly sound ;

Or Haffnia’s+ hyperborean wave,

Or where Canopus’ billows lave

Th’ Egyptian coast, while Albion’s genius guides

Her dauntless hero through the fav’ring tides,

Where rocks, nor sands, nor tempests’ roar,

Nor batteries thund’ring from the shore,

* Alluding toa poem called Naueratia, written by the author, and dedicated by
permission to his majesty. SL
+ Copenhagen.
Arrest |

PiO E Toney.

Arrest the fury of his naval war,
When Glory shines the leading star 5
Still higher deeds the lay recording claim,
Still rise Britannia’s sons to more exalted fame,

The fervid source of heat and light,
Descending through the western skies,
Though veil’d awhile from mortal sight,
Emerging soon with golden beam shall rise,
In orient climes with brighter radiance shine,
And sow th’ ethereal plains with flame divine.
So, damp’d by Peace’s transient smile,
If Britain’s glory seem to fade awhile,
Yet, when occasion’s kindling rays
Relumine valour’s gen’rous blaze,
Higher the radiant flames aspire, :
And shine with clearer light, and glow with fiercer fire.

From Europe’s shores th’ insidious train,
Eluding Britain’s watchful eye,
Rapid across th’ Atlantic fly
To Isles that stud the western main 5
There proud their conqu’ring banners seem to rise, -
And fann’d by shadowy triumphs, flout the skies :
But, lo! th’ avenging Pow’r appears,
His victor flag immortal Nelson rears ;
' Swift as the raven’s ominous race,
Fly the strong eagle o’er th’ ethereal space,
The Gallic barks the billowy deep divide,
Their conquests lost in air, o’erwhelm’d in shame their pride.

The hour of vengeance comes—by Gades’ tow’rs,
By high Trafalgar’s ever-trophied shore, ;

The godlike warrior on the adverse Pow’rs
Leads his resistless fleet with daring prore.

Terrific as th’ electric bolt that flies

With fatalshock athwart the thund’ring skies,

By the mysterious will of Heaven

On man’s presuming offspring driven,

Full on the seatter’d foe he hurls his fires,
Performs the dread behest, and in the flash expires—

But not his fame—While chiefs who bleed

For sacred duty’s holy meed,

With glory’s amaranthine wreath,

By weeping Veitory crown’d in death,
3U4

1031

Ja

1092 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

In History’s awful page shall stand
Foremost amid th’ heroic band ;
Nelson! so long thy hallow’d name
Thy country’s gratitude shall claim ;
And while a people’s Peans raise
To thee the choral hymn of praise,
And whilea patriot Monarch’s tear
Bedews and sanctifies thy bier,
Each youth of martial hopes shall feel
True valour’s animating zeal ;

With emulative wish thy trophies see,

And heroes, yet unborn, shall Britain owe to thee.

ODE ror tue KING’S BIRTH-DAY.

By Henny James Pyr, Esq. Poet-Laureat.

ONG did chill Wiater’s dreary reign
Usurp the promis'd hours of Spring ;
Long Eurus o’er the russet plain
Malignant wav'd his nvisome wing.
O’er April’s variegated day
The frolic zephyrs fear’d to play ;
| ‘Th’ alternate change of suns and showers
Call’d not to life her silken flowers ;
But arm’d with whirlwind, frost, and hail,
Winter’s ungenial blasts prevail,
And check her vernal powers.

But o’er the renovated plain
See Maia lead her smiling train
Of halcyon hours along ;
While burst from every echoing grove
Loud strains of harmony and love,
Preluding to the choral song,
Which opening June shall votive pour
To hail with proud acclaim our Monarch’s natal heur. -

Still must that day, to Britain dear,
To Britons joy impart ;
Cloudy or bright, that day shall wear
The sunshine of the heart.
And as before the fervid ray
That genial glows in summer skies,
Each cloud that veil’d the beam of day
Far from the azure welkin flies : ;
%

POETRY. 1033

So may each cheerless mist that seems
Awhile to cloud our prospects fair,
Dispell’d by Hope’s enlivening beams,
Our brightening ether fly, aud melt away in air.

Awhile though Fortune adverse frown—

By timid friends their cause betray’d,

With bosom firm and undismay’d,
On force depending all their own,
A living rampire round their parent Lord,
The British warriors grasp th’ avenging sword ;
While youths of royal hope demand the fight,
To assert a Monarch and a Father’s right.
United in one patriot band,
From Albion’s, Erin’s, Caledonia’s land,
Elate in arms indignant shine
The kindred heroes of the Briton line,
To whelm invasion ’neath our circling flood,
Or stain our verdant fields with Gallia’s hostile bleed.

THE LAST MINSTREL.
(From the Lay of the Last Minstrel).
By Wauter Scorr, Esq.

HE way was long, the wind was cold,
The Minstrel was infirm and old ;
His withered cheek, and tresses gray,
Seemed to have knowna better day ;
The harp his sole remaining joy
Was carried by an orphan boy ;
The last of all the Bards was he,
Who sung of Border chivalry.
For well-a-day ! their date was fled,
His tuneful brethren all were dead ;
And he neglected and oppressed,
Wished to be with them, and at rest.
No more, on prancing palfrey borne,
He carolled, light as lark at morn ;
No longer courted and caressed,
High placed in hall, a welcome guest,
He poured, to lord and lady gay,
The unpremeditated lay ;
Old times were changed, old manners gone,
A stranger filled the Stuarts’ throne ; 44
s

1034 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

The bigots of the iron time

Had called bis harmless art a crime.

A wandering Harper, scorned and poor,
He begged his bread from door to door ;
And tuned, to please a peasant’s ear,
The harp, a king had loved to hear,

He passed where Newark’s stately tower
Looks out from Yarrow’s birchen bower :
The Minstrel} gazed with wishful eye—
No humbler resting-place was nigh.

With hesitating step, at last,

The embattled portal-arch he passed,
Whose ponderous grate and massy bar
Had oft rolled back the tide of war,
But never closed the iron door

Azgvinst the desolate and poor.

The duchess* marked his weary pace,
His timid mein, and reverend face,

And bade her page the menials tell,
That they should tend the old man well :
For she had known adversity,

Though born in such a high degree ;

In pride of power, in beauty’s bloom,
Had wept o’er Monmouth’s bloody tomb !

When kindness had his wants supplied, -
And the old man was gratified,
Began to rise his minstrel pride :
And he began to talk anon,
ee Of good earl Francis+, dead and gone,
And of earl Walter}, rest him God !
A braver ne’er to battle rode :
And how, full many a tale he knew,
Of£ the old warriors of Buccleuch ;
And, would the noble duchess deign
To listen to an old man’s strain,’
Though stiff his hand, his voice though weak,
He thought even yet, the sooth to speak,
That, if she loved the harp to hear,
He could make music to her ear,

* Anne, duchess of Buccleuch and Monmouth, representative of the ancient
lords of Buccleuch, and widow of the unfortunate James, duke of Monmouth, who
was beheaded in 1685. F

+ Francis Scott, earl of Buccleuch, father of the duchess.

} Walter, earl of Buccleuch, grandfather of the duchess, and a celebrated war-

rior. >
3 \ The

Pi Ove. TR Ys 1035

The humble boon was soon obtained ;
The aged minstrel audience gained.
But, when he reached the room of state,
Where she, with all her ladies, sate,
Perchance he wished his boon denied =
For, when to tune his harp he tried,
His trembling hand had lost the ease,
Which marks security to please ;

And scenes, long past, of joy and pain,
Came wildering o’er his aged brain—
He tried to tune his harp in vain.

The pitying duchess praised its chime,
And gave him heart, and gave him time,
Till every string’s according glee

Was blended into harmony.

And then, he said, he would full fain
He could recal an ancient strain,

He never thought to sing again.

It was not framed for village churls,
But for high dames and mighty earls ;
He had played it to King Charles the Goo
_ When he kept court in Holyrood ;
And much he wished, yet feared, to try
The long forgotten melody.

Amid the strings his fingers strayed,
And an uncertain warbling made,
And oft he shook his hoary head.

But when he caught the measure wild,
The old man raised his face, and smiled 5
And lightened up his faded eye,

With all a poet’s extasy !

In varying cadence, soft or strong,
He swept the sounding chords along =
The present scene, the future lot,

His toils, his wants, were all forgot :
Cold diffidence, and age’s frost,

In the full tide of song were lost ;
Each blank, in faithless memory void,
The poet’s glowing thought supplied ;
And, while his harp responsive rung,

Twas thus the Latest Minstrel sung.
* * ¥ * 4

1036 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

MELROSE ABBEY anv toe CHARM or tote WIZARD,
i MICHAEL SCOTT.
(From the same.)

if
F thou would’st view fair Melrose aright,

Go visit it by the pale moon-light ;
For the gay beams of lightsome day |
Gild, but to flout, the ruins gray.

When the broken arches are black in night,
And each shafted oriel glimmers white ;

When the cold light’s uncertain shower
Streams on the ruined central tower ;

When buttress and buttress, alternately, -
Seem framed of ebon and ivory ;

When silver edges the imagery,

And the scrolls that teach thee to live and die ;
When distant ‘I'weed is heard to rave,
And the owlet to hoot o’er the dead man’s grave,
Then go—but go alone the while—

Then view St. David’s ruined pile ;

And, home returning, soothly swear,

Was never scene so sad and fair !

Il.
Short halt did Deloraine make there ;
Little recked he of the scene so fair.
With dagger’s hilt, on the wicket strong,
He struck full loud, and struck full long. .
The porter hurried to the gate—
** Who knocks so loud, and knocks so late ?”
‘¢ From Branksome J,” the warrior cried ;
And strait the wicket opened wide :
For Branksome’s chiefs had in battle stood,
To fence the rights of fair Melrose ;
And lands and livings, many a rood,
Had gifted the shrine for their souls’ repose.

HI.
Bold Deloraine his errand said ;
The porter bent his humble head ;
With torch in hand, and feet unshod,
And noiseless step, the path he trode:
The arched cloisters, far and wide,
Rang to the warrior’s clanking stride ;
Till, stooping low his lofty crest,
He entered the cell of the ancient priest, And

POET BR Y. 1037

And lifted his barred aventayle,*
To hail the monk of St Mary’s <‘sle.

IV.
«6 The ladye of Branksome greets thee by me ;
Says, that the fated hour is come,
And that to-night I shall watch with thee,
To win the treasure of the tomb.”—
From sackcloth couch the monk arose,
With toil his stiffened limbs he reared ;
A hundred years had flung their snows
On his thin lock and floatingbeard.

V.

And strangely on the knight looked he,

And his blue eyes gleamed wild and wide ;
‘¢ And, dar’st thou, warrior! seek to see

What heaven and hell alike would hide ?
My breast, in belt of iron pent,

With shirt of hair and scourge of thorn ;
For threescore years, in penance spent,

My knees those flinty stones have worn ;
Yet all too little to atone
For knowing what should ne’er be known :
Would’st thou thy every future year

In ceaseless prayer and penance drie,
Yet wait thy latter end with fear—

Then, daring warrior, follow me !”—

VI.

‘¢ Penance, father, will I none ;
Prayer know I hardly one ;
For mass or prayer can ] rarely tarry,
Save to patter an Ave Mary,
When I ride on a Border foray ;
Other prayer can I none ;
So speed me my errand, and let me-begone.”-—
Vil. y
Again on the knight looked the churchman old,

And again he sighed heavily ;
For he had himself been a warrior bold,

And fought in Spain and Italy,
And he thought on the days that were long since by,
When hislimbs were strong,and his courage was high: —

* Aventayle, visor of the helmet.
, N
ow,

1038 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Now, slow and faint, he led the way,
Where, cloistered round, the garden lay ;
The pillared arches were over their head,
And beneath their feet were the bones of the dead.

_ VI.
Spreading herbs, and flowerets bright,
Glistened with the dew of night ; ”
Nor herb, nor floweret, glistened there,

But was carved in the cloister-arches as fair.
The monk gazed long on the lovely moon,
Then into the night he looked forth ;

And red and bright the streamers light
Were dancing in the glowing north.
So had he secn, in fair Castile,
The youth in glittering squadrons start ;
Sudden the flying jennet wheel,
And hurl the unexpected dart.
He knew, by the streamers that shot so bright,
That spirits were riding the northern light.

1X.

By a steel-clenched postern door,

They entered now the chancel tall 5
The darkened roof rose high aloof

On pillars lofty, and light, and small ;
The key-stone, that locked cach ribbed aisle,
Was a fleur-de-lys, or a quatre-feuille ;
The corbells * were carved grotesque and grim ;
And the pillars with clustered shafts so trim,
With base and with capital flourished around,
Seemed bundles of lances which garlands had bound.

X.

Full many a scutcheon and banner, riven,
Shook to the cold night-wind of heaven,

Around the screened altar’s pale ;
And there the dying lamps did burn,
Before thy low and lonely urn,
O gallant chief of Otterburne,

And thine, dark knight of Liddesdale!
O fading honours of the dead !
O high ambition, lowly laid !

* Corbells, the projections from which the arches spring, usually cut in a fan-
tastic face, or mask.
- The

PIG ESE ey: 1039
XI.

The moon on the east oriel shone,
Through slender shafts of shapely stone,

By foliaged tracery combined ;

Thou wouldst have thought some fairy’s hand
»Twixt poplars straight the ozier wand,

In many a freakish knot, had twined ;
Then framed a spell, when the work was done,
And changed the willow wreaths to stone. —

The silver light so pale and faint, —

Shewed many a prophet, and many a saint,

Whose image on the glass was dyed ;

Full in the midst, his cross of red

Triumphant Michael brandjshed,

And trampled the apostate’s pride.
The moon-beam kissed the holy pane,
And threw on the pavement a bloody stain.

: XIf.
They sate them down on a marble stone,
A Scottish monarch slept below ;
Thus spoke the monk, in solemn tone :—
‘© T was not always a man of woe;
For Paynim countries I have trod,
And fought beneath the Cross of God ;
Now, strange to mine eyes thine arms appear,
And their iron clang sounds strange to my ear.

XIIT,

“¢ In these far climes, it was my lot
To mect the wond’rous Michael Scott ;

A wizard of such dreaded fame, |
That when, in Salamanca’s cave,
Hlim listed his magic wand to wave,

The bells would ring in Notre Dame!
Some of his skill he taught to me;
And, warrior, I could say to thee
The words that cleft Eildon hills in three,

And bridled the Tweed with a curb of stone:
But to speak them were a deadly sin ;
' And for having but thought them my heart within,
A treble penance must be done.

ff: RAiV.
<< When Michael lay on his dying bed,
His conscience was awakened ;

We

1040

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806-

He bethought him of his sinful deed,

And he gave me a sign to come with speed :
J was in Spain when the morning rose,

But I stood by his bed ere evening close.
The words may not again be said,

That he spoke to me, on death-bed laid ;
They would rend this abbaye’s massy nave,
And pile it in heaps above his grave.

XV.

«¢ Tswore to bury his Mighty Book,

That never mortal might therein look 5

And never to tell where it was hid,

Save at his chief of Branksome’s need ;

And when that need was past and o’er,

Again the volume to restore.

] buried him on St. Michael’s night,
When the bel! tolled oné, and the moon was bright ;
And I dug his chamber among the dead,

When the floor of the chance} was stained red,
That his patron’s cross might over him wave,
And scare the fiends from the wizard’s grave-

XVI.
*¢ Jt was 4 night of woe and dread,
When Michael in the tomb I laid!
Strange sounds along the chancel past,
The banners waved without a blast,’”—
—Still spoke the monk, when the bell tolled Oue!—
I tell you, that a braver man
Than William of Deloraine, good at need,
Against a foe ne’er spurred a steed ;
Yet somewhat was he chilled with dread,
And his hair did bristle upon his head.

XVII.
*< Lo, warrior! now, the Cross of Red
Points to the grave of the mighty dead ;
Within it burns a wonderous light,
To chase the spirits that Jove the night:
That lamp shall burn unquenchably,
Until the eternal doom shall be.”—
Slow mov'd the monk to the broad flag-stone,
Which the bloody Cross was traced upon:
He pointed to a secret nook ;
An iron bar the warrior took 3
And the monk made a sign with his withered hand,
‘The grave’s huge portal to expand.

2

XVIE

‘

YP 200 B UT OR IX: “1047

XVIII.
With beating heart’to the task he went ;
His sinewy frame o’er the grave-stone bent;
With bar of iron heaved amain,
Till the toil-drops fell from his brows, like rain.
- It was by dint of passing strength, ,
That he moved the massy stone at length,
I would you had been there, to see
How the light broke forth so gloriously,
Streamed upward to the chancel roof,
And through the galleries far aloof!
No earthly flame blazed e’er so bright 5
It shone like heaven’s own blessed light,
And issuing from the tomb,
Shewed the monk’s cowl, and visage pale,
Danced-on the dark-brow’d warrior’s mail,
And kissed his waving plume.

XIX. |
Before their eyes the wizard lay,
As if he had not been dead a day.
His hoary beard in silver rolled,
He seemed some seventy winters old ;
A palmer’s amice wrapped him round,
With a wrought Spanish baldric bound,
Like a pilgrim from beyond the sea; .
His left hand held his Book of Might ;
A silver cross was in his right ;
The lamp was placed beside his knee :
‘High and majestic was his look,
At which the fellest fiends had shook,
And all unrufiled was his face :—
They trusted his soul had gotten grace.

XX:

Often had William of Deloraine
Rode through the battle’s bloody plain,
And trampled down the warriors slain,
And neither known remorse or awe;

Yet now remorse and awe he own’d; '
His breath came thick, his head swam round,
When this strange scene of death he saw.

Bewilder’d and unnerv’d he stood,

And the priest prayed fervently, andloud:
With eyes averted prayed he ; eh
He might not endure the sight to see,

Of the man he had loved so brotherly,

Vor, XLVIHI, ; 3% ey

1042

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

XXI.
And when the priest his death-prayer had prayed,
Thus unto Deloraine he said :-—
‘¢ Now, speed thee what thou hast to do,
Or, warrior, we may dearly rue;
For those thou may’st not look upon,
Are gathering fast round the yawning stone !”—
Then Deloraine, in terror, took
From the cold hand the Mighty Book,
With iron clasped, and withiron bound :
He thought as he took it the dead man frowned ;
But the glare of the sepulchral light,
Perchance had dazzled the warrior’s sight.

XXII.
When the huge stone sunk o’er the tomb,
The night returned, in double gloom ;
For the moon had gone down, and the stars were few;
And, as the knight and the priest withdrew,
With wavering steps and dizzy brain,

_ They hardly might the postern gain.

’Tis said, as through the aisles they passed,
They heard strange noises on the blast ;

And through the cloister-galleries small,
Which at mid-height thread the chancel wall,
Loud sobs, and laughter louder, ran,

And voices unlike the voice of man;

As if the fiends kept holiday,

Because these spells were brought to day.

I cannot tell how the truth may be ;

T say the tale as ’twas said to me.

FORCE OF LOVE.
(From the Same.)

hy
A ND said I that my limbs were old ;
And said I that my blood was cold,
And that my kindly fire was fled,
And my poor withered heart was dead,
And that I might not sing of love ?—
How could ! to the dearest theme,
That ever warmed a minstrel’s dream,
So foul, so false, a recreant prove !
How could I name love’s very name,
Nor wake my heart to notes of flame!

7

P Oj Ey T 4R{ Y. 1043
Il.

In peace, Love tunes the shepherd’s reed 5
In war, he mounts the warrior’s steed ;

In halls, in gay attire is seen ;

In hamlets, dances on the green.

Love rules the court, the camp, the grove,
And men below, and saints above 5

For love is heaven, and heaven is love.

THE TWA CORBIES.
From the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.
By Waxter Scott.

a" I was walking all alane,

I heard twa corbies making a mane,
The tane unto the t’other say,

<< Where sall we gang and dine to-day ?

“ In behint yon auld fail * dyke,

I wot there lies a new slain knight ;
And nae body kens that he lies there,
But his hawk, his hound, and lady fair.

<¢ His hound is to the hunting gane,
His hawk to fetch the wild fowl hame,
His lady is ta’en another mate,

So we may mak our dinner sweet.

t¢ Ye’ll sit on his white hause bane,

And I’ll pike out his bonny blue een =

W? ae lock o’ his gowden hair, ;
We'll theek + our nest when it grows bare.

¢¢ Mony a one for him makes mane,

But nane sall ken where he is gane:

O’er his white banes, when they are bare,’
The wind sall blaw for evermair.”

* Fail—Turf. + Theek—Thatch.
3X2 THE

1044 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

THE DOUGLAS TRAGEDY.
(From the Same.)

& ISE up, rise up, now, lord Douglas,”’ she says,
‘¢ And put on your armour so bright,
Let it never be said, that a daughter of thine
Was married to a lord under night.

‘¢ Rise up, rise up, my seven bold sons,
And put on your armour so bright,

And take better care of your youngest sister,
For your eldest’s awa the last night.”

He’s mounted her on a milk white steed,
And himself on a dapple grey,

With a bugelet horn hung down by his side,
And lightly they rode away.

Lord William look it o’er his left shoulder,
To see what he could see,

And there he spy’d her seven brethren bold
Come riding over the lee.

¢¢ Light down, light down, lady Marg’ret,” he said,
And hold my steed in your hand,

Until that against your seven brethren bold,
And your father, [ mak a stand.”

She held his steed in her milk-white hand,
And never shed one tear,
Until that she saw her seven brethren fa’,
And her father ard fighting, who lov’d her so dear.

s¢ O hold your hand, lord William !” she said,
‘¢ For your strokes they are wond’rous sair;

True lovers I can get many a ane,
But a father | can never get mair.”

O she’s ta’en out her handkerchief,
It was o’ the Holland sae fine,

And ay she-dighted her father’s bloody wounds,
That were redder than the wine.

% O chuse,

POE «FoR. 1045

<6 O chuse, O chuse, lady Marg’ret,” he said,
_* © whether will ye gang or bide?”

“6 Tl gang, I'll gang, lord William,” she said,
“¢ For ye have left me no other guide.”

He’s lifted her on a milk-white steed,
And himself on a dapple grey,

With a bugelet horn hung down by his side,
And slowly they baith rade away.

O they rade on, and on they rade,

_ Anda’ by the light of the moon,
Until they came to yon wan water,

And there they lighted down.

They lighted down to tak a drink,
Of the spring that ran sae clear ;

And down the stream ran his gude heart’s blood,
And sair she gan to fear.

“¢ Hold up, hold up, lord William,”’ she says,
‘* For I fear that you are slain!”

¢¢ *Tis naething but the shadow of my scarlet cloak,
That shines in the water sae plain.”

O they rade on, and on they rade,
And a’ by the light of the moon,
Until they cam’ to his mother’s ha’ door,
And there they lighted down.

‘¢ Get up, get up, lady mother,”’ he says,
‘© Get up, and let me in !—

Get up, get up, lady mother,” he says,
‘© For this night my fair lady lve win.

s¢ O mak my bed, lady mother,” he says,
‘¢ O mak it braid and deep!

And Jay lady Marg’ret close at my baek,
And the sounder I will sleep.”

Lord William was dead lang ere midnight, ©
Lady Marg’ret lang ere day—
And all true lovers that go thegither,
May they have mair luck than they!
3X2 Lord

1046

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Lord William was buried in St. Marie’s kirk,
Lady Margaret in Mary’s quire,

Out o’ the lady’s grave grew a bonny red rose,
And out o’ the knight’s a briar.

And they twa met, and they twa’ plat,
And fain they wad be near ;

And a’ the warld might ken right weel,
They were twa lovers dear.

But bye and rade the Black Douglas,
And wow but he was rough!

For he pull’d up the bonny brier,
And flang’d in St. Mary’s loch.

>

YOUNG BENJIE.
(From the Same.)

OF a’ the maids o’ fair Scotland,
The fairest was Marjorie;
And young Benjie was her ae true love,
And a dear true love was he.

And wow! but they were lovers dear,
And loved fu’ constantlie ;

But ay the mair when they fell out,
The sairer was their plea *.

And they hae quarrelled ona day,
Till Marjorie’s heart grew wae,

And she said she’d chuse another luve,
And let young Benjie gae.

And he was stout +, and proud-hearted,
And thought o’t bitterlie,

And he’s ga’en by the wan moon-light,
To meet his Marjorie.

6¢ O open, open, my true love,
O open and let me in!”

‘¢ I dare na open, young Benjie,
My three brothers are within.”

* Plea—Used obliquely for dispute.
+ Stout—Through this whole ballad, signifies haughty, .

“¢ Ye

fog ee Pr Ry."

‘6 Ye lied, ye lied, ye bonny burd,
Sae loud’s I hear ye lie;

As I came by the Lowden banks,
They bade gude e’en to me.

‘¢ But fare ye weel, my ae fause love,
That I hae loved sae Jang !

It sets * ‘ye chuse another love,
And let young Benjie gang.”

Then Marjorie turned her round about,
The tear blinding her ee,

«¢ T dare na, dare na, let thee in,
But I’! come dowa to thee.”

Then saft she smiled, and said to him,
<¢ © what ill hae I done ?”

He took her in his armis twa,
And threw her o’er the lint

The stream was strang, the maid was stout,
And laith laith to be dang t,

But, ere she wan the Lowden banks,
Her fair colour was wan. 3

Then up bespak her eldest brother,

' 6¢ O see na ye what I see?”

And out then spak her second brother,
6 Its our sister Marjorie oe

Out then spak her eldest brother,
<< O how shall we her ken ?””

And out then spak her youngest brother,
<< There’s a honey-mark on her chin.”

Then they’ve ta’en up the comely corpse,
And laid it on the grund—

«¢ © wha has killed our ae sister,
And how can he be found?

«* The night it is her low lykewake,
The morn her burial day,

And we maun watch at mirk midnight,
And hear what she will say.”

* Sets ye—Becomes you—ironical.
+ Dang—defeated.
3X4

1047.

1048

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Wi’ doors ajar, and candle light,
And torches burning clear,

The streikit corpse, till still midnight,
They waked, but naething hear.

About the middle 0’ the night,
The cocks began to craw,

And at the dead hour o’ the night,
The corpse began to thraw.

*¢ O wha has done thee wrang, Sister,
Or dared the deadly sin ?

Wha was sae stout, and feared nae dout,
As thraw ye o’er the linn?”

‘¢ Young Benjie was the first ae man,
I laid my love upon ;

He was sae stout and proud-hearted,
He threw me o’ef the linn.”

‘* Sall we young Benjie head, sister, | _
Sall we young Benjie hang,

Or, sall we pike out his twa grey een,
And punish him ere he gang?

‘¢ Ye mauna Benjie head, brothers,
Ye mauna Benjie hang,

But ye maw pike out his twa grey e’en,
And punish him e’er he gang.

‘¢ Tic a green gravat round his neck,
And lead him ont and in,

And the best ae servant about your house,
To wait young Benjie on.

‘¢ And ay, at every seven year’s end,
Ye’ll tak him to the Jinn ;

For that’s the penance he thaun drie,
To scug* his deadly sin.?

* Seug—shelter or éxpiate.

APOLOGY

P.O EXT: RY. 1049

APOLOGY.

For the irregular Drama, by Don Felix de Vega Carpio, witha Trans-
lation by Henry-Richard Lord Holland.

MAN DANME, ingenios nobles, flor de Espana,
Que en esta junta y academia insigne

En breve tiempo excedereis no solo

A las de Italia, que, envidiando 4 Grecia,

Illustré Ciceron del mismo nombre

Junto al averno lago, sino 4 Athenas

A donde en su Platonico lyceo

Se vio tan alta junta de philosophos,—

Que un arte de comedias os escriba

Que al estilo del vulgo se reciba.

Facil parece este sujeto,—y facil

Fuera para qualquiera de vosotros

Que ha escrito ménos dellas, y mas sabe

Del arte de escribirlas, y de todo,

Que lo que a mi me daiia en esta parte

Es haberlas escrito sin el arte ;

No per que yo ignorasse los preceptos,

Gracias 4 Dios, que, ya tyron gramatico,

Passé los libros que trataban desto

Antes que huviesse visto al sol diez veces

Discurrir des de el aries a los peces 5

Mas porque en fin hallé que las comedias

Estaban en Espaiia en aquel tiempo

No como sus primeros inventores

Pensaron que en el mundose escribieran, :
Mas como las trataron muchos barbaros
Que ensefiaron el yulgo asus rudezas,

Y assi se introduxéron de tal modo

Que quien con arte ahora las escriba
Muere sin fama y galardon ; que puede
Entre los que carecen de su lumbre
Mas que razon y fuerza la costumbre
Verdad es que yo he escrito algunas veces
Siguiendo el arte que conocen pocos ;
Mas luego quesalir por otra parte

Veo los monstros de apariencias Ienos ;
A donde acude el vulgo y las mugeres,
Que este triste exercicio canonizan,

A aquel habito barbaro me vuelvo 5

E quando he de escribir una comedia,
Encierro los preceptos con seis llaves ;
Saco 4 Terencio y Plauto de mi estudio

,

Para

1050 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Para que no me den yoces, que suele
Dar gritos la verdad en libros mudos ;
Y escribo por el arte que inventaron,
Los que el yulgar aplauso pretendieron,
Porque como los paga el vulgo, es justo
Hablarle en necio para darle gusto,

Bright flow’rs of Spain, whose young academy
Ere long shall that by Tully nam’d outvie,
And match th’ Athenian porch where Plato taught,
Whose sacred shades such throngs of sages sought,—
You bid me tell the art of writing plays
Such as the crowd would please, and you might praise.
The work seems easy—easy it might be
To you who write not much, but not tome :
+or how can I the rules of art impart,
Who for myself ne'er dreamt of rule or art ?
Not but I studied all the ancient rules :
Yes, God be praised ! long since, in grammar-schools,
Scarce ten years old, with all the patience due,
The books that subject treat J waded through :
My case was simple.—In these latter days,
The truant authors of our Spanish plays
So wide had wander’d from the narrow road
Which the strict fathers of the drama trod,
I found the stage with barbarous pieces stor’ :—
The critics censur’d; but the crowd ador’d. 5
Nay more; these sad corrupters of the stage toe]
So blinded taste, and so debauch’d the age,
Who writes by rule must please himself alone,
Be damn’d without remorse, and die unknown,
Such force has habit—for the untaught fools,
Trusting their own, despise the ancient rules.
Yet, true it is, | too have written plays,
The wiser few, who judge with skill, might praise ¢
But when I sec how show, and nonsense, draws
The crowd’s, and, more than all, the fair’s applause,
Whostill ave forward with indulgent rage
To sanction every monster of the stage,.
I, doom’d to write, the public taste to hit,
Resume the barbarous dress ’twas vain to quit :
Tlock up every, rule before I write,
Plautus and Terence drive from out my sight,
Lest rage should teach these injur’d wits to join,
And their dumb books cry shame on works like mine.
‘To vulgar standards then I square my play,
Writing at ease ; for, since the public pay,
’Tis just,amethinks, we by their compass steer,
And write the nonsense that they love to hear.
EXTRACT ©

POETRY. 1051

EXTRACT

From the Corona Trajica, a Poem on Mary Queen of Scots, with a
Translation. By the same.

(jes os debo dar, nobles varones,
Por esta nueva aventura dixo ;

Aunque terrible de sufrir lastima,

Esta porcion mortal que el alma anima.

Confiesso ingenuamente que si fucra
En Francia 6 en Escocia con mi esposo,
Aunque en extrema edad, la nueva oyera,
Me diera horror el caso lastimoso.

Mas cinco lustros de una carcel fiera,
Donde solo escuchaba el temeroso
Ruido de las armas circunstantes
Y el miedo de Ja muerte por instantes.

Que genero de pena puede darla
Mas pena que las penas en que vive
A quien solo pudiera consolarla
La muerte que la vida apercibe ?
La muerte es menos pena que esperarla ;
Una vez quien lasufrelarecibe;
Pero por mucho queen valor se extreme
Muchas veces le passa quien la teme.

Que noche en mi aposento recogida
No vi la muerte en su silenciaescuro ?
Que aurora amanecio de luz vestida
Que el alma noassaltasse el flaco muro
En que sustento no perdi la vida ?
Que lugar para mi dexo seguro
Naturaleza, sin ponerme luego
Veneno al labio, 6 4 la torre fuego.

Ahora que ya ves a luz tan clara
Llegar mi fin, carissimos amigos,
Donde la vida en solo un golpe para
Y de mi fe tendre tantos testigos
Mi firme aspectolo interior declara
¥ libre de asechanzas y enemigos
La muerte esperaré, mejor dixera
Que esperaré la vida quando muera.
2 Thanks

10598 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Thanks for your news, illustrious lords, she cried ;

I greet the doom that must my griefs decide :
Sad though it be, though sense must shriek from pain,
Yet the fnitnortal sonl the trial shall sustain,

But had the fatal sentence reach’d my ears

In France, in Scotland, with my husband erown’d,
Not age itself could have allayed my fears,

And my poor heart had shudder’d at the sound.
But now immur’d for twenty tedious years,

Where nought my listening cares can catch areund
But fearful noise of danger and alarms,
The frequent threat of death, and constant din of arms,

Ah! what have I in dying to bemoan ?

What punishment in death can they devise
For*her who living only lives to groan,

And see continual death before her eyes?
Comfort’s in death, where ’tis in life unknown ;

Who death expects feels more thanehe whe dies :—
Though too much valour may our fortune try,
To live in fear of death is many times to die,

Where have I e’er repos’d in silent night,
But death’s stern image stalk’d around my bed ?
What-morning e’er arose on me with light,
But on my health some sad disaster bred ?
Did fortune ever aid my war or flight,
Or graut a refuge for my hapless bead ?
Still at my life some fearful phantom aim’d,
My draughts with powee drugs’, my towers with Sreashery flamed.

And now with fatal dertiitadss L know 3.00. ae
Is come the hour that my sad being-ends,
Where life must perish with a single blow ;
‘Then mark her death whom steadfast faith attends :
My cheeks unchang’d, my inward calm shall show,
‘While free from foes, serene, my generous friends,
I meet my death—or rather I should say,

Meet my eternal life, my everlasting day.
Rite - LOVE

POET RY.

LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT,
BY THE SAME, ih

Translated by the same.

Odigan que es menester

Mucho tiempo para amar $
Que elamor qué ha de matar
De un golpe ha de ser.
Amor que comienza ingrate
Y el trato Je da valor,
No se ha de llamar amor
Sino costumbre de trato.
E| que vié quiso y maté
Esse es amor verdadero,
Y mas quande es e) primere
Como el gue te tengo yo.
Mirar,escribir, y hablar
Aiios un galan y dama,
Bs hacer. amorcon ama
Que se Jo han dado a criar.
Hombre ha de nacer Amor, ‘
Luego andar, y ser galan ;
Que el Amor quenoes Adan
No ha de tener valor.

Marques de las Navas.

Let no one say that there is need
Of time for love to grow ;

Ab no! the love that kills indeed
Dispatches at a blow.

The spark which but by slow degree?
Is nursed intoa flame,

Is habit, friendship, what you please ;
But love is not its name.

For love to be completely true, —
It death at sight should deal, -

Should be the first one ever knew,
In short, be that I feel.

To write, tosigh,aud to converse;
For years to play the fool ;
’Tis to put passion out to nurse,
And send one’s heart to school.
Love,

16353

1054s ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Love, all at once, should from the earth
Start up full grown and tall 5

Vf notan Adam at his birth
He is nolove at all.

ON THE BIRTH DAY OF A LADY,

MAPPENING THE 20TH OF JANUARY,

By Joun Prince SMITH.

¥ INTER, parent of the year,
Smooths his wontedaspect drear ;

Piercing blasts no longer blow,

Frozen streams begin to flow 5

Hills, of late with snows opprest,

To genial zephyrs bare the breast ;

Sol revives his languid ray,

Yo welcome Laura’s natal day.

Spring no longer boast thy flowers,
Balmy gales, and scented bowers,
Evening watks andshady groves,
Warbling songs of nestled love.
Summer tell not of thy sweets,

Sunny banks and cool retreats ;
Streams that sweetly murm’ring glide.
Freshness wafting with their tide 5
Fragrance that from flow’ry beds,
Zephyr breathes, and kindly spreads ;
The boasted bloom that decks thy rose,
But with Laura’s blushes glows ;

Ani thy lily’s snowy dress,

IIer purer soul would ill express-

Whatif riper Autumn pours,
In Plenty’s lap his lavish stores ?
All his fruits and stores I’d give,
With love and Laura blest to live.
Laura absent, honied spring,
In vain to me would pleasure bring ;
Mournful echos fill the grove,
Frequented not by her I love.
Me summer gales can ne’er rejoice,
When they waft not Laura’s voice ;
And tho’ her presence round diffuse,
Sweeter scents and brighter hues ;

"TS,

P OE’ DRRAY:

’Tis she alone shall glad my sight,
Whose absence leaves me no delight.

Laura Winter’s gloom can. charm,
And his piercing blast disarm ;
Hence, stern parent of the year,
I love thy solemn season drear ;
If thy snows deform the earth,
Thou, Winter, gav’st my Laura birth,

TO FANCY,
AN ODE, BY THE SAME.

Ra Fancy! lend thy lyre,
Touch me with thy hallow’d fire,
Aptly to strike the deep-ton’d shell,.

And bid its trembling echos swell,
Resounding far, in living lays,

Thee, goddess, and thy wand’ring ways.

Untaught by thee, what Poet wooes,
Or wooes to win the wayward Muse ?
By thee unaided in his flight,

How dares attempt Parnassus’ height ?
But should the child of rapture view,
Thee rob’din light of varying hue ;
Led by the flight, his course he wings,
To gain the verse inspiring springs,

Of Hippocrene or Arethuse,

Below'd and welcom’d by the Muse ;
Nor ever thither dares to stray,

When thou disdain’st to mark the way.

Twas when the steed th’ Aonian mount
First struck. and op’d the sacred fount,
Whence Hippocrene’s clear waters ran,
Thy sway o’er mortals first began ;

As issuing from th’ enchanted stream,
Thy magic influence ’gan to beam.

Rapt the tuneful nine admire,

How thy voice improves the lyre ;

Fairer flowers adorn the ground ;

Sweeter notes re-echo round ;

The streams in softer murmurs run 3
Their waves reflect a brighter sun.

Fear

1056 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Fear, while he trembles at the strain,
Half thrill’d with joy, half piere’d with pain,
Won with thy song will call thee bride;
But Hope enchanted lures aside,

And bids thee wave thy rosy hand,

‘With jocund mien and gesture bland ;
To hail the joyous coming year, ;
With Hope in prospect ever near ;

Or snatch the rip’ning harvest’s store,
F’er dreary’ Winter’s glooms be o’er.
Now link’d with moping Melancholy,
Musing, nymph, demure in folly ;

To glades and gloomy grottos running.
Thou art joy and day-light shunning.
Now wand’ring wild with mad Remorse,
Giant Terror tracks thy course ;

To shake the murderer’s anxious breast,
And rob his tortur’d soul of rest.

In vain Night’s opiate dews are shed,
Where Guilt with spectres haunts the bed,
And Fancy lifts the bleeding steel,

And bids the knell of death to peal ;

Or bodied in terrific form,

Thro’ lurid flashings of the storm,

Shows the pale cheek and bleeding side,
Mouthing its wounds, and gaping wide ;
With gory gouts and clotted hair,

With piteous gaze, or vengeful glare.

Now frolic Fancy rides the breeze,
That blasts the heath and waves the trees ;
Where drivelling crones, o’er Christmas ale,
Repeat, the hundredth time, the tale,

To watch and while away the night ;
How hellish fiends, or fairy sprite,

Have stuck with pins the faithless breast
Of maids, by lazy night-mare press’d.
How christian knights, by love enthrall’d,
The paynim giant ne’er appall’d ;

How wizard vapours oft mislead,

O’er swamps, the traveller and his steed ;
Or how the wild self-murderer’s ghost,
Who lies beneath yon cross-way post, —
At midnight quits th’ unhallow’d ground,
And sadly stalks his grave around.

The winds blow loud, his form appears,

And Fancywakes a thousand fears ;
3 The

POETRY.

The gossips shrick and hide their eyes,
Now dare to look—the phantom Hies,

By haunted streamin upland glade,
Thro’ vale of mist or darkling shade,
Stretch’d at their length, in tartan wrapt,
?Tis Fancy brings the vision apt ;

To pining youth and aged seers,
That fill the hardy Scot with fears.

To Love she adds a thousand charms—
Brings absent Laura to my arms 5
With dreams of rapture glads the night,
And thrills my breast with fond delight.
Best boon by heay’n bestow’d on man,
She lengthens Life’s contracted span :
Bound nor by Space, nor ling’ring Time,
Bids Thought range wild from clime to climes
Now roam along vast Ganges’ course,
Now wand’ring up the Nile’s dark source ;
E’en fly beyond the solar light,
To pierce the void of endless Night:
Fast friend of, Virtue, cheers her days,
And strews with pleasure all her ways;
Spreads for Content the genial board,
That seems with lavish plenty stor’d 5
Lust, Envy, Hate, Revenge, enchains,
And racks them with redoubling pains,

To thee deyote my boy-hood past,
May thy blest reign, O Fancy ! last 5
Still cheer me e’en through care and strife,
Nor let me feel the ills of life.

EPITAPH ON MR. PITT.

By Mr. Cumberiand,.

\

O thee, great orator, whose early mind
Broke forth with splendour, that amaz’d mankind ;
To thee, whose lips with eloquence were fraught,
By which the aged and the learn’d were taught ;
To thee, the wonder of Britannia’s isle,
A grateful senate rears this marble pile ;
Conyinc’d that after-ages must approve
This pious token of a pallens lore.

Vor, XLVI.

3

1057

Here

‘5s ANNUAL REGISTER, 1208

itare: tho? the sculptor simply grave thy name,

It gives thy titles and records thy fame ;

Thy great endowments had we aim’d to trace,
€ The swelling catalogue had wanted space,

Tho’ vast the range of thine expansive soul,

Thy God and country occupied the whole ;

In that dread hour when ev’ry heart is tried,

The Christian triumph’d while the morta] died ;

In the last gasp of thine expiring breath,

The pray’r yet quiver’d on the lip of death :

Hear this, ye Britons, and to God be true,

For know that dying pray’r was breath’d for you.

SONNETS DEDICATED TO LIBERTY.
From Wordsworth’s Poems, Vol I.
ON THE EXTINCTION OF THE VENETIAN REPUBLC.

NCE did She hold the gorgeous East in fee ;
And was the safeguard of the West : the worth

Of Venicé did not fall below her birth,

Venice, the eldest Child of Liberty.

She was a Maiden City, bright and free ;

No guile seduced, no force could violate ;

And when She took unto herself a Mate

She must espouse the everlasting Sea.

And what if she had seen those glories fade,

Those titles vanish, and that strength decay,

_ Yet shall some tribute of regret be paid

When her long life hath reach’d its final day :

Men are we, and must grieve when even the shade

Of that whichonce was great is pass’d away.

THE KING OF SWEDEN.

Te Voice of Song from distant lands shall call
To that great King; shall hail the crowned Youth
Who, taking counsel of unbending Truth,
By one example hath set forth to all
How they with dignity may stand; or fall,
If fall they must. Now, whither doth it tend ? ?
And what to him and his shall be the end ?
That thought is one which neither can appal
Nor cheer him; for the illustrious Swede hath done
The thing which ought to be: He stands above .
A

~

POETRY “950

All consequences : work hehath begun

Of fortitude, and piety, and love,

Which all his glorious "ancestors approve:
The Heroes bless him, him their rightful Son,

TO TOUISSAINT LOUVERTURE,

OUSSAINT, the most unhappy Man of Men!
Whether the rural Milk-maid by her Cow
Sing in thy hearing, or thou liest now
Alone in some deep dungeon’s earless den,
O miserable chieftain ! where and when
Wilt thou find patience ? Yet die not ; do thou
Wear rather in thy bonds a cheerful brow :
Though fallen Thyself, never to rise again,
Live, and take comfort. Thou hast left behind
Powers that will work for thee; air, earth, and skies ;
There’s not a breathing of the common wind
That will forget thee ; thou hast great allies ;
Thy friends are exultations, agonies,
And love, and Man’s unconquerable mind.

€
THE AFFLICTION OF MARGARET——— OF ———.

From the same.

HERE art thou, my Beloved Son,
Where art thou, worse to me than dead ?
Oh find me prosperous or undone!
Or if the grave be now thy bed,
Why am Lignorant of the same
That I may rest ; and neither blame,
Nor sorrow may attend thy name?

Seven years, alas, to have receiv’d

No tidings of an only child ;

To have despair’d and have beliey’d,
And be for evermore beguil’d,
Sometimes with thoughts of very bliss !
Icatch at them, and then I miss ;
Was ever darkness like to this ?

_ He was among the prime in worth,
An object beauteous to behold ;
Well born, well bred ; I sent him forth
Ingenuous, innocent, and bold :
rai’ 3 %2

1060 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

If things ensued that wanted grace,
‘As hath been said, they were not base ;
And never blush was on my face.

Ah ! little doth the young one dream,

When full of play and childish cares,

What pewer hath even his wildest scream,
’ Heard by his mother unawares !

He knows it not, he cannot guess :

Years to a mother brings distress ;

But do not make her Jove the less.

Neglect me! no J suffer’d long

From thatill thought ; and being blind,
Said, ‘‘ Pride shall help me in my wrong ;
Kind mother have I heen, as kind

As ever breathed :” and that i is true;
T’ve wet my path with tears like dew,
Weeping for him when no one knew.

My son, if thou be humbled, poor,
Hopeless of honour and of gain,

Oh! do not dread thy mother’s door ;
Think not of me with grief and pain :

TI now cansee with better eyes ;

And worldly grandeur I despise,

And fortune with her gifts and lies.

Alas! the fowls of Heaven have wings,
And blasts of Heaven will aid their flight ;
They mount, how short a voyage brings
The wanderers back to their delight !
Chains tie us down by land and sea ;

And wishes, vain as mine, may be

All that is lef{ to comfort thee.

Perhaps some dungeon hears thee groan,
Maim’d, mangled by inhuman men ;

Or thou upon a desart thrown
Inheritest the lion’s den ;

Or hast been summoned to the deep,
Thou, thou and all thy mates, to keep
An incommunicable sleep.

1 look for ghosts ; but none will force
Their way to me ; ’tis falsely said
That there was ever intercourse
Betwiat the living and the dead

for

POE ee Bey:

For surely, then I should have sight
Of him I wait for day and night,
With love and longings infinite,

My apprehensions comen crowds ;

I dread the rustling of the grass ;

The very shadows of the clouds

Have power to shake me as they pass :
I question things, and do not find

One that will answer to my mind ;
And all the world appears uukind.

Beyond participation lie

My troubles, and. beyond relief :
If any chance to heave a sigh |
They pity me, and not my grief.
Then come to me, my Son, or send
Some tiding that my woes may end ;
Ihave no other earthly friend.

THE BEGGARS.
From the same.

Ste had a tall man’s height, or more ;

No bonnet screen’d her from the heat ; eve

A long drab-colour’d cloak she wore,

A mantle reaching to her feet :

What other dress she had I could not know ;
Only she wore a cap that was as white as snow.

In all my walks, through field or town,
Such figure had I never seen :
Her face was of Egyptian brown :
Fit person was she for a queen,
To head those ancient Amazonian files :

Or ruling Bandit’s wife, among the Grecian Isles.

Before me begging did she stand,

Pouring out sorrows like a sea ;

Grief after grief :—on English land

Such woes I knew could never be;

And yeta boon f gave her ; forthe creature
Was beautiful to see ; ‘aweed of glorious feature !

I left her and pursued my way ;

And soon before me did espy

A pair of little boys, at play,

Chasing a crimson butterfly ;
3Y¥ 3

1061

The

1062 ANNUAL REGISTER. 1806.

The taller follow’d with his hat in hand,
Wreath’d round with yellow flow’rs, the gayest of the land-

The other wore a rimless crown,

With leaves of laurel stack about :

And they both follow’d up and down,

Each whooping witha merry shout ;

Two brothers seem’d they, eight and ten years old ;
And like that woman’s face as gold is like to gold,

They bolted on me thus, and lo!

Each ready with plaintive whine ;

Said I, ** Not half an hour ago

Your mother has had alms of mine.”’ :

‘¢ That cannot be,”? one answer’d, ** She is dead.”
‘¢ Nay but I gave her pence, and she will buy you bread.”

“¢ She has been dead, Sir, many a day.”

‘¢ Sweet boys, you're telling me a lie ;

‘¢ It was your mother, as I say—”

And in the twinkling of an eye,

“¢ Come, come!” cried one ; and, without more ade.
Off to some other play they both together flew.

LITTLE THINGS ARE BEST.
A JEU D’ESPRIT.
Addressed to Miss Cresswell, a little, short Lady. By Old Nick.
Satis parva res est. Amphitruo. Act 2, sc. 2.

5 HEN any thing abounds, we find

That nobody will have it,

But when there’s /ittle of the kind,
Don’t all the people crave it ?

If wives are evils, as ’tis known
And woefully confess’d,

The man who’s wise will surely own
A little one is best*.

The god of Love’sa Jittle wight,
But beautiful as thought ;
Thou too art /ittle, fair as light,
And ev’ry thing—in short +!

_* See Josephus de Uxoribus—a very ancient and serious jest. ;
+ Nulla voluptas longaest. Seneca,
O, happy

POPE Wh BRY. 1068

O, happy girl! I think theeso,
For mark the poets’* song—

‘© Man wants but little here below,
‘¢ Nor wants that’ littie/ong !”

THE MAID WITH BOSOM COLD,
FROM ENGLISH LYRICS.

By William Smyth.

OF me they cry, I’m often told—

‘¢ See there the Maid with bosom cold !
Indifference e’er her heart presides, ~

And love and lovers she derides ;

Their idle darts, unmeaning chains,
Fantastic whims and silly pains :

In pride secure, in reason bold,

See there the Maid with Bosom Cold.”

Ah! ever be they thus deceiv’d !

Still be my bosom cold beliew’d,

And never may enquiring eyes
Pierce thro’ unhappy love’s disguise =
Yet could they all my bosom share,
And see each painful tumult there,
Ah! never should I then. be told
That ’mthe Maid with Bosom Cold.

A fate severe, my suffering mind

To endless struggles has consign’d,

I feel a flame_I must not own,

I love, yet every hope is flown ;

Too strong to let my passion sway,
Too weak to teach it to obey,
T-agonize, and then am told ©

That I’m the Maid with Bosom Cold.

The joy o’er all my looks exprest
Conceals a bosom illat rest ;

To balls and routs I haste away,
But only imitate the gay : i
I jest at love and mock his power,
Yet feel his triumph every hour ;

* Drs. Goldsmith and Young. /
3Y 4 And

10644 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

And lost to every bliss am told
That I’m the Maid with Bosom Cold.

Unable from myself to fly,

I catch each word, I read each eye :
Antonio comes—I die with fear
Lest others mark my faultering air ;
My eye perhaps too fondly gaz'd,
My tongue too much—too little prais’d:
Suspicion’s trembling slave—I’m told
That I’m the Maid with Bosom Cold.

With anxious toil, with ceaseless care,
Content and careless I appear ;°

All mirth beneath another’s eye,
Alone I heave the helpless sigh,

Hang musing o’er his image dear,
Feel on my cheek th’ unbidden tear,
And think, ah! why should I be told
That I’m the Maid with Bosom Cold ?

The flower may wave its foliage gay,

And flaunt it to the garish day,

Unseen the while a canker’s pow’r

May hasteits honours to devour 5

And thus, while vainly roundme play
Youth’s zephyr-breath, and pleasure’s ray,
“My fate unknown, my tale untold,

Thus sinks the Maid with Bosom Cold.

ELEGY I. TO WISDOM.
From the same.

O WISDOM ! not to thee the song of praise
I wake triumphant, or the votive strain; _
My spirit sinks~my strength, my life decays—
To thee my heart would sorrow and complain.

Didst thou not win my childhood’s giddy years,
*Till well the horn-book task, the sacred lay,

The tale, Flearn’d by others conn’d with tears,
And right could spell the column’s long array.

*Till ’mid her rosy school the learned dame
Call’d me in favournear her wheel to stand ;
Oft shared her sway, as earlier evenings came,
And bade me lisping teach her lisping band.
3 Didst

!
X

POETRY. 1065

Didst thou not charm my step, with kindliest smile,
New worlds of growing labour to explore ;
Teach me on cyphers high to pile,
Wake my young pride, and lure me to thy lore.

My boyish mind in trance enraptur’d hold

*Mid heroes—giants—all, that won’drous seem’d,
The hermit sailor and the outlaw bold,

While eastern genii thro’ my slumbers gleam’d.

And rude I deem’d, and all unfit to please,
Each thoughtless pastime of the youthful day ;
To guide the skiff, and lean along the breeze,
The gleaning covey’s whirring flight to stay ;

With hound and horn to cheer the woodland’s side,
And catch each bliss to bounding vigor known,
Or skim with mimic fly the mountain tide,
That silvery eddies round the hoary stone.

E’en ’mid my school-mates on the sunny plain,
Oft, when their earnest sports I seemed to share,
How have I learn’d with meditating pain,
The morrow’s task in secret to prepare-

Did’st thou not touch with fire my graver mind,
And nature’s mysteries promise to unfold ;

And cheer me while I toil’d, to thee resign’d,
Thro’ all thesage had taught, the scholar told ?

Didst thou not whisper dreams of deathless fame,
Of matchless bliss bestow’d by thee alone ;

Of grateful ages aud the loud acclaim
Of friends, who in my triumphs felt their own 7

Oh ! with what rapture, as thy guidance led
Thro’ thy fresh landscapes, did my steps pursue ;
Bright flowers and prospects fair before me spread,
And still I onward press’d, still ardent flew.

Why, Wisdom, dimmer glows thy angel form,
Less beauteous why thy flowers and landscapes all’;
Less gay thy prospects, and thy skies less warm,
And why these chilling glooms that round me fall ?
Where

1066 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Where is thy bliss—thy fame—thy mysteries where ?
—Thee while I follow, Time already, see,

Has touch’d with blighting hand my aubarn hair,
And smiles contemptuous when I point to thee.

—Oh carol as thou goest, thou village hind! |

And whistle, as thou break’st the furrow’d plain 5
Gay is thy heart, for vacantis thy mind,

Not thine the thoughts that labouring mourn in vain.

Ye, too, who sport in pleasure’s rosy ray,

Ww ho mock the student, and his griefs despise,
To me all maniac seem’d your frolics gay ;

Yet blest your madness, and your folly wise.

Can learning’s toil th’ eternal cause reveal,

Say, why thus mix’d our virtuesand our doom,
Teach, what the powers within that think and feel,
/ Or tell the shuddering secrets of the tomb ?

tr ‘hese splendid wonders, and these mysteries high,
Are these for reasoning man too poor a theme ?
Can helpless nature cast on these her eye,
And long not, sigh not, for a brighter beam ?

Ye glittering stars, that while to heaven I raise

My thoughts, in wilder’d musings lost—destroy’d—:
Ye glittering stars, that meet my lonely gaze, -

In caretess grandeur scatter’d o’er the void ;

Ye Worlds on Worlds, that silent and serene,
Seem nought of trouble or of pain to know ;
Ohdwells there aught within your distant scene,
Aught that can think and feel, like man below ?

Ye spirits that secure from earthly woes,

Far thro’ yon azure realms in rapture speed ;
Or,soar where full the living glory flows,

‘And hymn at heav’n’s high throne th’ ecstatic ‘meed ; ‘

e By heaven’s own influence blest, inform’d, inspir’d,
On human reasonings da rkened and forlorn,
On minds, like mine, by endless mazes foe
Oh look ye downin pity or in scorn?
2 Eternal

PO ETRY.

ternal Being ; thoé that ’midst the blaze

Of seraph hosts—what sudden tremors chill?
Oh! lift not up, my soul, thy venturous gaze,

Down—sink into thyself—be mute—he still.

ELEGY II.
TO WISDOM.
From the Same.

ESIDE this russet heath, this forest drear,
That strews with yellow leaves the moistened plain ;
Here, where the green path winds, ah Wisdom! here,
Did once my daring lyre to thee complain.

Soft was the midnight air that sooth’d my frame,
In thought severe had pass’d the studious day :
Cold paus’d the spirits, and th’ ethereal flame
In dim and languid musings died away.

Calm, silent, all—I seemed with step forlorn
Singly to wander on a desert world ;
I started when the bird first hail’d the morn,
That wide had now his reddening clouds unfurl’d,

Returning seasons since have pass’d away ;
Oft has the spring with violets deck’d the vale,
The bee oft humm’d along the summer day,
And the lake darken’d in the wintry gale.

In youth’s bright morn how boldly on the mind,
Rise the wild forms of thought in colours new $

‘Tis Time, and Time alone, whose skill refin’d
The picture slowly gives to nature true.

Thee, Wisdom, could I chide, thy gifts decry ?
Turn from thy bliss by restless ardor fired ?
——How like these idle leaves that withered lie,
Seem now the fancies that my soul inspired !

“Who smile at fortune, and who conquer pain?

Whose is the world in fame’s bright visions shewn ?
Who wake th’ unconscious mind, the barren plain,

And wield great nature’s strength from reason’s throne?

If thy blest votaries mourn, oh where shall end
Man’s wayward sorrows, and his wishes blind ;
If from thy sacred paths his steps he bend,
What rest, what refuge shall his wanderings find.

1067

Not

1068 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

Not like the sage my daring mind I wing
Aloft to bear the ensigns of thy power;

Yet Wisdom come, and all thy pleasures bring
To bless the silence of my lonely hour.

Come, to my chasten’d mind thy realms reveal,
(The glimmering path, the thorny maze | leave}

Calm realms, where life a modest bliss may steal,
Nor reason toi] in vain nor hope deceive.

Scare thou the finer dreams that idly please ;
Oh let not studious pride its strength abuse,
Nor lofty indolence in selfish ease,
In passive thought, the golden moments lose.

When roams the mind to worlds in darkness closed,
When sinks the humbled heart, and sighs to thee ;
Tell thou of manly faith on God reposed,
And hope shall picture what thou can’st not see.

FOLLY.
From the Same.

WAY, ye grave—I war declare,
For I the praise of Folly sing ;
She gives my looks their careless air,
She gives my thoughts eternal wing ;
She gives me bliss—can you do more?
Oh! never gaye ye such a treasare,
Be wisdom your’s—-[’ll not deplore,
Be Folly mine—and all her pleasure.

Ah! what were life, of Folly reft ?
A world which no kind sun could warm;
A child, to step-dame reason left ;
No sweet to please—no toy to charm ;
Where, mirth, were then thy frolic gleams ;
Where, wit, thy whims and gay effusions,
And where, O hope! thy golden dreams,
Enchanting smiles, and dear delusions,

How, think, you, would poor friendship fare,
Did Folly never friendship blind,
And had not love found Folly there,
How soon had love the world resign’d ;
And is it not at honey moon,
‘That Hymen laughs at melancholy ?
And would he mournful look so soon,
If still he kept on terms with Folly.

What

POETRY. 1069

What soldier would consent to fight,
What tar be to the bottom hurl’d,

What poet sing—what scholar write,
Were Folly banish’d from the world ?

Tell me whom most this goddess rules,
Is it the patients or physicians ?

Whom shall we call the greatest fools,
The people or the politicians ?

With charms in opera, ball, or play,

Did Folly not the scene attend,
flow poor the rich, how sad the gay,

Were Folly not their truest friend ;

Hew ever should we hope to find,
Pleased with itself each happy creature,

If all were wise and none were blind,
And Folly never succour’d nature.

- For once be wise, ye grave one’s hear,
Why need [ more my theme pursue, ;
If all alike such fools appear,
Let me with smiles be pardon’d too ;
Wisdom you loye—and so do I~ .
Am no derider—no despiser,
But I of fools the grave ones fly,
And think the merry fools the wiser.

EPIGRAM ON A DOMESTIC ARRANGEMENT,
From Travelling Recreations,
BY W. PARSONS,

OHN calls his wife his better helf,
His place so oft is fill’d by Ralph,
But half of her he has, ’tis true ;
The house and carriage John supplies,
Ralph nothing pays—for which the wise
Think John’s the worst half of the two!

EPIGRAM

ON A PURSE-PROUD INSOLENT MAN, WHO HAD MADE
A LARGE FORTUNE IN THE EAST INDIES.

bares? still boasts of his Jacks of rupees :
When he swaggers with airs of importance, ’tis fit,
Other lacks be allowed him in union with these,
Vast lacks of good-breeding, discernmeng and wit /
ney? ON

1076

%* The Apostte Paul mentions the third ashen but how the Syrians disco-—
ered a fourth the author is not 1nfermed,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806-

ON THE ORIGIN OF EVIL.
From the Same.

i EAR Seward! ever since this earth

And all its strange contents had birth,
Philosophers have tried their skill
To trace the origin of ill,

And tell why Vice and Woe prevail,
Till trite their subject is, and stale.

For this, the learn’d of diffrent nations

Surprize us with such odd narrations,
For this, the Grecian sage unlocks ,
The mischicfs of Pandora’s box,

While Typhon fills th’ Egyptian strain,
And Runic bards of Lok complain.

But J, whate’er may be their boast,
Applaud the Syrian system most,

By which the first man—and his wife,
In the fourth heav’n* began their life,
And there amid those blissful plains,
No vices knew, and felt no pains.”

In these sad times a modern sinner, — - \

Without some trouble gets no dinner.

He first, alas! must buy his meat,

Nor then, without a cook, can eat.

But cares like these ne’er broke their quict,
Ambrosia was their constant diet,

Pure food, which needs no human aid,

Nor e’er unscemly ordure made,

But through the skin, as sages say,

In od’rous dews exhales away !

So pass’d their days, in fulldelight,
"Lill some gross viand met their sight,
As Jews and Christians both believe
An apple first corrupted Eve:

Too curious, then, and gluttons grown,
Sudden they siez’d—and gulp’d it down.

Scarce had they gratified their-sense ©
Ere came the dreadful consequence :
Sharp pangs, unfelt before, they tell ye,
Usurp’d the region of the belly,

While the strange food, in durance pent,
Roar’d loud and struggled for a vent.

. fais , Ver'd}

POETRY. 1071

Vex’d with complaints so dire, so new,
What then could our first parents do ?
For dar’d they with pollution vile,
The bright empyreal seats defile?

At length some angel saw their grief,
And, pitying, brought the wish’d relief.
Said he—‘* To yon small planet run,
Which crab-like sidles round the’sun,
That is than all the rest much worse,

The jakes of this vast universe !”

Here, then, they came—but now polluted,

This place their alter’d nature suited ;
So here remained the foolish elves,
» And soon got children—like themselves *.

* These verses will be understood as intended to ridicule profound inquiries
to subjects above human comprehension, and also to convey a moral lesson for
man pride.

Account

[ 1072 }

Account of Books for 1806.

Memoirs of Richard Cumberland,
written by Himself, containing an
Account of his Life and Writings,
interspersed with Anecdotes and
Characters of several of the most
distinguished Persons of his Time,
with whum he had Intercourse and
Connexion.

IOGRAPHY affords, perhaps,
the most universal delight of
any species of literary composition ;
and if it be true that ‘* the proper
study of mankind is man,” there is
nothing which can more effectually
advance,this study than the delinea-
tion of character, the actual portrait
of human nature, which are pre-
sented to us by the true and impar-
tial history of men, celebrated for
their talents or their virtues, their
useful labours or their splendid
achievements.

Two things only are wanting to
complete the purpose of biography ;
that its portraits should be drawn
from interesting characters, and that
they should be sketehed with a cor-
rect and faithful pencil. In general,
the lives of literary men are thought
to be devoid of that interest which
is supposed pre-eminently to belong
to the active characters of the great
world, to those who have conquer-
ed in the field, or negociated for
the fate of kingdoms in the cabinet.

If the reader looks only for novelty
of adventure, for ‘* hair breadth}
’scapes” and ‘¢ imminent dangers,”
he must not seek them in the lives}
of authors; but if he is desirous
of acquainting himself with the pro- |
gress of the human mind, of the
steps by which it advances to im-
provement, of its nascent energies
and its cultivated powers, these he
will trace successfully in the bio-}
graphy of men of letters. If they
have moved in an extensive circle}
their history may be interspersed}
with anecdotes of their contempora-}
ries, and their lives are no longer
single portraits of tke mind of one
man, but groupings of various cha-
racters, to display the men and
manners of their age and country.}
And this is never better done than}
when the authors have delineated
their own characters.
In all history, in all biography.)
the grand requisite is truth, an
from the natare of human affairs, i
is, unfortunately, too seldom to b
found. Science can only be im
proved by experiment, by induc-+
tion from facts and conclusion
founded upon known truths or un
disputed axioms. History can only}
be usefal from the actual know}
ledge which it affords of past oc.)
currences; and biography, in lik
manner, for the true exhibition oj

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

the modes and motives of human
conduct.

But how little of this have we
reasen to expect in the best histo-
ries that are extant?

‘ Gazeties and chronicles record the

battles, the state negociations, the
public events of every country ; and
who reigned and who succeeded ;
who fought and who was beaten;
who proposed terms of peace, and
who made cession of territory, may
accurately be known. But descend
inio particulars, inquire into mo-
tive-, search deeply into causes, ap-
ply events to the only purposes for
which we could wish them to be
recorded, and all is obscurily and
error. Fiction is substituted for
truth, and imagination is made to
supply the place of judgment. We
no longer reason from what we
know, but from what we conjec-
ture, and from what we are told by
those who sometimes conjecture and
sometimes deceive. Histories, there-
fore are, in general, little better
than historical romances, a species
of composition which is, perhaps
unintentionally, the best satire upon
the fanciful narratives and unfound-
ed deductions of the professed wri-
ters of that which is, with little jus-
tice, called true history and real
biography. We have,’ however,
upoa some occasions, faithful me-
moirs of statesmen, which are in-
-valuable, as they develope the se-
cret histories of courts, and lay
open the intricacies of public af-
fairs.

We have also had writers, who,
conscious of their own importance,
or to gratify the curiusity of their
cotemporaries, have published their
own histories, and laid open, or pre-
tended to lay open, the secret
thoughts and private transactions of

Vou, XLVI,

1073

their lives. ‘To whatever cause we

- owe them, whether to the workings

of yanity, or the consciousness of
utility, we must peruse them with
the satisfaction that by their means
we are advanced so much the nearer,
to the sources of trath. We no
longer take facts from second hand
narration: we place the penitent i 1
his confessional, or the witness in
the box from which he is to give his
testimony, and we may safely put
that reliance upon his statements,
to which, from his character, and
the mifiady of his narrative he is
entitled.

We need say nothing more to re~
commend the life of a celebrated an-
thor, by himself, as a subject of
much curiosity. The present memoir
was undertaken towards the end of
along career of laborious employ-
ment as a dramatic writer, a moral
essayist, a poct on moral and reli-
gious subjects, a writer of many suc-
cessful novels. It is not written to
gratify idle curiosity, or to satisfy
absurd vanity; but at the suggestion
of the booksellers, who offered him
500/. for the work. it isthe means
of contributing. to the comfortable
sustenance of an aged man of let.
ters, who has served his country a3
an author of much celebrity, as a
faithful servant in some oilicial
situations, and as au honest but un.
successful negociator, upon one oc-
casion of particular importance.

In the last instance, he was, we
think, most cruelly treated by his
employers, and perhaps there are
many who read his life that will feel
with us, that the man who has de-
voted his literary talents fo fame
and to the world, and who has
injured his fortune to serve ~ his
country, Ought not to remain with-
out a pension, anil (9 be found at the

32 ; agg

1074

age of 74, entirely dependent upon

_the exercise of his declining talents
for the support of his age. We
shall extract from these memoirs
some interesting passages, relative to
the private life of Dr. Richard
Bentley, Mr. Cumberland’s mater-
nal grandfather, whose character
has been misrepresented by Pope
and the wits of his day, and
part of a.narrative of his journey
through Spain, at the conclusion of
a negociation in which he was en-
ployed to bring about a separate
peace with that country, in 1780,
but in which he failed.

Weshall make no comments upon
what we may think the occasional
imbecilities of an aged writer whom
we respect, but our readers will
judge whether his age is not yet
green and vigorous, as far as it
respects his literary talents, and his
powers of pleasing and instructing
by the narrative of past times, con-
cerning which it is the part of age to
be somewhat garrulous.

‘¢ Of doctor Richard Bentley, my
maternal grandfather, I shal) next
take leave to speak. Of him I have
perfect recollection. His person,
his dignity, his language, and his

_love, fixed my early attention, and
stamped beth his image and his
words upon my memory. His lite,
rary works are known to all, his
private character is still misunder-
stood by many ; to that I shall con.
fine myself, and, putting aside the
enthusiasm of a descendant, I can
assert with the veracity of a biogra-
pher, that he was neither cynical,
as some have represented him, nor
overbearing and fastidious in the
degree as he has been described by
many. Swift, when he foisted him
into his vulgar Battle of the Books,
neither lowers Bentley’s Mane nor

2 -

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

elevates his own; and the petulant ~
poet, who thought he had hit his
manner, when he made him haugh-
tily call to Walker for his hat, gave
a copy as little like the character of
Bentley, as his translation is like
the original of tomer. ‘hat doctor
Walker, vice-master of Trinity-Col-
lege, was the friend of my grand- —
father, and a frequent guest at his
table, is true; but it was not in
doctor Bentley’s nature, to treat
him with contempt, nor did his
harmless character inspire it. As
for the hat, 1 must acknowledge it
was of formidable dimensions, yet I
was accustomed to treat it with
great familiarity, and if it had ever
been further from the hand of its
owner, than the peg upon the back
of his great arm-chair, 1 might have
been dispatched to fetch it, for he
was disabled by the palsy in his
latter days; but the hat never
strayed from its place, and Pope
found an office for Walker, that I
cau well believe he was never com.
missioned to in his life.

‘¢ Thad a sister somewhat elder
than myself. Had there been any of
that sternness in my grandfather,
which is so falsely imputed to him,
it may well be supposed we should
have been awed into silence in his
presence, to which we were ad-
mitted every day. Nothing can
be further from the truth; he was
the unwearied patron and promoter
of all our childish sports and sallies ;
at all times ready to detach himself
from any topic of conversation to
take an interest and bear his part in
our amusements. ‘The eager cu-
riosity natural to our age, and the
questionsit gave birth to, so teazing
to many parents, he, on the con-
trary, attended to and encouraged,
as the claims of infant reason never °

to

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

to be evaded or abused ; strongly
recommending, that to all such en-
quiries answer should be given ac-
cording to the strictest truth, and
information dealt to us in the clear-
est terms, as a sacred duty never to
be departed from. I have broken
in upon him many a time in his
hours of study, when he would put
his book aside, ring his hand-bell
for his servant, aud be Jed to his
shelves to take down a picture
book for my amusement. I donot
say that his good nature always
gained its object, as the pictures
which his books generally supplied
me with were anatomical drawings
of dissected bodies, very little cal-
culated to communicate delight ;
but he had nothing better to pro-
duce ; and surely such an effort on
his part, however unsuccessful, was
no feature of a cynic : a cynic should
be made of sterner stuff. 1 have had
from him, at times, whilst standing
at his elbow, a complete and enter-
taining narrative of his school-boy
days, with the characters of his dif-
ferent masters very humourously
displayed, and the punishments de-
scribed, which they at times would
wrongfully inflict upon him for
seeming to be idle and regardless
of his task, ** When the dunces,”
he would say, ‘* could not discover
that I was pondering it in my mind,
and fixing it more firmly in my me-
mory, than if 1 had been bauling it
out amongst the rest of my school-
fellows.’

‘¢ Once, and only once, I recollect
his giving me a gentle rebuke for
making a most outrageous noise in
the room over his library and dis.
turbing him in his studies; I had no
apprehension of anger from him,
and confidently answered that I
could not help it, as I had been at

1075

battledore and shuttlecock with
master Gooch, the bishop of Ely’s
son. ‘* And I have been at this
sport with his father,” he replied ;
‘¢ but thine has. been the more
amusing game; so there’s no harm
done.”

‘¢ These are puerile anecdotes,
but my history itself is only in its
nonage ; and even these will serve in
some degree to establish what L
affirmed, and present his character
in those mild and unimposing lights, —
which may prevail with those who
know him only as a critic and con.
troversialist.

As slashing Bentley with his despe-
rate hook,

to reform and soften their opinions
of him.

** He recommended it as a very
essential duty in parents to be parti-
cularly attentive to the first dawn.
ings of reason in their children ;
and his own practice was the best
illustration of his doctrine; for he
was the most patient hearer and
most favourable interpreter of first
attempts at argument and meaning
that lever knew. When I was ral-
lied by my mother, for roundly as-
serting that I never slept, 1 remem-
ber full well his calling on me to
account for it; and when | ex-
plained it by saying I never knew
myself to be asleep, and therefore
supposed I never slept at all, he
gave me credit for my defence, and
said to my mother, ** Leave your
boy in possession of his opinion ; he
has as clear a conception of sleep,
and at least as comfortable an one,
as the philosophers who puzzle their
brains about it, and do not rest so
well.”

*¢ Though bishop Lowth, in the

3Z2 flippancy

1076

flippancy of controversy, called the
author of The Philolentherus Lipsi-
enses and detector of Phalaris aut
Coprimulgus aut fossor, his genius
has produced those living witnesses
that must for ever put that charge
to shame and silence. Against such
idle ill considered words, now dead
as the language they were conveyed
in, the appeal is near at hand: it
lies no further off than to his works,
and they are upon every reading
man’s shelves; but. those would
have looked into his heart, should
have ‘stepped into» his house, and
seen him in his private and-domes-
tic hours; therefore it is that I ad-
duce these little anecdotes and tri-
fling incidents, which describe the
man, but leave the author to ue.
fend himself, i
*¢ His ordinary style of conversa.
tion, was. naturally lofty, and his
frequent use of thow and thee with
his familiars, carried with it a kind
of dictatorial tone, that savoured
more of the closet than the court;
this is readily admitted, and this on
first approaches might mislead a
stranger; but the native candour
and inherent tenderness of his
heart could not long be veiled from
observation, for his.feclings and af-
fections were at ounce too impulsive
to be long repressed, and-he was too
careless. of concealment to attempt
at qualifying them. - Such was_ his
’ sensibility towards human sufferings,
that it became a duty: with his. fa.
inily to divert the conversation from
all topics of that sort; and if he
touched upon them himself he was
betrayed into agitations,. which if
the reader ascribes to paralytic
weakness, he will very greatly: mis-
take a man, who to the last hour: of
his life possessed his faculties firm
and in their fullest vigour ; I, there.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

fore, bar all such misinterpretations
as may attempt to set the mark of
infirmity ‘upon those emotions,
which had no other souree or ori-
gin but in the natural and pure be-
nevolence of his heart.

‘6 He was communicative to all
without distinction, that sought in-
formation, or resorted to him for
assistance ; fond of his college al-
most to enthusiasm, and ever zealous
for the honour of the purple gown
of Trinity. When he hekl examina-
tions for fellowships, and the modest
candidate exhibited marks of agita-
tion and alarm, he never failed to in-
terpret candidly of sueh symptoms ;
and on those occasions he was never
known to press the hesitating and

embarrassed examinant, but often.

times on the contrary, would take
all the pains of expounding on him-
self, and credit the’ exonerated can-
didate for answers and interpreta-
tions of his own suggesting, If this
was not rigid justice, it was, at least
in my conception of it, something
better and more artinhles 3 and low:
Jiable he was to deviate from the
strict line of Justice. by his partia-
lity to the side of mercy, appears
from the ancedote of the thief, who
robbed him of his plate, and was
seized and brought before him with
the very articles upon him: the na-
tural process io. this
pointed ont the road to prison;
my grandfather’s process was more
summary, but not quite so legal.
While commissary Greaves, who
tras’ then present,‘and of counsel
for the oollege ex officio, was expa-
tiating om the crime, and prescrib-
ing the measures obviously to be
taken with -the offender, doctor
Bentley interposed, saying, ** Why
tell the man he is-a thief ? he knows
that. well. enovgh, -without thy in-
; formation

oe

man’s case,

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

interest and importunity with siz

formation Greaves.—larkye, -fel-

low, thou seest the trade which thou
has taken np is an unprofitable
trade, therefore get thee gone, lay
aside an occupation by which thou
canst gain nothing but a halter, and
follow that by which thou mayest
earn an honest livelihood.” Having
said this, he ordered him to be set
at liberty, against the remon.
strances of the bye-standers,\ and
insisting upon it that the fellow was
duly penitent for his offence, bade
him go his way and never steal
again.

TJ leave it with those, who con
sider mercy as one of man’s best at-
tributes, to suggest a plea for the
informality of this proceeding, and
to such+I will communicate one
other anecdote, which [ do not de-
liver upon my own knowledge,
though, from unexceptionable au-
thority, and this is, that when Col-
lins had fallen into decay of circum-
stances, doctor Bentley, suspecting
he had written him out of credit
by his Philoleutherus Lipsiensis, se-
cretly contrived to administer to
the necessities of his baffled oppo-
nent, in a manuer that did no less
credit to his delicacy than to his
liberality.

‘¢ A morose and over-bearing man
will find himself a solitary being in
creation; doctor Benticy, on the
contrary, had many intimates ;
judicious in forming his friendships,
he was faithful in adhering to them,
With sir Isaac Newton, doctor
Mead, doctor Wallace, of Stamford,
baron Spanheim, the lamented Ro-
ger Cotes, and several other distin-
guished and illustrious contempora-
rics, he lived on terms of uninter-
rupted harmony, and have good
authority for saying, that it is to hig

1077

Isaac Newton, that the inestimable
publication of the Principia was
ever resolved upon by that truly

great and luminous philosopher.
Newton’s portrait, by sir James

Thornhill, and those of baron Span-
heim and my grandfather, by the
same hand, now hanging in the
master’s lodge of Trinity, were the
-bequest of doctor Bentley. I was
possessed of letters insir [saac’s own
hand to my grandfather, which, to-
gether with the corrected volume of
bishop Cumberlant’s Laws of Na-
ture, I lately gave to the library of
that ilourishing and illustrious
college.

*¢ The irreparable loss of Roger
Cotes in early life, of whom New-
ton had pronounced — Now the world
will know something, doctor Bentley
never mentioned but with the deep-
est regret; he had formed the
highest expe¢tations- of new lights
and Uiscoveries in philosophy, from
the penetrating force of his extra-
ordinary genius, and on the tablet
devoted to his memory in the cha-
pel of ‘Trinity College, doctor Bent.
ley has recorded his sorryws and
those of the whole learned world, in
the following beautiful and pathetic
epitaph : ;

Hr Sak

<¢ Rogerus Roberti filius Cotes,
Hujas Collegii S. ‘lrinitatis Socius,
Et Astronomiz et experimeotalis
Philosophie Professor Plumianus :

Qui immatura morte prereptus,

Pauca quidem ingenii sui
Pignora reliquit,
Sed egregia, sed admiranda,

Ex intimis Matheseds penetralibus,
_ Felici Solertia tum primum ernta 3’
Post magnum illum Newtonum

323 Societatis

/

.

1078

‘Societatis hujus spes altera
Et decus gemellum ;

Cui ad summam doctrine laudem,
Omnes morum virtutumque dotes
In cumulum accesserunt ;

Eo magis spectabiles amabilesque,
Quod in formoso corpore
Gratiores venirent.

Natus Burbagii
In agro Leicestriensi.

Jul. x. MDCLxXXXxII.

Obiit. Jun. y. mpcexvi.”

‘¢ fJisdomestichabits,whenI knew
him, were still those of unabated
study; he sleptin the room adjoin.
ing to his library, and was never
with his family till the hour of din-
ner; at these times he seemed to
have’ detached himself most com-
pletely from his studies; never ap-
pearing thoughtful and abstracted,
but social, gay, and possessing per-
fect serenity of mind and equability
of temper. He never dictated to-
pics of conversation to the company
he was with, but took them up as
they came in his way, and was a
patient listener to other people’s
discourse, however trivial or unin-
teresting it might be. When The
Spectator’s were in publication, I
have heard my mother say he took
a greatdelight in hearing them read to
him, and was so particularly amused
by the character of sir Roger de
Caverley, that he took his literary
decease most seriously to heart,
She also told me, that, when in con-
versation with him on the subject
of his works, she found occasion to
Jament that he had bestowed so
great a portion of his time and ta-
lents upon criticism, instead of em-
ploying them upon original compo-
sition, he acknowledged the justice
ef her regret with extreme sensibi-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

lity, and remained for a considerable
time thoughtful, and seemingly em-
barrassed by the nature of her re-
mark; at last recollecting himself
he said—‘‘ Child, I am _ sensible
I have not always turned my talents
to the proper use for which I
should presume they were given
to me: yet I have done some-
thing for the honour of my God
and the edification of my fellow
creatures; but the wit and genius
of those old heathens beguiled me,
and as I despaired of raising myself
up to their standard upon fair
ground, | thought the only chance
I had of looking over their heads
was to get upon their shoulders.”

“« Of his pecuniary affairs he took
no account; he had no use for
money, and dismissed it entirely
from his thoughts: his establish.
ment in the mean time was respect-
able, and his table affluently and
hospitably served. All these mat-
ters were conducted and arranged
in the best manner possible, by one
of the best women living ; for such,
by the testimony of. all who knew
her, was Mrs. Bentley, daughter of
sir John Bernard, of Brampton, in
Huntingdonshire, a family of great
opulence and respectability, allied
to the Cromwells and Saint Johns,
and by intermarriages connected
with other great and noble houses.
i have perfect recollection of the
person of my grandmother, and a
full impression of her manners and
habits, which, though in some de-
gree tinctured with hereditary re-
serve and the primitive cast of cha-
racter, were entirely free from the
hypocritical cant and afleeted sanc-
tity of the Oliverians. Her. whole
life was- modelled on the purest
principles of piety, benevolence,

and

ACCOUNT

and Christian charity; and in her
dying moments, my mother being
present, and voucher of the fact,
she breathed out her soul in a kind
of beatic vision, exclaiming in rap-
ture as she expired—It 7s all bright,
#t és all glorious !”

Account of the Tiranna.

¢¢ Count Pietra Santa, lieutenant
colonel of the Italian band of body-
guards, was my most dear and inti-
mate friend; by that name in its
truest and most appropriate sense,
I must ever remember him, (for he
is now no more) and though the
days that I passed with him in
Spain did not out-number those of a
single year, yet in every one of
these I had the happiness to enjoy
so many hours of his society, that in
his case, as in that of the good old
abbe Curtis, whilst we were but
young in acquaintace, we might be
fairly said to be cld in friendship.
It is ever matter of delight to me,
when I can see the world disposed
to pay tribute to those modest un-
assuming characters, who exact no
tribute, but in plain and pure sim-
plicity of heart recommend them-
selves to our affections, and borroav-
ing nothing from the charms of wit,
or the display of genius, exhibit
virtue—in itself how lovely. Such
was my deceased friend, a man,
whom every body with unanimous
assent denominated the good Pietra
Santa, whom every body loved, for
he that ran could read him, and
who together with the truest cou-
rage of a soldier and the highest
principles of honour, combined such
moral virtues with such gentle man-
ners and so sweet a temper, that he
seemed destined to give the rare ex-
ample of a human ereature, in
whom no fault could be discovered.

‘$ In this society I could not fail

OF BOOKS. 1079

to pass my hours of relaxation very
much to my satisfaction, without ~
resorting to public places or asseth-
blies, in which species of amusement
Madrid was very scantily provided,
*for there was but one theatre for
plays, no opera, and a most unsocial
gloomy style of living seemed to
characterise the whole body of the
nobles and grandees. Iwas not
often tempted to the theatre, which’
was small, dark, i!l-furnished, and
ill-attended, yet when the celes
brated tragic actress, known by the
title of the Tiranna. played, it was
a treat, which I should suppose no.
other stage then in Kurope could
compare with. That extraordinary.
woman, whose real name Ido not res
member, and whose real origin can~
not be traced, till it is settled
from what particular nation or peo-
ple we are to deriye the vutcast race
of gipsies, was not less formed to
strike beholders with the beauty
and commanding majesty of her
person, than to astonish all that
heard -her by the powers that
nature and art had combined. to
give her. My friend, count Pietra
Santa, who had honourable access
to this great stage heroine, inti-
mated to her the very high expecta-
tion I had formed of her perform~
ances, and the eager desire I had to
see her in one of her capital charac-
ters, iclling her at the same time
that) I had been a writer for the
stage in my own country: in conse-
quence of this intimation she sent
me word that { should have notice
from her when she wished me to
come to the theatre, till when, she
desired L would not present myself
in my box upon any night, though
her name might be inthe bill, for it
was only when she liked her part,
and was in the humour to play well,
that she wished me to be present.
3Z4 “ Tn

1080

“© In obedience to her message,
I waited several days, and at last
received the looked-for summons ;
I had not been many minutes in the
theatre before she sent a mandate
to me to go home, for that she was
in no disposition that evening for
playing well, and should neither do
justice to her own talents nor to
my.expectations. | instantly obeyed
this whimsical injunction, knowing
it to be so perfectly in character
with the capricious humour of her
tribe. When something more than
a week had passed, J was again in.
vited to the theatre, and permitted
to sit out t¢ whole representation.
Y had not then enough of the lan.
guage to understand much more

. than the incidents and action of the

play, which was of the deepest cast
of tragedy, for, in the course of the
plot she murdered her infant chil-
dren, ard exhibited: them dead on
the stage, lying on each side of her,
whilst she, sitting on the bare floor
between them, (her attitude, action,
features, tones, defying all descrip.
tion) presented such a high-wrought
picture of hysterie phrensy, laughing
wild amidst severest woe, as placed
her, in my judgment, at the very
summit of her art; in fact I have
no conception that the powers of
acting ean be carried higher, and
such was the effect upon the au-
dience, that whilst the spectators in
the pit, having caught a kind of
sympathetic phrenzy from the scene,
were rising up in a tumultuous
manner, the word was given out by
_authority for letting fail the curtain,
and a catdstrophe, probably. too
etrong forvexhibition, wasi not al-
jowed to be completed,

“ A few minutes. had, passed,
when this wonderful creature, led
in by Pietra Santa, entered my box ;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

the artificial paleness of her cheeks,
her eyes, which she had dyed of a
bright vermiilion round the edges
of the lids, her fine arms bare to the
shoulders, the wild magnificence of
her attire, and the profusion of her
dishevelled locks, glossy black as
the plumage of the raven, gave her
the appearance of something so
more than human, such a Sybil,
such an imaginary being, so awful,
So impressive, that my blood chilled
as she approached me, not to ask
but to claim my-applause, demand-
ing of me.if I had ever seen any ace
tress, that could be compared with
her in my own or any other coun-
try. © IT was determined,’ she-
said, € to exert myself for you-this
night; and if the sensibility of the
andience would have sultered me to
have concluded the scene, I should
have convinced you that I do not
boast of my own performarttces
without reason,’

‘¢ The allowances which the Spa-
nish theatre could afford to make to
its performers, were so yery mode-
ratc, that 1 should doubt if the
whole year’s salary of the Tiranva
would have more than paid for the
magnificent dress in which she then
appeared ; but this and all other
charges appertaining to her esta-_
blishment, were defrayed from the
coffers of the duke of Osuna, a
grandee of the first class, and com-
mander of the Spanish Guards.
This noble person found it indis-
pensably necessary for his honour

, to have the finest woman in Spain

upon his pension, but by no means
necessary to be acquainted with her,

- and aj the very time of which] am.

now.speaking, Pietra Santa seriously
assured me, that his excellency had,
indeed, paid large sums to her. or-
der, but had never once visited or

‘ even

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

even seen her. He told me at the
same time that he had very lately
taken upon himself to remonsirate
upon this want of curjosily, aud

‘having suggested to his exccellency

how possible it was for him to order
his equipage to the door, and per.
mit him to introduce him to this fair
creature, whom he knew only by
report, and the bills she had drawn
upon his treasurer, the duke gra-
ciously consented to my friend’s
proposal, and actually set out with
him for the gallant purpose of tak-
jag a cup of chocolate with his hi-
therto invisible mistress, who had
notice given her of the intended vi-
sit. ‘Lhe distance from the house
of the grandee to the apartments of
the gipsey was not great, but the
lulling motion of the. hagé state.
coach, and the softness of the velvet
pusbions, had rocked his excellency
into so sound a nap, that when his
equipage stopped at ihe lady’s door,
there was not one of his retinue
bold enough to undertake the in-
yidious task of troubling his repose.
The consequence was, that after a
proper time was passed upon, the
halt fur this brave commauder to
have waked, had nature so ordained
it, the coach wheeled round, and
his excellency having slept away his
curiosity, had not at the time when
I left Madrid, ever cast his eyes
upon the person of the incompara.
ble Viranna. 1 take for granted
my friend Picira Santa drank the
chocolate, aud his excellency en.
joyed the nap. I will only add,

‘in confirmation of my anecdote, that

the good abbe Curtis, whe had the
honour of having educated this illus-
tious sleeper, verified the fact.’

Journey from Madrid.
66 Madrid, which may be consi-
dered as the capital of Spuin,

1081

though it is not a city, disappoints
you if you expect to find suburbs,
or villas, or even gardens, when you
have passed the gates, being almost
as closely environed with a desart,

as Palmyra is in its present state of
ruin. The Spaniards themselves
have no great taste fur cultivation,”
and the attachment to the chace,

which seems to be the reigning pase
sion of the Spanish sovereigns, con-
spires with the indolence of the peo.
ple in suffering every royal resi-
dence to be surrounded by a savage
and unseemly . wilderness. ‘Lhe
Jands which should contribute to
supply the markets, being thus deli-
vered over to waste and barrenness,.
are considered only as preserves
for game of various sorts, which in-
cludes every thing the gun can slay,
and these are as much res sacree as
the altars, or the monks who serve
them. ‘his solitudo anée ostium
did not contribute to support our
spirits, neither did the incessant
jingling of the mules’ bells relieve
the tedium of the road to Guada-
rama, where we are agrecably sur-
prised by the counts Kaunitz and
Pietra Santa, who passed that night
in our company, and next morning,
with many friendly adieus, departed
for Madrid, never to meet again—

Animas queis candiiliores
Nusquam terra tulit—

‘ The next day we passed the
mountains of Guadarama by a
magnificent causeway, and entered
Old Castile. Here the country
began to change for-the better: the
town of Villa Castin presents a very
agreeable spectacle, being new and
flourishing, with a handsome house
belonging to the marchioness of
Yorre-Manzanares, who is in part
proprietor of the town. ‘This il.

justrious

1082

lustrious lady was just now under a
temporary cloud, for having been
party in a frolic with the young
and animated duchess of Aiva, who

had ventured to exhibit her fair per-

son'on the public parade, in the
character of postilion to her own
equipage, whilst Torre-Manzauares
mounted the box as coachman, and
other gallant spirits tuok their sta-
tions behind as footmen, all habited
in the splendid blue and silver live-
ries of the house of Alva.—In some
countries a whimlike this would bave
passed off with eclat, in many with
impunity, but in Spain, under the
government of a moral and decorous
monarch, it was regarded in so
grave a light, that, although the
great lady postilion escaped with a
reprimand, the lady coachman was
sent to her castle at a distance from
the capital, and doomed to do pe-
nance in solitude and obscurity.

‘¢ We were now in the country
for the Spanish wool, and this place
being a considerable mart for that
valuable article, is furnished with a
very Jarge and commodious shearing
house.—We slept at a poor littte
village called San Chidrian$ and be-
ing obliged to change our quarters
on account of other travellers, who
had been before-hand with us, we
were fain to pnt up with the wretch-
ed accommodations -of a very
wretched posada.

‘¢ The third day’s journey pre-
sented to us a fine champaign coun-
try, abounding in corn and well
peopled. Leaving the town of Are-
belo, which made a respectable ap-
pearance on our right, we procceded
to Almedo, a very remarkable
place, being surrounded with a
Moorish wall and towers, in very
tolerable . preservation; Almedo

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

also has a fine convent and a hand-
some church.

‘* The fourth day’s journey, be-
ing March the 27th, still led us
us through a fair country, rich in
corn and wine. The river Adaga
runs through a grove of pines, in @
deep channel, very romantic, wan-
dering through a large tract of vine-
yards without fences.
was serene and fresh, and gave us
spirits to enjoy the scenery, which
was new and striking. We dined
at Valdestillas, a mean little town,
and in the evening reached Vallado-
lid, where bigotry may be said to
have established its head-quarters.
The gate of the city, which is of

modern construction, consists of ©

three arches of equal span, and that
very narrow; the centre of these is
elevated with a tribune, and upon
that is placed a pedestrian statue of
Carlos ILf. This gate delivers you
into a spacious square, surrounded
by convents and churches, and pass~
ing this, which offers nothing at-
tractive to dclay you, you enter the
old gate of the city, newly painted
in bad fresco, and ornamented with
an equestrian statue of the reigning
king, with a Latin inscription, very
just to his virtues, but very little to
the honour of the writer of it. You
now find yourself in one of the most
gloomy, desolate, and dirty towns
that can be conceived, the great
square much resembling that of the
Plaza-mayor, in Madrid, the houses
painted in grotesque fresco, despica-
bly executed, and the whole in mi-
serable condition. I was informed
that the convents amount to between
thirty and forty. —There is both an

English and a Scottish college; the .
former under the government of '

doctor Shepherd, a man of very
agreeable

The weather ©

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

agreeable, cheerful, natural man-
ners: I became acquainted with him
at Madrid, through the introduc.
tion of my friend doctor Geddes,
late principal of the latter college,
but since bishop of Mancecos, mis-
sionary and vicar-general at Aber-
deen. I had an introductory letter
to the intendant, but my stay was
too short to avail myself of it; and
I visited no church but the great
cathedral of the Benedictines, where
mass was celebrating, and the altars
and whole edifice were arrayed in
all their splendour—The fathers
were extremely polite, and allowed
me to enter the Sacristy, where I
saw some valuable old paintings of
the early Spanish masters, some of a
later date, and a series of Bencdic-
tine saints, who, if they are not the
most rigid, are indisputably the
richest order of religious in Spain. -

“ Our next day’s journey ad-

vanced us only six short leagues,
and set us downin the ruinous town
of Duenas, which, like Olmedo, is
surrounded by a Moorish fortifica-
tion, the gate of which is entire.
The Calasseros, obstinate as their
mules, accord to you in nothing,
but in admitting indiscriminately a
load of baggage, that would almost
revolt a waggon, and this4s indispen-
sible, as you must carry beds, pro-
visions, cooking vessels, and every
article for rest and sustenance, not
excepting bread, for in this country
an inn means a hovel. in which you
may light a fire, if you can detend
your right to it, and find a dunghill,
called a bed, if you can submit to
lie down in it.

‘¢ Our sixth day’s stage brought
us to the banks of the Douro,
which we skirted and kept in sight
during the whole day, from Duenas
through Torrequemara to Villa Ro-

1083

drigo. The stone bridge at Torre-
quemara is a noble edifice of eight
and twenty arches. The windings
of this beautiful river and its rocky
banks, of which one side is always
very steep, are romantic, and present
fine shapes of nature, to which no-
thing is wanting but trees, and they
not always. ‘The vale through
which it flows, inclosed within
these rocky cliils, is luxuriant in
corn and wine ; the soil in general
of a fine loam mixed with gravel,
and the fallows remarkably clean ;
they deposit their wine in caves
hollowed out of the rocks, ‘In the
mean time it is to the bounty of na-~
ture rather than to the care and in-
dustry of man, that the inhabitaut,
squalid and loatksome in his person,
is beholden for that produce, which
invites exertions, that he never
makes, and points to comforts that
he never: tastes. In the midst of
all these scenes of plenty you en-
counter human misery in its worst
attire, and rnined villages amongst
Juxuriant vineyards. Such a boun-
tiful provider is God, and so impro-
vident a steward is his vicegerent in
this realm.

* It should seem, that in this valley,
on the banks of the fertilising Dou-
ro, would be the proper scite for
the capital of Spain; whereas Ma-
drid is seated on a barren soil, be-
side a meagre stream, which scarce
suffices to supply the washer-wo-
men, who make their troughs in the
shallow current, which only has the
appearance of a river, when the
snow melts upon the mountains,
and turns the petty Manzanares,
that just trickles through the sand,
into a roaring and impetuous tor-
rent. Of the environs of Madrid I
have already spoken, and the cli-
mate on the northern side of the

Guada.

1084

Guadaramas is of a much superior
and more salubrious quality, being
not so subject to the dangerous ex-
tremes of heat and cold, and much
oftener refreshed with showers, the
great desideratum, for which the
‘monks of Madrid so frequently im-
portune their poor helpless saint
Isidore, and make him feel their
vengeance, whilst for months toge-
ther the unrelenting clouds will not
credit him with a single drop of
rain. :

‘¢ Upon our road this day.we
purchased three lambs, at the price of
two pisettes (shillings) apiece, and,
little as it was, we hardly could be
said to have had value for our mo-
ney. Our worthy Marchetti, be-
ing an excellent engineer, roasted
them whole with surprising expedi-
tion and address in a kitchen and at
a fire, which would have puzzled
all the resources of a French cook
and which no English scullion would
have approached in her very worst
apparel.—A crew of Catalonian
carriers, at Torrequemara, disputed
our exclusive title to the fire, and
with their arvoz a la Valejnezana
would soon have ruined our roast,
if our gallant provider had not put
aside his capa, and displayed his
two epaulets, to which military in-
signia the sturdy interlopers instant-
ly deferred.

‘6 ‘There is excellent morality to
be learnt in a journey of this sort.
A supper at Villa Rodrigo is a bet-
ter corrective for fastidiousness: and
false delicacy, than all that Seneca
or Epictetus can administer, and if
a traveller in Spain will carry jus-
tice and fortitude about him, the
Calasseros will teach him patience,
and the Posadas will enure him to
temperance ; having these four car-
dinal virtues in possession, he has

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1806.

the whole: all Tully’s offices can-
not tind a fifth. ‘

s¢ On the seventh day of our tra-
vel we kept the pleasant Douro still
in sight, Surely this river plays his
natural sovercign a slippery trick 5
rises in Galficia, is nourished and
maintained in his course through —
Spain, and as soon as he is become
mature in depth and size for trade
and navigation, deserts, and throws
himself into the service of Portugal.
This is the case with the Tagus also:
this river affords the Catholic King
a little angling for small fry at Aran.
juez, and at Lisbon becomes a mag.
nificent harbour to give wealth and
splendour to a kingdom. The
Oporto wines, that grow upon the
banks of the Douro in its renegado
course, find a ready and most pro-
fitable vent in England, whilst the
vineyards of Castile languish from
want of a purchaser, and in some
years are absolutely cast away, as
not paying for the labour of mak-
ing them into wine.

“6 The city and castle of Burgos
are well situated on the banks of the
river Relancon, ‘Two fine stone
bridges are thrown over that stream,
and several plantations of young
trees line the road as you approach
it. The country is well watcred,
and the heights furnish excellent
pasture for sheep, being of a light
downy soil. The cathedral church
of Burgos deserves the notice and
admiration of every traveller, and
it was with sincere regret I found
myself at leisure to devote no more
than one hour to an edifice, that re-
quires a day to examine it within ©
side and without. It is of that or-
der of Gothic, which is most pro-+
fusely ornamented and enriched ;
the towers are crowned with spires
of pierced: stone-work, ‘raised upou
3 arches,

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

arches, and laced all through with
open-work like filigree : the win-
dows and doors are embellished
with innumerable figures, admira-
bly carved in stone, and in perfect
preservation; the dome ever the
nave is superb, and behind the grand
altar there is a spacious and beauti-
ful chapel, erected by a duke of
Frejas, who lies entombed with his
duchess within-a stately monument,
recumbent with their heads resting
upon cushions, in their robes and
coronets, well sculptured in most
exquisite marble of the purest white.
The bas-relieves at the back of the
grand altar representing passages in
the life and actions of our saviour,
are wonderful samples of sculpture,
and the carrying of the cross in par-
ticular is expressed with all the deli-
cacy of Raphael’s famous Pasma de
Sicilia. ‘Vhe stalls of the choir in
brown oak are finely executed and
exhibit an innumerable groupe of
figures : whilst the seats are Judi-
crously inlaid with grotesque repre-
sentations of fauns and satyrs unac-
countably contrasted with the sa-
cred history of the carved work,
that encloses them. The altars,
chapels, sacristy and cloisters are
equally to be admired, nor are there
wanting some fine paintings, though
not profusely bestowed. ‘The priests
conducted me through every part
of the cathedral with the kindest at-
tention and politeness, though mas3
was then in high celebration.

» «© When I was on my departure,
and my carriages were in waiting,
a parcel of British seamen, who had
been prisoners of war, most impor-

tunately besought me, that | would

ask their liberation of the bishop of
Burgos, and allow them to wake
their way out of the country under
my protection, ‘This good bishop,

1085

in his zeal for making converts,
had taken these fellows ' upon their
word into his list of pensioners, as
true proselytes, and allowed them
to establish themselves in yarious
occupations and callings, which
they now professed themselves most
heartily disposed to abandon,
and doubted not but I should find
him as willing to releasethem, as the

were to be set free. Though I gave
little credit to their assertions, 1 did
not refuse to make the experiment,

and wrote to the bishop in their be-
half, promising to obtain the release
of the like number of Spanish priso-
ners, if he would allow.me to take
these men: away withime. ‘Lo my
great surprise | instantly received his
free consent and permit under his
hand and seal to dispose of them as
I saw fit. This 1 accordingly did,
and by occasional reliefs upon the
braces of my carriages marched my

_ party of renegadoes entire into Ba-

yonne, where I got leave upon
certain conditions to embark them
on board a neutral shin bound to
Lisbon, and consigned them to come
moore Johnstone, or the command.
ing oflicer for the time being, to be
put on board, and exchanged for
the like number of Spanish priso-
ners, which accordingly was done
with the exception of one or two,
who turned aside by the way. 1
have reason to believe the good
bishop was thoroughly sick of his
converts, and [ encountered no op-
position from the ladies. whom two
or three of them had taken to wife,
*¢ We pursued our eighth day’s
journey over a deep rich soil, with
mountains in sight covered: with
snow, which had fallen twe days be-
fore. There was now a scene of
more wood, and the face of the
country much resembled parts of
England,

1086

England.’ We advanced but seven
leagues, the river Relancon accom.
panying us*for the last three, where
our road was cut out of the side of
a steep clifl, very narrow, and so ill
defended, that in many places the
precipice, considering the mode, in
which the Spanish Calasseros drive,
was seriously alarming. ‘Lhe wild
woman of San Andero, who nursed
my infant, during this day’s journey
was at high words with the witches,
who twice pulled off her redceilla,
and otherwise annoyed her in a
very provoking manner till we arriv.
ed at Breviesca, a tolerable good
Spanish town, where they allowed
her to repose, aud we heard no more
of them,

k= *¢ From“ Breviesca we travelled
through a fine pictursque country of
a rich soil te Pancorvo at the foot
ofa steep range of rocky moun-
tains, and passing through a most
romantic fissure in the rock, a work
of great artand labour, we reached
river Ebro, which forms the boun-
dary of Old Castile. Upoa this
river stands the town of Miranda,
which is approached over a new
bridge of seven stone arches, and
we lodged ourselves for the night in
the posada at the foot of it; a
house of the worst reception we had
met in Spain, which is giving it as
id a nameas! can well bestow upon
any house whatever.

** A short stage brought us from
Breviesca to the town of Vittoria,
the capital of Alaba, which is one
portion of. the delightful province
of Biscay. We are now for the
first time lodged with some degree
of comfort. Weshewed our pass-
port at the custom-house, and the
adminisirator ef the post-office
having desired to have immediate
notice of our arrival, I requested

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

my friend Marchetti to go to him,
and in the mean time poor Smith
passed a very anxious interval of
suspence, fearing that he might be
stopped ‘by order of government in»
this place, (a suspicion 1 confess
not out of the range of probabi-—
lities) but it proved to be only a.
punctilio of the sub-minister Cam-
po, who had written to this gentle.
man to be particular in his attern-
tions to us, inclosing his card, as if
in person, present to take leave ;
this mark of politeness oa his part
produced a present from the admi-
nistrator of some fine asparagus, and
excellent sweetmeats, the produce
of the country, with the further
favour of a visit from the donor, a
genticinan of great good manners
and much respectability. -

‘¢ The marquis Legarda, gover-
nor of Vittoria, to whom I had a
letter from count D’Yranda, the
marquis D’Allamada, and other
gentlemen of the place, did us the
honour to visit as, and were ex-
tremely polite. We were invited
by the Dominicans to their convent,
and saw some very exquisite paint.
ings of Ribeira and Murillo. At
noon we took our departure for
Mondragone, passing through a
country of undescribable beauty. |
The scale is vast, the heights are
lofty without being tremendous,
the cultivation is of various sorts,
and to be traced in every spot,
where the hand of industry can
reach : a profusion of fruit trees in

lossom coloured the landscape
with such vivid and luxuriant tints,
that we had new charms to admire
upon every shift and winding of the ©
road. The people are laborious,
and the ficlds being full of men and
women at their.work (for here both
sexes make common task) nothing

a could

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

could ,be more animated than the
scenery ; ’twas not in human nature
to present astronger contrast to the
gloomy character and squalid indo-
lence of the Castilians. | And what
is it, which constitutes this marked
distinction between such near neigh-
bours, subjects of the same king,
and separated from each other only
by anarrowstream? Itis because
the regal power, which in Castile is

_arbitrary, is limited by local laws in
Catalonia, and gives passage for one
ray of liberty to visit that happier
and more enlightened country,

‘* From Mondragone we went
to Villa Franca, where we dined,
and finished our twelfth day’s jour-
ney at Tolosa; the country still
presented a succession of the most
enchanting scencry, but | was now
become insensible to its beauties,
being so extremely ill, that it was
not without much difficulty, so ex.
cruciating were my pains, that I
reached Tolosa, Here I staid three
days, and when J found my fever
would not yield to James’s powder,
I resolved to attempt getting to Ba-
yonne, where I might hope to find
medical assistance, and better ac-
commodation.

‘¢ On the seventeenth day, after
suffering tortures from the rough-
ness of the roads, I reached Bayon-
ne, and immediately put myself un-
der the care of doctor Vidal, a Ilu-
guenot physician, Here I passed
three miserable weeks, and though

_ ina state of almost continual de-
lirium throughout the whole of this
time, I can yet recollect that under
providence it is only owing to the
unwearicd care and tender attentions
of my ever-watchful wife, (assisted
by her faithful servant Mary Sam-
son) that I was kept alive; from
her hands | consented to receive

1087

sustenance and medicine, and to her
alone in the disorder of my senses I
was uniformly obedient.

*s [t was at this period of time
that the aggravating news arrived
of my bills being stopped, and my
person subjected to arrest. I was
not sensible to the extent of my
danger, for death hung over me, and
threatened to supersede all arrests
but of a lifeless corpse: the kind
heart however of Marchetti had
compassion for my disconsolate con-
dition, and he found means to sup.
ply me with five hundred pounds, as
I havealready related. It pleased
God to preserve my life, and this
seasonable act of friendship presery-
ed my liberty. ‘The early fraits of
the season, and the balmy tempe-
rature of the air in that delicious cli-
mate, aided the exertions of my phy- .
sician, and [ was at length enabled)
to resume my journey,takiig a day’s
rest in the magnificent town of
Bourdeaux, from whence through
Tours, Blois and Orleans I proceed-
ed to Paris, which however [ enter-
ed in a state as yet but doubtfully
convalescent, emaciated to a skele-
ton, the bones of my back and
clbows still bare and staring through
my skin,

‘¢ J had both Florida Blanca’s
and count Montmorin’s passports,
but my applications for post.
horses were in vain, and here [
should in all probability have ended
my career, as I felt myself relaps-
ing apace, had I not at length ob-
tained the long-withheld permission
to pass onwards. They had pound-
ed the king of Spain’s horses: also
for the space of a whole month, but
these were liberated when I got my
freedom, and I embarked them at
Ostend, from whence I took my
passage to Margate, and arrived at

my

1088
my house in Portland-Place, desti-
ned'to experience treatment, which
Thad not merited, and encounter
losses, ] have never overcome.

ss J will here simply relate an in-
cident without attempting to draw
any conjectures from it, whieh is
that whilst 1 laid ill at Bayonne,
insensible, and as it was supposed at
the point of death, the very monk,
who had been so troublesome to me
at Elvas, found his way into my
‘chamber, and upon the alarm given
‘by my wife, who perfectly recogni.
zed his person, was only driven out
of it by force. Again when 1 was
in Paris, and about to sit dewn to
dinner, a sallad was brought to me
by the lucquey, who waited on me
which was given to him for me by a
red-haired Dominican, whose person
according to his description exactly
tallied with that of the aforesaid
monk; 1 dispatched my servant
Camis in pursuit of him, but-he had
escaped, and my suspicion of the
sallad being poisoned was confirmed
by experiment on a dog.

- Tshall only add that somewhcre
in Castile, I forget the place, but it
was between Valladolid and Burgos,
as I was sitling on a bench at the
door of a house, where my Calas-
seros were giving water to the mules,
Tteidered my snuff box to a grave
elderly man, who scemed of the bet-
ter sort of Castilians, aad who ap-
pered to have thrown himselfin my
way, sitting down beside me as one
who invited conversation. ‘The
stranger looking steadily in my face,
and after a pause put his fingers in
my box, and, taking a very small
portion-of my snulf between them,
said;to me—? Lam not afraid, sir,
of trusting myself to you, whom [
know to be an Englishman, and a
person; in whose honour I may per-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

fectly repose. But there is death
concealed in many a man’s snuff
box, and I would seriously advise
you on no account to take a single
pinch from the box of any stranger,
who may offer it to you; and if
you have done that already, 1 sin-
cerely hope no such consequences
as J allude to will result frou “your
want of caution.”? | continued in
conversation with this stranger for
some time; [ told him L had never
before been apprised of the» prac-
tices he had spoken of, and, being
perlecty without suspicion, f might,
or might not have exposed myself
to the danger, he was now so kind
as toapprize me of, but I observed
to him that however pradent it
might be to guard myself against
such evil practices in other countries,
I should not expect to meet them in
Castile, where the Spanish point of
honour most decidedly prevailed.
“* Ah, senor,” he replied, “ they
may not all be Spaniards, whom you
have chanced upon, or shall here+
after chance upon, in Castile.”
When L asked him how this snuff
operated on those who- took it, his
answer was, as b expsctel—* on
the brain.” L was not curious to,
enquire who this stranger was, as I
paid little attention to his informa-
tion at the time, though £ confess it
occured to me, when aftera few
days ! was seized with such agonies
in my head, a8 deprived me of my
senses ; I merely vive this anecdote,
as it occurred ; I draw no inferences
from it.

*¢ | have now done with Spain, and.
if the detail, which I -have truly
given of my proceedings, whilst I
was there in trust, may serve to jus-
tify me in the opinion of those, who
read these memoirs, | will not tire
their patience with a dull recital of

si 4

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS, .. , 1089

iny unprofitable efforts to obtain a “ To.the Right Honourable
just and equitable indemnitication Lord North, &c. &¢y &e.
for my expences according to agree- ‘¢ The humble Memorial of
ment. The evidences indeed are Richard Cumberland, ;
in my hands, and the production.of “© Sheweth,
‘them would be highly discreditable ~“ That your memorialist in
to the memory of some, who are now April 1780 received his majesty’s
nOmore; but redress is out of my most secret and confidential orders
reach ; the time for that is long and uttractions to set out for the
since gone by, aud has carried me cots «Spain in company with the
onso far towards the hour, which AbBé Hussey, one of his catholic
must extinguish all human feclings, majesty’ s chaplains, for the purpose
that there can be little left forme Of negociating aseparate peace wh
to do but to employ the remaining that court.
pages of this history in the best *¢ That to render the object of
manner I can devise, consistently this commission more secret, your
with strict veracity, for the satisfac- memorialist was directed ‘to take
tion of those,who may condescend to his family with him to Lisbon, under
peruse them, and to whom I should. the pretence of recovering the health
be above measure sorry to appear ‘of one of his daughters, which he
fin the character of a quernlous, dis- accordingly did, and having sent
} contented and resentful old man; [ the Abbe Hussey before him to
rather hope that when I shall have the court of Spain, agreeably to the
Jaid before them a detail of literary king’s instructions, your memo.
labours, such as few have executed rialist. and his family soon after re.
within a period of the like extent, paired to Aranjuez, where his catho-
they will credit me for my industry lic majesty then kept his court.
at least and allow me to possess. ** That your memorialist upon
Some claim upon the favour of pos- setting out on this important under-
terity as aman, whoin honest pride taking received by the hands o
of conscience has not let his spirit John Robinson esq. one of the se-
sink under oppression or neglect, cretaries of the treasury, the sum
nor suffered his good will to man- of one thousand pounds on account,
kind, or his zea! for his country’s with directions how he should draw,
Service and the honour of his God, through the channel of Portugal,
to experience intermission or abate. upon his banker in England for
ment, nor made old age a plea for such further sums as might be ne.
Tene, or an apology for ill cessary, (particularly for a large
humour. discretionary sum to be employed,
&s Nevertheless as [ have charged as oceasiou might require, in secret
my employers with a direct breach services) and your memorialist wag .
of faith, it seems necessary formy directed to accompany his drafts by
more perfect vindication, to support a separate letter to Mr. secretary
that charge by an official document, Robinson, advising him what sum
and this consideration will I trust or sqms he had given order for, that
be sufficient apology forinserting the the same might be replaced to your
following statement of my claim— memorialist’s eredit with the~bank
Vor, XLVILI. aA of

\

1690 ANNUAL REGISTER,

of Messieurs Crofts and Co. in Pall
Mall.

ss That your memorialist in the
execution of this commission, for
the space of nearly fourteen months,
defrayed the expences of Abbe
Hussey’s separate journey into
Spain, paid all charges incurred by
him during four months residence
there, and supplied him wi'¢t :siney
for his return to Englar 4, ne ‘part
of which has been repaid to your
memorialist,

s¢ That your memorialist with
his family took two very long and
expensive journies, (the one by way
of Lisbon and the other through

France) no consideration for which
has been granted to him.

‘¢ That your memorialist, du-
ring his residence in Spain, was
obliged to follow the removals of
the court to Aranjuez, San Ildefon-
so the Escurial and Madrid, be-
sides frequent visits to the Pardo ;
in all which places, except the Par.
do, he was obliged to lodge him-
self, the expence of which can only
be known to those, who in the ser-
vice of their court have incurred it.

‘¢ That every article of necessary
expence, being inordinately high in
Madrid, your memorialist, without
assuming any vain appearance of a
minister, and with as much domes-
tic frugality as possible, incurred a
very heavy charge,

‘¢ That your memorialist having
nocourier with him, nor any cy-
pher, was obliged to employ his
own servantin that trust, and the
servant of Abbe Hussey, at his own
proper cost, no part of which has
been repaid to him.

‘¢ That your memorialist did at
yseonsiderable charge obtain pa-
‘pers and documents, containing in-

formation of a very important na-

1806.

ture, which need not here be enu-
merated ; of which charge so incur-
red no part has been repaid.

‘¢ That upon the capture of the-
East and West India ships by the
enemy, your memorialist was ad-
dressed by many of the British pri-
soners, some of whom he relieved —
with money, and in all cases obs ©
tained the prayer of their memo-
rials. Your memorialist also,
through the favour of the bishop of
Burgos, took with him out of Spain
some valuable British seamen, and
restored them to his majesty’s fleet ;
and this also he did at his own cost.

‘¢ That your memorialist during
his residence in Spain was indis-
pensably obliged to cover these his
unavoidable expences by several
drafts upon his banker to the
amount of 4500/. of which not one
single bill has been replaced, nor-
one farthing issued to his support
during fourteen months expensive
and laborious duty in the king’s im-
mediate and most confidential ser-
vice; the consequence of which un-
paralleled treatment was, that
your memorialist was stopped and
arrested at Bayonne by order from
his remittancers at Madrid ; in this
agonizing situation your memo-
rialist, being then in the height of’
a most violent fever, surrounded by
afamily of helpless women in an
enemy’s country, and abandoned
by his employers, on whose faith
he had relied, found himself incapa-
ble of proceeding on his journey,
and destitute of means for subsist-
ing where he was : under this accu«
mulated distress he must have sunk
and expired, had not the genero-
sity ef an officer in the Spanis
service, who had accompanied hi
into France, supplied his necessitie
with the loan of five hundred)

pounds)

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

pounds, and passed the king of
Great Britain’s bankrupt. servant
into his own country, for which
humane action this friendly officer,
(Marchetti by name) was arrested
at Paris, and by the count D’Aran-
da remanded back to Madrid, there
to take his ohance for what the in.
fluence of France may find occasion
to devise against him.

‘¢ Your memorialist, since his
return to England, having, after in-
numerable attempts, gained one only
admittance to your lordship’s per-
son for the space of more than ten
months, and not one answer to the
frequent and humble suit he has
made to you by letter, presumes
now for the last time to solicit your
consideration of his case, and as he
is persuaded it is not, and cannot
be, in your lordship’s heart to de-
yote and abandon to unmerited
ruin an old and faithful servant of
the crown, who has been the father
_of four sons, (one of whom has
lately died, and three are now car-
‘Tying arms in the service of their
king), your memorialist humbly
prays, that you will give order for
him to be relieved in such manner,
as to your lordship’s wisdom shall
seem meet.

All whichis humbly submitted by

Your lordship’s most obedient,

And most humble servant,
Richard Cumberland.’

<¢ This memorial, which is, per-
haps, too long and loaded, I am
persuaded lord North never took
the pains to read, for I am unwil-
ling to suppose, that, if he had, he
would have treated it with absolute
neglect. He was upon the point of
quitting office when I gave it in,
and being my last effort, I was de.

1091

sirous of summing up the circume
stances of my case so, that if he had
thought fit to grant me a compen-
sation, this statement might have
been a justification to his successor
for the issue; but it produced no
compensation, though I should pre-
sume it proved enough to have.
touched the feelings of one of the
best tempered men living, if he
would have devoted a very few mi-
nutes to the perusal of it.

‘¢ It is not possible for me to call
to mind a character in all essential
points so amiable as that of this de-
parted minister, and not wish to
find some palliation for his over-
sights; but if I were now to say
that I acquit him of injustice to me,
it would be affectation and hypo-
crisy; at the same time I must
think, that Mr. secretary Robinson,
who was the vehicle of the promise,
was more immediately bound to so-
licit and obtain the fulfilment of it,
and this I am’ persuaded was com-
pletely in his power to do: to him,
therefore, 1 addressed such remon-
strances, and enforced them in such
terms as no manly spirit ought to
have put up with; but anger and
high words make all things worse $
and language, which a man has not
courage to resent, he never will have
candour to forgive.”

Some Account ef the Life and
Writings of Lope Felix de Vega
Carpio, by Henry Richard Lord
Holland.

We have already given an ac.
count of Lope de Vega, extract.
ed from this interesting work,
and im the poetical part of the Re-
gister are some specimens of his
4A® lordship’s

1092

Jordship’s skill as a tramslator of
poetry. We cannot quit our task
without further noticing, that in an
Appendix his lordship gives the fol-
lowing account of a memorial to
the Royal Academy of History, on
the games, spectacles, and public
diversions of that country, which,
‘at. the moment we are writing,
affords toall Enrope the affecting
spectacle of a people breaking
the bonds of slavery, and rising
against their foreign oppressors, to
avenge the injured honour of their
monarchy, and the insulted dignity
of their nation. At sucha time,
therefore, even this fragment which
illustrates the character of their late
government, deserves the attention
of all who feel for: the sufferings of
a people whose honour.is proverbial.

“© Informe dado ala Real Academia
de Historia, sobre Juegos, Espec-
taculos, y Diversiones Publicas.

‘¢ This treatise is the work of don
Gaspar Meichor de Jovellanos,, late
minister: of grace and justice in
Spain: a man, who, after having
devoted the labours, and even the
amusements, of his useful life, to
the improvement and happiness of
his fellow countrymen, is now lan-
guishing in the dungeons of Palma;
imprisoned without an accusation,
and condemned without the form of
a trial.

‘¢ The paper on the games, exhi-
bitions, and public diversions of
Spain, was uadertaken at the re-
quest of the Royal Academy at Ma-
drid, and completed in 1790, during
his retirement at Gijon ; at a time
when the displeasure of a minister
did not necessarily imply the ruin,
persecution and imprisonment of its

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

object. It has never been printed,
probably owing to the fastidious
severity with which this excellent
author has generally viewed his
own productions. As he is, how.
ever, the only person who is dissa-
tisfied with them, copies of the
treatise in MS. are not difficult to
be obtained in Madrid.

‘* After a rapid historical sketch
of the Roman exhibitions in Spain,
and a short account of the diver-
sions introduced by the northern
barbarians and their descendants,
he describes the state of the Spanish
theatre, froin its first regular ap-
pearance in Ferdinand and Isa-
bella’s time, to the commencement
of the present reign. He takes a
view of the controversies to which
it has given rise; and though he
condemns such scandalous abuses
of theatrical representations as have
occasionally prevailed in Spain, he
vindicates the use of that rational
diversion, from the imputations of
the clergy, with his usual eloquence
and success. The latter part of the
work is devoted to the exposition
of plans for the revival of ancient
exercises and diversions, and to the
suggestion of expedients for refining
the character of the drama, exalting
the profession of players, and ani-
mating the exertions of poets. Here
it must be acknowledged that he
allows his zeal for letters, and an
anxiety to direct them to beneficial
purposes, to divert him from con-
clusions to which his own princi-
ples would more naturally conduct
him; and he somewhat inconsis-
tentlwexpects from such regulations,
more than any interference of go-
vernments or academies was ever
yet able to produce. His aversion
to the bull feasts induces him alse

to

ACCOUNT

to under-rate their popularity, and
to exaggerate the evil consequences
produced by that barbarous but not
unmanly amusement. But even
where his reasoning is least conclu-
Sive, one is fascinated by the beau-
ties of his style, which always seem
to arise from the discussion, aud to
be as much the result of the since-
rity of his conviction, and the bene-
volence of his views, as of an en-
lightened education, and a correct
taste in composition and language.
Such, indeed, is the character of all
his writings, though it may possibly
excite surprize, that a dissertation
on games and exhibitions should af-
ford any room fer displaying it.
Jovellanos has, however, contrived,
even on such a topic, to throw into
the compass of a few pages, much
curious information, and sound phi-
losophical reflexion, without wan-
dering from the subject, or betray-
ing any disposition to pedantry or
affectation.

' & To justify the above commenda-
tions of his work, I subjoin a pas-
sage, which may serve also to illus.
trate a remark in the text, and to
shew that the gloomy appearance,
so often objected to Spaniards, is to
be ascribed to the perverse spirit of
their municipal laws, and not to the
natural disposition of that high-
spirited and warm-hearted people.

‘¢ The labouring class of society
require diversions, but not exhibi-
tions ; the government is not called
upon to divert them, but to permit
them to divert themselves. For the
few days, the short moments, which
they can devote to recreation and
entertainment, they will naturally
seek, and easily find amusement for
themselves. Let them merely be
unmolested, and protected in the
enjoyment of them. A bright sky

OF BOOKS. 1093

and fine weather, on a holiday,
which will leave them at liberty to
walk, run, throw the bar, to play
at ball, coits, or skittles, or to
junket, drink, daace, and caper on
the grass, will fill all their desires,
and yield them complete gratifica-
tion and contentment. Atso cheap
arate may a whole pcople, how-
ever numerous, be delighted and
amused.

‘¢ How happens it then, that the
majority ef the people of Spain
have no diversion at all? For every
one who has travelled through our
provinces must have made this me-
lancholy remark. Even on the
greatest festivals, instead of that
boisterous merriment and _ noise
which should bespeak the joy of
the inhabitants, there reigns through.
out the market-places and streets, a
slothful inactivity, a gloomy still.
ness, which cannot be remarked
without the mingled emotions of
surprise and pity. The few persons
who leave their houses, seem to be
driven from them by listlessness, and
dragged as far as the threshold, the
market, or the church-door. There,
muffled in their cloaks, leaning a-
gainst some corner, seated on some
bench, or lounging backwards and
forwards, without object, aim, or
purpose, they pass their hours, aye,
J may say their whole evenings,
without mirth, recreation, or amuse-
ment. When you add to this picture,
the dreariness and filth of the vil-
lages, the poor and slovenly dress
of the inhabitants, the gloominess
and silence of their air, the laziness,
the want of concert and union so
striking every where, who but
would be astonished; who but
would be afflicted by so mournful a
phenomenon? This is not indeed
the place to expose the errors which

4A 3 conspire

»

1094

conspire to produce it; but what-
ever those errors may be, one point
is clear—that they are all to be
found in the laws. Without wander-
ing from my subject, I may be per-
mitted to observe, that the chief
mistake lies in the faulty police of
our villages. Many magistrates are
misled by an ill-judged zeal, to
suppose that the perfection of muni-
cipal government consists in the
subjection of the people ; they ima-
gine that the great object of sub-
ordination is accomplished, if the
inhabitants tremble at the voice of
Justice, and no one ventures to
move, or even to breathe, at the
very sound of her name. Hence
any mob, any noise, or disturbance,
is termed a riot or a tumult; and
every little dispute or scuffle be-

_ comes the subject of a criminal

proceeding, involving in its conse-
quences examinations and arrests,
imprisonments and fines, with all
the train of legal persecutions and
vexations. Under such an oppres-
Sive police, the people grow dispi-
rited and disheartened ; and sacri-
ficing their inclinations to their se-
curity,they abjure diversions, which,
though public and innocent, are
replete with embarrasments, and
have recourse to.solitude and inac-
tion, dull and painful indeed to
their feelings, but at least unmolest-
ed by law, and unattended with
danger.

*¢ The same system has occasioned
numberless regulations of police,
not only injurious to the liberties,
‘but prejudicial to the welfare and
prosperity of the villages, yet not
less harshly or less rigorously en-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

forced on that account. There are
some places where music and ringing
of bells*, others where balls and
marriage suppers are prohibited.
In one village the inhabitants must
retire to their houses at the curfew,
in another they must not appear in
the streets without a light; they
must not loiter about the corners, or
stop in the porches; and in all they
are subject to similar restraints and
privations.

‘¢ The rage for governing, in
some cases perhaps the avarice of
the magistrates has extended to the
most miserable hamlets, regulations
which would hardly be necessary in
all the confusion of a metropolis ;and
the wretched husbandman who has
watered the earth with the sweat of
his brow, and slept on the ground
throughout the week, cannot on
Saturday night baw] at his will in the
streets of his village, or chaunt his
ballad at the door of his sweetheart.

‘¢ Even the province in which I
live (Asturias), remarkable for the
natural cheerfulness and innocent
manners of its inhabitants, is not
exempt from the hardship of similar
regulations. Indeed the discontent
which they produce, and which I
have frequently witnessed, has sug-
gested many of these reflections on
the subject. The dispersion of its
population fortunately prevents that
municipal police, which has been
contrived for regular villages and
towns; the cottagers assemble for
their diversions at a sort of a wake,
called Romerias, or Pilgrimages.
And there it is that the regulations
of the police pursue and molest
them. Sticks, which are used more

_* There is a custom in Spanish villages of parading the streets on holiday nights
with the bells taken from the mules and wethers. The rude kind of music they

produce is called cencerrada. e

mn):

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

on aceount of the inequality of the
country, than as a precaution for
self-defence, are prohibited in these
wakes. Men dances are forbidden ;
those of women must close early
in the evening; and the wakes
themselves, the sole diversion of
these innocent and laborious vil-
lagers, must break up at the hour
of evening prayer. How can they
reconcile themselves with any cheer-
fuluess to such vexatious interfe-
rence? It may indeed be said ‘* they
bear it all.” Yes, it is true, they
do bear it all; but they bear it
with an ill will; and who is blind
to the consequences of long and
reluctant submission? ‘The state of
freedom is a state of peace and
cheerfulness ; a state of subjection
is a state of uneasiness and discon-
tent. The former then is perma.
nent and durable, the latter unsta-
ble and changeable.
All, therefore, is not accom-
plished when the people are quiet ;
they should also be contented ; and
it is only a heart devoid of feeling,
or a head unacquainted with the
principles of government, that can
harbour a notion of securing the
first of these objects without obtain-
ing thesecond, They who disregard
it, either do not see the necessary
connexion between liberty and pros-
perity; or, if they see it, they
neglect it. The error in either
‘case is equally mischievous. For
surely this connexion deserves the
attention of every just and mild
government, A free and cheerful
people are always active and labo-
rious; and an active and laborious
people arealways attentive to morals,
and observant of the laws. The
greater their enjoyments, the more
they love the government under

which they live, the better they obey

1095

it, and the more cheerfully and wil*
lingly do they contribute to its
maintenance and support. The
greater their enjoyments, the more
they have to lose; and the more
therefore they fear any disturbance,
and the more they respect the au.
thorities. intended to repress it.
Such a people ‘sel more anxiety to
enrich themselve}, because they
must be conscious that the in-
crease of their pleasures will keep
pace with the improvement of their
fortunes. In a word, they strive
more ardently to better their cone

‘dition, because they are certain of

enjoying the fruits of their exertion
If such then be one of the chief
objects of a good government, why
is itso disregarded among us? Even
public prosperity, as it is called, if
it beany thing but the aggregate of
individual happiness, depends upon
the attainment of the object in ques.
tion? for the power and strengthofa
state do not consist entirely in multie
tudes or riches, but in the moral chae
racter of itsinhabitants. In point of
act, can any nation be strong whose
subjects are weak, corrupt, harsh,
unfeeling, and strangers to all sens
timents of public spirit and patriot-
ism? On the other hand, a people
who meet often, and in security, in
public, for the purposes of diversion,
must neccssarily become an united
and affectionate people; they can
feel what a common interest is, and
are consequently less likely to sacri.
fice it to their own personal views
and individual advantage. They
have a higher spirit, because they
are freer ; a consciousness of which
improves their notions of rectitude,
and exalts their sentiments of hoe
nour and courage. Every individual
respects his own class in such a
society, because he respects himself =

4A4 and

1065

and he respects that of others, as
the best mode of ensuring respect for
his own. Ii once the people respect
the government, and the subordi-
nation established by law, they re-
gulate their conduct by it, they
grow attached to the institutions of
their country, and defend them
with spirit; because in so doing,
they are convinced that they are
defending themselves. So clear is
it that freedom and cheerfulness are
greater enemies of disorder than
subjection and melancholy,

“Let me not, however, be sus-
pected of considering a magistracy
or police, appointed to preserve the
public peace, as in itself either use-
less or oppressive. On the contrary,
it is my firm persuasion, that with-
out such an institution, without its
unremitting vigilance, neither tran-
quillity nor subordination can be
preserved. I am well aware that
license hovers on the very con-
fines of liberty, and that some re.
straint must be devised to keep-in
those who would pass the limits.
This is indeed the most delicate point
in civil jurisprudence ; and it is this,
that so many injudicious magistrates
mistake, by confounding vigilance
with oppression. Hence, at every
festwal, at every public diversion,
or harmless amusement, they ob-
trude upon the people the insignia
of magistracy and power. To judge
by appearances, one should suppose
that their aim was to build their
authority on thefears of thesubject,
and to purchase their own conveni-
ence at the expence of the freedom
and pleasure of the public. In
every other view, such precautions
are idle. For the people never
divert themselves without complete
exemption from restraint in their
diversions. Freedom is scared away

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

by watchmen and patroles, consta-
bles and soldiers; and at the sight
of staves and bayonets, harmless and
timorous mirth takes the alarm, and
disappears. ‘This is surely not the
method of accomplishing the pure
poses for which magistracy was
established ; whose vigilance, if I
may be permitted so awful a com-
parison, should resemble that of the
Supreme Being, should be perpetual
and certain, butinvisible; should be
acknowledged by every body, but
Seen by nobody; should watch li-
cense, in order to repress it, and
liberty, in order to protect it. In
one word, it should operate as a re-
straint on the bad, as a shield and
protection to the good. The awful
insignia of justice are otherwise the
mere symbols of oppression and ty-
ranny; and the police, in direct
opposition to the views of its in-
stitution, only vexes and molests
the persons whom it is bound to
shelter, comfort, and protect.

‘¢ Such are my ideas upon popular
diversions. There is neither pro-
vince nor district, town nor village,
but has particular usages in its a.
musements, practised either habitu-
ally, or at particular periods of the
year; various exercises of strength,
jor instance, or feats of agility ;
balls too, and junketings, walks,
holidays, disguises, maskings, and
mummeries. Whatever their di.
versions may be, if they are publie
they must be innocent. It is the
duty then of the good magistrate to
protect the people in these simple
pastimes, to Jay out and keepin
order the places destined for them,
to remove all obstacles,.and to leave
the inhabitants at full liberty to
abandon themselves to their boister,
ous merriment, their rude but harm.
less effusions of joy. If he appear

sometimes

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

sometimes among them, it should be
to encourage, not to intimidate them;
it should be like a father, gratified
at the mirth of his children; not
- like a tyrant, envious of the gaiety
of his slaves.

“ In short, to return to our former
remark, the people do not call upon
the government to divert them, but
merely to permit them to divert
- themselves.”

54

Hemars of the Life of Colonel
Hutchinson, Governor of Nottirg-
ham Castle and Town, Rcpresenta-
tive of the County of Nottingham
an the long Parliament, and of the
town of Nottingham in the first
Parliament of Charles IT. &c. with
original Anecdotes of many of the
most distinguished of his Contem-
poeraries, and a summary Review of
Public Affairs: ‘written by his
Widow Lucy, Daughter of Sir
Allen Apsley, Lieutenant. of the
Tower, &c. Now first published

Pom the original Manuscript by the

Rev. Julius Hutchinson, &c. &c.
Lo which is prefixed the Life of
Mrs. Hutchinson, written by Her-
self, A Fragment.

This is really a curious work, as
will be seen from the title-page. It
is the history of a puritan in the
time of Cromwell, written by his
wife in a stile that does high honour
to her age, and which has remained
unpublished till the present period.

The following account of the
MSS. is given by the editor.

The Memoirs of the Life of Col.
Hutchinson had been seen by many
persons, as well as the editor, in the
possession of the late Thomas Hutch-
inson, esq. of Owthorpe, in Not-
tinghamshire, and of Hatfield Wood-
hall, in Hertfordshire; and he had
peen frequently solicited to permit

1097

them to be published, particularly
by the late Mrs. Catharine Maccau-
Jay, but had uniformly refused.
This gentleman dying without issue,
the editor, his nephew, inherited
some part of his estates which were
left unsold, including his mansion-
house of Hatfield Woodhall. In the
library he found the following
books, written by Mrs. Lucy
Hutchinson. 1st. The Life of Col.
Hutchinson. 2d. A book without a
title, but which appears to have
been a kind of diary made use of
when she came to write the life of
col, Hutchinson. 3d. A Fragment,
giving an account of the carly part
of her own life. ‘This book clearly
appears to have been Mrs. Hutchin-
son’s first essay at composition, and
contains, besides the story of her
life and family, several short copies
of verses, some finished, some un-
finished, many of which are above
mediocrity. And, 4th. ‘Two Books
treating entirely of religious sub-
jects; in which, although the fancy
may be rather too much indulged,
the judgment still maintains the
ascendancy, and sentiments of exalt-
ed piety, liberality and benevolence
are delivered in terms apposite,
dignified, and perspicuous.

These works had all been read,
and marked in several places with
his initials, by Julius Hutchinson,
esq. of Owthorpe, the father of the
late Thomas Hutchinson, esq. just
mentioned, and son of Charles
Hutchinson, esq. of Owthorpe, only

‘son of sir Thomas Hutchinson by

his second wife, the lady Ca-
tharine Stanhope. Lady Catha-
rine Hutchinson lived to the age. of
102, and is reported to have retained
her faculties to the end of her life,
Some remarks made by the above-
mentioned Julius Hutchinson, are
declared by him to have been com-

municated

1098

municated by his grand-mother lady
Catharine ; and as this lady dwelt
in splendor at Nottingham, and had
ample means of information; as
there is only one instance wherein
the veracity of the biographer is at
all called in question, and even in
this, it does not appear to the editor,
and probably may not to the reader,
that there was sufficient ground for
objection; the opposition and the
acquiescence of her grandson and
herself seem alike to confirm the
authenticity and faithfulness of the
narrative.

There will be found annexed a
pedigree of the family of Hutchin-
son, taken from a very handsome
emblazoned genealogy in the posses.
sion of the editor, originally traced
by Henry St. George, king of arms,
and continued and embellished by

Thomas Brand, esq. his majesty’s.

writer and embellisher of letters to
the eastern princess, anno 1712.
This’ pedigree shews that col.
Hutchinson left four sons, of which
the youngest only, John, left issue
two sons ; and there is a tradition in
the family, that these two last des-
ecndants of col. Hutchinson emi-
grated, the one to the West Indies
or America, the other to Russia ;
the latter is said to have gone out
with the command of aship of war
given by queen Anne to the czar
Peter, and to have been lost at sea,
One of the female descendants of
the former the editor once met with
by accident at Portsmouth, and she
spoke with great warmth of the
veneration in which his descendants
in the new world held the memory
ef their ancestor col. Hutchinson.
Of the daughters little more is
known than that Mrs. Hutchinson,
addressing one of her books of devo-
tion to her daughter’ Mrs. Orgill,
ascertains that one of them was mar-
3

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1860.

ried to a gentleman of that name.

The family of Mr. George Hutch-
inson likewise became extinét in the
second generation.

Charles Hutchinson, only son of
sir Thomas Hutchinson by lady
Catharine Stanhope, married one of
the daughters and coheiresses of sir ©
Francis Boteler, of Hatfield Wood-
hall, Herts ; which family being
zealous royalists, and he solicitous
to gain their favour, (which he did
so effectually, as in the end to
obtain nearly their whole inheri-
tance,) it is probable that he gave
small encouragement or assistance to
the elder branch of the family while
they suffered for their republican
sentiments; on the contrary, it is
certain that he purchased of Mrs.
Hutchinson and her son, after the
death of col. Hutchinson, their
estate at Owthorpe, which, joined
to what his father had given him,
and what he obtained by his marri-
age, raised him to mere opulence
than his father had ever possessed 5
and he seems not to have fallen
short of him in popularity, for he
represented the town of Notting-
ham in parliament from the year
1690, (being the first general elec-
tion after the accession of king Wil.
liam,) till his death.

His son Julius returned into that
line of conduct and connections
which was most natural for one of
his descent, for he married Betty
Norton, descended by the father’s
side from the patriotic family of that
name in. Hampshire, and by the
mother’s from the Fiennes’s. He
seems to have bestowed a very
rational and well-deserved attention
upon the writings of Mrs. Hutchin-
son, and there is a tradition in the
family, that although he had many
children of his own, he treated with
kindness and Jiberality the last des-

cendants

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

cendants of his uncle, and assisted
them with money to fit them out for
their emigration, The editor has
seen a written memorandum of his,
expressing his regret at hearing no
more of them after their departure.

‘¢ From the circumstance of these,
the only grandchildren of colonel
Hutchinson, standing in need of
this pecuniary assistance, from the
mention Mrs. Hutchinson makes
of her husband’s debts, and from
an expression contained in that
book which she addresses to her
daughter Mrs. Orgill, desiring her
not to despise her advice though
she sees her in adversity, it is highly
probable that, even after selling her
husband’s estates, the sum to be de-
vided left each member of the fa-
mily in strait circumstances.

s¢ The affection and well-merited
esteem with which Mrs, Hutchin-
son speaks of her brother sir Allen
Apsley, will excite an interest in
the reader to know what became
of him and his posterity ; the short
pedigree subjoined will shew, that
by two marriages, and by the death
of his grandson in his minority, the
family of Apsley entirely merged in
the noble family of Bathurst, who
have adopted the name Apsley as
their second title ; there are five or
six of the family of Apsley entomb-
ed in Wesminster Abbey, near to
the entrance of Henry the seventh’s
chapel.”’

The editor then enters into an
apology for the republican, as welt
as puritanical sentiments of the
writer, and adds :

“© So much having been said
for the purpose of obviating
misapprehension as to the effect
ef this work, it may be fur.
ther expected that some merit or
utility should be shewn, to justify
the editor in presenting it to the

1099

public notice. Being not the child
of his brain and fancy, but of his
adoption and judgment, he may be

\Supposed to view it with so much

the less partiality, and allowed to
speak of it with so much the more
freedom.

‘¢ The only ends for which any
book can reasonably be published
are to inform, to amuse, or to
improve : but unless many persons
of highly reputed judgment are mis-
taken as well as ourselves, this
work will be found to attain all
three of them. In point of amuse.
ment, perhaps novelty or curiosity
holds the foremost rank; and
surely we risque little in saying
that a history of a period the most
remarkable in the British annals,
written one hundred and fifty years
ago by a lady, of elevated birth, of
a most comprehensive and highly
cultivated mind, herself a witness of
many of the scenes she describes,
and active in several of them, is
a literary curiosity of no mean
sort.

*¢ As to information, although,
there are many histories of the same
period, there is not one that is ge-
nerally considered satisfactory ;
most of them carry evident marks
of prejudice or partiality ; nor
were any of those which are now
read, written at, or near the time,
or by persons who had an oppor-
tunity of being well acquainted
with what was passing, except that
of Clarendon. But any one who
should take the pains, which the
editor has done, to examine Cla-
rendon’s state papers, would find
therein documents much better
calcu'ated to support Mrs. Hutch-
inson’s representation of affairs
than that which he himself has
given. Mrs, Hutchinson writing
from a motive which will very sel-

dom

1100

dom be found to induce any one
to take so much trouble, that of
giving her children, and especially
her eldest son, then about to enter
on the stage of life,’ a true notion
of those eventful scenes which had
just been passing before her eyes,
and which she well judged must be
followed by others not less interes.
ting to the same cause and persons,
will surely be thought to have pos-
sessed both the means and the incli-
nation to paint with truth and cor-
rectness: in effect she will be seen
to exhibit such a faithful, natural,
and lively picture of the public
mind and manners, takensometimes
in larger, sometimes in smaller
groupes, as will give a more satis-
factory idea to an observant reader
than he will any where else disco-
ver. He will be further pleased to
see avoided the most common error
of historians, that of displaying the
paradoxical and the marvellous,
both in persons and things. But
surely the use of history being to
instruct the present and future ages
- by the experience of the past, no-
thing can be more absurd than a
wish to excite and leave the reader
in astonishment, which instead of
assisting, can only confound his
judgment. Mrs. Hutchinson, on
the contrary, has made it her busi-
ness, and that. very successfully, to
account by common and easy causes

for many of these actions and ef. °

fects which others have left nnac-
counted for, and only to be gazed
at in unmeaning wonder ; or, in
attempting to account for them,
have employed vain subtility or
groundless ‘ conjecture. She _ has
likewise not merely described the
parties in the state by their general
character, but delineated them in
thear minute ramifications, and, thus
enabled us to trace the springs, and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

_and greatnesse in their creation, but

discover the reasonableness, of
many of those proceedings which
had hitherto seemed incongruous
and inconsistent.’’ 4

Asa specimen of the style and
manner of this extraordinary work,
which adds much to the stock of
historical knowledge, which we de-
rivefrom Clarendon and Rushworth,
and the other original writers of ©
the time, we shall extract the life of ©
Mrs, Lucy Hutchinson,(the author)
written by herself.

‘6 The almighty author ofall be-
ings, in his various providences,
whereby he conducts the lives of

men from. the cradle to the tomb, ©

exercises no lesse wisdome and
goodnesse then he manifests power

such is the stupidity of blind mor-
talls that insteed of employing their —
studies in these admirable bookes
of providence, wherein God dayly
exhibitts to us glorious characters

of his love, kindnesse, wisdome, ©

and iustice, they ungratefully re-
gard them not, and call the most
wonderfull operations of the greate
God the common accidents of hu-
mane life, specially if they be such
as are usuall, and exercised towards
them in ages wherein they are not |
very. capable of observation, and
whereon they seldome employ any
reflexion ; for in things greate and
extraordinary some perhaps will
take notice of God’s working, who
either forgett or believe not that he
takes as well a care and account of

]
:
}

their smallest concernments, even |

the haires of their heads.

‘¢ Finding myselfe in some kind
guilty of this generall neglect, I
thought it might be a meannes to
stirre up my thankefulnesse for
things past, and to encourage my
faith for the future, if I recollected,
as much as I] have heard or can re-

member |

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

- member, of the -passages of my

youth, and the generall and ‘parti-:

cular providences exercis’d to me,
both in the entrance and progresse
of my life. Herein | meete with
so many speciall indulgences as re-
quire a distinct consideration, they
being all of them to be regarded as
talents intrusted to my emproove-
ment for God’s glory. The parents
by whom I receiv’d my life, the
places where 1 began and continued
it, the time when I was brought
forth to be ‘a wittnesse of God’s
wonderfull workings in the, earth,
the rank that was given me in my
generation, and the adyantages [
receiv’d in my person, each of them
carries allong with it many mercies
which are above my utterance, and
as they give me infinite cause of
glorifying God’s goodnesse, so I
cannot reflect on them without
deepe humiliation for the small em-
proovement I have made of so rich
a stock ; which that Il may yet by
God’s grace better employ, I shall
fecall and seriously ponder: and
first, as farre as [ have since learnt,
sett downe the condition of things
in the place of my nativity at that
time when | was sent into the
world. It was on the 29th day of
January, in the yeare of our lord
1619-20,that in the Tower of Lon-
don, the principall citie of the En-
glish Isle ; | was about four of the
clock inthe morning brought forth
to behold the ensuing light. My
father was sr. Allen Apsley, leif-
tenant of the Tower of London ;
my mother, his third wife, was
Lucy, the youngest daughter of sr.
John St. John, of Lidiard Tregoz,
in Wiltshire, by his second wife.
My father had then living a sonne
and a daughter by his former wives,
and by my mother three sonnes, I

1101

being her eldest daughter. The
Jand was then’ att peace, (it being
towards the latter end of the reigne
of king James) if that quiettnesse
may be called a peace, which was
rather like the calme and smooth
surface of the sea, whose dark
womb is allready impregnated of a
horrid tempest.

<¢ Whosoever considers England,
will find itt no small favour of God
to have bene made one of its na-
tives, both upon spirituall and out-
ward accounts, ‘lhe happimesse of
the soyle and ayre contribute all
things that are necessary to the use
or delight of man’s life, The tele-
brated glory of this isle’s imhabi-
tants, ever since they receiv’d a
mention in history, conferrs some
honor upon every one of her chil-
dren, and with it an obligation to
continue in that magnanimitie and
virtne, which hath fam’d _ this
island, and rays’d her head in glory,
higher then the greate kingdomes of
the neighbouring continent. _Brit-
taine hath bene as a garden enclos-
ed, wherein all things that man can
wish, to make a_ pleasant life, are
planted and grow in her ownesoyle,
and whatsoever forreigne countries
yield to encrease admiration and
delight, are brought in by her .
fleetes, The people, by the plenty
of their country, not being forced
to toyle for bread, have ever ad-
dicted themselfes to more gene
rous employments, and bene reck-
oned, allmost in all ages, as val-
liant warriours as any part of the
world sent forth: insomuch that
the greatest Roman captaines
thought it not unworthy of their
expeditions, and tooke greate glory
in triumphs for unperfect con.
quests.) Lucan upbeaids Julius
Cesar for returning” hence with a

a 3s repulse,

1102

repulse, and ’twas 200 yeares be-
fore the land could be reduced into
a Roman province,which att length
was done, and such of the nation,
then called Picts, as scorned servi-
tude, were driven into the barren
country of Scotland, where they
have ever since remained a perpetu-
all trouble to the successive inhabi-
tants ofthis place. The Brittaines
that thought it better to worke for
their conquerors in a good land,
then to ‘have the freedom to sterve
ina cold and barren quarter, were
by degrees fetcht away, and wast-
ed in the civil broyles of these Ro.
man lords, till the land, allmost de.
populated, lay open to the incur.
sions of every borderer, and were
fore’d to call a stout warlike peo-
ple, the Saxons, out of Germany,
to their assistance. These willingly
came at their call, but were not so
easily sent out againe, nor perswad-
ed to lett their hosts inhabite with
them, for they drove the Brittaines
into the mountaines of Wales, and
seated themselves in those pleasant
countries which from the new mas-
_ ters received a new name, and ever
since retained it, being called En-
gland ; on which the warlike Dane
made many attempts, with various
successe, but after about 2 or 300
yeares vaine contest, they were for
ever driven out, with shame and
losse, and the Saxon Heptarchie
melted into a monarchie, which
continued till the superstitious
prince, who was sainted for his un-
godly chastitie, left an emptie
throne to him that could seize it.
He who first set up his standard in
it, could not hold it, but with
his life left it againe for the Norman
usurper, who partly by violence,
partly by falshood, layd here the
foundation of his monarchie, in the
people’s blood, in which it hath

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

swom about 500 yeares, till the
flood that bore it was plow’d into
such deepe furrows as had allmost
sunke the proud vessell. Of those
Saxons that remained subjects to
the Norman conqueror, my father’s
famely descended ; of those Nor-
mans that came in with him, my
mother’s was derived’; both of
them, as aj] the rest in England,
contracting such affinity, by mutu-
all marriages, that the distinction re-
mained but a short space; Nor-
mans and Saxons becoming one peo-
ple, who by their vallour grewe
terrible to all the neighbouring
princes, and have not only bravely
quitted themselves in their owne
defence, but have shewed abroad,
how easily they could subdue the
world, if they did not preferre the
quiett enioyment of their owne part
above the conquest of the whole.

‘¢ Better lawes and a happier
constitution of governement no na-
tion ever enioy’d, it being a mix-
ture of monarchy, aristocratie, and

democracy, with sufficient fences ©
‘against the pest of every one of

those formes, tiranny, faction, and
confusion; yett is it not possible
for man to devize such iust and ex-
cellent bounds, as will keepe in
wild ambition, when prince’s flat-
terers encourage that beast to
breake his fence, which it hath of-
ten done with miserable conse-

‘quences both to the prince and

people: but could never in any
age so tread downe popular liberty,
but that it rose againe with renew-
ed vigor, till at length it trod on
those that trampled it before. And
in the iust bounds wherein our
kings were so well hedg’d in, the
surrounding princes have with ter-
rorsene the reproofe of their usur-
pations over their free brethren,
whom they rule rather as slaves

then

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

then subiects, and are enly served
for feare, but not forlove ; where-
as this people have ever bene as
afectionate to good as unpliable to
bad severaignes.

*¢ Nor is it only vallour and ge-
nerosity that renowne this nation;
in arts wee have advanc’d equall to
our neighbors, and in those that are
most excellent, exceeded them.
The world hath not yeilded men
more famous in navigation, nor
ships better built or furnisht.
Agriculture is as ingeniously prac-
tised : the English archery were
the terror of Christendome, and
their clothes the ornament: but
these low things bounded not their
greate spiritts, in all ages it hath
yeilded men as famous in all kinds
of learning, as Greece or Italy can
boast of.

“¢ And to compleate the crowne
of all their glorie, reflected from
the lustre of their ingenuity, val-
lour, witt, learning, iustice, wealth,
and bounty, their pietie and devo-
tion to God, and his worship, hath
made them one of the most truly
noble nations in the christian
‘world. God having as it were en-
closed a people here, out of the
wast common of the world, to serve
him with a pure and undefiled
worship. Lucius the Brittish king
was one of the first monarchs of
the earth that received the faith of
Christ into his heart and king-
dome: Henrie the eighth, the first
prince that broke the antichristian
yoake of from his owne and his sub-
iects necks. Here it was that the
first christian emperor received his
crowne: here began the early
dawne of gospell light, by Wick-
liffe and other faithful wittnesses,
whom God rays’d up after the
black and horrid midnight of anti-

1103

christianisme, and a more plentifull
harvest of devout confessors, con-
stant martirs, and holy worshippers
of God, hath not growne in any field
of the church, throughout all ages,
then those whom God hath here
glorified his name and gospell by.
Yett hath not this wheate bene
without its tares,God in comparison
with other countries hath made
this as a paradice, so, to compleate
the parallell, the serpent hath in
all times, bene busy toseduce, and
not unsuccessfull, ever stirring up
opposers to the infant truths of
Christ.

‘¢ No sooner was the faith of
Christ embrac’d in this nation, but
the neighbouring heathens invaded
the innocent christians, and slaugh-
tered multitudes of them; and
when, by the mercy of God, the
conquering Pagans were afterwards
converted, and that there were
none left to opose the name of
Christ with open hestillity ; then the
subtile serpent putt of his owne
horrid appearance, and comes out
in achristian dresse, to persecute
Christ in his poore prophetts, ‘that
bore wittnesse against the corrup-
tion of the times. This intestine
quarrell hath bene more successe-
full to the devill, and more aflic-
tive to the church then all open
warres, and, I feare, will never hap-
pily be decided, till the prince of
peace come to conclude the con-
troversie, which att the time of my
birth was working up into that tem.
pest, wherin I have shar’d many
perills, many feares, and many sor-
rows, and many more mercies, con-
solations and preservations, which I
shall have occasion to mention in
other places.

‘¢ From the place of my birth
shall only desire to remember the

good.

.

1104

goodnesse of the lord who hath
caused my lott to fall in a good
ground, who hath fed me in a plea.
sant pasture where the wellsprings
of life flow to all that desire to
drinke of them. And this is no
small favour, if consider how many
poore people perish among the
heathen, where they -never heare
the name of Christ; how many
. poore christians spring up in coun.
tries enslaved by Turkish and
antichristian tirants, whose soules
and bodies languish under miser-
able slavery. None knowes what
mercy itis to live under a good and
wholsome law, that have not con-
sidered the sad condition of being
subject to the will of an unlimited
man, and surely it is too universall
asin inthis nation, that the com-
mon mereies of God to the whole
jand, are’so slightly regarded and
so unconsiderately past over; cer-
tainely these are circumstances
which much magnifie God’s loying-
kindnesse and his speciall favor to
all that are of English birth, and
eall fora greater returne of duty
from us then from all other people
of the world.

‘* Nor is the place only, but the
time of my comming into the world
aconsiderable mercy to me, Jt was
not in the midnight of poperie, nor
in the dawneof the gospell’s restor-
ed day, when light and shades were
blended and almost undistinguisht,
but when the sun of truth was ex-
alted in his progresse and hastening
towards a meridian glory.. It was
indeed early in the morning, God
being pleased to allow me the pri-
velledge of beholding the admirable
growth of gospell ligat in my dayes :
andoh! that my soule may never
forgett to blesse and prayse his
name for the wonders of power and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806.

goodnesse, wisdome and truth,
which have bene manisfested in this
my time.

‘* The next blessing I have to
consider in my nativity is my pa-
rents, both of them pious and ver-
tuous in their owne conversation,
and carefull instructors of my
youth, not only by precept but ex.
ample. Which if f had leizure and
abillity, I should have transmitted
to my posterity, both to give them
the honor due from me in such a
gratefull memoriall, and to encrease
my children’s emproovement of the
patterns they sett them; but since
I shall detract from those I would
celebrate, by my imperfect com.
memorations, I shall content my-
selfe to summe up some few things
for my owne use, and let the rest
alone, which I either knew not, or
have forgotten, or cannot worthy-
ly expresse.

‘¢ My grandfather by the father’s
side was a gentleman of a compe-
tent estate, about 7 or 800/.a yeare,
in Sussex. He being descended of
a younger house, had his residence
att a place called Pulborough; the
famely out of which he came was an
Apsley of Apsley, a towne where
they had bene seated before the cons.
quest, and ever since continued, til
of late the last heire male of that el-
dest house, being the sonne of sir
Edward Apsley, is dead without
issue, and his estate gone with his
sister's daughters into other fame-
lies. Particularities concerning my
father’s kindred or country, I never
knew much of, by reason of m
youth, at the time of his death, and
my education in farre distant places,
only in gencrall 1 have heard, that
my grandfather was a man well re-
puted and beloved in his country,
and that it had bene sucha asa

: ans.

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

@d custome for my ancestors to take
wives att home, that there was not
scarce a famely of any note in Sus-
sex, to which they were not by in-

termarriages neerely related ; but I.

was myselfe a stranger to them ail,
except my lord Goring, who living
att court, I have sene with my
father, and heard of him, because
he was appoynted one of my fa-
ther’s executors, though he de-
clin’'d the trouble. My grand.
father had seven ‘sonns, of which
my father was the youngest: to the
eldest he gave his whole estate, and
to the rest, according to the cus-
tome of those times, slight annuities.

The eldest brother married to a’

gentlewoman of agood famely, and
by her had only one sonne, whose
mother dying, my uncle married
himselfe againe to one of his own
maides, and by her had three more
sons, whom, with their mother, my
cousin William Apsley, the sonne
of the first wife, held in such con-
tempt, that agreate while after, dy-
ing without children, he gave his
estate of inheritance to my father,
and two of my brothers, except
about 100/. a yeare to the eldest of
his halfe brothers, and annuities of
30/, a piece to the 3 for their lives.
He died before I was borne, but I
have heard very honourable mention
of him in our famely ; the rest of my
father’s brothers went into the
warres in Ireland, and the Low
Countries, and there remain’d none
of them, nor their issues when [
was born, but only three daughters
who bestowed themselvcg@ineanely,
and their generations aré worne out
except two or three unregarded
cbildren. My father att the death
ef my grandfather, being but a
youth att schoole had not patience
to stay the perfecting of his studics,
You. XLVIIL,

“1105

but putt himselfe into present ac.
tion, sold his annuitie, bought him-
selfe good clothes, putsome mony
in his purse, and came to London ;
and by meanes of a relation at
court, got a placein the household
of queene Elizabeth, where he be.
hav’d himselfe so that he won the
love of many of the court; but be-
ing young tooke an affection tO
gaming, and spent most of the mo-
ny he had in his purse. About
that time the earle of Essex was set.
ting forth for Cales voyage, and my
father that had a mind to quitt his
idle court life, procur’d an employ-
ment from the victuallar of the na-
vie, to goe allong with that fleete.
In which voyage he demean’d him-
selfe with so much courage and
prudence, that after his returne he
was honor’d with a very noble and
profitable employment in Ireland.
There a rich widow thathad many
children cast her aflections upon
him, and he married her ; but she
not living many yeares with him,
and having no children by him, af-
ter her death he distributed all her
estate among her children, for whom
he ever preserv’d a fatherly kind-
nesse, and some of her grandchil-
dren were brought up in his house
after | was borne. He, by God’s
blessing, and his fidellity and indus-
try, growing in estate and honor,
receiv’'d a knighthood from king
James soone after his coming to
the crowne, for some eminent ser.
vice done to him in Ireland, which
having only heard in my childhood,
I cannot perfectly settdowne. Af-
ter that growing into a familliarity
with sr. George Carew, made now
by the king earle of Totnesse, a
niece of this earl’s, the daughter of
sr. Peter Carew, who liv’d a young
widow in her uncle’s house, fell in

4B love

11066 ANNUAL REGISTER.

love with him, which her uncle per-
ceiving, procur’d .a marriage be-
tweene them. She had divers chil-
dren by my father, but only two of
them, asonpe and daughter, sur-
viv’'d her, who died whilst my father
was absent from her in Jreland.
He led all the time of his widdow-
hood a very disconsolate life care-
full for nothing in the world but to
educate and advance the sonne and
daughter, the deare pledges she had
left him, for whose sake he quitted
himselfe of his employments abroad,
and procur’d himselfe the office
of victualler of the navie, a place
then both of credit and greate re-
venue. ~ His friends, considering
his solitude, had procur’d him a
match of a very rich widdow, who
was a lady of as much discretion as
wealth ; but while he was upon
this designe he chanic’d to see my
mother, att the house of sr. Wil-
Jiam St. John, who had married her
elder sister, and though he went on
his iourney, yett something in her
person and behaviour, he carried
allong with him, which would not
Jett him accomplish it, but brought
him back to my mother. She was
of a noble famely, being the
youngest daughter of sr. John St.
John, of Lidiar Tregoz, in the
county of Wiltz ; her fatherand mo-
ther died when she was not above
five yeares of age, and yet at her
nurses, from whence she was carri-
ed to be brought up in the house
of the lord Grandison, her father’s
younger brother, an honorable and
excellent person, but married to a
Jady so iealous of him, and so ill-
natured in her iealous fitts to any
thing that was related to him, that
her cruelties to my mother exceeded
the stories of stepmothers ; the rest
of my augts, my mother’s sisters,

1806.

were disperst to seyerall places,
where they grew up till my uncle
sr. Johu St. Joho being married to
the daughter of sr. Thomas Laten,
they were al] againe brought home
to their brother’s house. There
were not in those days so many
beautifull women found in any fa-
mely as these, but my mother was
by the most iudgements preferr'd
before all her elder sisters, who,
something envious att it us’d her
unkindly, yett all the suiters that
came to them, still turned their ad-
dresses to her, which she in her
youthful: innocency neglected, till
one of greater name, estate, and re-
putation then the rest, hapned to
fall deeply in love with her, and to
manage it so discretely, that my
mother could not but entertaine
him, and my uncle’s wife, who had
a mother’s kindnesse for her, per-
swaded her to remoove herselfe from
her. sister’s envie, by going along
with her to Isle of Jernsey, where
her father was governor ; which
she did, and there went into the
towne, and bparded in a French
minister’s house, to lJearne the
language, that minister having bene,
by the persecution in France, dri-
yen to seeke his shelter there. Con-
tracting a deare friendship with
this holy man and his wife, she was
instructed in their Geneva disci-
pline, which she liked so much bet-
ter then our more superstitious ser-
vice, that she could have bene con-
tented to have liy’d there, had not
a powerfull passion in her heart
drawn her back. But at her re-
turne she met with many afflictions,
the gentleman who had professt so
much love to her, in her absence
had bene, by most vile pactises and
treacheries, drawne out of his sen-
ces, and into the marriage of aper-
3 san,

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

gon, whom when he_ recover’d
his reason he hated: but that
serv’d only to augment his misfor-
tune, and the circumstances of that
story not being neccessary to be
here inserted, 1 shall only adde
that my mother liv’d in my uncle’s
house, secretly discontented at this
accident, but was comforted by the
kindnesse of my uncle’s wife, who
had contracted such an intimate
_ friendship with her, that they seem-
ed to have but one soule. And in
this kindnesse-she had some time
a great sollace, till some mallicious
persons had wrought some iealou-
sies which were very groundlesse in
my uncle, concerning his wife, but
his nature being inclinable to that
passion, which was fomented in him
by subtile wicked persons, and my
mother endeavouring to vindicate
iniur’d innocence, she was herselfe
not well treated by my _ uncle,
whereupon she left his house, with
a resolution to withdraw herselfe
into the island, where the good mi-
nister was, and there to weare out
her life in the service of God. While
she was deliberating, and had fixt
upon it in her owne thoughts, resol-
ving to impart it to none, she was
with sr. William St. John, who
had married my aunt, when my
father accidentally came in there,
and fell so heartily in love with her,
that he perswaded her to marry
him, which she did, and her me-
Jancholly made her conforme chear-
fully to that gravity of habitt and
couversation, which was becoming
the wife of such a person; who
was then 48 yeares of age, and she
notabove 10. The 1st yeare of
their marriage was crown’d with a
sonne, call’d after my father’s
name, and borne at Kast Smithfield,
im that. house of the king’s which

1107

belong’d to my father’s employ-
mentin the navie: the next years
they removed to the Tower of Lon-
don, whereof my father was made
lieftenant, and there had 2-sonns
more before:me and 4 daughters,
and two sounes after: of all which
only three sons and two daughters
surviyd him att the time of his
death, which was in the sixty-third
yeare of his age, after he had three
yeares before languisht of a con-
sumption that succeeded a feaver
which he gott in the unfortunate
voyage to the Isle of Rhee. -

*¢ He died in the month of May
1630, sadly bewail’d by not only
all his dependants and relations, but
by all that were acquainted with
him, for he never convérst with any
to whom he was not at some* time
or in some way beneficiall; and
his nature was so delighted in
doing good, that it wan him the -
love of all men, even his enemies,
whose envie and mallice it was his
custome to overcome with obliga-
tions. He had greate naturall
parts, but was too active in his
youth to stay the heightning of
them by study of dead writings,
but in the living bookes of men’s
conversations he soone became so
skillfull that he was never mista-
ken but where his owne good
would not lett him give creditt
to the evill hediscern’d in others.
He was a most indulgent huss
band, amd no lesse kind’ to his
children; a most noble master,
who thought it not enough to
maintaine his servants honorably
while they were with him, but
for all that deserv’d it, provided
offices or settlements as for chil.
dren. He was a father to all his
prisoners, sweetning with such com-
passionate kindnesse their restraint,

4B 2 that

=

1108

ihat the afliction of a prison was
not felt in his dayes. He had a
singular kindnesse for al] persons
that:were eminent either in learn-
ing or armes, and when through
the ingratitude and ‘vice of that
age many of the wives and chill-
dren of queene Elizabeth’s glo-
rious captaines were reduc’d to
poverty, his purse was their com-
mon treasury, and they knew
wot the inconvenience of decay’d
fortunes till he was dead: many
of those valliant seamen he main-
tain’d in prison, many he re.
deem’d out of prison and cherisht
with an extraordinary bounty. If
among his excellencies ‘one out.
shin’d the rest, it was the gene.
yous liberalfty of his mind, where-
in goodnesse and greatenesse weie
So equally distributed that they mu-
tually embellisht each other. Pride
and coveteousnesse had not the
Jeast place in his brest. Ashe was
in love with true honor, so he
contemn’d vaine titles, and though
in his youth he accepted an ad-
dition to his birth, in his riper
yeares he refus’d a barondry,
which the king ‘offer’d him. . He
was severe in the regulating of his
famely, especially would not en-
dure the Jeast immodest behaviour
or dresse in any woman under
his roofe. There was nothing he
hated more then an insignificant
gallant, that could only make his
leggs and prune himselfe, and
court a lady, but had not braines
to employ himselfe in things more
suteable to man’s nobler sex. Fi-
delity in his trust, love and loy-
alty to his prince, were not the
least of his virtues, but those
wherein he was not excell’d by
any of his owne or succeeding
times. The large estate he reapt

profitable to many all her life,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806

by his happie industry, he did)
many times over as freely resigne
againe to the king’s service till
he left the greatest part of itt at
his death in the king’s hands. All
his virtues wanted not the crowne
of all vertue, piety and true de-
votion to God. As his life was
a continued exercise of faith and
charity, it concluded with prayers
and blessings, which were the on-
ly consolations his desolate fame-
ly could receive in his death. Ne-
ver did any two better agree in
maguanimity and bounty then he

.and my mother, who seem’d to be

acted by the same soule, so little
did she grutch any of his libe-
rallities to strangers, or he contra-
dict any of her kindnesse to all her
relations ; her house being a com-
mon home to all of them, and a
nursery to their children. He gave
her a noble allowance of 300/. a
yeare for her owne private expeuce,
and had given her all her owne por-
tion to dispose of how’ she pleas’d,
as soone as she was married: which
she suffer’d to encrease in her
friend’s hands ; and what my fa-
ther allow’d her she spent not in
vanities, although she had what was
rich and requisite upon occasions,
but she lay’d most of it out in pious
and charitable uses. Sr. Walter.
Rawleigh and Mr. Ruthin being,
prisoners in the Tower, and addic-
ting themselves to chimistrie, she
suffer’d them to,make their rare ex-
periments at hercost, partly tocom-

fort and divert the poore prisoners,

and partly to gaine the knowledge
of their experiments, and the medi-
cines to helpe such poore people as
were not able to seeke to phisitians.
By these means she acquir’d a greate
deale of skill, .which was very
She
was

/

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS. ~

was not only to these, but to all the
other prisoners that came into the
Tower, as a mother. All the time
she dwelt in the Tower, if any were
sick she made them breths and res-
toratives with her owne hands, vi-
sited and tooke care of them, and
provided them all necessaries; if
any were aflicted she comforted
them, so that they felt not the in-
convenience of a prison who were
in that place. She was not lesse
bountifull to many poore widdowcs
and orphats,whom officers of higher
and lower rank had left behind
them as Objects of charity. Her
owne house was fill’d with distressed
families of her relations, whom she
supplied and maintain’d in a uoble
way. ‘The care of the worship and
service of God, both in her soule
and her house, and the education of
her children, was her principal! care.
She, was a constant frequenter of
weekeday lectures, and a great lo-
ver and encourager of good minis-
ters, and most dilligent in her pri-
vate reading and devotions.

‘© When my father was sick she
was not satisfied with the attendance
of all that were about him, but
made herselfe his nurse, and cooke,
and phisitian, and, through the bles-
sing of God and her indefatigable
labours and watching, — preserv’d
him a greate while longer then the
phisitians thought it possible for
his nature to hold out, At length
when the Lord tooke him to rest
she shew’d as much humility and pa-
tience, under that greate change, as
moderation and bounty in her more
plentifull and prosperous condition,
and died in my house at Owthorpe,
in the county of Nottingham, in the
yeare 1659. The privelledge of be-
ing borne of and educated by such
excellent parents, I have often re-

4

1109

volv’d with greate thankfalnesse
for the mercy, and humilliation that
Ididno more,emproove it. After
my mother had had 3 sons she was
very desireous of a daughter, and
when the weomen at my birth told
her I was one, she receiv’d me with
a greate deale of ioy; and tie
nurse’s fancying, because I had
more complexion and favour then is
usuall in so young children, that L
should not live, my mother becawe
fonder of me, and more endeavour’d.
to nurse me. As soone as I was
wean’d a French woman was taken
to be my die nurse, and I was
taught to speake French and En-
glish together. My mother, while
she was with child of me, dreamt
that she was walking in the garden
with my father, and that a starre
came downe into her hand, with
other circumstances, which, though
I haye often heard, I minded not
enough to remember perfectly ;
only my father told her, her dreame
signified she should have a daughter
of some extraordinary eminency 3;
which thing, like such yain pro-
phecies, wrought as farreasit could
its own accomplishment : for my
father and mother faucying me then
beautifull, and more than ordinari-
ly apprehensive, applied all their
cares, and spar’d no cost to em-
proove me in my education, which
procur’d me the admiration of those
that flatter’d my parents. by that
time I was foure yeares old L read
English perfectly, and having @
greate memory, 1 was carried to
sermons, and while I was. very
young could remember and repeate
them so exactly, and being caress'd,,
the love of praise tickled me, and
made me attend more heedfully,
When'I was about 7 yeares of age,
T remember IL had att oye time 8

4B3 tutors

1110

tutors in severall quallities, lan-
guages, musick, dancing, writing,
and needlework, but my genius was
quite averse from all but my booke,
and that I wasso eager of, that my
mother thinking it preiudie’d my
health, would moderate me in it ;
yet this rather animated me then
kept me back, and every moment I
could steale from my play I would
employ in any booke I could find,
when my own were lockt up from
me. Afterdinner and supper I still
had an hower allow’d me to play,
and then I would steale into some
‘hole or other to read. My father
would have me learne Latine, and
T was so apt that I outstript my
brothers who were at schoole, all-
though my father’s chaplaine that
was my tutor was a pittifull dull
* fellow. My brothers who had a
greate deale of witt, had some emu-
lation at the progresse I made in
my learning, which very well
pleas’d my father, tho’ my mother
would have bene contented, I had
not so wholly addicted myselfe to
that as to neglect my other qual-
lities: as for musick and dancing I
profited yery little in them, and
would never practise my lute or
harpsicords but. when my masters
were with me; and for my needle
Fabsolutely hated it; play among
other children I despis’d, and when
¥ was fore’d to entertaine such as
eame to visitt me, I tir'd them with
more grave instructions then their
mothers, and pluckt all their babies
to pieces, and kept the children in
such awe, that they were glad when
I entertain’d myselfe with elder
eompany ; to whom I was very ac-
ceptable, and living in the house

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

with many persans that had a
greate deale of witt ; and very pros
fitable serious discourses being fre-
quent at my father’s table and in my
mother’s drawing woome, I was very
attentive to all, and gather’d up
things that I weuld utter againe to
greate admiration of many that
tooke my memory and imitation for
witt. It pleas’d God that thro’ the
good instructions of my mother,
and the sermons she carried me to,
I was convine’d that the knowledge
ef God was the most excellent
study, and accordingly applied my-
selfe to it, and to practise as I was
taught: I us’d to exhort my mo-
ther’s maides much, and to’ turne
their idle discourses to good sub-
jects; but I thought, when I had
done this on the Lord’s day, and
every day perform’d my due taskes
of reading and praying, that then I
was free to anie thing that was net
sin, for | was not at that time con-
vine’d of the vanity of conversation
which was not scandalously wicks
ed, I thought it no sin to learne or
heare wittie songs and amorousson-
netts or poems, and twenty things
of that kind, wherein I was so apt
that I became the confident in alk
the loves that were managed among
my mother’s young weomen, and
there was none of them but had
many lovers and some particular
friends belov’d above the rest;
among these I havet * * * ** *#—
Any one mention’d him to me, I told
them | had forgotten those extrava-
gancies of my infancy, and knew
now that he and I were not equall ; -
but I could not for many yeares
heare his name without several in-
ward emotions * * * Five yeares

+ At this place is a great chasm, many leaves being torn out apparently by: the

writer herself.

6 Z
after

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

after me my mother had a daugh-
ter that she nurst at her owne brest,
and wasinfinitely fond of above all
the rest, and I being of too serious
a temper was not so pleasing tomy ¢
KREK KEK

’ (Great care being taken to fol-
low the orthography of the writer,
the reader need be under no appre-
hension as to the correctness of the
print, though he should find the
same word spelt differently ¢ven in
the same line: as unperfect, im-
perfect ; son, sonne, &c. The only
deviation we have made from the
MS. is in putting the U and V in
their proper places; they being
written promiscuously.]

We shall add to this her affec-
tionate and impressive address to
her children, concerning their
- father.

6 Mrs, Hutchinson to her Children,
* Concerning their Father.”

<¢ TO MY CHILDREN.”

«© They who dote on mortal! ex-
eellencies, when by the inevitable
fate of all things fraile, their adored
idolls are taken from them, may
lett loose the winds of passion to
bring in a flood of sorrow; whose
ebbing tides carry away the deare
memory of what they have lost ;
and when comfort is assay’d to such
mourners, commonly all obiects
are remoov’d out of their view,
which may with their remembrance
rénew their griefe; and in time
these remedies succeed, when obli-
vions curtaine is by degrees drawn
over the dead face, and things lesse
lovely are liked, while they are not
view’d together with that which

liti

was most excellent: but I that am
under a command not to gricve att
the common rate of désolate woe.
men, while I am studying which
way to moderate my woe, and if it
were possible to augment my love,
can for the present find ont none
more instto your deare father nor
cousolatory to myselfe then the pre.
servation of his memory, which f
need not guild with such flattring
conimendations as the hired preach-
ers doe equally give to the truly and
titularly honourable ; a naked un-
drest narrative, speaking the simple
truth of him, will deck him with
more substantiall glorie, then all the
panegyricks the best pens could
ever consecrate to the vertues of
the best men.

‘¢ Indeed that resplendant body
of light, which the beginning and
ending of his life made up, to disco-
ver the deformities of this wicked
age, and to instruct the erring chil-
dren of this generation, will through
my apprehension and expression
shine as under a very thick clowd,
which will obscure much of their
lustre ; but there is need of this me-
dium to this world’s weake eies,
which I feare hath but few people
in it so yertuous as can believe,
because they find themselves soshort,
any other could make so large a
progresse in the race of piety, ho-
nor, and vertue: but | am allmost
stopt before I sett forth to trace his
steps ; finding the number of them
by which he still outwent himselfe
more then my unperfect arithmetick.
can count, and the exact figure of
them such as my unskillfull pen can
not describe. [ feare to iniure that
memory which I would honor, and

t' This sentence appears to relate to some amour in which Mrs. H. was disap

pointed,
4

Here the story of herself abruptly ends,

B 4 to

112- ANNUAL REGISTER, 18906.

to disgrace his name with a poore
monument! but when [I have be-
forehand lay’d this necessary cau-
tion, and ingenueusly confess’d that
through my inabillity either to re-
ceive or administer much of that
wealthy stock of his glory that I
was entrusted with for the benefitt

of all, and particularly his owne’

posterity, I must withold a greate
part from them, I hope [I shall be
pardon’d for drawing an. imperfect
image of him, especially when even
the rudest draught that endeavours
to counterfeit him, will have much
delightfull lovelienesse in it.

*¢ Let not excesse of love and de-
light in the streame make us forgett
the fountaine, he and all his excel-
lencies came from God, and flow’d
back He! su owne spring; there
lett us seeke them, thither lett us
hasten after him; there having

* found him, lett us cease to bewaile
among the dead that which is risen,
or rather was immortall ; his soule
converst with God so much when he
was here, thatit reioyces to be now
eternally freed from interruption in
that blessed exercise ; his vertues
were recorded in heaven’s annalls,
and can never perish, by them he
yett teaches us and all those to
whose knowledge they shall arrive :
*tis only his fetters, his sins, his in-
firmities, his diseases, that are dead
never to revive againe, nor. would
wee have them ; they were his ene-
mies and ours ; by faith id’Christ he
vanquisht them : our coniunction,
if wee had any with him, was undis-

soluble, if wee were knitt together
by one spiritt into one body of
Christ, wee are so still, if wee were
mutually united in one love of God,
good men, and goodnesse, wee are
so still ; what is it then we waile in
his remoove ? the distance? faith.
lesse fooles! sorrow only makes
it; let us but ascend to God in
holy ioy for the greate grace given
his poore servant,and he is there with
us. He is only remoov’d from the
mallice of his enemies, for which
wee should not expresse love to him
in being aflicted, wee may mourne
for ourselves that wee come so tar-
dily after him, that wee want his
guide and assistance in our way, and
yet if our teares did not putt out
our eics wee should see him even in
heaven, holding forth his flaming
lamp of vertuous examples and pre-
cepts to light us through the darke
world. Itis time that Llett in to
your knowledge that splendour
which while it cheares and enligh-
tens your heavy senses, let us res
member to give all his and all our
glorie to God alone, who is the
father and fountaine of all light and
excellence, ‘

*¢ Desiring, if my treacherous
memory have not lost the dearest
treasure that ever I committed to its
trust, to relate to you his holy,
vertuous, honorable life, I would
put his picture in the front of his
booke,* but my unskillfull hand will
iniurehim. Yet to such of you as
have not seene him to remember his
person, I leave this—

~

* The editor is happy to have it in his power to do this in a manner that will be
gratifying to the lovers of the arts. ‘he original pictures of Mr. and Mrs,
Hutchinson, with the two children, were found by him in their house at Owthorpe,
and are now deposited, along with the manuscript, at Messrs. Longman’s and

€e

\

( “HIS

he did became

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

HIS DESCRIPTION.

¢¢ He was ofa middle stature, of
aslender and exactly well-propor-
tion’d shape in all parts, his com-
plexion fair, his hayre ofa light
browne, very thicksettin hisyouth,
softer then the finest silke, curling
into loose greate rings att the ends,
his eies ofa lively grey, well-shaped
and full of life and vigour, graced
with many becoming motions, his
visage thinne, his mouth well made,
and his lipps very ruddy and grace-
full, allthough the nether chap shut
over the upper, yett it was in such
a@manneras was not unbecoming,
his teeth-were even and whiteas the
purest ivory, his chin was some-
thing long, and the mold of his face,
his forehead was not very high, his
nose was rays’d and sharpe, but
withall he had a most amiable coun-
tenance, which carried in if some-
thing of magnanimity and maiesty
mixt with sweetenesse, that at the
same time bespoke love and awe in
all that saw him; his skin was
smooth and white, his legs and
feete excellently well made, he
was quick in his pace and turnes,
nimble and active and gra¢efull in
all his motions, he was apt for
any bodily exercise, and any that
him, he could
dance admirably well, but neither
in youth nor riper yeares made
any practise of it, he had_ skill
in fencing such as became a gen-
tleman, he had a greate love to
musick, and often diverted him-
selfe with a violl, on which he
play’d masterly, he had’ an exact

1113

eare and judgement in. other mu-
sick, he shott excellently in bowes
and gunns, and much us’d them
for his exercise, he had greate
judgment in paintings,* graving,
sculpture, and all liberal arts, and
had many curiosities of vallue in all
kinds, he tooke greate delight in
perspective glasses, and for his
other rarities was not so much af-
fected with the antiquity as the
merit of the worke—he tooke
much pleasure in emproovement of
grounds, in planting groves and

walkes, and fruite-trees, in open-

ing springs and making fish-ponds ; ¢

of country recreations, he lowd
none but hawking, and in that was
very eager and nine delighted for
the time he us’d it, but soone left it
of ; he was wonderful neate, clean.
ly and gentile in his habitt, and had
a very good fancy in it, but he left
off very early the wearing of anie-
thing that was costly, yett in his
plainest negligent habitt appear’d
very much a gentleman ; he had
more addresse than force of body,
yet the courage of his soule so sup-
plied his members that he never
wanted strength when he found
occasion to employ it ; his conver-
sation was very pleasant for he was
naturally chearfull, had a ready
witt and apprekension ; he was ea-
ger in every thing he did, earnest in
dispute, but withall very rationall,
so that he was seldome overcome,
every thing that it was necessary for
him to doe he did with delight, free
and unconstrein’d, he hated ceri-
monious complement, but yett had
a naturall civility and complaisance

* There remained some few of these at Owthorpe unspoiled, but many were
spoiled by neglect, at the death of the last possessor,
+ Many traces of his taste, judgment and industry, in each of thes se, were to be

seen at the distance of 140 years,

4

te

1114

to all people, he was of a tender
constitution, but through the vivaci-
ty of his spiritt could undergo Ia-
bours, watchings and iourneyes, as
well as any of stronger composi-
tions ; he was rheumatick, and had
a long sicknesse and distemper oc.
casion’d thereby two or three yeares
after the warre ended, but elce for
the latter halfe of his life was heal-
thy tho’ tender, in his youth, and
ehildhood he was sickly, much
troubled with weaknesse and tooth
akes, but then his spiritts carried
him through them; he was very
patient under sicknesse or payne or
any common accidints, but yet
upon occasions, though never with-
‘out iust ones, he would be very an-
grie, and had even in that sucha
grace as made him to be fear’d, yet
he was never outragious in pas-
sion ; he had a very good facultie
in perswading, and would speake
very well pertinently and effectual.
ly without premeditation upon the
greatest occasions that could be of-
fer’d, for indeed his iudgment was
so nice, that he could never frame
any speech beforehand to please

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1806,

himselfe, but his invention was so
ready and wisedome ‘so habitual! in
all his speeches, that he never had
reason to repent himselfe of speak-
ing at any time without ranking the
words beforehand, he was not talk-
ative yett free of discourse, ofa very
spare diett, notmuchgiven to sleepe,
an early riser when in health, he
never was at any time idle, and hat-
ed to see any one elce soe, in all his
naturall and ordinary inclinations
and eomposure, there was som-
thing extraordinary and tending to
vertue, beyond what I can describe,
or can be gather’d froma bare dead
description ; there was a life of
spiritt and power in him that is not
to be found in any copie drawne
from him : to summe up therefore
all that can be sayd of his outward
frame and disposition wee must truly
conclude, that it was a very hand-
some and well furnisht lodging pre-
par’d for the reception of that
prince, who in the administration
of all excellent vertues reign’d there
awhile, till he was called back to
the pallace of the universall em-
peror.* ;

* Ts not here Plato’s system pourtray’d in language worthy of that sublime and

eloquent philosopher ?

CONTENTS.

j
CONTENTS.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

CHAP. I.

tate of Europe at the Commencement of 1806.—Cunsequence of the Battle
of Trafalgar.— Animosity of Bonaparte against England —Probabitity. of
Invasion.—Effects of the disastrous Coalition of 1805.— Ministry of En-
gland.— Meeting of Parliament.—Speech from the Throne.—Address.—
Amendment read, but not moved.—Last illness and Death of Mr.
Pitt.— Remarks on some Parts of his Character.—Honours rendered
to his Memory. 7 . : . ‘ : : i

CHAP. I. ,

tate of the Ministry on Mr. Pitt’s Death—Lord Hawkesbury refuses to une
dertake the Government, but accepts the Cinque-Ports—Lord Grenville has
- an Audience of his Majesty—Reflections on the result of it.—Component
~ Parts of the New Administration—New Opposition—Old Opposition—
Lord Sidmouth’s Partu--The Catholic Question—Lord Grenville has a
second Audience of his Majesty—Difficully started about the Army—
Third Audience—New Administration finally settled—New Cabinet.-—Mr.
For declines being first Lord of the Treasury—Auditorship of the
‘Exchequer Bill—Debates on the Lord Chief Justice being appointed to a
Seat in the Cabinet—Disposition of the Court and Country towards the
New Ministry—Opposition of the Ex-ministers —Imperfect Union of the
Parties cumposing the New Ministry—RKeflections on the Coalition be»
tween Lord Grenville and Mr. For. - : 5 : 17

_

CHAP. IIL,’

ilitary System—Army of Reserve Bill—Additional Force Bill—Notice of
a Motien for the Repeal of the Additional Furce Bill-— Petitions against it
. —-Conversation

. CONTENTS.
—Conversation in the House of Commons arising out of a Question pu
to Mr. Windham by Mr. Long—Conversation in a Committee of the Hous
on the Army Estimates—Mr. Windham Refuses to fix a Day for bringin
forward his Military Plans—Debate on the Ordnance Estimates—Debat
on the Motion for Leave to bring ina Bill for the Repeal of the Addition
Force Bill—Debate on the Production of Military Opinions on Enlistmen
for a Term of Years—Additional Force Repeal Bill—Debate on the Fir.
Reading—On the Second Reading—On the Motion for going into a Com
mittee—in the Committee on the Third Reading—in the House of Lord.
on the Second Reading—Mutiny-Bill—Debate in the House of Commons}
on the Clause introducing limited Service—On bringing up the Clause—On
Jilling up the Blanks in the Clause—On the Third Reading of the Bill—
Debate in the House of Lords on the Production of Military Opinions—
On the Clause of the Mutiny Bill introducing limited Service—On the Third
Reading of the Mutiny Bill—Debates in the House of Commons on the
Chelsea Hospital Bill—The Training Bill—The Volunteer Officers’ Bill
—ard Militia Officers’ Bill—Increase of Pay to Infantry Officers, and to
Officers and petty Officers of the Navy—Greenwich Hospital Bill—
Foreign Troops Enlistment Bill... w \ptivde tee, 5 ae

-
.

CHAP. IV.

Finance. —Budget.— Loan —War Taxes.—Taves toprovide for the Interestof |
the Loan.—Irregularity of bringing forward the Ways and Means before)
the Army Estimates.—Property Tax.—Exemption of His Majesty’s funded
Property from the Operation of this Tax.—Pig lron Tax.—Private Brews
ery Tax.—Increase of Assessed Taxes.—Assessed Taxes Allowance Bill.—
Trish Budget.—Regulation Bills.—Of the Office of Treasurer of the Ord=)
nance.—Of the Excise. —Customs.—Stamp Office.—Post Office.—Office of |
Surveyor General of Woods and Forests,—Custom- House Officer’s Bill.— |
Inaudited Public Accounts.—West India Accounts Bill.— Auditors of Publis |
Accounts Bill.— Abuses in the Barrack Department.—Grants to the Family |
of Lord Nelson.—To Lord Collingwood.—Sir Richard Strachan, and}
Sir John Duckworth.—Royal Family Annuities Bill—Corn Intercourse |
Bill —American Intercourse Bill—Tortola Free Port Bill—Ilooller|
Manufacture Committee. : . : ‘ «(6G

CHAP. V. | R

Slave Trade.—Sir Arthur Pigott’s Bill.—Bill for preventing the Increase of |
the British Slave Trade.—Resolutions against the Slave Trade in both|
Houses of Parliament.— Act to amend the Laws relating to Bunkrupts.—}|
Insolvent Bill.— Bill to prevent ex parte Publications in Criminal Pro}
ceedings.— Witness Declaratory Bill—Reform of the Court of Session of|
Scotland.—Biil to explain and render more effectual the Treating Act.—

: Stipendiary|

conTatrs.

- Sfipentliary Curate’s Bill.— Motion on Vaccination.—Charges against Eart
St. Vincent —V ote of Thanks to Lari St. Vincent.—Conclusion of the Af-
_ fiir of Judge Fox.—Charges against Marquis Wellesley by Mr. Paull.— °
Motions for Papers.—First Charge against Marquis Wellesley—Second, or
Oude Charge—Supplementary Oude Charge—Furruckabad Charge.—
India Budget, and Debates thereon.—Prorogation of Parliament... 90

CHAP. VI.

Trial of Henry Viscount Melville—Managers ordered to proceed in the Ime
peachment.— Answer of Lord Melville to the Articles of Impeachment.—
Additional Article.—Trotter.—Answer to the Additional Article—Re-
plication of the Commons.—Commons resolve to attend the Trial as a@
Committee of the whole House. —Measures taken by the Lords to prevent
unnecessary Delay in the Trial—Order to prohibit any Publication of the
Proceedings during the pendency of the Trial.—Summary of the Proceed-
tags on the Trial.—Analysis of the Articles of Impeachment.—Charges
reducible in Substance to three.—Analysis of the Evidence on the first,
second, and third.—Legal Defence on the first Charge.—Answer to
it.—Legul Defence on the second Charge.—Answer to it.—Defence on
the third Charge.—Lords adjourn for some Days the Consideras
tion of the Charges.—Vote of Thanks to the Managers by the Com-
mons.— Discussions in the Lords on the Form of Proceeding.—On dividing
the first -Article.—On the first Article.—Questions to the Judges, and
their Answers.— Discussion of the remaining Articles.—Further Question
. tothe Judges, and their Answer.—Proceedings, during the last Day of
the Trial, in Westminster Hall—Viscount Melville declared not guilty
by a Majority of Lords — Numbers for and against him on each Article. 109°

CHAP. VII,

‘ -

Peace of Presburg—Treaty- of Vienna between France and Prussia, and
- Occupation of Hanover by the latter—Affairs of Naples—-Treaty of Por-
tei—Violation of the Neutrality of Naples by the English and Russiaus—
» Acquiescence of the Court of Naples in this Proceeding—Proclamation
of Bonaparte against the Neapolitan Dynasty—Evacuation of Naples by
the Russtans and English—Flight of their Sicilian Majesties to Palermo—
Progress of the French Army under Joseph Bonaparte-—Its Entrance into
Naples—Duke of Calabria retires with a Body of Troops to join General
Damas, in Calabria—Pursued by Regnier—Actions at Lage Negro and
Campo Jeneu, in which the Neapolitans are defeated and their Army dis-

persed—

COMPENTS:

persed—TFoseph Bonaparte declared King of Naples by hit Brother
Efforts’ of the Court of Palermo to excite Disturbances against him=In
Abruzzo—In Calabria—Expedition of Sir Sidney Smith to the Coast of
Naples—Sir Fames Craig succeeded in the Command of the British Army
an Sicily, by Sir John Stuart—Expedition of Sir John Stuart to Cala-
bria—Battle of Maida—Consequences of that Victory—French expelled
Jrom the two Calabrias—Return of the English Army to Sicily—Opera-
tions along the Coast—Surrender of Gaeta—Progress and Cruelties of the
French in Calabria —Account of the Massé, or Calabrian Insurgents and
thear Leaders—Sir John Stuart succeeded in the Command ef the English
Army by General For—Reasons for not acceding to the Wishes of the
Court of Palermo, and making another Expedition to Calabria—State of
Stetly—Occupatior of Cattaro by the Russians—Of Ragusa, by the French
—Siege of Ragusa, by the Russians and Montenegrins—Battie of Castel-
NUOVO. : . . . , . : 130

CHAP. VIII,

The German Empire the natural Barrier of Europe against France.—€onse-
quences of the Elevation of the House uf Brandenburg.—Prussta the na-
tural Ally of France.—Policy pursued by Prussia since the French Revo-
lution. — Consequences of that Policy.—Conduct of her Cabinet in 1805.—
Her Determination to remain neutral in the impending War.—Violation of
Anspach.—Convention of Potzdam.— Marks of the Displeasure of Prussia
at the Conduct of France.— Mission of Haugwitz to the French Head-
Quarters.—Treaty of Vienna between France and Prussia.— Occupation of
Hanover by the Prussiens—France refuses to confirm the Modifications
inserted by Prusstain the Treaty of Vienna.— Mission of Haugwitzto Paris. |}
— Treaty of Paris—Surrender of Anspach, Bayretth, and Cleves.—An-
nexation of Hanover to Prussta.—Exclusion of the English Flag fi'om
Ports of the German Ocean, under the controul of Prussia.—kemon=
strances of the English Ministry:— Embargo on Prussian Véssels,— Block.
ade of the Prussian Ports.—His Majesty’s Message on the War with
Prussea.— Hanoverian Declaration.—Letters of Marque tssued against
Prussian Vessels.—Wear between Prussia and Sweden.—Causes that led to
a Rupture between France and Prussia.—The investiture of Murat inthe |
Duchies of Berg and Cleves.—The Offer to restore Hanover to the King of
England.—The Continuance of the French Army in Germany.—The Indig-
nation universally felt aud expressed at the Conduct of Prussia.—Confede-—
ration of the Rhine.— Dissolution of the German Empire, and Abdication
of the Hmperor~-Resistance of the French to the Formation of a
Confederacy im the North of Germany.—Recall of — Lucchesini,
‘and Misston of Knobelsdorf to Paris.— Prussian Ultimatum.—Delay of
Prussia m announcing to Russia and England her Intention of going to ~-
War with France.—Mission of Lord Morpeth to Prussia.—His Reception
by the Prussian Ministers.—Blockade of the Prussian Ports and Rivers
discontinued, ; . ‘ . 152

‘ CHAP,

CONTENTS.

CHAP. IX.

Negotiations for Pcace between England and France—Circumstances which
led to the first Overture from France—Mr. Fox proposes that Russia
should be a Party to the Negotiation—Objections of M. Talleyrand to the
Intervention of _Russia—Discussions on this Subject, and Failure of the

~ Negotiation—Second Overture from the l'rench Government through Lord
VYarmouth—Favourable Nature of the Terms proposed—Minute of Lord
Yarmouth, containing the Particulars of his Conversation with M. Tal-
leyrand—Return of Lord Yarmouth to Paris—French retract their former
Offers—Impression which their shuffling Conduct makes on the English Mi-

- mistry, and particularly on Mr. Fox—His Unwillingness to give up Sicily—
Ir@tructions to Lord Yarmouth—M. D’Oubril signs a separate Peace for
Russia— Lord Yarmouth produces his full Powers—Resolution to send
Lord Lauderdale to Paris— Joint Representation to the French Negotia-
tors from Lord Lauderdale and Lord Yarmouth—Delays created by the
French Negociators—Emperor of Russia refuses to ratify D'Oubril’s
Treaty—W hereupon the French are ready to give more favourable Terms
to England—But the English Minister refuses to sign any but a provisions
al Treaty without the Concurrence of Russia—Violence and Impatience of
Bonaparte moderated by his Ministers—Final Conference of Lord Lau-
derdale with M.Champagny—Mistake of supposing that the Negotiation
broke off on Account of the Refusal of the French te cede Dalmatia to the
Russians—Review and justification of the Conduct of theEnglish Cabinet
throughout the Negotiation—Reception of the News of the Failure of the
Negotiation in England—Account of D’Oubril’s Treaty—Favourable
Disposition of the new Russian Cabinet towards England. * - 172

CHAP. X.

Unfitness of the Duke of Brunswick to be Generalissimo of the Prussian
| Army—-Position of the Prussians before the Battle of Auerstadt—Of the
French—Defeat of the Prussian Left and Death of Prince Lewis of

~ Prussia—French get Possession of the Prussian Magazines—Battle of
~ Auerstadt—Loss of the Prussians tn that fatal Actton—Errors of their
Generals—Surrender of Erfurt—Defeat of Kalkreuth in attempting to

- retreat over the Hertz Mountains—Defeat of the Prussian Reserve under
Prince Eugene of Wirtemberg—Release of the Saxon Prisoners and

” Armistice between France and Saxrony—King of Prussia escapes across the
Oder—Bonaparte-enters Berlin—His Conduct at Berlin and Potzdam—

. Capture of Prince Hohenlohe’s Armiyj— Retreat of General Blucher to
Lubeck—That City taken by Storm, and the Remains of Blucher’s Army
forced to lay down their Arms—Bad Defence of the Prussian Vortresses—
Surrender of Spandau, Stettin, Custrin, Magdeburg, Hameln, and Nieu-
burg.

CONTENTS. -

Burg—Invasion of Westphalia from Holland—Oceupation of Hesse Cassel
and Expulsion of the Elector—Occupation of Hanover, Brunswick, and
Mecklenburg—Peace between France and Suxony—Title of King conferred
on the Elector of Saxony—The Princes of the House of Saxe admitted into
the Confederation of the Rhine—Occupation of Hamburgh, and Confiscation
of all English Produce and Manufactures found in that City—Berlin |
Decree—Armistice between France and Prussia signed by Lucchesini, but
refused to be ratified by the King of Prussia—French cross the Oder—
Progress of their Arms in Silesia—in Poland—Arrival of the Russians at
Warsaw—Their subsequent Retreat behind the Narew—Military Precau-'
tions of the French—Passage of the French over the ~Narew—Actions on
the Narew and Wkra—Defeat and Retreat of the Russians—Exaggerated
, Accounts of the Sickness prevailing in the French Army. . + 187_

*-

CHAP. XI.

Rupture between Russia and Turkey. —Causes that led to it.—Invasion of |
Moldavia and Wallachia by the Russians.—State of the Turkish Empire. —
Continuance of War between the Russians and Persians.—Intercourse

between L'rance and Persia.—Austria displeased with the Russians for
énvading Turkey.—Internal Affairs of Austria.—Courts of Inquiry.—
Military Reforms.—Conduct of the King of Sweden.— Annexation of |
Holstein to Denmark.— Holland erected into a Kingdom m favour of
Lewis Bonaparte.—Internal Affairs of Holland.—Speech of his Batavian
Majesty at the opening of the Dutch Legislature.—Domestic Affairs of
France.—Strains of Flattery addressed to Bonaparte—at Munich—at
Paris.—Meeting. of the French Legislature.—Opening Speech of the
Emperor.— Report of the State of the Empire by Champagny.—Imperial
Decrees.—Venice. annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.—Naples given to
Joseph Bonaparte.—Berg and Cleves to Murat.—Guastalla to Prince
Borghese—Neufchatel to Berthier.—Revival of Feudal Benefices in Italy.
—Benevento assigned to Talleyrand—#and Ponte Corvo to Bernadotte.— |
Order of the Iron Crown.—Message to the French Senate, communicating |
the Berlin Decree.—Report on the French Finances.—Revival of the
Tax on Salt.—Convocation of the Jewish Sanhedrim at Paris.—Co-esta-
blishment of the Jewish with the Catholic, Lutheran, and reformed Religions.
—Ideas of Religious Toleration entertained in France.—Prohibition of
Commerce ia English Goods throughout Switzerland.— Proclamation of the
Papal Government against harbouring Malcontents in the States of the
Church.—Warlike Preparations in Spain—suddenly Countermanded.—
Danger of Portugal during the Negotiation between France and England.
Threats of invading that Kingdom by the French.—Earl St. Vincent sent
with a Fleet to the Tagus with offers of Assistance to the Portugueze |
- Government.—Army dssembled at Plymouth.—General Simcoe and Earl of
Rosslyn sent to Portugal.—Instructions of the- English Con:missioners.— |
Result of the Expedition equally useful and honourable to sh jee pees
« °

‘
N
q

CONTENTS.
=f CHAP. XII.

Naval Transactions—Vigilance and Activity of the Board®of Admiralty—
Great Number of marauding Squadrons of the Enemy at Sea—Rochefort
Squadron—Brest Squadron—Sir T, Duckworth’s Victory—Fate of the
Squadron under Admiral Villaumez—Capture of Linois by Sir J. B. War-
ven—Cupture of four Frigates by Sir 8. Hood—Summary of the Naval
Successes of the Present Year—Conquest of the Cape of Good Hope by
Sir D, Baird and Sir H. Popham—Unauthorised Expedition of Sir H.
Popham to the Rio Pluta—Capture of Buenos Ayres—Reconquest of

_ that Place and Capture of the English Garrison by the Inhabitants—Re.
flections on the Policy of the English Government in regard to South
America—Delusions of the English People on that Subject— Expedition of
Miranda to the Spanish Main—Revolution in St. Domingo—Conspiracy of
the Negroes in Trinidad—Prosperity of the United States of America
Pacific System of Mr. Jefferson—Differences of the United States with
Spain—with England—Impressing of Seamen—Colonial Trade— Maritime
Jurisdiction— Negotiations on these Points—Treaty of Amity, Commerce,
and Navigation signed by Lord Holland and Lord Auckland on the Part
of Great Britain, and by Mr. Monroe and Mr. Pinckney on the Part of
the United States of America.

CHAP. XIII.

East India Affairs—Death of Marquis Cornwallis sitcceeded by Sir
_G, Barlow —Peace with Scindia and Holkar—Massacre at Veilore—
Honours to the Memory of Marquis Cornwallis—Recal of Sir G. Bar-
low—Appointment of Lord Minto to be his Successor—last Illness and
Death of Mr. Fox—Remarkson some Parts of his Character —Changes
tn the Administration occasioned by his Death— Dissolution of Parlia-
Ment—General Election—Affairs of Ireland.

CHRONICLE, 353—A64

Births in the Year 1806 A ° 46 ‘

Marriages ‘ “ . F . | 473
Promotions . P ° ‘ . 492
Deaths . * s ; . 503
Sheriff's appointed by his Majesty in Council . . 575

Vou, XLYVIII. 4C APPENDIX

CONTENTS.

APPENDIX TO THE CHRONICLE.

Digsnha dated Cape Town, Jan. 12, announcing the Capitulation of the
Town and Garrison 577
Extract of a Dispatch from Sir D. Baird, dated Cape Teun, Jan. 13. 580
A Dispatch received from Major-Gener al Sir D. Baird, at the Cape of Good
Hope, dated Jan. 26. containing the Capitulation of the Sedtlement of the

Cape of Good Hope 582
Letter from Sir J. T. Duckworth; to W. Marsden, ce. dated Superb, Port
Royal, Feb. 16. : 584
Letters from Adam Dacres, Conn onder, in Chief at Jamaica : 2b.
Letter from Lord Cochrane, dated Pallas, off Chasseron, April 8, with an
Account of his hazardous Enterprise in the River Garonne 586

Dispatch from Lord Cochrane, dated Pallas, St. Martin’s Road, Isle Ree,
May 10, giving an Account of his Capture of some Signal Posts on the Coast

of France 587
Letter from Sir Sidne my Shits Hm Pompe, at aucher off Scalia: May 24,
containing an Account of Proceedings in Calabria 588
Dispatch from the Camp on the Plain of Maida, July 6, with the Detail of the
memorable Batile of Maida. 591
Extract of a Dispatch Jrom Sir Juhn Stuart to Hugh Elliot, esq. dated Messi-
na, August 3 595
Dispatches from Major-general Beresford, im South Apert with an Account
of the Capture of Buenos Ayres, dated July 2 596
Extract of a Letter from Major-general Beresford, to Lord Castlereagh, tla-
ted Fort of Buenos Ayres, July 11 600
Extract of a Dispatch from Major-general Beresford to Lord Castlereagh, da-
ted Fort of Buenos Ayres, July 16 601
Dispatch from Commodere Sir Home Popham, off Buenos Ayres, Fuly 6 602
Dispatch from Captain Brisbane, with an Account of the Capture of the Pomona,
and twelve Gun-boats, at the Isle of Cuba 604
Trial of Lord Melville before the high Court of Parliament. 605
A General Bill of Christenings and "Burials, from December 17, 1805, to
December 16, 1306 627
Table of the Prices of the Quar tern cle in ; London, from Dec. 1805 to Nov,
1806, énclusive 628
Table of the Prices of Meat, Sugar, ‘Salt, and Coals, i in London, from Dec.
1805 to Nov. 18006, inclusive : 629
Table of the Number of Bankruptcies in England, from Dec. ‘1805, to Nov.
1806 630
Table of the Prices of the Fr ench 5 per Cent. Consoles, from December,
1805, to November, 1906 t : 631
Prices of Stocks, for the Year 1806 ° 632

Supplies granted by Parliament for the Year 1806. S : 633
A Last of the Public Bilis which recevved the Royal Assent in the Course of the
Ath Session of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, commencing on the 21st Day of January, 1806 641
STATE

CONTENTS.

STATE PAPERS.

His Majesty’s. Speech to both Houses of Parliament, on the Meeting of
the Fourth Session of the Second Parliament of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the Kingdom of Great. Britain
the Twentieth, on the 21st Day of January (47th of the King), 1806

' 654

j : ae
Treaties, &c. presented by His Majesty’s Command to both Houses of Parlia-

ment, Jan, 8, 1806 y ! i 5 P 656
Treaty of Concert between His Majesty and the Emperor of all the Russias,
signed at St. Petersburgh, the 11th of April, 1805 . 656

No. 1. (A)—First Separate Article of the Treaty of Concert between his Ma-

jesty and the Emperor of Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh, 11th Apri—

(30th March,) 1805 . : ‘ 5 ete OSE

No. 1. (B.)—Fourth separate Article of the Treaty of Concert
between his Majesty and the Emperor of Russia, signed at St. Peters-—

burgh, 11th April (30th March,) 1805 : 658

No. 1. (C.)—Fifth separate Article of the Treaty of Concert between

his Majesty and the Emperor of Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh,

11th April (30th of March,) 1805 ; : ab.

No. 1. (D.)—Sivth separate Article of the Treaty of Concert between

his Majesty and the Emperor of Russia, signed at St. Petersburgh,

the 11th April (30th March,) 1805 2 F 659
No. 1. (E.)—Eighth separate Article f “ ib.
No. 1.(F) Eleventh separate Article 5 ‘ 660
No. 1. (G.) Separate and secret Article . ° 1b,
No. 1. (H.)—<Additional Article 4 5 661
No. 1. (1.)—Additional Article of the Treaty of Concert, signed at St.

Petersburgh, the 11th April, 1805 , ibe

No. IL. (A.)—Preliminary Declaration of Count Stadion to Lord .
Granville Leveson Gower, dated at St. Petersburgh, July 28—Aug. ©

9th, 1805 , . 3 662
No. II. (B.) Declaration of Count Stadion to Prince Czartoryski, da-
ted Petersburgh, 28th July—9th August, 1805 é 664

No. IL. (C.)—Copy of the Declaration delivered by Prince Czartoryski
to the Ambassador Count de Stadion, on the 28th of July,—9th of
665

August, 1805 : n F - ;
No. Il. (D.)—Declaration of Prince Czartoryski to Lord G, L. Gower,
dated at St. Petersburgh, 28th July,—(9th August, 1805) 666

No. Il. (E:)—Declaration, signed by his Majesty?s Ambassador at St.
Petersburgh; and delivered to Prince, Czartoryski, and to Count de

‘ Stadion, 9th August, 1805 , : ; ab.
No. I1L.—Preliminary and Secret Convention between his Majosty and
the King of Sweden, signed at Stockholm, 3d of Dec, 1804 668

No. IV.— Convention between his Majesty and the King of Sweden, sign
4 669

) ed at Helsingborg, the 31st of August, 1805
4C2 No.

CONTENTS.

No. IV. (A.)—Aet of Guarantee by the Emperor of Russia, of the Con-
venti m, signed at Helsingborg, on the 3d of Dec. 1805 . 670

No.IV. (B. \—This i is simply the Acceptance by his Majesty of the Rus.
stan Guarantee to the Treaty of Helsingborg, of 31st August, 1805

671
No. IV. (C.)\—First separate Article of the Convention of Helsingborg,
signed 31st of August, 1805 671
No. 1IV4(D. }—Stecond Separate Article of the Convention of Helsing-
borg, signed the 3\st of August, 1805 ° 1b,
No. V.—/ reaty between his Majesty and the King of Sota signed at
Beckascog, 3d Oct. 1805 672
pei esate apers relative to Treaties, &e. Presented by His Majesty’s
ommand to both Houses of Parliament ‘ 673
Extract from a Memoir on the Situation of aie ‘communicated by Count
Starhemberg : 674
Extract from the Answer of the F rench Government to the Declaration of
Austria, dated Paris, Aug. 16,1805 ib.
Address of the City of London to His Majesty, Wednesday Feb. 19, ree
75
Prussian Proclamation for excluding British Trade ora «5.676
Prussian Patent . . a ab.
Order in Council for detaining Prusian Ships A é 677
Proclamation of Francis II. Emperor of Germany 3 : 678
Lhe President’s Message to the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America . 1b.

Message from the President of the United States, ‘pespecting “the Violation of
Neutral Rights ; the Depredations on the Colonial Trade, and Lmpressments

of American Seamen 682
Memorial of Baron Von Hardenberg,M Minister of State to'the King of Prussia,
to Lord Harrowby 6 _ 683
Swedish Declaration ‘ 686

Answer of Baron Hardenberg. to the Note in the Moniteur, of March 21 688
Message from his Majesty to the Parliament, on Hostilities with Prussia 689
Papers relative to Prussia, presented by his Majesty’s Command, to both Houses
of Purliament, April 21, 1806 F 4 690
No. Il. His Prussian Majesty's Proclamation on ‘toling temporary Pos-
session of the Electorate of Hanover, ° 691

No. III. Copy of a Note from Mr. Secretary I ox to Baron ‘Sicobi Kilo

est, dated 17th March, 1806 : = 5 ab.

No. 1V.—Note Verbale ( 692
No. V.— Proclamation of Count Schulenburg, announcing the shutting

of the Ports of the North Sea, against the British Ships and Trade,

dated Hanover, the 28th of Mar ch, 1806 3 e ib-
Declaration against Prussia , ib.
The Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic, to their High Mighti-
NESSES . C ~697
Preclamation of Louis Nopaeer, King of Holland a tA 698

A Proclamatien

CONTENTS. . jeg

A Proclamation by Thomas Jefferson President of the United States of Ame=
rica 3 E ¢ F : se 701
Definitive Treaty of Amity and Alliance between the Honourable the
English East India Company, and the Maharajah Ali Jah Dowlut Row
Scindiah Bahudar, and his Children, Heirs, and Successors ‘ 702
Declaratory Articles annexed to the Treaty concluded between the Right Ho-
nourable Lord Lake onthe Part of the Honourable Company, and Maha-
rajah Dowlut Row Scindiah on the 22d of November, 1805 705
Treaty of Peace and Amity between the British Government and J eswunt Rao
Holkar. . > . ° e 706
Declaratory Articles annexed to the Treaty of Peace and Amity, concluded
between the British Government and Maharajah Jeswunt Rao Holkar,
through the Agency of the Right Hon. Lord Lake, on the 24th December,
1805 : - . : . 708,
Papers relative to the Negotiation with France, presented by His Majesty’s

Command to both Houses of Parliament, 22d. Dec. 1806 Fs ib.
No. I. Letter from Mr. Secretary Fox to M. Talleyrand, dated
Downing: street, 20th Feb. 1806 ° ab.

No. Il. Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris,
Mar. &, 1806—Received Mar. 19 : . - 709
No. MI. Extract froma Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr. Secretary
Fox, dated Paris, March 5, 1806,.—Received Mar,19- _- ib.

No. 1V. Extract froma Speech delivered by the Chief of the French Go-
vernment to the Legislative Body onthe 2d of March, 1806 710

No. V. Letter from Mr. Secretary For to M. Taileyrand, dated
Downing-street, March 26, 1806 r : tb.

No. VI. Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris,
April 1st, 1806—Received April 7 “ 3 711

- No. VIL. Letter from Mr. Secretary Fox to M. Talleyrand, dated
Downing-street, April 8,1806 | é . 713

No. VIII. Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr, Secretary Fox, dated Paris,

April 16, 1806—Recetved April 19 . : 715
No. IX. Letter from Mr. Secretary For to M. Taileyrand, dated
Downing-street, April 20, 1806 R : . 718
No. X. Letter from M. Talleyrand to Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris,
2d June 1806—Received June 4th ‘ 4 719
No. XI. Letter from: Mr. Secretary Fox to M. Talleyrand,dated Downing
street, Junc 14, 1806 Oe : . 721
No. XII. Communication made by the Earl of Yarmouth to Mr. Secretary
Fox, dated June 13, 1806 722

No. XIV. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth, to
Mr, Secretary Fox, dated Paris, June 19, 1806.—KReceived June 21.

723
No. XV. Extract from a Dispatch from Mr. Secretary For to the Earl
of Yarmouth, dated Downing-street, June 26, 1806 : 724

No. XVI. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth ta
Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 1, 1806—Received July 4. .
AUS 0

CONTENTS.

No. XVII. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth,
to Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 1, 1806—Recetved July 4

727
No. XVIII. Extract from a Dispatch from Mr, Secretary Fox to the
Earl of Yarmouth, dated Downing street, July 5, 1806 . 728,

No. XIX. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth, to
Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 9, 1806—Recetved July 12,729
No. XX, Extract froma Dispatch from Mr. Secretary Fox to the Earl
of Yarmouth, dated Downing-street, July 18, 1806 7 ab.
No. XXIi. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth, to
_ Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 19, 1806—Received July 22.

732
No. XXII. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth to Mr. Se-
cretary Fox, dated Paris, July 20, 1806—Received July 24 733

No. XXILI. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth to
Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 21, 18006—Received July 24
2b.

No. XXIV. Full Powers given to the Earl of Yarmouth, which were
communicated toM. Talleyrand on the 2ist of July, 1806, and er-
changed with General Clarke,the French Plenipotentiary ,on the 23d. 734
No. XXV. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth to Mr,
Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 24, 1806— Received July 28. ib.
Extract from a Paper read to General Clarke by theEar! of Yarmouth 736
Copy of an Article proposed by General Clarke to the Earl uf Yarmouth,

for the Maintenance of the Integrity of the Ottoman Empire 2b.
No. XXVI. Extract from a Dispatch from Mr. Secretary Fox to the
Earl of Yarmouth, dated Downing-street, July 26, 1806 737

No. XXVIL. Eatract from a Dispatch from Mr.Secretary Fox, to the
Earl of Yarmouth, dated Downing-street July 28, 1806 Cay fot yee
No. XXVIII. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth to Mr.
Secretary Fox, dated Paris, July 30, 1800—Recerved August 1, 1806"
739

No. XXIX. Copy of a Dispatch from Mr. Seeretary Vox to the Earl
ef Yarmouth, dated Downing-street, August, 2d 1806 742
No. XXX. Copy of a Dispatch from Mr. Secretary For to the Earl of
Yarmouth, dated Downing-street, Aug. 3d, 1806 5 ab.
No. XXXI. Copy of a Dispatzh from the. Earl of Lauderdale to
Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, August 6, 1806—Received August
13 3 : . . 744
No. XXXII. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Yarmouth to Mr,
Secretary Fox, dated aris, August 7, 1806—Received August 13
745

No. XXXIV. Full Powers given to the Earls of Lauderdale and Yar-
mouth, which were communicated to M. Talieyrand on the 6th of Au-
gust, 1806 4 3 ‘s 7 746
No. XXXV.| Copy of a Dispatch from the Earls of Lauderdale and Yar-
mouth, to Mr. Secretary Fux, dated Paris, August 9, 1806—Recei-
ved August 13 wie ’ : 747

Copy

CONTENTS.

Copy of a Note delivered by the Earl of Lauderdale to General Clarke, on

the 7th of August 1806 749
Copy of a Note from General Clarke to the Earls of Lauderdale and Yar-
mouth, dated august, 8, 1806 75l
Copy of a Note from the Earls of Lauderdale and Yar rmouths to General
Clarke, dated August 9, 1806 : 756

No. XXXVL Extract fr om & Dispatch from the Earls of Lauderdale .
Gad Yarmouth to Mr. Secretary en; dated Paris, : ie 11th, 1806
— Received August 13th 757

Copy of a Note from Messrs. Gena and Clarke to ‘the Earls of
Lauderdale and Yarmouth, dated August 11, 1800 : 758

Copy of a Note from the Earls of Lauderdale and Yarmouth to Messrs.
Champagny and Clarke, dated August 11, 1806 759

No. XXXVII. Extract froma Dispatch. ve om Mr. Secretary Fox to the
Earls of Lauderdale and Yarmouth, dated Downing-strect, August 14,
1806 760

No. XXXVIII. Cipy of a Dispateh j from Mr. Secretary Fox, to’ the
Earls of Lauderdale and Yarmouth, dated Downing-street, August
14, i806 761

No. XX XIX. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Livideadate to Mr.
ety Fox, dated Paris, August 16, 1806—Received August

19 ‘ 762

Copy of a Note from the Earls of Lauderdale and Yarmouth to M. Tal-
leyrand, dated August 14, 1806 ib.

No. XL. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Tiusdinlibe to Mr.
Secretary Fox, dated are August 17, 1806— Received August
22 . 763

No. XLI. Extr act from a Dispatch from Mr. "Secretary Fox to the
Earl of Lauderdale, dated Downing-street, August 23,1806 704

No. XLII. Copy of a Dispatch from “Lord Lauderdale to Mr. Secre-
tary Fox, dated Paris, August 25, '806—Received Se ‘ptember 3

ab.

Copy of a Note from the Earl of Lauderdale to M. Talley yr and, dated
August 22, 1806 765

Copy of a Note from the Earl of Lauder dale to. M. Tulle; yr and, daied
August 25,1806 ib.

No. XLII. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Lauderdale to
Mr. Secretary Fox, dated August 29, 1806—Received September 3

707

Copy of a Note from Messrs. Champagny and Clarke to the Earl of
Lauderdale, dated August 25th, 1806 769
Copy of a Note from the Earl of Lauderdale to M. Talle yrand, dated
Paris, 27th August, 1806 ib.
Copy of a Note from the Earl of Lauderdale to Messrs. Champagny
and Clarke, dated August 29,1806 779

No. XLVI. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Lauderdale to
Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, August 30th, 1800—Received
Sept.3 ; ? : : ee i

¢ Ne.

CONTENTS. ,

No. XLV. Hutract from a Dispatch from Earl Spencer to the Earl
of Lauderdale, dated Downing-street, Sept. 4th, 1806 We
No. XLVI. Extract from a Dispatch from the Earl of Lauderdale
to Mr. Secretary Fox, dated Paris, Sept. 4h, 1806—-Received Sept.
7th 104%
Copy of a Note rom Talley -yrand to the Earl of Lauderdale, dated Sept.
4th, 1806 . ib.
Copy of w Note from the Eurl of Lauderdale to M. sae dated
Sept. 4th, 1806 ab.
No. XLVI. Extract from a Dispatch from Mr. Secret lary Windham,
to the Earl of Lauderdale, datcd Downing-street, September 10,
1806 775
No. XLIX. C ony of a Dispatch ‘from the Earl of L auder dale to Earl
Spencer, dated Paris, September 18th, 1806—Received September
22d 776 |
Copy of a Note fi from the Earl of Lauder dale to M. Talleyrand, dated
September 13th, 1806 778
No. L. Cony of @ Dispatch from the Earl of Lauder ‘dale to Fart
Si eneer, dated halaees Se ptember 19, 1806—Received September
22d 779
Copy of a Note itelivred t by M. Talley? and to the Earl of Lauderdale,
dated September 18, 1806 780
Copy of a Note fromthe Earl of Lauderdale to M. Talleyr and, dated
September 19, 1800 782
No. LI. Extract frem @ Dispatch. from “the Earl of Lauderdale to
Eerl Spence dated Paris, Sepiember 26, 1806— Received Sars
98 783
No. LIF. Com, y of a Dispatch from the Eurl of Lauderdale to Earl
Spencer, dated | September 26, 1800—Received September 28 784
No. LUI. #atract froma Dispatch from Viscount Howick to the Earl —
of Laxderdale, dated Downing-street, October, 1806 786
No. LV. Copy of a Dispatch from the Earl of Lnaalerte to Viscount
Howick, ddled Paris, Getober 6th, 1806—Received October 8 — id.
Copy of a Nete from M. Talleyrand to ihe Earl of Lauderdale, dated
'. Mentz, October 1, 1806 ©. 787
Copy of a Nete from the Earl of Lauderdale to M. Tall yrand, dated
October 6, 1806 788
No. LVI. Extract Jrom a ‘Dispatch from Mr. Arbuthnot to Mr. Scere-
tary Fox, dated Buyukdiré, August 25, 1800—Received Septem-
ber 29 90
Extract of a Regulation respecting the Prineipalities of Wallachia and
- Moldavia, dated September 24th, 1802 > F ib.
No. LVIT. Eatract Je om a Dispatch from Mr. Arbuthnot to Mr. Se-
erclary Fox,datcd sieht Sig Ad se 29th, 1806—Received Nov. 8th
79% |
Rote presented by the Pi rench Aimbassador at the Porte, to the Reis eh
fende- - H : ab,
Declaraticn of Br ritannie Moi festy 3 . . é 793

- CONTENTS.

M. D’ Oubrii’s Treaty, signed the 8th (20th) of July, with General Clarke,
appointed Plenipotentiar ‘y for that Purpose by the French Government.

796
Full Powers of M. D’ Oubril : : . . 797
Russian Manifesto ; 5 . i . 798%

- Prussian Manifesto : : 800
Letter from his Majesty the Emperor a and Kine 811
Copy of the Note of M.de Knoblesdorff, to the ‘Minister jor Foreign Affairs,
Sept. 12, 1806 812

Copy of the second Note to 'M. de Knoblesdorff, dated Sept. 13th, 1806 813
- Copy of the third Note addressed by ihe Minister of Foreign Affairs to M.
Knoblesdorff 814
Second Note of M. Knoblesdorff tothe Minister of Foreign Affairs ib.
Second Report addressed to His Majesty the Emperor and King, by the

Minister of Foreign Relations, Oct. 6,1806 - 815
Note ‘of Knoblesdorff to the Minister of Foreign Affairs 4 S16
Act of Confederation of the Rhenish League, ‘done at Paris, July 12, 1806

818

Resignation of the Office of Emper or of Germany, by Francis, Emperor of
eetr ia— Dated at Vienna, August 6, 18057 Son
Address of the Emperor of Austria on resigning the “Office of Emperor’ of

Germany 825
Speech of the Lord Chancellor to both Houses of Par liament, on the Part of

the Commissioners, July 23, 1800 tb.
Speech of the Lord Chancellor delivered, in his Majesty 3 Name, io both

Houses of Parliement, Dec. 19, 1806 . ’ 826

CIJARACTERS.

The «Life and Literari y W orks of Michel Angelo Buonarroti §29
Some Account of the Life and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio.

From his Life by Lor d ’ Holland $42
# Dutch Vendue of Slaves, at Berbische, Se. From Pinan d’s Notes on tie

West Indies 854
On the Island of Madeira. From Barrow’s Voyage to Cochinchina 858
Productions and Exports of Madeira. From the same 860
General Observations onthe Brazils. , From the same : 862
Accoint of a Theatrical Entertainment at Cochinchina. From the same 863
On the Character of the Cochinchinese. From the same at, 8 OBE
On the State of the Arts, 5c. From the same A ¥ 871
Character of the Right Honourable William Pitt . . 873
Memoirs of the Right Honourable Charies James Fox : $57
Parallel between Mr. Pitt and Mr. Fox Y16
Some Account of Lieut. Col, M‘ Leod, of the 78th Re. riment, wie Narrative

of the Battle of Maida 9i8

NATURAL

CONTENTS.

NATURAL HISTORY.

On the Direction of the Radicle and Germen, ain the Vegetation of
Seeds. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. S. In a Letter to the -
Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. : RS. 927

On the inverted Action of the Alburnous Vessels of Trees. By Thos. An-
drew Knight, Esq. F. R. 8S. Ina Letter to the Right Hon, Sir Joseph

Banks, K. B. P. R-S. ; 932
An Account of the Genus Termes. From Shaw's General Zoology. Vol. 6.
937

USEFUL PROJECTS.

List of Patents for Inventions, &c. gr anted in the Year 1806 : 955
Remarks on sundry important Uses of the Potatoe, Abridged from Letters
and Papers of the Bath and West of England Society 962
An Essay on Manures. By Arthur Young, Esq. Abridged from the Bath

Papers, Vol. 10 965
Account of Mr. Curwen’s Method of Feeding Cows, during the Winter Sea-
son, with a View to provide poor Persons ‘and Children with Milk at that
Time, from Transactions of the Society of Arts, &c. Vol. XXIX. 1806
974
Mr. S. Grandi’s Method 3f preparing Pannels for Painters. From
Transactions of the Society of Arts, &¢. A. D. 1806. Vol. XXIV. 978

Method of Purifying Oil for Painting 979

On Means of assisting Persons in Danger of Dr owning. By Mr. #H.

Lawson ° ib.

Easy Method of Purifying Water— Bib. Phys. Econ. . 982
ANTIQUITIES.

An Essay towards an History of Temples and Round Churches, from “ th
Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain,” by John Britton, F. 8. A.
983

Architectural Nomenclature ; 989
Account of the Ruins of Carthage, and of dis in Barbary y, by John
Jackson, Esq. F. A. S.ina Letter to John Wilkinson, M. D. F. R. 8.
and F. A.S. 990
Some Remarks on the Ancient Ceremony y | of the Feast of Fools; and on a
Sculptured Girdle worn at its Celebration. By By: Francis Douce, Esq.
F. AS, . ‘ : . 996

=

MIS.

CONTENTS.

‘MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

State of Education in France. ee Recollections of Paris, in 1802-3-4-

5. By J. Pinkerton. Vol.1 f s 1001
Luxury of Paris. From the Same. Vol. 2 1008
Account of Joanna Southcott, from Letters from En gland, by Don M. A.

Espriella. Translated from the Spanish. Vol. 3 1015
Keswick, and its tase waters WatentelfnaAnernt of Skiddaw. From. the

same, Vol. 2 P F 1026

POETRY.
Ode for the New Year, 1806, by H. J. Pye, Esq. ‘Poct-Laureat 1030
Ode for the King’s Birth- Da, y, by thesame 1032
The Last Mintrel. >from the Lay of the Last Minstrel. By Walter Scott,

Esq. 1033
Melrose Abbey y and the Charm oi the Wizard, Michael Scott. From the

same é ? A 1036
Force of Love. " From the same 1042

The Twa Corbies. From the Minstrelsy. of the Scottish Border. By Wal-
ter Scott

1043

The Douglas Tragedy y From the same ° ; - 1044
Young Benjie. From the same . 1046
Apeloz y for theirregular Drama, by Don. Felix de Vega Carpio, with a
Translation by Henr ‘y-Richard Lord Holland 1049

Extract from the Corona Trajica,a Poem on Mary nein of Scots, with @
Translation. By the same = 1051
Love at first Sight, by the same, Translated by the same 1053

On the Birth Day ‘of a Lady, a) on the 20th of January, By James
Prince Smith

1054

To Fancy, an Ode, by the s same : 1055
Epitaph on Mr. Pitt. By Mr. Cumberland — 1057"
Sonnets dedicated to Liberty. From Wordsworth’s Poens, Vol. 1. On the
Extinction of the Venetian Republic : 1058
The King of Sweden ; ; ; ‘ab.
To Touissaint Louverture = ; 1059
The Affliction of Margar ito f— From the same ; ib.
The Beggars. From the same : 1061

Little Things are best 1062
The Maid with Bosom cold. From English Patice by William Smyth

1063
Elegy I. To Wisdom, from the same c ; . 1064
Elegy Il. To Wisdom, from the same a ° 1067
Folly, from the same 1068

ie ona Domestic Arrangement, , from Travelling Recreations. By
W. Parsons : ‘ ; 1069

Epigram

CONTENTS.

Epigram on a Purse-Proud Insolent Man,who had made a large Fortune in
the East Indies P . . . 1069
On the Origin of Evil ‘ eu ; 1070

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS,

Memoirs of Richard Cumberland written by Himself, containing an Ac-
count of his Life and Writings, interspersed with Anecdotes and Charac-
ters of several of the most distinguished Persons of his Time, with whom he

. had Intercourse and Connexion : . . 1072
Some Account of the Life and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio, by
| Henry Richard Lord Holland ; . . 1091

Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, Governor of Nottingham
Castle and Town, Representative of the County of Nottingham in thelong
Parliament, and of the Town of Nottingham in the first Parliament of
Charles II. dc. with original Anecdotes of many of the most distinguished
of his Contemporaries, and a summary Review of Public Affairs: written
by his Widow Lucy, Daughter of Sir Allen Apsley, Lieutenant of the
Tower, &c. Now first published from the original Manuscript by the Rev.
Julius Hutchinson, 5c. §¢. To which is prefixed the Life of Mrs.
Slutchinson, written by Herself, a Fragment . : 1097

THE END.

SS erp
Harvine and Wricut, Printers,
St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell.

a

4 |
4

en ee