tials nfind stein are . ‘ XX SONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3SI¥WudIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILNLIL z 7) = j 72) = ” Le wo SONIAN INSTITUTION, NOILOLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S31UVYGIT_ LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN pp NONMALIL aes z ee Ky s < = = : =j z = af ff: S 4 2) \ YD : : : a 2 : : SHLIWS Sa1NVUGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31NVYaIT_ = S 4d : c B&Q : : Ns YY a a 2 5 “WY a Ns 5 = Zz za - ai 2 me E © o 3] a i: > > >] a?) a m wn wn INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI = ra Ea 5 ty, = : = o = “iy = \y = 3) = £4y 5 Sq, : : 2 ie — DOA = = ce i SN = ; Fi z a o z SHLINS SSIUVUSIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVUYSIT_LIBRARI NVINOSHLINS S3SIYVYSITLIBRARIES w = z ” z n ; = oo 5 Oy: 2 a. | By 1 aR: : oa Yt, = mes a GO : = : bs we N § NAG hee? z 3 Zz 7) Roy a nae 2 n Zz o fon SONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHIINS, S31NVYGIT_LIBRARIES | INSTITUTION | NOILNLIL = 2 - =a Ly = wW wv ce W am Gin, * = z : “ = Gry, : Des = < = =. a < L per a < fe? S ce S ce 2 a fo Ss ee 5 i aD SS a 5 a = er, 2 = 3 a = zr | SHINS S31NVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI” NVINOSHLINS” S3luvuai7 LIBRAR| ; z oa = cc we tc ee = iz . Ke () = = “wo = ow NE 2 2 SOF = 5 4g a = > NS § a Nt => > ney > = ean . =| > SOE 2 - Gy 2 i: z = 2 YQ 2 = 9 “om 2 rm 2 a Pye w = wo a 2) fee SONIAN INSTITUTION, NOLLMLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS SA1NVY EIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN p NOAL 2 «x. 8g < So ea ae My = < = | ? =4 4 : z ri z= S : Sama | a S % FZ 4g So = yey, 9 NN aS 6 z = S Gy r s Voy 2 \N o 2 & 2% = sp = © ii E 2% Zz ‘ a = a » 2 a se il SHLINS. LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3luvugi7_LIBRAR! R ul 2 ws 2 ta = ne 2 | “2 z = yal fy Ss = g g ~\ < a fi 3 = zi ce 5 Se = 5 WG A to a = Ses ie) =. fe) = io = (e) So as =< ah ‘ = = S SS ey 2 ISONIAN_ INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION y, 7 5 ie: c Sc) gS 3 ey ao = ow ; — wo = Oo = Ly, & 5 rac A 5 a 2 a = ? fi/* =. = > \ ARE > = i> e Kir? 2 WV Z = Z = 5 2 a 2 a 2 SHLINS SAIYVUGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS SA1YVY AIT LIBRAR = fy; : = z rN = wt, = wp : a Wy, 2 z z * = Gy = Yy 5 Yo 5 NWO E 5S NWO: LF: z Ye. fe) | A an e) a MEAN Oo Uf fi o) yf: = i E 2 ie NW oe ZA ViGe = = = = MW 5: =" z 7) Zz oa ens z 2 ISONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN ie i “NVI - z e fee ty, wl a 2 a & ly“ = 4 = = = DP page < 2 NYE 3 3 ao 7 [ees = CAC SO as a a. 5 = = a Zz im =F) = > y — Mabey F \ Seis. |, eX SS — SAY §— Ey — Coby | \i AND yy m Nee 2 Kos 7 TER a ~s @ E z : = PLY 3 e S te 5 te S oe Wiig. c te age 2 3 : 3 a WG 3 2 | my | HLINS (S31NVUAIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI NVINOSHLINS [SA1YVU@IT LIBRARI, fe) = ° = fe) oe: fe) = E 2 = 2a = = Ys = 2 SE e = E = SWE = win = Pi = iF SENN ~ sv 2 m z m Z m SW 2 m — wn == — : _ w ONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSN! NVINOSHLINS S3IUVUYSIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILS rat . ” = no . _ tT “” ie ° io2) SY. = Peep = Wh =< ‘ = < 2% = Ts x thy, =. ~ o— tf, s\n? Yo: > 7a ¥ : 1 & 2 WIdS 3 bi eo 2 2 G tii 2 a g = 8 HG = RNS 2,77" & 2 iis i SS = 2 rs ae all A é = oe ae HLUNS SAlYVYEIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILOILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS, SA1YVYEIT LIBRARII i Ei : a s & zi ina = et = o = X _< = < sas 2 ele Se < = VE S = : = G WHE 5 y 5 3 $ 2 S 2 ws 2 SONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI” NVINOSHLIWS Sa Hee ners SMT SON IAN INSTT TION NOILNLILS im Uns = a, a = g = ox. § a S e wo = Oo a wo = a 5 > NS § 2 5 MB a 5 > = >: . >? > ExZZ > = 50) = 2 . = a — Gee =e) = a 2 2 2 a ita 2 _ wn . ers _ — SHLINS Sa myvyua Wut BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN 5 NOILQIISNIT NVINOSHIINS (Sa 1Yvud ee IBRARI! : = = Xs = 2 = = 50 = < Ke = i WS ray > =A "4 é = « & 24 b \ Ei 2s : z + ut ff | if fp 5 WN ey ZR” & a Lf, a 2 He a RK S) = = = . 3 Wy = 2 “gy = \: 2 Pcie Se = et tee aoe ee . SONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Saluvadi7_tIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILS . a” — on QL x ul n aa OD a” = fgg A 4 QY = = pel Je a ld = a = RAN x = «PY = Z ke (= c NS < eS “Wy ig (5 oe GY = a = SSS oc = 3 “ig sy a fe) = 3 ae S = ro) a Zz —) XN pa) = mel SHLINS SSIMNVYUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN™ NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAIuYvug!1 LIBRARI! SB [= = (rae = free: = fe —_— = ° iY, > = o = @ 5 5 $% > 2 Ye 5 2 WWE > = Ve lf? F Z WN E > \ ae, -. oe PG es Ls — . WO - \S 2 m mus aR a 2 m WS Z a — w = w = at SONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVIROSHUNS WoT NEN data ELE ARES HSM INSONANE INSTITUTION NONI ae 2 w aes 2 ‘s 7 aay = < = ae = Sear” s : 6 \g : & 3 4 3 se \a i DA We o An wn n Q 22) YX 2 WE bE T WON GC ccs fe) = 2 = ACW 9 fed = ENS 2 i= 2 = Z AN ey Ade ane Z = 5 : Secs SHLINS SAIYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION |, —NVINOSHLINS SAldWveal] LIBRARI| w 2 is = Ww a Ls a is = oc it oc = oc zz ee SI x a | ¢ c Lek = SS S oo c cc oH o 4 WS co = mo. ay rea Ss ie = RS = oO = fo) — - 2) LL ait 2 5 = oF 2 a 2 Neate tis acon ate ‘gy THe of i 7 an) | aw ~~ a av ei be Ng SS a, : ne he Se 1a vy, 7 Li ~s 2 — ; = s rt te 7 an ‘ u 7 s ") : aj Uy : ’ ' rd, ’ t } 7 1 % 1 i , - ces , \ a5 os eae 1}! a it ” 1 » \ ' os — " , 7 ’ = \° + ane 1AM H. DALL O/ AIL LIBRARY ISSN 0361-1175 DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT Santa Clara, California June 28—July 1, 1978 Volume 11 mh y eaves hi ' t : . The Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report Volume 11 Santa Clara, California June 28-July 1, 1978 Issued: JAN 9 1979 ISSN 0361-1175 Editorial Board, 1978-1979 Dr. Eugene Coan, Editor Mr. Michael G. Kellogg, Assistant Editor Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund, Treasurer & Assistant Editor Dr. A. Myra Keen, Past President Dr. Peter N. D’Eliscu, Past President Dr. Hans Bertsch The Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacolo- gists is based on its yearly meeting. Distribution of the Annual Report is free to regular and student members who are, at the time of issue, in good standing. Membership dues are $7.50 and $3.00 for students. Others of a regular member’s family may join for an additional $1.00; each family receives only one Annual Report. The Western Society of Malacologists has issued two Occasional Papers — No. 1, * ‘Sea Shells of Tropical West America’: Additions and Corrections to 1975” by Myra Keen & Eugene Coan; and No. 2, “A Catalogue of Collations of Works of Malacological Importance” by George E. Radwin & Eugene Coan. Each was priced at $2.50. The first is now out of print; the second is still available. Correspondence regarding membership and orders for additional or back issues of the Annual Report or the Occasional Papers should be addressed to the current W.S.M. Treasurer, Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund, 3846 E.Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85018. When full-length papers are included in the Annual Report or Occasional Papers they are reviewed by two members of the Editorial Board in addition to the Editor. Typeset by Abracadabra, Palo Alto, California Printed by Lin Litho, San Francisco, California NOTICE OF THE 12th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS The 1979 meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held jointly with the American Malacological Union in Corpus Christi, Texas, August Sth to 11th. Meetings will convene at La Quinta Royale, a new motor inn one block from the shoreline. Field trips, workshops, and symposia on Gulf of Mexico mollusks and life histories of Mollusca are scheduled. A call for contributed papers, on these and any other malacological topics, will be issued early in 1979. Information about the meeting is available from Mr. Barry Roth, W.S.M. President, Department of Geology. California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park. San Francisco, CA 94118. Applications for membership should be sent to: Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund, Treasurer, 3846 E. Highland Ave.. Phoenix, AZ 85018. Dues: regular membership — $7.50: additional family members — $1.00 per person: student membership— $3.00. Regular and student members receive the Annual Report containing the published proceedings of the annual meeting. TABLE OF CONTENTS PTOSTAM ES UMM Ay eget tele clsusia rcs vere eos ses Stee a iotars aye eecl ek aR aE Sieh cssrauereneiateas ois. ths Guatous abe dislgvelare cut ce eowamesdis lal eee, 4 Summary of Minutes, Executive Board and Annual Business Meetings, June 29 & 30,1978 1.0.0... 0... cece eee cece eeee 4 PLEAS Ue TESHINC Olt men rerarsye fey ste pac Sicvelsscre erat wie ceraiass Ince aveld AVS cee Ores Sroiebiendue. AGLaveLeLg datardleleleicio sieiels sit dio e cman Hie Soin wis 5) Georges dwardiRadwini (94 Q=19 7.7)) ver te ce.e aisieys oie are. avers sccle, 01d) elerle(a w/t sstieG-a avacayt aye ayerayare Wis Cuadins ape Seresereaeaaa ed swlecsseale. + 6 Papers presented to the Eleventh Annual Meeting: Titles and Abstracts “Intertidal Marine Mollusca of Southeast Farallon Island, San Francisco County, GalifomiagsDavidiR: Lindberg. James: T. Carlton) 2. caus cee casa cane oe os a eecdsseisiecia dre dei daseie dee eacinecu a. if “Aspects of the ecology and behavior of the owl limpet, Lottia gigantea Sowerby, 1834”, William G. Wright.............. 7 “The association between an endoparasitic rhabdocoel (family Fecampidae) and the nudibranch Acolidiaypaptllosda Bethy Brew Clara Pysirh cashes crete ticsess re rete 2 apes evav= eva aloo er See stare vie 2) sia Sieidniateinasiat nie e.c esis MMS aGHE Sicloees eo 8 “Feeding ecology and life histories of aeolid nudibranchs from Elkhorn Slough, California’, John W. Cooper .............. 8 “A population study of the nudibranch Chromodoris godeffroyana”’, Scott Johnson & Hans Bertsch ....................-- 8 “Marginellidae and other mollusks from Senegal”, Phillip W. Clover ............. ccc cece ccuceeueceuueeuveeeuseeenaes 8 “A revision of the Lamellariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the northeastern Pacific’, David W. Behrens ................. 9 “A review of the west American species of the genus Crassinella”, Eugene Coan ...........00 0.0 c cece cceeeceueeeuuees 9 “Recent work on freshwater bivalves of the genus Mytilopsis in North and Central America’, Dan C. Marelli ............. 9 gi luorescencemmuUossil;molusksia WayUers. | balmett ccs) se arate eicieraacaiarcicie siersleversieisielsiate'scs-ccicra/saracisicioeieesieieueie ete 10 “Some relationships of fossil Gatun gastropods to their recent counterparts through the use of fluorescence”’, William Pitt & Wayne S. Barnett............. 0. ccc cece cece eee eee e eect eennees 10 “Chitons collected by the Ameripagos Expedition to the Galapagos Islands’’, William E. Old, Jr. ..............0.--0000. 10 # Phylogeny: of theipelecypod! family ‘Cardiidae’?, Ay Myra Keen... 250.0.cch viect voce vie seis tacts se ecevceecsetsecese see Wil mi NVivitlidsstrompthesGalapagosiRitte: avidas @alenkKeaeeeiciers) 4 ctep-te esters eusicieisiersisis eielaye sists eucuaielein ious otis oiele wena einen nce 11 Bs Oni@repidularorbiculatayallic) Michael GraKello ge sarasente on1./ieicicr.'sya0a/aa\e\eicre csie/viea'v)ei sissies ea nts ciewstetel ve eieierecioente 11 “Biogeographic patterns of land snails, Pennsylvanian to present’, Alan Solem ................000c0cceeeeeeeeeeueeeee 12 “Comparative microanatomy and function in the spermatheca in selected pulmonate gastropods”, Richards Reeder, Steffen! H:. Rogers; John Gox'& Allan Shannon)... 20. 6s... e0 veces esc vinsowe senna cies scene 12 “A phenetic classification of the land snail family Polygyridae”, William L. Pratt ........... 0.0... cece cece eee eee ee 12 “Thoughts on Monadia and other snails of northern California”, Barry Roth ............ 000 e cece cence een eee ee aeee 13 “Taxonomy and distribution of littoral mollusks of Isla de Gorgona, Colombia”, Jaime R. Cantera K., Rafael Contreras R., Efrain A. Rubio, Fernando Zapata R., Francisco J. Borrero & Elizabeth Buttkus ...... 13 “Comparative morphology of radular teeth in Conus: observations with scanning electron microscope”, MatthewJ.James ...... 13 “The life and times of James Graham Cooper: or, Back and forth in America’, Eugene Coan............000e eee cence ee 14 “On the nature of the food of Diodora aspera (Gastropoda) and its commensal ATCLONOEMVILLaLAMIPOlychacta) ian) ANICe sess UE HOMPSOMM apa cc a-sieicsciciaiele!asiie, ovsle)ele ¢ wae 900 miele slocess/eisiee s cveisisisisis oat: flee cre ete 14 Contributed Papers “A preliminary analysis of the land mollusks of Baja California Sur, Mexico’, Carl C. Christensen ...................-45 15} “A preliminary report on the land snails of the Central Great Basin”, William L. Pratt.......... 0.0.00. c cee cece eee eee 21 “Radular development in the family Caecidae”, Bertram C. Draper ............ 0.0 ccc c cece nce ete e eee ence eteateenens 26 “Observations on the larval development and behavior of Chrysallida cincta Carpenter, 1864 (GastropodasRyramidellidac)e Patrick Tabak ollette ts scccccc ccm: = Sara eie wer crsivnsrevarert sre cietmerevaleyeinte vig sieeieverejersys eis ene 31 Executivesboardyand«CommitteesMemberssnl 9797 Ossetia eter shere = ceryeratel atcle)o tone etote thstakonejeia te eistchele cy etciaiessielste cuahaicraie e)- @.a0e: 35 Groupsbhotopraphigery ere eye te Terai oiads Sra rcvs inlevai ane AMiETE Cale al daree Cais laialact oy aitestond heleumeera diate Mess 36 Ke VAtOMGLOUDBENOLOPTAph weet eee Mere eee Oe cee casayere RG eee eT AML taro Beaton NS SOR Heid oan eten it 37 Weston Sina Ces Sah ep o cig wcrc e erm pa OREO TRO EO Ost COMES oR Ree ts ce rn aU eS 38 Memberships inectonympeme etter rie Severs tapers lace vec. s ete cssseastave aa geoein esky os Aare eR Aveo ead no eS Ren ae 39 PROGRAM SUMMARY Wednesday, 28 June 12:00-—3:00 Registration 3:00-5:00 Session I 6:00-7:30 Dinner 7:30 Slide presentation by Phillip W. Clover Thursday, 29 June 8:00-9:00 Breakfast 9:00—11:30 Session II 12:00-1:00 Lunch 1:00-1:20 Group Photograph 1:20-5:00 Session III 6:00-7:30 Dinner 7:00-9:00 Executive Board Meeting 7:00-—10:00 Auction Friday, 30 June 8:00-9:00 Breakfast 9:00-—11:30 Session IV 12:00—1:00 Lunch 1:00-3:00 Session V — Symposium on the Pulmonata 3:00-4:00 General Business Meeting 4:00-6:00 Reception 7:00-9:00 Banquet — Dr. Eugene Coan, “The Life and Times of James Graham Cooper” Saturday, 1 July 8:00-9:00 Breakfast 9:00-— Checkout and visits to California Academy of Sciences SUMMARY OF MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD AND ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETINGS JUNE 29 & 30, 1978 The meetings were presided over by President Peter N. D’Eliscu. The minutes of last year’s meeting, as contained in the Secretary’s book and summarized in the 1977 Annual Report, were approved. Treasurer Carol Skoglund reported that a total of $1,714.46 was on hand as of June Ist. Dr. Myra Keen read a letter from the Nominating Committee, which was chaired by Mrs. Helen DuShane. The following slate of officers for 1978-79 were approved unanimously: Presidents amaeeson tte wisise screener ecient . Mr. Barry Roth First Vice President rc seria. ce acte se exes Dr. Vida C. Kenk Second Vice President ................. Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund Sectetarvysereeecience se eeeee ceca Mr. William D. Pitt reasurennmerace sone cece eee Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund Members-at-Large..................0.. Mr. Michael G. Kellogg Mr. David R. Lindberg A discussion was held concerning the proposed joint meeting with the American Malacological Union at Corpus Christi, Texas, from August 5 to 11, 1979. President Peter D’Eliscu gave the report of the committee he appointed to review the need for a Committee on Budget or Finance. A motion to accept the committee’s recommendation that a Committee on Budget or Finance nor be created was passed. (The consensus was that the Executive Board should carry out these functions.) President D’Eliscu read a letter from James T. Carlton in which he resigned as chairman of the Student Grants Committee. Dr. Vida C. Kenk was appointed to succeed him. Anew By-Laws article, Article XI, covering publications, as circulated to the membership prior to the meeting and as amended by the Executive Board, was adopted. The editor, Eugene Coan, reported on the costs of the 1977 Annual Report. The production of 350 copies of the 1978 Annual Report was authorized, with the under- standing that this will cost approximately $1,000. The existing exchanges with other organizations for the Annual Report were approved, as were the release of approximately 40 gratis copies. It was decided that 5 complete sets of the Annual Report will also be distributed to selected academic libraries not possessing such sets. The president announced that a list of past presidents has been put in the gavel case to replace the lost metal plate. He also announced that Mrs. Edith M. Abbott has accepted the job of historian for 1978-79. Salle S. Crittenden, Secretary TREASURER’S REPORT July 1, 1977 to July 31, 1978 On hand, July 1, 1977 Dues 1975 1 regular 1976 3 regular 1977 17 members 1978 135 regular 18 family 19 student Publication sales Annual Reports 1 @ $2.50 24 @ $5.00 1 @ $7.50 Occasional Paper #2 21 @ $2.50 Auction Donations Student Grant Unassigned Interest Savings Account Conference net Annual Report Vol. 10, with 10-year Index Typesetting Printing Postage Editor postage, phone Postage, supplies President Secretary Treasurer Historian Auction, 1977 Auction, 1978 Dues AMU 1978 On hand, July 31, 1978 Valley National Bank, Phoenix, Arizona Savings Account #3690-7755 Checking Account #104-7193 Accounts receivable Conference Dues (in part) RECEIPTS $ 5.00 15.00 75.00 1,012.50 18.00 57.00 2.50 120.00 7.50 52.50 10.00 22.15 EXPENSES $ 600.00 779.05 76.00 23.06 28.44 35.20 67.40 42.07 21.15 10.40 $2,119.07 $1182.50 182.50 632.85 32.75 54.54 40.55 $2125.69 $4,244.76 $1,478.11 204.66 10.00 $1,692.77 $2,551.99 $2,342.35 166.59 Carol Skoglund, Treasurer Auditing Committee: 43.05 Forrest L. Poorman ECT, Clifton L. Martin $2,551.99 Sally Bennett GEORGE EDWARD RADWIN (1940-1977) George Radwin was born in Rockaway, New York, and as a child spent much of his time swimming, diving, and collecting the marine life of that area. After he graduated from Brooklyn College, he and his wife, Rhoda, moved to Florida State University, where he completed a masters degree, with a thesis on the muricid gastropods of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. His doctoral work was at George Washington Uni- versity in Washington, D.C., and his dissertation was on the western Atlantic Columbellidae. He, his wife, and their two sons moved to San Diego, California, when he became Curator of Marine Invertebrates at the San Diego Natural History Museum, and he remained there until his sudden and unexpected death at the age of 37 in 1977. He will be remembered for his many published works on the Columbellidae and the Muricidae. He served as an officer of the San Diego Shell Club, and he was President of the Western Society of Malacologists during the important first joint meeting of the W.S.M. with the American Malacological Union at San Diego in 1975. He also taught courses in marine biology on both the university level and in an adult education program. His hobbies included collecting cacti and making pottery. His presence will be missed at the annual meetings of the Western Society of Malacologists. [Adapted from a biography prepared by Anthony D’Attilio and published by the San Diego Shell Club in The Festivus 10 (2): 11-24, Feb. 1978. A bibliography of his work on mollusks is included therein. Photograph by Robert Robertson.] PAPERS PRESENTED TO THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING: TITLES AND ABSTRACTS INTERTIDAL MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHEAST FARALLON ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA David R. Lindberg Center for Coastal Marine Studies University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064 James T. Carlton Department of Geology University of California Davis, California 95616 Three distinct island groups near the edge of the con- tinental shelf and lying roughly parallel to the mainland coast of central California make up the Farallon Islands — North, Middle, and Southeast. Southeast Farallon Island (34°41'57'N, 123°00'02’’W) is situated approximately 50 km offshore and is the largest island, approximately 26 hectares in area. It is the only inhabitable island of the group. The earliest records of marine mollusks from Southeast Farallon Island are those of P. P. Carpenter, who examined a small collection of shells received in England about 1858. Other early workers, including W. M. Gabb, J. G. Cooper, Rev. J. E. Rowell, C. H. Townsend, J. S. Arnheim, J. W. Blankinship, and C. A. Keeler, all either collected there or studied collections made by others. Carpenter received shells from both Cooper and Rowell and reported many new records from the island in his 1864 report on western North American mollusks. William H. Dall received Farallon shells from the early photographer C. E. Watkins, who collected a large suite of shells while on the island in the 1880’s. The most extensive collections of marine mollusks from Southeast Farallon were made by G D. Hanna and A. G. Smith in 1949 and by the Farallon Research Group from 1973 to the present. Over 120 species of intertidal marine mollusks occur on the island. Although some workers have characterized the island’s marine fauna as being predominated by cold, northern elements, our study has revealed instead numerous warm- water, southern species. Interesting aspects of the molluscan fauna include the apparently continuous presence, since 1864, of Conus californicus Reeve, 1844, far north of its typically reported northern distribution limit of Monterey Bay, California; the apparent absence of two specialized algae-dwelling acmaeid limits, Notoacmea insessa (Hinds, 1842) and Collisella instabilis (Gould, 1846), in spite of the presence of the necessary laminarian algae; the absence of certain gastropods commonly associated with the surfgrass Phyllospadix, particularly Notoacmea paleacea (Gould, 1853), Alia carinata (Hinds, 1844), and Lacuna marmorata Dall, 1919; and the habit of another limpet, Co/lisella scabra (Gould, 1846), of eroding deep, complex home scars in the bivalve Mytilus californianus Conrad, 1837. Also unusual is the role of sea birds in the accumulation of marine mollusks on Southeast Farallon Island. Macrarene farallonensis (Smith, 1952) was originally collected from sea bird guano. Other species, including Megasurcula carpen- teriana (Gabb, 1865), Antiplanes catalinae (Raymond, 1904), Cancellaria cooperi (Gabb, 1865), and a species of Nucula, collected on the surface of the island are all thought to have been brought there by diving birds. Shore birds, including the black oystercatcher and turnstones, feed on intertidal mollusks, which we have collected from their nests or pellets. : [This work was conducted under the auspices of the Farallon Research Group, Oceanic Society, Fort Mason, San Francisco, California 94123.] Be ee ee ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF THE OWL LIMPET, Lottia gigantea Sowerby, 1834 William G. Wright Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, CA 95039 Natural movements and behavior of 15 owl limpets, Lottia gigantea Sowerby, 1834, located on an intertidal cliff in west Santa Cruz on Monterey Bay, California, were observed from a bosun’s chair lowered by block and tackle from a wooden frame to a position 3 to 5 m above the limpets. Further observations were obtained by direct manipulations of moving limpets. Movement occurs only when the substrate is wet, mainly during high tides. The percentage of such a period during which an individual limpet actually moves varies from 0% to 70%. Movement during these times is difficult to predict, but there is a clear tendency for smaller limpets to move at low tides, especially at night when the substrate stays wet longer. All limpets show a marked tendency to cease movement during periods of high wave shock. This is previously unreported, and suggests that extreme wave shock may have a strong effect on L. gigantea’s ecology. Previously reported territorial behavior is confirmed. Although rarely occurring in nature, encounters between equal-sized limpets may last for as long as 18 hours. In addition to the territorial response, small L. gigantea also perform a distinct escape response. Among these small Lottia, the “fight or flee’’ decision is apparently mediated not by the size or species of limpet eliciting the response, but by the location of the small Loftia in respect to its own home scar and the territories of other L. gigantea. A small L. gigantea that is grazing far from its home scar on the territory of another L. gigantea will rapidly escape from any limpet with which it is placed in contact. When the same limpet is near its home scar, however, it reacts to the same stimulus with an aggressive territorial response. A more precise definition of the criteria for these behaviors (“‘near,”’ ‘‘far,’’ ‘“small,”’ etc.) is presently under investigation. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN ENDOPARASITIC RHABDOCOEL (FAMILY FECAMPIDAE) AND THE NUDIBRANCH Aeolidia papillosa Beth Brewer Department of Biological Sciences San Jose State University San Jose, California 95192 Members of the population of Aeolidia papillosa (Linné, 1761) collected under Pier II of Monterey Municipal Wharf contain an endoparasitic rhabdocoel. Comparisons of the life cycle and anatomy of this rhabdocoel with those already described indicate that it is a new genus as well as species in the family Fecampidae. No infection occurs in nudibranchs within 3 m of the surface. Infection increases with depth. Some samples of larger, deeper dwelling nudibranchs exhibit approximately a 50% infection rate. Frequency of infection increases with increasing size of the nudibranch; infection rarely occurs in nudibranchs of 5 mm or less. The rhabdocoel may be located anywhere in the host’s haemocoel. Penetration of the individual host tissue is negligible. Loss of or reduction in size of gonads rarely occurs. Although the host dies on emergence of the parasite in the laboratory, such deaths are probably uncommon in the field. Damage to the population by the parasite thus appears to be negligible. The nudibranch has a semi-annual life cycle. Other populations of this species have annual life cycles. This may be a response of the nudibranch to limit the effect of a biotic factor, such as a predator or the rhabdocoel parasite. FEEDING ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORIES OF AEOLID NUDIBRANCHS FROM ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA John W. Cooper Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, California 95039 The influence of predatory nudibranchs upon the hydroid Tubularia crocea (Agassiz, 1862) was investigated for one year in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California. Fourteen species of nudibranchs were collected with Tubularia on subtidal fouling panels. Cumanotus beaumonti (Eliot, 1906); Coryphella cooperi (Cockerell, 1901); Coryphella trilineata O'Donoghue, 1921; a possibly un- described species of Coryphella; and Hermissenda crassi- cornis (Eschscholtz, 1831) feed upon Tubularia polyps and gonophores. Catriona alpha (Baba & Hamatani, 1963), Tenellia adspersa (Nordmann, 1845), and Trinchesia albocrusta (MacFarland, 1966) feed upon Tubularia stolons amidst the basal tangle of stems. Polyp autotomy in Tubularia crocea was observed in October 1977. No epidemic polyp shedding by colonies was apparent in response to nudibranch or artifically conducted predation. Tubularia polyp removal experiments and field observations revealed that colonies possess regenerative ability throughout the year. Clipped colonies were able to regenerate polyps in 18 days at 17—18°C. This suggests that nudibranch predation alone is not responsible for the destruc- tion and subsequent disappearance of Tubularia crocea colonies in Elkhorn Slough. In 36 hour feeding rate experiments, adult Coryphella trilineata consumed 13 polyps per predator in low predator density replicates. In high predator density replicates, C. trilineata consumed about 5 polyps per predator. Tenellia adspersa was succesfully reared through its life cycle in the lab. Hatching occurred after 4—5 days at 15°C. Juveniles reached maturity in about 31 days when reared upon Bougainvillia glorieta Torrey, 1904. Thus, the life cycle was completed in 35-36 days. In order to forward our knowledge of life histories of these mollusks, research should be conducted to elucidate the reproductive strategies of aeolids and their response to fluctuations in food supply, rather than concentrating upon embryological data. i) Ekels A POPULATION STUDY OF THE NUDIBRANCH Chromodoris godeffroyana Scott Johnson Department of Zoology University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Hans Bertsch Curator, Marine Invertebrates San Diego Natural History Museum Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, California 92112 Chromodoris godeffroyana (Garrett, 1877), a nudibranch species never before reported from Hawaii, occurs at Magic Island, Oahu, in numbers sufficient to do long-term population studies. Each animal’s color pattern is unique and allows for repeated individual recognition; there is no need to use artificial dyes, notches, or other devices that would disturb or damage the animal or change its appearance. Preliminary data indicate that the animals are almost always found in pairs, change partners frequently, and move in random patterns over relatively short distances. The study is being continued to examine further elements of the abundance, “‘promiscuity,” and movement patterns in this Chromodoris godeffroyana population. MARGINELLIDAE AND OTHER MOLLUSKS FROM SENEGAL Phillip W. Clover P.O. Box 83 Glen Ellen, California 95442 [A slide show; no abstract submitted] A REVISION OF THE LAMELLARIIDAE (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) OF THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC David W. Behrens Pacific Gas & Electric Company 77 Beale San Francisco, California 94105 Eastern Pacific members of the Lamellariidae, a group of tunicate grazing gastropods, have not received recent attention in molluscan literature. This is due to their cryptic nature and existing nomenclatural confusion. A review of this group has revealed that some diagnostic features are more useful and reliable than others. Specimens of all known northeastern Pacific species were examined, and field observations have supplemented examination of museum material. New diag- nostic criteria will be proposed in a more formal treatment of the group. Some species are being allocated to genera other than Lamellaria, and several taxa are considered to be nomina dubia. Descriptions and diagnoses, where required, will be given for the following species: Lamellaria Montagu, 1815 L. perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758) L. inflata (C. B. Adams, 1852) L. diegoensis Dall, 1885 Marsenia Gray, 1850 M. stearnsii (Dall, 1871) M. rhombica (Dall, 1871) Marseniopsis Bergh, 1886 M. sharonae (Willett, 1939) Distribution, zoogeography, and ecology, including food, and habitat preference, have been studied. A REVIEW OF THE WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS Crassinella Eugene Coan Research Associate Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 The bivalve genus Crassinella contains a number of fossil and Recent American species in both the Caribbean and Panamic faunal areas. Barry Roth and I have just completed a review of the Recent eastern Pacific species. The genus is a member of the Crassatellidae, differing from Eucrassatella partly on the basis of its relatively small size. They are also unique and rather peculiar in morphology, for not only are the most common species opisthogyrate (with posteriorly pointed beaks), but other shell features also make their anterior end appear to be the posterior and their left valve appear to be their right. (A number of workers have described new species with front and back and right and left reversed from the way it ought to be.) Our conclusions with regard to the West American species are as follows: The most common and wide-spread species is Crassinella pacifica (C. B. Adams, 1852), which is a close relative of the Caribbean C. /unulata (Conrad, 1834). It occurs from Orange County, California to Peru. Crassinella branneri Arnold, 1903; C. mexicana Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932; and C. quintinensis Manger, 1934, are synonyms. The unique Crassinella oregonensis Keen, 1938, described from a single specimen from Coos Bay, Oregon, appears to be based on a valve of the Atlantic C. /unulata, which was probably brought with oysters from the Atlantic coast. Crassinella ecuadoriana Olsson, 1961, is a valid species, occurring from La Paz and Mazatlan to Ecuador. We are recognizing from the Recent fauna for the first time Crassinella nuculiformis Berry, 1940. It occurs from Isla Cedros and throughout the Gulf of California to Ecuador. A synonym is C. clementia Pilsbry & Olssen, 1941. Crassinella adamsi Olsson, 1961, is a valid species and lives from Mazatlan to Ecuador. We have a new species from the coast of central Mexico. It occurs from Bahia Banderas to Acapulco. Crassinella varians (Carpenter, 1857) is a small but common species occurring from Bahia San Juanico on the outer coast of Baja California, throughout the Gulf of California, and south to Ecuador. Crassinella goldbaumi Jordan, 1936, and C. haylocki Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941, are synonyms. Finally, we are recognizing in the Recent fauna Crassinella coxa Olsson, 1964, proposed for material from the Pleistocene of Ecuador. It is very close to C. varians but is separable ona number of points. It occurs from Punta Rompiente on the outer coast of Baja California and Isla Coronados in the Gulf of California to Colombia. All of these species occur in fairly shallow water, the mean depths for the seven Recent species being 24.5, 13, 20, 20, 31, 28, and 76.5 meters. Most species appear to prefer mud or sand substrates, whereas others are more characteristic of gravel or rocky bottoms. Bie viel (a RECENT WORK ON FRESHWATER BIVALVES OF THE GENUS Myztilopsis IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Dan C. Marelli Department of Biological Sciences San Francisco State University San Francisco, California 94132 Since the original systematic work on the American members of the bivalve family Dreissenidae, little work has been done on the group. The family is represented in the New World by one genus, Mytilopsis, with seven species. All occur in fresh to brackish subtropical to tropical waters. Myrtilopsis is of particular importance in light of its potential as a fouling organism, and I am working on a taxonomic revision of the species in this genus. Recently, interest in Mytilopsis has increased, and work is being conducted on several species. Some data on Mytilopsis populations in the Hudson River estuary is available, but the distribution of most species and their natural histories is largely unknown. FLUORESCENCE IN FOSSIL MOLLUSKS Wayne S. Barnett Depatment of Geology University of California Davis, California 95616 Fossil fluorescence has been recorded for the past 50 years, but application of the technique has been limited to a very few cases. Fluorescent specimens have been found world wide from Cretaceous to the present. Causes of fluorescence in mollusks is unknown, although recent theory suggests organic compounds and inorganic elements. All theories are complicated by lack of detailed analysis of shells, poor preservation, and lack of uniformity of fluorescence. Best data at present indicate fluorescence is biologically controlled. Fossil specimens recently collected commonly fluoresce on the exposed side and not on the buried side. Reasons for this phenomenon could be exposure to ultra- violet radiation, heat, and/or natural bleaching. Recording fluorescence by photography is easy once standards are obtained. True color patterns can be obtained by printing from positive internegatives, and special tech- niques can be used to enhance the photographic appearance. a ff a & SOME RELATIONSHIPS OF FOSSIL GATUN GASTROPODS TO THEIR RECENT COUNTERPARTS THROUGH THE USE OF FLUORESCENCE William Pitt Field Associate Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 Wayne S. Barnett Department of Geology University of California Davis, California 95616 The purpose of this paper is to show relationships between some Miocene species from the Gatun Formation of Panama and their modern counterparts through the use of ultraviolet light. This process was initially developed by the late Dr. Axel Olsson. Specimens are soaked from one to three days in sodium hypochlorite. The original color pattern can then be viewed under long-wave ultraviolet light. Photographs show much more detail than is shown by viewing the specimens directly. For photographs we use Kodak Plus-X film (A.S.A. 125) at 11, with an exposure time of about two minutes. We use a yellow filter to remove reflected light. One must also make an internegative, as the color pattern is reversed under ultraviolet light. (All fossils from a given locality do not necessarily have the same response to ultraviolet light.) We think that the color patterns revealed can help in understanding relationships, but the process should be used 10 with care. The following are some of the highlights of our work: Turritella abrupta Spieker, 1922, has no close living relative, but appears related to T. ocoyana Conrad, 1855, from the Miocene of California. Turritella altilira altilira Conrad, 1857, has close allies in both the Caribbean and Panamic provinces — the Caribbean in T. exoleta (Linné, 1758) and the Panamic area in T. mariana Dall, 1908. Natica guppiana Toula, 1909, appears to be similar to N. broderipiana Récluz, 1844, from the Panamic Province. Cypraea henekeni Sowerby, 1850, is considered to be a forerunner of C. mus Linné, 1758, from the Caribbean, and the color pattern is very similar. The Atlantic Phos candei candei (d’Orbigny, 1847) and the Pacific Phos veraguensis Hinds, 1843, appear to be living relatives of P. candei gatunensis Toula, 1911. Oliva gatunensis Toula, 1909, is considered a possible forerunner of the Atlantic O. reticularis Lamarck, 1810. Considering the variability of spire shape and color patterns in this genus, it is difficult to be sure. Cancellaria codazzi Anderson, 1929, has been con- sidered to be closest to C. balboae Pilsbry, 1931, by Woodring; however, one spinose specimen shows color patterns similar to those of C. cassidiformis Sowerby, 1832, from the Panamic Province. In particular, a central band is present. Conus consobrinus consobrinus Sowerby, 1850, has no modern relative and shows a distinctive color pattern. Conus molis Brown & Pilsbry, 1911, is considered by most workers to be a forerunner of the Panamic C. fergusoni Sowerby, 1873, and the color pattern appears to bear this out. Terebra cucurrupiensis Oinomikado, 1939, bears some resemblance to the modern Panamic T. robusta Hinds, 1844. Pleuroliria tenagos Gardner, 1938, is considered closest to P. picta (Reeve, 1843) of the Panamic Province. Both the color pattern and shell morpholgy seem to bear this out. CHITONS COLLECTED BY THE AMERIPAGOS EXPEDITION TO THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS William E. Old, Jr. Department of Living & Fossil Invertebrates The American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, New York 10024 Twelve species of chitons are known to occur in the Galapagos Islands. Of these, examples of nine were collected by the Ameripagos Expedition in 1971. All except one species, which is also reported from the Hawaiian Islands, are restricted in distribution to eastern Pacific waters and are largely confined to the Panamic faunal province. Fifty per cent of the species are apparently endemic to the Galapagos. PHYLOGENY OF THE PELECYPOD FAMILY CARDIIDAE A. Myra Keen Department of Geology Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 The family Cardiidae is considered to comprise not less than five subfamilies. Three of these branched off in the Tertiary from two main stocks: Trachycardiinae and Fraginae from Cardiinae, and Laevicardiinae from Protocardiinae. If, as seems plausible, the genus Septocardia, long assigned to Carditacea, now is accepted as cardiid, it would fall in Cardiinae, which thus would occur as far back in time as the Noric Stage of the Upper Triassic. First records of the Protocardiinae were in the Upper Triassic also but slightly later, in the Rhaetic Stage. Generic taxa of that subfamily have been present in every geologic period since. Two are especially noteworthy: Nemocardium and Pratulum. They first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous and have survived to the present, an exceptionally long span for any heterodont group. The geologic record of Cardiinae is not so unbroken, and none of its taxa crossed the critical time boundary at the end of the Cretaceous. The two cardiid stocks that were present in the Upper Triassic, Septocardia and Protocardia, though having a family resemblance, are not very similar to each other. Therefore, the roots of the family probably must be looked for among the Lower Mesozoic or perhaps even the Paleozoic Carditacea. Looked at on a map, the fossil occurrences of the Cardiinae and Protocardiinae seem anomalous. However, modern geologic theories postulate in the Triassic a single continent, Pangaea, surrounded by a warm sea, the Tethys. What are now widely separated localities — Alaska, Nevada, Peru, Europe, and Burma — were then on the shoreline of this old continent. The shallow margins of this sea furnished just the conditions needed by the cardiids, and they thrived. Ay 2s ie MYTILIDS FROM THE GALAPAGOS RIFT Vida C. Kenk Department of Biological Sciences San Jose State University San Jose, California 95192 In the spring of 1977 the Knorr-Lulu-Alvin geological expedition to the sea floor hot springs of the Galapagos Rift discovered dense concentrations of animals living within the hydrothermal vent areas at a depth of 2450 m. The animals collected include large white clams (Vesicomyidae), large and small mussels (Mytilidae), unusual “‘limpets,’’ and giant Pogonophora. These specimens were distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to various scientists for identification. Other animals were photographed, several of which currently are unidentified as to phylum. Each of the four vent areas had a different community structure. The base of the food web for these organisms appears to be the abundant chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Examination of the shell morphology and anatomy of the 11 large and the small mussels indicates that they are conspecific. Based on comparison with museum specimens and a search of the literature, these mussels appear to be an undescribed genus and species. A biological expedition to this area is planned in 1979. ON Crepidula orbiculata Dall Michael G. Kellogg Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, California 95039 Crepidula orbiculata Dall, 1919, an offshore west American species, is variable in form and sculpture. Typical C. orbiculata have a smooth, orbicular shell. A flat, coarsely ribbed form of it, described as a Pleistocene fossil, was given the name Verticumbo charybdis Berry, 1940; Berry found considerable variation in his new species, including large, smooth specimens. Shortly after its description, V. charybdis was reported from the Recent fauna, and several workers alluded to, but never fully realized the relationship between the two taxa. In a recent review of the genus Crepidula, Hoagland (1977) included both C. orbiculata and C. lingulata Gould, 1846, in the synonymy of C. dorsata (Broderip, 1834). While the synonomy of either with the poorly known C. dorsata is very much open to question, C. orbiculata is quite distinct from C. lingulata. Crepidula orbiculata has a thin, orbicular to flat shell, with a white to yellowish-green exterior and a white interior. The apex is tightly coiled, appressed to the shell, and never rostrate. The surface varies from smooth to coarsely ribbed. The septum is concave and partially detached along the left side by a shallow, relatively wide sulcus, joining the margin of the aperture with a gentle sinuation. The species appears to be restricted to moderately deep water, having been dredged from 91 to 402 m off California. It has been reported as occurring on shells of Neptunea and on rocks. The shell of Crepidula lingulata has an apex which may be slightly twisted, but never tightly coiled, and the apex may be slightly rostrate. The shell usually has internal coloration, and when it shows external sculpture, it is different than that of C. orbiculata. The septum is detached along the left side by a deep, relatively narrow sulcus. Controversy exists over the correct generic assignment of these species. Three names have been used — Crepidula Lamarck, 1799; Crepipatella Lesson, 1830; and Verticumbo Berry, 1940. The latter has been applied only to its type species, V. charvbdis. and I believe it to be a synonym or subgenus of one of the other two. Crepipatella has long been used as a subgenus of Crepidula. and has often been given full generic status. The difference between the two taxa lies in their septa, which are concave and detached along the left side in Crepipatella. Hoagland (1977) considered the use of Crepipatella unwarranted without additional. anatomical evidence. I have not yet formed an opinion on this question and have provisionally followed Hoagland in synonymizing the two generic units. BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF LAND SNAILS, PENNSYLVANIAN TO PRESENT Alan Solem Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt Road & Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 The earliest known land snails are from the Pennsylvanian to Permian of eastern North America and western Europe and can be assigned to extant families. Three of the six land snail orders and five families are represented. An analysis of these fossils by Solem and Yochelson is in press. Of the approximately 72 families of extant land snails, 37 appear in the fossil record during the Eocene or earlier; 27 have only a Pleistocene or Recent record; and only 8 show a post-Eocene Tertiary appearance. An analysis of the bio- geographic stability of those taxa with an Eocene or earlier initial appearance in the fossil record was undertaken. The initial question asked was: Does the Recent distribution (other than dissemination by man) (a) include the geographic point of first appearance; (b) has it shifted a few hundred miles from the point of first appearance; or, (c) has it moved several thousand miles from the point of appearance? Despite their minimum 40 to 350 million year age, nearly all these families have only a one or two continent distribution. Of the 37 families, 26 (70.3%) have ‘“‘sat tight,’ 4 (10.8%) have “shifted,” and only 7 (18.9%) have ‘‘moved,”’ exhibiting an extraordinary degree of stability through time. COMPARATIVE MICROANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE SPERMATHECA IN SELECTED PULMONATE GASTROPODS Richard L. Reeder, Steffen H. Rogers, John Cox Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104 Allan Shannon Veterans Administration Hospital 4500 S. Lancaster Road Dallas, Texas 75216 Functional studies of the spermatheca in four species of Sonorella (S. santaritana Pilsbry & Ferris, 1915; S. odorata Pilsbry & Ferris, 1919; S. sabinoensis Pilsbry & Ferris, 1919; and S. huachucana Pilsbry, 1905) have substantiated a digestive role for this organ. Extracellular deoxyribo- nuclease and protease activity have been demonstrated in the spermathecal lumen, and ribonuclease activity has been shown to occur, for the most part, intracellularly in the columnar epithelial cells bordering the lumen. This latter enzyme, considered in the light of the intense acid phosphatase activity also shown by these cells, is strong evidence for intracellular digestion. Two types of epithelial cells have been found with 12 conventional histological studies. Ultrastructural investi- gations have shown one of these cell types to possess microvilli and considerable endocytotic activity, further supporting the case for intracellular digestive action. Com- parisons of the spermathecae of Sonorella with three species of Ashmunella and one of Mesodon have shown that this organ possesses a far greater number of the “adventitial” storage cells in Sonorella with correspondingly less connective tissue. Thus far, two cell types have not been demonstrated in Ashmunella or Mesodon, although ultra- structural studies are still pending. A PHENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE LAND SNAIL FAMILY POLYGYRIDAE William L. Pratt Museum of Natural History University of Nevada, Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 A phenetic classification was constructed using an unweighted pair-group cluster analysis of a resemblance matrix based upon average taxonomic distance calculated for 23 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) based on 35 char- acters. The results are presented as a first approximation toa natural classification. Division into the subfamilies Poly- gyrinae and Triodopsinae is supported, with the addition of an isolated subfamily Ashmunellinae containing only Ash- munella Pilsbry & Cockerell. Trilobopsis Pilsbry is transfered to the Triodopsinae, near Allogona Pilsbry. Within the Triodospinae, Cryptomastix Pilsbry is raised to generic status and placed near Vespericola Pilsbry. Triodopsis (s. lat.) is partitioned into two genera, Xolotrema (containing the subgenera Xolotrema Rafinesque, Neohelix Ihering, and Wilcoxorbis Webb), and Triodopsis (containing Triodopsis Rafinesque and Haraldorbis Webb). In the Polygyrinae Euchemotrema Archer and Stenotrema Rafinesque form an isolated group clustering somewhere near the generic level and provisionally retained as subgenera in Stenotrema. The subgenera Polygyra Say, Daedalochila Beck, and Erymodon Pilsbry cluster tightly into a genus Polygyra, to which the relict Caribbean genus Giffordius Pilsbry is related. The subgenera of Mesodon (Mesodon Rafinesque, Ragsdaleorbis Webb, Patera Albers, Inflectarius Pilsbry, and Appalalachina Pilsbry) cluster into a loosely defined genus. Lobosculum Pilsbry is removed from Polygyra and clusters with Prati- colella Martens at a level perhaps best expressed by recog- nition of separate genera. The subfamilial classification here proposed substantiates that established by Pilsbry in 1940; although he did not formally separate Ashmunella, he considered it to be isolated within the family, an opinion confirmed by the present study. The generic and subgeneric arrangement largely confirms the more recent results of G. R. Webb. The greatly increased set of characters provided in Webb’s publications suggests the possibility of establishing an improved classification based on the phenetic assignment of ranks to taxa defined by cladistic analysis at the species level. THOUGHTS ON Monadenia AND OTHER SNAILS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Barry Roth Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 The snail genus Monadenia Pilsbry, 1895, appears to be in the early stages of an adaptive radiation. Modern ground- and rockslide-dwelling species are variable, and from a similar source the exposed-crawling, partly diurnal, and semi-arboreal Monadenia fidelis (Gray, 1834) may have evolved. Once emancipated from life in holes in the ground, the fidelis group achieved large size, relatively high spire, and an extensive range which now reaches farther north than any other American helicacean. Color and banding polymorphism in M. fidelis is most strongly developed in the southern part of its range — northern California and southern Oregon — particularly in coastal populations living on a mixed background of low vegetation. The greatest interpopulational variation occurs between isolated enclaves in the major river valleys of northern California. In the Trinity River watershed, a riparian assemblage consisting of Monadenia setosa Talmadge, 1952, and other snails with affinities westward, interdigitates with an assem- blage of inland forms that occurs on rocky hillsides and talus slopes. Monadenia troglodytes Hanna & Smith, 1933, has a moderately large range in the region of Shasta Lake, with most collections being made on limestone terrane. Its repro- ductive anatomy resembles that of M. churchi Hanna & Smith, 1933; and the ranges of the two species overlap. The shell of M. troglodytes is shiny, light colored, and frequently opaque: characters correlated, in other snail groups, with exposed habitats and strong insolation. TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LITTORAL MOLLUSKS OF ISLA DE GORGONA, COLOMBIA Jaime R. Cantera K., Rafael Contreras R., Efrain A. Rubio, Fernando Zapata R., Francisco J. Borrero, & Elizabeth Buttkus Departamento de Biologia Universidad del Valle A.A. 2188 Cali, Colombia Isla de Gorgona, in southwestern Colombia (3°00'N, 78°11'W), and Isla Malpelo are the only coraline islands on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Gorgona is approximately 55 km’ and is connected to a small islet, Gorgonilla, by a 400 m channel. We have been studying the taxonomy and distribution of the littoral mollusks of Isla de Gorgona. We have found 110 species — 81 gastropods and 29 pelecypods. Eleven of these species had not been previously reported on the Pacific coast 13 of Colombia — Tegula cooksoni (E.A. Smith, 1877); T. picta McLean, 1970; Astraea babelis (Fischer, 1874); Vermicularia pellucida eburnea (Reeve, 1842); Modulus cerodes (A. Adams, 1851); M. disculus (Philippi, 1846); Cymatium pileare (Linnaeus, 1758); Quoyula monodonta (Blainville, 1832); Oliva spendidula Sowerby, 1825; Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835; and Atrina tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1823). The most abundant species in the intertidal area were Planaxis planicostatus Sowerby, 1825; Engina pulchra (Reeve, 1846); Cantharus ringens (Reeve, 1846); Tegula panamensis (Philippi, 1849); Columbella strombi- formis Lamarck, 1822; Columbella major Sowerby, 1832; and Nerita scabricosta Lamarck, 1822. The most abundant species in the infralittoral zone were Muricanthus princeps (Broderip, 1833) and Megapitaria aurantiaca (Sowerby, 1831). The most abundant species in the supralittoral zone were Littorina modesta Philippi, 1846, and Melampus sp. Similarity, diversity, and dominance indices helped to demonstrate the differences between different study sites and tidal levels. The differences observed can be explained by environmental and biological factors. COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF RADULAR TEETH IN Conus: OBSERVATIONS WITH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROPSCOPY Matthew J. James Biology Program and Department of General Science University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Present address: Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, California 95039 Radular teeth of 22 Indo-Pacific species of Conus (Neogastropoda: Toxoglossa) were compared using scanning electron microscopy. The radular teeth of Conus are used to convey a potent venom and firmly hold a prey organism during feeding. All teeth observed can be placed in one of three known feeding modes based on morphological features: Piscivorous (fish eating), vermivorous (worm eating), and molluscivorous (mollusk eating). The radular teeth of piscivores are of two general types. In the first, two barbs and a posteriorly directed process with a recurved tip are found at the anterior end. In the second, two barbs are located at the anterior end, and the shaft is serrated for most of its length. An enlarged posterior region (terminal knob) is present in the first and absent in the second. Molluscivores possess radular teeth with two anterior barbs and in some species a serrated shaft or terminal knob. The radular teeth of vermivores are characterized by one or two anterior barbs and in most species a serrated region near the apex. A forward-projecting cone (basal spur) is usually located on the terminal knob. Piscivores and molluscivores lack such basal spurs. Previously undescribed features have been noted on the teeth of C. obscurus Sowerby, 1833, and C. lividus Hwass, in Bruguieére, 1792. This work was supported by NSF Grants OCE 72-02748 and GD-34270 and by funds from the Biology Program, University of Hawaii. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JAMES GRAHAM COOPER; OR, BACK AND FORTH IN AMERICA Eugene Coan Research Associate Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 West American malacologists owe a considerable debt to James Graham Cooper. Cooper was one of the first west American malacologists, the first to make extensive col- lections on the northwest American coast. He became the first resident professional malacologist and published on a wide variety of molluscan subjects. He also made contri- butions to the fields of botany, ornithology, paleontology, mammalology, and meteorology. He is responsible for new species of fish and reptiles. Much of his activity was conducted in his spare time while engaged in the practice of medicine. He was born in 1830 in New York. After graduating from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, he participated in the railroad surveys, exploring southern and eastern Washington. He remained in Washington beyond the end of the survey, then returned to the east coast to study the material he had collected and to prepare articles and reports on it. In 1857 he participated in one of the Wagon Road 14 Expeditions. In 1858 he visited the White Mountains of New England, and in 1859 eastern Florida. Cooper accompanied a detachment of soldiers to the west coast in 1860. There he became associated with the California Geological Survey as its zoologist and made extensive explorations in the Mojave Desert, coastal southern California, the Channel Islands, the San Francisco Bay Area and the northern Sierra Nevada. Cooper occupies a unique position in American natural history. He explored the country from the everglades to Puget Sound, from the mountains of New England to the Mojave Desert. He was perhaps the first scientist to have a continent- wide experience, and his contributions to zoology, botany, and geology have significance to us today. os ee) ON THE NATURE OF THE FOOD OF Diodora aspera (GASTROPODA) AND ITS COMMENSAL Arctonoe vittata (POLYCHAETA) Janice E. Thompson Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 [No abstract submitted] CONTRIBUTED PAPERS A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Carl C. Christensen Department of General Biology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 Present Address: 1612 Kamole Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96821 INTRODUCTION The Mexican state of Baja California Sur occupies the southern half of Baja California peninsula and includes within its boundaries certain nearby islands. The state extends through more than 5 degrees of latitude, from its common border with the state of Baja California (sometimes called Baja California Norte to distinguish this political unit from the peninsula itself) at Latitude 28°N to its southernmost point at Cabo San Lucas, south of Latitude 23°N and within the tropic zone. Baja California Sur consists of two topographic regions of unequal size that are separated by a low isthmus southwest of the city of La Paz. North of this ismthus, in the region here called the Central Peninsula, a series of mountain ranges forms the backbone of the peninsula. The highest of these attains nearly 2000 m; the most extensive of them is the Sierra de la Giganta. these ranges drop steeply on the east to the Gulf of California but are bordered in the west by an extensive coastal plain. A number of islands lie along the Gulf coast of this part of the peninsula, and several others are situated along its Pacific coast. The La Paz isthmus isolates the southern Cape Region from the remainder of the peninsula; the Cape Region contains the highest peaks in the state, some of which exceed 2100 m, and includes the southernmost Gulf islands. Baja California Sur is an arid region, and the availability of moisture is an important limiting factor in the ecology of the state’s terrestrial mollusks. Rainfall occurs principally in the summer and fall months and is most abundant in the south, particularly in the high mountains of the Cape Region and, toa lesser extent, in the Sierra de la Giganta (Hastings & Turner, 1965). The vegetation of this portion of the peninsula is mostly tropical thorn scrub, some oak woodland being present at high elevations in the Cape Region. Elsewhere in the state, especially in low-lying regions of the Central Peninsula, little precipitation occurs at any season, and the vegetation is that characteristic of the Sonoran Desert (Wiggins, 1960; Shreve & Wiggins, 1964). Along the Pacific coast of the peninsula from Bahia Magdalena northwards fog provides a significant 15 amount of moisture that supplements the meager rainfall (Aschmann, 1959; Bostic, 1971). Baja California is separated from the mainland of Mexico by the Gulf of California, a narrow arm of the Pacific Ocean. The Gulf acts as a barrier to the movement of terrestrial animals, and dispersal to the peninsula by the mainland organisms of low vagility has been restricted since the time of its formation. The plate tectonic theory of continental drift provides the currently accepted explanation of the origin of the Gulf of California (review in Gastil et a/., 1975); itis thought that Baja California was once contiguous with the mainland but that northwestward movement of the Pacific crustal plate (including Baja California and that part of California west of the San Andreas fault) relative to the North American plate has resulted in displacement of Baja California from the mainland. The Gulf of California occupies the gap created by this displacement. Magnetic anomalies in the seafloor at the mouth of the Gulf indicates that separation of the Cape Region from the mainland took place at least 4 million years ago (Larson et al., 1968), and paleonto- logical evidence shows the northern Gulf to be of at least Miocene age (Gastil et al., 1975). The exact age of the Gulf and the details of its formation are not yet known, but it is evident that the fauna of Baja California has developed in some degree of isolation for at least 4 million years and possibly for a considerably greater period. FAUNAL REVIEW The terrestrial mollusk fauna of Baja California Sur consists of more than 60 species, representing 13 families and approximately 20 genera (Table 1). The following discussion of this fauna is based principally upon information gathered by the late A. G. Smith and upon the results of extensive field work conducted from 1970 to 1975 by W. B. Miller and myself. Extra- limitial distribution data are from Pilsbry (1939-1948) and Bequaert & Miller (1973) unless otherwise noted. The Pacific coastline of the peninsula and the near- shore islands from San Quintin, Baja California Norte, to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, are inhabited by species of Xerarionta, a strongly differentiated subgenus of Micrarionta; the range of the subgenus also includes the Palos Verdes Peninsula and southern Channel Islands of southern California (Fig. 1). These snails seal themselves to vegetation or to stones beneath low-lying shrubs, usually close to the shoreline. The present range of Xerarionta coincides closely with the occurrence of fog from the Pacific Ocean; condensation from fog provides sufficient moisture to permit activity by these snails even in the absence of rainfall and may be necessary to their survival (Miller, 1972). Fossil or subfossil specimens of Xerarionta have been collected on two Gulf of California islands and on the Gulf coast of the peninsula near La Paz, localities at which snails of this subgenus are probably now extinct. Other subgenera of Micrarionta inhabit Isla Guadalupe and the southern Channel Islands (Micrarionta, s. s.) and coastal southern California and Baja California Norte (Plesarionta). Minute snails of the genus Sterkia are also inhabit- ants of the moist Pacific coastal region of the peninsula. The single record of the occurrence of Sterkia in Baja California Sur at Punta Abreojos marks the southern limit of the range of the genus in western North America; species of Sterkia occur along the coast, on offshore islands, and occasionally in inland locations from San Luis Obispo County, Californa, to Punta Abreojos. The genus has a disjunct distribution, and additional species are present in the Caribbean region. In western North America these snails live in debris under vegetation or among rocks (Roth, 1973; Christensen, unpublished observations). Two genera of Helminthoglyptidae inhabit inland sites in the Central Peninsula region of Baja California Sur. The range of Sonorelix barely enters Baja Cali- fornia Sur, where a species of the subgenus Herpeteros has been collected near San Ignacio. Snails of this subgenus are widely distributed in Baja California Norte, and an additional species occurs in southern California. The nominate subgenus of Sonorelix is restricted to the desert mountains of southeastern California. The closely related genus Greggelix is more characteristic of the fauna of Baja California Sur and replaces Sonorelix practically throughout the Central Peninsula region of the state; the two genera occur in close proximity to each other near San Ignacio and at Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California Norte (Fig. 1). In Baja California both Sonorelix and Greggelix are usually found in talus accumulations, often in extremely arid locations. Two species of Radiocentrum inhabit Baja Cali- fornia Sur. One of these is restricted to the Cape Region, and the other has been collected at two widely separated locations, one in the Central Peninsula near San Javier, the other in the Cape Region. These snails 16 live among rocks, either in deep talus accumulations or in shallow rockpiles in sheltered locations, where they may be found sealed to stones or to loose debris in soil. Radiocentrum has an unusual pattern of distribution; widely separated species occur in Baja California, on Catalina Island in the Channel Islands of southern California, and on the North American mainland in southern Arizona and New Mexico and in Chihuahua, Mexico (Fig. 1). Almost everywhere in Baja California Sur members of the family Bulimulidae are the dominant large land snails, and more than half of all species of terrestrial mollusks known to inhabit the state are members of this group. Three genera of Bulimulidae, two of them precinctive, are present. The range of Rabdotus includes much of mainland Mexico and of the southern and southwestern United States, but the genus attains its greatest diversity in Baja California Sur, where about three-quarters of its species occur. Species of Rabdotus occur in suitable habitats nearly throughout the state, and the genus has undergone a significant adaptive radiation in the Cape Region, an area inhabited by few other large snails. Cape Region Rabdotus exhibit a remarkable variety of shell forms, from the globose R. pilula to the cylindrical and many-whorled R. ramentosus. There is also considerable diversity of habitat and estivation site preference; most species are rock-dwellers and seal to stones during periods of estivation, but some species inhabit the coastal lowlands where they estivate free-sealed in soil beneath vegetation or sealed to the trunks of trees in sites exposed to the sun (Christensen, 1978). Other genera of Bulimulidae, Berendtia and Spartocentrum, are restricted to the Central Peninsula region of Baja California Sur. The range of Spartocentrum includes certain of the Gulf islands as well as the highlands of the peninsula, but Berendtia has been collected only on the peninsula itself (Fig. 2). These snails, like the Rabdotus of this part of the peninsula, are rock-dwellers and are often found in the massive accumulations of basalt talus that are a characteristic feature of the Central Peninsula. During estivation Berendtia seals to stones, but Spartocentrum is usually free in the soil filling the interstices of the talus. These genera are derivatives of the more widely ranging Rabdotus (Christensen & Miller, 1975). With the exception of Sterkia and representatives of the family Succineidae (unidentified members of which have been collected in scattered locations throughout Baja California), each of the genera of smaller terrestrial mollusks native to Baja California Sur exhibits one of two distinct patterns of distribution. Gastrocopta, Pupoides, Thysanophora, Hawaiia, and Glyphyalinia are widely distributed in the state. Some species of Gastrocopta and Pupoides are restricted to Baja California Sur, but all of these genera and most of their Baja California species are also characteristic members of the fauna of the arid regions of the California 2 @ z = 4 r) ° (Xerarionta) subfossil (Herpeteros) reqgelix Radiocentrum Fig. 1. Distribution of Helminthoglyptidae and Oreohelicidae in Baja California Sur, Mexico, and adjacent regions. 17 Sonora —--— Rabdotus — —— Berendtia Spartocentrum Fig. 2. Distribution of Bulimulidae in Baja California Sur, Mexico and adjacent regions. 18 southwestern United States and the northwestern Mexican mainland. Although a few of the species are known to occur in isolated locations in extreme southern or southeastern California, none is widely distributed in that state. The almost total absence of records of any of these genera in Baja California Norte, however, probably reflects the inadequate state of our knowledge of the minute land mollusks of that area. In Baja California Sur species of Gastrocopta, Pupoides, and Thysanophora are highly tolerant of arid conditions; these snails seal to stones or inhabit litter in talus and beneath vegetation, often in exposed locations at low elevations. Hawaiia and Glyphyalinia occur with these in protected sites but are absent in arid, low elevation localities. Species of Strobilops, Pseudosubulina, Deroceras, and Vertigo are apparently less tolerant of xeric conditions than are those of more widely distributed genera of small to minute mollusks, and in Baja California Sur are restricted to the Cape Region where they inhabit relatively moist locations, usually at moderate or high elevations. Endemic species of Strobilops and Pseudosubulina occur here; related forms inhabit mainland Mexico, but are restricted to the tropical thorn scrub region and do not live in the arid Sonoran Desert of northwestern Mexico and south- western United States. The slug Deroceras is more widely distributed in western North America (but restricted in arid regions to higher elevations) than are such genera as Gastrocopta and Pupoides. The presence of Vertigo ovata in the Cape Region is unexpected, as the nearest reported occurrences of this species are in central California, southern Arizona, and extreme northern Sonora; perhaps the species will be found to occur more generally in mainland Mexico when the minute snails of that region are more thoroughly studied. The only non-native land mollusks known to inhabit Baja California Sur are unidentified species of Lamellaxis or Opeas that have been collected at several locations in the Cape Region. A number of species of these closely related genera have spread throughout the tropics due to the influence of commerce; they are probably of tropical American origin. ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Almost all of the native terrestrial mollusks of Baja California Sur can be identified as having affinities either with the fauna of the Californian region to the north or with that of mainland Mexico, eastward across the Gulf of California. A few widely distributed taxa and a small number of relict forms are also present. It should be noted that the Central Peninsula and Cape Region of the peninsula are distinct faunal areas. Greggelix, Berendtia, and Spartocentrum occur only in the former, whereas Rabdotus is most diverse in the Cape Region; only 2 species of large snails (1 of Rabdotus, 1 of Radioentrum) occur in both areas. Characteristic inhabitants of the moist Pacific coastal region of the state are species of Micrarionta (Xerarionta) and Sterkia, taxa of northern affinities. These are part of the distinctive assemblage of possibly fog-dependent land mollusks that occur principally in coastal locations and on offshore islands from southern California to Bahia Magdalena. Taxa restricted to this region but not extending into Baja California Sur include two additional subgenera of Micrarionta, the arionid semi-slug Binneya, and Pupilla (Striopupilla). Sonorelix and Greggelix, helminthoglyptid snails of arid inland habitats in Baja California Sur, are also northern elements in the fauna but have affinities with groups inhabiting the desert mountains of southern California and Baja California Norte. The numerous bulimulid snails of Baja California Sur are related to taxa inhabiting the mainland of Mexico, although only one of the three genera and none of the species present in Baja California also occur on the mainland. The highly endemic nature of the Bulimulidae of the peninsula is indicative of their lengthy residence there; their ancestors were probably present in Baja California prior to its separation from the mainland and have evolved in isolation since that time. Radiocentrum is the only genus of large snails with a distribution that includes Baja California Sur, the Californian region, mainland Mexico, and the adjacent southwestern United States. This pattern, in which a few localized species are scattered over a large geo- graphical area, is indicative of a relict group. The affinities of most of the small land mollusks of Baja California Sur are with the fauna of mainland Mexico, and a majority of the peninsular species occur on both sides of the Gulf of California. This is unlike the situation with the larger mollusks, no species of which is present both in Baja California and on the mainland. In the smaller forms the resemblance of the peninsular and mainland faunas may be due less to the former contiguity of these areas than to their ecological similarity and to trans-Gulf dispersal. The Gulf of California is probably a much less effective barrier to the dispersal of minute snails than to larger species. The presence on the Islas de Revillagigedo, an oceanic group of volcanic origin located 400 km southwest of Cabo San Lucas, of such minute snails as Gastrocopta, Strobilops, Hawaiia, Pseudosubulina, and Thysanophora provides an indication of their vagility. Conversely, no representa- tives of the large Helminthoglyptidae, Oreohelicidae, or Bulimulidae occur in these islands (Dall, 1926; A. G. Smith, unpublished observations). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to the late Allyn G. Smith for making available to me his unpublished data regarding the distribution of Baja California land mollusks. I thank Walter B. Miller for allowing me to study material in his personal collection and for critically reading this manuscript. Barry Roth also permitted me to examine specimens under his care. Judith Christensen assisted in the preparation of the maps which accompany this report. LITERATURE CITED Aschmann, Homer. 1959. The Central Desert of Baja California: demography and ecology. Ibero-Americana 42: x + 315 pp. Bequaert, Joseph C., & Walter B. Miller. 1973. The mollusks of the arid Southwest. Univ. Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. xvi + 271 pp. Bostic, Dennis L. 1971. Herpetofauna of the Pacific coast of north central Baja California, Mexico, with a description of a new subspecies of Phyllodactylus xanti. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Trans. 16 (10): 237-264. Christensen, Carl C. 1978. A revision of the genus Rabdotus (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) in Baja California, Mexico. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Christensen, Carl C., & Walter B. Miller. 1975. Genital anatomy and phylogeny of the snails, Berendtia Crosse and Fischer and Sparto- centrum Dall (Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae). Nautilus 89 (2): 43-46. Dall, William Healey. 1926. Expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, in 1925: land shells of the Revillagigedo and Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Calif. Acad. Sci., proc. (4th ser.) 15 (15): 467-491; pits. 35-36. Gastil, R. Gordon, Richard P. Phillips, & Edwin C. Allison. 1975. Reconnaissance geology of the state of Baja California. Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 140: 170 pp, 6 pits. Hastings, James R., & Raymond M. Turner 1965. Seasonal precipitation regimes in Baja California, Mexico. Geografiska Annaler 47A (4): 204-223. Larson, Roger L., H. W. Menard, & S. M. Smith. 1968. Gulf of California: a result of ocean-floor spreading and transform faulting. Science 161 (3843): 781-784. Miller, Walter B. 1972. Ecology and distribution of Helminthoglyptidae (Pulmonata) in Baja California. Western Soc. Malac., Echo 5: 37. [Abst.] Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939-1948. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Vol. 1, pts. I and I, Vol. 2, pts. I and II. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3. Roth, Barry. 1973. Sterkia hemphilli (Sterki) in central California. Veliger 16 (1): 117. Shreve, Forrest, & Ira L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert. Vol. I. Stanford Univ., Stanford, California. x + 840 pp. Wiggins, Ira L.1960. The origin and relationships of the land flora. Syst. Zool. 9 (3-4): 148-165. 20 Table 1. Summary of the terrestrial mollusks of Baja California Sur. Total Species Precinctive Other Native Species Species Vertiginidae Sterkia Vertigo Chondrinidae Gastrocopta Pupillidae Pupoides Strobilopsidae Strobilops Succineidae (unidentified taxa) Limacidae Deroceras Zonitidae Glyphyalinia Hawaiia Subulinidae Lamellaxis or Opeas (introduced) Spiraxidae Pseudosubulina Bulimulidae Berendtia Rabdotus Spartocentrum Thysanophoridae Thysanophora Oreohelicidae Radiocentrum Helminthoglyptidae Greggelix Micrarionta (Xerarionta) Sonorelix (Herpeteros ) cawldice ca. 48+ ca. 64 *Includes one species the range of which extends a short distance into Baja California Norte A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE LAND SNAILS OF THE CENTRAL GREAT BASIN William L. Pratt Museum of Natural History University of Nevada, Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas, Nevada 89154 INTRODUCTION The Central Great Basin (Hunt, 1967) is char- acterized by a series of high northeast-trending faultblock ranges separated by elevated valleys, the latter generally above 1500 m. To the east the region is bounded by the formidable and long-standing biogeographic barrier of the Bonneville Basin. To the west and south the Lahontan Basin and the low, desert ranges of the Tonopah section (Cronquist, et al., 1972) and of the Mohave Desert form similar barriers. To the southeast the Pine Valley and Bull Valley Mountains of Wash- ington County, Utah, offer a potential biogeographic connection with the southern Utah Plateaus (Cronquist, et al., 1972). Indeed, McMillan (1948) considered the floristic relationships of the Deep Creek Range, on the northeastern edge of the Central Great Basin, to be with the southern Utah Plateaus through the ranges of eastern Nevada and southwestern Utah. To the north the basalt flows of the Snake River Plains and Owyhee Desert (Cronquist, et al., 1972) have presented a barrier to dispersal of plant and animal life since the Tertiary Period. The ranges along the northern edge of the Bonneville Basin offer a possible corridor to the Wasatch Ranges of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho. The intermontane valleys are primarily vegetated by sagebrush communities, Artemesia tridentata being the usual dominant. Some of the lower valleys are occupied by shadscale (Atriplex) communities. The ranges are vegetated by single-needle pinyon — utah juniper (Pinus monophylla — Juniperus osteosperma) woodland at elevations between 1800 and 2300 m. Above 2300 m, the tolerance limits of pinyon and juniper are exceeded (Cronquist, et a/., 1972), and an upper sagebrush community, dominated by Artemesia tridentata vaseyana, with frequent stands of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) and aspen (Populus tremuloides), is found in place of the coniferous forest that would be expected in much of the montane west. Coniferous forest dominated by white fir (Abies concolor), douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) occupies this zone in the Deep Creek and the Snake ranges. Coniferous forest also occurs in sheltered canyons of the Schell Creek Range and in the Grant and Quinn Canyon Ranges. Local stands of white fir occur in most of the higher ranges. Above 2800 m an open subalpine forest of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis ) replaces the upper sagebrush association. 21 This region of approximately 125,000 km? has long been noticeable as a blank spot on molluscan distri- butional maps. Newcomb (1870) described Helix hemphilli | = Oreohelix hemphilli| from the White Pine Range. Gratacap (1901) reported that the col- lection used by Binney (1878) also contained Pupilla sp. (probably P. hebes), Discus cronkhitei, Euconulus fulvus, and Vitrina pellucida from the same range. Walker (1916) reported one specimen each of Vallonia gracilicosta and V. cyclophorella (1 question the identification of V. gracilicosta) from the Cortez Hills, Oxyloma nuttalliana from the Cortez Hills and the Humboldt River floodplain, and Succinea rusticana from the Humboldt River floodplain, in Eureka County, Nevada. Berry (1932) described Oreohelix nevadensis from the Schell Creek Range, and Roscoe (1954) published a short list of species from the Deep Creek Range. These represent all of the published records of land snails in the region. Henderson (1931) tentatively included the region in his Rocky Mountain molluscan province because of the occurrence of Oreohelix and the apparent absence of Polygyra (then including Cryptomastix, Vespericola, and Allogona), Gonio- basis (then including Juga), Haplotrema, and Anguispira. METHODS The studies reported here were undertaken as a preliminary survey, in preparation for an intensive investigation of the zoogeography and taxonomy of land snails in the Central Great Basin. Nine easily accessible ranges distributed over the region were chosen for preliminary sampling (Fig. 1). Five sites were sampled in the Toiyabe Range, one in the Simpson Park Range, two in the Diamond Range, four in the Schell Creek Range, four in the Snake Range, five in the Quinn Canyon Range, one in the Highland Range, four in the Clover Range, and three on Pahute Mesa. Each site was examined until additional species ceased to be found, and for a minimum of one hour. Rocks, logs, and bark slabs were turned, leaf litter carefully sorted, and the soil around the roots of trees and shrubs dug through. Rock slides were excavated to a depth of about 50 cm, each rock being carefully examined for attached small snails. Special attention was paid to small forms, and litter samples were collected at each site for later sorting. Precise locality, altitude, slope, vegetation, and rock type were recorded for each site. Figure 1. Sample localities within mountain ranges. Solid circles indicate localities from which specimens were obtained, open circles localities where land snails were not found. Numbers indicate mountain ranges mentioned in the text: 1, Toiyabe; 2, Diamond; 3, White Pine; 4, Quinn Canyon; 5, Pahute Mesa; 6, Schell Creek; 7, Snake; 8, Highland; 9, Deep Creek; 10, Ruby; and 11, Clover Ranges. 22 RESULTS The known geographic distribution of land snails in the Central Great Basin is summarized in Table 1. Speculative corrections of literature records that I consider to be incorrectly identified are indicated by a query. Four species, Vallonia cyclophorella, Discus cronkhitei, Vitrina pellucida, and Euconulus fulvus, seem to be widely distributed. Oreohelix species of the O. hemphilli group occur seemingly throughout the region, whereas members of the O. strigosa group have been found only in the Schell Creek, Snake, Ruby, and Deep Creek ranges. The more eastern ranges (Ruby, Schell Creek, Deep Creek, Snake, Quinn Canyon, and Clover ranges) have strikingly more diverse faunas. Thorough collecting of favorable habitats in the Toiyabe Range has yielded abundant material, but only six species, and on Pahute Mesa only two species were found, whereas much less thorough collecting in the Schell Creek Range has produced twelve species. No snails have been found in the subalpine forest to date. In the upper sagebrush zone of the western ranges only the widely distributed Vallonia cyclophorella, Discus cronkhitei, Euconulus fulvus, and Vitrina pellucida have been found, primarily in birch thickets around seepage springs. In the Schell Creek Range an Oreohelix of the O. strigosa group was common in rockslides in Timber Creek Canyon. The coniferous forest has a more diverse fauna; Pupilla blandi and Microphysula ingersolli have been found only here, and Vallonia cyclophorella, Discus cronkhitei, Glyphalinia sp., Hawaiia sp., Zonitoides arboreus, Vitrina pellucida, Euconulus fulvus, and Oreohelix of both species groups also occur in this habitat. In the pinyon-juniper woodland, land snails are restricted to especially favorable habitats on sheltered slopes, in rockslides, near springs, and along streams. Cochlicopa sp., Pupilla hebes, Pupoides hordaceus, Vertigo gouldi, Deroceras sp., and Catinella sp. seem to be restricted to this zone. Deroceras sp. and Catinella sp. are restricted to wet ground around springs; Cochli- copa sp., Vertigo gouldi, Glyphyalinia sp., Hawatia sp., and Zonitoides arboreus are found only in the most mesic habitats, in shaded rockslides, on deeply shaded slopes, and along the floor of canyons with flowing streams. Pupilla hebes and Oreohelix of both species groups are found sporadically in much drier habitats as well, in rockslides and burrowing along rock ledges. Discus cronkhitei, Vitrina pellucida, and Euconulus fulvus are found in streamside vegetation, which they follow well down into the lower sagebrush zone. Vallonia cyclophorella occurs in all habitats supporting snails, and is found occasionally on all but the driest and most exposed slopes. To date no land snails have been found in the lower sagebrush zone. Marshy areas on the valley floors have not yet been investigated in detail. Casual collecting indicates that some, at least, 23 support Oxyloma of one or more species and Vertigo binneyana Pilsbry. The Cochlicopa reported above probably belong to an undescribed species that is widely distributed in the southwest (F. W. Grimm, in litt). Similarly, the Catenella vermeta complex, to which the populations reported above belong, seems to consist of several species, which are now under study (D. S. Fransen, pers. comm.). I am presently studying the remaining taxa now identified only to genus. Deroceras sp. has been found in two ranges of the study area and in the outlying Spring Range to the south. It belongs to the D. laeve group but differs from D. laeve (s. str.) in numerous anatomical details and in its massively thickened, proportionately wider internal shell. In shell characters it closely resembles Craterarion pachyo- stracon Taylor (1954), of the upper Miocene Barstow formation [ = Deroceras pachyostracon, of Firby, 1967]. Glyphyalinia sp. is anatomically a member of the G. indentata group but is anatomically distinct from G. indentata, a species restricted to the eastern United States. It is also distinct from another undescribed member of the G. indentata group found in the Colorado Plateaus to the east. ““Retinella”’ indentata, auctt., is a complex of species, many not closely related to G. indentata (s. str.), with shells that are extremely similar or identical to one another. In Hawaiia, also, several species have long been supposed to be a single, widely distributed species. However, the shells are fairly easily distinguished, once the existence of several species is recognised. I am presently revising this genus. The Great Basin species of Hawaiia is sharply distinct from all other species in the genus so far dissected. The shell is immediately distinguished by its large size (2.7 mm diameter) and complete absence of radial rib-striations. The genus Oreohelix seems to be represented by endemic species in each of the ranges investigated. Apparently, no single species of Oreohelix is shared by two unconnected ranges in the region. In the Schell Creek Range, an Oreohelix of the O. strigosa group from the western slope seems to be anatomically distinct from topotypic O. nevadensis from the eastern slope. The shells also differ strikingly, but conspicuous differences in shell morphology between allopatric populations are notoriously unreliable in this genus. DISCUSSION In terms of Henderson’s (1931) divisions, the affinities of the Central Great Basin lie with the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern provinces. Cochlicopa sp. is southwestern; and the genera Glyphyalinia and Hawaiia are widespread and important in the South- western province and represented only by scattered relicts in the Rocky Mountain province. Such species as Vallonia cyclophorella, Pupilla hebes, Pupoides hordaceus, and Microphysula ingersolli, however, are primarily Rocky Mountain taxa that intrude into the Southwestern province (Bequaert & Miller, 1973), and the Oreohelix hemphilli and O. strigosa groups are shared only with the Rocky Mountain province. Addi- tionally, such characteristic Southwestern genera as Radiocentrum, Sonorella, Ashmunella, and Holospira are absent. There seems to be little question that, in Henderson’s (1931) terminology, the Central Great Basin is part of the Rocky Mountain molluscan province. The history of the fauna would seem to be one of increasing fragmentation and extinction since the middle Tertiary. During the early Miocene the area of the Central Great Basin was occupied by mesophilic hardwood-deciduous forest of the Arcto-Tertiary Geo- flora (Axelrod, 1950). The molluscan fauna, judging by the survivors, must have resembled that of northern Idaho today. The Mohave Desert region was occupied by xerophilic encinal woodland (see Lowe, 1964 for description of encinal), chapparal, thorn forest, and semidesert vegetation of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora (Axelrod, 1950), and its land snail fauna, judging from that of the upper Miocene Barstow formation (Taylor, 1954), may have resembled that of present day southern California. With increasing aridity during the later Miocene the Madro-Tertiary woodlands moved north- ward, occupying the lowlands, and the Arcto-Tertiary flora and fauna were restricted to the developing basin ranges. During the Pliocene, uplift of the Sierra Nevada produced an increasingly severe rainshadow to the east. Semiarid woodland, similar to that found on the drier borders of modern conifer- and oak-woodland in the southwest (Axelrod, 1948), occupied the lowlands, restricting the evolving pinyon-juniper woodland to the lower slopes of the ranges. Snails of the Madro- Tertiary fauna would have been isolated in each range at this time, except for species capable of anemochoric distribution (wind dispersal). By middle Pliocene time, precipitation was reduced to little more than modern amounts, with drastic reductions in summer rainfall (Axelrod, 1944). Sagebrush communities dominated the lowlands, and the reduction in summer rainfall led to the gradual elimination of Arcto-Tertiary conifer forest over most of the Great Basin, producing the upper sagebrush zone. During the Pleistocene a xerophilous woodland of utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) spread downward, occupying the intermontane valleys of the Mohave Desert and southern Great Basin (Wells & Berger, 1967). Similar woodland probably occupied the low- lands in most of the Central Great Basin during glaciations. Extensive lakes formed in many of the basins at this time. Discus cronkhitei, Microphysula ingersolli, and Oreohelix spp. represent probably Arcto-Tertiary survivors. Pupilla blandi, P. hebes, and Vallonia cyclophorella also may be added to the Arcto-Tertiary list, as P. blandi and V. cyclophorella 24 are known from Tertiary deposits (Hibbard & Taylor, 1960). Probably remnants of the Madro-Tertiary fauna include: (1) Deroceras sp., closely allied to a species found in an upper Miocene deposit within the Madro-Tertiary woodlands (Taylor, 1954); (2) Hawaiia sp., a member of a genus found in the same Miocene deposit and widespread in Madro-Tertiary derivatives in the modern southwest; (3) Glyphyalinia sp., belonging to a genus characteristic of southwestern Madro- Tertiary derivatives (although unknown as a Tertiary fossil); and (4) Pupoides hordaceus, characteristic of dry, Madro-Tertiary-derived habitats over most of its range. During the Pleistocene, dispersal between ranges was possible, at least for species that could follow streams and occupy the margins of lakes. It was probably at this time that Euconulus fulvus and Vitrina pellucida were added to the fauna. Both are conspecific with Eurasian snails, and neither is known from the North American fossil record prior to the middle Pleistocene, although FE. fulvus is known from the middle Pliocene of Europe (Hibbard & Taylor, 1960). Other species that may have dispersed during the Pleistocene include Pupilla hebes, Pupoides hordaceus (much more generally distributed during Pleistocene time than at present), Discus cronkhitei (associated with Vallonia cyclophorella, E. fulvus, and V. pellucida along streams), Deroceras sp., and Hawaiia species. Taylor (1967) found Vallonia cyclophorella, Pupilla sp., and Hawatia “‘minuscula’”’ in material from Wisconsin-stage marshes near Las Vegas, Nevada. Hawaiia sp., of the species widespread in Arizona, and Vertigo berryi Pilsbry, one of the species reported by Taylor, have been found alive in marshes along the Muddy River, Clark County, Nevada. It seems probable that Vallonia cyclophorella, Pupilla hebes, and Hawaiia sp. could have occupied similar marshes around Pleistocene lakes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Charles W. Crunden and Robert C. Allen, of the Nevada Fish and Game Department, have provided good companionship in the field and supplied a number of important specimens collected by themselves and by other members of the Department. Walter B. Miller, of the University of Arizona, donated alcoholic material collected in the region and, together with Carl C. Christensen of the same University, has reviewed this paper. Eugene V. Coan provided records from his collecting in several ranges. Barry Roth, of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, obligingly loaned material collected by Dr. Coan. Finally, my wife, Suzann Denton Pratt, provided assistance in the field and tolerated long hours in office and laboratory. LITERATURE CITED Axelrod, D.I. 1944. The Alturas flora (California). Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 553 (10): 263-284. . 1948. Climate and evolution in western North America during middle Pliocene time. Evolution 2 (2): 127-144. . 1950. Evolution of desert vegetation in western North America. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 590: 217-306. Bequaert, J.C. & W.B. Miller. 1973 The mollusks of the arid southwest, with an Arizona checklist. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. Berry, S.S. 1932. Three new mountain snails from Idaho and Nevada. Pomona Coll., Journ. Ent. & Zool. 24 (4): 57-63. Binney, W.G. 1878. The terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States and adjacent territories of North America, vol. V. Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull. 4: 1-439. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, & J.L. Reveal. 1972. Intermountain flora, vascular plants of the intermountain west, U.S.A., Vol. 1. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Firby, J.R. 1967. Pliocene non-marine moliusks from Contra Costa County, California. California Acad. Sci., Proc. (Ser. 4) 34 (14): 511-524. Gratacap, L.P. 1901. Catalogue of the Binney and Bland collection of the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States and territories, in the American Museum of Natural History, with enumeration of types and figured specimens, and supplementary notes. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. 14 (23): 335-403. Henderson, J. 1931. Molluscan provinces of the western United States. Univ. Colorado Stud. 18 (4): 177-186. Hibbard, C.W. & D.W. Taylor. 1960. Two late Pleistocene faunas from southwestern Kansas. Univ. Michigan Mus. Paleont., Contrib. 16 (1): 1-223. Table 1. Geographic distribution of land snails in the Central Great Basin. An asterisk (*) indicates a range that has not been thoroughly sampled, for which the species list is believed to be seriously incomplete. Ranges are indicated by the following numbers: Hunt, C.B. 1967. Physiography of the United States. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. Lowe, C.H. 1964. Arizona landscapes and habitats, pp. 1-132, Jn: “The vertebrates of Arizona,’ C.H. Lowe, ed., Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. McMillan, C. 1948. A taxonomic and ecological study of the flora of the Deep Creek Mountains of central western Utah. Master’s thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Newcomb, W. 1870. Description of anew American Helix. American J. Conch. 5 (3): 165. Roscoe, E.j. 1954. Some terrestrial gastropods from the Deep Creek Mountains, Juab County, Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 14 (1-2): 19. Taylor, D.W. 1954. Non-marine mollusks from the upper Miocene Barstow formation, California. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 254-C: 67-77. : . 1967. Late Pleistocene molluscan shells from the Tule Springs area. Nevada State Museum, Anthopol. Pap. 13 (8): 396-399. Walker, B. 1916. The Mollusca collected in northeastern Nevada by the Walker-Newcomb expedition of the University of Michigan. Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool., Occ. Pap. 29: 1-8. Wells, P.V. & R. Berger. 1967. Late Pleistocene history of coniferous woodland in the Mohave Desert. Science 155 (3770): 1640-1647. 1, Toiyabe; 2, Diamond; 3, White Pine; 4, Quinn Canyon; 5, Pahute Mesa; 6, Schell Creek; 7, Snake; 8, Highland; 9, Deep Creek; 10, Ruby; and 11, Clover Ranges. RANGE SPECIES Cochlicopa species Vallonia cyclophorella Sterki, 1892 Pupilla blandi Morse, 1865 Pupilla hebes (Ancey, 1881) Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb, 1866) Vertigo gouldi (Binney, 1843) Catinella species Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb, 1865) Deroceras species Euconulus fulvus (Muller, 1774) Glyphyalinia species Hawaiia species Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1817). Vitrina pellucida (Muller, 1774) Microphysula ingersolli (Bland, 1875) Oreohelix hemphilli group Oreohelix strigosa group x x x x x x x x x x y Xx x x x x x xX x X x x X X x x X x x Xx x Xx x X x X x X x X X x X X x Xx X X x x X X x x X X x x X x X X x X X x x X Xx X x x 2 x TOTAL SPECIES 17+ RADULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE FAMILY CAECIDAE Bertram C. Draper Museum Associate Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 Introduction The minute members of the Caecidae are unique among the Gastropoda because of their curved cylin- drical shell that is closed by a septum at the posterior end. They have a pelagic veliger, and after the larval stage they develop a spirally coiled nucleus of about two-and-a-half turns. Then the shell straightens into a curved, cylindrical tube. The nuclear whorls are smooth and polished, and, as soon as the teleoconch starts, surface sculpture appears (Figure 1). As the animal grows and enlarges its shell, it constructs a septum below where it has weakened the shell’s inner perimeter. This septum is cemented to the inner wall of the tube, and the glassy inner coating of the shell is extended over the septum’s inner surface. The earlier part of the shell above this septum then becomes separated. Figure 2 shows a sectioned shell after separation of its earlier stage. The sectioned shell in Figure 3 shows that the Caecidae construct new septa as needed by growth. The septum is apparently built from the apex down- ward and outward, and the larger the shell diameter the less pointed the septum is. Thus, the septum is of little use as a character in species determination. However, the septa of some species have unusual features that can assist in identification. Moore (1962) used the external features of the animal as a major argument for placing the Caecidae in the Rissoacea. Figures 4 and 5 show my concept of a caecia animal, and my study of various rissoaceans bears out the close relationship of the Caecidae to the other members of that superfamily. The Caecidae, like many other rissoaceans, feed while gliding between sand grains just below the surface of the sand in the intertidal area to somewhat deeper water. They feed on diatoms and seem to grasp them with their very active tentacles, which have rigid cilia at their tips. By means of motile cilia along the inner surfaces of the tentacles the diatoms are guided to the mouth. The radula, which is in the buccal area posterior to the mouth, crushes the diatoms against the roof of the mouth or between its teeth and rakes the crushed diatom test and soft parts into the digestive tract. The useable food is digested, and the remaining detritus is passed into the intestine, where it is made into fecal 26 pellets (Figure 6). Examination of the contents of these pellets shows only crushed grains of dark material, no whole or partially intact diatom tests or other organisms. Only shell characters have thus far been used for generic and specific taxonomic placement, probably due to the minute size of the animal and even smaller size of its radula. The dried animals of most Caecidae are fairly transparent after being softened, and the internal parts can be seen to some degree, especially the radula, which stands out clearly in the buccal mass (Figures 6, 7). Published information on the radulae of the Caecidae is limited. The radulae of two Atlantic species were described by Marcus & Marcus (1963), who gave diagrams of single teeth. The radulae are taenioglossate, with a pattern of 2+ 1+R+1+2. This is the same pattern as in the Rissoacea and gives further support to Moore’s placement of the Caecidae there. Figures 8 and 9 are diagrams of the radular patterns of two species of different rissoacean families. Methods For the study of minute shells I have a binocular microscope with a range of 10X to 60X. When dissecting, I use fairly intense diffused backlighting. For obtaining radulae from minute animals I have developed very fine probes, both straight and hooked. All work is done on glass slides to allow easy movement and observation during processing. A very fine dropper is used to apply fluids, and a fine paint brush serves many purposes. Shells that appear to have bodies within are selected, and the shell is broken into several pieces with small nail nippers. The body is teased out of the broken shell in a drop of clean water using the probes. The pieces of broken shell are placed in a labelled micromount. A solution of NaOH is added to the body, and this is repeated several times until it is sufficiently macerated to permit removal of the radula. Observation of the body and radula is possible during this process by placing the slide under a compound microscope at 150X. When maceration is completed, the radula is removed by picking it up with a probe and transferring it Radula Figure 1. Typical Caecum protoconch. Figure 4. Side view of caecid animal Figure 2. Figure 3. Sectioned caecid shells showing septa and shell walls (Traced from photographs) Operculum Raduta Fecal Pellets BuccallMass nee Radula Figure 5. Dorsal view of caecid animal Figure 7. Radula of Caecum in tension within buccal mass (Traced from photograph) Figure 6. Caecurn body as taken from shell, after softening Rachidian | Rachidian hi ce Laterals Membrane ; Membrane Laterals Figure 8. Diagram of probable arrangement of radular teeth in Alvinia compacta Figure 9. Diagram of probable arrangement of radular teeth in Parviturboides (Drawn from photograph through microscope at 430X) monile (Drawn from photograph through microscope at 430X) Dil oe ) Figure 10. Active end of radula of Caecum laqueatum as seen through optical microcscope at 430. (Traced from a photograph) Actual size: 0.24mm X 0.10mm Laterals Membrane Rachidian Figure 14. Diagram of probable arrangement of radular teeth of Fartulum laeve shown in figure 13 Laterals Marginals Membrane Rachidian Figure 15. Diagram of probable arrangement of radular teeth of Elephantulum insculptum 28 Rachidian Membrane Figure 11. Diagram of probable arrangement of radular teeth in Caecum when in tension in buccal mass as in figure 7 hay f Rachidan Membrane Figure 12. Diagram of probable arrangement of radular teeth of Caecum laqueatum shown in figure 10 Figure 13. Anterior two-thirds of radula of Fartulum laeve as seen through micro- scope at 430 (Traced from photograph) Actual size: 0.22mm X 0.05mm to a drop of carmine solution. Any remaining tissue takes a deeper stain than the radula and can be carefully teased off. At this stage the radula may be partially broken up for better viewing of individual teeth. How- ever, removing individual teeth is difficult because they are imbedded in the membrane and interlocked with each other. A small cover glass is prepared with a drop of mounting stabilizer and inverted on the radula. It is carefully pressed down to eliminate air bubbles and to arrange the radula for best viewing. To locate the minute radula (0.3 mm or less in length), I place a ring of black spots around it using dio-sol paint, which dries quickly and is insoluble in water and most cleaning fluids. A compound microscope with lenses to obtain 150X and 400X or more is necessary for viewing these radulae. A binocular compound microscope is helpful in obtaining a stereoscopic view with increased resolving power. I use one side of such a microscope to make my photographs, usually with only the microscope’s lens as my camera lens. Magnification as high as 945 does not provide sufficient light for more detailed viewing or for photography unless oil immersion is used, and I have not yet successfully done this. Results and Conclusions I obtained radulae from 30 species of Caecidae from the eastern Pacific and five from the Atlantic and Caribbean. For comparative purposes, radulae were also obtained from 17 species of other rissoacean families, including species of Alvinia, Amphithalamus, Barleeia, Cyclostremiscus, Parviturboides, Teino- stoma, and Vitrinella. Moore (1962) suggested that Parviturboides is the most closely related genus to the Caecidae from among those rissoaceans he studied, so I picked P. monile (Carpenter, 1857) as one of the species I studied (Figure 9). All of these rissoaceans have basically similar radulae. They have well devel- oped rachidian teeth, usually of a triangular shape, with a row of denticles across the front and sometimes a larger triangular central cusp. The lateral teeth are close to each side of the rachidian and usually dentic- ulate, and they curve directly up from the membrane in which they are imbedded. The two marginal teeth on each side are usually about one third the width of the ribbon. They curve inward, with their outer ends imbedded in a fold at the outer edge of the ribbon. The marginal teeth arch inward, reaching to the laterals, the inner marginal enclosed in and supporting the outer. The outer marginals vary from smooth to finely dentic- ulate (Figures 8, 9). The radulae of the Caecidae are generally uniform in pattern, varying in size in proportion to the size of the animal and shell. The radular ribbon bends upward and forward (Figure 4), the anterior portion being the active, working part. In the buccal mass, the anterior 29 portion is held in tension, with the teeth at either side pulled laterally, leaving a clear appearing space through the middle of that part of the radula. After the buccal mass is macerated, the active radular teeth also move into a folded position. In caecid radulae the central rachidian teeth are very weak, vestigial, or even missing. When present, they are armed with a row of very minute denticles. The rachidians are usually shaped like a half-moon, with denticles on their inner margins (Figures 11, 12, 14, 15). The caecid lateral teeth differ from those of other rissoaceans I studied in that they are imbedded at the outer margin of the ribbon, rather than near the rachidians. They extend inward almost to the rachidians but are articulated so they can swing outward. Their inner ends are enlarged slightly and have a row of tiny, forward-pointing denticles. In the Caecidae the marginal teeth appear to perform the major radular functions. The outer marginals are the stronger and extend inward from the outer edge of the radular ribbon. They have a slightly curved, flat shaft and a pointed, curved cusp armed with a row of denticles (Figures 10, 11). These denticles differ in shape and number among species and may be helpful in differentiating them. The inner marginals also extend from the outer edge of the ribbon in a deep curve and end up within the outer marginal cusps, probably acting as supporting teeth. Their inner edge is weakly cuspate, showing a row of fine denticles in some species. The basic pattern of the radula of the Caecidae differs considerably from that of other rissoaceans, but appears to have evolved from a common ancestor well before the Miocene when the first fossil caecids are known. The length of the outer marginal teeth of the caecid radula appears to be an important character in generic ranking. Figures 10 and 12 show diagrams of a radula in which the marginal teeth overlap. This type of radula was found in all caecids that have distinct raised annular rings in their shell sculpture, species long placed in the genus Caecum. Micranellum was established for shells having flat, closely spaced annular rings. The radulae of these species also prove to have marginals reaching the center line of the ribbon. Thus, it seems that placement of Micranellum as a subgenus of Caecum is appropriate. Species with longitudinal ribs as well as rings have been placed in Elephantanellum, which has been ranked as a genus or subgenus. Three such species in which radulae were examined also have marginal teeth extend- ing to the center line. This supports ranking Elephanta- nellum as a subgenus of Caecum. Caecids with a smooth shell or with only low annular ripples on part of their shell have been placed in Fartulum, which was first made a section of Caecum. Later it was made a separate genus and recently again made a subgenus by Abbott (1974). The radulae of such species prove to differ from those of the ringed species in two respects. First, the marginal teeth do not extend to the centerline, but reach only to the rachidians. Second, the rachidian teeth are stronger, being arched, with tiny denticles along their inner edge (Figures 13-15). I believe that these radular differences, along with the shell differences, are sufficient reason to regard Fartulum as a genus. Two species of the Caecidae that have been assigned to the subgenus Elephantulum because of their longi- tudinal sculpture and lack of rings have radulae of the same type as Fartulum. This confirms placement of Elephantulum as a subgenus, but of Fartulum rather than of Caecum. One other species, Caecum mirificum de Folin, 1867, has longitudinal raised threads and annular ripples. Examination of radulae from this species shows that it belongs in the subgenus Ele- Dhantulum. The genus Meioceras contains species with smooth shells that differ from those of Fartulum in making a half twist in their early growth stages, with tumid mature shells which are swollen in the middle and contracted at the aperture. Abbott (1974) placed Meioceras as a subgenus of Caecum. The radula of M. nitidum Stimpson, 1851, seems to be close to the pattern of Caecum, but further study is needed before a decision can be made as to whether Meioceras should be regarded as a separate genus or a subgenus of Caecum. 30 The only other genus of the Caecidae still recognized is Strebloceras, which has smooth shells that do not shed their nucleus and therefore have probably not developed septa. They appear to be the most primitive of the family and probably should be retained as a separate genus. I have not yet obtained a shell with a body to permit extraction of its radula. Acknowledgments I wish to express my gratitude to James H. McLean for allowing me to study the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History and to obtain many of the specimens used to extract radulae; the radulae I have obtained will later be placed in the museum collection for future use. I also wish to thank Drs. McLean and Donald R. Moore for help in obtaining needed literature. I especially wish to thank JoCarol Ramsaran for use of her binocular compound microscope, without which this study would never have been completed. LITERATURE CITED Abbott, Robert Tucker 1974. American seashells. New York (Van Nostrand Reinhold) 2nd ed. 663 pp; 24 colored plates; many figs. Marcus, Ernst & Eveline Marcus 1963. Mesogastropoden von der Ktste Sad Paulos. Wiesbaden, Akad. Wissenshaft. Liter., Abhandl. Math.-Naturwiss. Klasse for 1963 (1): 105 pp; 95 text figs. Moore, Ronald R. 1962. The systematic position of the family Caecidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Univ. Miami, Inst. Marine Sci., Bull. Marine Sci. 12 (4): 695-701; 2 text figs. (Dec. 1962) OBSERVATIONS ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF Chrysallida cincta CARPENTER, 1864 (GASTROPODA: PYRAMIDELLIDAE) Patrick I. LaFollette Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 INTRODUCTION In a previous paper (LaFollette, 1977), I reported that samples of the ectoparasitic gastropod Chrysallida cincta Carpenter, 1864, from a single host tended to be phenotypically homogeneous, whereas larger samples (from multiple hosts) showed considerable variation. I hypothesized that the homogeneity of samples from single hosts was the result of intensive inbreeding over several generations. As prerequisite conditions for such inbreeding I suggested that the species must: (1) have a life-span considerably shorter than that of the host; (2) spend its entire life cycle, including reproduction, on the host; and (3) reproduce by means of non- swimming larvae. The supporting evidence then pre- sented was chiefly circumstantial or speculative. Further observation now confirms each of these points, thereby strengthening the hypothesis of inbreeding. In the same paper, I suggested that dispersal of Chrysallida cincta to new hosts resulted principally from the adult parasites relocating upon the death of their host and mentioned having observed this for the host Tegula eiseni Jordan, 1936. Evidence now suggests that accidental mechanical dislodgment may contribute significantly to dispersal, and that the new hosts may be species other than the host of origin. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Most of the observations here reported were made at the Catalina Marine Science Center (CMSC) of the University of Southern California at Fisherman Cove, Catalina Island, on 1 August and 3—14 October 1977.1 thank Dr. Robert Given, CMSC Director, for use of the facilities. Joy Pruit, volunteer in the Malacology Section of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM), provided the use of her house in Avalon for my stay. The CMSC staff and fellow visiting researchers rendered assistance in numerous ways. The paper was critically read by Hans Bertsch, Eugene V. Coan, Richard S. Houbrick, James H. McLean, and Barry Roth. To each I am grateful. MATERIALS & METHODS Large numbers of Chrysallida cincta eggs and a few adults found on a variety of hosts provided the chance to observe larval development and spawning. A 31 large Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828) was chosen as the primary object of study because it was easy to handle and had two aduit parasites and numerous egg masses containing well over 1000 eggs in various stages of development on its base. Although several Haliotis (H. corrugata Wood, 1828, and H. fulgens Philippi, 1845) were also studied, they proved too difficult to handle to permit regular observation. During hourly observations under a dissecting microscope, the Astraea was placed inverted in a small aquarium filled with fresh sea water to a depth sufficient to cover the base of the shell. The rest of the time it was kept in a large running sea water holding tank that remained at ambient ocean temperature of 20°C. Some observations were also made in the holding tank with the aid of a tripod- mounted dissection microscope. Most of the observa- tions were of living material, predominantly at CMSC, but also at the LACM during the final stages of the study. Preserved material in the LACM collection also was examined. LIFE SPAN AND SPAWNING SEASON On 1 August 1977, I observed specimens of Chrysallida cincta on Haliotis corrugata in one of the running sea water aquaria at CMSC. It had been collected the previous January at a depth of 22 m at Bird Rock, Catalina Island. There were approximately 22 adult parasites on the shell at that time, of which I removed and preserved 8 (LACM 21057; see LaFollette, 1977: fig. 3). When I returned to the CMSC lab on 3 October there was only one adult C. cincta remaining on the host, but there were numerous egg masses and several juveniles, all 1 mm or less in height, near the margins and perforations of the shell where the adults had previously been. Numerous additional specimens of known host species, Haliotis corrugata, Astraea undosa, Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838), and Tegula eiseni were examined, but very few adult parasites were found. Egg masses were common on both A. undosa and H. corrugata, however. A few immature specimens were also found, the largest individual, on N. norrisi from near CMSC at a depth of 8 m, was 1.09 mm long. The presence of a relatively large number of adults and the apparent absence of eggs or young on | August. followed by the virtual absence of adults but the presence of large numbers of egg masses and some juveniles in early October suggests that the spawning period occurs principally between early August and early October and that adults die soon after depositing their eggs. A predominance of juveniles among museum specimens of Chrysallida cincta collected between September and January from numerous localities in southern California and western Baja California Norte supports these suggestions, but a few juvenile C. cincta among material collected between February and August indicates that some reproduction occurs at other times of the year. Two species of pyramidellids, Menestho impressa (Say, 1821) and Menestho diaphana (Jeffreys, 1848), have previously been shown to have a life span of one year (Wells, 1959; Kristensen, 1970). If spawning in Chrysallida cincta is annual, which seems likely, then the life span also can be assumed to be one year. As the hosts of C. cincta are known or thought to live for several years, the occurrence of several successive generations of the parasite on a single host is probable. EGGS, EGG MASSES, AND SPAWNING An adult Chrysallida cincta was observed spawn- ing on 6 October at 3 PM. It deposited 25 eggs in an irregularly shaped mass 2 mm in diameter in about 20 minutes. Other egg masses contained from 19 to 40 or more eggs, with 25 to 35 eggs per mass being typical. All egg masses were irregular in shape, some heaped up, others more spread out, and generally 2 to 3 mm in greatest dimension. Most of the masses were deposited in large groups, frequently overlapping, and impossible to distinguish separately. Isolated egg masses and eggs looked much like those of Brachystomia rissoides (Hanley, 1844), figured by Thorson (1946: fig. 120 A-C). The eggs are oval and vary in length from 300 to 340 p, with an average length of 320 np. The average diameter is 270 p. Each egg is contained in an oval “egg cocoon” a little more elongate than the egg, 390 to 410 p long and about 300 p in diameter. The eggs are connected to one another like beads on a string by a fine filament, the chalaza. The chalaza frequently is coiled like a loose spring. Egg cocoons are embedded in an extremely sticky gelatinous material that soon collects a covering of detritus on its surface. The stickiness of the jelly makes it difficult to remove eggs or, once removed, to detach them from the forceps. DEVELOPMENT The first cleavage of the eggs occurred 19 hours after spawning, the second after 22% hours, and the third (8 cells) after 24% hours. At 27 hours the fourth cleavage had occurred in some eggs, and by 30 hours all had reached the 16 cell stage and most were beyond it, the number of cells not countable. The Astraea host, with eggs attached, was transferred to a closed system aquarium (20°C) at the LACM on 14 October 1977 (the 9th day). 32 About half of the larvae had reached the veliger stage by the 10th day. Larval shells, though rather small, were well formed and the larvae rotated in the egg capsules at a rate of about one revolution per 12 seconds. The velum was rather small. By the 18th day the larval shell virtually filled the egg capsule, and there was no noticeable movement. The egg membrane was still present but very faint. The jelly remained very sticky. By the 22nd day egg membranes were gone. Larvae were quite active, twisting the shell and moving the foot. All were still imbedded in the jelly, which had lost much of its stickiness. The larval foot had narrowed con- siderably and there was no trace of a velum, although a tuft of cilia was visible at the anterior end of the foot. By the 27th day all but a few of the larvae had emerged from the jelly mass. I estimated that the first young emerged on the 25th day. The jelly had become watery and had lost all of its stickiness. The emerged young were distributed over the base of the Astraea, some crawling but most resting between periostracal lamellae. When disturbed, the young were very active and moved so surprisingly fast that close examination under the microscope was difficult. Movement appeared to be due to ciliary action, the snails literally gliding over the surface. There appeared to be no tendency to swim. I was unable to follow the development of these young beyond this point. Newly emerged snails quickly disappeared from the shell of the host upon which they had emerged. Their small size (320-330 p) and the large size of the hosts made exact counts impossible, but it appears that the number may have dropped by as much as 50% in a 24- hour period. I could not determine the cause of this. Glass plates were placed on the bottom of the aquaria and carefully examined after a day to see if the young accidentally dropped off the host or deliberately left in search of new hosts. No young snails were found on the plates. A search for potential predators also proved unsuccessful, although small predators might have been overlooked as the holding tanks were large and connected to an open sea water system. GROWTH Although no direct observations on growth were made, indirect evidence suggests that the first two post- nuclear whorls are added and a length of 0.8 to 1.0 mm is attained within 6 weeks and more likely within a month of emergence. As mentioned above, a specimen of Haliotis corrugata had numerous adult Chrysallida cincta on its shell, but apparently no eggs or young, on 1 August 1977. The same host, observed 65 days later, had a number of young on its shell, the largest having about 2 postnuclear whorls and a length of 0.8 to 1.0 mm. As the larvae have been shown to take 25 to 27 days to emerge, a maximum of 40 days is left, and probably somewhat less, for the observed growth to have taken place. COMPARISONS Non-pelagic larval development in the Pyrami- dellidae has previously been hypothesized for a number of species (Thorson, 1946; Robertson & Orr, 1961; LaFollette, 1977), but described only for Brachystomia rissoides (Hanley, 1844) (Pelseneer, 1914; Thorson 1946; Rasmussen, 1944, 1951). (The following account is a synthesis of the findings of these last three authors). The European B. rissoides is unusual in that it exhibits both pelagic and non-pelagic development, depending on the salinity — pelagic in marine waters and non-pelagic in brackish water. In the pelagic larval mode, the number of eggs per mass is large (230-500), the eggs small (180-200 p), and larval development relatively rapid, with young hatching as typical swim- ming veligers after 6% days. The non-pelagic mode of development of Brachy- stomia rissoides is similar to that of Chrysallida cincta. The eggs are large (380-500 u) (300-340 for C. cincta), and the development slow (21-25 days) (25-27 days for C. cincta). Brachystomia rissoides reaches the veliger stage after seven days (10 days for C. cincta), and at 20 days the larvae fill the eggs completely (18 days in C. cincta). Comparison of egg masses, eggs, and newly hatched young of Chrysallida cincta with published figures of the spawn, eggs, and young of Brachystomia rissoides shows them to be essentially identical. The only difference of note (other than that C. cincta is apparently strictly marine) is that the young of C. cincta remain for several days in the jelly of the egg mass after hatching from the eggs, whereas Brachystomia rissoides young have not been described as doing so. OTHER OBSERVATIONS HOSTS In 1977, I listed 5 known hosts for Chrysallida cincta — Tegula eiseni, Norrisia norrisi, Astraea undosa, Astraea gibberosa (Dillwyn, 1817), and Haliotis corrugata. Another species, Haliotis fulgens (Philippi, 1845), is here added to the list. One adult C. cincta and several egg masses were observed on the shell of a H. fulgens collected near Isthmus Cove, Catalina Island, shortly before my arrival at CMSC. The advanced state of development of the eggs indicated that they had been spawned before the host was collected. FEEDING Feeding or attempted feeding of Chrysallida cincta on Astraea undosa was observed on two occasions while the host was resting undisturbed on the side of the large plexiglass holding tank. On the first occasion. one 33 of the two parasites on the study animal crawled from its normal resting position on the base 1.5 cm back from the lip, onto the lower margin of the host’s aperture and perched there rather precariously, almost entering the aperture. It extended its head and proboscis inwards along the shell and remained in this position for about 10 minutes, then returned to its original resting position adjacent to the group of eggs it had previously spawned. A day later the same individual moved into this feeding position again, but was dislodged by a sudden jerk of the Astraea, perhaps in response to contact by the proboscis. Although the Chrysallida managed to cling to the foot of the host and after several minutes regained its position on the shell, the accident is illustrative of what is probably a common hazard. I have previously observed that the death of the host will cause the parasite to relocate on a new host (LaFollette, 1977), and I suggested that this may be an important mechanism for dispersal. Accidental dislodgment from the host may also contribute significantly to dispersal and colonization of new hosts. BEHAVIOR Three small-scale experiments were conducted with the limited number of parasites available. The objective was to make qualitative observations on the behavior of Chrysallida cincta when dislodged from their hosts to see whether dislodgment might be a mechanism for dispersal. The results, briefly, were as follows: (1) One adult C. cincta was removed from a Haliotis corrugata and placed in an aquarium (approximately 1.0 m X 1.3 m X 30 cm deep) with the host animal plus a second specimen of Haliotis corrugata. After 24 hours of crawling around the tank, the parasite rested on the bottom about | cm from the mantle of the second H. corrugata. During the following night the C. cincta crawled onto the Haliotis shell and in the morning was positioned near one of the open holes, a frequent location for the parasite. (2) Four Chrysallida cincta, 3 from Haliotis corrugata, and 1 from H. fulgens, were placed in the same aquarium used in experiment 1 with one Astraea undosa. After 48 hours, 2 of the parasites, one from each host, were on the base of the Asrraea. The third was on the side of the tank, and the fourth could not be found. (3) One adult and two juvenile C. cincta from Haliotis corrugata were placed in a small (15 cm X 22cm x 18 cm deep) aquarium with one Jegu/a eiseni and one Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814. After 2 hours, one of the juveniles had crawled onto the shell of the Tegula, the other two parasites were on the side of the tank. Seventeen hours later both juveniles were on the shell of the H. cracherodii, and the adult was on the bottom of the tank. After an additional 24 hours. the adult and one juvenile were on the side of the aquarium, and the second juvenile could not be found. These results suggest that Chrysallida cincta, when dislodged from its host, will actively seek out and relocate on a suitable host, either of the same species from which it was dislodged or a different species with suitable characteristics. The shell sculpture of known hosts suggests that either a highly textured surface or other shell characters offering secure hiding places are required. Astraea undosa, A. gibberosa, and Haliotis corrugata have roughly sculptured shell surfaces. Chrysallida cincta has been found only on the operculum or in the umbilicus of Tegula eiseni and Norrisia norrisi. The sculpture of Haliotis fulgens is only moderately rough, and that species is infrequently parasitized. Although C. cincta explored the Haliotis cracherodii in the third experiment, they did not remain, evidently failing to find a suitable resting place on its smooth surface. The juvenile parasite that explored the Tegula eiseni in the same experiment may have failed to find the operculum or umbilicus. 34 LITERATURE CITED Kristensen, J. Hylleberg. 1970. Fauna associated with the sipunculid Phascolion strombi (Montagu), especially the parasitic gastropod Menestho diaphana (Jeffreys). Ophelia 7 (2): 257-267. (Aug.) LaFollette, Patrick Ives. 1977. Inbreeding and intraspecific variation in Chrysallida Carpenter, 1857 (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). Western Soc. Malac., Ann. Rep. 10: 18-23. (Dec. 14) Pelseneer, Paul. 1914. De quelques Odostomia et d'un Monstrilide. Bull. Sci. Fr. Belg. 48: 1-8. Rassmussen, Erik. 1944. Faunistic and biological notes on marine invertebrates. I. The eggs and larvae of Brachystomia rissoides (Hanl.), Eulimella nitidissima (Mont.), Retusa truncatula (Brug.) and Embletonia pallida (Alder & Hancock), (Gastropoda marina). Dansk. Naturh. Foren. i K@benhavn, Vidensk. Medd. 107: 207-233; 20 figs. ——w— 1951. Faunistic and biological notes on marine invertebrates. II. The eggs and larvae of some Danish marine gastropods. Dansk. Naturh. Foren. i K@benhavn, Vidensk. Medd. 113: 201-249; 29 figs. Robertson, Robert & Virginia Orr. 1961. Review of pyramidellid hosts, with notes on an Odostomia parasitic on a chiton. Nautilus 74 (3): *85-91; pl. 6. (Jan.) Thorson, Gunnar. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates, with special reference to the planktonic larvae in the Sound (@resund). Danmarks Fiskeri og Havunders¢gelser, Medd. fra Komm. ser.: Plankton 4: 523 pp. Wells, Harry W. 1959. Notes on Odostomia impressa (Say). Nautilus 72 (4): 140-144, fig. & graph. (Apr.) EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS, 1977-1978 OFFICERS & EXECUTIVE BOARD President Dr. Peter N. D’Eliscu First Vice President Mr. Barry Roth Second Vice President Dr. Vida C. Kenk Secretary Mrs. Salle S. Crittenden Treasurer Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund Members-at-Large Mrs. Sally Bennett Mr. Patrick I. LaFollette Three most recent past Presidents Mrs. Helen DuShane Dr. James W. Nybakken Dr. George E. Radwin [deceased] Mentor-Parliamentarian* Dr. A. Myra Keen STANDING COMMITTEES Auditing Committee* Mrs. Sally Bennett Mr. Clifton L. Martin Mrs. Forrest L. Poorman Nominating Committee Mrs. Helen DuShane, Chairman Dr. James H. McLean Dr. James W. Nybakken MEETING COMMITTEES Exhibit Cases Mr. Bruce H. Fowler Historians Mrs. Mary A. D’Aiuto Dr. A. Myra Keen Auction Mr. & Mrs. William D. Pitt Mr. Wayne S. Barnett Student Grants Mr. James T. Carlton, Chairman Editorial Board Dr. Eugene V. Coan, Editor Mr. Michael G. Kellogg, Assistant Editor Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund Dr. Peter N. D’Eliscu Dr. A. Myra Keen Dr. Hans Bertsch Session Moderators Dr. Peter N. D’Eliscu Mr. Bruce H. Fowler Dr. Eugene V. Coan Dr. Vida C. Kenk Dr. Carl C. Christensen * Appointed by past President 35 OF cna _ cn co — | oe | ja | (om a co 36 WSL “D WRIA UeMAIS UdITIeY quis “L yupne wig AayeD uOSsag BACT uossag alpieyd Moy Aueg pieyory ureqg sey uosia}ag preyony SuIyI9g SeWIOYT sayeoQ ayourr SPUN, We TTA Ppreuoqoyy eng preuogosypy Alen B1aqpury “Y praeq uosieT Areyy UII “OD BPIA uosuyor 309g sower ¢ Maye] ueWYSI] aOIReD ueuuey [AloyD bb Lt 9b St pooy vieqieg suq Aueyq weysuruuns jomesieyy euelD dyiyd ueoD sno ueoD dsoluaI0g Jao “A did JIAO[D adA0F suaiyog ‘WW plaeq yoaueg “§ oukem voTTy uyor HdVYDOLOHd NI LON Ind ONIGNALLV OSTV Jadvig ‘9D weieg ‘Lp JMO “HONIG “Op Apouusy “J e109 “cp UsPUSHUY IPS “py syureqey oT “Ep 6€ Tt HdVu¥DOLOHd dNOUD OL ADM Sc Te aS Held 7] We Wa[OSsue ly anoO4eT '] yoeg Punjsoyg *D joreD Jopaoy “T preyory yeig uuezng uasuayslyd “OD pled yjareyy Avip uesng PIO “A WRIT BB0]]9 J *D [aeyor] JBI "YT ly Playoiy skpe[H BriaquaalyH *D yny Suey BOIUO| Jaan *§ YR HEM euRIg siowuing Ary ueof 1S ae Jadood ‘Ay uyor yoing “y asoy Jee “OD ued sof oe AS Jodeiq ‘A epurony wind sio[q Nid Sloy yosuiog suey, noqqv “W 4WitPA uosdwoyy, “4 oo1uer NOsITA.d “N 1938d Wd °C Weill UIST “S [PBYdII] BIlaWa4 “f O1lUOjUYW UaSdIN “W SeWOY UuOSIOWY “SY WRIT AY Jamalg ylog Jaupsley “W eipues II “10g “J sapseyD usay BAW “VY HeZeAO “V pled Jaga °D skpe|p “yy BiaqueD “y ouner []9MOd "T sopeyD uvoD “A suesng =~Antu Cr aa “Antu coraac 4 S aQ Si WESTERN SHELL CLUBS Chico Seashell Club c/o Miss Bonnie B. Williams, Treasurer Route 1, Box 333H Corning, California 96021 (Meets twice a month: second Wednesday at 9:30 a.m. in members’ homes, and last Wednesday at 7:30 p.m. in Jay E. Partridge School, Room 1, East Avenue, Chico, California) Conchological Club of Southern California c/o Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets in Museum Lounge, 7:30 p.m., first Monday of every month, unless a holiday, then on Wednesday of same week) Hawaiian Malacological Society P.O. Box 10391 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816 (Meets first Wednesday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Hawaii National Guard Headquarters, Diamond Head Road & 22nd Avenue, Honolulu. December Christmas party at another location) Long Beach Shell Club 600 Long Beach Boulevard (YMCA Building) Long Beach, California 90812 (Meets second Sunday of every month except July, 2:00 p.m.) Northern California Malacozoological Club P.O. Box 1249 EI Cerrito, California 94350 (Meets third Thursday of each month, alternating between California Academy of Sciences and El Cerrito Fairmont Recreation Center) Oregon Society of Conchologists Dr. Myron W. Travis 4324 NE 47th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97218 (Meets first Sunday of each month, 1:30 p.m., in private homes; announcements given in monthly paper or by card) 38 Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Mrs. Wilma G. Young, Corresponding Secretary P.O. Box 1931 Seattle, Washington 98111 (Meets third Sunday of each month, 2:00 p.m., Lake City Christian Church, 1933 NE 125th Street, Seattle) Pacific Shell Club c/o Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets in Museum Lounge, first Sunday of each month, 1:30 p.m., October through June.) San Diego Shell Club c/o Carole Hertz 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue San Diego, California 92111 (Meets third Thursday of every month, Casa del Prado, Balboa Park) Santa Barbara Malacological Society P.O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, California 93105 (Meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol) Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85018 (Meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 p.m., Asbury United Methodist Church, 1601 West Indian School Road, in auxiliary rooms) Yucaipa Shell Club c/o Mousley Museum of Natural History Bryant Street & Panorama Drive Yucaipa, California 92399 (Meets third Sunday of every month except August, 2:00 p.m., in the Museum) MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY * family member Abbott, Dr. Donald P. Hopkins Marine Station Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Abbott, Mrs. Edith M. 1264 West Cienega Avenue San Dimas, CA 91773 Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker P.O. Box 4208 Greenville, DE 19807 Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Drive Burlingame, CA 94010 Addicott, Dr. Warren O. Paleontology & Stratigraphy U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 **Allen, Mr. John K. Dept. of Zoology University of California Berkeley, CA 94923 American Malacological Union Myra L. Taylor, Treas. 7602 McCullough Avenue San Antonio, TX 78216 +American Museum of Natural History Serials Unit, Library Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 Anders,Mr. Kirk W. Shells of the Seas, Inc. P.O. Box 1418 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33302 Archerd, Mrs. Russell (Gladys) 2412 Foothill Boulevard Calistoga, CA 94515 The Librarian + Australian Museum Box A. 285 Sydney, South, N.S.W. AUSTRALIA 2000 Babrakzai, Dr. & *Mrs. Noorullah (Sianoosh Samsam-Bakhtiary) Dept. of General Biology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Barber, Mr. Walter E. P.O. Box 30 Majuto, Marshall Islands 96960 Barbour, Ms. Melissa A. 1990 16th Avenue San Francisco, CA 94116 ** student member ** Barnett, Wayne S. 7109 Quail Road Fair Oaks, CA 95628 Baskevitch, Mr. Eugene 527 North Plymouth Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90004 Baxter, Mr. Rae State of Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game P.O. Box 96 Bethel, AK 99559 Behrens, Mr. David W. 416 Lilac Drive Los Osos, CA 93402 Bennett, Mrs. Peter (Sally) 514 West Rose Lane Phoenix, AZ 85013 Berke, Mr. Ian 4032 23rd Street San Francisco, CA 94114 ar, Bernice P. Bishop Museum 1355 Kalihi Street Honolulu, HI 96818 Berry, Dr. S. Stillman 1145 West Highland Avenue Redlands, CA 92373 Bertsch, Dr. Hans Dept. Marine Inverebrates Natural History Museum Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, CA 92112 Body, Mr. Ralph L. 2538 10th Avenue, W. Seattle, WA 98119 Boone, Mrs. Hollis Q. (Constance) 3706 Rice Boulevard Houston, TX 77005 ** Borrero, Sr. Francisco Dept. de Biologia Universidad del Valle A.A. 2188 Cali, COLOMBIA Bratcher, Mrs. Ford (Twila L.) 8121 Mulholland Terrace Hollywood, CA 90046 Breitigam, Mr. Richard R. 420 Alameda Padre Serra Santa Barbara, CA 93103 Brewer, Ms. Beth A. 15 Vista del Orinda Orinda, CA 94563 39 *4* honorary member + standing order British Museum (Natural History) General Library Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD ENGLAND Brookshire, Mr. Jack W. 2962 Balboa Avenue Oxnard, CA 93030 Burch, Mrs. Rose A. 1300 Mayfield Road, Apt. 61-L Seal Beach, CA 90740 Burch, Dr. & *Mrs. Thomas A. (Beatrice L.) P.O. Box 309 Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 Burghardt, Mr. & *Mrs. Glenn (Laura) 11424 Pioneer Avenue Oakdale, CA 95361 Cantera K., Sr. Jaime Ricardo Depto. Biologia Universidad del Valle A.A. 2188 Cali, COLOMBIA Carlton, Mr. James T. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 Library Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Casebolt, Dr. Gerald L. 962 NW Harlan Street Roseburg, OR 97470 Cate, *Mr. & Mrs. Crawford N. (Jean M.) P.O. Drawer 710 Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 *** Chace, Mr. Emery P. 29661 South Western Ave., #51 San Pedro, CA 90732 Chaney, Mrs. Barbara K. & *Mr. Henry W. 1633 Posilipo Lane Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Chico Shell Club Bonnie B. Williams, Treas. Route 1, Box 333-H Corning, CA 96021 Christensen, Dr. Carl C. 1612 Kamole Street Honolulu, HI 96821 Clover, Mr. Philip W. P.O. Box 83 Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Coan, Dr. Eugene V. 891 San Jude Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94306 Conchologists of America Gerrie Walklet, Sec.-Treas. 234 Howard Drive Belleair Beach, FL 33535 ** Contreras, Sr. Rafael Depto. de Biologia Universidad del Valle A.A. 2188 Cali, COLOMBIA **Cooper, Mr. John W. Moss Landing Marine Labs. P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, CA 95039 Crane, Mr. Phillip C. Box 56 San Gregorio, CA 94074 Crittenden, Mrs. John S. (Salle) 624 Waterfall Isle Alameda, CA 94501 Cunningham, Ms. Margaret S. Calle 24, No. 3 Guaymas, Sonora, MEXICO D’ Aiuto, Mrs. John (Mary Anna) Route #2, Box 65-J West Highway 77 Wildwood, FL 32785 D’ Attilio, Mr. Anthony Dept. Marine Invertebrates Natural History Museum Balboa Park. P.O. Box 1390 San Diego. CA 92112 Davis, Ms. June E. 2155 Jamestown Way Oxnard, CA 93031 D’Eliscu, Dr. Peter Neal Biology Department University of Santa Clara Santa Clara, CA 95053 DeMartini, Dr. John D. 1111 Birch Avenue McKinleyville, CA 95521 Demond. Ms. Joan 202 Bicknell Avenue, #8 Santa Monica, CA 90405 Draper, Mr. & *Mrs. Bertram C. (Lucinda V.) 8511 Bleriot Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90045 Dundee, Dr. Dolores S. (Dee) Dept. of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans New Orleans, LA 70122 DuShane, Mrs. Joseph (Helen) 15012 El Soneto Drive Whittier, CA 90605 Emerson, Dr. William K. Dept. of Living & Fossil Inverts. American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 Eng, Mr. Larry L. Calif. Dept. Fish & Game Inland Fisheries Branch 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, CA 95814 **Eutenier, Mr. Mark Seth 759 Opal Drive, Apt. C San Jose, CA 95117 Evans, Mr. Roger A. 1900 Camino de la Costa, #1 Redondo Beach, CA 90277 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph E. 617 N. Fries Avenue Wilmington, CA 90744 Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J. 2060 Clarmar Way San Jose, CA 95128 Library (Serials) Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605 **Fishlyn, Ms. Debby Dept. of Zoology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Fowler, Mr. Bruce H. §512 Blossom Terrace Court San Jose, CA 95124 Fowler, Mr. Donald R. 444 30th Street San Francisco, CA 94131 Franchini, Sr. Dario A. Via Cremona 36 41600 Mantova, ITALY Gardner, Ms. Sandra M. 1755 University Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 Geological Survey of Canada Dept. of Energy, Mines & Resources 601 Booth Street Ottawa KIA OE8 Ontario, CANADA Goldsmith, Mr. & *Mrs. Merton J. (Lois J.) 1622 N. 20th Street Phoenix, AZ 85006 40 Good. ***Mz. & Sirs. Frank E. (Barbara J.) 3142 Larga Court San Diego, CA 92110 **Gosliner, Mr. Terrance Dept. of Zoology University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth C. 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy. Malibu, CA 90265 *** Gregg, Dr. Wendell O. 2546 Hill Street Huntington Park, CA 90255 **Gussman, Mr. David S. 1141 Laguna Avenue, #3 Burlingame, CA 94010 Habe, Dr. Tadashige National Science Museum 3 - 23 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160, JAPAN Haight, Mr. & *Mrs. Emest S. (Marilyn E.) 6533 Orangewood Avenue Cypress, CA 90630 Hanning, *Mr. & **Mrs. Gary W. (Kathleen A.) 2416 Jackson Bluff Road, D-2 Tallahassee, FL 32304 Harry, Dr. Harold W. 4612 Evergreen Street Bellaire, TX 77401 Hensill, Dr. John S. 2 West Summit Drive Redwood City, CA 94062 Hickman, Dr. Carole S. Dept. Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Hopkins Marine Station Library Pacific Grove, CA 93950 ** Hopper, Ms. Carol N. Pacific Biomedical Research Center Kewalo Marine Lab. 41 Ahui Street Honolulu, HI 96813 Institute of Geology & Paleontology Faculty of Science Tohoku University Sendai 970, JAPAN ** James, Mr. Matthew J. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing. CA 95039 Johns, Ms. Veronica Parker Seashells Unlimited, Inc. 590 Third Avenue New York, NY 10016 *** Keen, Dr. A. Myra 2241 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 94306 Kellogg, Mr. Michael G. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, CA 95039 Kenk, Dr. Vida C. 18596 Paseo Pueblo Saratoga, CA 95070 Kennedy, Mr. George L. Office of Earthquake Studies U.S. Geological Survey, MS77 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Kershaw, Mrs. Joan 2239 North Avenue Chico, CA 95926 Kerstitch, Mr. Alex 439 S. Eastbourne Tucson, AZ 85716 LaFollette, Mr. Patrick Ives Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Lance, Mr. James R. 746 Agate Street San Diego, CA 92109 Landye, Mr. James J. 3465 N. Jamison Blvd. Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Larson, *Mr. & Mrs. Douglas A. (Mary R.) Rancho Paso Mobile Home Park, Sp. 134 Theatre Drive Paso Robles, CA 93446 Lindberg, Mr. David R. Applied Sciences University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Long, Mr. Steven J. 792 Laurie Avenue Santa Clara, CA 95050 Loosanoff, Dr. Victor L. 17 Los Cerros Drive Greenbrae, CA 94904 McCammon, Mrs. Alice R. 16570 Garden Lane Los Gatos, CA 95030 + McGill University Libraries Acquisitions Dept. 3459 McTavish Street Montreal, Quebec H3A 1Y1 CANADA McLean, Dr. James H. Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Marelli, **Mr. & **Mrs. Dan C. (Susan Gray) 116 Downey Street San Francisco, CA 94117 Marincovich, Dr. Louie N. Paleontology & Stratigraphy U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Martin, Mr. Clifford A. 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Martin, Mr. Clifton L. 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Mercer, Dr. J. P. Shellfish Research Lab. Carna, County Galway, IRELAND Metcalf, Dr. Artie L. Dept. of Biological Sciences University of Texas El Paso, TX 79968 Miller, Dr. Walter B. 6140 Cerrada el Ocote Tucson, AZ 85718 ** Morton, Ms. Cheryl L. 611 Bounty Drive, #203R Foster City, CA 94404 Mount, Dr. Jack D. Dept. of Earth Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92502 Mousley, Mr. Louie B. Mousley Museum of Natural History 35350 Panorama Drive Yucaipa, CA 92399 Mulliner. Mr. David K. 5283 Vickie Drive San Diego. CA 92109 Murray. Dr. Harold D. Biology Department Trinity University San Antonio. TX 78284 41 Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Laboratorie de Biologie des Invertebres Marins et Malacologie 55, Rue de Buffon 78 Paris 5 FRANCE Natal Museum 237 Loop Street Pietermaritzburg Natal, SOUTH AFRICA Librarian National Museum of New Zealand (STC 327) Private Bag Wellington C3, NEW ZEALAND + Library (Exchanges) National Museums of Canada Ottawa, Ontario KIA OM8 CANADA Library Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel Augustinergasse 2 CH-4051 Basel, SWITZERLAND Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien 3. Zoologische Abteilung Postfach 417, Burgring 7 A-1014 Wien, AUSTRIA Library Nederlandse Malacologische Society Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum) Universiteit van Amsterdam Plantage Middenlaan 53 Amsterdam-C, NEDERLAND Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie) 1340 New York Drive Altadena, CA 91001 Central Library New Zealand Geological Survey DSIR, P.O. Box 30368 Lower Hutt. NEW ZEALAND Newswanger, Mr. Stephen P.O. Box 6033 Santa Barbara. CA 93111 Nichols, Mrs. Jesse E. (Lilian F.) 1200 Lakeshore Avenue. Apt. 23-D Oakland. CA 94606 Niesen. Dr. Thomas M. Dept. of Biological Science San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco. CA 94132 Niles. Dr. Doris K. P.O. Box 307 Loleta. CA 95551 Northern California Malacozoological Club Mrs. Verna Wegner. Treas. P.O. Box 1249 El Cernto. CA 94530 Nybakken, Dr. James W. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, CA 95039 O’Connor, Dr. John A. §21 South Griffith Park Drive Burbank, CA 91506 Of Sea and Shore, Inc. P.O. Box 33 Port Gamble, WA 98364 Okazaki, Mr. David 1221 Marlin Avenue Foster City, CA 94404 Old, Mr. William E., Jr. Dept. Living & Fossil Invertebrates American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 ** Parker, Mr. Jim 8705 Valleybrook Rd. Birmingham, AL 35206 Phillips, Mr. & *Mrs. Ted (Betty) P.O. Box 2963 Riviera, AZ 86442 Pitt, Mr. & *Mrs. William D. (Lois) 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, CA 95822 Poorman, Mr. & *Mrs. Leroy H. (Forrest L.) 15300 Magnolia Street, Sp. 55 Westminster, CA 92683 Popenoe, Dr. William P. Dept. of Geology University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 Powell, Mr. Charles L. & **Mr. Charles L. II 2462 E. Santa Clara Avenue Fullerton, CA 92631 Pratt, Mr. & *Mrs. William L. (Suzann) Museum of Natural History University of Nevada 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas, NV 89154 Purdy, Mrs. Ben H. (Ruth) 3658 Euclid Avenue San Diego, CA 92105 Ramsaran, Mrs. JoCarol 807 North Road San Bernardino. CA 92404 Redington, Mr. Oliver 126 B Street Redwood City, CA 94063 Rice, Mr. Thomas C P.O. Box 33 Port Gamble. WA 98364 ** Richart, Ms. Mae Dean 4090 Brant Street, Apt. 4 San Diego, CA 92103 Robertson, Dr. Robert Dept. of Malacology Academy of Natural Sciences Nineteenth & the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Robilliard, Dr. Gordon A. Suite 700 Three Embarcadero Center San Francisco, CA 94111 Rodda, Dr. Peter U. Dept. of Geology California Adacemy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Roper, Dr. Clyde F. E. Division of Mollusks National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 Rosewater, Dr. & *Mrs. Joseph (Mary C.) Division of Mollusks National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 Roth, Mr. Barry Dept. of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Rowland, Dr. Robert W. Marine Geology — 915 U.S. Geological Survey Reston, VA 22092 Roworth, Mr. Edwin C. 1361 Windsor Road Cardiff-by-the-Sea, CA 92007 The Library Royal Scottish Museum Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF, SCOTLAND Ruprecht, Ms. Linda Joyce 4530 East Joshua Tree Lane Paradise Valley, AZ 85255 Sage, Mr. Walter E., III 1123 Hathaway Louisville, KY 40215 Santa Barbara Malacological Society P.O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, CA 93105 S. C. Librarie Justus Lipsius Rue des Menapiens 31 —- Bte. 8 1040 Bruxelles, BELGIUM St. Jean. Mrs. George (Kate) P.O. Box 2356 Carmel, CA 93921 42 Saul, Dr. Lou Ella Dept. of Earth & Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 Saxby, Mr. John G. 2159 Montecito Avenue Santa Rosa, CA 95404 Science Reference Library Bayswater Branch 10 Porchester Garden London W2 4DE, ENGLAND + Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library C-075C University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093 Shasky, Dr. & *Mrs. Donald R. (Ursula K.) 834 West Highland Avenue Redlands, CA 92373 Skoglund, Mrs. Paul (Carol) 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85018 Smith, Mrs. Howard L. (Mary E.) 2899 Coral Street Morro Bay, CA 93442 Smith, Ms. Jean DeMouthe Dept. of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Smith, Dr. Judith Terry 1527 Byron Street Palo Alto, CA 94301 + Smithsonian Institution Library — Acquisitions Washington, DC 20560 Solem, Dr. G. Alan Dept. of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Lake Shore Drive & Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60605 Stansbery, Dr. David H. The Ohio State University Museum of Zoology 1813 North High Street Columbus, OH 43210 Stern, Dr. Edward M. Dept. of Biology University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, WI 54481 Stewart. Ms. Katherine 19 La Rancheria Carmel Valley, CA 93924 *** Stohler, Dr. Rudolf 1584 Milvia Street Berkeley. CA 94709 * Sutton, Mr. James E. 1990 16th Avenue San Francisco, CA 94116 Talmadge, Mr. Robert R. 2850 Pine Street Eureka, CA 95501 Taylor, Dr. Dwight W. Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies P.O. Box 773 Tiburon, CA 94920 Taylor, Mrs. James J. (Myra L.) 7602 McCullough Avenue San Antonio, TX 78216 General Library (Serials) University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 University of Miami R.S.M.A.S. Library 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 University of West Florida Library (Serials) Pensacola, FL 32504 Upton, Mrs. F. R. (Virginia) P.O. Box 1614 Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 van der Schalie, Dr. Henry 15000 Buss Road Manchester, MI 48158 Vedder, Dr. John G. 285 Golden Oak Drive Portola Valley, CA 94025 Virigina Polytechnic Inst. & Su. Serials — Receiving Section Carol M. Newman Library Blacksburg, VA 24061 Wahrenbrock, *Mr. & Mrs. E. E. (Gertrude) 1315 Beverly Blvd., #206 Montebello, CA 90640 Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way Fresno, CA 93704 Walklet. Ms. Geraldine A. (Gerrie) 234 Howard Drive Belleair Beach, FL 33535 Warriner, Ms. Irene 429 Hickory Lane San Rafael, CA 94903 Weber, Mrs. Gladys C. 6439 W. Myrtle Avenue, Sp. 79 Glendale. AZ 85301 Wheelwright. Dr. Joseph B. 8 Live Oak Way Kentfield, CA 94904 Williams, Mrs. Alice E. & **Miss Bonnie B. Rt. 1, Box 333-H Corning, CA 96021 Woods, Mr. William L. 2721 Murray Ridge Road San Diego, CA 92123 Woolsey, Miss Jody 3717 Bagley Avenue, #206 Los Angeles, CA 90034 Yancey, Dr. Thomas E. Dept. of Geology Idaho State University Pocatello, ID 63209 Young, Mr. & *Mrs. H. D. (Wilma G.) P.O. Box 1931 Seattle, WA 98111 ** Zapata, Sr. Fernando Dept. de Biologia Universidad del Valle A.A. 2188 Cali, COLOMBIA ** Zimmer, Mr. Richard Kent Dept. of Biology University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93101 LATE ADDITIONS Burch, Dr. John B. Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Holiman, Mr. & Mrs. H. Wayne (Audrey) P.O. Box 246 Edinburg, TX 78539 Kilmer, Dr. Frank Box 153 Trinidad, CA 95570 Library New Zealand Oceanographic Inst. P.O., Box 12346 Wellington North, NEW ZEALAND Reish, Dr. Donald J. Dept. of Biology California State University, Long Beach Long Beach, CA 90840 43 Harris, Or. Larry G. 56 Oyster River Road Durham, NH 03824 Moore, Dr. Donald A. 110 Aledo Avenue Coral Gables, FL 33134 7 ay Ligne eyes nani di ‘ound ath HO, 1 Paeey Fel) re aa VR Oe uated” au -, yl, ; wives anki “ogi: apn uA et vs a ' X Led Oo boyy b twat a tarps netic SOE = apie s mgt v1 nm ES (57 Wie tard “auc 0 Vp deunit eae te age! ee ee ene he ean Hi BPEL (Py AA OA fay Ma Wa 9 ual au ee BT BTN OR : . aa : A i oe th aor . a wail wits Uyes, las GAA tee a » Hee ah . v — egelelenl le alga’ png itis aie ye Wet be ih ' i Tu Aapy\? @ fig MN H iar lll a a Pat i ae ie > oye ruil Large vp bene — eo 1 " i aos \ rN Mithete le: ; oy est . i i 4 4 By 40 "SECTIONAL LIBRARY Woa7 DIVISION QE MOLLUSKS ISSN 0361-1175 THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT Corpus Christi, Texas 5-11 August 1979 Volume 12 The Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report Volume 12 Corpus Christi, Texas 5-11 August 1979 Joint meeting with The American Malacological Union Issued: MAR 2 4 jo89 Editorial Board, 1979-1980 Dr. Hans Bertsch, Editor Dr. Eugene Coan Mr. Michael G. Kellogg Dr. Barry Roth Mrs. Raymond (Kay) Webb, Treasurer The Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacolo- gists is based on its yearly meeting. Distribution of the Annual Report is free to regular and student members who are, at the time of issue, in good standing. Membership dues are $7.50 and $3.00 for students. Others of a regular member’s family may join for an additional $1.00; each family receives only one Annual Report. The Western Society of Malacologists has issued two Occasional Papers—No. 1, ‘‘ ‘Sea Shells of Tropical West America’: Additions and Corrections to 1975’? by Myra Keen & Eugene Coan; and No. 2, ‘‘A Catalogue of Colla- tions of Works of Malacological Importance’’ by George E. Radwin & Eugene Coan. Each was priced at $2.50. The first is now out of print; the second is still available. Correspondence regarding membership and orders for additional or back issues of the Annual Report or the Occasional Papers should be addressed to the current W.S.M. Treasurer, Mrs. Raymond D. (Kay) Webb, 501 Anita St., #186, Chula Vista, Calif. 92011. When full-length papers are included in the Annual Report or Occasional Papers they are reviewed by two members of the Editorial Board in addition to the Editor. NOTICE OF THE 13th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS The 1980 meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held at Davis, CA, June 22-25, in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division (AAAS-PD). The WSM program will include a shell and book auction, exhibits, workshops, symposia, and contributed papers. Registrants at the meeting will also have the oppor- tunity to participate in activities sponsored by other societies meeting with AAAS-PD. The preliminary announcement and call for papers will be sent by AAAS-PD in January, 1980. Advance registration is strongly encouraged. TABLE OF CONTENTS Minutes, Executive Board and Annual Business Meeting, 8 and9 August 1979 ..... 0.00000... 00 cece eee PIKCASUTCIESINCD OR ieremers ererereee crete a: ena Moca eM GENS avaiteen craic so Sci Nee Ree ee eae hese AS Ne: Abstracts of Papers Presented to the Twelfth Annual Meeting Symposium: Life Histories of Mollusks “The population dynamics of the bivalves So/en rosaceus and Tagelus californianus in a natural and thermally altered environment in south San Diego Bay,’’ Jose-Maria Merino........ “*Micro-acoustic and microscopic observations on the utility of marine grazing molluscs introduced to grow on submerged structures for the biological control of marine fOWIN Ee wmAehnIstophemlowkittin eee amici elec ce eames earn serooe oe “Maximum size and latitude: Their relation in Littorina planaxis and L. sitkana,’’ Peter Frank “Reproductive dynamics in Cyanoplax dentiens (Gould), a brooding hermaphroditic chiton, WMavidiRaleindbergice JOHNS PCAtSC cc ceca cies ee ete ee clue oe cs crete rae yee ate “Reproductive biology of Arthritica crassiformis Powell and Arthritica bifurca (Webster), two commensal bivalve mollusks (Leptonacea),’’ Paul Chanley & Matoira Chanley...... “‘The removal of Ostrea lutaria and Ostrea chilensis from the genus Ostrea on the basis of larval characteristics,’’ Paul Chanley & P. Dinamani..................00. cee eeu eeee “Life history of Epitonium tinctum (Prosobranchia: Mesogastropoda),’’ Amy Breyer ....... “‘Reproduction in the aeolid nudibranch Spurilla neapolitana,’’ Linda S. Eyster & ING VINVIRAE CKC DALE CT tre stent susreatia: she a's eroedcs Racin is tumete vesicle a eels does Grouse ees “Reproductive biology of Modulus modulus Linnaeus, 1758 (Prosobranchia: @enithiacca) eek chances a bl OUD TICK ets whee siisuncnsie cys cctsecnstsicneneiss oereeelete sere tse. syetennnens “‘Life history of the mangrove gastropod Thais kiosquiformis Duclos, 1832 on the Pacific Colombian coast,’’ Jaime R. Cantera K., Rafael Contreras R., Francisco Borrero, ElisaberyButtkussabernad O:Zapatale csrcn ceive vista sys esc cs 4aveis @'stiste-elstertie a stim ee eee sue “*Sexual phases and planktonic larval development of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), from coastal lagoons of southeast Mexico,’’ Antonio Garcia-Cubas, Ati ClayRosensicceiilia| GHAavVieZ.snceptcine inveccrsciessiciss cuts ee steteweresiaeiee Sie cle sent ee “*Sexual maturity, gonadal and larval development of the brackish water clam Rangia cuneata (Gray, 1831), in Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, Mexico,”’ Antonio Garcia-Cubas, Patricia Rogers & Emilia Chavez ...............0 eee eee eeees ‘“‘Life history evolution in temporary versus permanent ponds: Lymnaea palustris ANG ESTA SNA ISsea I CTMELL Vicia OW Mllmeys cue cte te) sureties were eve operas ore atisians ted) ateearteepencresaie “‘Geographic distribution of breeding systems in freshwater bivalves (Unionacea) in eastemmNorthyAmenica,::\Gerald SumMeNs: 2eccmen et en tia ts ote ee a. ws oe eee Bene ““Aspects of early development in a land snail, Anguispira alternata,’’ Carl W. Gugler ....... Contributed Paper *Hawailanichromodorids,’/Hans Bertsch & Scott JONNSOM ... 6.2 0% ese ew ele ess oreo Executive boardandGommitteeiMembers, 1978-1979 ore tics asc ee oe emt eas meds aeleiece news ures Groupmbehotosrap mee petit cae te ertene a tavern. harsh ee cea wei SEAN Oe OU Rabanne sl stalate om eerune de Seay te KEV OLGTO UPI OLO Pra lisene seevem tackesuhcnte @rorensiede cake, Gene eile el onae leven spec seneratcnesteucisy siatsue) nicholas 4s ystalieys felleue sha gavstatas Wengen Sinall Chiles 03 dco state. tr wits Cemaci ot ate eiicmenrt arcs ter rere areca seer rer a ne a ea RR eA sear ” win aingidaaan 12 MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS La Quinta Royale Motor Inn Corpus Christi, Texas 8 August 1979 The meeting was called to order by President Dr. Barry Roth; Board members present were Dr. James Nybakken, Mrs. Helen DuShane, Mrs. Carol Skoglund, Mr. William Pitt and Mr. Michael Kellogg. Dr. Hans Bertsch, Editor, also attended. Minutes of the Board meeting of 1978 were read and approved as read. Treasurer Mrs. Carol Skoglund reported a deficit of $278.55 as of July 31, 1979. A motion to accept the report was made by Dr. James Nybakken, seconded by Mrs. Helen DuShane. The motion carried. Mrs. Helen DuShane read the report of the Nominating Committee which presented the following slate of officers: President hie Satay Baste cayee ae ..Dr. Vida C. Kenk Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund Dr. Donald R. Shasky ai javere ins Mrs. Kay Webb ..Mr. William D. Pitt ...Dr. Louie N. Marincovich .Mr. David K. Mulliner Ist Vice President... 2nd Vice President ... RYGASWTCT i554 oie) shore: o'er Secretary cc.chindaeee vce eerehinn Member-at-Large..... Member-at-Large.... The report of the Student Award Committee was read by Dr. James Nybakken as follows: Award of $500.00 to Ms. Esther Leise of the Uni- versity of Washington, Department of Zoology, for her project, the Polyplacophoran girdle, its structure and function. We had the pleasure to handle the selection of a student for a $500.00 award offered by the Southwestern Malacological Society. The student selected was Ms. Elizabeth Nesbitt from the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, Department of Paleon- tology, for the study of the Paleoecology of the Mega-invertebrate fauna of the Cowlitz Formation of Washington and Oregon. There was a motion by Dr. James Nybakken that we relocate our old records and annual report to the Los Angeles County Museum for storage under the care of Dr. James McLean. It was seconded by Mr. William Pitt. The motion carried. The board instructed the Secretary to send reminder let- ters to delinquent members. The option of meeting with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division, at the Uni- versity of California at Davis, June 22-26, 1980 was dis- cussed. It was agreed to present this recommendation to the Annual Business Meeting. It was the consensus of the board that Mrs. Carol Skoglund investigate the possibility of having our 1981 meeting at the University of California at Santa Barbara. The board accepted the appointment of Dr. Hans Bertsch to replace Dr. Eugene Coan as Editor. Mrs. Carol Skoglund moved that we authorize the Editor to print 350 copies of the annual report at an approximate cost of $1500.00. It was seconded by Dr. James Nybakken. The motion carried. MINUTES, ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS La Quinta Royale Motor Inn Corpus Christi, Texas 9 August 1979 The meeting was called to order by President Dr. Barry Roth. The Minutes of the 1978 Executive Board and General meeting were approved as printed in the Annual Report. Treasurer Mrs. Carol Skoglund reported a deficit of $278.55 for the year. Mrs. Twila Bratcher reported on the need for an auction in the future. This opinion was concurred in by the general membership. The report of the Student Award Committee was read by President Dr. Barry Roth. Dr. Barry Roth read the report of the Nominating Com- mittee, presenting the slate of officers. There were no nominations from the floor and the slate of officers was elected by a unanimous vote. President Dr. Barry Roth reported on the details of the AAAS Pacific Division convention at the University of California at Davis, June 22-26, 1980. Dr. James Nybakken moved that we accept the recommendation of the Executive Board that we meet with the AAAS-PD in 1980. It was seconded by Mr. Michael Kellogg. The motion carried. Dr. James McLean reported on the AMU Conservation Committee recommendations, especially the part on the Tanner Bank (McLean resolution). There was a motion by Dr. William Emerson to endorse the concept of the McLean resolution and that the president appoint a com- mittee to study this in more depth. It was seconded by Dr. James Nybakken. The motion carried. President Dr. Barry Roth appointed Dr. James McLean to chair the Commit- tee, who in turn appointed his committee consisting of Dr. William Emerson and Dr. Hans Bertsch. It was discussed whether or not we could operate with only an auction for extra income. It was concluded that we could. It was suggested that we encourage the participation of shell clubs and have a shell night at our conventions. TREASURER’S REPORT August 1, 1978 to July 31, 1979 Cash on hand July 31, 1978 Paid accounts receivable from 1978 RECEIPTS Dues: 1974 1 regular $ 5.00 1976 1 regular 5.00 1977 3 regular 15.00 1978 45 regular 337.50 3 family 3.00 2 student 6.00 1979 172 regular 1290.00 21 family 21.00 12 student 36.00 Publications: Annual Reports 15 @ $5.00 75.00 6 @ $7.50 45.00 Occasional Paper #2 5 @ $2.50 12.50 Reprints 15.00 Donations: Student grant Savings account interest EXPENSES Annual Report Vol. 11 Typesetting $450.00 Printing 897.79 Postage 109.22 Editor postage, phone 34.56 Postage, supplies, printing Secretary 274.39 Treasurer 55.85 Dues, AMU 1979 July 31, 1979 Valley National Bank, Phoenix, Arizona Savings Account #3690-7755 Checking Account #104-7193 $2508.94 __ 43.05 $1718.50 147.50 10.00 __115.86 $1491.57 330.24 10.00 $2538.21 173.83 $2551.99 $1991.86 $4543.85 $1831.81 $2712.04 $2712.04 WSM ASSETS AS OF JULY 31, 1979 Cash on hand $2712.04 Accounts receivable Publications 20.00 Reprints 25.00 Treasurer’s postage 7 16.40 $2773.44 UNPAID OBLIGATIONS Student grant 500.00 $2273.44 Net deficit for year $278.55 plus any outstanding bills not submitted. July 31, 1979 1968 Vol 1 THE ECHO 90 copies 1969 Vol 2 ut 44 1970 Vol 3 ¢ ¢ 36 1971 Vol 4 i 1 1972 Vol 5 f s 36 1973 Vol 6 “i a 56 1974 Vol 7 ANNUAL REPORT 32 1975 Vol 8 i " 76 1975 AMU BULLETIN 83 1976 Vol 9 ANNUAL REPORT 91 1977 Vol 10 e H 127 1978 Vol 11 : Yu 79 1976 OCCASIONAL PAPER #2 198 ANNUAL REPORT VOLUME 11 Typesetting & printing 370 copies $1322.79 Cost per copy $3.57 Mailing per copy 48 $4.05 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING SYMPOSIUM: LIFE HISTORIES OF MOLLUSKS ORGANIZERS David R. Lindberg Applied Sciences University of California Santa Cruz, CA THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE BIVALVES Solen rosaceus AND Tagelus californianus IN A NATURAL AND THERMALLY ALTERED ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH SAN DIEGO BAY Jose-Maria Merino TOSCO Corporation Box 814 Vernal, Utah 84078 The population characteristics of the burrowing bivalves Solen rosaceus and Tagelus californianus were observed over a 2-3 year period in south San Diego Bay in an area receiving heated effluent from a 722 MW electric generating power plant. Data collected from experimental and control areas in the bay included density, rates of growth and mortality, size-frequency distributions, reproduction, and distribution. Tolerances to high effluent temperatures were tested in the laboratory. Study results indicated that the two species had different population characteristics. Solen rosaceus populations had higher growth and mortality rates, and showed less tolerance to high effluent temperatures than Tagelus californianus populations. Reproductive and recruitment characteristics also differed between species populations. These dif- ferences are discussed with respect to influence from heated effluent and with respect to other biological factors influen- cing population dynamics. MICRO-ACOUSTIC AND MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE UTILITY OF MARINE GRAZING MOLLUSCS INTRODUCED TO GROW ON SUBMERGED STRUCTURES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MARINE FOULING Christopher L. Kitting University of California at Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute and University of Texas Port Aransas Marine Laboratory Studies on recruitment of grazing molluscs and their impacts on sessile foods suggest an effective control of Michael G. Kellogg Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, CA overgrowth accumulating on man-made underwater struc- tures. When various molluscs were introduced experimen- tally to hollow cement floats studied at Santa Barbara Marina, a comparatively sparse assemblage of chiton and limpet species appeared to minimize overgrowth. Normal- ly, the grazers settle on structures up in the water column too rarely to control fouling community development. However, one can demonstrate dramatic effects of grazing by placing actively scraping species onto a structure before massive, sessile forms become established. One could also attempt to recruit grazers there, from the plankton, by using naturally occurring biochemical inducers of grazer settlement discovered recently in Daniel Morse’s laboratory at U. C. Santa Barbara. Stomach analyses and close-up underwater listening elucidate molluscan grazing activities, which are usually hidden under the shell, and indicate that several species can feed actively on wide varieties of fouling species as the grazers develop. Adult limpets can scrape other forms away with the shell. In formal field experi- ments in progress for three months now, one Collisella strigatella per 100 sq. cm was sufficient to keep almost all macroscopic forms from colonizing. Widely foraging adult Mopalia muscosa chitons can remove most serpulid tube- worms that do settle near C. strigatella. Such studies could become as important as previous, more extensive ecological studies on insects that have been introduced to areas to con- trol weed and pest species. MAXIMUM SIZE AND LATITUDE: THEIR RELATION IN Littorina planaxis AND L. sitkana Peter Frank Biology, University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403 Littorina planaxis has a planktonic larval stage, Littorina sitkana develops directly. In both species growth continues through the entire life span. L. planaxis collections in the U.S. Museum of Natural History, ranging from Lat. 18-40°N. indicate that maximum size is attained near the extremes of the range rather than in the middle. L. sitkana’s range is from 44-65 °N lat.; maximum sizes in this species are more characteristic of the center of its range. This contrast is what would be expected if uncertainty of recruitment success is associated with selection for longevi- ty, and if this uncertainty is more clearly related to marginal distribution in a planktonic than a directly developing species. I thank Dr. Joseph Rosewater for providing the data on which the comparison is based. REPRODUCTIVE DYNAMICS IN Cyanoplax dentiens (Gould), A BROODING HERMAPHRODITIC CHITON David R. Lindberg and John S. Pearse Center for Coastal Marine Studies University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Cyanoplax dentiens is among the few species of chitons reported to brood their young, and the only known species of hermaphroditic chiton. We found that individuals in a central California population seasonally change their sexual condition: individuals were ‘‘male’’ in the late summer and early fall when sperms accumulate in the gonad, simulta- neous hermaphrodites in the late fall to early spring when eggs also accumulate, and ‘‘female’’ in the late spring and early summer, after spawning, when only relic eggs were retained in the gonad. Rare individuals more than 13 mm in length were invariably male, regardless of season. Animals maintained in isolation in the laboratory were self-fertile, and they brooded up to 3 sets of embroyos between Jan- uary and early March. After brooding the eggs 7-9 days, the chitons released swimming trochophores with early shell rudiments; a few of these settled on the dorsal surface of the parent. Hermaphroditism, self-fertility, and brooding all appear to be particularly appropriate reproductive attri- butes for these very small, widely distributed, but usually relatively uncommon chitons. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF Arthritica crassiformis POWELL AND Arthritica bifurca (WEBSTER), TWO COMMENSAL BIVALVE MOLLUSKS (LEPTONACEA) Paul Chanley and Matoira Chanley Fundacion Chile, Casilla 773, Santiago, Chile Both species are functional hermaphrodites, incubating larvae for about one week. Arthritica crassiformis released 245-3074 larvae, 150 » in length, every 11-12 days. They set at 235-270 nw. Arthritica bifurca released 5-5016 larvae, 124 in length, every 8-22 days. They set at 243-275 yp. Larger clams tended to produce larger broods. THE REMOVAL OF Ostrea lutaria AND Ostrea chilensis FROM THE GENUS Ostrea ON THE BASIS OF LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS Paul Chanley Fundacion Chile, Casilla 773, Santiago, Chile and P. Dinamani Fisheries Research Division, Wellington, New Zealand Four species of oysters occur in New Zealand and one in Chile. Their larvae are described. Ostrea lutaria and O. chilensis larvae differ radically from larvae of other oysters. Possibly these are primitive species and species with their type of larvae should be placed in a genus other than Ostrea. LIFE HISTORY OF Epitonium tinctum (PROSOBRANCHIA: MESOGASTROPODA) Amy Breyer Rohnert Park, California The wentletrap Epitonium tinctum (Carpenter, 1864) ranges along the west coast of North America from Baja California to Alaska. It is found intertidally in association with the small clonal anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt). Living in pockets of sand amongst the clone, this micropredator feeds on the tentacles and tubercles of the anemones. Previous studies have been related to the feeding with the exception of Bulnheim (1968) who traced the development of the unusual sperm and presented evidence of protandric hermaphroditism. Little else has been reported about this species. The present report is a descrip- tion of the life cycle of E. tinctum based on animals from Sonoma County, California. Monthly collections from November 1977 to May 1979 indicate that the population size fluctuates seasonally. Laboratory observations reveal that these mesogastropods are protandric hermaphrodites with only one sex change during their life. Males produce atypical sperm called spermatozeugma which comprises one giant apyrene sperm with thousands of normal sperm attached to the tail. Although motile, this giant ‘‘carrier’’ sperm is incapable of swimming from a male to a female. Lacking any copulatory organ, the males transfer the sper- matozeugmata to the females via the respiratory currents. The peculiar egg cases are ellipsoid sand-encrusted spheres strung along a strong thread which is attached to the substrate. Egg cases are formed in the oviduct and are com- pleted by the foot. Sand grain size, environment and size of the female affect fecundity. Development within the egg case includes spiral cleavage and a brief trochophore stage. A planktotrophic veliger is formed at the end of seven days. REPRODUCTION IN THE AEOLID NUDIBRANCH Spurilla neapolitana Linda S. Eyster and Kevin J. Eckelbarger Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc. RR |, Box 196 Ft. Pierce, Florida Reproduction, development, and the effects of feeding and starvation on gametogenesis in Spurilla neapolitana are being examined in specimens from South Carolina and Florida. Throughout its range S. neapolitana feeds on anemones and in our experiments chose Aiptasia pallida over other anemones provided. Adults given food con- tinued to feed and to oviposit. Starved adults survived 3 weeks but laid eggs for only one week after initiation of starvation. If fed after 2 weeks starvation, 59% of the specimens resumed oviposition in 8-10 days but the other 41% died. Specimens were observed from April to June and again from October to December. Only mature individuals were found, suggesting that reproduction may occur in all months. The egg mass is a secondarily-twisted string of white eggs with uncleaved egg diameter ranging from 77-90n. Eggs from both South Carolina and Florida developed into planktotrophic veligers in 4-6 days at 23°C. Other investigators have reported a change in development type induced by starvation but we have been unable to induce this change, suggesting that members of one popula- tion may be more plastic than those of another. The ovotestes are arranged posteriorly on either side of the gut. Oocytes arise near the outer wall of the ovotestis and sperm near the lumen. Based on preliminary studies, vitellogenesis seems to be autosynthetic, involving both rough ER and Golgi complexes, with a possible contribu- tion of yolk precursors from the adjacent follicle cells, which contain dilated ER cisternae. Spermiogenesis begins with a flattening of the nucleus along the antero-posterior axis, the appearance of fibrillar chromatin at the posterior pole and condensed chromatin plaques along the anterior and lateral regions of the nuclear envelope. The nucleus becomes ellipsoidal; a centriole and accompanying flagellar axoneme migrate into a posterior depression in the nucleus. During further differentiation, the nucleus elongates with the chromatin appearing as closely packed longitudinally-arranged fibrils. The tail is enclosed in a mitochrondrial sheath and a single helical keel containing a glycogen-like material. The mature sperm is filiform with a banana-shaped nucleus and no apparent acrosome. Copulation is reciprocal and simultaneous. Allosperm received from copulation are stored with their heads embedded in the seminal receptacle wall. The wall is lined with both cilia and unbranched microvilli. No junctional complexes were observed between the sperm and the cells of the receptacle wall. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF Modulus modulus LINNAEUS, 1758 (PROSOBRANCHIA: CERITHIACEA) Richard S. Houbrick Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Modulus modulus has open pallial gonoducts and aphallic males. Fertilization is internal and is effected by spermatophores that contain eupyrene and apyrene sperms. The life cycle of a population from Fort Pierce, Florida, lasts about one year. Mating occurs in early winter and spawning in spring. Females have complex pallial oviducts and ovipositors. Spawn masses are cylindrical, comprised of gelatinous tubes and deposited on marine grasses. Development is direct, i.e., all stages of larval development take place within the egg capsule. Young snails emerge after three weeks of incubation. 10 LIFE HISTORY OF THE MANGROVE GASTROPOD Thais kiosquiformis DUCLOS, 1832 ON THE PACIFIC COLOMBIAN COAST Jaime R. Cantera K., Rafael Contreras R., Francisco Borrero, Elisabeth Buttkus, and Fernado Zapata Departmento de Biologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia Thais kiosquiformis is a common predator of oysters, cirripeds and other gastropods, which inhabits the roots and trunks of red mangrove, rocky shores and man-made structures from Baja California to Peru including localities in Colombia within mangrove ecosystems from Ensenada of Catripe (4° 25’ N and 77° 18'W) to Tumaco (1° 50’ N and 78° 44' W). The average length of specimens from six localities was 36.36 mm. Thais kiosquiformis preys upon cirripeds, and the mollusks Ostrea conchaphila, Littorina zebra, L. varia, and Cerithidea valida. Ovigerous masses can be round or elongated, with length between 5.0-23.0 cm; width between 7.9-9.8 cm. The cylindric capsules average 5.54 x 2.1 mm. The females deposit the masses individually or communally on shaded surfaces (under trunks). The growth was, in average, 0.54 mm in length and 0.29 gr. in weight by month. This work includes a descrip- tion of copulation, ovoposition, development, and popula- tion variations according to the method of modal variations during a one year period. A study of morphological and morphometric changes of the shell and the radula growth, by means of the regression analysis method are included. SEXUAL PHASES AND PLANKTONIC LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN OYSTER Crassostrea virginica (GMELIN), FROM COASTAL LAGOONS OF SOUTHEAST MEXICO Antonio Garcia-Cubas, Patricia Rogers and Emilia Chavez Laboratoria de Malacologia Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México Apartado Postal 70-305, México 20, D.F. Se analizan quinientas muestras periddicas a nivel histologico sobre la evolucion gonadica del ostion. Ilustrandose con graficas e histogramas de cada fase en relacion con salinidad y temperaturas ambien- tales. Asimismo, se estudia la duracion del desarrollo embrionario y larvario planctonico en condiciones controladas de laboratorio, cuya duracion es de dos a tres semanas, la fijacion y metamorfosis se efectua en la ultima semana de vida planctonica. Reproduction of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica has been studied on the Atlantic coast of United States, but there exist no records of its reproductive biology in Mexico. The present study was conducted to determine the reproductive biology of C. virginica in the southeastern region of Mexico where there is intention to cultivate this oyster. During three annual cycles, a histological analysis of the gonads of C. virginica from the Boca de Atasta area of the Terminos Lagoon, indicated the presence of four gonadic phases with intermediate stages in each phase The four gonadic phases identified were: Phase One or undifferentiated; Phase Two or gametogenesis; Phase Three or reproduction; and Phase Four or post-spawning. Two massive spawnings were defined. The first was in the spring, from March to May, when the average tempera- ture was between 28° and 29° C and the average salinity was 28 to 29°/o0. The second spawning occurred during the period from September to November, occasionally extending to December and January. The average temperature during this latter period was 27 to 28° C, with salinities of 8 to 9°/o00. This second period corresponds to the rainy season, with consequently low temperatures and salinities. Knowing the periods of major natural spawnings, a study was then started on the embryology and larval development under controlled laboratory conditions similar to those found in the natural habitat of the oyster. Under these conditions, with average salinity of 20°/o00 and average temperature of 30° C, the stages through which the oyster larvae passed have the following characteristics: Stage Size Time a) Veliger, straight-hinge 70x 55 p 15-36 hours or ‘‘D”’ shaped larvae 80x75 4 b) Early umbo larvae O37xE92! 36-60 hours 120 x 130 c) Umbo latter larvae 155 x 165 p 60 hours-7 days 200 x 205 pu d) Mature larvae with 275 x 280 p 10 - 16 days eyespot 300 x 304 p This information was compared with that provided by Chanley and Andrews (1971), and we conclude that larval development from the veliger stage to mature larvae occurs more rapidly in tropical waters than in colder waters, the difference being about a week. SEXUAL MATURITY, GONADAL AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRACKISH WATER CLAM Rangia cuneata (GRAY, 1831), IN TERMINOS LAGOON, CAMPECHE, MEXICO Antonio Garcia-Cubas, Patricia Rogers and Emilia Chavez Laboratorio de Malacologia Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México Apartado Postal 70-305, México 20, D.F. Se describe la evolucion gonadica mediante técnicas histologicas durante veinte y siete meses de muestras mensuales. Se ilustra graficamente cada una de las fases en relacion con parametros ambien- tales de temperatura y salinidad. Identificandose dos periodos de desoves masivos anuales. Se estudio la secuencia embrionaria y ciclo larvario en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. The brackish water clam Rangia cuneata is encountered in the Pom Lagoon, in southeastern Mexico, an area which has been intensively exploited. The present study was 11 undertaken in order to determine the reproductive biology of R. cuneata in this specific region. A histological analysis of the gonads of the clam was made during twenty seven months resulting in the iden- tification of four gonadic phases. Throughout the study, the sexual elements of this species were identified. In the study area there does not exist a true winter which would permit the gonadic cycle to enter repose, indicating that the temperature is an important ele- ment for the gonadic cycle of this species. Two massive spawnings were detected; the first occurred from April to May, with an average temperature of 29° C and average water salinity of 5.5°/o00; the second massive spawning was in the autumn from September to October, the average temperature was 28° C and salinity 3-0°/oo0. Having established the major massive spawning of the clam a study of the embryonic cycle and larval development was initiated under controlled laboratory conditions with an average salinity of 5°/o0 and average temperature of 30° C as in the natural environment. Under these conditions, the stages through which the clam larvae passed have the following characteristics: Stages Size Time a) Veliger, straight-hinge 90 x85 p 40-60 hours or ‘‘D’’ shaped larvae b) Early umbo larvae 120 x 1162 60 hours-3 days 150x144 yp c) Umbo latter larvae 175 x 165 4 200 x 196 p 3-5 days d) Mature larvae with 300 x 304 pn 5-12 days statocyst LIFE HISTORY EVOLUTION IN TEMPORARY VERSUS PERMANENT PONDS: Lymnaea palustris and L. stagnalis Kenneth M. Brown Department of Biological Sciences Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805 Demographic sampling and field experiments showed that L. palustris, the species found in vernal ponds, was not more r-selected than its congener in more permanent ponds. It instead has adapted to an uncertain environment by evolving a flexible age and size interval for first reproduction, and sequencing reproduction to pond phenology. Field experiments showed that adult fecundity was not severely limited in L. stagnalis, but juvenile growth rates were. These results indicate the juvenile mortality (which may be as high as 99% of the cohort) may be just as important a selective force as density dependent reductions in adult fecundity. Field experiments on L. palustris in tem- porary ponds showed that density has significant effects on both growth and fecundity. Estimates of adult densities also indicate that density dependent limitation of reproduc- tion may occur in this species. These results therefore sug- gest that density dependence is a stronger selection force, at least on adult fecundity, in temporary habitats. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF BREEDING SYSTEMS IN FRESHWATER BIVALVES (UNIONACEA) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Gerald Summers Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 The larvae of freshwater unionacean bivalves (glochidia) are retained with the gills of the female for varying lengths of time prior to completion of an obligate symbiotic phase on a vertebrate host. There are two patterns of glochidial retention in eastern North America: short-term breeders retain glochidia for a brief period of time in early summer and long-term breeders retain glochidia for an extended period of time over the winter. The breeding systems do not differ in overall taxonomic diversity or broad geographic distribution, but there is a significant association between the proportion of long-term breeders in a river and latitude (r?=.772; P<.001). This relationship is believed to reflect life history adaptations to the harsh climates of northern latitudes. Virtually the entire growing season precedes the period of glochidial retention in long-term breeders but short-term breeders retain glochidia early in the season before the female has had the opportunity to prepare for the stresses associated with this phase of the life cycle. Fur- thermore, glochidia of long-term breeders metamorphose to the juvenile stage in early summer and have an extended period of growth in their first year whereas the late summer-early fall metamorphosis in juveniles of short-term breeders abbreviates the length of their first year growth period. ASPECTS OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN A LAND SNAIL, Anguispira alternata Carl W. Gugler School of Life Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 Cleavage is total and nearly equal. A coeloblastula is formed; gastrulation is by invagination. A precocious pharynx, one of the earliest of the visible differentiations, serves to transport surrounding nutrient fluid to the archen- teron from which the fluid becomes incorporated in the vacuoles of large-celled endoderm. The shell gland is func- tional by the time the foot makes its appearance. The embryonic foot includes the distal podocyst and the foot proper. The podocyst, by coiling and uncoiling, aids in distribution of materials; subsequently it is shed. The earliest indication of eye formation is the aggregation of cells, presumably ectodermal in origin, lateral to the organizing cephalic ganglia. The aggregating cells form a sphere of columnar cells into the center of which the lens is secreted. By this time the forming ocular tentacles are evi- dent as eminences; the developing eye is incorporated into the distal region of the organizing tentacle. There is no indi- cation of formation of the early eye vesicle by invagination from the surface epithelium, as has been described for other pulmonates. CONTRIBUTED PAPER: HAWAIIAN CHROMODORIDS Hans Bertsch Natural History Museum Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, California 92112 Scott Johnson Department of Zoology University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 There are 22 species of chromodorids in the waters around the island of Oahu, Hawaii. One species, Chromo- doris lilacina (Gould, 1852), occurs primarily in the littoral or intertidal zone. Four species seem to occur both sub- tidally and intertidally: these are Chromodoris imperialis (Pease, 1860), C. peasei (Bergh, 1880), C. trimarginata (Winckworth, 1946), and C. albopustulosa (Pease, 1860). The remaining 17 chromodorid species all occur predomi- nantly in subtidal depths. These subtidal species show a three-dimensional partitioning of the habitat space: each species occurs only at certain localities, and each species has a definite depth distribution. Some of the species attain fur- ther niche separation by different feeding preferences. Nine of the chromodorid species are apparently endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The species presently known only from the Hawaiian Islands include 5 undescribed species, Babaina daniellae (Kay & Young, 1969), Hypselodoris lineata (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852), H. vibrata (Pease, 1860), and C. peasei. The other 13 species are Indo-Pacific in distribution. A grant from Earthwatch provided the necessary funds and volunteers that made possible the collection of specimens during the summers of 1978 and 1979. EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS, 1978-79 OFFICERS & EXECUTIVE BOARD President Dr. Barry Roth First Vice President Dr. Vida C. Kenk Second Vice President Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund Secretary Mr. William D. Pitt Treasurer Mrs. Raymond (Kay) Webb Members-at-Large Mr. Michael G. Kellogg Mr. David R. Lindberg Three most recent past Presidents Dr. Peter N. D’Eliscu Mrs. Helen DuShane Dr. James W. Nybakken Mentor-Parliamentarian Dr. A. Myra Keen STANDING COMMITTEES Auditing Committee Dr. Peter Rodda Ms. Jean DeMouthe Smith Mrs. Susan Gray Marelli Nominating Committee Mrs. Helen DuShane, Chairman Dr. James H. McLean Dr. James W. Nybakken MEETING COMMITTEES Historian Mrs. Edith Abbott Editorial Board Dr. Hans Bertsch, Editor Dr. Eugene Coan Mr. Michael G. Kellogg Dr. Barry Roth Mrs. Kay Webb (Treasurer) uewdiog ydasor YONIOH WNIT] aNo]JO4e] YUN UOSIOWA “YY WRIT Saqoy se|[B A OL preuoy ueploy xe suiddoy auer AdUIAMS IXIA ABW] De aapunqd pjoley SSOA eqD suody [II suod] [ORD Iyoatuo ye SBWIOY Weig auuezns neid pAolq dajjor auuy sjauuny Apuey Wwa]os uR|Yy Suny SuYyD SSO] [PRY uva oy sowes Jayojeig ploy uOSsIaAq Quay eospold Il! IaH IW UI]2H yosiog suey JaAoig AWW aulaH waqjey umouyun saivudsMjoD [ney UBLUMON SI[SOT Aang “A sewoyy ‘691 “891 “LOT i991 “SOl “POI “E91 ‘COL “191 ‘O91 “6SI “SSI “LSI “OSI “Sst “pS “ESI 26511 “TSI “OST ‘obl “Srl ‘LOI ‘Or “Srl ‘bbl “tpl ‘Chl “Ttl ‘Ovi “6El “SEI “LEI nO El uo}IWeY oUURZNS uosulyuor uYyOor suo] UUZ[D ABlin ‘qd pjoieH Agquey sme yOIMY WO AUN aueysng usjaH yooN puowAey SiaquaaiyH yIny sadoy uyor auoo0g si][OH JaBNH [led saqoy jo1eED Jo|PUIMS AleD AlleH pjoleH dsapunqd “Ss 90d “L BOsANH NoO[Leyy ABH Pelpllin 1Ad]OABVA Ydasor Oo] wens Aled 931095 2100, pjeuogd WYSUQnH s[so"] dULIPIA WOR ae] pospllin pun]soyxs Jo1eD sauof ang OULIaJy 90F uayyeqAN sower Agpiny uuy Aye A J919d 13}10q ysnH ueunljoH Asipny UOSWIRT[[IAA AULIIYIBD, SSel ‘pel “cel “cel “Tel “OE! ‘671 “871 “LT ‘9TI “STI ‘yl “tT ‘CCl cc tra ‘OCI ‘oll “SII ‘LIL NG “SII “vl SeTiL ‘TIT eli ‘OI “601 “801 “LOI “901 “SOL ‘pOl “C01 “COL ]UeZI1g WaqoYy UBWI[OH{ JUAR AY Jayoeig BIM Jayemasoy ydasor AAQRW UNE umouyun uoyds ajey SOYOA Pjoley SOYOA A[LWA soly epoy] Soly *D 49Z9t1FA uosdwoy] ‘9 pai ule9 ‘f inyy uewyals “g BINT axing ueIV yosaQ pjeuoy RIO aMog uojsul[Ny pseysry OJ [PO1RI[LA BURY uo sun ae y sou[ng-zayezuoy eine] BUNDY OUIADI] SINT ades Ide UOSME'T BLU]DS uos}aqgoY Weqoy OoN] U2t9H uuInd wif UOJSUILY WeMIIS JOUIIA\ UO II] SlunOD *7T JUaWAD uoT[Id Go’ Soe] IO BIUISIIA uojlaquiq uy jooy uyor HdVaVOLOHd dNOUD OL AA Aa|sog OXI diysuryurlg so1uer SIAeq ad10aD ezaiag Auued Ja}BMISOY AIPA aplsaviyAA auueoL atyORA 217 dayled *§ Waqoy Joishq epury Wd Slo] umouyun uvuryong ‘Dd urly Apusyop Aue red silAud JOJAB] ayplony] ANYSYOH sapeyD Wed Ta WeAA euriqd seqgna-eldiey o1uojuy Ayseys uoq UOSLIIOJ, AYIOIOG Ayseys e[nsin JawjOH “Yy MayNeYy Sdi[iYd YOSHIO URI] uMOIG Udy D100 JAE A d1OOW BIYIUAD ulpiey uYyor MOINS “MAM NIRV axing eBlied UO]SUIWUY 397] UIpJeH Yopsly 1ysuAZONy 9dUd10] 4 dNHdW [Ned BLS “9S SS ps “es ‘TS al'S “OS “6V '8P “LY “Ob “SP “py “ep ‘ty IP ‘OV “6£ “BE (AS aOS ASS Wh) 99 $9 ‘9 ne) «ey Ae) ‘09 “6S “es “8S “Yop ZauUOAIe| BLUR PUY [IEA PIUIBIIA ‘W zonsupoy BUOIdIA BUY O1WOY ZansUpoY oursne; siasoy elie, Zaaeyd Btw uos}Iagoy Wed URLUI9IS9H [ORD SIMI] asInoTy sima’] [2H yoUqnoH pleyory sueyeiqy yIny BIZ[AIS BSAIOY auoog 99uR]suoD yous) Ila purlseoy aule|q “yy JO|ABL RIAA UuOS|axAYA ened Jadoy apAjD UOS|OAANA [NVd PIO II! yoy Aueg UOSILIOW “'d ydasor ape, Alay uosxey auuy NM feny-lyS ajieog AyIO10g duo suYor aplejapy NAM UayD-sulYyD jyounqioy ayjopieyo uOSXeL |W uazuely ea4I010q Jgounqioh xa}Vv oyaudwoy ayayne Tuono —AgntHECr ANS pe ‘ve Sa-an ANNN =a 15 WESTERN SHELL CLUBS Chico Seashell Club c/o Miss Bonnie B. Williams, Treasurer Route 1, Box 333H Corning, California 96021 (Meets twice a month: second Wednesday at 9:30 a.m. in members’ homes, and last Wednesday at 7:30 p.m. in Jay E. Partridge School, Room 1, East Avenue, Chico, California) Conchological Club of Southern California c/o Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets in Museum Lounge, 7:30 p.m., first Monday of every month, unless a holiday, then on Wednesday of same week) Hawaiian Malacological Society P.O. Box 10391 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816 (Meets first Wednesday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Hawaii National Guard Headquarters, Diamond Head Road & 22nd Avenue, Honolulu. December Christmas party at another loca- tion) Long Beach Shell Club 600 Long Beach Boulevard (YMCA Building) Long Beach, California 90812 (Meets second Sunday of every month except July, 2:00 p.m.) Northern California Malacozoological Club P.O. Box 1249 El Cerrito, California 94350 (Meets third Thursday of each month, alternation between California Academy of Sciences and El Cerrito Fairmont Recreation Center) Oregon Society of Conchologists Dr. Myron W. Travis 4324 NE 47th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97218 (Meets first Sunday of each month, 1:30 p.m., in private homes; announcements given in monthly paper or by card) Pacific Northwest Shell Club c/o Mrs. Wilma G. Young, Corresponding Secretary PSO: Box: 193) Seattle, Washington 98111 (Meets third Sunday of each month, 2:00 p.m., Lake City Christian Church, 1933 NE 125th Street, Seattle) Pacific Shell Club c/o Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 (Meets in Museum Lounge, first Sunday of each month, 1:30 p.m., October through June.) San Diego Shell Club c/o Carole Hertz 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue San Diego, California 92111 (Meets third Thursday of every month, Casa del Prado, Balboa Park) Santa Barbara Malacological Society P.O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, California 93105 (Meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 p.m., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol) Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85015 (Meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 p.m., Asbury United Methodist Church, 1601 West Indian School Road, in auxiliary rooms) Yucaipa Shell Club c/o Mousley Museum of Natural History Bryant Street & Panorama Drive Yucaipa, California 92399 (Meets third Sunday of every month except August, 2:00 p.m., in the Museum) *family member Abbott, Dr. Donald P. Hopkins Marine Station Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker P.O. Box 4208 Greenville, DE 19807 Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Drive Burlingame, CA 94010 Addicott, Dr. Warren O. U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Allen, Mr. John K. #3 Mountain View Place Lafayette, CA 94549 American Malacological Union, Inc. 7602 McCullough Avenue San Antonio, TX 78216 + American Museum of Natural History Serials Unit, Library Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 Anders, Mr. Kirk W. Shells of the Seas, Inc. P.O. Box 1418 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33302 +The Australian Museum The Librarian P.O. Box A285 Sydney, Sought,N.S.W. AUSTRALIA 2000 Babrakzai, Dr. & *Mrs. Noorullah (Sianoosh Samsam-Bakhtiary) Dept. of General Biology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Barber, Mr. Walter E. P.O. Box 30 t Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 **Barnett, Mr. Wayne S. Dept. of Geology Auburn University Auburn, AL 36830 Baskevitch, Mr. Eugene 527 N. Plymouth Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90004 Baxter, Mr. Rae State of Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game P.O. Box 96 Bethel, AK 99559 **student member ***honorary member Behrens, Mr. David W. 416 Lilac Drive Los Osos, CA 93402 Bennett, Mrs. Peter H. (Sally) 514 W. Rose Lane Phoenix, AZ 85013 Bergland, Mr. Don P.O. Box 173 Bouse, AZ 95325 Berke, Mr. lan 4032 23rd. Street San Francisco, CA 94114 + Bernice P. Bishop Museum Library 1355 Kalihi Street Honolulu, HI 96818 Berry, Dr. S. Stillman 1145 W. Highland Avenue Redlands, CA 92373 Bertsch, Dr. & *Mrs. Hans (Judith) Dept. of Marine Invertebrates Natural History Museum Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, CA 92112 Body, Mr. Ralph L. 2538 10th Avenue West Seattle, WA 98119 Boone, Mrs. Hollis Q. (Constance) 3706 Rice Boulevard Houston, TX 77005 **Borrero, Sr. Francisco Dept. de Biologia Universidad del Valle A.A. 2188 Cali, COLOMBIA Bratcher, Mrs. Ford (Twila) 8121 Mulholland Terrace Hollywood, CA 90046 Breitigam, Mr. Richard R. 420 Alameda Padre Serra Santa Barbara, CA 93103 **Breyer, Miss Amy Bodega Marine Laboratory PO. Box 247 Bodega Bay, CA 94923 Bridges, Ms. Cecilia B. No | Espalda Court San Rafael, CA 94901 British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Library Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD ENGLAND 17 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY + standing order Brookshire, Mr. Jack W. 2962 Balboa Avenue Oxnard, CA 93030 Burch, Dr. John B. Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Burghardt, Mr. & *Mrs. Glenn (Laura) 11424 Pioneer Avenue Oakdale, CA 95361 Cantera K., Sr. Jaime Ricardo Universidad del Valle Dept. de Biologia A.A. 2188 Cali, COLOMBIA Casebolt, Dr. Gerald L. 962 N.W. Harlan Street Roseburg, OR 97470 Carlton, Mr. James T. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 Library of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 Cate, Mr. & *Mrs. Crawford N. (Jean M.) P.O. Drawer 710 Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 ***Chace, Mr. Emery P. 29661 S. Western Avenue #51 San Pedro, CA 90732 Chaney, Mrs. Barbara K.* & *Mr. Henry W. 1633 Posilipo Lane Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Chico Sea Shell Club Route | Box 333-H Corning, CA 96021 Chow, Mr. Victor Bodega Marine Laboratory P.O.Box 247 Bodega Bay, CA 94062 Christensen, Dr. Carl C. 1612 Kamole Street Honolulu, HI 96821 Clover, Mr. Phillip W. P.O. Box 83 Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Coan, Dr. Eugene V. 891 San Jude Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94306 Conchologists of America Clair F. Stahl, Treasurer 3235 NE 61st Avenue Portland, OR 97213 *Cox, Mr. & Mrs. Keith W. (Laverne B.) 309 Hillside Drive Woodside, CA 94062 Crane, Mr. Phillip C. Box 56 San Gregorio, CA 94074 Crittenden, Mrs. John S. (Salle S.) 624 Waterfall Isle Alameda, CA 94501 D’ Attilio, Mr. Anthony Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology Natural History Museum Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, CA 92112 Davis, Ms. June E. 2155 Jamestown Way Oxnard, CA 93030 DeMartini, Dr. John D. 1111 Birch Avenue McKinleyville, CA 95521 Demond, Ms. Joan 202 Bicknell Avenue #8 Santa Monica, CA 90405 Dippell, Mrs. Martha 585 Tremaine Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90005 Draper, Mr. & *Mrs. Bertram C. (Lucinda V.) 8511 Bleriot Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90045 Dundee, Dr. Dolores S. (Dee) Dept. of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans-Lakefront New Orleans, LA 70122 DuShane, Mrs. Joseph (Helen) 15012 El Soneto Drive Whittier, CA 90605 Emerson, Dr. William K. Dept. of Living & Fossil Inverts. American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 Eng, Dr. Larry L. Inland Fisheries Branch Dept. of Fish & Game 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Eutenier, Mr. Mark Seth 759 Opal Drive Apt. B San Jose, CA 95117 Evans, Mr. Roger A. 1900 Camino de la Costa #1 Redondo Beach, CA 90277 Farmer, Mr. Wesley M. 1327 E. Donner Drive Tempe, AZ 85282 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph E. 617 Fries Avenue Wilmington, CA 90744 Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J. 2060 Clarmar Way San Jose, CA 95128 Field Museum of Natural History Library-Serials Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605 **Fishlyn, Ms. Debby Bodega Marine Laboratory P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay, CA 94923 Fontainer, Dr. Charles E. Medical Education Department Inteboro General Hospital 2749 Linden Blvd. Brooklyn, New York 11208 Fowler, Mr. Bruce H. 5512 Blossom Terrace Court San Jose, CA 95124 Fowler, Mr. Donald R. 444 30th Street San Francisco, CA 94131 Franchini, Mr. Dario A. Via Cremona 37 46100 Mantova 2, ITALY Gardner, Ms. Sandra M. (Sandy) 1755 University Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 Goldsmith, Mr. & Mrs. Merton J. (Lois J.) 485 Wainue Nue Ave. #103 Hilo, HI 96720 Good, ***Mr. & Mrs. Frank E. (Barbara J.) 3142 Larga Court San Diego, CA 92110 Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth C. 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy. Malibu, CA 90265 ***Gregg, Dr. Wendell O. (deceased, 1979) 2546 Hill Street Huntington Park, CA 90255 Gudnason, Mrs. Harold (Katherine L.) 105 Danefield Place Moraga, CA 94556 Haight, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest S. (Marilyn E.) & *Mr. David Haight 6533 Orangewood Avenue Cypress, CA 90630 Hanning, **Mr. & *Mrs. Gary W. (Kathleen A.) 1588 Main Street Apt. 18 West Warwick, RI 02893 18 Harris, Dr. Larry G. 56 Oyster River Road Durham, NH 03824 Harry, Dr. Harold W. 4612 Evergreen Street Bellaire, TX 77401 Hensill, Dr. John S. 2 W. Summit Drive Redwood City, CA 94062 Hickman, Dr. Carole S. Paleontology Dept. University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Hochberg, Dr. Fred G. Dept. of Invert. Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Holiman, Mr. & *Mrs. H. Wayne (Audrey B.) P.O. Box 246 Edinburg, TX 78539 Hopkins Marine Station Library Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Hopper, Ms. Carol N. Pacific Biomedical Research Center Kewalo Marine Laboratory 41 Ahui Street Honolulu, HI 96813 Houck, Dr. Becky A. Assist. Prof. Dept. Physical & Life Sciences University of Oregon 5000 N. Willamette Blvd. Portland, OR 97203 Hunt, Mr. Douglas E. Lockheed Center for Marine Research 6350 Yarrow Dr. Suite A Carlsbad, CA 92008 Institute of Geology and Paleontology Faculty of Science Tohoku University Sendai, JAPAN **James, Mr. Matthew J. Dept. of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Johns, Ms. Veronica Parker c/o Seashells Unlimited Inc. 590 Third Avenue New York, NY 10016 ***Keen, Dr. A. Myra 2241 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 94306 Kellogg, Mr. Michael G. Moss Landing Marine Laboratory P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, CA 95039 Kenk, Dr. Vida C. 18596 Paseo Pueblo Saratoga, CA 95070 Kennedy, Dr. George L. Office of Earthquake Studies U.S. Geological Survey, MS77 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Kilmer, Dr. Frank H. Box 153 Trinidad, CA 95570 Koch, Robert 7727 N. 15th Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85021 LaFollette, Mr. Patrick Ives Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Lance, Mr. James R. 746 Agate Street San Diego, CA 92109 Landye, Mr. J. Jerry 3465 N. Jamison Boulevard Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Larson, *Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. (Mary R.) Rancho Paso Park, Sp. 134 Theatre Drive Paso Robles, CA 92336 Lillico, Stuart 4300 Waialae Ave. (B-1205) Honolulu, HI 96816 Lindberg, David R. Applied Sciences University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Long, Mr. Steven J. 792 Laurie Avenue Santa Clara, CA 95050 Loosanoff, Dr. Victor L. 17 Los Cerros Drive Greenbrae, CA 94904 +McGill University Libraries Acquisitions Dept. 3459 McTavish Street Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1lY1 CANADA McLean, Dr. James H. Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Mabry, *Mr. & Mrs. Don (Billee) 6333 La Jolla Boulevard #171 La Jolla, CA 92037 Marelli, Mr. & Mrs. Dan C. (Susan Gray) 116 Downey Street San Francisco, CA 94117 Marincovich, Dr. Louie, Jr. Paleontology & Stratigraphy U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Martin, Mr. Clifford A. 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Martin, Mr. Clifton L. 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Mastro, Mr. Edwin c/o Bodega Marine Laboratory P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay, CA 94923 Metcalf, Dr. Artie L. Dept. of Biological Science University of Texas El Paso, TX 79968 Miller, Dr. Walter B. 6140 Cerrada El Ocote Tucson, AZ 85718 Moore, Dr. & *Mrs. Donald A. (Cynthia) 110 Aledo Avenue Coral Gables, FL 33134 *Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Eric (Eileen) P.O. Box 6606 Orange, CA 92667 **Morton, Ms. Cheryl L. 748 San Jude Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94306 Mount, Dr. Jack D. Dept. of Earth Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92502 Mousley, Mr. Louis B. Mousley Museum of Natural History 35250 Panorama Drive Yucaipa, CA 92399 Mulliner, Mr. David K. 5283 Vickie Drive San Diego, CA 92109 Murphy, Mr. Richard C. 6231 Emerald Cove Drive Long Beach, CA 90803 Murray, Dr. Harold D. Biology Department Trinity University San Antonio, TX 78284 Museum National d‘Histoire Naturelle Laboratorie de Biologie des Invertebres Marins et Malacologie 55, Rue de Buffon 78 Paris 5 FRANCE Museum d‘Histoire Naturelle Bibliotheque Case postale 284 CH-1211 Geneve 6 SWITZERLAND 19 Natal Museum 237 Loop Street Pietermaritzberg Natal, SOUTH AFRICA National Museum of New Zealand Librarian (STC 327) Private Bag Wellington C3, NEW ZEALAND + National Museums of Canada Library (Exchanges) Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OM8 CANADA Naturhistorisches Museum Rutimeyer-Bibliothek Augustinergasse 2 CH-4051 Basel, SWITZERLAND Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien 3. Zoologische Abteilung Postfach 417 Burgring 7 A-1014 Wein, AUSTRIA Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie) 1340 New York Drive Altadena, CA 91001 Netherlands Malacological Society c/o Zoological Museum Postbox 20125 Amsterdam 1000HC THE NETHERLANDS New Zealand Geographical Survey Librarian, Central Library DSIR, P.O. Box 30368 Lower Hutt, NEW ZEALAND New Zealand Oceanographic Institute The Librarian P.O. Box 12-346 Wellington, NEW ZEALAND Nichols, Mrs. Jesse E. (Lilian F.) 1200 Lakeshore Avenue, Apt. 23-D Oakland, CA 94606 Nieson, Dr. Thomas M. Dept. of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 Niles, Dr. Doris K. P.O. Box 307 Loleta, CA 95551 Northern California Malacozoological Club 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive Novato, CA 94947 Nybakken, Dr. James Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 223 Moss Landing, CA 95039 O'Conner, Dr. John A. 521 S. Griffith Park Drive Burbank, CA 91506 Of Sea and Shore, Inc. P.O. Box 219 Port Gamble, WA 98364 Okazaki, Mr. David 6100 Edinger Avenue Apt. 509 Huntington Beach, CA 92647 Old, Mr. William E., Jr. Dept. of Living & Fossil Inverts. American Museum of Natural History 79th Street at Central Park West New York, NY 10024 Fisheries Canada Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. CANADA V9R 5K6 Parker, Mr. Jim 8705 Valleybrook Road Birmingham, AL 35206 Pearce, Mr. Timothy 4350 Sunset Beach Dr. N.W. Olympia, WA 98502 Perry, Ms. Veronica S. 420 N. Manchester Avenue Campbell, CA 95008 *Phillips, Mr. & Mrs. Ted (Betty) P.O. Box 2963 Riviera, AZ 86442 Piper, Steve Scripps Institute of Oceanography A-008 La Jolla, CA 92903 Pitt, Mr. & *Mrs. William D. (Lois) 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, CA 95822 Plummber, Mr. George R. P.O. Box 2716 Capistrano Beach, CA 92624 Poorman, Mr. & *Mrs. Leroy (Forrest) 15300 Magnolia Street #55 Westminster, CA 92683 Popenoe, Dr. William P. Dept. of Geology University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 Powell, Mr. Charles L. 2462 E. Santa Clara Avenue Fullerton, CA 92631 Purdy, Mrs. Ben H. (Ruth) 3658 Euclid Avenue San Diego, CA 92105 Ramsaran, Mrs. Jo 807 North Road San Bernardino, CA 92404 Redington, Mr. Oliver 126 B Street Redwood City, CA 94063 Reish, Dr. Donald J. Biology Department California State University Long Beach, CA 90840 Rice, Mr. Thomas C. Of Sea and Shore Magazine P.O. Box 33 Port Gamble, WA 98364 Richart, Ms. Mae Dean 4090 Brant Apt. 4 San Diego, CA 92103 Rios, Dr. Eliezer de Carvalho Box 379 Museo Oceanografico Rio Grande, RS 96200 BRAZIL Robertson, Dr. Robert Dept. of Malacology Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, PA 19103 Robilliard, Dr. Gordon A. 3515 Montery Court Concord, CA 94519 Rodda, Dr. Peter U. Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E. Division of Mollusks National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 Rosewater, Dr. & *Mrs. Joseph (Mary C.) Division of Mollusks National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC 20560 Roth, Dr. Barry Dept. of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Rowland, Dr. Robert W. Marine Geology-195 U.S. Geological Survey Reston, VA 22092 Roworth, Mr. Edwin C. 1361 Windsor Road Cardiff-by-the-Sea, CA 92007 Royal Scottish Museum (The Library) Chambers Street Edinburgh EH] 1JF SCOTLAND Ruprecht, Ms. Linda Joyce 4530 East Joshua Tree Lane Paradise Valley, AZ 85253 Sage, Mr. Walter E., II 1123 Hathaway Louisville, KY 40215 San Diego Society of Natural History Library Balboa Park P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, CA 92112 Santa Barbara Malacological Society, Inc. P.O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, CA 93105 20 Saul, Dr. Lou Ella Dept. Earth & Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 +Science Reference Library Bayswater Branch 10 Porchester Garden London W2 4DE ENGLAND Scott, Mr. Paul H. School of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvalis, OR 97331 + Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library C-075C University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093 Shasky, Dr. & *Mrs. Donald R. (Ursula K.) 834 W. Highland Avenue Redlands, CA 92373 Shaw, Dr. Ross F. Seattle Pacific University Seattle WA 98119 Skoglund, Mrs. Paul E. (Carol C.) 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85018 Smith, Mrs. Howard L. (Mary E.) 2899 Coral Street Morro Bay, CA 93442 Smith, Ms. Jean DeMouthe Dept. of Geology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 + Smithsonian Institution Library-Acquisitions Washington DC 20560 Solem, Dr. Alan G. Dept. of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt & Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605 Stansbery, Dr. David H. Museum of Zoology The Ohio State University 1813 North High Street Columbus, OH 43210 Stern, Dr. Edward M. Dept. of Biology University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, WI 54481 Stewart, Ms. Katherine 19 La Rancheria Carmel Valley, CA 93924 St. Jean, Mrs. George (Kate) P.O. Box 2356 Carmel, CA 93921 ***Stohler, Dr. Rudolph 1584 Milvia Street Berkeley, CA 94709 *Sutton, Mr. & Mrs. James E. & Melissa A. Barbour 1839 Ninth Street Alameda, CA 94501 Talmadge, Mr. Robert R. (deceased, 1979) 2850 Pine Street Eureka, CA 95501 Taylor, Dr. Dwight W. P.O. Box 855 Tiburon, CA 94920 University of Kentucky Libraries Acquisitions Department Central Serials Record Lexington, KY 40506 University of Miami RSMAS Library 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 University of California General Library (Serials) Berkeley, CA 94720 University of West Florida Library Serials Pensacola, FL 32504 **Upton, Miss Victoria Box 1614 Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 Upton, Mrs. Frederick R. (Virginia) Box 1614 Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 van der Schalie, Dr. Henry 15000 Buss Road Manchester, MI 48158 Vedder, Dr. John G. 285 Golden Oak Drive _ Portola Valley, CA 94025 Vega, Dr. L. Edwardo 420 Essex Lane Tucson, AZ 85711 Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & Su. Serials-Receiving Section Carol M. Newman Library Blacksburg, VA 24061 Vokes, Drs. Harold E. & *Emily H. Dept. of Geology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118 Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way Fresno, CA 93704 Walklet, Mrs. Geraldine A. (Gerrie) 234 Howard Drive Belleair Beach, FL 33535 Warriner, Mrs. Harold (Irene L.) 429 Hickory Lane San Rafael, CA 94903 Webb, Mrs. Raymond D. (Catherine M. [Kay]) 501 Anita Street Sp. 186 Chula Vista, CA 92001 Weber, Mrs. Gladys C. 6439 W. Myrtle Avenue Sp. 79 Glendale, AZ 85301 Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B. 8 Live Oak Way Kentfield, CA 94904 Williams, Mrs. Delbert E. (Alice E.) & *Miss Bonnie B. Route 1 Box 333-H Corning, CA 96021 Woods, Mr. William L. 2721 Murray Ridge Road San Diego, CA 92123 Woolsey, Miss Judy 3717 Bagley Avenue #206 Los Angeles, CA 90034 Yancey, Dr. Thomas E. Dept. of Geology Idaho State University Pocatello, ID 83209 Young, Mr. & *Mrs. H.D. (Wilma G.) P.O. Box 1931 Seattle, WA 98111 Young, Miss M.E. 6314 Waterway Drive Falls Church, VA 22044 **Zimmer, Mr. Richard Kent Department of Biology University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 ZI Ri se *) oT ite 2 42 mua) 4, | Sa - : LRN Por,A10 9 pile wy aa t = iy ‘ = = - _- ‘ cn i ; ' e a , vo

wiercic/ale © + sisieisieie)e/sicieieis) sisieiei> dS > DS 222222 Family Nassariidae Nassarius angulicostis (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) * 1,2 N. corpulentus (C. B. Adams, 1852) 1,2 N. gemmulosus (C. B. Adams, 1852) * 6 N. limacinus (Dall, 1917) * 6 N. taeniolatus (Philippi, 1845) 2 N. versicolor (C. B. Adams, 1852) 2 Family Fasciolariidae Fasciolaria princeps Sowerby, 1825 1 Latirus concentricus (Reeve, 1847) 1,2 L. mediamericanus Hertlein & Strong, 1951 2 L. tumens Carpenter, 1856 * 1 Opeatostoma pseudodon (Burrow, 1815) 1 Fusinus dupetitthouarsi (Kiener, 1840) 1 Family Volutidae Lyria barnesii (Gray, 1825) 1,2 Family Olividae Oliva kaleontina Duclos, 1835 1,2 O. spicata (Réding, 1798) 1,2 O. spendidula Sowerby, 1825 2 O. undatella Lamarck, 1810 7 Agaronia testacea (Lamarck, 1811) 8 Oliveila fletcherae Berry, 1858 * 1,2 O. gracilis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * 1,2,6 O. tergina (Duclos, 1835) 2 O. columellaris (Sowerby, 1825) 7 O. zanoeta (Duclos, 1835) 7 Family Vasidae Vasum caestus (Broderip, 1833) 1 Family Marginellidae Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844) * 1 Persicula imbricata (Hinds, 1844) 3 Granula insularum Roth & Coan, 1971 * 1 G. polita (Carpenter, 1857) * 1,2,4 Family Mitridae Mitra crenata Broderip, 1836 2 M. lens Wood, 1828 4 M. sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 1964 * 1 M. tristis Broderip, 1836 4 Subcancilla erythrogramma (Tomlin, 1931) * 2 S. hindsii (Reeve, 1844) 6 Thala gratiosa (Reeve, 1845) 2 T. solitaria (C. B. Adams, 1832) 2 Family Cancellariidae Cancellaria gemmulata Sowerby, 1832 1 C. urceolata Hinds, 1843 1 C. tessellata Sowerby, 1832 1 C. indentata Sowerby, 1832 2 C. pulchra Sowerby, 1832 1,2 C. chrysostoma Sowerby, 1832 2 C. mitriformis Sowerby, 1832 6 C. clavatula Sowerby, 1832 1,7 Perplicaria clarki M. Smith, 1947 * 4 Trigonostoma breve (Sowerby, 1832) 1,2 T. elegantulum M. Smith, 1947 * 1,2 Family Conidae Conus brunneus Wood, 1828 4 C. gladiator Broderip, 1833 2,8 C. purpurascens Sowerby, 1833 1 C. vittatus Hwass, in Bruguiére, 1792 C. lucidus Wood, 1828 1 C. nux Broderip, 1833 4 C. tornatus Sowerby, 1833 6 Family Terebridae Terebra argosyia Olsson, 1971 1 T. berryi Campbell, 1961 * 6 T. corintoensis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 1 T. crenifera Deshayes, 1859 6 T. hancocki Bratcher & Burch, 1970 1,2 T. intertincta Hinds, 1844 1,2,6 T. ninfae Campbell, 1961 * 6 Tr. puncturosa Berry, 1961 2,6 I. sanjuanensis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 * 6 I’. strigata Sowerby, 1825 2 30 Family Turridae Agladrillia pudica (Hinds, 1843) 6 Drillia acapulcana (Lowe, 1935) 1 Cerodrillia cybele (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) 1 Tredalea ella (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) * 1,2,4 I. perfecta (Pilsbry & Lowe), 1932) 1 Crassispira cortezi Shasky & Campbell, 1964 * 1,2 . discors (Sowerby, 1834) 1 . epicasta Dall, 1919 * 1,2 . rustica (Sowerby, 1834) 1 . bifurca (E. A. Smith, 1888) 2 . kluthi E. K. Gordan, 1936 6 . xanti Hertlein & Strong, 1951 6 Carinodrillia alboangulata (E. A. Smith, 1882) 2 C. dichroa Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 1 C. hexagona (Sowerby, 1834) 2 Strictispira stillmani Shasky, 1971 * 1,2 Compsodrillia duplicata (Sowerby, 1834) 1 Pilsbryspira aterrima (Sowerby, 1834) 4 P. collaris (Sowerby, 1834) 2 P. bacchia (Dall, 1919) * 2 Mitromorpha carpenteri Gilbert, 1954 1 Nannodiella fraternalis (Dall, 1919) * 1 N. nana (Dall, 1919) * 1,6 Kurtziella antiochroa (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) 2 K. cyrene (Dall, 1919) 6 Glyptaesopus xenicus (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) * 1,3,6 Tennaturris merita (Hinds, 1843) 2,3 Notocytharella striosa (C. B. Adams, 1852) 6 Euclathurella acclivicallis McLean & Poorman, 1971 * 2 (I also have a specimen of this species from Guaymas, Mexico) E. carissima (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) * 6 Platycythara electra (Dall, 1919) * 1 Kurtzia elenensis McLean & Poorman, 1971 6 K. granulatissima (Morch, 1860) * 1,2 Agathotoma alcippe (Dall, 1918) 2 A. finitima (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) 2 A. klasmidia Shasky, 1971 * 1 Pyrgocythara helena (Dall, 1919) * 1,2,4,6 Ithycythara penelope (Dall, 1919) 1 Daphnella mazatlanica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 1,2,4 D. retusa McLean & Poorman, 1971 * 1 Philbertia doris Dall, 1919 * 1,2,4 Microdaphne trichodes (Dall, 1919) 1,2,4 SGA iGi oie Family Pyramidellidae Pyramidella elenensis Bartsch, 1924 1} P. hastata (A. Adams & Sowerby, 1853) * 1 P. clavulus (A. Adams, in Sowerby, 1854) * 1,4 Odostomia mammillata Carpenter, 1857 * 4 . (Chrysallida) collea Bartsch, 1926 1,2,4 . (C.) excelsa Dall & Bartsch, 1909 * 4 (C.} olssoni Bartsch, 1924 4 (C.) salinasensis Bartsch, 1928 1,2,4 . (Egila) poppei Dall & Bartsch, 1909 * 4 (Iolaea) amianta Dall & Bartsch, 1907 * 2 (1.) delicatula Carpenter, 1864 * 4 . (vidella) navisa Dall & Bartsch, 1907 * 4 . I.) notabilis (C. B. Adams, 1852) * 4 . (Menestho) callipyrga Dall & Bartsch, 1904 * 1,4 . (Miralda) armata Carpenter, 1857 * 1,2,4 . (M.) exarata Carpenter, 1857 * 2 SSSSS990906009 O. (M.) terebellum (C. B. Adams, 1852) * 1,2 O. (Pyrgulina) marginata (C. B. Adams, 1852) * 2,4 Peristichia pedroana (Dall & Bartsch, 1909) * 2 Triptychus olssoni (Bartsch, 1926) 2,4 Turbonilla (Asmunda) turrita (C. B. Adams, 1852) cD T. (Bartschella) vestae Hertlein & Strong, 1951 * 2,4 T. (Chemnitzia) theone Bartsch, 1924 3,4,5 T. (Cingulina) evermanni Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1928 * 1,2 T. (C.) urdeneta Bartsch, 1917 * 6 T. (Dunkeria) andrewsi Dall & Bartsch, 1909 * 2 T. (Strioturbonilla) nychia Bartsch, 1924 1 Family Bullidae Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1895 4 B. punctulata A. Adams, in Sowerby, 1850 1,2 Family Atyidae Atys casta Carpenter, 1864 * 1,6 Haminoea virescens (Sowerby, 1833) * 2 Family Retusidae Sulcoretusa paziana (Dall, 1919) * 6 Volvulella panamica Dall, 1919 * 1 Family Scaphandridae Acteocina angustior Baker & Hanna, 1927 * 6 Cylichna luticola (C. B. Adams, 1852) * 1 Cylichnella zeteki Bartsch, 1918 * 6 Family Cavoliniidae Cavolinia longirostris (Blainville, 1821) 1 C. uncinata (Rang, 1829) 1 Family Volvatellidae Ascobulla japonica (Hamatani, 1969) * 1 Family Juliidae Julia thecaphora (Carpenter, 1857) 1,2 Family Melampidae Pedipes angulatus C. B. Adams, 1852 1 P. liratus Binney, 1860 * 3 Family Siphonariidae Siphonaria maura Sowerby, 1835 1 S. palmata Carpenter, 1857 1,3 Williamia peltoides (Carpenter, 1864) 1,6 Family Trimusculidae Trimusculus stellatus (Sowerby, 1835) * 1,4 Family Chitonidae Chiton stokesii Broderip, 1832 1,3,4 Family Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona avicula(Carpenter, 1864) 2,4,5 A. hirudiniformis (Sowerby, 1832) 1,3 Family Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton dispar (Sowerby, 1832) 5 Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832) 1,4,5 Callistochiton elenensis (Sowerby, 1832) 4,5 Family Dentaliidae Dentalium tesseragonum Sowerby, 1832 6 Fusataria innumerabilis (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897) 1 31 Family Siphonodentaliidae Siphonodentalium quadrifissatum (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898) * 1 Cadulus perpusillus (Sowerby, 1832) 6 C austinclarki Emerson, 1951 6 I wish to express appreciation to both Presley Norton, of Quito, and Jorge Marcos, of Guayaquil, who are the two principal investigators for the Program for New World Anthropology. They attempted to make my time with them as productive as possible. I also wish to express appreciation to Myra Keen, Eugene Coan, Emily Vokes, Tony D’Attilio, Helen DuShane, James McLean, Bert Draper, Antonio Ferreira and Twila Bratcher for their help in identifying many of the species reported in this paper. Literature Cited Baker, Fred, G. D. Hanna and A. M. Strong. 1928. Some Pyramidellidae from the Gulf of California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 205-46, pls. 11-12. 1930. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California. Ibid., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 23-40, pl 1, 4 figs. in text. Bartsch, Paul. 1911. Recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis from the west coast of America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, no. 1823, pp. 327-67, 36-41 Bartsch, Paul. 1915. The Recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Rissoina from the west coast of America. Ibid., vol. 49, no. 2094, pp. 33-62, pls. 28-33. Bartsch, Paul. 1917. Descriptions of new West Ameri- can marine mollusks and notes on_ previously described forms. Ibid., vol. 52, no. 2193, pp. 637-81, pls. 42-47. Bartsch, Paul. 1917. A monograph of West American melanellid mollusks. Ibid., vol. 53, no. 2207, pp. 295-356, pls. 34-49. Bartsch, Paul. 1924. New mollusks from Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador. Ibid., vol. 66, art. 14, pp. 1-9, pls. 1-2. Bartsch, Paul. 1926. Additional new mollusks from Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador. Ibid., vol. 69, art. 20, pp. 1-20, pls. 1-2. Bartsch, Paul. 1928. New marine mollusks from Ecuador. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 18, pp. 66-75, 16 figs. Cate. C. N. 1973. A Systematic Revision of the Recent Cypraeid Family Ovulidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Veliger vol. 15; supplement, pp. 116, figs. 251. Dall, W. H., and Paul Bartsch. 1909. A monograph of West American Pyramidellid mollusks. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 68, 258 pp., 30 pls. DuShane, Helen. 1974. The Panamic-Galapagan Epitoniidae. The Veliger. vol. 16; supplement, 84 pp., 15 pls., 5 figs., 1 map. DuShane, Helen and Bertram C. Draper. 1975. The Genus Sei/a in the Eastern Pacific. The Veliger, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 335-345, 31 figs. Hertz, Carole M. and Jules Hertz. 1982. A new eastern pacific species of Eulimostraca (Gastropoda: Eulimidae). The Veliger, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 72-76, 16 figs. Keen, A. Myra. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America (2nd ed.) California: Stanford University Press. 1064 pp., 22 pls. and text figs. Keen, A. Myra and Eugene Coan. 1975. Sea Shells of Tropical West America : Additions and Corrections to 1975. The Western Society of Malacologists Occa- sional Paper 1. 66 pp. McLean, J. H., and L. H. Poorman. 1971. New species of tropical Eastern Pacific Turridae. The Veliger, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 89-113, 2 pls. Marincovich, L. 1977. Cenozoic Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Northeastern Pacific. Bull. Amer. Paleontology vol. 70, no. 294, pp. 165-494, 44 pls. Marcus, E. 1976. Marine Euthyneuran Gastropoda From Brazil. Studies Neotropical Fauna, vol. II (3): 6. Olsson, A. A. 1961. Mollusks of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Particularly from the Southern Half of the Panamic-Pacific Faunal Province (Panama to Peru). Panamic Pacific Pelecypoda Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, N.Y. 574 pp., 86 pls. Olsson, A. A. 1971. Biological Results of the Univer- sity of Miami Deep-Sea Expeditions. 77. Mollusks from the Gulf of Panama collected by R/V John Elliott Pillsbury, 1967. Bull. of Marine Science. vol. 21, no. 1, pps. 35-92, 103 figs. Pilsbry, H. A., and H. N. Lowe. 1932. West Mexican and Central American mollusks collected by H. N. Lowe, 1929-31. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 84, pp. 33-1444, 7 figs., pls. 1-17, 2 photographs. Pilsbry, H. A. and A. A. Olsson. 1945-52. Vitrinellidae and similar gastropods of the Panamic Province. Pts. I-II. I Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vo. 97, pps. 249-78, pls. 22-300. II. Ibid., vol. 104, pp. 35-88, pls. 2-13. Poorman, L. H. 1983. New Molluscan Species (Gas- tropoda: Neogastropoda) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The Veliger, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5-9, figs. 7. Radwin, G. E. and A. D’Attilio. 1976. Murex Shells of the World. An Illustrated Guide to the Muricidae. pp. 284, 32 pls., 192 text figs. California: Stanford University Press. 32 Roth, B. and E. V. Coan. 1971. Marginellidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) from the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island. Proc. of the California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 37, no. 23, pp. 575-584, 5 figs. Shasky, D. 1983. An Update of Mollusks with Indo- Pacific Faunal Affinities in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. (Abstract). The Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report. vol. 15, p. 13. Strong, A. M. 1938. New species of West American shells. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 203-16, pls. 15-16. Strong, A. M. and L. G. Hertlein. 1939. Marine mollusks from Panama collected by the Allan Hancock expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1931- 32. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 177-245, pls. 18-23. Turner, R. D. 1956. The eastern Pacific marine mollusks described by C. B. Adams, Occ. Papers on Mollusks, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, vol. 2, no. 20, pp. 21-135, pls. 5-21. Waren, A. 1980. Revision of the Genera Thyca, Stilifer, Scalenostoma, Mucronalia, and Echinuelima (Mollusca, Prosobranchia, Eulimidae). Zoologica Scripta 9: 187-210, figs. 107. MARINE MOLLUSKS OF COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA I. BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPILATION OF SPECIES Michel Montoya Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacion para la Agricultura (IICA) Programa de Manejo y Conservacion de Recursos Naturales Renovables P.O. Box 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica Translated by Hans Bertsch Biological Sciences, National University San Diego, California 92108 An annotated check-list is presented of the marine mollusk species previously reported from Cocos Island, Costa Rica (5°32'57'N; 86°59C17”W). It includes 118 species: 16 Pelecypoda, 89 Gastropoda, 4 Polyplaco- phora, and 9 Cephalopoda. The nomenclature and synonymy of each species is noted, as are existing his- torical records and relevant geographic and ecological information. There is also a list of five species cited for the island, but presence of which is doubtful (3 Gas- tropoda and 2 Cephalopoda). In 1978 the government of Costa Rica decided to in- corporate Isla del Coco (5°32'57"N; 86°59'17"W) into its system of parks and national reserves. Accordingly, the Servicio Nacional de Parques of Costa Rica began a series of studies of the islands biological and scenic resources in order to develop and put into action a management plan for this national park. At the same time the government of Costa Rica petitioned the United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to designate the park a World Heritage Site. Such recognition would allow the focusing of technical, scientific and financial resources that would guarantee the integrity, conservation, and adequate management of Isla del Coco for the future. Moreover, the designation of a World Heritage Site re- quires the preparation of studies that justify its unique and exceptional character. This bibliographic list of marine mollusks is the first part of a series on the malacological fauna of Isla del Coco. It should be considered a contribution to the national park service of Costa Rica as an aid to establish- ing a management program for the island, and as partial documentation of the unique and exceptional character, on a worldwide basis, of the marine fauna of this island. In preparing this species list from Cocos Island, various partial or complete lists have been used, notably those of Dall (1900, 1902, 1908), Pilsbry & Vanatta (1902), von Martens (1902), Biolley (1907, 1935), Tomlin (1927, 1928), Hertlein (1932, 1937, 1963), and Emerson & Old (1964). Corrections and additions to these works have been published in the eastern Pacific 33 faunal studies of Keen (1958, 1971), and Keen & Coan (1975), and in monographs by specialists on specific taxonomic groups: Grau (1959) on Pectinidae; Ingram (1945, 1947, 1948, 1951) and Schilder & Schilder (1938) on Cypraeidae; Radwin & D’Attilio (1976) on Muricidae; Hanna & Strong (1949) and Walls (1978) on Conidae; Howard (1952) on Pteropoda; Robson (1929, 1932, 1948) on Cephalopoda. Finally, all the literature available on the malacological fauna related to Isla del Coco has been analyzed. For each species documented from this island, the following data are presented: (a) Name of the species according to the nomencla- ture of Keen (1971) and Keen & Coan (1975), indicated genus, subgenus (if appropriate), and the species. A subspecies is indicated only if it is in use. When the species is not reported in Keen (1971) or Keen & Coan (1975), the nomenclature of the author of the species is used, or that of the author who reported its presence on the island is used. The species name also includes author and date of first publication. (b) Following the species name are citations of the authors who have reported the species from the island, using the nomenclature employed in their reports. The reference includes the year of publication and the page(s) on which the reference appears. (c) If the island is the type locality, or if material collected here was designated as a holotype or paratype, it is indicated next. (d) Finally, the geographic distribution and com- ments on the ecology of the species are presented. This format is designed to allow an analysis of the origin and composition of the marine molluscan fauna of the island, which will be presented in a later communi- cation of this series. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author acknowledges the help given by various persons in the preparation of this study, especially Mr. David Robinson of the Geology Department of Tulane University, New Orleans, for facilitating bibliographic searches; Dr. Peter Sprechmann of the Escuela Centro- americana de Geologia of the Universidad de Costa Rica, for granting us access to the document collection donated by Dr. W. P. Woodring; Magela Sigillito, librarian of the Instituto Interamericano de Cooperaci6n para la Agricultura (IICA), for finding references indis- pensable to this study located in Costa Rican libraries; and Yanina Camacho for typing the Spanish draft of this manuscript. PELECYPODA ARCIDAE Anadara (Esmerarca) reinharti (Lowe, 1935) Anadara (Scapharca) reinharti: Rost, 1955: 227 Arca (Anadara) reinharti: Hertlein, 1963: 237 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This species occurs from Puerto Penasco in the Gulf of California to Ecuador, in depths of 2 to 91 m. Anadara (Grandiarca) grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Arca (Anadara) grandis: Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Its distribution is from Bahia Magdalena, on the Pacific coast of Baja California, through the Gulf of California to Tumbes, Peru. It is found in sandy areas along the low tide line. LIMOPSIDAE Limopsis dalli Lamy, 1912 Limopsis compressus Dall, 1896 (non Nevill, 1874): Dall, 1908: 394 Knudsen (1970) established the synonymy of L. dalli and L. compressus. The distribution of this species is from west Mexico to the Gulf of Panama. GLYCYMERIDAE Glycymeris (Tucetona) multicostata (Sowerby, 1833) Dall, 1908: 399 It is distributed from Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mexico, to Guayaquil, Ecuador, in depths to 90 m. MYTILIDAE Crenella divaricata (Orbigny, 1846) Soot-Ryen, 1955: 130 Hertlein, 1963: 237 Occurs from southern California, throughout the Gulf of California, and south to Peru, in depths of 4 to 450 m. Lithophaga (Labis) attenuata attenuata (Deshayes, 1836) Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: 18 Hertlein, 1963: 238 Keen (1971: 68) recognized two subspecies: L. at- tenuata attenuata is lighter and occurs from Costa Rica to Chile; L. a. rogersi is heavier and occurs from southern California to southern Mexico. Lithophaga (Myoforceps) aristata (Dillwyn, 1817) Soot-Ryen, 1955: 141 Turner & Boss, 1963: 108 Hertlein, 1963: 138 This species is widely distributed, from west Africa to the West Indies, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, Australia and Japan; and from southern California to Peru. It is found from the intertidal zone to 400 m zone. 34 ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon recognitus (Mabille, 1895) Perna “quadrangularlis” : von Martens, 1902: 138 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 25 Perna “chemniziana” : Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Melina “chemnitziana” : Dall, 1908: 437 Pedalion “chemnitzianum” : Hertlein, 1932: 45 Isognomon (Melina) “chemnitzianum”: Hertlein, 1963: 237 Isognomon “quadrangularis” : Hertlein, 1963: 238 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Keen (1971: 80) states that J. chemnitzianum and I. quadrangularis are not the same species. [sognomon quadrangularis is a related Japanese form, and the true I. chemnitziana is Caribbean. The distribution of this species is from northern Baja California to Chile. OSTREIDAE Ostrea iridescens Hanley, 1854 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 The distribution of this species is from La Paz in the Gulf of California to northern Peru, on rocks in the inter- tidal zone. Ostrea palmula Carpenter, 1857 Hertlein, 1963: 238 Emerson & Old, 1963: 91 This species is found from La Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California, throughout the Gulf of California, to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. It is found on mangrove plants and on rocks exposed to the tides, to depths of 7 m. PECTINIDAE Pecten (Flabellipecten) sericeus Hinds, 1845 Olsson, 1961: 160 Pecten (Pecten) sericeus: Hertlein, 1935: 303 Hertlein & Strong, 1946: 56 Grau, 1959: 142 Hertlein, 1963: 238 Pecten sericeus: Dall, 1908: 400 The distribution of this species is from Isla Angel de la Guarda, Gulf of California, to Caleta de la Cruz, Peru, including the Galapagos Islands. Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) hancocki Grau, 1959 Grau, 1959: 155 Hertlein, 1963: 238 Keen, 1971: 87 The type locality for this species is Cocos Island, in 86 m; it is restricted to this island. Cyclopecten cocosensis (Dall, 1908) Keen, 1971: 89 Pecten (Cyclopecten) cocosensis: Dall, 1908: 405 Hertlein, 1935: 319 Keen, 1958: 72 Grau, 1959: 30 Hertlein, 1963: 238 The type locality for this species is Cocos Island. Its distribution extends to the Gulf of Panama in 95 to 113 m. Cyclopecten exquisitus Grau, 1959 Pecten (Cyclopecten) exquisitus: Hertlein, 1963: 238 The geographic distribution of this species extends from Isla Angel de la Guarda in the Gulf of California to Callao in Peru; it includes the Galapagos Islands. This species is found in 22 to 274 m. Lyropecten (Nodipecten) subnodosus (Sowerby, 1835). Pecten (Nodipecten) subnodosus: Dall, 1908: 401 Pecten nodosus subnodosus: Smith, 1944: 52 Its distribution is from Scammon’s Lagoon in Baja California to Peru. POROMYIDAE Poromya (Cetoconcha) scapha (Dall, 1901) Keen, 1971: 298 Cetoconcha scapha: Dall, 1902: 561 Hertlein, 1963: 237 The type locality for this species is Cocos Island; its distribution extends to the Gulf of Panama, in 183 m. GASTROPODA HALIOTIDAE Haliotis (Padollus) roberti McLean, 1970 McLean, 1970: 115 Keen, 1971: 309 Abbott, 1974: 18 The type locality of this species is Cocos Island which is the only locality from which it has been collected. The single specimen was collected in 1938 from between 73 to 86 m. FISSURELLIDAE Fissurella (Cremides) virescens Sowerby, 1835 von Martens, 1902; 137 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 23 Tomlin, 1928: 188 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 The distribution of this species extends from Mazat- lan, Mexico, to Islas de Lobos in Peru, including the Galapagos Islands. It is found on rocks in the intertidal zone. ACMAEIDAE Collisella strigatella (Carpenter, 1864) Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902; 559 Hertlein, 1963: 238 This species is distributed from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, and in the Gulf of California north of Loreto and Guaymas. It is found on rocky faces in the -intertidal zone in areas partially protected from waves. Scurria mesoleuca (Menke, 1851) Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Acmaea striata (Reeve, 1855): von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 23 Hertlein, 1937: 306 Collisella mesoleuca: Tomlin, 1928: 188 ? Acmaea (Collisella) aeruginosa: Hertlein, 1932: 45. 35 Acmaea (Nomaeopelta) mesoleuca: Hertlein, 1963: 238 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 The distribution of this species is from Cerralvo Island to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, and from Mazatlan, Mexico, to the peninsula of Santa Elena and the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. TROCHIDAE Bathybembix (Solaricida) equatorialis (Dall, 1908) Solariella equatorialis: Dall, 1908: 352 One of the paratypes of this species was collected on Cocos Island. This species is distributed from San Diego, California, to Panama, in depths of 1,830 to 2,190 m. Mirachelus galapagensis McLean, 1970 McLean, 1970: 118 Keen, 1971: 331 This species has a distribution restricted to the Galapagos Islands and to Cocos Island in 91 to 183 m. Solariella diomedea Dall, 1919 Keen, 1971: 331 This species is distributed from Cocos Island to the Galapagos Islands in 37 to 128 m. Tegula (Agathistoma) cooksoni (E. A. Smith, 1877) Tomlin, 1928: 187 Hertlein, 1963: 241 Its distribution is restricted to the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island, on rocks in the intertidal zone. Tegula (Agathistoma) maculostraiata (Adams, 1845) Hertlein, 1963: 241 McLean, 1969: 122 Keen, 1971: 338 Chlorostoma maculostriatum: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 26 This species belongs to the malacological fauna of the Caribbean. Cocos Island is the only locality in the eastern Pacific where it has been collected. LIOTIIDAE Arene (Arene) ferruginosa McLean, 1970 McLean, 1970: 123 Keen, 1971: 346 This species occurs from north of Acapulco, Mexico, to Bahia Honda, Panama. Dwarf specimens have been collected in the Galapagos Islands and at Cocos Island. It has been brought up from 46 to 91 m. TURBINIDAE Turbo (Callopoma) saxosus Wood, 1828 Dall, 1908: 341 This species is distributed from San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, to Paita, Peru, occurring in rocky areas at the low tide level. NERITIDAE Nerita (Ritena) scabricosta Lamarck, 1822 Dall, 1908: 437 Nerita ornata Sowerby, 1823: von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 23 Hertlein, 1963: 240 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Nerita scabricosta var. ornata: Hertlein, 1932: 45. The species is distributed from Punta Pequena, Baja California, to Ecuador, and is found on rock surfaces in areas splashed by waves at high tide. Nerita (Theliosiyla) funiculata Menke, 1851 Herilein, 1963: 240 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Nerita bernhardi Récluz, 1855: von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 23 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Nerita fulgurans bernhardi: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 This species is distributed from Baja California, through the Gulf of California to Peru, including the Galapagos Islands. It is located on rocks in the intertidal zone. Neritina (Clypeolum) latissima Broderip, 1833 Emerson & Old, 1964 Neritina latissima var. globosa Broderip 1833: Biolley, 1907: 18 Neritina pilsbryi Tryon, 1888: Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hanna & Hertlein, 1938: 125 Hertlein, 1963: 240 It occurs from Acapulco, Mexico, to Guayaquil, Ecuador. It is found in currents of water at river mouths and in pools at the high tide line. LITTORINIDAE Littorina aspera Philippi, 1846 von Martens, 1902: 137 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Littorina aspersa: Biolley, 1907: 23 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 This species is distributed from Laguna Manuela, Baja California, throughout the Gulf of Califor: a and south to Ecuador; it may occur in northern Peru. Littorina modesta Philippi, 1846 Tomlin, 1927: 168 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Littorina conspersa Philippi, 1847: von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 22 Dall, 1908: 437 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 The distribution of this species is from Ensenada, Baja California, to Ecuador. Littorina planaxis Philippi, 1847 Keen, 1971: 366 A California province species with a southern limit at Isla Socorro; Keen reported one lot from Cocos Island. VERMETIDAE Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) complicatus Dall, 1908 Dall, 1908: 326 Keen, 1971: 403 This species has Isla del Coco as its type locality; a white color form has been collected in the Galapagos islands; 110 to 275 m. 36 CERITHIIDAE Cerithium (Thericium) adustum Kiener, 1841 von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 22 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This species is distributed from Mazatlan, Mexico, to Ecuador, including the Galapagos Islands. It occurs on sandy substrates near rocks in the low tide zone, and in tide pools formed by high tide. Cerithium (Thericium) maculosum Kiener, 1841 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Dall, 1908: 437 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Its range of distribution reaches from Bahia Magdalena in Baja California, throughout the Gulf of California, to Mazatlan, including the Islas Tres Marias. PLANAXIDAE Planaxis planicostatus Sowerby, 1825 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 240 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 von Martens, 1902: 137 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 22 Tomlin, 1927: 168 : Planaxis planaxis (Wood, 1928): Dall, 1908: 437 Its distribution is from Mazatlan, Mexico, to Peru, and is found on rocks near the high tide line. HIPPONICIDAE Hipponix grayanus Menke, 1853 Biolley, 1907: 23 Hertlein, 1932: 32 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Amalthea grayana: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 This species is distributed from Mazatlan, Mexico, to Ecuador. Hipponix pilosus (Deshayes, 1832) Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Hipponix barbatus Sowerby, 1835: von Martens, 1902: 137 It is distributed from the Gulf of California to Ecuador. NATICIDAE Polinices (Polinices) helicoides (Gray, 1825) Hertlein, 1963: 240 ? Polinices glabella: Tomlin, 1927: 170 This species occurs from Bahia Magdalena, outer coast of Baja California, throughout the Gulf of Califor- nia, to Callaco, Peru. It is found from the low tide zone to 37 m. Polinices pardoanus Dall, 1908 Dall, 1908: 336 Paratypes of this species come from Isla del Coco. Its distribution extends from the Gulf of Panama to the Galapagos Islands, and it occurs in 1,620 to 2,690 m. TRIVIIDAE Trivia (Niveria) pacifica (Sowerby, 1832) Tomlin, 1927: 166 Hertlein, 1963: 241 Its distribution is from Punta Pescadero, Baja California, through the southern Gulf of California, to Marcora, Peru. The Galapagos Islands are its type locality. CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea (Erosaria) albuginosa Gray, 1825 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Keen, 1971: 492 It has a discontinuous distribution: from the center part of the Gulf of California to Manzanillo, Mexico, and from Panama to Ecuador, including the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Cypraea (Luria) isabellamexicana Stearns, 1893 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Cypraea “isabella”: von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 22 Cypraea controversa mexicana: Schilder, 1938: 176 and 197 Cypraea (Luria) “isabella” : Demond, 1957: 304 Cypraea isabella mexicana: Hertlein, 1963: 239 Its distribution extends from Guaymas and La Paz in the Gulf of California, to Panama and the Galapagos Islands. This species is similar to the Indo-Pacific Cypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758. Cypraea (Monetaria) moneta Linnaeus, 1758 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1937: 307 Ingram, 1947a: 58, 74 Ingram, 1947b: 147 Ingram, 1948: 140 Ingram, 1951: 152 Demond, 1957: 304 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Keen, 1971: 493 Emerson, 1978: 93 This Indo-Pacific species has been collected on Clipperton, Cocos, and the Galapagos islands. Cypraea (Talostolida) rashleighana Melvill, 1888 Ingram, 1945: 106 Ingram, 1947a: 76 Ingram, 1947b: 148 Ingram, 1951: 155 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Keen, 1971: 495 Emerson, 1978: 93 The only record of this Indo-Pacific species in the east Pacific is from Isla del Coco. CASSIDIDAE Cassis (Semicassis) centiquadrata (Valenciennes, 1832) Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This species is distributed from the Gulf of California to Lobitos, Peru; it has also been collected on the Galapagos Islands. It is found on sandy substrates in shallow depths. Morum (Cancellomorum) veleroae Emerson, 1968 Emerson, 1968: 53 Keen, 1971: 503 37 Its distribution is between Isla del Coco and the Galapagos Islands in 55 to 90 m. The types of this species were collected at Cocos Island, in 1938. CYMATIIDAE Cymatium (Septa) pileare (Linnaeus, 1758) Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Emerson, 1978: 94 This species’ distribution extends from the west Pacific to the east Atlantic; in the American Pacific it extends from Isla Cedros, Baja California, throughout the Gulf of California, to Panama. Cymatium (Septa) vestitum (Hinds, 1844) Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Its distribution is from Manzanillo, Mexico, to Panama and the Galapagos Islands; possibly its range extends to northern Peru. BURSIDAE Bursa caelata (Broderip, 1833) von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 22 Hertlein, 1963: 238 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 It ranges from the southern half of the Gulf of California to Peru, including Isla Socorro and the Galapagos Islands. It is found from the intertidal zone to several meters in depth on rocks and coral heads. Bursa calcipicta Dall, 1908 Dall, 1908: 320 This species was described from specimens collected at Cocos Island by the Albatross Expedition in 1891. It is distributed from Bahia Tenacatita, Jalisco, Mexico, to La Plata, Ecuador; it is found from the intertidal zone to 120 m. MURICIDAE Murexiella humilis (Broderip, 1833) Dall, 1908: 436 Hertlein, 1963: 240 The species is distributed from Sonora, Mexico, to Santa Elena, Ecuador. It is found from the intertidal zone to 33 m. Aspella pollux Radwin & D’ Attilio, 1976 Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976: 227 One of the paratypes of this species comes from Cocos Island. The distribution of this species extends from the extreme south of the Gulf of California to Costa Rica. It is found in 2 to 33 m. THAIDIDAE Thais (Mancinella) speciosa (Valenciennes, 1832) Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 92 It is distributed from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California, throughout the Gulf of California, to Peru. It is found on rocks in the intertidal zone. Thias (Mancinella) triangularis (Blainville, 1832) Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 92 This species is distributed from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, in the Gulf of California, to Peru. It is found in the rocky intertidal zone. Thias (Stramonita) biserialis (Blainville, 1832) Hertlein, 1932: 45 Thais haemastoma biserialis: Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 92 The species is distributed from Isla Cedros, through- out the Gulf of California, to Chile. It occurs in the rocky intertidal zone. Thais (Tribulus) planospira (Lamarck, 1822) Emerson & Old, 1964: 92 It is distributed from Cabo San Lucas, throughout the Gulf of California, to Peru. It is found on rocks at the low tide line. Thais (Vasula) melones (Duclos, 1832) Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 92 Purpura melo: von Martens, 1902: 137 Purpura melones: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Thais melones: Dall, 1908: 436 Thais crassa: Hertlein, 1932: 45 This species is distributed from the Gulf of Tehuan- tepec, Mexico, to Callao, Peru. it has also been col- lected on the Gallapagos Islands. Acanthina brevidentata (Wood, 1828) Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 238 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Monoceros brevidentata: von Martens, 1902: 137 Monoceros brevidentatum: Biolley, 1807: 21 It is distributed from Mazatlan, Mexico, to Paita, Peru. Rocky intertidal zone. Purpura columellaris (Lamarck, 1822) von Martens, 1902: 137 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 21 Thais columellaris: Dall, 1908: 437 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 It is distributed from the southern Gulf of California to Chile. It is found on rocks subject to wave action. Purpura pansa Gould, 1853 Purpura patula, non Linnaeus, 1758: von Martens, 1902: 137 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 21 Thais patula, non Linnaeus, 1758: Dall, 1908: 436 Tomlin, 1928: 163 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Purpura patula pansa: Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 It is distributed from Bahia Magdalena, the southern Gulf of California, to Colombia and the Galapagos Islands. It is found on exposed rocks. BUCCINIDAE Caducifer (Monostiolum) cinis (Reeve, 1846) Keen, 1971: 557 Pollia cinis: von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 21 Tritonidea cinis: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Caducifer thaleia Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932: Keen, 1958: 398 From Jalisco, Mexico, to the Cocos and Galapagos Islands. 38 Cantharus (Gemophos) gemmatus (Reeve, 1846) Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 238 This species is distributed from Mazatlan, Mexico, to Ecuador, on intertidal rocks. Cantharus (Gemophos) sanguinolentus (Duclos, 1833) Pollia sanguinolenta haemastoma: von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 21 Tritonidea sanguinolenta: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Catharus sanguinolentus: Hertlein, 1963: 238 It is distributed from the outer coast of Baja Califor- nia, southern Gulf of California, to Ecuador. It is found around coral heads. Phos (Metaphos) articulatus Hinds, 1844 Keen, 1971: 569 Phos cocosensis Dall, 1896: Dall, 1908: 306 Dall, 1917: 578 Strong & Lowe, 1936: 310 Keen, 1958: 406 Hertlein, 1963: 240 This most variable of the species of Phos ranges from Isla Tortuga, in the Gulf of California, to Isla Lobos, Peru, in 37 to 232 m. Its synonym was named from material collected on Cocos Island. COLUMBELLIDAE Columbella labiosa Sowerby, 1822 Hertlein, 1963: 241 Columbella labrosa: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 26 It is distributed from Nicaragua to Ecuador, on rocks exposed to wave action. Mitrella guttata (Sowerby, 1832) Columbella cribraria, non Lamarck, 1822: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 26 Mitrella ocellata, non Gmelin, 1791: Hertlein, 1963: 240 It occurs from Bahia Magdalena, throughout the Gulf of California, to Panama; under rocks in the inter- tidal zone. FASCIOLARITIDAE Leucozonia tuberculata (Broderip, 1833) Latirus tuberculatus: Dall, 1908: 436 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Its distribution is restricted to Cocos and the Galapagos Islands. Fusinus allyni McLean, 1970 Keen, 1971: 617 The distribution of this species is restricted to Cocos and the Galapagos Islands, in 128 to 146 m. HARPIDAE Harpa crenata Swainson, 1822 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1963: 239 It is distributed from Bahia Magdalena, the southern Gulf of California, to Isla Gorgona, Colombia. TURBINELLIDAE Surculina blanda (Dall, 1908) Keen, 1971: 622 Daphnella (Surculina) blanda: Dall, 1908: 291 This species is the type for the genus, and Cocos Island is its type locality; known only from Cocos Island, at a depth of 1,953 m. OLIVIDAE Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Roding, 1798) Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This species is distributed from the Gulf of Califor- nia to Panama. Olivella (Oliovella) cocosensis Olsson, 1956 Olsson, 1956: 180 Keen, 1958: 424 Hertlein, 1963: 240 Keen, 1971: 628 The type locality of this species is Cocos Island; it has also been reported from Nicaragua. MARGINELLIDAE Granula achenea Roth & Coan, 1971 Roth & Coan, 1971 Granula sp.: Keen, 1971: 636-638 It has only been collected from its type locality, Cocos Island, at 25 m. Granula minor C. B. Adams, 1852 Marginella minor: Bartach & Rehder, 1939: 18 Hertlein, 1963: 240 Kogomea minor: Coan & Roth, 1966: 294 It is distributed from Puerto Parker, Costa Rica, to La Libertad and the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. It oc- curs from the intertidal zone to 120 m. MITRIDAE Mitra (Atrimitra) fultoni E. A. Smith, 1892 Sphon, 1961: 35 Hertlein, 1963: 240 It is distributed from Santa Catalina Island, off Los Angeles, California (USA), to Puertecitos in the Gulf of California. Mitra (Strigatella) lens Wood, k1828 Dall, 1908: 436 Hertlein, 1963: 240 It is distributed from the Gulf of California to Peru, in sand and under rocks at the low tide level. Mitra (Strigatella) tristis Broderip, 1836 Hertlein, 1963: 240 From the northern end of the Gulf of California to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. CANCELLARIIDAE Cancellaria (Sveltia) centrota Dall, 1896 Keen, 1971: 654 Dali, 1908: 295 It occurs from Gorda Banks, Baja California Sur, to Cocos Island, its type locality, in 120 m. CONIDAE Conus (Conus) brunneus Wood, 1828 von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 20 Tomlin, 1927: 155 Hanna & Strong, 1949: 269 Hertlein, 1963: 239 This species is distributed from Bahia Magdalena to Manta, Ecuador, intertidally and subtidally. 39 Conus (Conus) diadema pemphigus Dall, 1910 Hanna & Strong, 1949: 271 This subspecies is distributed from Islas Tres Marias, Nayarit, Mexico, to Cocos Island. It is found in- tertidally on rocks. (Keen, 1971: 661, places the sub- species in synonymy with C. diadema Sowerby, 1834.) Conus (Conus) gladiator Broderip, 1833 Hertlein, 1963: 239 From Bahia Magdalena to Guaymas in the Gulf of California, to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, on rocky ledges intertidally. Conus (Conus) tiaratus Sowerby, 1833 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hanna & Strong, 1949: 272 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Salvat & Ehrhardt, 1970: 229 Conus (Chelyconus) purpurascens Sowerby, 1833 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 The species is distributed from Bahia Magdalena, throughout the Gulf of California, to Ecuador. In tide pools and on rocky ledges intertidally. Conus (Cylinder) dalli Stearns, 1873 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hertlein, 1937: 306 Hanna & Strong, 1949: 305 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This species ranges from Guaymas, Mexico, to Pananma and the Galapagos Islands. Conus (Leptoconus) gradatus Wood, 1828 Dall, 1908: 254 It is distributed from the Gulf of California to Peru, especially common around in various depths. Conus (Leptoconus) recurvus Broderip, 1833 Hertlein, 1963: 239 Conus scariphus Dall, 1910 (p. 225) Tomlin, 1937: 306 Hanna & Strong, 1949: 280 (in synonymy) Walls, 1978: 830 (in synonymy) Conus scariphus was described by Dall (1910) based on material collected at Cocos Island; Hanna, Strong (1949) established the synonymy C. scariphus and C. recurvus. The species is distributed from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, and the Gulf of Califor- nia, to Colombia, in 35 to 145 m. TEREBRIDAE Terebra berryi Campbell, 1961 Bratcher & Burch, 1971: 559 Keen & Coan, 1975: 37 It ranges from Puertecitos in the Gulf of California, to Costa Rica and Isla del Coco. It has been collected in 2 to 37 m. Terebra maculata maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Bratcher, 1970: 6 Bratcher & Burch, 1971: 557 Keen, 1971: 680 Emerson, 1978: 93 Terebra maculata: Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This western Pacific species has been collected in the eastern Pacific, only at Cocos Island. TURRIDAE Hindisclava resina (Dall, 1908) Turris (Surcula) resina: Dall, 1908: 264 This species was described from material collected at Cocos Island in 268 m. It occurs in the Gulf of Panama, Cocos Island, and Puerto Utria, Colombia. Microdrillia zeuxippe (Dall, 1919) Keen, 1971: 740 This species is known from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands in 20 to 110 m. Glyphostoma (Glyphostoma) scobina McLean & Poorman, 1971 Keen, 1971: 745 This species occurs from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands, in 90 to 200 m. Xanthodaphne agonia (Dall, 1890) Keen, 1971: 764 Pleorotomella (Gymnobela) agonia var. altaina Dall, 1908: 279 A species from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands, in 1,159 to 1,850 m. Xanthodaphne encella (Dall, 1908) Keen, 1971: 764 Mangilia encella Dall, 1908: 214, 287 The only recorded locality for this species is from Isla del Coco, in 1,950 m. BULLIDAE Bulla (Bulla) punctulata A. Adams, in Sowerby, 1850 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 This species occurs from Bahia Magdalena, and the Gulf of California, to Peru. It is found around the low tide line. CAVOLINIDAE Cavolinia longirostris (Blainville, 1821) Howard, 1952: 13 Hertlein, 1963: 242 This epipelagic species ranges from southern Mexico to Peru. Crescis virgula (Rang, 1828) Howard, 1952: 13 Hertlein, 1963: 242 This species is widely distributed worldwide in warm waters; in the American Pacific it occurs from Baja California to Peru. Diacria quadridentata (Blainville, 1821) Diacria quadridentata parva: Howard, 1952: 13 Hertlein, 1963: 242 This epipelagic species is distributed in the American Pacific from southern Mexico to Peru. LIMACINIDAE Limacina inflata (Orbigny, 1836) Howard, 1952: 13 Hertlein, 1963: 242 This species is found in waters off Baja California, and from El Salvador to Peru. 40 MELAMPIDAE Melampus (Melampus) carolianus (Lesson, 1842) Melampus trilineatus (C. B. Adams, 1852): Hanna & Hertlein, 1938: 134 Hertlein, 1963: 240 Melampus (Pira) tabogensis C. B. Adams, 1852 von Martens, 1902: 137 Biolley, 1907: 24 Hanna & Hertlein, 1938: 134 Morrison, 1946: 36 Hertlein, 1963: 40 Keen, 1971: 846 This species is distributed from Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico, to Panama and has been collected at the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Tralia panamensis (C. B. Adams, 1853) Dall, 1896: 452 Melampus panamensis: Dall, 1900: 97 von Martens, 1900: 561 Dall, 1908: 436 Hanna & Hertlein, 1938: 133 Hertlein, 1963: 240 This species is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama, including the Perlas Islands, under rocks at the high tide mark. Ellobium stagnalis (Orbigny, 1835) Hertlein, 1963: 239 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 Auricula stagnalis: von Martens, 1902: 62 Biolley, 1907: 19 Hanna & Hertlein, 1938: 132 From El Salvador to Ecuador, on the trunks and roots of mangroves, near the high tide line. SIPHONARITIDAE Siphonaria (Heterosiphonaria) gigas Sowerby, 1825 Dall, 1896: 453 Dall, 1900: 97 von Martens, 1902: 137 Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 Biolley, 1907: 25 Dall, 1908: 436 Dall, 1909: 205 Hertlein, 1932: 45 Siphonaria characteristica Reeve, 1856: Tomlin, 1927: 154 Siphonaria gigas var. characteristica: Hertlein, 1932: 45 Hanna & Hertlein, 1938: 125 Hertlein, 1963: 241 Emerson & Old, 1964: 91 The distribution of this species is from Acapulco, Mexico, to Peru, on rocks. POLYPLACOPHORA CHITONIDAE Chiton goodallii Broderip, 1832 Boone, 1933: 201 Chiton (Radsia) goodallii: von Martens, 1902: 137 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Chiton (Chiton) goodallii: Boone, 1933: 24 This species has been collected only on the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Chiton stokesii Broderip, 1832 Dall, 1908: 437 Tomlin, 1927: 154 Chiton (Chiton) stokesii: Leloup, 1956: 246 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Emerson & Old, 1964: 92 Chiton (Radsia) stokesi: Biolley, 1907: 24 Chiton stokesi: Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1902: 559 It is distributed from southern Mexico to Ecuador, and is found on top of exposed rocks. ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Acanthochitona hirudiniformis (Sowerby, 1832) Hertlein, 1963: 242 The range of distribution of this species is from Panama to Peru, possibly to Chile. It is found on rock surfaces. MOPALIIDAE Placiphorella blainvillii (Broderip, 1832) Dall, 1908: 357 Dall, 1909: 246 Hertlein, 1963: 243 It is distributed from Panama to Peru, on top of rocky surfaces below the low tide line. CEPHALOPODA CRANCHIIDAE Galiteuthis pacifica (Robson, 1948) Keen & Coan, 1975: 50 Taonidium pacificum: Robson, 1948: 130 Hertlein, 1963: 243 The species is distributed from southern California to Panama and Cocos Island; depth data have not been reported. Helicocranchia beebei Robson, 1948 Robson, 1948: 130 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Keen & Coan, 1975: 50 The species has been collected at the Galapagos and Cocos Islands, from the surface and 1,520 m. ENOPLOTEUTHIDAE Abraliopsis affinis (Pfeffer, 1912) Abraliopsis hoylei, non Pfeffer 1884: Robson, 1948: 118 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Voss (1971: 9) established the synonymy between Abraliopsis affinis and A. hoylei, auctt., non Pfeffer, in- dicating that A. affinis is endemic to the American tropi- cal Pacific, occuring from Baja California to Ecuador from the sea surface to 3,182 m. The true A. hoylei is an Indian Ocean species. Pterygioteuthis giardi Fisher, 1896 Pyroteuthis giardi: Robson, 1948: 118 Hertlein, 1963: 243 This species is cosmopolitan in warm-temperate seas: Indian, Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the eastern Pacific it occurs from southern California to the Gulf of Panama, and from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. It has been collected from the surface to 2,500 m. 41 OCTOPOTEUTHIDAE Octopoteuthis nielseni Robson, 1948 Robson, 1948: 120 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Keen & Coan, 1975: 51 Its distribution is from the Gulf of Panama to Cocos Island; it may also occur along the Mexican coast; depth distribution has not been published. OMMASTREPHIDAE Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830) Dall, 1909: 195 Berry, 1912: 304 Robson, 1948: 127 Hertlein, 1963: 243 This species is Indo-Pacific; in the eastern Pacific it occurs from southern California to the Gulf of Panama, and the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. OCTOPODIDAE Octopus pusillus Gould, 1852 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Robson, 1929: 150 Keen & Coan, 1975: 52 Polypus pusillus: Dall, 1908: 194 This species was originally described from China. In the American Pacific, this species has been reported from Acapulco, Panama and Isla del Coco, in 901 to 1,789 m. VAMPYROTEUTHIDAE Melanoteuthis beebei Robson, 1929 Robson, 1932: 103 Hertlein, 1963: 243 Keen & Coan, 1975: 53 The species has been collected around the Galapagos and Cocos Islands from the surface to 1,372 m. ARGONAUTIDAE Argonauta cornutus Conrad, 1854 Robson, 1948: 197 Argonauta expansus Dall, 1872: Hertlein, 1963: 243 It is distributed from the Gulf of Panama to Ecuador and Peru. SPECIES WHOSE PRESENCE AT COCOS ISLAND IS DOUBTFULL In this section are listed five species whose presence at Cocos Island has been cited only once and not been confirmed by modern records. These species are absent from the geographic treatments of Keen (1971) and Keen & Coan (1975). TROCHIDAE Tegula gallina multifilosa Stearns, 1893 Pilsbry & Vanatta (1902: 559) cite one record of this species from Cocos Island (as Chlorostoma gallinum multifilosum). Biolley (1907: 26) merely repeats their record; however, Hertlein (1963: 241) calls this report into question. According to Abbott (1974: 50), this sub- species belongs to Isla Guadalupe (located 150 miles off the coast of Baja California, Mexico). The species Tegula gallina Forbes, 1850, belongs to the Californian province. CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea (Arabica) depressa Gray, 1824 The presence of this species on Cocos Island is based on the report by Demond (1957: 301): “C. depressa also ranges far into the eastern Pacific, occurring at Clipper- ton Island and at Cocos and the Galapagos Island (Ingram, 1951).” However, the citation of Ingram is incorrect. Ingram (1951: 25) actually states, “It was first recorded as a Western Hemisphere species from Clipper- ton Island... record for the west coast is the only available one at this writing.” Since Demond’s (1957) misquote, no other author has cited this species as occurring at Cocos Island. COLUMBELLIDAE Nitidella sertularium Orbigny The only record of this species from Isla del Coco is that given by Tomlin (1928: 162), in which he indicates doubt regarding its identification. Hertlein (1963: 240) confirms that this report is probably incorrect. This species belongs to the Patagonian province (southern coasts of Argentina). CRANCHIIDAE Liocranchia reinhardti (Steenstrup, 1856) This species was cited as present in the waters of Cocos Island by Robson (1948: 128); however the species has not been collected again in the eastern Pacific. According to Rios (1975: 270), this species belongs to the Caribbean province, where there are ample records from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil. OCTOPODIDAE Benthoctopus januari Hoyle, 1885 The only record of this species for Isla del Coco was given by Dall (1909: 194), under the name of Polypus januarii. Robson (1932: 235, 240) doubts the presence of this species in the eastern Pacific. According to Rios (1975: 271), the type locality of this species is northeast Brazil, and it occurs from South Africa, the Gulf of Mexico, and Brazil. LITERATURE CITED ABBOTT, R. T. 1974. American Seashells. The marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 663 p. BARTSCH, P. & REHDER, H. A. 1939. Mollusks col- lected on the presidential cruise of 1938. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 98(10):1-18. BERRY, S. S. 1912. A review of the cephalopods of western North America. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 30:269-336. BIOLLEY, P. 1907. Mollusques de I’Isla del Coco. San José, Costa Rica, Museo Nacional. 30 p. BIOLLEY, P. 1935. Moluscos de la Isla del Coco. Revista del Colegio Superior de Senoritas 2(6):2-18. 42 BOONE, L. 1933. Scientific results of the cruises of the yachts Eagle and Ara, 1921-1928, .......... Coelenterata, Echinodermata and Mollusca. Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Marine Museum 4:1-217. BRATCHER, T. 1970. Range extensions of Indo- Pacific Terebra. Hawaiian Shell News 18(3):6. BRATCHER, T. & BURCH, R. 1971. The Terebridae (Gastropoda) of Clarion, Socorro, Cocos, and Galapagos Island. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 37(21):537-566. COAN, E. & ROTH, B. 1966. The West American Marginellidae. Veliger 8(4):276-299. DALL, W. H. 1896. Insular landshell faunas, especially as illustrated by the data obtained by Dr. G. Baur in the Galapagos Island. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 48:395-459. DALL, W. H. 1900. Additions to the insular land-shell faunas of the Pacific Coast, especially of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 52:88-106. DALL, W. H. 1902. Illustrations and descriptions of new, unfigured, or imperfectly known shells, chiefly American, in the U.S. National Museum. Proceed- ings of the United States National Museum 24(1264):499-566. DALL, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43(6):205-487. DALL, W. H. 1909. Report on a collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of the littoral marine Mollusca of the Peruvian Zoological Province. Pro- ceedings of the United States National Museum 37(1704):147-294. DALL, W. H. 1910. Summary of the shells of genus Conus from the Pacific Coast of America in the U.S. Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 38(1741):217-228. DALL, W. H. 1917. Summary of the Mollusks of the family Alectrionidae of the West Coast of America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 51(2166):575-579. DEMOND, J. 1957. Micronesian reef-associated gastropods. Pacific Science 11(3):275-341. EMERSON, W. K. 1968. A new species of the gastropod genus Morum from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Journal de Conchyliologie 107(1):53-57. EMERSON, W. K. & OLD, W. E. 1964. Additional records from Cocos Island. Nautilus 77(3):90-92. GRAU, G. 1959. Pectinidae of the eastern Pacific. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 23:1-308. HANNA, G D. & HERTLEIN, L. G. 1938. Land brackish water Mollusca of Cocos Island. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 2(8):123-135. HANNA, G D., & STRONG, A. M. 1949. West American mollusks of the genus Conus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 26(9):247-322. HERTLEIN, L. G. 1932. Mollusks and barnacles from Malpelo and Cocos Island. Nautilus 49(2):43-45. HERTLEIN, L. G. 1935. The Templeton Crocker Expeditions of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. No. 25. The recent Pectinidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 31(25):301-328. HERTLEIN, L. G. 1937. A note on some species of marine mollusks occurring in both Polynesia and the Western Americas. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 78(2):303-312. HERTLEIN, L. G. 1963. Contribution to the biogeog- raphy of Cocos Island, including a bibliography. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 32(8):219-289. HERTLEIN, L. G. & STRONG, A. M. 1946. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. Mollusk from the West Coast of Mexico and Central America. Part III. Zoologica 31:53-76. HOWARD, A. D. 1952. Pteropods collected by the Allan Hancock Foundation. Minutes of the Concho- logical Club of Southern California 121:12-14. INGRAM, W. M. 1945. An extension of the range of Cypraea rashleighana. Nautilus 58(3):106-107. INGRAM, W. M. 1947. Check list of the Cypraeidae occurring in the western hemisphere. Bulletins of the American Paleontology 31(122):137-161. INGRAM, W. M. 1947. Fossil and recent Cypraeidae of the western regions of the Americas. Bulletins of the American Paleontology 31(120):43-124. INGRAM, W. M. 1948. The cypraeid fauna of the Galapagos Island. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 26(7):135-145. INGRAM, W. M. 1951. The living Cypraeidae of the Western Hemisphere. Bulletins of American Paleon- tology 33(136):125-178. KEEN, A. M. 1958. Sea shells of tropical west America. Marine mollusks from lower California to Colombia. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press. 624 p. KEEN, A. M. 1971. Sea shells of tropical west America. Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press. 1064 p. KEEN, A.M. & E.COAN.1975. Sea shells of tropical west America. Additions and corrections to 1975. Western Society of Malacologists, Occasional Papers 1:1-66. 43 KNUDSEN, J. 1970. The systematics and biology of abyssal and hadal Bivalvia. Galathea Report No. 11. 241 p. LELOUP, E. 1956. Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-1949. 27 Polyplacophora. Lund Universities Arsskrift N.F. 2 52(15):1-93. McLEAN, J. H. 1970. New species of tropical eastern Pacific Gastropoda. Malacological Review 2:115-130. MARTENS, E. von. 1902. Die Meeres-conchylien der Cocos-Insel. Stizungs Berich der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 6:137-141. MORRISON, J. P. E. 1946. The nonmarine mollusks of San José Island, with notes on those of Pedro Gonzales Island, Pearl Islands, Panama. Smithsonian Miscellaneous collections 106(6):1-49. OLSSON, A. A. 1950. Studies of the genus Olivella. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 108:155-225. OLSSON, A. A. 1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific, particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal Province (Panama to Peru). Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda. Ithaca, N.Y. Paleon- tological Research Institution. 574 p. PILSBRY, H. A. & VANATTA, F. G. 1902. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expeditions, 1898-1899. XIII. Marine Mollusca. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 4:549-560. RADWIN, C. E. & ATTILIO, A. 1976. Murex shells of the World, a illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press. 284 p. RIOS, E. C. 1975. Brazilian marine mollusks iconog- raphy. Rio Grande, Fundagao Universidade do Rio Grande, Centro de Ciéncias do Mar, Museu Oceanografico. 331 p. ROBSON, G. C. 1929. A monograph of the recent Cephalopoda based on the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Part 1. The Octopodinae. London, British Museum, 236 p. ROBSON, G. C. 1932. A monograph of the recent Cephalopoda, based on the collections in the British Museum (Natural History). Part II: Octopoda, exclud- ing Octopodinae. London, British Museum, 359 p. ROBSON, G. C. 1948. The Cephalopoda Decapoda of the Arcturus Oceanographic Expedition, 1925. Zoologica 33(3):115-132. ROST, H. 1955. A report on the family Arcidae (Pelecypoda). Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 20(2):177-248. ROTH, B. & COAN, E. 1968. Further observations on the West American Marginellidae with the descrip- tions of two species. Veliger 11(1):62-69. ROTH, B. & E. COAN. 1971. Marginellidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda) from the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island. Proc. Calif. Acad. of Sci. (4th Ser.) 37(23):575-584. SALVAT, B. & EHRHARDT, H. P. 1970. Mollusques de I’lle Clipperton. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Historie Naturelle 2 Serie 42(1):223-231. SCHILDER, F. A. & SCHILDER, M. 1938. Prodrome of a monograph on living Cypraeidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 23(3):119-180, (4):181-231. SMITH, M. 1944. Panamic marine shells. Florida, Winter Park. 127 p. SOOT-RYEN, T. 1955. A report on the family Mytilidae (Pelecypoda). Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 20(1):1-174. SPHON, G. G. 1961. Notes on the Mitridae of the east- ern Pacific. I, Mitra fultoni. Veliger 4(1):32-36. STRONG, A. M. & LOWE, H. N. 1936. West American species of the genus Phos. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History (22):305-320. 44 TOMLIN, J. R. 1927-1928. The Mollusca of the Saint George Expeditions. I. The Pacific Coast of South America. Journal of Conchology 18(6):153-170. 1927. 18(7):187-198. 1928. TOMLIN, J. R. 1937. Catalogue of recent and fossil cones. Proceedings of the Malacological Society 22(4-5):205-330. TURNER, R. & BOSS, K. J. Lithophaga in 4(41):81-116. VOSS, G. L. 1971. Cephalopods collected by the R/V John Elliot Pillsbury in the Gulf of Panama in 1967. Bulletin of Marine Sciences of the University of Miami 21(1):1-34. WALLS, J. G. 1978. Cone shells, a synopsis of the living Conidae. New Jersey, TFH Publications. 1011 p. [Editor’s Note: Thanks to Robert Koch (Phoenix, Arizona) for help with this translation. ] 1962. The genus the western Atlantic. Johnsonia EXECUTIVE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS 1982-1983 David R. Lindberg George L. Kennedy Sandra M. Gardner Katherine Stewart Margaret Mulliner Bertram C. Draper Judith Terry Smith Donald R. Shasky Carol C. Skoglund Vida C. Kenk Eugene V. Coan Jean Cate Barbar Good Kay Webb Donald R. Shasky (Chairman) Carol C. Skoglund Vida C. Kenk AMU Pacific Northwest Shell Club Michael G. Kellogg , Editor Eugene V. Coan Linda Lee Kellogg Barry Roth Vida C. Kenk (Chairman) Eugene V. Coan James W. Nybakken Barry Roth Judith Terry Smith OFFICERS & EXECUTIVE BOARD President Ist Vice President 2nd Vice President Secretary Treasurer Members-at-Large Three most recent past Presidents Mentor-Parliamentarian STANDING COMMITTEES Auditing Nominating MEETING COMMITTEES Auction Banquet Editorial Board Exhibits Historian Registration Student Award 45 1983-1984 George L. Kennedy William D. Pitt Carole Hertz F. G. Hochberg Margaret Mulliner Joyce Gemmell Robert Koch David R. Lindberg Donald R. Shasky Carol C. Skoglund Eugene V. Coan Eugene V. Coan (Chairman) James W. Nybakken Barry Roth David R. Lindberg (Chairman) Donald R. Shasky Carol C. Skoglund William D. Pitt & Carole Hertz Steven J. Long, Editor Hans W. Bertsch Eugene V. Coan George L. Kennedy Margaret Mulliner Vida C. Kenk (Chairman) Eugene V. Coan James W. Nybakken Barry Roth Judith Terry Smith WSM SUPPORT OF STUDENT RESEARCH The Western Society of Malacologists states in its by-laws that the purpose of the society is “to promote the study of Malacology and Invertebrate Zoology through the encouragement of research. . .”. One of the ways the society has implemented this goal is by financial support of student researchers. At the first annual meet- ing of the society in 1968, prizes for the best student papers were presented to Marilyn Vassallo and Steven Webster. Both of these recipients went on to prove that our society's choices were excellent: Dr. Vassallo now teaches at Hartnell in Salinas and Dr. Webster is on the staff at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Pacific Grove. In 1972 the decision was made to offer a research grant of $250 and to discontinue the student paper awards. It soon became obvious that the grant would be more effective if a larger sum were offered every other year, starting in 1975. In 1983, donations increased the grant to $600. Who may apply for this grant? It is open to all students registered part- or full-time at a college, univer- sity, or marine or field station. What are the conditions of the grant? It is intended to initiate or further research concerned with some aspect of molluscan biology, ecology, systema- tics, paleontology or related fields. The recipient is expected to present the results of the research to the society at its next annual meeting. How does one apply? The deadline for application is in April or May of odd-numbered years. The com- pleted application form includes a research statement, a brief outline of academic background, and a letter from a faculty member or other professional scientist super- vising or knowing of the student’s work. The research statement, limited to 500 words, should state the nature and purpose of the project, the methods to be used, the anticipated completion date, where the work is to be conducted, how the grant funds will be used, and what other financial support is available for the project. Five copies of these materials should be submitted, one for each member of the awards committee. How is the grant administered? Announcements of the awards are sent to relevant journals and to a mailing list of nearly 300 individuals and institutions in the western United States. Copies of the completed applica- tions are distributed to members of the grant committee for their careful consideration. About a month after the application deadline, the committee meets for a day of deliberations, vigorously discussing the merits and limitations of each proposal and eventually reaching a decision. In recent years 16 to 27 proposals have been submitted and choosing just one recipient has been diffi- cult. Current members of the committee are: Dr. Eugene Coan, Dr. Vida Kenk, Dr. James Nybakken, Dr. Barry Roth, and Dr. Judy Terry Smith. Former members include Dr. Peter Rodda, Dr. Carole Hickman, and Dr. James T. Carlton, the imaginative, energetic and hard- working first chairperson of the committee. Recipients of WSM Student Research Grants 1972 = Carl A. Stiefbold Biology Department Portland State University 1973, Carol N. Hopper Department of Zoology University of Hawaii Judith M. Christensen Department of General Biology University of Arizona 1975 1977 Janice E. Thompson Scripps Institution of Oceanography Esther M. Leise Department of Zoology University of Washington Douglas J. Eernisse Center for Coastal Marine Studies U. C. Santa Cruz David J. Myers Dept. Biological Sciences Ca. State Univ. Fullerton 1979 1983 $250 $250 $500 $500 $500 $500 $600 46 The role of neurosecretion in the transformation of the rock-boring clam, Penitella penita, from the working-asexual to the resting-sexual form. The effects of particle size and concentration on the feeding behavior of the vermetid Petaloconchus keenae Hadfield and Kay, 1972. Electrophoresis studies of selected species of the genus Rabdotus. On the nature of the food of Diodora aspera (Gastro- poda) and its commensal Arctonoe vittata (Polychaeta). The polyplacophoran girdle: its function. structure and A comparison of reproductive and electrophoretic patterns within the chiton genus Cyanoplax Trophic role of Astraea undosa. In 1981 and 1983, the Southwestern Malacological Society asked the WSM grant committee to select a recipient for their grant of $500. Since there are usually several proposals worth funding, this generous offer was eagerly accepted. Recipients of SWMS Student Research Grants 1981 Elizabeth An Nesbitt $500 Dept. of Paleontology UC Berkeley 1983 Alan C. Hebert $500 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Several other societies also support student research. The American Malacological Union has established the Bequart fund to promote studies on land and fresh-water mollusks. At the recent meeting in Seattle, a representa- tive of the Hawaiian Malacological Society described their grant programs. The Pacific Northwest Shell Club has also supported students. I would very much appreciate learning about other grants that may be avail- able, so that we can refer worthy students whom we can’t fund to these other possible sources. Members of WSM can be proud of their record of student support. The student research grant committee would welcome suggestioons and donations toward increasing the award or giving more awards. The next award is scheduled to be given in 1985. Information and application forms will be available in Fall 1984 by writing to the address listed below. Dr. Vida C. Kenk WSM Committee on Student Grants Dept. Biological Sciences San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 47 Paleoecology of the megainvertebrate fauna from the Cowlitz Formation, Washington and Oregon. Seasonal changes in two Monterey Bay populations of scaphopods. PROJECT DATA LOG: A CONTRIBUTORY DATA BASE FOR WEST AMERICAN MALACOLOGY The Western Society of Malacologists is about to embark on an experiment that will add a new dimension to the Society in particular, and to the entire field of molluscan research in general. This experiment, for want of a better name, will be referred to as Project Data Log. The purpose of this project will be to act as a clearing house for the input and compilation of informa- tion on selected topics in malacology. Topics may be as varied as malacology is itself, and will consist of a clearly defined area of malacological interest that is suit- able for development of a contributory data base. The Society will act as the depository of collected data with the intent of publishing such compilations in its Annual Report or as individual Occasional Papers. The purpose of Project Data Log is to elicit and publish types of malacological data that are unlikely ever to be published by themselves in any other form, but which together will provide a significant resource for malacological research. Suitable topics for compilation in Project Data Log are endless, and could, for example, consist of geo- graphic range extensions, new ecological and bathy- metric records, bibliographic compilations. A single topic will be selected every year, to be chosen by the incoming President or by Society members at its Annual Meeting. A committee of several malacologists appointed by the President will take responsibility for gathering, reviewing and confirming data records, com- piling preliminary lists for Society and/(or) external review, and final editing and preparation of copy for publication. 48 Following informal discussions with several Society members, the first Data Log project was chosen to be a compilation of spawning records of West American gas- tropods. Many of us, while in the field or on collecting trips, have observed gastropods associated with egg masses, or actually in the process of depositing egg capsules. Because of the rarity of these observations we usually make special note of them and aften photograph the scene as well. However, most of these records remain unpublished and unavailable as a source of mala- cological data. Project Data Log will attempt to fill this gap in our knowledge of gastropod spawning records. Special data sheets for the submission of desired information are being prepared and soon will be available. : Project Data Log MUST be a Society effort — it cannot succeed without the willing contribution of data from Society members, or of interested malacologists in general. One of the greatest assets of the Western Society of Malacologists is its diverse membership. Many members have the good fortune to be paid for their malacological work, but often do not have the time or resources to collect or do field work when and where they may like. Many other members who may not have this good fortune are still particularly interested in collecting and often have the opportunity to observe living mollusks in their natural setting and to record, by notebook or camera, a vast amount of ecological data often not available to the library researcher. Every malacologist and/or conchologist should recognize the importance of this diversity in interest and to interact fully with those whose interests differ from their own. Only with the spirit of mutual cooperation will the West- em Society of Malacologists continue to grow and prosper in the future. George L. Kennedy, President Western Society of Malacologists BY-LAWS OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS Article I Name, Purpose, Emblem Section 1. The name of this organization shall be the Western Society of Malacologists, hereinafter referred to as the Society. (a) No provision in these By-laws shall be interpreted as superseding or abridging any provi- sions in the Articles of Incorporation of the Society. Section 2. The general purpose and powers of this Society shall be to be organized and operated exclu- sively for educational and scientific purposes and more particularly to promote the study of Malacology and In- vertebrate Zoology through the encouragement of re- search and the dissemination of educational material, by both lectures and publications, to persons interested in said science, and to further the interests of members and non-members alike in the study of mollusks and inver- tebrate organisms in general by promoting acquaintance and cooperation among them, and by encouraging publi- cation of scientific papers. Section 3. The emblem of the Society shall be a representation of the shell of Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828). Article II Membership Section 1. Classes of Membership. There shall be the following classes of membership: Charter Members; Regular Members; Student Members; and Honorary Members. (a) Any person may become a Charter Member by the Payment of $5.00 until 23 September 1968, at which time the Charter Membership shall be closed. (b) A Regular Member in good standing shall be any person whose dues are currently paid in full, and who pledges agreement to abide by the Articles and By-laws of the Society. (c) A Student Member shall be any person enrolled in a University, College, or other recognized school of learning, whose dues are currently paid in full and who pledges agreement to abide by the Articles and By-laws of the Society. Student Members shall not be eligible to hold any elective office in the Society, but may vote at regular and special meetings of the membership. (d) Honorary Membership may be conferred upon a person because of his achievement of great merit or out- standing contribution to malacology in general, or to the Society in particular. The number of Honorary Members in the Society shall be limited to five per cent of the general membership in good standing at the time of election to Honorary Membership. Honorary Members may be proposed by any mem- ber of the Executive Board, or in writing by not less than 5 members in good standing, with documentation. The President shall appoint a committee of 3 disinterested persons to investigate the merit of the nomination. Upon the favorable report of said committee a secret ballot shall be had among the Board; a 2/3 majority shall be 49 required for affirmative action. If the ballot is favorable, the President shall appoint a committee to prepare the ceremonial presentation of the Honorary Membership. Honorary Members shall not be liable for dues, and shall not be entitled to vote on affairs of the Society. (e) Membership is not transferable, and ceases upon death of the member. (f) A member may be deprived of membership in the Society for acts or behavior detrimental to the Society or its objectives. The Executive Board shall investigate charges brought to its attention; if said detrimental acts are confirmed, the accused shall be automatically dismissed from the Society. Article II Dues Section |. Dues. Annual membership dues will be set by the Executive Board and confirmed by a majority vote of members present at the annual business meeting. (a) Dues for the ensuing calendar year are payable annually during the month of January; if dues are not paid by 1 April the member shall be delinquent and shall lose all rights and privileges and will be considered a member not in good standing; his name shall be stricken from the membership rolls. (b) .Dues for Student Members shall be 40% of the dues for regular membership. Section 2. Assessments. No assessments of any kind shall be levied for any reason at any time, aside from the annual dues. Section 3. Annual Meeting Costs. In the handling of the annual meetings of the Society, the intention shall be to cover all legitimate expenses by any or all of the following means: a registration fee to be paid by all who attend the annual meeting either full or part time, except Honorary Members and officially invited guests, in an amount established by the President after consultation with the Treasurer and the Auditing Committee; by dues; or by monies available to the Society by other legal means. Article IV Officers Section 1. Officers. The elected officers of the Society shall be a President; a First Vice-President; a Second Vice-President; a Secretary and a Treasurer. (a) The terms for these offices shall normally be for one year, beginning one month after election which shall be held at the annual meeting of the general member- ship. No elected officer shall succeed himself, except that the offices of Treasurer and Secretary may be held by the incumbents for a period not to exceed five (5) years. (b) Appointed officers and committees serve at the pleasure of the President; it is within his power to remove any such officers and committee members for any reason whatsoever. (c) If an elected officer fails to fulfill the duties of his office or if he performs his duty in a manner that will reflect unfavorably upon the Society or its objectives he may be recalled. A special election shall be called by the President of the Society at the next meeting of the general membership, such special election to be announced, together with the reasons thereof, to the regular members in writing at least two weeks in advance of the meeting. A secret ballot shall be held and a two-thirds majority vote may remove the accused officer from his office. The Nominating committee shall put in nomination another member’s name to~ be approved by unanimous vote of the Executive Board remaining, to serve out the rest of the term. A person thus removed from office shall not have his name put in nomination for any office. Section 2. Duties of Officers. The officers shall perform the usual duties of their offices. (a) The President shall preside at annual meetings and be generally responsible for the activities of the Society. He shall appoint a Nominating Committee and such other committees as he deems desirable. At the end of his term of office he shall appoint an Auditing Committee, and may appoint a Mentor-Parliamentarian to serve during the term of his successor. The President shall be guided, additionally, by the policies contained in the Officer’s Manual. (b) The First Vice-President shall act for the Presi- dent if the latter is unable to serve after all preliminary organizing of the annual meeting has been completed. (c) The Second Vice-President shall assume all responsibility for organizing an annual meeting of the Society if the President-elect, for any reason, should become unable to assume the duties of his office at any time before the meeting has been organized. He shall thereby succeed to the office and title of President of the Society. (d) The Secretary shall take all minutes of the Executive Board and Business meetings, transcribe them as promptly as possible and transmit copies of the Presi- dent (for review) and to the Mentor-Parliamentarian, if one has been appointed (for his permanent record). The Secretary shall also take such notes during annual meet- ings as may be appropriate, and handle all necessary correspondence, as directed by the President or other- wise required, keep the other members of the Executive Board informed on matters that concern them, and main- tain the records of the Society. The Secretary shall be guided, additionally, by the policies contained in the Officers’ Manual. (e) An Assistant Secretary may be appointed by the Secretary to assist in the regular duties of the office and the promotion of the annual meeting, but will not be considered a member of the Executive Board, and need not be a member of the Society. (f) The Treasurer shall be responsible for handling and recording all incoming and outgoing funds of the Society, subject to the approval of the Auditing Commit- tee of any unprecedented or unusual expenditure. He shall maintain an up-to-date list of all members of the Society in good standing. (g) At the annual meeting of the Executive Board and at the annual membership meeting the Treasurer shall submit a financial report on the general Society func. Within thirty (30) days after the annual meeting 50 the Treasurer shall prepare a financial report, in tripli- cate, of the general Society fund and all other funds handled during the annual meeting, and shall submit this report to the Auditing Committee for approval, and to the outgoing President for signature and transmittal of one copy of the newly elected President; one copy shall be filed in the Treasurer’s Handbook, and one copy shall be transmitted to the Mentor-Parliamentarian for his permanent file. This shall constitute a final financial report, including all monetary transactions of the Society during his term of office. The Treasurer shall be guided, additionally, by the policies and procedures contained in the Officers’ Manual. (h) An Assistant Treasurer may be appointed by the Treasurer to assist in the regular duties of the office and in handling the affairs of the annual meeting, but will not be considered a member of the Executive Board, and need not be a member of the Society. (i) The Mentor-Parliamentarian may be appointed by the outgoing President; he will be an ex officio member of the Executive Board, without vote. The Mentor-Parliamentarian will serve in an advisory capacity to incoming officers and committees on questions relating to the By-laws, and to procedures and policies as reflected in the Minutes and other records of the Society. The same person may be reappointed to this position by subsequent Presidents. Section 3. Each elected Officer shall maintain and pass on to this successor a Manual enumerating the duties of his office, policies of the Society affecting their accomplishment, and other information and procedures designed to enable complete and consistent performance of the duties of the office concerned. Article V Executive Board Section |. The Executive Board. The administra- tion of the affairs of the Society shall be vested in the Executive Board, which shall consist of the currently elected officers, two Members-at-Large to be elected from among the general membership, and the three most recent Past Presidents of the Society, although the presence of the latter three may be optional. All the preceding shall be entitled to one vote each if in attendance, or in any and all mail polls of the Board. (a) Vacancies among the current officers shall be filled through appointment by the President, from the regular membership. (b) No person shall be an Executive Board member who has not been a member in good.standing of the Society for at least one immediately preceding year. (c) The Executive Board shall meet annually during the Society’s annual meeting, prior to the regular business meeting, and at such other times as called by the President, or as agreed upon by a majority of the Executive Board members. Insofar as possible, matters requiring action in between the Society’s annual meet- ings shall be handled through a mail poll of the Executive Board by the President. (d) A quorum shall consist of three members holding elective office. (e) The Executive Board shall decide on all matters involving policy unless otherwise specifically provided for in the By-laws, but its decisions are subject to ratifi- cation by a majority vote of the Society’s members in good standing at the annual meeting. (f) The Executive Board shall set the time and place of the next subsequent annual meeting. Article VI Committees Section 1. Standing Committees shall be the Nominating Committee and the Auditing Committee, both of which shall be appointed by the President. Section 2. Nominating Committee. At least one candidate for each office shall be nominated by a Nominating Committee of three, appointed by the Presi- dent from the list of Past Presidents. The committee shall present its slate of nominations at the annual business meeting. Additional nominations may be made from the floor of the annual business meeting, and consent to serve, if elected, may be secured from the nominee at that time. Elections may be by a majority vote, but if there is more than one candidate for office, a majority vote by written ballot will determine the election. (a) No candidates shall be nominated without prior consultation as to their willingness to serve if elected. (b) If a written ballot is required, the President shall appoint a Tally Committee, apart from the nominees, to count ballots and certify the result. Section 3. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three qualified members of the Society, appointed by the outgoing President. It shall be the primary duty of this committee to consider any unprecedented or unusual ex- penditures, and ascertain the legality, or advisability, or both, and authorize or refuse authorization of such payment by the Treasurer. This committee shall receive and approve all financial reports prepared by the Treasurer. Article VII Meetings Section 1. Meetings of the general membership may be held at the call of the President or upon written appli- cation of at least twenty (20) regular members of the Society. In any event, a minimum of one regularly scheduled meeting of the general membership shall be held each year, at a time and place selected by majority vote of the attending membership at the general meeting next preceding. Section 2. In the case of meetings of the general membership other than the regularly scheduled annual meeting, the Secretary will, at least thirty days in advance of the date scheduled for the special meeting, advise the regular membership of the purpose, date, time and place of such meeting. Any application by the mem- bership for a special meeting to be held must state the purpose for which it is requested. Section 3. At the regularly scheduled annual meeting of the general membership, a quorum shall consist of ten 51 percent (10%) of the regular members attending the meeting, but not of less than three such members. Section 4. At special meetings called either by the President or at the request of twenty or more of the regular members, a quorum shall consist of 10% of the then current regular membership. Section 5. At any meeting of the regular membership called to consider dissolution and fiscal termination of the Society, a quorum shall consist of seventy-five per- cent (75%) of the then current regular membership plus one regular member. In lieu of this meeting, a mail ballot may be substituted, with a majority vote consisting of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the then current regular membership being regarded as also representing a legitimate quorum. Section 6. Meetings of the Executive Board shall be held as provided in Article V of these By-laws. Section 7. The conduct of all meetings of the Society and of the Executive Board shall be governed by Roberts’ Rules of Order, the Articles of Incorporation, these By-laws, and the law of the United States of America. Article VII Fiscal Policies Section 1. The fiscal year of the Society shall begin 1 January and terminate the following 31 December, annually. Termination of the first fiscal year of the Society shall be at the close of the 31 December next following completion of incorporation and registration with the State of California. Section 2. No expenditure may be incurred nor any financial obligation assumed on behalf of the Society by any member, committee, or office of the Society, with- out the express approval of the Auditing Committee. Section 3. Should dissolution of the Society be con- sidered, a written ballot shall be requested by the President. A three-fourths majority vote of the entire then current regular membership by written ballot shall dissolve the Society. Any funds or any other assets belonging to or accruing to the Society after all just claims against the Society shall have been satisfied, shall be transferred to a selected fund, foundation or corpora- tion organized solely for educational and scientific purposes as now defined under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, such selection to be made by the then voting regular members. Section 4. Prior to requesting a vote on dissolution of the Society, the President shall appoint a Committee of five regular members of the Society to select a pro- posed listing of no less than three and no more than five funds, foundations, or corporations as defined in the next preceding paragraph, and these shall be listed on the ballot distributed for vote on dissolution. Each regular member shall be entitled to vote for one of the listed organizations, and a simple plurality shall prevail. Section 5. All persons or corporations extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the corporation or the Executive Board shall look only to the funds and property of the corporation for payment of any such contract or claim or for the payment of any debt, damage, judgment or decree, or any other money that may otherwise become due or payable to them from the corporation or the Executive Board, so that neither the members of the Society, the Executive Board, or Officers, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor. Under no circumstances shall the Society, its property, officers or members be responsible for any debts, damages or liabilities of any kind or nature, incurred or sustained, unless proper prior approval has been established as provided in these By-laws. Article IX Amendments of By-laws Section 1. Amendments. Proposals for amendments or deletions of or additions to the By-laws of the Society may be made by the Executive Board or by ten percent of the general membership in good standing. Upon receipt of a proposed amendment or addition, the President shall appoint a special committee to study such proposals and to ascertain that such proposals are not in conflict with the interests and objectives of the Society and that they are not in violation of the provisions of the Non-Profit Corporation Act of the State of California; this special committee shall also draft the amendment or addition for presentation to the general membership. The membership shall be notified in writing of the intended amendment or addition, at least fifteen days before meeting, the fifteen days to be counted beginning 24 hours after the notice shall have been deposited in the United States Mail. A two-thirds majority vote of the regular members in good standing present shall be nec- essary to adopt such amendment, provided that there is a quorum as specified in Article V (d) in these By-laws. Section 2. No provision in the By-laws shall be interpreted as superseding or abridging any provisions in the Articles of Incorporation of the Society. Article X Award of Honor Section 1. Award of Honor. An Honor Award is hereby established, to be conferred in recognition of out- standing accomplishments or contributions in the fields of Conchology and Malacology. 52 (a) Membership in the Society shall not be a require- ment for the Honor Award. (b) No more than one such award shall be conferred in any one year, nor shall one necessarily be conferred each year. (c) Nominations for an award, accompanied by suit- able documentation, shall be submitted in wniting to the Executive Board, signed by not less than five Society members in good standing, at least one month before the scheduled Society meeting at which the award is to be conferred; nominations may also be presented by any member of the Executive Board. The Executive Board shall ballot by mail on the nomination, and a simple majority affirmative vote of the Board shall be sufficient for adoption of the nomination. (d) The Award shall consist of a diploma of merit, and shall be signed by the President and the Secretary. (e) The President shall appoint a committee to take the necessary steps to prepare the Diploma for presentation. Article XI Publications Section |. Editor. An editor is to be appointed by the President, subject to approval by the Executive Board. The editor shall, in turn, appoint an Editorial Board, including such assistants as he deems necessary to carry out his duties and to review the content of full- length papers as specified in Section 3. Section 2. Publications. (a) The editor shall arrange to have published an Annual Report based on the proceedings of the Society’s annual meeting, including a summary of the actions taken at the Society’s Annual Business and Executive Board meetings, a report from the Treasurer, and such abstracts and full-length papers as the Editorial Board deems appropriate. (b) The editor may arrange to have published such other material as serve the purposes of the Society, subject to approval by the Executive Board. Section 3. Technical Review. When full-length papers are included in the Annual Report or other of the Society’s publications, they are to be reviewed by two technically qualified members of the Editorial Board in addition to the editor. MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker P.O. Box 2255 Melbourne, FL 32901 Abbott, Mrs. Keith (Edith M.) 1264 W. Cienega Avenue San Dimas, CA 91773 Abler, Cdr. Ronald J., USN 126 Moreell Circle Monterey, CA 93940 Academy of Natural Sciences The Library Nineteenth & The Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Adams, Mr. Elmo W. 747 Winchester Drive Burlingame, CA 94010 Adams, Ms. Catherine R. PSC Box 2126 APO Miami, FL 34002 Allan Hancock Foundation Hancock Library of Biology & Oceanography University Park Los Angeles, CA 90007 American Geological Institute The Library 5205 Leesburg Pike Falls Church, VA 22041 American Malacological Union, Inc. 7602 McCullough Avenue San Antonio, TX 78216 American Museum of Natural History Serials Unit, Library Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 Arizona State University The Library Department of Zoology Tempe, AZ 85281 Asbaugh, Karen 9045 Comet Street El Paso, TX 79904 Australian Museum The Library Box A285 Sydney, South, N.S.W. Australia 2000 Aviles, E., Prof. Miguel C. Apartado 6-765 Zona Postal el Dorado Panama Baskevitch, Mr. Eugene 527 N Plymouth Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90004 Baxter, Mr. Rae Alaska Department of Fish & Game P.O. Box 96 Bethel, AK 99559 Bennett, Sally 505 E. Pasadena Phoenix, AZ 85012 Bergland, Mr. Con P.O. Box 173 Bouse, AZ 85325 Bernice P. Bishop Museum The Library P.O. Box 19000-A Honolulu, HI 96819 Bertsch, Dr. Hans W. 4444 W. Pt. Loma Blvd. #83 San Diego, CA 92107 Biosciences Information Service Literature Resources Department 2100 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Body, Mr. Ralph L. 2538 10th Avenue West Seattle, WA 98119 Boone, Mrs. Hollis Q. (Constance) 3706 Rice Boulevard Houston, TX 77005 Borrero, Sr. Francisco c/o Dr. David L. Claybrook Department of Biology University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Bradner, Hugh & Marge 1867 Caminito Marzella La Jolla, CA 92037 Bratcher, Mrs. Ford (Twila) 8121 Mulholland Terrace Hollywood, CA 90046 Breitigam, Rev. Richard 420 Alameda Padre Serra Santa Barbara, CA 93103 British Library Accessions Department Lending Division Boston Spa, Wetherby Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ, England British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Library Cromwell Road London, SW7 5BD England Brookshire, Mr. Jack W. 2962 Balboa Avenue Oxnard, CA 93030 Burch, Beatrice L. 236 Kuuhoa Place P.O. Box 309 Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 Burch, Dr. Thomas A. P.O. Box 309 Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 California Academy of Sciences The Library Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 California Institute of Technology Millikan Library, Acquisitions 1-32 1201 E. California Boulevard Pasadena, CA 91109 Callaway, Mr. Richard G. Box 167 APO Miami, FL 34007 Carlton, Dr. James T. Williams College - Mystic Seaport Program in American Maritime Studies Mystic Seaport Museum Mystic, CT 06355 Carnegie Museum of Natural History The Library 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Carr, Walter E. Jr., M.D. 2043 Mohawk Drive Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Cate, Mrs. Jean M. P.O. Box 3049 Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 Centro de Ciancias del Mar y Limnologia Biblioteca AP Postal 70-305 Ciudad Universitaria Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico Chaney, Mrs. Barbara K. & Mr. Henry W. 1633 Posilipo Lane Santa Barbara, CA 93108 53 Chico Sea Shell Club 106 Terrace Drive Chico, CA 95926 Christensen, Carl C. Division of Malacology Bernice P. Bishop Museum P.O. Box 19000-A Honolulu, HI 96819 Clover, Mr. Phillip W. (Conchologist ) P.O. Box 83 Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Coan, Dr. Eugene V. 891 San Jude Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94306 Conchologists of America Clair F. Stahl, Treasurer 3235 NE 61st Avenue Portland, OR 97213 Corner, Ms. Barbara D. 1231 Londonderry Lane Ocean Springs, MS 39564 Covey, Mrs. Philip (Jewell) 5666 E. Hampton, Apt. 144 Tucson, AZ 85712 Cox, Mr. & Mrs. Keith W. (Laverne B.) c/o Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries P.O. Box 467 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman Crane, Mr. Phillip C. Box 56 San Gregorio, CA 94074 D'Attilio, Mr. Anthony Natural History Musem Department of Invertebrate Zoology P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, CA 92112 Davis, Ms. June E. 2155 Jamestown Way Oxnard, CA 93030 DeMartini, Dr. John D. 1111 Birch Avenue McKinleyville, CA 955211 Demond, Ms. Joan 202 Bicknell Avenue, #8 Santa Monica, CA 90405 Dilworth, Mrs. Billee 6333 La Jolla Boulevard, #171 La Jolla, CA 92037 Draper, Mr. Bertram C. 8511 Bleriot Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90045 DuShane, Mrs. Joseph (Helen) 15012 El Soneto Drive Whittier, CA 90605 Dundee, Dr. Dolores S. (Dee) Department of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans - Lakefront New Orleans, LA 70122 Eernisse, Douglas J. Center for Coastal Marine Studies University of California Division of Natural Science - 34-115 Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Emerson, Dr. William K. Department of Living & Fossil Invertebrates American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 Eng, Dr. Larry L. California Department of Fish & Game Planning Branch 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Eutenir, Mr. Mark Seth 3859 Polton Place Way San Jose, CA 95121 Evans, Mr. Roger A- 1900 Camino de la costa, #1 Redondo Beach, CA 90227 , Mr. & Mrs. Wesley M. (Barbara) Lea Terrace Drive » CA 92071 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph E. 617 N Fries Avenue Wilmington, CA 90744 Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J. 2060 Clarmar Way San Jose, CA 95128 Field Museum of Natural History Library - Serials Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2498 Fisheries Canada Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, British Columbia Canada V9R 5K6 Fowler, Mr. Bruce H. 5512 Blossom Terrace Court San Jose, CA 95124 Friday Harbor Laboratory The Library Friday Harbor, WA 98250 Gardner, Ms. Sandra M. (Sandy) 1755 University Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 Geological Survey of Canada Library - Room 350 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1A 0E8 Good, Barbara 1802 McKee Street #C-6 San Diego, CA 92110 Goodrich, Mr. & Mrs. Wesley (Betty) P.O. Box 10952 Eugene, OR 97440 Gray, Susan & Dan C. Marelli 316 N. Westwood Drive Tallanassee, FL 32304 Greenberg, Mrs. Ruth C. 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy. Malibu, CA 90265 Haigh, Mr. Ernest S. & Betty 2465 Moraga Court Simi Valley, CA 93065 Harris, Dr. Larry G. Zoology Department University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Harry, Dr. Harold W. 4612 Evergreen Street Bellaire, TX 77401 Hensill, Dr. John S. 2 W Summit Drive Redwood City, CA 94062 Hertz, Mr. & Mrs. Jules (Carole) ( 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. San Diego, CA 92111 Hickman, Dr. Carole S. Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Hochberg, Dr. Fred G. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Museum of Natural History 2559_Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Holiman, Mr. & Mrs. H. Wayne (Audrey B.) P.O. Box 246 Edinburgh, TX 78540 Hopkins Marine Station The Library Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Hopper, Dr. Carol N. (Brill) 943C 9th Avenue Honolulu, HI 96816 Hunt, Harold G. 2545 Augibi Way Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Rue Vautier 31 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Institute of Geology and Paleontology Library Faculty of Science Tohoku University Sendai, Japan Institute of Geoscience Library of the University of Tsukuba Ibaraki, 300-31 Japan Institute of Oceanology Academy of Science 8, Dakhrushina Moscow J127, USSR Israel Malacological Society c/o Dr. H.K. Mienis Department of Zoology Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel James, Matthew J. Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Keeler, Mr. William R. 105 Sonia Street Oakland, Ca 94720 Keen, Dr. A. Myra 2241 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 94306 Kellogg, Michael G. & Linda Lee Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Kenk, Dr. Vida C. 18596 Paseo Pueblo Saratoga, CA 95070 Kennedy, Dr. George L. U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Kessner, Mr. Vince c/o Department of Health P.O. Box 40596 Darwin, N.T., 5792 Australia Kilmer, Dr. Frank H. Box 153 Trinidad, CA 95570 Koch, Robert 7227 N 15th Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85021 LaFollette, Patrick Ives Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Lance, James R. 746 Agate Street San Diego, CA 92109 Landye, Mr. J. Jerry 3465 N Jamison Boulevard Flagstaff, AZ 86001 54 Larson, Mr. & Mrs. Douglas A. (Mary R.) Rancho Paso Park Space 134 Theatre Drive Paso Robles, CA 93446 Librarie Justus Lipsius SC-AV Milcamps 188-B 15 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Library of Congress Exchange and Gift Division Washington, DC 20540 Lillico, Mr. Stuart 4300 Waialae Avenue (B-1205) Honolulu, HI 96816 Lindberg, David R. Museum of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Littleton, Thomas G. 700 Dominik #2306 College Station, TX 77840 Long, Steven J. 505 E. Pasadena Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85012 Loosanoff, Dr. Victor L. 17 Los Cerros Drive Greenbrae, CA 9404 Malacological Society of China c/o Taiwan Museum Taipei Taiwan, Republic of China Marincovich, Dr. Louie, Jr. Paleontology & Stratigraphy U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Marine Biological Laboratory The Library Woods Hole, MA 02543 Marine Science Center Oregon State University Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365 Martin, Mr. Clifford A. 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Martin, Mr. Clifton L. 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Mastro, Mr. Edwin 4861 Hilo Circle Huntington Beach, CA 92649 Matra Muzeum H-3201 Gyongyos P.O. Box 103 Hungary McGill University Libraries Acquisitions Department 3459 McTavish Street Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1Y1 McLean, Dr. James H. Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Mead, Albert R. #310 Biological Sciences West University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Mesing, Elsie R. 549 E. McKellips #41 Mesa, AZ 85203 Metcalf, Dr. Artie L. Department of Biological Science University of Texas El Paso, TX 79968 Millen, Sandra & Janna Crane 619 E. 30th Avenue Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V5V 2V7 Miller, Dr. Walter B. 6140 Cerrada El Ocote Tucson, AZ 85718 Milliken, Christine Bamfield Marine Station Bamfield, British Columbia Canada VOR 1BO Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Eric (Eileen) P.O. Box 6606 Orange, CA 92667 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories The Library Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 Mount, Jack D. 106 Jefferson Avenue Magnolia, NJ 08049 Mulliner, Mr. & Mrs. David K. (Margaret) 5283 Vickie Drive San Diego, CA 92109 Murray, Dr. Harold D. Biology Department Trinity University San Antonio, TX 78284 Museum Der Naturkunde 104 Berlin 4 Invalidenstrasse 43 Berlin, Deutsch Demokratische Republik Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Laboratorie de Biologie des Invertebres Marins et Malacologie 55 Rue de Buffon 78 Paris 5 France Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Bibliotheque Route de Malagnou Case Postale 434 CH-1211 Geneve 6 Switzerland Museum of Comparative Zoology Department of Mollusks Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Museum of Zoology Mollusk Division University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Natal Museum 237 Loop Street Pietermaritzburg 3201 Natal, South Africa National Academy of Sciences Malacological Committee Universitetskaya Naberezhanaja I Leningrad, USSR B-164 National Museum of Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM8 Canada National Museum of New Zealand Librarian (STC 327) Private Bag Wellington C3, New Zealand National Museum of Victoria 285-321 Russell Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia National Science Museum, Malacology Tadashige Habe 3 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160 Japan Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien 3. Zoologische Abteilung Postfach 417 Burgring 7 A-1014 Wien, Austria Naturhistorisches Museum Rut jmeyer-Bibliothek Augustinergasse 2 CH-4001 Basel Switzerland Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie) 1340 New York Drive Atladena, CA 91001 Netherlands Malacological Soceity c/o Zoological Museum Postbox 20125 Amsterdam 1000HC Netherlands New Zealand Geological Survey Librarian, Central Library DSIR, P.O. Box 30368 Lower Hutt, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute The Librarian P.O. Box 12-346 Wellington, New Zealand Niesen, Dr. Thomas M. Department of Biology - School of Science San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco, CA 94132 Norrid, Mr. & Mrs. Harold (Charlotte) 233 E. Cairo Drive Tempe, AZ 85282 Northern California Malacozoological Club 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive Novato, CA 94947 Nybakken, Dr. James Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 Ohio State Museum The Library 1813 N High Street Columbus, OH 43210 Paleontological Institute Academy of Sciences B. Kalaugskaja 75 Moscow 71, USSR Paleontological Research Institute The Library 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, NY 14850 Pearce, Timothy 2243 Ashby Berkeley, CA 94705 Petit, Mr. Richard E. P.O. Box 30 North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582 Phillips, Mr. Ted P.O. Box 2963 Riviera, AZ 86442 Pitt, Mr. & Mrs. William D. (Lois) 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, CA 95822 Poorman, Mr. & Mrs. Leroy (Forrest) 15300 Magnolia Street, #55 Westminister, CA 92683 Powell, Mr. Charles L., II 346 N. 7th, #5 San Jose, CA 95112 Powell, Mr. Charles L. 2462 E. Santa Clara Avenue Fullerton, CA 92631 55 Purdue University Libraries West Lafayette IN 47907 Purdy, Mrs. Ben H. (Ruth) 3658 Euclid Avenue San Diego, CA 92105 Quintana, Manuel G. MACN-"B. Rivadavia" e Inst. Nac. Inv. Cienc. Nat. Av. Angel Gallardo 470 140s Buenos, Aires, Argentina Redington, Mr. Oliver 126 B Street Redwood City, CA 94063 Rice, Mr. Thomas C. Or Sea & Shore Magazine P.O. Box 219 Port Gamble, WA 98364 Rijksmuseum van Naturliijke Historie Afdeling Systematisches Dierkunde Raamsteeg 2 Leiden, The Netherlands Rios, Dr. Eliezer de Carvalho Box 379 Museo Oceanografico Rio Grande, 96200 Brazil Robertson, Dr. Robert R. Department of Malacology Academy of Natural Sciences 19th and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E. Division of Mollusks NHB-E-517 National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 Rosewater, Dr. & Mrs. Joseph (Mary C.) Division of Mollusks National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 Roth, Dr. Barry Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Rowland, Dr. Robert W. P.O. Box 2625 Reston, VA 22090 Royal Scottish Museum The Library Chambers Street Edinburgh, EH1 1JF Scotland Sage, Mr. Walter E., III Department of Invertebrates American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York, NY 10024 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Saul, Dr. Lou Ella Department of Earth & Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 Science Reference Library 25 Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane London, WC2A 1AW England Scott, Mr. Paul H. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Abt. Schriftentausch Sencke -Anlage 25 D-6000 kfurt A.M. Federal Republic of Germany Shasky, Dr. & Mrs. Donald R. (Ursula K.) 834 W. Highland Avenue Redlands, CA 92373 Shaw, Dr. Ross F. Seattle Pacific University Seattle, WA 98119 Shimek, Dr. Ronald L. Bamfield Marine Station Bamfield, B.C. V1OR 1B0 Canada Skoglund, Mrs. Paul E. (Carol C.) 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85018 Smith, Dr. Judith Terry 1527 Byron Street Palo Alto, CA 94301 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions Washington, DC 20560 Sociedade Brasileira de Malacologia c/o Prof. Walter Narchi Instituto de Biociencias-USP, Caixa Postal 11.461, Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil Societa Siciliana di Scienze Naturali c/o Instituto di Zoologia del Universita via Archirafi 18 90123 Palermo, Italy Solem, Dr. G. Alan Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt & Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605 Soosiana 6501 Baja Postafiok 62 Hungary South Australia Museum The Library North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia Spight, Dr. Tom M. 1363 Del Rio Circle #D Concord, CA 94518 St. Jean, Mrs. George (Kate) 1639 23rd Avenue Longview, WA 98632 Staatlisches Museum for Tierkunde Malakologischen Abhandlungen DDR 801 Dresden Augustusstrasse 2 Deutsche Demokratische Republik Stansbery, Dr. David H. Museum of Zoology Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 Sterkiana c/o Aurele La Rocque 102 W. Beaumont Road Columbus, OH 43214 Stern, Dr. Edward M. Department of Biology University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, WI 54481 Stewart, Ms. Katherine 19 La Rancheria Carmel Valley, CA 93924 Stohler, Dr. Rudolf 4 Milvia Street ey, CA 94709 Sutton, Mr. & Mrs. James E. (Melissa A. Barbour) 1450 Woodridge Oak Way Sacramento, CA 95833 Taylor, Myra L. 7602 Mc Cullough Avenue San Antonio, TX 78216 The Veliger, C.M.S., Inc. P.O. Box 9977 Berkeley, CA 94709 United States Geological Survey The Library 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Biociencias - Biblioteoa Rua Sarmento Leite, s/n 90.000 - Porto Alegre RS-Brasil, Attn. Helena Mari University College The Library Galway Ireland University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 University of California Geology Library 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024 University of California Main Library (Serials) Berkeley, CA 94720 University of California SIO Library C-075-C (Serials) La Jolla, CA 92093 University of Hawaii Library - Serials 2550 The Mall Honolulu, HI 96822 University of Kentucky Libraries Acquisitions Department Central Series Record Lexington, KY 40506-0039 University of Manchester The Museum Manchester M13 9PL England University of Washington The Library Acquisitions Division, Book Orders Seattle, WA 98105 University of West Florida Library-Serials Pensacola, FL 32514 Upton, Mrs. Frederick R. (Virginia) Box 2228 Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry 15000 Buss Road Manchester, MI 48158 Vaughan, Ms. Donna 6557 Kelvin Canoga Park, CA 91306 Vedder, Dr. John G. 285 Golden Oak Drive Portola Valley, CA 94025 Velarde, Ronald G. c/o Pt. Loma Waste Water Lab. 4077 N. Harbor Drive San Diego, CA 92101 Venken, Mr. Gerard Schoolstraat 21 B-3500 Hasselt Belgium 56 Virginia Polytechnic Institution Carol M. Newman Library Serials - Receiving Section Blacksburg, VA 24061 Vokes, Drs. Harold E. & Emily H. Department of Geology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118 Wait, Mrs. Diana 939 E. Fountain Way Fresno, CA 93704 Webb, Mrs. Raymond D. (Kay) 501 Anita Street, Space 186 Chula Vista, CA 92011 Welcome, Miss Jennie D. 1504 San Antonio Douglas, AZ 85607 Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B. 8 Live Oak Way Kentfield, CA 94904 White, Mrs. Ruth 25652 Mead Loma Linda, CA 92354 Woods, Mr. William L. 2721 Murray Ridge Road San Diego, CA 92123 Woolsey, Miss. Jody 3717 Bagley Avenue #206 Los Angeles, CA 90034 Yancey, Dr. Thomas E. Department of Geology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Young, Mr. & Mrs. H.D. (Wilma G.) P.O. Box 1931 Seattle, WA 98111 Young, Mr. Donald J. 11975 Third Street, East Apartment 7 Treasure Island, FL 33706 ISSN 0361-1175 THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA 16-19 August, 1984 Volume 17 The Western Society of Malacologists ANNUAL REPORT Volume 17 Santa Cruz, California 16-19 August, 1984 Issued: August 28, 1985 WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS 17th Annual Meeting, Crown College, University of California Santa Cruz, California 16-19 August 1984 August 16 Morning. Registration. Afternoon. Contributed Papers, F.G. Hochberg, Chairperson. Informal Get Acquainted Part, Rose Marie Kennedy, Hostess. Evening. WSM Executive Board Meeting. Slide Shows, Paul H. Scott, Coordinator. August 17 Morning. Symposium on the mollusk fauna of northwestern Baja California, Hans Bertsch, Chairperson Contributed Papers: Hans Bertsch, Chairperson Afternoon. Opisthobranch Symposium: Terrence M. Gosliner, Chairperson Discussion group on use of computers in malacology. Evening. Shell and book auction, Carole M. Hertz and William D. Pitt, Co-auctioneers. August 18 Morning. Contributed Papers: Barry Roth, Chairperson Afternoon. Paleontology Symposium: George L. Kennedy, Chairperson Evening. Banquet, Steven K. Webster, Speaker: "The Monterey Bay Aquarium:A window into Monterey Bay. August 19 Morning. Open House at Long Marine Laboratory, Gary McDonald, Coordinator. Open House at Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, James W. Nybakken, Coordinator. Field Trip to Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary, Mark A. Silberstein, Trip Leader. 1984 AWARD WINNERS, BEST STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION First Award: Kathleen M. Langan, University of California, Santa Cruz, for her paper on "Comparative studies in two co-occurring species of chink snail Lacuna" Second Award: Daniel J. Ponti, University of Colorado, Boulder, for his paper on "Amino acid composition of Pleistocene bivalves: Preliminary results from the San Pedro area, California" Third Award: David J. Myers, California State University, Fullerton, for his paper on "The trophic role of Astrea undosa (Wood)" Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 4 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 . Abstracts and Titles of Papers Presented to the Annual Meeting THE POPULATIONS OF MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS ALONG THE NORTHWESTERN BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA Luis E. Aguilar Rosas,’ Hans Bertsch,” and Isai Pacheco Ruis, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California’ Ensenada, Baja California Biological Sciences, National University” San Diego, California 92108 A survey of the entire Pacific coast of the state of Baja California, Mexico, revealed major harvestable banks of Mytilus cali fornianus Conrad at Bajamar andErendira. Populations of mussels in the central and southern portions of the state are restricted to limited occurrences on projecting rocky promontories Density, biomass and size-class distributions were determined for the two large mussel banks at Bajamar and Erendira. Bajamar has a larger total biomass of all mussels and a larger area of coverage, but a smaller density of mussels. Erendira has just the opposite pattern. By contrast, seedlings (1 to 2.9cm in size) have both a greater density and total abundance at Erendira than at Bajamar (despite the area difference). STALKING THE WILY GOOEYDUCK Roland Anderson The Seattle Aquarium Seattle, Washington 98101 [Slide presentation, abstract not submitted] THE OPISTHOBRANCH FAUNA OF THE CALIFORNIA CHANNEL ISLANDS David W. Behrens’, John R. Steinbeck,” and Paul A. Dunn® Biological Research Laboratory’ Pacific Gas and Electric Company Avila Beach, California 93424 MaR2 Tera Corporation Avila Beach, California 93424 Department of Biological Sciences® California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California 93407 The opisthobranch fauna of the California Channel Islands has received very little attention in the scientific literature. With the establishment of the Channel Islands National Park and Marine Sanctuary, and increased oil exploration in the Santa Barbara Channel, interest in the indigenous flora and fauna of the island group has increased. We conducted an inventory of opisthobranch mollusks known to reside in the islands and a statistical analysis of the faunal affinities of the islands to one another and to the hydrographic conditions around each island. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 5 A total of 90 species of opisthobranch mollusks was tallied for the island group. Three undescribed species are endemic andnot foundonthemainland. A scoringof speciesas northernor southern indicates that the islands support a primarily northern fauna; 63 species range mainly to the north. Analysis of faunal affinities using principal component analysis indicates that the islands can be viewed in 3 subunits. These subunits agree favorably with hydrographic conditions of the area. SYMPOSIUM — THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF NORTHWESTERN BAJA CALIFORNIA: INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Hans Bertsch Biological Sciences, National University San Diego, California 92108 The outer coast of the Baja California peninsula is a zoogeographic region of great interest. It stands midway between the tropical Panamic province and the cooler temperate California province. Because of its geographic location, the area is a natural laboratory in which to study the comparative abundance and distribution of marine organisms. The political boundary between Mexico and the United States has caused a serious bias in our knowledge, masking the dynamicsof biologicalinteractions along this coastline. Numerous marine organisms are thought to have their southern distributional limit at San Diego. This is an artifact of lack of collecting south of the border. During 2 years of research in Ensenada and the surrounding Bahia Todos Santos, most of the marine invertebrates andalgae found were wellknown southern California species. I would predict that almost every marine species found at Santa Barbara or San Diego will also be found in Ensenada. In this sense, the northwest coast of Baja California is not unique, but is simply the southern portion of the cooler temperate Californian faunal province. The species composition along the entire outer coast of Baja California, however, gradually changes from north to south, so that the end result is a totally different faunal assemblage at either end of thisrange. Because the faunal gradient changesfrom temperate to tropical,any precise lines drawn between faunal provinces, or at international boundaries, will be misleading. Provincial boundaries are very useful, but we must remember that the distribution of animals will cross these lines, although with less frequency at either extreme of the peninsula. Zones of study should be biologically meaningful. One should study a particular area to determine biological interactions and zoogeographic distributions of organisms. This symposium examines the varying distributions of mollusks along northwestern Baja California, from the U.S.- Mexico border to the southern boundary at Estero de Coyote on the Punta Eugenia peninsula. A BIOECONOMIC SCENARIO FOR THE EVOLUTION OF NUDIBRANCH GASTROPODS Hans Bertsch! and Michael T. Ghiselin” Biological Sciences, National University’ San Diego, California 92108 Department of Invertebrate Zoology” California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 The adaptive radiation of opisthobranch gastropods reflects the kind of food eaten and is constrained by defensive materials derived from food. The anatomy of Bathydoris implies that, although dorids are distinct from cladohepatic nudibranchs, the nudibranchs are a monophyletic group. It further suggests that the ancestral food of nudibranchs was toxic cnidarians. If so, the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 6 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 feeding of dorids on sponges may have evolved late in their adaptive radiation. A separate radiation of the cladohepatic nudibranchs was facilitated by the preadaptive role of ingestion of defensive chemicals. THE BERNARDINIDAE OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC (BIVALVIA) Eugene V. Coan Research Associate, Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 The Bernardinidae is a family of minute, shallow-water marine bivalves that are known only from the eastern Pacific. The species are characterized by an internal ligament with 3 cardinal teeth in the left valve, 1 or 3 in the right, and at least 1 lateral tooth. The 4 known species brood their young. I place the family in the Cyamiacea instead of in the Arcticacea where it has previously been placed. In Bernardina, the anterior end is longer than the posterior; there is heavy concentric sculpture; and there is a large anterior lateral tooth, and no posteriorlateral tooth. Bernardinabakeri Dall, the type species, occurs from Pacific Grove, California, to Isla Natividad, Baja California Sur. Bernardina margarita (Carpenter) occurs from Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, to Bahia Banderas, Jalisco, Mexico. In Halodakra, the posterior end is longer than the anterior; the sculpture consists of fine concentric threads; and there is a posterior lateral tooth. Halodakra s.s. lacks an anterior lateral tooth. Halodakra (H.) subtrigona (Carpenter), the type species, occurs from Tomales Bay, California, to Mancora, Peru. A new subgenus [Stohleria Coan, 1984] is erected for H. salmonea (Carpenter), which has an anterior lateral tooth. This species occurs from Brookings, Oregon, to Punta San Hipolito, Baja California Sur. Crassatellamarginata Keepand Psephidiabrunnea Dallare synonyms of H. salmonea. [The complete text of this paper is published in The Veliger, 27(2):227-237 (1984).] ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND CONVERGENCE IN THE UNIONIDAE (BIVALVIA) OF THE CAPE FEAR RIVER BASIN, NORTH CAROLINA C. Clifton Coney Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 The Cape Fear River basin has an abundant and diverse fauna of unionid bivalves. Six nominal species described by Isaac Lea werecollected fromtheir type localities and re-evaluated, includinga comparison of their soft anatomies. Elliptio nasutila (Lea, 1863), a member of the E. lanceolata complex, is recognized as a valid taxon. "Unio” squalidus Lea, 1863, is verified anatomically asa synonym of Uniomerus obesus (Lea, 1831). “Unio” chathamensis(Lea 1863), which hasa purplenacre, is a synonym of E. complanata forma micans (Lea, 1857), which has an orange nacre, based on extensive hybridization of nacre color in the two forms. Elliptio complanata forma micans and E. icterina forma spadicea (Lea, 1857) of the Rocky River have diverged considerably in shell phenotype from E. complanata forma livingstonensis (Lea, 1863) and E. icterina forma lucida (Lea, 1863) of Livingston Creek and (or) the lower Cape Fear River, whereas soft anatomies remain relatively conservative at the species level. The fall line may be an effective barrier to gene flow among the congeneric populations of unionids in the Cape Fear River basin. Phenotypic divergence among the unionid populations was further confirmed by distinct shell phenotypes above and below the fall line in E. marsupiobesa Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 7 Fuller, 1972, Anodonta cataracta (Say, 1817), Villosa constricta (Conrad, 1838), and V. delumbis (Conrad, 1834). Environmental selection for shell phenotype has resulted in indistinguishable shell homeomorphs in sympatric populations of E. complanataand E. marsupiobesa above and below the fall line. THREE GASTROPOD FAMILIES THAT TRUNCATE THEIR SHELLS IN SOME SPECIES, AND HOW THEY BUILD PLUGS Bertram C. Draper Research Associate, Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 The gastropod families Caecidae, Truncatellidae, and Buccinidae each include species that discard unwanted portions of their shells by constructing internal plugsthat allowtruncation of the initial whorls. Study of this phenomenon is facilitated by examining sectioned shells that reveal cross sections of the plug, orseptum, asit iscalled. All speciesof Caecidae,except those in the genus Streblocerus, practice truncation of earlier portions of their shells, usually several times, by weakening the shell from inside, then building from the inside a new plug at that position. Shells are often found that havenot yetshed the unwanted portion following constructionof another plug. Sectioned shells have shown as many as three plugs in one shell. Truncatellid species practice truncation when the shell reaches about seven whorls. The shell is cut off at about the fifth whorl, then a plug is built over the open portion of the new apex, probably from the outside first, then finished from the inside. The animal thenadds twomore whorlsbefore reaching maturity. In the buccinids, only species of the subgenus Caducifer s.s. practice truncation. This is done once, as in the Truncatellidae, but the shell is only weakened, letting wave action truncate it. The plug is constructed from the inside and finished with a colored coating like that on rest of the shell, after truncation has occurred. NOMENCLATURAL REVIEW OF THE GENUS BERTHELLINA IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC Paul A. Dunn Department of Biological Sciences California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California 93407 [Abstract not submitted] THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GILL PLACEMENT IN CHITONS Douglas J. Eernisse* Center for Marine Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064 A preliminary survey of the position of gills in a wide variety of chiton species has revealed certain patterns with both phylogenetic and functional implications. Members of the family Lepidopleuridae Pilsbry, 1892 are especially noteworthy in their gill placement, which is unique among Recent chitons. Of the 17 species from this family included in the survey, all possessed gills that are located only in the posterior cavity, which surrounds the anus. By contrast, all 81 species surveyed from other families possessed gills that extended to the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 8 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 anterior portions of each pallial groove. Moreover, each gill row typically ended some distance from the anus, in a position that functionally divided the pallial grove into inhalent and exhalent chambers as first described by Yonge [1939, Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., 81(3): 367-390]. A similar functional block is impossible with the gill placement possessed by lepidopleurids. Other factors typifying each chiton species also affect gill morphology to some extent. These include adult body size, bathymetric range, and reproductive behavior, such as brooding. None of these factors, however, appears to account for the sharp distinction between lepidopleurids and all other Recent chiton species. Because lepidopleurids have long been regarded as the most primitive of Recent chitons on the basis of shell plate morphology and fossil evidence, it is conceivable that gill morphology could be used to unite all "modern" chiton species. In other words, all "modern" species may have descended from an ancestor with an anterior gill placement. *Present address: Friday Harbor Laboratory, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250 PREDATION BY TRITONIA FESTIVA ON AN UNDESCRIBED ALCYONACEAN SOFT CORAL FROM CAPE ARAGO, OREGON Jeffrey H. R. Goddard Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Charleston, Oregon 97420 The nudibranch Tritonia festiva (Stearns) is the major predator of an undescribed alcyonacean soft coral that occurs at Cape Arago, Oregon. The soft coral forms low, rounded, salmon-colored colonies up to 15 mm in diameter and occurs in large aggregations of evenly spaced colonies under low-intertidal ledges. These aggregations are formed, at least in part, by colony fission. Y-maze and current-flow experiments indicate that 7. festiva generally crawls in a cross-current to up- current direction and utilizes distance chemoreception to locate the softcoral. Upon contactingan expanded coral with its sensitive frontal veil or rhinophores, T. festiva pulls back its head, slows its crawling, raises the frontal veil and everts its labial tube. Using the tactile senses of the labial tube and frontal veil, the labial tube is positioned over 1 ora few polyps. This contact does not cause polyp contraction. Once positioned, T. festiva rapidly thrusts itshead forward while protracting its buccal mass. The jaws and radula make a number of strikes in rapid succession, and | to 7 polyps are ripped out of the colony as the restof thepolyps rapidlycontract. Little, ifany, coenenchymeis ingested. Tritonia festiva will not attack contracted colonies and apparently cannot consumeentire colonies (small colonies may be anexception). In addition to the rapid contraction of polyps into the tough, spiculate coenenchyme, the corals possess another defense against predation by T. festiva, an intercolony alarm response. Downstream colonies can sense that an upstream colony is being attacked and will respond with rapid contraction of theirpolyps. A seriesof experiments indicates that the substance(s) eliciting this response originates from the attacked colony and not from T. festiva. The attacked corals may be releasing an alarm pheromone. FOOD HABITS OF SOME NUDIBRANCHS FROM CAPE ARAGO,OREGON Jeffrey H. R. Goddard Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Charleston, Oregon 97420 Food records (prey species) for 20 species of rocky intertidal nudibranchs from Cape Arago, Oregon, have beendetermined by observing theclose association of nudibranchsand theirsuspected prey in the field, and by laboratory observation of feeding. The following 10 food records are new: Adalaria sp. on Hincksina minuscula (Hincks), Archidoris montereyensis (Cooper) on Hymeniacidon ungodon de Laubenfels, Cadlina luteomarginata MacFarland on Aplysilla glacialis (Dybowski). Cadlina modesta MacFarland on Halisarca sp., Crimora coneja Marcus on Hincksina minuscula, Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 9 Cuthona cocoachroma Williams & Gosliner on Thuiaria sp., Cuthona fulgens (MacFarland) on Sarsia sp., Discodoris heathi MacFarland on Mycale macginitiei de Laubenfels, Doto kya Marcus on Plumularia sp., and Onchidoris muricata (Mueller) on Eurystomella bilabiata (Hincks) and Microporella cribosa (Osburn). In addition, the feeding of Hallaxa chani Gosliner & Williams onthe sponge Halisarca sp. was confirmed. Many of these nudibranchs closely resemble their prey in color; Hallaxa chani also resembles its prey in surface texture. Some species, including Cadlina luteomarginata, C. modesta, and Laila cockerelli MacFarland, are not cryptic on their prey and are undoubtedly examples of aposematic coloration. By observing marked boulders over a period of time, the progress of selected examples of dorid predation on sponges was observed, indicating that some dorids are capable of consuming large quantities of prey. It was concluded that nudibranchs are ecologically important predators whose role in structuring encrusted animal communities should be pursued further. [For further information, see The Veliger, 27(2):143-165 (1984).] LECITHOTROPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE NUDIBRANCH DOTO AMYRA MARCUS Jeffrey H. R. Goddard Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Charleston, Oregon 97420 Aspects of the larval development of the nudibranch Doto amyra Marcus from Cape Arago, Oregon were described. Dotoamyra feeds on Abietinaria sp. and lays small egg masses on the basal portions of the hydroid. The egg masses are cream to yellow colored, laterally flattened, slightly crescent shaped, and laid on edge. There is one egg per capsule. Mean egg diameter varied from 145 um to 153 um in 6 egg masses laid in May. After a developmental period of 19 to 21 days (at 15- 17° C) the larvae hatch out as crawling veligers characterized by large eyespots, a large foot witha well developed propodium, a type one shell witha mean length of 238 um, a small velum, and poor swimming ability. Hatching larvae lack a mantle fold. After about one day of crawling on Abietinaria sp., the larvae anchor themselves to the hydroid perisarc, presumably with pedal gland secretions,and begin metamorphosis. At two days posthatching, the larvae are in the same positions, have lost the velum, and have developed a small radula. The larvae crawl out of their shells three to 5 days after hatching, and metamorphosis intoa juvenileslug iscomplete inone totwo more days. Feeding on Abietinaria sp.was first observed 7 days posthatching. At this stage juveniles are nearly 300 um long. Twelve days after hatching the juveniles are about 360 um long and possess two pairs of cerata buds. At 38 days posthatching the juveniles measure approximately 750 um in length and have rhinophore buds and three pairs of cerata. Doto amyra is the first northeastern Pacific nudibranch known to have lecithotrophic larval development. SOUTH AFRICAN MOLLUSKS Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 [Slide presentation, abstract not submitted] OPISTHOBRANCHS FROM THE SEYCHELLES ISLANDS Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 10 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 The Seychelles represent the only granitic oceanic islands in the world and are among the most isolated in the Indian Ocean. The marine fauna of the Seychelles is relatively impoverished, perhaps due to the isolation from major oceaniccurrents. Although the fish fauna is well known, very few studies have been conducted on theinvertebrate faunas. Theopisthobranch gastropodsof the Seychelles are poorly known and Eliot [1910, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool.,ser. 2, 13(2):411-439] and Edmunds [1972, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 85(1-2):67-923] have recorded only 17 species from here. The present field work yielded specimens of 30 species of opisthobranchs, 25 of which constitute new records for the islands. Seven of these species appear to be undescribed and detailed morphological and systematic study of these taxa is in progress. The opisthobranch mollusks present in the Seychelles have faunal affinities with those of other tropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Three species, all members of the order Anaspidea, are circumtropical. Three additional species are known only from the western Indian Ocean. The vast majority of taxa (16 species) are widely distributed throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. OPISTHOBRANCH MOLLUSKS OF THE PUNTA EUGENIA REGION, WITH A DISCUSSION OF THEIR BIOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES Terrence M. Gosliner,’ Michael T. Ghiselin,’ and Hans Bertsch” Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences’ San Francisco, California 94118 Biological Sciences, National University” San Diego, California 92108 The faunistic affinities of the Pacific coast of Baja California are the subject of considerable controversy. The region is characterized by variable physical oceanographic conditions that produce a complex overlap of Californian and Panamic taxa. Fifty species of opisthobranchs were collected from 14 localities in the vicinity of Punta Eugenia, from Capitos to Estero de Coyote. Of these, 10 species constitute range extensions; 6 southern and4 northern. Threespecies are presently undescribed. Twenty-one of the species encountered are widespread in both the Californian and Panamic provinces; 13 are Californian and 11 are Panamic. Jaccard’s coefficientof similarity demonstrates that the opisthobranch fauna has slightly greater affinities to the Californian region than to the Panamic region. Previously, Brusca [1980, Common intertidal invertebrates of the Gulf of California region] suggested that the area around Punta Eugenia represents the northernmost point with dominant Panamic affinities. Clearly, seasonal and other temporal climatic and biological factors may alter the relative proportions of Californian and Panamic taxa. This important region of overlap between provinces requires much more thorough study before the subtleties of biogeographical relationship can be fully understood. ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SEVERAL MONTEREY BAY SCAPHOPODS Alan Hebert Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, California 95039 From March 1983 until June 1984, bottom samples of invertebrates were taken fromnear the head Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 11 of the Monterey Submarine Canyon using a weighted epibenthic sled. Over the sampling period, four species of scaphopods were taken: Dentalium (Rhabdus) rectius Carpenter, Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry & Sharp, Siphonodentalium quadrifissatum (Pilsbry & Sharp), and Pulsellum salishoram. Microscopial investigations of gonadal development in relation to the month the animals were captured were done by making thin sections with a microtome and staining with Delafield’s hematoxylin and eosin. Differences in sperm morphology were noted as well as the timing of reproductive activity and length of time taken for newly settled animals to grow to maturity. SURVEY OF MOLLUSKS AT PUNTA ASUNCION AND VICINITY, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO DURING NOVEMBER 10-14, 1981 Jules Hertz and Carole M. Hertz Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum San Diego, California 92112 Collecting was conducted both intertidally and subtidally at Punta Asuncion and vicinity. Random bottom samplings were taken in depthsto 30m fromsites off Isla Asuncion, Isla San Roque, and a sea mount approximately 5 km west of Isla Asuncion. The mollusks collected were a combination of those found in the Californian and the Panamic provinces. Totals to date include 51 species of bivalves, 136 gastropods, 7 chitons, one scaphopod, and one cephalopod. The most common intertidal species were those of the Californian province. [The complete text of this paper is published in The Festivus, 16(10):98-112 (1984).] PARASITES OF HOLOPELAGIC MOLLUSKS F. G. Hochberg Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 Representatives of three protozoan and 5 metazoan phyla have been recorded in association with holopelagic mollusks. Both pelagic gastropods and cephalopods harbor a number of unique parasitic genera. The ciliophorans, Chromidina, Opalinopsis, and Syringopharynx, and the sporozoan Molluskocystis occur exclusively in pelagic molluscan hosts. Inaddition, several unusual new genera of ciliophorans have been recovered from the excretory organs and gills of cephalopods. Several hydrozoan genera attach exclusively to the shells of pteropod mollusks and at least one genus, Kinetocodium, may be ectoparasitic. Cephalopods commonly serve as important second intermediate or reservoir hosts for a diversity of larval digeneans, cestodes and nematodes that mature in boney fishes, sharks and marine mammals. In most cases, these larval helminths have not been identified with adult stages in appropriate vertebrate final hosts. In contrast, larval helminths only rarely have been recorded in pelagic gastropods. Adult copepods of three genera, Pteroxena, Micrallecto,and Nannallecto, have been described from gymnosome gastropods, and larval stages of Cardiodectesare frequently found on the gills of a number of ptenoglossans, heteropods and pteropods. Pelagic cephalopods rarely host copepods either as adults or larvae. THE BIVALVE FAMILY PHOLADIDAE IN THE NORTHEASTERN AND NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: REVIEW OF NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS George L. Kennedy U.S. Geological Survey Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 12 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 Menlo Park, California 94025 Despite publication in recent years of major monographs on the family Pholadidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the eastern Pacific region, a number of nomenclatural problems in the family stillneed to be addressed, particularly in the genus Penitella. Mostof these problems becameapparent only as the need arose to identify several enigmatic species of Penitella from the North Pacific. In the process, existing museum collections were re-evaluated and new and previously unstudied collections of pholadids from Alaska and Japan were examined. The nomenclatural status of one fossil and several modern species needs revision; preliminary findings are as follows: 1) An undescribed species of large pholadid from the Miocene of California and Washington (?) is similar to Chaceia ovoidea(Gould), butlacks acallum inthe adultstage, necessitating a redefinition of Chaceia if the species is not to be included in Zirfaea. The species differs considerably from Z. dentata Gabb from the California Miocene. 2) Penitella gabbii (Tryon), long thought to be an eastern Pacific species, is actuallya Japanese species and is asenior synonym of P.kamakurensis (Yokoyama). The eastern Pacific species is without an available synonym and will be described as new. 3) The name Penitella kamakurensis (Yokoyama) is used commonly in Japanese literature for at least two species. The nominal species isa junior synonym of P. gabbii (Tryon); the second species appears to lack a name, subject to a further review of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian literature. 4) Reports in Japan of Navea subglobosa Gray (a junior synonym of the eastern Pacific Penitella conradi Valenciennes, the abalone borer) may be referableto thesecond of the two species commonly cited as P. kamakurensis. 5) Modern and fossil specimens of Penitella kamakurensis of authors from the northeastern Pacific belong to another new species, this one characterized by a blunt- tipped shell that results from insertion against the lower part of achimney very similar to that formed by Parapholas californica (Conrad). 6) In light of these nomenclatural changes, the zoogeographic ranges of most of the species of Penitella that occur around the margin of the north Pacific will need to be revised. COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN TWO CO-OCCURRING SPECIES OF THE CHINK SNAIL LACUNA Kathleen M. Langan Center for Marine Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064 Lacuna marmorata Dall and L. unifasciata Carpenter are closely related gastropods that show several similar morphological and biological characteristics. In this study, snails from co- occurring populations in Monterey Bay, central California were examined to determine their distinguishing characters. Both species exhibited a variety of shell color patterns. Adiscriminant analysis test on shell morphology revealed that there is a 10% overlap between the species. Although most individuals showed species-specific characteristics in radular morphology, an intermediate form was found. Similarities in life history parameters include mode of reproduction and larval development; however, fecundity was significantly greater in L. marmorata. Although there was overlap in shell color patterns as well as shell and radular morphology, crossbreeding experiments confirmed that these species were reproductively isolated, indicating two separate biological species. PATELLACEAN EVOLUTION David R. Lindberg Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 13 Museum of Paleontology University of Calfornia Berkeley, California 94720 [Abstract not submitted] PALEONTOLOGY IN THE HIGH ARCTIC, ELLESMERE ISLAND, CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO Louie N. Marincovich, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California 94025 The most northerly sedimentary rocks that containa well preserved Paleogene fauna of marine mollusks crop out on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, at about latitude 80° N. These mollusks are found in the upper portion of the Eureka Sound Formation, which also contains strata as old as Late Cretaceous. The Eureka Sound Formation occurs extensively throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and is thought tobe about 4,000 mthick. A month-long paleontologic study of the formation was conducted in 1984 at Strathcona Fiord, west-central Ellesmere Island, where Strata of the marine faciesare about 1,000 mthick. Both marineand nonmarine facies of this formation are well exposed in a broad syncline and crop out extensively on the north and south shores of the fiord. The marine sedimentary rocks consist of poorly indurated sandstone and siltstone that are light brown and grey. These rocks contrast starkly withthe dark brown and black sedimentary rocks of the underlying and overlying nonmarine deposits. The Paleogene marine mollusks from Strathcona Fiord make up a shallow-water low-diversity fauna of probable temperate aspect. The shallowness of marine deposition is suggested by numerous carbonaceous laminae throughout the marine facies, as well as by the presence of underlying and overlying nonmarine deposits. The low-diversity temperate aspects of this molluscan fauna contrast with the highly diverse tropical aspects of the mollusks in Paleocene deposits of West Greenland and indicate the absence of a direct marine connection between these two regions. The Strathcona Fiord fauna is more similar in diversity and temperate aspect to the Paleocene molluscan faunas of northern Alaska and North and South Dakota. Faunas of these three areas are thought to have lived in an early Tertiary Arctic Ocean largely isolated from the world ocean, with no connection to the Pacific Ocean and only a shallow and perhaps intermittent connection with the Atlantic Ocean. THE ARCHAEOGASTROPOD FAMILY ADDISONIIDAE DALL, 1882: LIFE HABIT AND REVIEW OF SPECIES James H. McLean Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 The limpet family Addisoniidae Dall, 1882, is represented in the eastern Pacific by a new species found living within spent egg cases of two species of cat shark (family Scyliorhinidae) from depths of 153-174 m off southern California. All material wascollected by Pat Brophy on trawling vessels. The shell is asymmetrical, with space for the large secondary gill on the right side. As in other members of the superfamily Lepetellacea, the gonad is simultaneously hermaphroditic. The occurrence in shark egg cases and the presence of an open seminal groove are newly reported here. The thin shell and the characteristic radular morphology, in which the tooth cusps have low relief, are adaptations to life within theegg casesupon whichthe limpetsfeed. Other speciesin thefamily are A. lateralis (Requien, 1848), fromthe eastern Atlantic, and A. paradoxa Dall, 1882,type species of Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 14 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 the genus, from the western Atlantic. THE RASPBERRY HYDROID AND ITS NUDIBRANCH PREDATOR Sandra V. Millen Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A9 A cold, clean, current-swept rocky habitat off the northeastern end of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, is the location of a new hydroid and its nudibranch predator. The hydroid, family Tubulariidae, has multiple oral tentacles and a primitive stolonic holdfast. Predators of this hydroid are an undescribed stenothoid amphipod, and anaeolid nudibranch that hascharacteristics of the Norwegian genus Cuthonella. The characteristics and taxanomic placement of the primitive genus Cuthonella are discussed in relation to this new species and recent taxonomic changes in the genus Cuthona. FOSSILIZATION OF ATURIA, AN EXTINCT RELATIVE OF NAUTILUS Ellen J. Moore U. S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California 94025 Fossiliferous concretions, collected from the lower Miocene part of the Lincoln Creek Formation along the Columbia River near Knappton, Washington, weather out of a continuously moving landslide block and accumulate along the bank of the Columbia River. A molluscan fauna of 32 species has been recovered from these concretions. The most abundant mollusk, the nautiloid cephalopod Aturia angustata (Conrad, 1849), is related to the living chambered Nautilus and is represented by more than 200 specimens. The shell chambers of almost every specimen of Aturia are partially or wholly filled,and theshell itself replaced, by calcite, barite and quartz. Assoonasashellof Aturiafilled withenough water to lose its buoyancy, it sunk tothe bottomand, inthe case of specimens in the Lincoln Creek Formation, the body chambers quickly filled with fine-grained sand and silt; any chambers with breaks or punctures to the outside also were filled. Petrographic thin sections of Aturia specimens show a layer of calcite deposited on the inside walls of the shell. Once this encrustation of calcite was deposited, it preserved the shape of the chamber when the shell itself was dissolved. The encrustation of radial calcite completely fills the chambers in afew specimens. Other specimens contain small rhombohedral crystals of calcite grown on top of the encrustation. Some specimens have blocky calcite, which completely fills the chamber, deposited upon the radial calcite. Some specimens contain barite that has been deposited in the chambers ontop of the radialcalcite encrustation, and some have quartz deposited in the chambers or filling the space once occupied by the shell. A thin section of one specimen reveals that all three minerals were deposited after the encrustation formed, and in the following sequence: blocky calcite, barite, and quartz. The rocks at Knappton have been intruded by a basalt that is correlative with the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River plateau. The deposition of barite, previously not known to be associated with fossil mollusks in Tertiary rocks, and quartz may be related to hot solutions generated when the basalt intruded the sedimentary rocks. THE TROPHIC ROLE OF ASTRAEA UNDOSA (WOOD) David J. Myers* Department of Biological Sciences Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 15 California State University Fullerton, California 92634 Little is known of the biology of Astraea undosa(Wood), althoughit isone of the most conspicuous gastropods found in southern California kelp bed communities. Laboratory aquaria studies on food preference have revealed that A. undosa prefers brown algae, primarily Macrocystis pyrifera (Linneaus). This study provides in situfeeding dataon asubtidal populationof A.undosa and shows that A. undosa is a generalist herbivore. Field investigations were conducted at Bird Rock in Isthmus Cove on Santa Catalina Island, off the coast of southern California. Subtidal algal cover was quantifiedat depthsto 6m, 10.5mand15 m. Observations of in situ feeding behavior were made by teams of divers ateach of the threedepth intervals. Feeding behavior (active or inactive) and algal associations were recorded for all A. undosa encountered. Astraea undosa is a generalist herbivore and was observed feeding on crustose Corallinaceae (Dictyopteris undulata, Zonaria farlowii), upright Corallinaceae(Colpomenia sinuosa,Phyllos padixsp., Halidrys dioica), and Ralfsiaceae. Feeding time on any species was directly related to its abundance. Furthermore, A. undosacan and does feed on crustosecoralline algae, especially indeep water where other food sources are scarce. This feeding habit has not been recorded in previous laboratory studies on A. undosa. *Present address: 109 Behr Avenue, San Francisco, California 94131 ZOOGEOGRAPHY, COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND ECOLOGY OF SONORELLA IN NORTHWESTERN SONORA, MEXICO Edna Naranjo-Garcia Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 Biological information, inluding correlation with vegetation and substrate type, are being compiled in order to explain the distribution of species inthe landsnail family Helminthoglyptidae in Sonora, Mexico. Field trips to the south, central, and west-central parts of Sonora have been made to date. Asa result, two new species of Sonorella were recorded, one from Sierra El Viejoand one from Sierra Pico. The shells were measured, and the reproductive systems were extracted and mounted on permanent slides. The external features of both species were described, as well as their reproductive systems. Some ecological features of the type localities are being analyzed. WAS MYA ARENARIA TO BLAME FOR THE DECLINE IN PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS IN NORTHERN SAN FRANCISCO BAY DURING THE 1976-77 DROUGHT? Frederic H. Nichols U. S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California 94025 Abundance data and computed filtration rates suggest that the upstream migration of Mya arenaria Linnaeus during the prolonged period of high salinity could have accounted for the planktonic ecosystem changes that occurred in northern San Francisco Bay during the 1976-77 drought. FOSSIL DEPOSITS OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 16 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 William D. Pitt and Lois Pitt Field Associates California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 [Slide presentation, abstract not submitted] AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PLEISTOCENE BIVALVES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE SAN PEDRO AREA, CALIFORNIA Daniel J. Ponti U. S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California 94025 Preliminary results of quantitative amino acid analyses on 39 specimens of bivalves from Pleistocene deposits in the San Pedroarea of southern Californiasuggest thefollowing: 1) Thetotal amino acid compositions of the 6 genera used in this study are distinctive enough to form patterns that can be used to readily identify the genera; this is done by using the method of linear discriminant analysis [Andrews et al.,1982, Geol. Soc. Amer., Abstr. w. Prog., 14(7):433-434]. 2) Genera belonging to different families have amino acid compositions that differ more than the amino acid compositions of genera within the same family. 3) The extent of epimerization of isoleucine, or Alle:Ile, for a sample of given age is genus dependent and appears to correlate most strongly with the percent of leucine in the shell. Genera and species analyzed in this study were Chione undatella (Sowerby), Protothaca staminea (Conrad), Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad, Tivela stultorum (Mawe) (family Veneridae); Macoma nasuta (Conrad) (family Tellinidae); and Panopea generosa (Gould) (family Hiatellidae). The samples range in age from late Pleistocene (approx. 125,000 yr. B. P.) toearly Pleistocene (approx. 750,000 yr. B.P.). Ninety-seven percent of the specimens were identified correctly by using concentrations of individual amino acids and selected amino acid ratios as variables in a stepwise linear discriminant analysis. Furthermore, the analyses show that the amino acid assemblages of Hiatellidae(Panopea) and Tellinidae (Macoma) are distinguishable and have more distinct amino acid patterns than those of the Veneridae (i.e., Tivela). The most important variable for discriminating genera isthe ratioof alloisoleucine + isoleucine tovaline. Among only the venerids, the ratioof asparticacid toglutamic acid and the concentration of alloisoleucine+isoleucine are the best discriminators. In samples from the San Pedro Sand (approx. 250,000(?) yr. old), the extent of epimerization of isoleucine is greatest in Macoma (Alle:Ile = 0.67) and least in Tivela (Alle:Ile = 0.50). Multiple regression analysis indicates that a strong positive correlation exists between the extent of epimerization and the percent of leucine present within the shell (R° = 0.88). A MIDDLE-AMERICAN LAND SNAIL FAUNA FROM THE EOCENE-OLIGOCENE OF TEXAS Barry Roth Museum of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, California 94720 An undescribed large helminthoglyptid snail of the genus Lysinoe occurs in the Colmena Tuff and Chambers Tuff of the Vieja Group, PresidioCounty, Texas, and isassociated with vertebrates of the Candelaria and Porvenir local faunas. Lysinoe is also present in correlative strata in Brewster County, Texas, and ina predominantly marine sequence in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, that is associated with a "Vicksburg" molluscan fauna. The vertebrate assemblages belong to the Uintan and Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 17 Chadronian North American Land Mammal "Ages". Radioisotopic dates indicate a time span of about 41 to 38 million years before present. The species closely resembles Recent Lysinoe ghiesbreghtii (Nyst) from southern Mexico and Central America. Climatic and ecological parameters from the range of L. ghiesbreghtii imply that conditions in this part of Texas during the late Eocene-early Oligocene were moist and temperate; the prevailing vegetation was probably an ecological analogue of the seasonaltemperate forestsof present-day Chiapas, Mexico. Meanannual rainfall in excess of 123 cm, either with or without a winter dry season, is indicated. Many plant species of temperate Mexican forests have counterparts in the southeastern United States; Lysinoe supports the concept of a formerly continuous forest distribution around the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The Candelaria local fauna also includes the helminthoglyptid genus Polymita, now confined to Oriente Province, Cuba. Other land snails from the Chambers Tuff include two subgenera of Pleurodonte (Camaenidae), now confined to Jamaica and the Lesser Antilles, and Xerarionta (Helminthoglyptidae), now living from southern California tosouthern Baja California. Polymita and Pleurodonte both now inhabit more tropical forests than Lysinoe. Xerarionta inhabits arid and semiarid zones within the influence of Pacific fog. Climatic equability may have permitted theco- occurrence of genera that now show conflicting climatic preferences. The snail assemblages document a southward retreat of land mollusk genera through the Tertiary, and a developing allopatry. [The complete text of this paper is published in The Veliger, 27(2):200-218 (1984)] COLLECTING MOLLUSKS IN THE ALASKAN ARCTIC Paul H. Scott Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 [Slide presentation, abstract not submitted] COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA: AN INDO-PACIFIC — PANAMIC BRIDGE Donald R. Shasky 834 W. Highland Avenue Redlands, California 92373 [Slide presentation, abstract not submitted] UPDATE ON MOLLUSKS WITH INDO-PACIFIC FAUNAL AFFINITIES IN THE TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC III Donald R. Shasky 834 W. Highland Avenue Redlands, California 92373 During March, 1984, I was again able to SCUBA dive at Cocos Island, Costa Rica,along with Gene Everson of Ft. Lauderhill, Florida. This year three additional Indo-Pacific species were found at Cocos Island that have not been previously reported from the tropical eastern Pacific. They are: Metaxia brunnicephala Kay, 1979, Cymatium nicobaricum Roeding, 1798, and Mitra ferruguinea Lamarck, 1811. Our work at Cocos Island will continue in 1985. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report - 18 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 [The complete text of this paper is published in The Festivus, 16(11):123-124, November, 1984] A SELECTION OF COMMON SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAN JUVENILE MOLLUSKS Eve Shipp Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 Juvenile mollusks may differ from adults in several ways and often lack features that are diagnostic of the adultform. For instance, juvenile abalones, keyhole limpets, and Sinezona lack the holes that are present in the adult shell. Changes in color often occur between juvenile and adult shells. Immature Haliotis cracherodii Leach have a coloration of mottled pinks and whites before changing to the black tones of the adult. Chama arcana Bernard is unusual in that it hasa pink prodissoconch; many small shells and prodissoconchs are white. A variety of color changes occurs in thefamily Calyptraeidaeand involves different combinationsof a white background with brown streaks and dots. Changes in sculpture are as common as changes in color and a striking example is Glans subquadrata (Carpenter). In the adult, the umbones are well to the anterior of the shell, but the prodissoconchs of the larval shell are centrally located and areso thickened that theycreate araised platform. Sometimes changes in sculpture can be so complete that the adult shell is in no way a logical progression of the larval shell, as in Philobrya setosa (Carpenter). Some members of the Vermetidae can change dramatically also, starting with a tight, regularly coiled protoconch before producing the irregular, loosely coiled whorls of the adult. A variety of changes occur in the Mytilidae. Sometimes juveniles lack distinguishing characteristics, but occasionally immature specimens are easier to identify than adults. ABUNDANCE OF TURRITELLIFORM GENERA THROUGH THE PHANEROZOIC: ANOTHER PREDATION-RELATED PATTERN? Philip W. Signor Department of Geology University of California Davis, California 95616 The relative frequencies of different prosobranch shell shapes have changed throughout fhe Phanerozoic, due at least in part to changes in the intensity of shell-crushing or durophagous predation. For example, Vermeij[1978, Biogeography and adaptation]has documenteda decrease in numbers of gastropods with disjunct or planispiral coiling during the mid-Mesozoic radiation of durophagous predators. This, and other predation-related events in the mid-Mesozoic, have come to be known as the Mesozoic marine revolution. A similar series of events occurred in the mid-Paleozoic. There was a radiation of durophagous predators and a concurrent increase in predation-resistant morphologies among members of the marine benthos. For example, spinosity increased among brachiopods and camerate crinoids, and sculpture increased among coiled nautiloids and bellerophontid mollusks. At the same time, there was a surprising increase in the relative frequency of high-spired or turritelliform prosobranch genera. Is it likely that the two events were related? Experiments with Calappa hepatica, a modern durophagous crab, and terebrid gastropods demonstrate that very slender, high-spired gastropodsare lesssusceptible toshell-peeling crabsthan less high-spired forms. Successful attacks occurred on very slender terebrid gastropods (Terebra kilburni, T. laevigata, T. subulata) in less than 1% of the trials. Successful attacks on less slender terebrids (Terebra af finis, T. areolata, T. columelloris, T. conspersa, T. dimidiata, T. undulata) were Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 19 more frequent but still far less common than on other geometries as reported by Vermeij (1978). Whereas no experimental data are available on interactions between shell crushers (mainly fish) and gastropods, there are functional reasons to suspect that shell crushers may have difficulty attacking spike-like turritelliform shells. Fish lack a flexible, mobile tongue that would enable them to manipulate prey into a position for crushing. The elongate formof turritelliform shells may obstruct successful attacks by these predators. Therefore, it seems reasonable to interpret the increased numbers of turritelliform genera in several gastropod clades, beginning in the Devonian, as a response to an increasing number of durophagous predators. The sharp decline in planispiral bellerophontid genera in the Late Devonian likely is also a result of an increased intensity of durophagous predation. Data on the frequency of shell shapes through the Mesozoic are not available at this time, but if the foregoing conclusions are correct, then a similar increase in numbers of turritelliform snails should have occurred in the mid- Mesozoic. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN ELKHORN SLOUGH Mark A. Silberstein Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary Watsonville, CA 95076 [Abstract not submitted] THE INTERTIDAL SNAILS OF PANAMA CITY: AN EXCEPTIONALLY DIVERSE NEARSHORE ASSEMBLAGE Thomas M. Spight* Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City, Republic of Panama The first extended study of the shelled gastropods from a tropical rocky shore has revealed an exceptionally diverse fauna, comparable to that typically associated with coral reefs. Some 350 different species of snails were collected intertidally, including 70 from particulate substrates. Including these, nearly 500 species have been reported from rock, cobble, sand, mud and mangrove habitats on the Pacific Ocean shore in the limited area around Panama City, Republic of Panama. The number of species will increase when adequate collections are made from the subtidal fringe and specialized habitats, and of microgastropods in general. The subtidal fauna isprobably richas well, indicating that some 900 species of snails form the functioning ecological assemblage in this limited area. This assemblage is nearly an order of magnitude more diverse than any previously studied rocky shore fauna. *Present address: 1363 Del Rio Circle, Concord, California 94518 THE MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM: A WINDOW INTO MONTEREY BAY Steven K. Webster Monterey Bay Aquarium Monterey, California 93940 [Invited Banquet presentation] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report . 20 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 STUDIES ON DISTRIBUTION, DEGREE OF AERIAL EXPOSURE, AND COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS IN FOUR SPECIES OF TROPICAL INTERTIDAL GASTROPODS May W. Yipp* and Thomas H. Carefoot Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A9 The vertical distributions of the limpet Acmaea jamaicensis (Gmelin) and the littorines Nodilittorina tuberculata (Menke), N. ziczac (Gmelin) and Littorina meleagris Potiez & Michaud were investigated on a vertical limestone block on the west coast of Barbados, West Indies. Three experimental plots and one control plot were fenced off on the limestone block. In each of the experimental plots all gastropods except for one species of littorinid (a different species in each plot) were removed. The control plot contained the natural density of all species of gastropods. Significant differences in distributional patterns were recorded between the experimental and control plots after a 20-day period. The distributional pattern of L. meleagris was also shown to differ significantly when it was living sympatrically with different experimental densities of A. jamaicensis, whereas reciprocal effects of L. meleagris on A. jamaicensis were not noted. Both sets of experimental data indicated the existence of interspecific competition among the 4 species of gastropods. In addition, variation among the three littorinids pertaining to functional morphology of the mantle cavity, and survival in air and water were investigated, and the significance of these findings to the vertical distributional patterns of the 4 species was discussed. *Present address: Department of Applied Science, Hong Kong Polytechnic, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 21 Extended Abstracts ANTARCTIC OPISTHOBRANCHS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SPECIMENS COLLECTED BY THE UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAM Hans Bertsch Biological Sciences, National University San Diego, California 92108 The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History is responsible for the worldwide distribution of specialized collections of marine organisms to specialists everywhere. Through the Sorting Center, I was able to borrow for study the entire collection of opisthobranch gastropods collected between August 1962 and April 1983 by. the Antarctic Research Vessels Hero, Islas Orcada, and Eltanin and operating under the auspices of the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP). All of the specimens were collected in the Scotia, Weddell, and Bellinghausen Seas between 25m and 80° west longitude, and on either side of the Antarctic Peninsula as far north as the southern tip of South America (figs. 1-6). The material consists of 456 specimens in 146 sample lots representing seven major taxonomic groups in the Opisthobranchia (table 1). Most of the collections were made during the austral summer. The number of subtidal stations that yielded opisthobranchs can be broken down by season: 77 stations yielded opisthobranchs in the period January through March, 47 from April through June, 8 from July through September, and 14 from October through December. Absence or paucity of individuals in lots collected during July to December merely reflects this seasonal collecting bias and precludes any biological-seasonal analysis. This study is still in its early stages, mainly because the dissection of each specimen, required for species-level identification, has not been completed. Sufficient data do exist, however, to make some preliminary observations herein on Antarctic opisthobranch abundances, distribution, and feeding biology. Other studies in progress include implications about nudibranch phylogeny based on gnathodorid dissections (Bertsch and Ghiselin, 1985), description of a new species of Bathyberthella, and a comparative study and revision of the genus Bathydoris. The 456 Antarctic opisthobranchs are distributed among 7 major taxonomic groups (table 1). The cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs and the shelled cephalaspideans are the largest groups represented, followed by the dendronotid nudibranchs and notaspideans which are present in nearly equal numbers. The fifth group, the primitive gnathodorid nudibranchs, is represented by the genus Bathydoris. Finally, several eolids and a few arminid nudibranchs are present also. The arminids occur in such low numbers that they will not be considered in most of my analyses. These taxonomic groups are very unevenly distributed among the 146 samples (table 1). Average sample sizes for the cephalaspideans and cryptobranchs were 4.83 and 2.77 respectively (per lot in which the taxon occurred). Other groups usually were represented by single specimens. In samples that contained members of a particular group, sample sizes averaged 1.33 for eolids, 1.38 for gnathodorids, 1.48 for notaspideans, and 1.75 for dendronotids. Although cryptobranchs and cephalaspideans were the most common opisthobranchs, cryptobranchs and dendronotids occurred in the greatest number of samples. The major taxonomic groups show different geographic distributional patterns (figs. 1-6). (The lower right hand corner of each map represents the South Pole, and the odd-shaped areas are diagramatic representations of the southern tip of South America, and of west Antarctica and the protruding Antarctic Peninsula). The average latitude where the specimens were collected varies from 54° § to 60° S. (table 2). The eolids occur farthest north and do not have a true Antarctic distribution. The majority of the eolids were collected around Punta Arenas and the islands around the tip of South America. The bathymetric distribution of Antarctic opisthobranchs is summarized in table 3 and figure 7. The shallowest subtidal collecting depth was 14 m,and the deepest 5929 m. The median depth of occurrence for each group is shallower than the mean depth and also is more representative of Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report - 22 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 preferred depth of the animals because several extremely deep records will bias the mean depths. Figure 7 illustrates the bathymetric distribution of the major opisthobranch groups in the Antarctic. The relative width of the diagrams represents the number of specimens. Most of the cryptobranchs, cephalaspideans, dendronotids, and eolids were collected in less than 300 m depths. However 45% of the cephalaspideans with depth data were collected at greater depths, as were the majority of notaspideans and gnathodorids. The mean depths of the latter were 651 and 1078 m, respectively; the median depths of both were greater than 400 m. The Antarctic opisthobranchs show some interesting zoogeographic differences of taxa occurrence between different faunal provinces (table 4). Data for the non-Antarctic regions were taken from Bertsch and Johnson (1983). In California 80% of the opisthobranch species are nudibranchs and 10% are cephalaspideans. In the Panamic province 50% of the known opisthobranchs are nudibranchs and 30% are cephalaspideans. The two dominant orders in Japan are sacoglossans and nudibranchs. All three of these areas have representatives of the 5 major oOpisthobranch orders. The Antarctic material, however, contains only cephalaspideans, nota- spideans, and nudibranchs; sacoglossans and anaspideans are absent. The contrast between different zoogeographic provinces is even more striking when one examines the four evolutionary lineages of dorid nudibranchs (table 5). In the Californian, Panamic, and Japanese provinces, porostomes represent 3-5% of all-opisthobranch species and phanerobranchs 7-16%. Both of these groups are absent in the Antarctic material. In contrast, cryptobranchs represent 39% of the Antarctic opisthobranches, whereas they represent only 18- 22% of the opisthobranch species in the other three provinces. The gnathodorids are deep-water species and are very rare in the Californian faunal province; they are absent in Japan and in the Panamic province. Gnathodorids represent 4% of the USARP opisthobranch specimens. The zoogeographic-taxonomic differences are reflected also in the feeding habits of the Antarctic specimens (table 6). There are no known bryozoan nor tunicate feeders, no herbivores, and anemone feeders are scarce. The taxonomic groups of opisthobranchs that are absent in the Antarctic are phanerobranchs, sacoglossans and anaspideans; eolids are quite rare. The general scavengers Or opportunist carnivores are mainly the cephalaspideans, and probably the notaspideans; sponge feeders are represented by the cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs; and cnidarian predators, the gnathodorids and dendronotids, eat hydroids, antipatharians, and alcyonarians. The notaspideans may possibly feed on sponges and cnidarians. Gordon Hendler, Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, kindly arranged for the loan of Antarctic opisthobranchs; Anthony D’Attilio provided laboratory facilities at the San Diego Natural History Museum. Literature Cited Bertsch, Hans & Michael T. Ghiselin 1985. A bioeconomic scenario for the evolution of nudibranch gastropods. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, 17. Bertsch, Hans & Scott Johnson, 1983. Zoogeografia comparativa de los opisthobranquios (Mollusca: Gastropoda) con enfasis en la cuenca Pacifica (Hawaii y Califorfia): Composicion faunal, afinidades provinciales y densidad submareal. Ciencias Marinas, 8(2):125-153. [Figures and tables follow on next three pages] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 23 Figures 1-6. Geographic distribution of USARP opisthobranchs. 1. Cephalaspideans; 24 CEPHALASPIDEANS 30° w NOTASPIDEANS FIG. 1 GNATHODORIOS CRYPTOBRANCHS 60° s FIG. 3 FIG. 4 DENDRONOTIDOS FIG.6 Notaspideans; 3. Gnathodorids; 4. Cryptobranchs; 5. Dendronotids; 6. Eolids. 7, Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 CEPH NOTAS DENDR EOL 301 601 901 1201 1507 2001 25071 3007 = CRYP 1 301 601 901 FIG.7 BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION(m) Figure 7. Bathymetric distribution of USAEP opisthobranchs; depths in meters. Ceph, Cephalaspideans; Notas, Notaspideans; Gna, Gnathodorids; Dendr, Dendronotids; Eol, Eolids; Cryp, Cryptobranchs. TABLE 1 Taxa Occurrence in Opisthobranch-Yielding Samples (146) Number Percent Number Percent of total of of Samples samples specimens total Cephalaspideans 24 16 116 25.4 Notaspideans 25 17 62 13.5 Gnathodorids 13 9 18 3.9 Cryptobranchs 65 44 180 39.4 Dendronotids 37 25 65 14.2 Arminids 2 al. 3 0.65 Eolids 9 6 12 2.6 456 99.65 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 25 26 TABLE 2 Geographic Distribution Average ° s latitude Eolids 54 Cephalaspideans 56 Gnathodorids 56 Notaspideans 58 Dendrontids 59 Cryptobranchs 60 TABLE 3 U.S.A.R.P. Opisthobranch Bathymetric Distribution depths in meters Mean Cryptobranchs 144 Eolids 274 Dendronotids 182 Cephalaspideans 833 Notaspideans 651 Gnathodorids 1078 TABLE 4 Median 104 123 124 156 423 441 Percentage of major opisthobranch groups in different zoogeographic provinces % species % of specimens Calif Panamic Japan Antarctic Cephalaspideans 10 31 3 25) Anaspideans 2 6 6 ae Sacoglossans 5 9 9 SS Notaspideans s| 4 2 14 Nudibranchs 80 50 79 61 TABLE 5 Provincial distribution of dorid nudibranch lineages by zoogeographic province % species % of specimens Calif Panamic Japan Antarctic Gnathodorids a -- -- 4 Cryptobranchs 19 18 22 39 Porostomes 4 3 5 -- Phanerobranchs 16 iL 12 == % of total opisthobranchs TABLE 6 Feeding preferences of Antarctic opisthobranchs General scavenger or opportunist carnivore Cephalaspideans Notaspideans (?) Sponges Cnidarians Cryptobranchs Gnathodorids Dendronotids Arminids Eolids Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 MOLLUSKS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES OBSERVED AT PUNTA BAJA, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO Wesley M. Farmer 11061 Lea Terrace Drive Santee, California 92071 Observation and collections of shallow-water marine invertebrates, mostly mollusks, were made in the vicinity of Punta Baja, Baja California, Mexico, on June 29, 30, and July 1, 1984, during pre-dawn ebb tides. Punta Baja is located approximately 360 km, by road, south of the U.S.-Mexico border. Observations were made in rocky habitats on the windward side of the tip of Punta Baja, and at a location approximately 1.6 km east of the point. Water temperatures recorded in the tidepools were 15 and 16°C. The intertidal zone at Punta Baja can be divided into 3 zones that differ mainly in the nature of their algal cover. The uppermost is a 7-8 m wide zone of the red alga Porphyra. The lowermost zone is dominated by Phyllospadix, Egregia, Ulva, and Gigartina. In the zone between these, the red alga Gigartina predominates. The following invertebrates were observed and (or) collected at Punta Baja and vicinity: MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA Acanthina spirata (Blainville 1832); on windward side of point. Acanthodoris rhodoceras Cockerell, in Cockerell & Eliot, 1905; 5 specimens from 7 to 20 mm in length, from east of point. Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1761); 1 specimen 17 mm long, under a rock with 25 Fissurella volcano. Aplysia californica Cooper, 1863; 30 specimens ranging from 23 to 30cm in length, on both sides of point. One egg mass consisted of multi-colored strings. Aplysia vaccaria Winkler, 1955; 40 specimens ranging from 15 to 30 cm in length, on both sides of point. The largest specimens collected in December 1983 were 8 cm long. Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828); 1 small live specimen. Coryphella trilineata O’Donoghue, 1921; in rocky habitat 1.6 km east of point. Dendrodoria fulva MacFarland, 1905; 6, on both sides of the point. Dendronotus subramosus MacFarland, 1966; 1, east of point. Dirona pictura MacFarland, in Cockerell & Eliot, 1905; 24 specimens from 10 to 33 mm in length. Fissurella volcano Reeve 1849; vast numbers with up to 30 under a single rock; shells up to 30 mm long. The form F. vy. "crucifera Dall" is less common. Haminoea virescens (Sowerby, 1833); 14 specimens, from both collecting stations. Seven specimens were associated with a yellow coiled-ribbon egg mass on the underside of 1 rock. Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831); specimen with atypical coloration. Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852); 1 live specimen 52 mm long, on windward side of point. Soft parts of the animal are bright yellow, with 2 color bands, and white spots. Macron lividus (A. Adams, 1855); 2, east of point. Navanax inermis (Cooper, 1863); 3 specimens, 20, 30, and 60 mm in length, from windward side of point. Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838); common live on windward side of point; the shells are pitted from the rough conditions. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825); several, east of point. Phidiana hiltoni (O’Donoghue, 1927); 6 in tidepools and | upside down on under surface of water. Rostanga pulchra MacFarland, 1905; 8 specimens from 7 to 13 mm in length; red sponges not observed in vicinity. Spurilla oliviae (MacFarland, 1966); 3 specimens, under rocks with Fissurella volcano. Tegula aureotincta (Forbes, 1852); shell covered with limpets. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 27 Tegula funebralis (A. Adams, 1855); numerous, on both sides of point. MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA Chaceia ovoidea (Gould, 1851) or Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe, 1931; an area 1.6 km east of the point had at least 65 piddock siphons protruding above a substrate of red mudstone with a covering of fine sand. The large size of the siphons (1 was 25 mm by 18 mm in diameter with an excurrent siphon 14 mm by 7 mm), suggests Chaceia or Zirfaea rather than Penitella, but specimens were not collected. The siphons extend about 25 mm above the sand and, when disturbed, shoot streams of water a good distance above the bottom. MOLLUSCA: CEPHALOPODA Octopus sp. cf. O. bimaculatus Verrill, 1883; 12 animals, the largest measuring 18 cm from arm tip to arm tip. ANNELIDA: POLYCHAETA Cirriformia spirabrancha (Moore, 1904); many together, oriented vertically in sand with branchiae above sediment-water interface. Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes, 1889); several small "reefs" of this colonial tube worm observed east of the point. Wave action shears off the tube lips, giving the colonies a smooth appearance. COELENTERATA: ANTHOZOA Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt, 1835); large numbers; | specimen was 10cm high and 17.5 cm across. ANTHROPODA: CRUSTACEA Crangon sp.;on sand bottoms. Thisshrimp moves its legs and body in sucha way as to bury itself under the sand, leaving only its eye stalks above the surface to look out for other organisms. Pleuroncodes planipes Stimpson, 1860; 1 specimen, on windward side of point. Shrimp; in rocky tide pool 1.6 km east of point. ECHINODERMATA: ASTEROIDEA Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt, 1835); on both sides of point. ECHINODERMATA: ECHINOIDEA Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz, 1863); hundreds of specimens, on windward side of point. Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857); thousands of specimens, only on windward side of point, where it occupies up to 90% of some tidepools. In one area, a large number had empty, concave-upward valves of Mytilus californianus Conrad, 1837 attached aborally. ECHINODERMATA: HOLOTHUROIDEA Leptosynapta albicans (Selenka, 1867); several specimens of this sea cucumber were present under rocks east of the point. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 28 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 BIVALVE MOLLUSCAN PALEOECOLOGY OF NORTHERN EXPOSURES OF THE MARINE NEOGENE IMPERIAL FORMATION IN RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Charles L. Powell II U. S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California 94025 INTRODUCTION ; The marine Imperial Formation was deposited at the head of the proto-Gulf of California during the latest Miocene through late(?) Pliocene time. The formation crops out discontinuously northward from just south of the California-Mexico border to San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, California. Exposures of the Imperial Formation in Riverside County occur along the San Andreas-Banning fault zone. Important exposures occur at Lions Canyon, Super Creek, Garnet Hill, Edom Hill and Willis Palm (fig. 1). The faunas from Super Creek, Garnet Hill and Willis Palm each represent different environments and form the basis for this note. The Imperial Formation in Riverside County attains a maximum thickness of 105 mand is divided into two members separated by a time transgressive boundary from north to south. The lower, Latrania Sand Member (Keen and Bentson, 1944), whose type section is in Imperial County, is generally composed of coarse- to medium-grained sandstone with scattered conglomeratic beds; it attains a maximum thickness of 30 m in Riverside County. The mollucan assemblage from the Latrania Sand Member in Riverside County is characterized by species that lived in a euhaline, moderate- to high-energy, intertidal(?) to inner shelf, rocky to sandy habitat. Taxa that commonly occur in Riverside County include Spondylus victoriae (Sowerby), Pycnodonte heermanni (Conrad) [= "Ostrea" heermanni Conrad], Dendostrea angelica (Rocheburne), and Argopecten spp. (pl. 1). The unnamed, upper member of the Imperial Formation is about 75 m thick in Riverside County. In this area it represents a low- to moderate-energy, outer shelf facies and is composed of medium- to fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. Characteristic bivalve mollusks in this member in Riverside County include Cyclopecten sp. cf. C. pernomus (Hertlein), Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad), and Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny (pl. 1). PALEOECOLOGY Super Creek Area Both members of the Imperial Formation are exposed along Super Creek. The Latrania Sand Member occurs in small discontinuous synclines (fig. 2), and appears to have been deposited in small pocket beaches in rocky headlands. The outcrops are characterized by abundant Spondylus victoriae and Dendostrea angelica that are found attached to large clasts in conglomeratic stringers. Bernard (1983) reports D. angelica in water depths of 1 to 5 mand _S. victoriae from 10 to 40 m. Thus the Latrania Sand Member along Super Creek was probably deposited in shallow subtidal depths that deepened upsection to between 10 and 40m atthe topof the member. These beds are overlain by a 70- cm thick "worm tube" marl at the top of the Latrania Sand Member. The environment of deposition of the marl was not determined because of the poor preservation of its fossils. The Latrania Sand Member is overlain by medium- to fine-grained sandstone and siltstone of the unnamed upper member. About 10 m above the top of the Latrania Sand isa bed of Atrinan. sp. preserved in life position. Atrina is found in water depths from 1 to 125 m in the eastern Pacific, but only A. texta Hertlein & Strong, is reported to occur below 30 m. Benthic foraminifers from this bed suggest inner neritic water depths (0-50 m) (K. A. McDougall, written commun., 1981). Together these data suggest water depths of less than 50 m for the lower part of the unnamed upper member of the Imperial Formation. Near the top of the upper member, Cyclopecten sp. cf. C. pernomus and many shell fragments have been concentrated into small shell lag deposits, possibly by currents. Water depth during deposition of this unit is unclear, but the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 29 occurrence of C. sp. cf. C. pernomus limits the depth to 355 m (Bernard, 1983). Benthic foraminifers throughout the upper member indicate that water depths increase to middle and outer neritic depths (50-150 m) near the top of the formation (K. A. McDougall, written commun., 1981). In the Super Creek area, the Imperial Formation is overlain by medium- to coarse-grained sands and conglomeratic beds of the Painted Hill Formation, previously interpreted as alluvial fan deposits by Allen (1957). The interfingering of the Painted Hill Formation with neritic silts of the Imperial Formation indicates that the base of the Painted Hill Formation probably is not of alluvial fan origin. Garnet Hill Area About 17 m of the Latrania Sand Member are poorly exposed on Garnet Hill. These beds are composed of coarse- to fine-grained sandstone with abundant gneissic and marble clasts as much as 2 m in diameter. Some of these clasts have been bored by lithophagid bivalves (identified by G. L. Kennedy, oral commun., 1984). Also present on some of the clasts are poorly preserved specimens of Spondylus sp.and Dendostrea sp. cf. D. angelica. Pycnodonte heermanni is abundant as float on the south slope of Garnet Hill. These species, although inconclusive as to their environmental parameters, suggest shallow water depths with at least some areas of exposed rocks. Willis Palm Area The Imperial Formation at Willis Palm consists of about 53 m of generally fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. Three shell beds are exposed in this section. The first contains unidentifiable mollusk fragments, crab chelipeds, and the gastropod Melampus sp., which suggests a salt marsh environment. About 2 m above this bed is a 2-m-thick oyster bioherm composed of flat to slightly plicate Dendostrea? vespertina. This bioherm suggests a moderately shallow bay or lagoonal environment. The third shell bed, about 15 m above the base of the formation, is 20cm thick and composed of abundant well preserved shells. This bed is characterized by the bivalve mollusks Leptopecten palmeri (Dall), Cyclopecten sp. cf. C. pernomus, Cyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus), and abundant corbulids. These species suggest shallow water depths between | and 90 m. Benthic foraminifers from this section indicate shallow water (K. A. McDougall, written commun., 1984). Fossils from throughout the Willis Palm section indicate that water depths increased from very shallow inner neritic (< 10 m) at the first shell bed to a maximum depth of inner neretic (10 - 50 m) just above the top shell bed, and then shallowed to less than 10 m at the top of the formation. CONCLUSIONS Other exposures of the Imperial Formation are present in Riverside County but were either inaccessible during the present study (Lions Canyon) or contained such a meager fauna that paleoecological analysis was impossible (Edom Hill). The sections at Super Creek and Garnet Hill appear to be older than those exposed at Willis Palm. These relative-age estimates are based on biostratigraphic data and on an unpublished K/Ar date ona basalt flow in the Painted Hill Formation along Super Creek (J. C. Matti, personal commun., 1984). The Super Creek section seems to represent a deepening basin: the intertidal or shallow subtidal rocky shore facies of the Latrania Sand Member at the base of the formation grades into middle and outer neritic fine-grained continental-shelf facies of the upper member at the top of the formation. Sediments exposed at Garnet Hill appear to represent the same environment as represented by the Latrania Sand Member at Super Creek. The Willis Palm section represents a transgressive-regressive sequence starting with a salt marsh environment, which grades upscction into a shallow lagoon or bay, characterized by an oyster bioherm. This is followed further upsection by a slightly deeper, possibly open marine environment, which again changed to shallow or possibly intertidal depths at the top of the formation. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 30 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 LITERATURE CITED Allen, C. R., 1957.San Andreas fault zone in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 68(3):315-350, figs. 1-3, pls. 1-6. Bernard, F. R., 1983. Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61: 1-102. Keen, A. M. & Herdis Bentson, 1944. Checklist of California Tertiary marine mollusks. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 56: 1-280. 116°53° 116°13' 34°00' @ IMPERIAL FORMATION OUTCROPS BANNING C) 33° 43° =e KILOMETERS CORO OE SOO it Set Der oe el De al Gok et Re ae ea BEE PAINTED HILL FORMATION of Allen (1957) Upper member IMPERIAL FORMATION pene Latrania Sand Member SAN GORGONIO IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC COMPLEX Depth, in meters of Allen (1957) Figure 2. Stratigraphic relationships of the unnamed upper member and the Latrania Sand Member of the Imperial Formation, and their inferred depths of deposition along Super Creek, Riverside County, California. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 31 PLATE 1 (All figures x1 except as indicated) Figure 1. Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad, 1855). Left valve. LACMIP 7162; length 131 mm, height 148 mm. sp. CIT loc. 192. Figures 2 and 3. Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny, 1846. Articulated valves. UCMP 37531; length 49.9 mm, height 35.1 mm. UCMP loc. A-1417. Figure 4. Spondylus victoriae Sowerby, 1859. Right valve. UCMP 37532; length 35.4 mm. height 39.6 mm. UCMP loc. A-3188. Figure 5. Cyclopecten sp. cf. C. pernomus (Hertlein, 1935). Right valve. UCMP 37533; length 4.4 mm, height 4.8 mm. UCMP loc. A-1407. Figure 6. Argopecten sp. cf. A. mendenhalli (Arnold, 1906). Left valve?. UCR 5035/11; length 17.1 mm, height 18.1 mm. UCR loc. 5035 Figure 7. Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham, 1950). Right valve. UCR 5042/23; length 39.1 mm, height 34.6 mm. UCR loc. 5042. Figure 8. Leptopecten (Leptopecten) palmeri (Dall, 1897). Left valve. UCR 4777/11; length 26.3 mm, height 27.6 mm. UCR loc. 4777. Figure 9. Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad, 1854). Right valve. LACMIP 7163; length 31.1 mm, height 38.1 mm. CIT loc. 187. Figure 10. Dendostrea angelica (Rocheburne, 1895). Left valve. LACMIP 7164; length 79.5 mm, height 80.5 mm. UCR loc. 8595. MINUTES EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING Western Society of Malacologists Santa Cruz, California 16 August 1984 Present: Coan, Hertz, Hochberg, Kennedy, Koch, Lindberg, Long, McLean, Mulliner, Pitt, Shasky, Skoglund. Guest: Lois Pitt The meeting was called to order by President George Kennedy at 6:45pm. Treasurer’s Report: Margaret Mulliner presented the Treasurer’s Report. As of 1 September 1983 the Society treasury hada balance of $4,566.86 (see attachment A). MSP to accept Treasurer’s Report as presented. Secretary’s Report: Eric Hochberg read the minutes from the 1983 meeting. There was a brief discussion concerning the amount allotted for the Annual Report. 1984-85 Officers: Chairman of the Nominating Committee, Dave Lindberg, presented the following slate of officers: President: William P. Pitt Ist Vice President Carole M. Hertz 2nd Vice President Matthew J. James Secretary F.G. Hochberg Treasurer Margaret Mulliner Members-at-Large Sally Bennett, Patrick I. LaFollette MSP to accept slate of officers as presented. 1985 Annual Meeting: Bill Pittreported that 1985 meeting will be held in August atthe University of California, Santa Barbara. Confirmation of exact dates will not be available until November. All meetings, housing and meals will be in same building on campus. A minimum of 50 people are needed in dorms ata cost of about $38/day. Pitt will oversee arrangements with Hochberg. MSP to designate Santa Barbara as the site for the 1985 Annual Meeting. Student Grant Committee: In the absence of Vida Kenk, there was general discussionon theconcept of student grants vs. student paper awards. The WSM student fund supports Student Research Grants that are awarded every other year. Skoglund indicated that the Southwestern Malacological Society wantsto raise the amountof their financial support but not to exceed the WSM grant award. At present the monetary value of these grants is: First Place Grant (WSM) $600 Second Place Grant (SWMS) $500 MS to raise Student Research Grant to$750 for 1985-86, [plusany additional expenses]. Amended and accepted to strike words in brackets. Motion PASSED as amended. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 33 Budget: A discussion was initiated on the increased cost of the expanded Annual Report and whether we could or should support this increase. The 1983 report contained 56 pages and cost $2200. One of the principal costs was the cost of type setting. At current prices the Annual Report costs $6.57/copy and membership dues are $7.50/person. MSP to limit the Annual Report toa runof 250 copies, to six signatures (or 48 pages) and to a total cost not to exceed $1800. Lindberg indicated that the previous editor, Mike Kellogg, had programmed 1600 BPI magnetic tapes for the Annual Report. Why not retrieve these? Current editor, Steve Long, said that no information or tapes had been forwarded to him from the former editor. President Kennedy thanked Steve Long for his fine jobas editorand for using his bulk rateto mail out the Annual Report. No expenses were incurred from the 1983 Seattle meeting, hence our budget is larger than normal. Registration fees for the Annual Meeting are set by the President in response to the anticipated costs of the meeting. The income covers the expenses of conference room rental fees, projectors, coffee breaks, insurance and incidentals. Meetings are designed to break even. Hochberg stressed that it should be standard practice to preparea post-meeting budget that details registration income and all meeting related expenses. Advisory Board: Lindberg reported that, in order to forman Advisory Board the By-Laws must be changed. In order to change the By-Laws, the Society must be dissolved, Charter rewritten and a fee of $1500 paid to reincorporate. In the context of the existing Charter and By-Laws the establishment of an Advisory Board is not feasible and it was informally decided to drop the proposal. Lindberg indicated that he has a copy of an earlier draft of the Officer’s Manual that includes all this information and will pass it on to Board members. OTHER BUSINESS 1. Project Data Log: President Kennedy proposed a Data Log project to stimulate memberships and general interest in the Society. The first topic suggested would deal with spawning data. Kennedy indicated that several members had written to support the concept. Skoglund indicated that there were problems in committing the Society’s resources to sucha project without prior approval of the Executive Board. A second problem concerns quality control and editing. Who will be responsible for verifying or reviewing spawning records and who will format and edit these data for publication? Hertz recommended that Kennedy present a paper at the 1985 Annual Meeting on Project Data Log and summarize the spawning information received from members. 2. 1986 AMU Meeting: An invitation from James Nybakken to host a joint AMU/WSM meeting in 34 Monterey in 1986 was received and tentatively rejected by Hertz. Skoglund pointed outthat this is not an individual decision but needs to be a decision of the membership. Considerable discussion was generated over the advantages and disadvantages of holding a joint meeting with AMU. There isa general feeling among many WSM members that AMU does not recognize the Society’s contribution at joint meetings held on the west coast. It was stressed, however, that any move to hold separate meetings in 1986 might force people to Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 choose between the meetings. With a strong core of malacologists developing on the west coast, the WSM has the opportunity to work together with AMU for the common good. 3. Permanent Archive for WSM Records: Mulliner mentioned that we are accumulating historical documents and other materials that need to be archived. Recordsare kept for three years, though Mulliner recommended that the minimum period for storage be seven years. MSP to direct the President and Secretary to investigate the possibility of establishing a permanent archive for WSMand to report ona potentiallocation atthe 1985 meeting. 4. Gratis Copies of the Annual Report: Mulliner stated that there are problems with thedistribution of gratis copies of the Annual Report. At present 50 copies per year are sent out under an arrangement originally set up by Gene Coan. For the record, the Treasurer and Secretary need to know who gets copies and whether we areto receiveanything inexchange. President Kennedy asked Coan to serve as a permanent reviewer for gratiscopies. He further directed the Secretary to update the records for sending out a formletter tosee if all recipientsreceive their copies, if they still want to continue to receive the Annual Report and how the publication is being used. 5. Back Issues of Annual Reports: Mulliner indicated that we havea largeinventory of back issuesof the Annual Report, which would be desirable to distribute. The current cost of a complete set of back issues is $90. The suggestion was made to sell off sets of back issues for $45. This will beannounced inthe next Annual Report. MSP to assemble a number of complete sets of back issues which will then be: - presented to recipients of the Student Research Grant and tothe recipientof the 1984 first place Student Paper Award - sent to institutional libraries that do not have copies, as a public relations gesture from the Society - sent to reprint dealers and book sellers - sent out as incentive for joining the Society. Put note on membership application form to advertise availability for purchase. Steve Long indicated an interest in purchasing sets of back issues. He will approach the President with a proposal that needs final approval by the Executive Board. 6. Telephone Numbers: President Kennedy suggested that phone numbers be published along with member addresses in the Annual Report, or at least be made available to WSM officers, for ease of contacting members of the Society. Hochberg stated that many people do not want their numbers listed for privacy reasons. This will be listed as optional on the membership application form. 7. Student Awards: The problem of Student Awards for best papers at the Annual Meeting was brought up. Kennedy advertised in meeting announcement flyerthat threeawards would be presented but money had not been allotted by Executive Board. Discussion deferred to new business. MSP to present three awards for best student papers at the 1984 Annual Meeting. The first place award will include a set of available back issues of the Annual Report. All three will be given WSM memberships for the year 1984-85. MSP to authorize expenditure of award money for the 1984 meeting only: Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 35 Ist place $100 2nd place $75 3rd place $50 President Kennedy will set up an awards committee to judge student papers during the meeting. The money for the awards will be derived from sale of the shell cases. 8. Executive Board Meeting: Hochberg recommended that the Executive Board Meeting be held just before the Annual Meeting, in order to avoid conflicts with meeting events. 9. Membership Application Form: Secretary Hochberg will design a new membership application form which will be type set and printed with the WSM logo. 10. Editorial Board: President Kennedy appointed Steve Long as Editor for 1984 Annual Report. Kennedy will serve as technical editor. President Kennedy appointed the Editorial Board which consists of the following members: Steve Long, Hans Bertsch, Gene Coan, George Kennedy and BarryRoth. The committee will review manuscripts for Annual Reports. It was recommended that the Annual Report be open only to papers by members of the Society. 11. Historian: President Kennedy announced that Jody Woolsey volunteered to serve as Historian for the 1984 Annual Meeting. There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 10:45pm. Respectfully submitted F.G. Hochberg Secretary Approved by George L. Kennedy President (1983-84) MINUTES ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Western Society of Malacologists 18 AUGUST 1984 Present: 50 members The meeting was called to order by President George Kennedy at 3:45pm. Secretary’s Report: Eric Hochberg read the minutes from the 1983 Annual Business Meeting. MSP to approve the minutes as read. Treasurer’s Report: Margaret Mulliner presented the Treasurer’s Report for the period 1 September Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 36 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 1983 to 15 August 1984 (see attached). MSP to accept report as presented. Committee Appointments: President Kennedy appointed the following committees: Audit: Jules Hertz (Chairman), Carole Hertz, William Perrin Parliamentarian: Eugene Coan Student Grants: Vida Kenk (Chairman), Eugene Coan, James Nybakken, Barry Roth, Judy Terry-Smith Student Awards (new): Judy Terry-Smith (Chairman) Editor: Steve Long agreed to serve as the Editor for the 1984 Annual Report. Abstracts are due by 31 August and should be submitted to President Kennedy. Display Cases: Sealed bids for purchase of the old AMU-PD cases are to be submitted to Dave Lindberg. Sale will be to the highest bidder. WSM will not cover the cost of transportation. Election of Officers: In the absence of Committee Chairman Lindberg, Carol Skoglund presented the following slate of officers for 1984-1985: President William D. Pitt Ist Vice President Carole M. Hertz 2nd Vice President Matthew J. James Secretary F.G. Hochberg Treasurer Margaret Mulliner Members-at-Large Sally Bennett, Patrick I. LaFollette No additional nominations were submitted from the floor. MSP to elect slate of officers as presented. President Kennedy thanked the officers and all the people who helped to produce an excellent Annual Meeting. He then turned the meeting over to President-elect William Pitt. Pitt thanked Kennedy for his efforts as President during the year. NEW BUSINESS 1. 1985 Annual Meeting: President Pitt announced that the 1985 Annual Meeting will be held in Santa Barbara on the campus of the University of California. The dates will be 18-21 August, 1985, pending final approval from the University. Symposia arrangements were not complete. Information will be available when the meeting announcement and call for papers go out in March. Field trips will be arranged by the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Themembers expressed interest in diving, dredging, intertidal, fossil and island trips. 2. Project Data Log: George Kennedy will organize a session on Project Data Log for the 1985 meeting. Members expressing an interest in the project willbe senta datasheet that Kennedy will prepare. The topic proposed for 1985 is a compilation of spawning data for marine mollusks. The information received will be compiled by Kennedy for general distribution. All persons submitting data will be required to provide documentation (e.g., slides, specimens) to verify identification of spawning organisms. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report - August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 37 3. Student Research Grant: Secretary Hochberg presented the Executive Board’s recommendation to raise the amount of the WSM Student Research Grant. MSP to provide $750 for the 1985 WSM Student Research Grant. 4. Auction: Carole Hertz reported that the proceeds from the Auction were $975. She thanked all donors and others who helped with the Auction. President Pitt asked if members would be interested in having fossils added to the auction. No one expressed any interest and the matter was dropped. 5. 1986 AMU Meeting: President Pitt announced that the WSM had received an invitation from James Nybakken to join the AMU for a joint meeting in Monterey in 1986. Considerable discussion ensued. As spokesman for the professional malacologists Michael Ghiselin supported the concept of a joint meeting. The west coast currently has an active malacology community with some fine young professionals and a number of aspiring students. An impressive showing by the WSM will demonstrate the vitality of our west coast organization. If two meetings are held many professionals and students may be forced to make a choice, which will likely affect the WSM. Concerns were expressed that the WSM will be treated as an equal at the meeting and that WSM be given equal billing in the announcement of the meeting. A second problem seems to be that the meeting may be held in an expensive hotel in the Monterey area. These concerns will be addressed as plans are made for the 1986 meeting. MSP to meet jointly with the AMU in Monterey in 1986. Jules Hertz stresseed that it will be important to appoint a committee to work out joint arrangements with AMU for the 1986 meeting. President Pitt appointed an ad hoc committee for this purpose consisting of: Barry Roth (Chairman) F.G. Hochberg They are to report on arrangements at the next Annual Meeting. 6. There being no further business, President Pitt adjourned the meeting at 4:38pm. 38 Respectfully submitted F.G. Hochberg Secretary Approved by George L. Kennedy President (1983-1984) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 TREASURER'S REPORT Period covering 9/1/1983 to 10/31/1984 Balance begining of period $4566.86 INCOME Dues 1983 Regular 26 - 7.50ea E95 10108 =: Family 4 - 1.00ea 4.00 199.00 1984 Regular 185 - 7.50ea M33 7.150 Family 28 - 1.00ea 28.00 Student 14 - 3.00ea 42.00 1457.50 1985 Regular 3-7. 50ea APRS (iO) 22.50 $1679.00 PUBLICATIONS 2) Vol. = 7.50ea 510.0 15.00 DONATIONS Student Fund 253.50 253.50 INTEREST On SAVINGS ACCOUNT 242.66 242.66 AUCTION 994.90 994.90 PRE-REGISTRATION FEES 8153.89 8153.89 $9659.95 Income $15905.81 Expenses $10831.44 Balance $5074.37 Western Society of Malacologists 39 PERIOD COVERING 9/1/1983 to 10/31/84 EXPENSES Treasurer 3157-334 President 268.70* Secretary of State PG Bx0) COA dues 7.50 AMU dues 22.50 Conference fees Uc Regents 7395.68 Pre-Registration Refunds 108.00 25.00 42.00 5.00 Refreshments for Conference 43.10 Student Awards 100.00 75.010 50.00* Auction (refund for overcharge) 3.00 Annual Report (340 copies) Typesetting 1085.50 Printing 825.00 Corrections 235.00 Postage 89.28 2234.78 Editor (Misc. Costs) 91.84 Total $10831.44 *Checks outstanding 10/31/84 Student Award 50.00 President 220.00 Margaret Mulliner, Treasurer Auditing Committee Eugene V. Coan James Nybakken Barry Roth 40 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 Executive Board and Committee Members 1984-1985 OFFICERS & EXECUTIVE BOARD 1983-84 1984-85 President George L. Kennedy William D. Pitt Ist Vice President William D. Pitt Carole Hertz 2nd Vice President Carole M. Hertz Terrence M. Gosliner Secretary F.G. Hochberg F. G. Hochberg Treasurer Margaret Mulliner Margaret Mulliner Members-at-Large Joyce Gemmell Sally Bennett Robert Koch Patrick I. LaFollette Three most recent past Presidents David R. Lindberg George L. Kennedy Donald R. Shasky David R. Lindberg Carol C. Skoglund Donald R. Shasky Mentor-Parliamentarian Eugene V. Coan STANDING COMMITTEES Editorial Board Steven J. Long, Editor Steven J. Long, Editor Hans Bertsch Hans Bertsch Eugene V. Coan Eugene V. Coan George L. Kennedy George L. Kennedy Barry Roth Auditing* Eugen V. Coan* Jules Hertz* James W. Nybakken Carole M. Hertz Barry Roth William Perrin Nominating David R. Lindberg* George L. Kennedy* Donald R. Shasky David R. Lindberg Carol C. Skoglund Donald R. Shasky Student Grants Vida C. Kenk* Eugene V. Coan, James W. Nybakken Barry Roth, Judith Terry Smith Student Awards Judith Terry Smith 1984 MEETING COMMITTEES and APPOINTMENTS University Liason John S. Pearse University Conference Coordinator Jane D. Fisher Conference Chairman George L. Kennedy Registration Margaret Mulliner*, Barbara Farmer Hospitality Rose Marie Kennedy Session Chairpersons Hans Bertsch Terrence M. Gosliner F.G. Hochberg George L. Kennedy Barry Roth Audio-visual Kathleen M. Langan, Paul H. Scott Auction Carole M. Hertz & William D. Pitt, Co-auctioneers Sally Bennett, Rose Marie Kennedy Banquet Speaker Steven K Webster Historian Jody Woolsey *(indicates chairperson) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 41 42 roup F woe R. Photograph pe pe “iy peg Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 List of People in Group Photo Front Row (left to right): Kate St. Jean, Edna Naranjo, Edith Abbott, Marjorie Wing, Claire Fahy, Neil Fahy, Bert Draper. 2nd Row: Kit Stewart, May W. Yipp, Jo Ramsaran, Marilyn Perrin, Sandy Gardner, Eve Shipp, Margaret Mulliner, Walter Carr, Barbara Farmer, Wesley M. Farmer, Forrest Poorman. 3rd Row: Jim McLeary, George Metz, Bill Perrin, Lois Pitt, Bill Pitt, Helen DuShane, Charlotte Norrid, Hal Norrid, Gene Everson, Cheryl Niemi, Timothy Pearce, Don Shasky, Ron Velarde. 4th Row: Gladys Weber, Bill Emerson, Terry Gosliner, Luis Aguilar, Wendy M. Koch, June King, Patrick I. LaFollette, William Keeler, Carol Skoglund, Paul Skoglund, Bruce Fowler. Sth Row: Steven Long, David Dudgeon, Tom Spight, Paul Scott, Doug Eernisse, Carole Hertz, Paul Dunn, Bob Koch, Roy Poorman, George Kennedy. Back Row: Sally Bennett, Robert King, Michael Ghiselin, Jack Tomlinson, Jules Hertz, Hans Bertsch, Kirstie Kaiser, Sandra Millen, Roland Anderson, Clif Coney, Jeff Goddard, Eric Hochberg, Alan Hebert. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 43 Western Shell Clubs Chico Seashell Club c/o Phyllis Slattery, Sec. 106 Terrace Drive Chico, CA 95926 [meets twice a month, 2nd Wed. 9:30 am in member's homes, and 4th Wed. 7:30 pm at Pleasant Valley Recreation Center, North Avenue, Chico, CA] Conchological Club of Southern California c/o Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 [meets in Museum Lounge, 7:30 pm, first Monday of each month, unless a holiday, then on Wednesday of same week] Hawaiian Malacological Society P.O. Box 10391 Honolulu, HI 96816 {meets first Wednesday of each month, 7:00 pm, at First United Methodist Church, Victoria & Beretania Streets, Honolulu; December party at another location] Houston Conchological Society c/o Constance Boone 3706 Rice Boulevard Houston, TX 77005 {meets fourth Wednesday of August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May; third Wednesday of November, at the Houston Museum of Natural Science] Monterey Peninsula Shell Club Donna Fagan, secretary 4158 El Bosque Drive Pebble Beach, CA 93953 [meets at the Allen Knight Maritime Museum, 550 Calle Principal, Monterey, California, on the third Tuesday of each month at 7:30 pm. Programs and local collecting trips are planned monthly] Northern California Malacozoological Club 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive Novato, CA 94947 {meets third Thursday of each month at the California Academy of Sciences] Oregon Society of Conchologists Dr. Byron W. Travis 4324 NE 47th Avenue Portland, OR 97218 [meets first Sunday of each month, 1:30 pm, in private homes; announcements given in monthly paper or by card] Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Inc. c/o 15128 Sunwood Blvd. Tukwila, WA 98188 Pacific Shell Club c/o John Boyd 11813 Morning Ave. Downey, CA 90241 {meets in Museum Lounge first Sunday of each month, 1:30 pm, October through June] San Diego Shell Club c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue San Diego, CA 92111 {meets third Thursday of every month, Casa del Prado, Balboa Park] Santa Barbara Malacological Society P.O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, CA 93105 [meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 pm, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol] Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85015 [meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 pm Asbury Untied Methodist Church, 1601 W. Indian School Road, in auxillary rooms] Yucaipa Shell Club c/o Mousley Museum of Natural History 35308 Panorama Drive Yucaipa, CA 92399 [meets third Sunday of every month except August, 2:00 pm, in the museum] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 44 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 Membership Directory Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker, P.O. Box 2255, Melbourne, FL 32902-2255 Abbott, Mrs. Keith (Edith M.), 1264 W. Cienega Avenue, San Dimas, CA 91773 Academy of Natural Sciences, The Library, Nineteenth & The Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Adams, Mr. Elmo W., 747 Winchester Drive, Burlingame, CA 94010 Adams, Ms. Catherine R., 3414 Arlington Blvd., Arlington, VA 22204 Alan Hancock Foundation, Hancock Library, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007 American Geological Institute, The Library, 4220 King St., Alexandria, VA 22302 American Malacological Union, Inc., 7602 McCullough Avenue, San Antonio, TX 78216 American Museum of Natural History, Serials Unit, Library, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 Anderson, Roland, Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 Arizona State University, The Library, Department of Zoology, Tempe, AZ 85281 Ashbough, Karen, 9045 Comet Street, El Paso, TX 79904 Australian Museum, The Library, Box A285, Sydney, South, N.S.W., Australia 2000 Aviles, E., Prof. Miguel C., Apartado 6-765, Zona Postal el Dorado, Panama Ayala, Sr. Ramon Enrique, Apdo 6-7628 El Dorado, Panama Baerreis, David A., P.O. Box 4651, Taos, NM 87571 Baskevitch, Mr. Eugene, 527 N Plymouth Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90004 Baxter, Mr. Rae, Alaska Department of Fish & Game, P.O. Box 96, Bethel, AK 99559 Bennett, Sally, 1701 Hyland St., Bayside, CA 95524 Bergland, Mr. Con, P.O. Box 173, Bouse, AZ 85325 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, The Library, P.O. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96817 Bertsch, Dr. Hans W., 4444 W. Pt. Loma Blvd. #83, San Diego, CA 92107 Biosciences Information Service, Literature Resources Department, 2100 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Body, Mr. Ralph L., 2538 10th Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98119 Boone, Mrs. Hollis Q. (Constance), 3706 Rice Boulevard, Houston, TX 77005 Borrero, Sr. Francisco, c/o Dr. David L. Claybrook, Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 Boss, Dr. Kenneth J., Professor of Biology, Dept. of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 Bradner, Hugh & Marge, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037 Bratcher, Mrs. Ford (Twila), 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, CA 90046 Breitigam, Rev. Richard, 420 Alameda Padre Serra, Santa Barbara, CA 93103 British Library, Accessions Department, Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ, England British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Library, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England Brookshire, Mr. Jack W., 2962 Balboa Avenue, Oxnard, CA 93030 Burch, Beatrice L., 236 Kuuhoa Place, P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 Burch, Dr. Thomas A., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 California Academy of Sciences, The Library, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 California Institute of Technology, Millikan Library, Acquisitions 1-32, 1201 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91109 Carlton, Dr. James T., Williams College - Mystic Seaport, Maritime Studies, Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, CT 06355 Carnegie Museum of Natural History, The Library, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Carr, Walter E. Jr., M.D., 2043 Mohawk Drive, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Cate, Mrs. Jean M., P.O. Box 3049, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 Centro de Ciancias del Mar y Limnologia, Biblioteca, AP Postal 70-305, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico Chaney, Mrs. Barbara K. & Dr. Henry W., 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Chico Sea Shell Club, 106 Terrace Drive, Chico, CA 95926 Clover, Mr. Phillip W., P.O. Box 339, Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Coan, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306 Conchologists of America, Clair F. Stahl, Treasurer, 3235 NE 61st Avenue, Portland, OR 97213 Connor, Valerie, E.P.A., Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365 Corner, Ms. Barbara D., 1231 Londonderry Lane, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 Covey, Jewell M., 5666 E. Hampton, Apt. 252, Tucson, AZ 85712 Cox, Keith W. (JC), Muscat (ID), Department of State, Washington, DC 20520 Crane, Mr. Phillip C., Box 56, San Gregorio, CA 94074 D’Attilio, Mr. Anthony, Natural History Musem, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA 92112 Deisler, Jane E., Dept. of Ecol. & Evol. Biol., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 DeMartini, Dr. John D., 1111 Birch Avenue, McKinleyville, CA 95521 Demond, Ms. Joan, 202 Bicknell Avenue, #8, Santa Monica, CA 90405 Dilworth, Mrs. Billee, 6333 La Jolla Boulevard, #171, La Jolla, CA 92037 Draper, Mr. Bertram C., 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90045 DuShane, Mrs. Joseph (Helen), 15012 El Soneto Drive, Whittier, CA 90605 Dundee, Dr. Dolores S. (Dee), Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans - Lakefront, New Orleans, LA 70148 Ebenstein, Mr. David D., University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089- 0371 Eernisse, Dr. Douglas J., Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 Emerson, Dr. William K., Department of Living & Fossil Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 Eng, Dr. Larry L., California Department of Fish & Game, Planning Branch, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, CA 95814 Eutenier, Mr. Mark Seth, 3859 Polton Place Way, San Jose, CA 95121 Everson, Mr. Gene D., 5703 Court View Dr., Charlotte, NC 28226 Fahy, Neil E. & Claire L., 1425 Mayfair Ave., Daly City, CA 94015 Farmer, Dr. Wesley M. & Barbara, 11061 Lea Terrace Drive, Santee, CA 92071 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph E., 617 N Fires Avenue, Wilmington, CA 90744 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 45 Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J., 2060 Clarmar Way, San Jose, CA 95128 Field Museum of Natural History, Library - Serials, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2498 Fisheries Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada VOR 5K6 Fowler, Mr. Bruce H., 5512 Blossom Terrace Court, San Jose, CA 95124 Friday Harbor Laboratory, The Library, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 Gardner, Ms. Sandra M. (Sandy), 1755 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301 Geological Survey of Canada, Library - Room 350, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OE8 Ghiselin, Dr. Michael T., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,CA 94118 Good, Barbara, 1802 McKee Street #C-6, San Diego, CA 92110 Goodrich, Mr. & Mrs. Wesley (Betty), P.O. Box 10952, Eugene, OR 97440 Gosliner, Dr Terrence M., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 Habe, Tadashige, Section of Malacology, National Science Museum, 3-23-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 160 Haigh, Mr. Ernest S. & Betty, 2465 Moraga Court, Simi Valley, CA 93065 Harris, Dr. Larry G., Zoology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen Street, Bellaire, TX 77401 Hebert, Mr. Alan C., 124 Buckthorn Way #7, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Hensill, Dr. John S., 2 W Summit Drive, Redwood City, CA 94062 Hertz, Mr. & Mrs. Jules (Carole), 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 Hickman, Dr. Carole S., Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Hochberg, Dr. Fred G., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Hoffman, James E., Department of Ecology & Evol. Biology, Univeristy of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Holiman, Mr. & Mrs. H. Wayne (Audrey B.), P.O. Box 246, Edinburg, TX 78540 Hopkins Marine Station, The Library, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Hopper, Dr. Carol N. (Brill), 943C 9th Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 Hunt, Harold G., 10318 Doyle Way, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, de Belgique, Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Library, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Israel Malacological Society, c/o Dr. H.K. Mienis, Department of Zoology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Jaeckle, William, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 James, Matthew J., Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Joffe, Anne, 1163 Kittiwake Circle, Sanibel Island, FL 33957 Judge, Michael L., Graduate Group in Ecology, D.E.S., Wickson Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Kaiser, Kirstie L., 786 Starlight Heights Dr., La Canada, CA 91011 Keeler, Mr. William R., 105 Sonia Street, Oakland, Ca 94618 Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Friends House #6, 684 Benicia Dr., Santa Rosa, CA 95405 Kenk, Dr. Vida C., 18596 Paseo Pueblo, Saratoga, CA 95070 Kennedy, Dr. GeorgeL., Section of Invertebrate Paleontology, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 Kessner, Mr. Vince, c/o Department of Health, P.O. Box 40596, Darwin, N.T., 5792, Australia Kitting, Dr. Christopher L., University of Texas at Austin, Marine Sciences Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 Knight, Ms. Lori B., Rt. 2, Box 112, Caldwell, ID 83605 Koch, Robert & Wendy, 7227 N 15th Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85021 LaFollette, Patrick Ives, Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Lance, James R., 746 Agate Street, San Diego, CA 92109 Landye, Mr. J. Jerry, 3465 N Jamison Boulevard, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Langan, Kathleen M., 273 Applied Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 LaRachelle, Peter B., Department of EPO Biology Box 334, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, CO 80309 Larson, Mary R., 1200 E. Central #4, Sutherlin, OR 97479 Librarie Justus Lipsius, SC-AV Milcamps 188-B 15, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Library of Congress, Exchange and Gift Division, Washington, DC 20540 Lillico, Mr. Stuart, 4300 Waialae Avenue (B-1205), Honolulu, HI 96816 Lindberg, Dr. David R., Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Long, Steven J., 1701 Hyland St., Bayside, CA 95524 Loosanoff, Dr. Victor L., 17 Los Cerros Drive, Greenbrae, CA 94904 Maestro, Edwin, 1021 Grand Ave., Long Beach, CA 90804 Malacological Society of China, c/o Taiwan Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Marelli, Dan C., 8512 - 16th Lane S #2, St Petersburg, FL 33712 Marincovich, Dr. Louie, Jr., Paleontology & Stratigraphy, U.S. Geological Survey MS-15, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Marine Biological Laboratory, The Library, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Marine Science Center Library, Oregon State University, Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365 Martin, Mr. Clifford A., 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, CA 92054 Martin, Mr. Clifton L., 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, CA 92054 Mastro, Mr. Edwin, 4861 Hilo Circle, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 Matra Muzeum, H-3201 Gyongyos, P.O. Box 103, Hungary McDonald, Gary, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 McGill University Libraries, Acquisitions Department, 3459 McTavish Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1Y1 McLean, Dr. James H., Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Mead, Dr. Albert, Dept. of Ecol. & Evol. Biology, #310 Bio. Sci. West, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Messing, Elsie R., Rt. 4, Box 1041-A, 1855 S. Cayuse Trail, Cottonwood, AZ 86326 Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Department of Biological Science, University of Texas, E] Paso, TX 79968 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 46 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 Millen, Sandra & Janna Crane, 619 E. 30th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5V 2V7 Miller, Dr. Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Tucson, AZ 85718 Moore, Ellen J., U.S. Geological Survey (MS-915), 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Eric (Eileen), P.O. Box 6606, Orange, CA 92667 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, The Library, P.O. Box 450, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 Mulliner, Mr. & Mrs. David K. (Margaret), 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, CA 92109 Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biology Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78284 Museum Der Naturkunde, Invalidenstrasse 43, 104 Berlin 4, Berlin, Deutsch Demokratische Republik Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratorie de Biologie des Invertebres, Marins et Malacologie, 55 Rue de Buffon, 78 Paris 5 France Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Bibliotheque, Route de Malagnou, Case Postale 434, CH-1211 Geneve 6, Switzerland Museum of Zoology, Mollusk Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Myers, David, 109 Behr Ave., San Francisco, CA 94131 Naranjo-Garcia, Edna, 3814 E. 4th St. #108, Tucson, AZ 85716 Natal Museum, 237 Loop Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, Natal, South Africa National Academy of Sciences, Malacological Committee, Universitetskaya Naberezhanaja I, Leningrad, USSR B-164 National Museum of Canada, The Library, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0M8, Canada National Museum of New Zealand, Librarian, (STC 327) Private Bag, Wellington C3, New Zealand National Museum of Victoria, 285-321 Russell Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia National Science Museum, Malacology, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Postfach 417 Burgring 7, A-1014 Wien, Austria Naturhistorisches Museum, Rutjmeyer-Bibliothek, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie), 1340 New York Drive, Altadena, CA 91001 Netherlands Malacological Society, c/o Zoological Museum, Postbox 20125, Amsterdam 1000HC, Netherlands New Zealand Geological Survey, Librarian, Central Library, DSIR, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, The Librarian, P.O. Box 12-346, Wellington, New Zealand Niesen, Dr. Thomas M., Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132 Norrid, Mr. & Mrs. Harold (Charlotte), 283 E. Cairo Drive, Tempe, AZ 85282 Northern California Malacozoological Club, 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 Nybakken, Dr. James W., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 Ohio State Museum, The Library, 1813 N High Street, Columbus, OH 43210 Paleontological Institute, Academy of Sciences, B. Kalaugskaja 75, Moscow 71, USSR Paleontological Research Institute, The Library, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 Pearce, Timothy, Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2399 Pendleton, Norman, 111 Pryce St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Petit, Mr. Richard E., P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582 Phillips, Ted & Betty, P.O. Box 2963, Riviera, AZ 86442 Pitt, Mr. & Mrs. William D. (Lois), 2444 38th Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95822 Ponti, Daniel J., U.S.Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Poorman, Mr. & Mrs. Leroy (Forrest), 15300 Magnolia Street, #55, Westminster, CA 92683 Powell, Mr. Charles L., II, U.S. Geological Survey (MS-915), 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Powell, Mr. Charles L., 2462 E. Santa Clara Avenue, Fullerton, CA 92631 Pratt, Dr. William Lloyd, Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154 Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Redington, Mr. Oliver, 126 B Street, Redwood City, CA 94063 “§ Rice, Mr. Thomas C., Of Sea & Shore, P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364 Rijksmuseum van Naturliijke Historie, Afdeling Systematisches Tierkunde, Raamsteeg 2, Leiden, The Netherlands Ramsaran, Mrs. Jo-Carol, 807 North Road, San Bernardino, CA 92404 Rios, Dr. Eliezer de Carvalho, Box 379, Museo Oceanografico, Rio Grande, 96200, Brazil Robertson, Dr. Robert R., Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E., Division of Mollusks, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Rosewater, Dr. & Mrs. Joseph (Mary C.), Division of Mollusks MRC-118, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Roth, Dr. Barry, Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Rowland, Dr. Robert W., P.O. Box 2625, Reston, VA 22070 Royal Scottish Museum, The Library, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, Scotland Sage, Mr. Walter E., Department of Living & Fossil Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Saul, Dr. LouElla R., Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 Science Reference Library, 25 Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, WC2A 1AW, England Scott, Mr. Paul H., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Abt. Schriftentausch, Senckenberg-Anlage 25, D-6000 Frankfurt A.M., Federal Republic of Germany Shasky, Dr. & Mrs. Donald R. (Ursula K.), 834 W. Highland Avenue, Redlands, CA 92373 Shaw, Dr. Ross F., Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119 _ Shimek, Dr. Ronald L., Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, British Columbia VOR 1B0, Canada | Shipp, Eve, 1566 Oramas Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93103 | Skoglund, Mrs. Paul E. (Carol C.), 3846 E. Highland Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85018 Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 _ Smithsonian Institution, Library Acquisitions, Washington, DC 20560 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984 47 Societa Siciliana di Scienze Naturali, c/o Instituto di Zoologia del Universita, via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy Solem, Dr. G. Alan, Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt & Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 Soosiana, 6501 Baja, Postafiok 62, Hungary South Australia Museum, The Library, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000 Australia Spight, Dr. Tom M., Box 231014, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 St. Jean, Mrs. George (Kate), 1639 23rd Avenue, Longview, WA 98632 Staatlisches Museum for Tierkunde, Malakologischen Abhandlungen, Augustusstrasse 2, D D R 801 Dresden, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Stansbury, Dr. David H., 1813 N. High St., Columbus OH 43210-1394 Stern, Dr. Edward M., Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481 Stewart, Ms. Katherine, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 Stohler, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milvia Street, Berkeley, CA 94709 Sutton, Mr. & Mrs. James E., (Melissa A. Barbour), 1450 Woodridge Oak Way, Sacramento, CA 95833 Taylor, Myra L., 7602 Mc Cullough Avenue, San Antonio, TX 78216 Tidepool Gallery, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy, Malibu, CA 90265 University of Kentucky Libraries, Acquisitions Department, Central Series Record, Lexington, KY 40506 United States Geological Survey, The Library - MS-955, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 University College, The Library, Galway, Ireland University of Arizona Library, Serials Dept., Tucson, AZ 85721 University of California, Geology-Geophysics Library, 4697 Geology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024 University of California, Main Library (Serials), Berkeley, CA 94720 University of California, SIO Library C-075-C (Serials), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 University of Hawaii, Library - Serials, 2550 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 University of Washington Libraries, Serials Division (FM-25), Seattle, WA 98195 University of West Florida, Library-Serials, Pensacola, FL 32514 Upton, Mrs. Frederick R. (Virginia), Box 2228, Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, 15000 Buss Road, Manchester, MI 48158 Vedder, Dr. John G., 285 Golden Oak Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94025 Velarde, Ronald G., c/o Pt. Loma Wastewater Lab, 4077 N. Harbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92101 Virginia Polytechnic Institution, Carol M. Newman Library, Serials - Receiving Section, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Vokes, Drs. Harold E. & Emily H., Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 Wait, Mrs. Diana, 939 E. Fountain Way, Fresno, CA 93704 Webb, Mrs. Raymond D. (Kay), 501 Anita Street, Space 186, Chula Vista, CA 92011 Weber, Mrs. Gladys B., 6439 W. Myrtle Ave, Sp. 79, Glendale, AZ 85301 Welcome, Miss Jennie D., 1504 San Antonio, Douglas, AZ 85607 Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B., 8 Live Oak Way, Kentfield, CA 94904 White, Mrs. Ruth, 25652 Mead, Loma Linda, CA 92354 Wing, Marjorie H., 10902 Hibiscus Drive, Sun City, AZ 85373 Woods, Mr. William L., P.O. Box 231397, San Diego, CA 92123 Woolsey, Miss Jody, 3717 Bagley Avenue #206, Los Angeles, CA 90034 Wu, Dr. Shi-Kuei, Campus 315, Museum Annex, Hunter Building, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 Yancey, Dr. Thomas E., Department of Geology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3115 Yipp, Dr. May Wing-Mei, Department of Applied Science, Hong Kong Polytechnic, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Young, Mr. & Mrs. H.D. (Wilma G.), P.O. Box 1931, Seattle, WA 98111 Young, Mr. Donald J., 11975 Third Street East, Apartment 7, Treasure Island, FL 33706 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report | 48 August, 1985 - Volume 17 for 1984_ = ty Ae 4 = oo fp a ey = a, = ISSN 0361-1175 / THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT Santa Barbara, California 18-21 August, 1985 = \ ROSAS, BO EO ee POSNNTH SON AR. Volume 18 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 The Western Society of Malacologists ANNUAL REPORT Volume 18 Santa Barbara, California 18-21 August, 1985 Issued: January 31, 1986 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 [blank page] W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 3) Editorial Board, 1985-1986 Steven J. Long, Editor Hans W. Bertsch Eugene V. Coan Terrence Gosliner George L. Kennedy Barry R. Roth The Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacologists is based on its yearly meeting. Distribution of the Annual Report is free to regular and student members who are, at the time of issue, in good standing. Membership dues are $7.50 and $3.00 for students. Others of a regular member’s family may join for an additional $1.00; each family receives only one Annual Report. The Western Society of Malacologists has issued two Occasional Papers -- No. 1, "Sea Shells of Tropical West America’: Additions and Corrections to 1975" by Myra Keen & Eugene Coan; and No. 2, "A Catalogue of Collations of Works of Malacological Importance" by George E. Radwin & Eugene Coan. Each is priced at $3.50. Both are still available. Correspondence regarding membership and orders for additional or back issues of the Annual Report or the Occasional Papers should be addressed to the current W.S.M. Treasurer, Mrs. Margaret Mulliner, 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, CA 92109. When full-length papers are included in the Annual Report or Occasional Papers they are reviewed by two members of the Editorial Board in addition to the Editor. Notice of the 18th Annual Meeting The Western Society of Malacologists in 1986. The 19th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held jointly with the American Malacological Union. The meetings will be held in Monterey, California on July 1-6, 1986. In addition to the regular program of contributed papers, several symposia are planned. The meeting will also feature slide shows, exhibits, a shell and book auction, and field trips. All persons interested in west American mollusks should plan to attend this meeting. For further information, please contact WSM Secretary: Dr. F.G. Hochberg, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105. 4 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 In Memoriam The Western Society of Malacologists regrets deeply the loss of several of its long-time members during recent months. Their contributions to the Society and to malacology in general will be sorely missed. We extend our sympathy to their families and friends. DOLORES S. DUNDEE FRANK GOODE A. MYRA KEEN TED PHILLIPS RUTH. & BEN PURDY JOSEPH ROSEWATER RAYMOND UPTON STUDENT GRANT AWARDS WSM Student Grant: Mr. Kenneth J. Lohmann, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Title of Research Project: Geomagnetic Orientation by a Marine Mollusk. Southwestern Malacological Society Student Grant: Ms. Janice L. Bell, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii, 41 Abui St., Honolulu, HI 96813. Title of Research Project: Feeding and Growth of Gastropod Larvae. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Table of Contents 7 Abstracts presented to the Eighteenth Annual Meeting 31 Minutes, Executive Board Meeting 34 Minutes, Annual Business Meeting 38 Treasurer’s Report 40 Group Photograph 42 Executive Board and Committee Members 1985-1986 43 Western Shell Clubs 44 Membership Directory 6 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Short Program Sunday, August 18 Registration WSM Executive Board Meeting Greetings, Opening Remarks, William Pitt, President Contributed Papers: Matthew J. James, Chairperson Wine and Cheese Open House at Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monday, August 19 Contributed Papers: Henry W. Chaney, Chairperson Contributed papers with emphasis on Paleontology: Lou Ella Saul, Chairperson. Symposium on Hawaiian Mollusks: Beatrice Burch, Chairperson Auction Tuesday, 20 August Symposium on Hawaiian Mollusks, continued Contributed Papers: Donald R. Shasky, Chairperson Contributed Papers with an emphasis on Land Snails: Barry Roth, Chairperson. Business Meeting Banquet Banquet Speaker, Mr Bob Hansen of The Nature Conservancy "Santa Cruz Island Today" Wednesday, August 21 Field Trips W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 7 ABSTRACTS Care and Feeding of the Captive Geoduck [Abstract] Roland Anderson The Seattle Aquarium Pier 59 Seattle, Washington 98101 The average lifespan of geoducks, Panope generosa, at the Seattle Aquarium has been short. Death was attributed to poor collecting techniques, malnutrition, injuries, and display techniques. Methods of increasing longevity were tested. Improved collecting techniques, dietary supplements, and antibiotic baths had a beneficial effect on survival. * * K € Resistance to Predation of a Clam Humilaria kennerleyi (Reeve, 1863) [Abstract] Roland Anderson The Seattle Aquarium Pier 59 Seattle, Washington 98 Humilaria kennerleyi (Kennerley’s Venus) was found to be quite resistant to sea star predation and highly resistant to gastropod and cephalopod predation. Its prey resistance was attributed to the shape and thickness of its shell. * * * * * Effects of Trematode Parasites on Laboratory Populations of the Snail, Biomphalaria glabrata [Abstract] Carolyn Ashbaugh Department Biological Sciences University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106 The number of Biomphalaria glabrata recruit snails which reached reproductive size by week 7 was significantly greater in the laboratory populations exposed weekly to Schistosoma mansoni miracidia than in control populations and populations exposed only once to S. mansoni. By week 7, the number of surviving members of the initial cohorts 8 | W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 differed significantly; no mortality occurred among the initial cohorts of the control during the entire ten week experiment. The population structure and total snail density differed significantly in the weekly exposure populations from the control and single exposure populations. Recently, a life history response to parasite pressure has been suggested (Smith-Trail, 1980; Minchella and Loverde, 1981; Minchella and Loverde, 1983; Minchella, 1985). The results of my experiment suggest that the first reproduction age, an important population parameter in this opportunistic species, was earliest for recruit snails in populations subjected to repeated parasite pressure. * * * * * Feeding and Reproductive Biology of Panamic Mollusks [Abstract] Hans Bertsch National University San Diego, California 92106 The food items or egg masses of 25 gastropod species (6 prosobranch and 19 opisthobranch) occurring within the Gulf of California (from Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur), Mexico, were illustrated with in situ underwater photographs. These visual data of molluscan evolutionary ecology included the prey of Epitonium billeeanum (DuShane & Bratcher, 1965); Cyphoma emarginatum (Sowerby, 1830); Simnia spp.; Chromodoris norrisi Farmer, 1963; Tritonia pickensi Marcus & Marcus, 1967; Lomanotus stauberi Clark & Goetzfied, 1976; Histiomena convovula (Lance, 1962); and unnamed species of dorid and dendronotid nudibranchs. Egg masses of various chromodorid, dendronotid and eolid nudibranchs (including 4 unnamed species); the sacoglossan Tridachiella diomedea (Bergh, 1894); and the prosobranchs Epitonium billeeanum, Jenneria pustulata (Lightfoot, 1786), and Mitra sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 1964, were illustrated. Field work was supported by grants from the George Lindsay Fund for Field Research (California Academy of Sciences, to Drs. Gosliner, Ghiselin and Lee) and by grants from and with the help of participants on my Have Mule Will Travel research expeditions to Isla Cerralvo and Punta Las Arenas (especially E. Lenard, T. Smith, P. Dougherty, M. Kelley and S. Kelley). * * * * * Terebridae of Hawaii [Abstract] Twila Bratcher 8121 Mulholland Terrace Hollywood, California 90046 Forty-seven species of terebrids are found in Hawaii, 10 Hastula, 34 Terebra, two Duplicaria, and one Terenolla. The following appear to be endemic: Terebra achates Weaver, 1960, T. nodularis Deshayes, 1859, T. rosacea Pease, 1869, T. waikikiensis Pilsbry, 1921, Hastula inconstans (Hinds, 1844), Duplicaria gouldi (Deshayes, 1859), and D. thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1921). The follwing species were omitted from Dr. Alison Kay’s book, Hawaiian Marine Shells, or were not figured: Terebra amoena, Deshayes, 1859, T. elliscrossi Bratcher, 1979, T. virgo Schepman, 1913, Hastula acumen (Deshayes, 1859), and dH. pPhilippiana (Deshayes, 1859). W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 9 Predation by Naticidae after a Devastating Storm in Pinna Beds off Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii 1980 [Abstract] Beatrice L. Burch Research Associate in Zoology B.P. Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii and Thomas A. Burch Kailua, Hawaii There were great increases in the numbers of families, species and specimens of small sized mollusks found in the biogenetic sediments of the coral reef front off Waikiki, Oahu, following the storm of January, 1980, which destroyed the large beds of Pinna muricata Linnaeus, 1758. Species of Terebra form the most abundant molluscan fauna found alive currently at the depths of 32-80m. The most visible predator was Natica gualteriana Recluz, 1844, which has increased by a factor of 45 after the storm. However, the proportion of preyed-upon Mollusca did not change significantly even though the number of both predator and prey increased dramatically. The most common prey of Natica gualteriana both before and after the storm was Natica gualteriana itself. * * * * ¥ It’s easy to say Crepidula! [Abstract] Jean M. Cate (read by Hans Bertsch) P.O. Drawer 3049 Rancho Santa Fe, California 92067 This is a short paper summarizing a forthcoming book by Jean Cate and Selma Raskin, primarily on the pronunciation of the scientific names of sea shells. The book also contains a 12-page glossary of malacological terms and an index of common names. The latter is cross-referenced with the scientific name index, to help one find a scientific name if only the common name is known. It will have some illustrations, a brief discussion of the formation of patronymic names, a bibliography and other useful aids for conchologists and malacologists. It will be useful for beginners as well as the more advanced. 10 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Conus ximenes and Conus mahogani: a comparative study [Abstract] Henry W. Chaney Dept. Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90007 Shell morphology, radulae and anatomy of both Conus ximenes and C. mahogani were studied and compared from populations collected from the same locality in Baja California. Although very closely related, these specimens differ in enough aspects to warrant a re-evaluation of the current view that C. mahogani is only a variant of C. ximenes and not a distinct species. * * * KF * The Malacological Contributions of Josiah Keep and Henry Hemphill [Extended Abstract] Gene Coan Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 Josiah Keep was an early malacologist on the West Coast whose particular contribution was as a popularizer. The several editions of his West Coast Shells were responsible for recruiting the interest of many a student and amateur. He was born in Paxton, Massachusetts, on May 11, 1849. He received a Bachelor’s degree from Amherst College inl874 and a Master’s from the same institution in 1877. That year he also married and moved to California. There he taught at the Golden Gate Academy for one year, then Alameda High School for seven years, where he was principal from 1881 to 1885. Then he became Professor of Natural Sciences at Mills College in Oakland, California, with which he was associated for the rest of his life. He came to specialize in courses in geology and astronomy, but his real love was the Mollusca. Between 1881 and 1910 he published several editions of a handbook on the shells of the West Coast, and the interest they elicited was one of the cornerstones of malacology in the western states. He died in Pacific Grove, California, on July 27, 1911, where he is buried. I have in press a complete bibliography of Keep’s papers on the Mollusca. Careful examination of the 1887 edition of West Coast Shells reveals that he inadvertently introduced and made available 12 Carpenter and Hemphill manuscript names. Keep’s personal collection was sold by his family in 1915 to the Institute of Geology & Paleontology of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, where it is housed today. The larger portion of the separate, Mills College Collection went to the Department of Paleontology at the University of California at Berkeley. A smaller part went to the Department of Invertebrate Zoology at the California Academy of Sciences. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 11 Henry Hemphill was an early and influential malacologist on the West Coast. He amassed a huge collection of land, fresh-water, and marine mollusks, which, when divided, became the nucleus of the present holdings of the California Academy of Sciences and Stanford University. An article that Barry Roth and I have prepared provides a complete bibliography of Hemphill’s published works on mollusks and lists the nomenclatural units that were first published by him, or that have been credited to him. He was born in Delaware in 1830. Beginning around 1861, he traveled in the West, finally settling in San Diego, California, in 1865, where he worked as a bricklayer. However, he also made a number of gold prospecting trips in the western states. He evidently started collecting mollusks as early as 1861 and increasingly turned his attention from gold to mollusks. He collected extensively throughout the western states, Baja California, and Florida. From the 1870s to 1890 he published small catalogs of shells for sale, as well as articles in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, The Nautilus, and other serials. Around 1909, he moved to Oakland, California, to live with his daughter. He died July 24, 1914, as a result of contact with arsenic he used in preserving specimens. Some of Hemphill’s practices have caused problems for later systematists. He sorted his material for uniformity, thereby destroying all evidence of population structure and lumped together under a single locality specimens from numerous stations. Particularly in his work on land mollusks, Hemphill proposed many trinomials for entities that today are regarded merely as intrapopulational variants. Most have been synonymized by subsequent workers, but they have to be kept in mind if it is found that additional taxa can be recognized in the groups involved. Manuscript names accompanying Hemphill material in various collections and the nomen nuda in his catalogues suggest that, given the opportunity, he would have proposed a great many more varieties. Some of these manuscript names were picked up and made available by other authors, who often simply credited them to Hemphill. In reality, the names should be fully credited to these later authors, since they are responsible for the conditions that made them available. Hemphill is well known for reporting his localities in vague terms, and it has been speculated that he did so to prevent other collectors from finding the habitats of some of his more unusual taxa. Hemphill amassed huge lots, in part because he made money from the sale of duplicate material. Asa result of his sales and his exchanges, what must now be interpreted as type material of his taxa ended up in many institutions. Hemphill labeled a few lots in the California Academy of Sciences, and the Stanford University collections as "types.". However, he did not designate individuals as holotypes in his publications. Thus, we regard the specimens labeled "types" as syntypes, though they are perhaps the best specimens from which a lectotype might be designated. Hemphill evidently returned to his productive localities repeatedly and collected additional material. Thus, in a number of cases there are many more "Syntypes" than the number of specimens he claimed he had in hand when he prepared his original description. We have merely indicated when this is the case, leaving the interpretation of his material and the selection of lectotypes up to systematists working on the particular groups involved. 12 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 In his papers on mollusks, he introduced some 107 names, mostly of land snails. Twenty of these are nomina nuda. Of the 87 available names, 53 are now regarded as synonyms, and 34 are currently recognized as valid. We have located type material of all but one of his available taxa. Other workers introduced 20 names that he coined, of which 6 are nomina nuda and 14 are available. * * * * * The Molluscan Fauna of the San Bernardino Mountains [Abstract] C. Clifton Coney Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 A total of 37 species and subspecies representing thirteen families of freshwater and land mollusks has been reported in the literature as occurring in the San Bernardino Mountains. This report identifies 7 previously unreported taxa, bringing the number of mollusk taxa known to occur in the San Bernardino Mountains to a total of 44. Information on species that have not been previously reported from this region was gleaned from the Wendell O. Gregg collection, which is deposited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. * * * * * Systematic Position of Quincuncina mitchelli (Simpson, 1896) (Unionidae) [Abstract revised November 12, 1985, based on new evidence] C. Clifton Coney Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 and Dwight W. Taylor Department of Geology Oregon State University Examination of the soft anatomy of both male and gravid female specimens of Unio mitchelli Simpson, 1896, from the Llano River, Texas, has revealed that the systematic treatment of this species by Haas (1969), in the "Superfamilia Unionacea" of Das Tierreich, is not correct. Until now, the soft anatomy was unknown and the assignment to Nephronaias (Sphenonaias) was based entirely on shell characters. The marsupial demibranchs of two gravid females clearly demonstrate a tetragenous condition rather than an ectobranchous one as previously assumed. Other specimens reveal that the supra- anal mantle connection, between the anal and supra-anal apertures, may or may not be present. Unio taumilapana Conrad, 1855, from the Rio San Juan of the Rio Grande drainage, Mexico, was not sufficiently described to permit its application to any known species with certainty, has never been illustrated, and the type is apparently lost. We regard taumilapana Conrad as a nomen dubium, and adhere to mitchelli Simpson, 1896, for the central Texas species. Allocation of mitchelli Simpson to Quincuncina is supported by both anatomical and shell characters. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 13 Anatomical specimens of U. mitchelli reported here are part of Dwight W. Taylor collection deposited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. * * € * * Minute Marine Molluscan Species Collected in the Hawaiian Islands which are not Included in the book "Hawaiian Marine Shells by Alison Kay” [Abstract] Bertram C. Draper Museum Associate - Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 A total of 39 species of minute marine mollusks from collections by the author and others from the Hawaiian Islands were found to be sufficiently differ nt than any shown in Kay’s Hawaiian Marine Shells to justify considering them valid different species. In several cases closely related species are shown for comparative purposes. The author found it difficult to find descriptions and names for many of these species and some may be new. Most of the author’s collection came from Kawaihae Harbor on the Northwest coast of Hawaii and from that location 7 additional species of the family Pyramidellidae not shown in Kay’s book: proved to be identical to species described from Southern California. It is probable that these shells were accidentally imported on U.S. Marine Corps landing craft during practice landings at the Kawaihae Harbor. Some of these craft were said to have been brought over from Long Beach, California during the last few years. * * * * € Minute Marine Shells of the Hawaiian Islands - Changes from the Taxonomic Placement in "Hawaiian Marine Shells" [Abstract] Bertram C. Draper Museum Associate - Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 Two recent publications by W.F. Ponder of Australia, one on the family Barleeidae in 1983, the other on the family Rissoidae in 1985, report several revisions that change the taxonomic placement of several species treated by Kay in her fine book, Hawaiian Marine Shells, released in 1979. These changes affect both generic and family placement. In addition recent research by the author has indicated that three other changes in family placement appear justified. Slides showing most of the species involved are shown and a list of the changes is available to those desiring it. * * * * * 14 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Malacological Investigations in Quintana Roo, Mexico [Abstract] Terrence M. Gosliner & Michael T. Ghiselin Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 While the opisthobranch fauna of the western Atlantic has been fairly well studied, most collections have been made from the islands of Bermuda, Barbados and Jamaica. Few studies have dealt with the continental portions of the region and no studies have focused on the Atlantic coast of Mexico. In March & April 1985, we conducted a preliminary survey of the opisthobranch gastropod fauna of the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Investigations by means of Scuba diving and snorkelling were made. Collections from Cancun, Cozumel, Puerto Morelos and Punta Allen included living coral reef, coral rubble, Thalassia flat and mangrove communities. Thirty-one species of opisthobranchs were collected from the above-mentioned localities. As there are no published records of opisthobranchs from Quintana Roo, all of these constitute range extensions. Most of these species are known from other portions of the western Atlantic and several species are known elsewhere from the eastern Atlantic or are circumtropical. However, five of the species collected are new to science. The systematics and distribution of these taxa are currently being more fully studied. * * * * * Additions to the Opisthobranch Gastropod Fauna of the Hawaii [Extended Abstract] Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 Scott Johnson P.O. Box 25702 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 and Hans Bertsch National University San Diego, California 92106 The molluscan fauna of the Hawaiian Islands is one of the best known among the western and central Pacific Islands. The landmark compilation of Kay (1979) represents a watershed of our knowledge of Hawaiian marine mollusks. She reported a total of 137 species of opisthobranchs (32 Cephalaspidea, 9 Anaspidea, 18 Sacoglossa, 9 Notaspidea and 69 Nudibranchia). However, the total includes several unidentified or misidentified taxa: e.g., Fig. 150H is not Chromodoris imperialis (Pease, 1860), but represents an other described species; Fig. 147E, Halgerda sp. cf. graphica, has since been named H. terramtuentis Bertsch & Johnson, 1982; and Fig. 155C, Flabellina sp. is F. alisonae Gosliner, 1980. These kinds of nomenclatural problems suggest that the opisthobranch fauna may not be as well known as the fauna of other molluscan taxa. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 y 1) Since Kay’s monograph on the Hawaiian molluscan fauna appeared, several additional taxa have been reported from the Hawaiian Islands: (Bertsch & Johnson, 1979, 1982; Gosliner, 1980a; Willan, 1984). Our collecting and research further support the contention that the knowledge of the Hawaiian opisthobranch fauna is far from complete. A preliminary tally of Hawaiian opisthobranch species known to us, results in a minimum of 130 additional species -- doubling the number of species known to occur in the Hawaiian Islands. These additional species comprise three groups: 1) Previously described species that occur elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean, but have not yet been reported from the Hawaiian Islands (17 species); 2) Species in Kay (1979), Gosliner (1980b) and Bertsch & Johnson (1981) with taxonomic problems (20 species). (For example, Halgerda rubra of Kay (1979) represents at least three species in the two genera, Aglaja orientalis of Gosliner (1980b) represents an undescribed species (A. orientalis Baba, 1949 is placed in Philinopsis) and Chelidonura hirundinina, Roboastra gracilis and Hypselodoris infucata of Bertsch and Johnson (1981) probably represent undescribed species); 3) apparently undescribed species that are known only from the Hawaiian Islands (at least 93 species). In this report, as part of our continuing studies of Hawaiian opisthobranchs, we cite 17 species as newly reported members of the Hawaiian marine molluscan fauna. These species are all circumtropical or Indo-Pacific tropical/ subtropical in distribution, providing further evidence of the zoogeographical affinities of the Hawaiian marine mollusks (Kay, 1967, 1980; Zinsmeister & Emerson, 1979; Gosliner, 1980a; Bertsch & Johnson, 1983). Chelidonura fulvipunctata Baba, 1938 Previously known distribution: Japan (Baba, 1938, 1949), Guam (Carlson & Hoff, 1972), Australia (Burn, 1966, as C. conformata), Turkey (Swennen, 1961, as C. mediterranea). New record: Sand Island, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, intertidal to 3m, May 1973, numerous specimens, Jeg. T. Gosliner. Petalifera ramosa Baba, 1959 Previously known distribution: Japan (Baba, 1959), Florida (Marcus, 1972). New Record: Kewalo Basin, Oahu, intertidal, August 1973, 1 specimen, Jeg. T. Gosliner. Notarchus indicus Schweigger, 1820 Previously known distribution: Indo-Pacific from East Africa (Bebbington, 1974) to Japan (Baba, 1949). New records: off Haleiwa, Oahu, 110m, October, 1973, 2 specimens, Jeg. T. Gosliner & G. Williams; Kure Atoll, June 1980, 1 specimen, Jeg. S. Johnson. Phyllobranchillus orientalis (Kelaart, 1858) Previously known distribution: Indo-Pacific from Ceylon to Japan and New Caledonia (Baba & Hamatani, 1971). New record: Sand Island, Kaneohe Bay, on Caulerpa racemosa, 1m, April 1974, 4 specimens, Jeg. T. Gosliner. Tambja morosa (Bergh, 1877) Previously known distribution: Philippines (Bergh, 1877), Indonesia (Bergh, 1905), Australia & New Zealand (Willan & Coleman, 1984). New record: Puako, Hawaii, subtidal, May 1978, 20mm long specimen, Jeg. S. Johnson. Plocamopherus imperialis Angas, 1864 Previously known distribution: Australia & New Zealand (Willan & Coleman, 1984), Japan (Baba, 1949). New record: off Haleiwa, Oahu, 110m, October 1973, 1 specimen, leg. G. Williams & T. Gosliner. 16 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Kaloplocamus acutus Baba, 1955 (possibly a synonym of K. yatesi (Angas, 1864) (Willan & Coleman, 1984), Previously known distribution: Japan (Baba, 1955). New record: Pupukea, Oahu, 10m, May 1978, 11m long specimen, Jeg. S. Johnson. Gymnodoris citrina (Bergh, 1877) Previously known distribution: Japan, Palau, Guam, Australia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Marshall Islands, Tahiti (Johnson & Boucher, 1984). New record: 3.5km west of Nanakuli, Oahu, intertidal, 2 June 1977, 20mm long specimen, leg. H. Bertsch. Goniodoris joubini Risbec, 1928 (listed as G. sp. cf. joubini of Kay, 1979, G. glabra Baba, 1937 is a probable synonym) Previously known distribution: Australia (Willan & Coleman, 1984), New Caledonia (Risbec, 1928). New record: Kewalo Basin, Oahu, intertidal, July 1973, numerous specimens, leg. T. Gosliner. Okenia pellucida Burn, 1967 Previously known distribution: Australia, New Zealand (Willan & Coleman, 1984). New records: Coconut Island, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, on the bryozoan Zoobotryon sp., on floating docks, October 1972, numerous specimens, Jeg. T. Gosliner; channel in Ala Wai, next to Magic Island, Oahu, Jeg. S. Johnson. Platydoris scabra (Cuvier, 1804) Previously known distribution: Indo-Pacific from South & East Africa to Marshall Islands (Edmunds, 1971). New records: lagoon, Kure Atoll, 3-10m, under rocks, Jeg. S. Johnson; Makua and Pupukea, Oahu, 3-5m, under ledges and in caves, Jeg. S. Johnson. Miamira sinuata (Hasselt, 1824) (Jolly green giant of Bertsch & Johnson, 1981) Previously known distribution: Sunda Strait, Java; Lord Howe Island (Willan & Coleman, 1984); Japan (Baba & Hamatani, 1974). New record: Waialua, Oahu, 5m, August 1978, 20mm long specimen, Jeg. S. Johnson. Dendrodoris denisoni (Angas, 1864) (D. gemmacea) (Alder & Hancock, 1864) is a probable synonym) Previously known distribution: East Africa (Eliot, 1904); Australia, New Zealand (Willan & Coleman, 1984); Japan (Baba, 1949); India (Alder & Hancock, 1864). New records: off Haleiwa, Oahu, 110m, November 1972, several specimens, leg. T. Gosliner; Pupukea, Oahu, 15m, July 1978, 15mm long specimen, leg. S. Johnson. Dendrodoris elongata Baba, 1936 Previously known distribution: western Pacific, including Japan, Okinawa, Vietnam, Australia, New Caledonia and Marshall Islands (Johnson & Boucher, 1984). New record: Makua & Pupukea, Oahu, 3-5m, under ledges, Jeg. S. Johnson. Janolus toyamensis Baba & Abe, 1970 Previously known range: Toyama Bay, Japan (Baba & Abe, 1970). New records: Pacific Biomedical Research Laboratory, Kewalo Basin, Oahu, collected in laboratory sea water system, February 1973, 1 specimen, Jeg. T. Gosliner; Makua, Oahu, 5m, August, 1980, 10mm long specimen, Jeg. S. Johnson. Notobryon bijercurum Baba, 1937 Previously known distribution: Sagami Bay, Japan (Baba, 1937). New record: off Haleiwa, Oahu, 110m, August 1973, 1 specimen, leg. T. Gosliner. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 17 Aeolidiella alba Risbec, 1928 Previously known distribution: Circumtropical, including South Africa, East Africa, New Caledonia, Australia, Pacific coast of Mexico and Barbados (Gosliner, 1985). New records: channel in Ala Wai, next to Magic Island; Kewalo Basin; reef flats at Makapuu, all on Oahu, intertidal and shallow subtidal, /eg. S. Johnson. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Marilyn Switzer-Dunlap, Michael Hadfield and Gary C. Williams for their interest in Hawaiian opisthobranchs and for their assistance in collecting specimens. LITERATURE CITED Alder, Joshua and Albany Hancock 1864. Notice of a collection of nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India by Walter Elliot, Esq., with descriptions of several new genera and species. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 5:113-147. Baba, Kikutaro 1937. Two new species of the nudibranchiate genus Notobryon from Sagami Bay, Japan. Venus 7(4):165- 170. Baba, Kikutaro 1938. Opisthobranchia of Kii, middle Japan. J. Dept. Agric. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 6:1-19. Baba, Kikutaro 1949. Opisthobranchia of Sagami Bay, collected by his Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Iwanami shoten, Tokyo 194p. Baba, Kikutaro 1955. Opisthobranchia of Sagami Bay, supplement. Iwanami shoten, Tokyo. Baba, Kikutaro 1959. The genus Petalifera and a new species, P. ramosa, from Japan. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 7(3):337- 338. Baba, Kikutaro and Takeo Abe 1970. Two new species of Janolidae from Toyama Bay, Japan. Veliger 13(1):63-66. Baba, Kikutaro and Iwao Hamatani 1971. Record of Phyllobranchillus orientalis (Kelaart, 1858) (syn. Branchiophyllum orientale var. sagamiemse Baba, 1955) from Cape Shiono-Misaki, Kii, Middle Japan (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa). Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 19(4):197-201. Baba, Kikutaro and Takeo Abe 1974. On the synonymy of Miamira sinuata (van Hasselt, 1824) from Japan (Nudibranchia: Dorididae: Miamirinae). Venus 33(2):81-84. Bebbington, Alan 1974. Aplysiid species from East Africa with notes on the Indian Ocean Aplysiomorpha (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 54(1):63-99. Bergh, Rudolf 1877. Malacologische Untersuchungen (2) 2 (11):429-494. im: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen (C. Semper, ed.). Kriedel’s Verlag, Wiesbaden. Bergh, Rudolf 1905. Die Opisthobranchia der Siboga-Expedition. Monographie 50:1-248. Bertsch, Hans and Scott Johnson 1979. Three new opisthobranch records for the Hawaiian Islands. Veliger 22(1):41-44. Bertsch, Hans and Scott Johnson 1981. Hawaiian nudibranchs. Oriental Publ. Co., Honolulu, Hawaii 112p. Bertsch, Hans and Scott Johnson 1982. Three new species of dorid nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from the Hawaiian Islands. Veliger 24:208-218. Bertsch, Hans and Scott Johnson 1983. Zoogeografia comparativa de los opistobranquios (Mollusca: Gastropoda) con enfasis en la cuenca Pacifica (Hawaii y California): composicion faunal, afinidades provinciales y densidad submareal. Ciencias Marinas 8(2):125-153. Burn, Robert 1966. Some opisthobranchs from southern Queensland. J. Malac. Soc. Austr. 9:96-109. Carlson, Clay and Patty-Jo Hoff 1972. The genus Chelidomura from the Marianas Islands. Veliger 15:20. Edmunds, Malcolm 1971. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from Tanzania (Suborder: Doridacea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 50:339-396. Eliot, Charles 1904. On some nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar. Part VI. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1904:268-298. Gosliner, Terrence 1980a. The systematics of the Aeolidacea (Nudibranchia: Mollusca) of the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Pacif. Sci. 33(1):37-77. Gosliner, Terrence 1980b. Systematics and phylogeny of the Aglajidae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 68:325-360. Gosliner, Terrence 1985. The aeolid nudibranch Family Aeolidiidae (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) from tropical southern Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 95(6):233-267. Johnson, Scott and Lisa Boucher 1984. Notes on some Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Marshall Islands, including 57 new records. Pacif. Sci. 37(3):251-291. Kay, E. Alison 1967. The composition and relationships of marine molluscan fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Venus 25:94- 104. Kay, E. Alison 1979. Hawaiian marine shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 4: Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Special Publ. 64(4):1-653. Kay, E. Alison 1980. Little worlds of the Pacific. An essay on Pacific Basin biogeography. Univ. of Hawaii, Lyon Arboretum Lecture No. 9. Marcus, Eveline 1972. On some opisthobranchs from Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 22:284-307. Risbec, Jean 1928. Contribution a l’etude des nudibranches Neo-Caledoniens. Faune Colon. Franc. 2:1-328. Swennen, Charles 1961. On a collection of Opisthobranchia from Turkey. Zool. Meded. Uit. Natur. Hist. Leiden 38:41-75. Willan, Richard 1984. The Pleurobranchidae (Opisthobranchia: Notaspidea) of the Marshall Islands, Central-West Pacific Ocean. Veliger 27(1):37-53. Willan, Richard and Neville Coleman 1984. Nudibranchs of Australasia. Sydney; Neville Coleman 56p. Zinsmeister, William and William Emerson 1979. The role of passive dispersal in the distribution of hemipelagic invertebrates, with examples from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Veliger, 22(1):32-40. * * * * * 18 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Cepaea nemoralis in British Columbia, Canada [Abstract] Beverly N. Hansen Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C., Canada The ecology and population dynamics of the garden snail Cepaea nemoralis have been studied for decades in Europe and Britain. To date only a small number of papers exist relative to its presence in Eastern North America. This study represents the first report of extensive populations of Cepaea in Western Canada. The research presented involves 65 different colonies of Cepaea nemoralis from 7 areas of the Lower Fraser Valley. Over 10,300 snails have been examined with respect to color, banding, size, and behaviour. Populations range widely in density and size, and have distinct patterns of gene frequency distribution. Polymorphism is extensive and all major morph types are present, allowing correlation of color and banding polymorphism with genetic constitution, behaviour, habitat preference and predation. In addition, since neither the sibling species (Cepaea hortensis), nor the main predator, the song thrush (Turdus ericetorum), occur in B.C., population dynamics of Cepaea may be monitored in the absence of strong competition and with alternate predators. This paper will concentrate on the polymorphism, range and distribution of Cepaea nemoralis in the Lower Frazer Valley. Possible origins of some colonies with relation to the founder effect will be discussed. Preliminary analyses of ecology including habitat, and climate in relation to population stability and maintenance of polymorphism will be given for those populations examined in both 1984 and 1985. Area effects and climbing behaviour are also noted. * * ke € An Unusual Spawning Method in Scaphopods [Extended Abstract] Alan Hebert Moss Landing Marine Laboratory Moss Landing, California 95039 The literature concerning reproductive activity in scaphopods is surprisingly meager. What is available concerns itself primarily with cleavage and development of the fertilized egg and the few anatomy and function oriented papers are mostly very old and inaccurate. For example, the most often cited work on the structure of the scaphopod reproductive organs (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1856. Histoire de l’organisation et du developpement du Dentale. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 6(4):225-281) does not actually contain any information on the gonads at all, although it is very exhaustive in its treatment of other structures. My investigations show that the methods of spawning followed by male and female Cadulus fusiformis and Siphonodentalium quadrifissatum (both Pilsbry and Sharp) are not the same. The two species are identical in structure, but due to their small size may differ from other members of the class. The males of the species have a series of branching tissues that ramify throughout the testes. There is a gonoduct in the anterior and ventral portion of the organ that appears green when stained with trichrome. The duct leads through the right nephridial gland into the much-reduced hemocoel. Presumably the sperm are released from there into the mantle cavity through coelomoducts. The green color indicates that this is collagenous connective tissue. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 19 As one proceeds more posteriorly and dorsally (away from the gonoduct) the branching tissue now stains red, indicating muscle tissue. In fact, at certain places parts of this tissue is contiguous with the retractor muscle. Mature sperm still line up head to tail along this tissue, and are closely associated with it. It is probable that contractions of this muscular branching tissue is what moves sperm into the gonoduct and accounts for descriptions of separate clouds of sperm being ejected during spawning. The females of Cadulus fusiformis and Siphonodentalium quadrifissatum release eggs through an entirely different mechanism. The eggs of both of these species are quite large (200um to 300um) for the size of the animal (approx. 10mm). The only opening of this size that is available is at the posterior apex. No other potential gonoduct has been observed, and considering the size of the eggs, this structure would be hard to miss. The only way mature eggs can get into the cavity that leads to this opening is through dissolution of the inner membranes of the packages of the ovary. This allows the mature eggs (which are unattached to the interior of this membrane) to exit into the cavity where they can be moved to the posterior opening. The inner lip of the posterior opening has several structures that stain red and appear to be glandular. It is hypothesized that this gland provides the mucous matrix of the ribbon in which some scaphopods are known to lay their eggs. This hypothesis is also in agreement with the fact that the posterior appendix of the mantle is more developed in females than in males. It also raises the possibility that some scaphopods may be fertilized internally rather than being strictly broadcast spawners. Finally it is noted that neither eggs nor sperm develop synchronously, but that the late spring and summer months appear to be the more reproductively active months of the year. * * £ * * Cocos Island, Costa Rica 1985 Expedition [Slide Presentation] Kirstie L. Kaiser 786 Starlight Heights Drive La Canada, California 91011 The last two weeks in May of 1985, Kirstie Kaiser, Dr. Michel Montoya, and Dr. Donald Shasky embarked upon a shelling expedition to Cocos Island, Costa Rica. It was the first trip for myself and the third trip for both Drs. Montoya and Shasky. During our 10 days at Cocos Island, we collected using Scuba, intertidally, and shallow-water dredging from 17 to 85m. Our molluscan survey and work will continue at Cocos Island in 1986. * * * * * Spawning Records of Eastern Pacific Gastropoda, | George L. Kennedy Section of Invertebrate Paleontology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 Accounts of spawning by marine gastropods are not uncommon in published literature, although they are scattered widely throughout malacological and biological journals. An 20 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 additional source of spawning information, one that is rarely utilized, is the accumulated field observations made by malacologists and shell collectors alike. The sporadic nature of these observations, together with the seeming unimportance as single records, precludes most of these observations from ever entering the published record. Nevertheless, the relative rarity of observations is such that a photographic record is often made of mollusks associated with, or in the process of depositing, egg masses. The following list, the first of several, is an attempt at compilation and documentation of these unpublished occurrences. Future lists in this series will continue to provide an outlet for publication of spawning records. Data sheets for compilation and submission of spawning data are available from the author at the above address. Individual records cited herin should be credited to the original observer and not to the compiler of this list. Questions concerning the details or validity of these occurrences should be addressed to the original observers. The format used ‘is as follows: FAMILY [family # of Keen & Coan (1974)] Genus species Author, date Observer or Record holder, date of observation or collection. Locality data. Nature of observation or description of material collected; habitat where found. Collector (coll. #); photographic record (photo #). Other data or reference. [record #] Mollusca: Gastropoda TURRITELLIDAE [24] Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes, 1832 Pitt, W.D. |= December 1969. Empalme, Sonora, Mexico. Shell with egg mass; intertidal sand. Pitt coll.; color slide (128). Not collected. [1.1] EPITONIDAE [28] Asperiscala billeenana (DuShane & Bratcher, 1965) DuShane, H. __ March 1966. Bahia Las Animas, Baja California (Gulf side), Mexico. Laying eggs on host coral Tubastrea aurea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824); depth 15ft. DuShane coll.; color slide. [1.2] Epitonium elenensis (Sowerby, 1844) DuShane, H. 15 March 1974. Matachen, Nayarit, Mexico. Egg capsules (approx. diameter 0.5mm) from sheet anemones on top surface of boulders. DuShane coll.; color slide. [1.3] Nitidiscala tincta (Carpenter, 1864) DuShane, H. 25 January 1979. Laguna San Jose, Baja California, Sur, Mexico. Seven animals with egg masses on rock; intertidal. DuShane coll.; color slide. [1.4] JANTHINIDAE [29] Recluzia palmeri (Dall, 1871) DuShane, H. April 1979. Matachen, Nayarit, Mexico. Egg capsules still adhering to shell; washed in on rising tide. P. Covey, DuShane coll.; color slide. [1.5] CALYPTRAEIDAE [34] Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby, 1824) DuShane, H. 25 January 1976. Laguna San Jose, Baja California, Sur, Mexico. Animal & closeup showing eggs within cup; attached to rock. DuShane coll.; color slide. [1.6] CYPRAEIDAE [44] Cypraea annettae Dall, 1909 Shasky, D.R. 27 May 1961. South side of Bahia San Luis Gonzaga, Baja California, Mexico. Female animal with egg mass attached to dorsal surface of shell; intertidal under rocks. Shasky coll.; color slide. [1.7] OVULIDAE [45] Neosimnia aequalis (Sowerby, 1832) Pitt, W.D. | ~February 1970. Mouth of Estero Miramar, Guaymas, Sonora, W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 21 Mexico. Specimen associated with egg mass; on gorgonian coral. Pitt coll. (936AA); color slide. [1.8] THAIDIDAE [51] Acanthina spirata (Blainville, 1832) Keen, A.M. 30 April & 1 May 1934; 7 am. Princeton beach, San Mateo Co., California. Spawning colony; intertidal, during one of lowest tides of the year. No. coll.; B&W 2x3" negs. & prints (to be deposited in Invert. Zool. Sect., LACMNH). Ref.: A.M. Keen in litt. to G.L. Kennedy, 26 June 1984. [1.9] Pitt, W.D. July 1966. Dillon Beach, Marin Co., California. Several individuals and egg capsules; rocky intertidal zone. Pitt not coll.; color slide (54). [1.10] Nucella emarginata (Deshayes, 1839) Kennedy, G.L. 21 June 1977. N. end of Moonstone Beach, Humboldt Co., California. Egg capsules associated with spawning (?) individuals; intertidal, barnacle-covered beach rock. No coll.; color slide (GK-77-VI-21). Ref.: Field Notebook #2, p. 106. [1.11] BUCCINIDAE [52] Solenosteira macrospira Berry, 1957 Pitt, W.D. 26 March 1967. San Felipe, Baja California (Gulf side), Mexico. Observation; habitat. Pitt coll. (1121AA); color slide (114). [1.12] COLUMBELLIDAE [54] Mazatlania fulgurata (Philippi, 1846) Pitt, W.D. February 1971. Rincon de Guaybitos, Jalisco, Mexico. Four specimens with eggs attached to shells; sandy bottom. No coll.; color slide (271). [1.13] NASSARIIDAE [56] Nassarius brunneostoma (Stearns, 1893) DuShane, H. __ May 1960. San Felipe, Baja California (Gulf side), Mexico. Specimen with egg capsules on foot; intertidal. F. Howard! DuShane coll.; color slide. [1.14] FASCIOLARIIDAE [57] Fusinus sp. Pitt, W.D. “February 1970. San Carlos Bay, near Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Two specimens with egg capsules; underside rocks. Not coll.; color slide (272). [1.15] ACTEONIDAE [102] Rictaxis punctocaelatus (Carpenter, 1864) Pitt, W.D. August 1966. Tomales Bay, Marin Co., California. Individual with eggs; intertidal sandy beach. Pitt coll. (69-A-1); color slide (86). [1.17] LITERATURE CITED Keen, A.M. & E.V. Coan 1974. Marine molluscan genera of western North America: An illustrated key (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 208p. * * * € * 22 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Paleoclimatic Implications of Quaternary Marine Invertebrate Faunas from Southwestern Santa Barbara County, California [Extended Abstract] George L. Kennedy Section of Invertebrate Paleontology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 and John F.Wehmiller Dept. of Geology University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19716 Marine wave-cut terraces that record past sea-level events are moderately well developed along the southwestern coast of Santa Barbara County in southern California. The faunas on these terraces are important because of their geographic proximity to Point Conception, a major provincial boundary throughout Quaternary time, and because they document marine paleoclimatic conditions that existed during sea-level high stands in the Holocene (marine oxygen-isotope Stage 1) and during the last interglacial period (Stage 5, substages Sas. OC,. De). Fossil faunas that are diverse enough to allow paleoclimatic reconstruction have been collected from six localities along this coastline; these are, from west to east: Ist terrace at east end of Cojo Bay; 2nd terrace at Alegria Canyon; midden material in Agua Caliente Canyon; Ist terrace west of Gaviota State Beach; and Ist and 2nd terrace at Arroyo Hondo. Differences in marine temperature suggested by invertebrate faunas from terraces of similar elevation can be explained by superimposing the effects of an eustatically fluctuating sea level onto a coastline that is undergoing local and (or) regional uplift such that terraces of differing ages (and with faunas of different zoogeographic aspect) are uplifted to different levels above modern sea level. In tectonically stable areas, the lowest emergent terrace is often that formed approximately 125,000 years ago (substage 5e), when sea level was approximately 6m higher than it is today, and the oceans slightly warmer. In areas with higher uplift rates, such as along much of the Santa Barbara County coast, the lowest emergent terrace normally will date to a later period, such as 82,000 years BP (substage 5a) or 103,000 years BP (substage 5c), when sea level was perhaps lower by 10-15m, and the oceans slightly cooler than they are today. Ages of terraces in the study area have been inferred from amino acid enantiomeric (D/L) ratios in mollusks. Cool-water faunas The cited terrace faunas from Cojo Bay, Alegria Canyon, Gaviota, and Arroyo Hondo (Ist terrace) all date to middle or late Stage 5 (substages 5a, 5c). The vary considerably in species diversity and abundance of material, but all are zoogeographically similar and indicate marine temperatures no warmer than those occurring today in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California. At least ten extralimital northern species are present in these cool-water faunas; three species (Penitella turnerae Evans & Fisher, Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes), and Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas)) are present in all of them. The modern latitudinal equivalency of these fossil faunas is additionally defined by approximately twelve species whose terminal northern occurrences lie along the central California coast, most between Monterey Bay and Bodega Bay. Only Acanthina spirata (Blainville) is present in all four faunas, but six species occur at Cojo, five at Alegria, eleven at Gaviota, and nine at Arroyo Hondo. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 3} Warm-water faunas The collection from Agua Caliente Canyon, although of Holocene age and probably of aboriginal origin, contains two or possibly three bivalves that have extralimital southern ranges (Argopecten aequisulcatus (Carpenter), Chione californiensis (Broderip), and C. undatella (Sowerby)). These are, however, just extralimital and all have northern endpoints between Goleta and Carpenteria. Given suitable embayments along the coast between Santa Barbara and Point Conception, all of these species would probably occur farther westward. Thus the limiting factor may be the lack of a suitable habitat, that is,a protected lagoon or estuary, rather than a need for slightly warmer oceanic temperatures. Marine temperatures along the Santa Barbara coast during the Holocene rise in sea level, when this fauna probably lived in the drowned mouth of Agua Caliente Canyon, are inferred to have been similar to those of today. The fauna from the second, substage 5e terrace at Arroyo Hondo contains four gastropods that have extralimital southern ranges. The northern range endpoints of three of these (Opalia funiculata (Carpenter), Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds), and Terebra pedroana Dall), Refugio State Beach, Santa Barbara, and Oxnard, respectively, are not significantly south (or east) of their fossil occurrence at Arroyo Hondo. Acanthina lugubris (Sowerby), however, occurs today only as far north as Ensenada and vicinity (LACMNH records), although it has been reported as far north as San Diego. This species is thus extralimital by 300 to 400km. The modern latitudinal equivalency of this fauna is additionally constrained by several other species in the fauna, including Clinocardium nuttalli (Conrad), which is known only as far south as San Diego, and five species whose terminal southern endpoints are at Santo Tomas, Camalu, and Isla San Martin, all in northwestern Baja California. This fauna indicates oceanic temperatures similar to those of the northernmost Baja California - southernmost California coast for this part of the Santa Barbara coast during substage 5e, approximately 125,000 years ago. * * © KE * Augmented Encrusting Algal Recruitment onto Shells of Active Herbivorous Gastropods [Abstract] Chritopher L. Kitting University of Texas Marine Science Institute and Department of Biological Sciences California State University Hayward, California 94542 Anachis avara semiplicata Stearns (Columbellidae) and Diastoma (=Bittium) varium Pfeiffer (Cerithiidae) reach densities over 200/m? in shallow turtlegrass meadows. These snails selectively consume diatoms and mature coralline algae, but do not appear to deplete their foods. Browsed areas of algae grow back readily, and removed spores and vegetative algae grow back readily, and removed spores and vegetative algal cells resettle, particularly on actively foraging snails. Dead shells, hermit crabs on the sandy bottom, and experimentally immobilized shells in seagrass beds of aquaria do not accumulate algae nearly as quickly as foraging snails do. Cultures of snail fecal pellets in filtered seawater under natural lighting and temperatures show very frequent survival of consumed algae passing through the feces. Algal recruitment via the activities of such dense snail populations may be as frequent as planktonic recruitment of these shallow-water algae. ** *€ & € 24 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Sinistrality in Pupilla (Pulmonata: Pupillidae): Geographic Distribution and Reproductive Isolation from Dextral Conspecifics. [Abstract] Peter B. LaRochelle University of Colorado Colorado The land snail genus Pupilla (Pulmonata: Pupillidae) is found throughout much of North America, excepting the south central and southeastern United States. In the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains, Pupilla has a broad environmental tolerance ranging from oak woodland and dry grassy slopes on the xeric extreme to mesic deciduous forest. Whereas dextrality predominates in the genus Pupilla, sinistrality has been reported in four North American species, P. hebes, P. syngenes, P. muscorum, and P. blandi. A coiling transition zone for Pupilla hebes is described from the Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. The reproductive isolation between chiral opposites from this site was assessed from sympatric field-collected samples and laboratory crosses. The evolution of sinistrality in North America also is appraised. The microdistribution of sinistral Pupilla was nonrandom. The xeric end of the sample transect (Oracle Ridge; pine-locust to oak-juniper woodland) bore entirely sinistral colonies. The mesic end of the transect (Mt. Lemmon; mixed aspen-conifer woodland) was predominantly dextral with some sinistral colonies at mesic sites proximal to Oracle Ridge. In North America, sinistral Pupilla are reported from the Eastern Great Plains and desert Southwest in the Pleistocene and are Recent in the latter only. Sinistral Pupilla has evolved only on the arid margins of its range in western North America. A causal relationship between arid environments and the establishment of sinistral populations is hypothesized. It is suggested that as habitat insularity increases (e.g., the desert-bounded mountain ranges of Arizona and the riparian corridors of the Great Plains) the ratio of mesic to xeric habitat surface area decreases. Under such conditions it is hypothesized that sinistral colonies generated on the arid "island" periphery can reach a steady state existence with dextral colonies in the mesic "island" interior. However, where this ratio is relatively large, sinistral colonies generated on the arid margin will be swamped by differential colonization by dextral immigrants following local extinctions. It also is hypothesized that sinistrality in Pupilla has arisen independently many times. * * &¢ € *€ The Trochid Genus Lirularia Dall, 1909: A Filter Feeder? [Abstract] James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 Lirularia is a small-shelled genus (shell height 3-7mm) with variegated color patterns, associated with rock and algal habitats in shallow water. Seven species are known in the northeastern Pacific and two from the northwestern Pacific. It has long been known that the rhipidoglossate radula of Lirularia species is of the umboniine type with reduced shaft andcusps. Fretter (1975) showed that the gill of Umbonium is monopectinate, with greatly elongated filaments attached only at the base (unlike the monopectinate ctenidium of W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 25 higher prosobranchs in which filaments are fused to the mantle skirt) and that the epipodial structures are modified to assist in filter feeding. For this study, a specimen of Lirularia lirulata (Carpenter, 1864), the type species of Lirularia was relaxed in MgClg, removed from the shell, fixed in Bouin’s, critical-point dried, and gold-coated for examination with SEM. The gill of Lirularia resembles that of Umbonium, although there are fewer filaments. As in Umbonium (and other trochids), each filament has a prominent "sensory bursicle," as first described by Szal (1971). The frontal, lateral, and terminal cilia of the filaments are readily apparent when examined with SEM. A ciliated tract on the right side of the mantle cavity evidently functions as a food groove, where it is overlain by the tips of the filaments. The snout of Lirularia is broad like that of most trochids (unlike the narrowed snout of Umbonium), although the tip of the snout has a ringlet of small tentacles that lack sensory cilia; similar tentacles occur on the snout of Umbonium. The left neck lobe of Lirularia is digitate (as in many other trochids), not expanded to forma siphon enveloping the left cephalic tentacle, as in Umbonium. Unexpectedly, tufts of sensory cilia were found on the neck area, extending within the mantle cavity; similar structures were not found in four other trochaceans that were also examined with SEM. The homology of the radula, gill filaments, and snout tentacles clearly indicate that Lirularia is related to Umbonium and should continue to be placed in the trochid subfamily Umboniinae. Field studies are needed to determine the importance of filter feeding in the feeding budget of Lirularia, as most other prosobranch filter feeders also have the capacity to ingest food in more conventional ways. Lirularia moves rapidly; it is unique among prosobranch filter feeders in being neither infaunal nor epifaunal and sedentary. The evolutionary origin of Lirularia is another problem: it could represent a step in the specialization leading to Umbonium or the return to a hard substratum of an infaunal umboniine. * e * KF * Morphological Relationships among Micrarionta spp., Land Snails Endemic to the California Islands (Pulmonata: Helminthoglyptidae) [Abstract] Timothy A. Pearce Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, California 94720-2399 Micrarionta is a genus of 7 recognized species of land snail endemic to the four southern California Channel Islands, USA, and Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Of special interest is the evolutionary relationship between the extinct M. sodalis (Hemphill, 1901) and the extant M. opuntia (Roth, 1975) on San Nicolas Island. M. sodalis persisted from earlier than 127,000 years before present to less than 5,000 YBP. M. opuntia appeared in the stratigraphic record of the island less than 5,000 YBP. Stratigraphic evidence indicates that the two species coexisted briefly in the geologic history of the island. Two lines of evidence suggest that M. opuntia is not an introduced faunal element, but evolved in place on San Nicolas Island from M. sodalis: 1) The rare occurrence of an extinct population of snails apparently intermediate in shell characters between M. sodalis and M. opuntia may represent a transition between the two taxa; 2) Preliminary cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis of shell morphology (mensurate characters) suggest that M. opuntia and M. sodalis are more similar to each other than either is to any other species. Changes in climate or activities of native Americans may have played roles in the extinction of M. sodalis. Radiocarbon dating will provide better resolution on the timing of the morphological transition from M. sodalis to M. opuntia. I am conducting further morphological analyses using larger sample sizes of all known taxa of Micrarionta which I 26 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 expect will strengthen the view of Holocene evolution of M. opuntia from M. sodalis, and such analyses should provide insight into the relationships between the other Micrarionta species. * * & & & Gastropod Evolutionary Patterns: Perissitys and its Allies [Abstract] L. R. Saul Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, California 90007 Five species from the Late Cretaceous Coniacian Stage that are related to the gastropod genus Perissitys are of similar shape and sculpture. All are bucciniform and have axial ribs strongest at the whorl periphery overridden by spiral riblets. Their apertures are armed with similarly placed columellar and labral denticulations, and the outer lip is posteriorly and medially sinused or notched. Lineages descended from five species each comprise a series of forms in which each geologically younger form differs from its predecessor by accentuating morphologic features usually considered to be of only specific importance. Accumulations of these differences produce, before the end of the Cretaceous, six different genera. Their pattern of evolution during approximately 35 m.y. fits neither gradualistic nor punctuational diagrams. Unlike the punctuational model, change continues without stasis and within phyletic lineages; but, although gradual change is continual, periods of more rapid morphologic alteration occur. This evolution of lineages suffices to produce distinct genera in less than 10 m.y. ** * € € The Unusual Hinge of Adontorhina Berry, 1947 (Bivalvia, Thyasiridae) [Abstract] Paul H. Scott Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 The minute thyasirid Adontorhina cyclia Berry, 1947, has one of the most unusual bivalve hinges. As the generic name implies, Adontorhina is without true teeth but has a coarse hinge plate which is like a rasp or file. Examination of the hinge plate under high magnification shows a highly complex structure. The hinge plate, which is composed of separate anterior and posterior sections, is covered with minute granules. The granules intermesh in a manner strikingly similar to mammalian molars. The granules are exceedingly variable in pattern and extent. In the many hundreds of specimens I have observed, no two granule patterns are alike. This variability between specimens does not seem to be correlated with different environmental conditions, as the individuals collected in a single 0.1m? infaunal sample all have distinctly different patterns. The unique qualities of the hinge granules of each specimen is indeed very reminescent to the uniqueness of human fingerprints. * ¢ *€ € *€ W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 2G “Endemic” Hawaiian Species Taken at Cocos Island [Abstract] Donald R. Shasky 834 W. Highland Ave. Redlands, California 92373 With one exception I have previously reported the occurrence of the species, cited below, that were thought to be endemic to Hawaii. These species are also found at Cocos Island, Costa Rica. The exception is starred. Isognomon inclusis (Conrad, 1837)* Metaxia brunnicephala (Kay, 1979) Cypraea alisonae (Burgess, 1983) Favartia garretti (Pease, 1869) To say that Cypraea alisonae is endemic to Hawaii is not correct as Dr. Burgess, in his description of the species, cited American Samoa and Western Australia as additional habitats. It is included here since the center of its population seems to be the Hawaiian chain. A single specimen of Favartia garretti is also known from the Mexican mainland. * * *€ * € Update on Mollusks with Indo-Pacific Faunal Affinities in the Tropical Eastern Pacific IV [Abstract] Donald R. Shasky 834 W. Highland Ave. Redlands, California 92373 Additional collecting at Cocos Island, Costa Rica, has added the following Indo-Pacific species to the Panamic fauna: Isognomon incisus (Conrad, 1837) Cardita aviculina (Lamarck, 1819) Triphora triticea (Pease, 1861) Although Dr. Frank Bernard has previously reported the cosmopolitan species Malleus regulus (Forskal, 1775) and Lopha folium (Linnaeus, 1758) in the tropical eastern Pacific, he did so without any specific locality. Malleus regulus is very common under the spines of Spondylus nicrobaricus (Schreiber, 1798). The bivalves were identified by Dr. Bernard and the Triphora was identified by Bert Draper. * ee kK 28 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 New Occurrences of the Tethyan Gastropod Velates perversus in the Early Eocene of California [Abstract] Richard L. Squires Department of Geolgical Sciences California State University Northridge, California 91330 The neritid gastropod Velates perversus (Gmelin) ranges from the late Paleocene (Thanetian) through the middle Eocene (Lutetian), a 15 million-year interval of time. The species is indicative of warm seas influenced by the equatorial Tethys Sea. Velates perversus originated in the western Pakistan-Indian region and spread into the Persian Gulf, eastern Africa, Mediterranean, and western European regions, as well as into Florida, Jamaica, Panama, and California. It was one of the most widespread species in Eocene seas. In California, V. perversus occurs only in early Eocene (Ypresian) strata. It has been found previously only in the early Eocene ("Capay Stage") portion of the Juncal Formation, Pine Mountain area, and in the late early Eocene (lowermost "Domegine Stage") portion of the Avenal Formation, Coalinga area. Field work by the author has revealed two new Californian occurrences; namely, 1) one locality in the early Eocene ("Capay Stage") portion of the Maniobra Formation, Orocopia Mountains, eastern side of the Salton Sea area, and 2) six localities in the early Eocene ("Capay Stage") portion of the Juncal Formation, Piru Lake area. All the Californian occurrences are in transgressive nearshore marine deposits in the basal portions of formations that have unconformities at their bases. Biotic associates most commonly in the same beds are Nerita (Amphinerita) eorex, Turritella andersoni, and Ostrea haleyi. Other biotic associates which can be in the same faunal zone include the mollusks Clavilithes tabulatus, Gisortia clarki, Campanilopa dilloni, Chedevillia saltonensis, Miltha packi, Venericardia (Pacificor) lutmani, Fimbria, Plicatula, and the large benthic foraminifer Pseudophragmina (Proporocyclina). The arrival of V. perversus on the West Coast during the early Eocene at approximately 54 to 55 million years ago was coincident with the maximum geographic dispersal fo the species. This time also coincided with a major global sea-level rise (TE1.2), and equatorial paleocirculation of surface waters was largely unrestricted worldwide. This was probably also the warmest time of the Cenozoic. The presence of V. perversus in the various basins of deposition along the West Coast further attests to the fact that the waters that circulated within the basins were also unrestricted. * *£ * * * W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 29 Food Selection and Nocturnal Behavior of Monadenia hillebrandi mariposa A.G. Smith [Abstract] Katalin Szlavecz Department of Systematic Zoology & Ecology Eotvos University Budapest, Hungary and Department of Biology University of Chicago Some aspects of the natural history of an endemic Californian snail, Monadenia hillebrandi mariposa A.G. Smith, were studied. The snails live on the limestone outcrops of the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The food selection and nocturnal behaviour of the species were studied in laboratory experiments. Feces analyses were carried out to gain information about the diet of the animals in the field. In the laboratory larger animals tend to spend more time crawling, less time feeding, and travel longer distances than smaller ones, although they exhibited high individual variability. The food selection of the adult and juvenile snails was similar. Both the feeding experiments and the feces analyses indicate that Monadenia hillebrandi mariposa has a broad diet, but tends to prefer dead plant material, especially leaf litter. Animal matter was only accidentally ingested. Soil occurred in the feces samples very often and its relative amount was also high. Lichens, that grow on rock surfaces, were also found in the majority of the feces samples. However, they were not among the most preferred food items in the laboratory. Among the 9 different food types provided in the feeding experiments, grass and pine litter were the least selected. They were found on the edges of the limestone outcrop from which the snails were collected. To understand the food selection of Monadenia hillebrandi mariposa more information is necessary about the nutritional needs of the species and about food availability in the field. * * & * € Shell Fouling Organisms of Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825) and Hermit Crab Behavior [Abstract] Sally E. Walker Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825) is an abundant gastropod in the Neogene marine fossil record of California. In life, O. biplicata is mostly an infaunal snail with a clean glossy shell enclosed by parapodial flaps. In death, O. biplicata shells can be posthumously resurrected and exposed as a substratum for fouling organism settlement by hermit crabs. Thus, hermit crab occupation of fossil O. biplicata shells has been inferred from the presence of organisms associated with the shell, such as spionid polychaetes inhabiting the 30 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 columella of the shell or boring bryozoans on the ventral (apertural) side of the shell. However, my work on O. biplicata at Bodega Bay, California illustrates some of the difficulties in determining whether a fossilized shell has been inhabited by a hermit crab or not. For instance, living O. biplicata snails may house a colony of boring bryozoans on the aperture side of the shell __a characteristic that could be used in the fossil record to infer that a hermit crab had inhabited the shell. Further, although hermit crabs are generally assumed to maintain the shell above the sediment-water interface, I have been studying a hermit crab, Isocheles pilosus, that burrows and keeps the O. biplicata shells below the sediment-water interface. In this case, the snail and hermit crab have shells almost essentially free of epibionts (but not endobionts) in contrast to the epifaunal Pagurus granosimanus inhabiting O. biplicata shells well-camouflaged with a cover of algae and encrusting bryozoans (and occasionally barnacles). Therefore, hermit crabs may not necessarily expose shells to epifaunal fouling organisms and infaunal snails are not as pristine as we would like to believe. * * & € * W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 31 MINUTES, EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING — 18 August 1985 Western Society of Malacologists University of California, Santa Barbara Present: William Pitt, Paul Scott, Terrence Gosliner, George Kennedy, Matthew James, Margaret Mulliner, Don Shasky The meeting was called to order by William Pitt at 10:06 am. Treasurer’s Report: Margaret Mulliner presented the Treasurer’s Report. As of 18 August 1985 the Society had a balance of $9,484.16 in the treasury (see attachment A). MSP to accept Treasurer’s Report as presented. Secretary’s Report: Paul Scott read the minutes from the 1984 meeting. George Kennedy had a few minor corrections to the minutes which he presented to the secretary. MSP to accept the minutes of the 1984 Executive Board Meeting as corrected by George Kennedy. 1985-86 Officers: Chairman of the Nominating Committee, George Kennedy, presented the following slate of officers: President Terrence M. Gosliner lst Vice President Carole M. Hertz 2nd Vice President Matthew J. James Secretary F.G. Hochberg Treasurer Margaret Mulliner Members-at-Large Kirstie Kaiser, Paul Scott MSP to accept the slate of officers as presented. Selection of Editor: Bill Pitt announced that there was no definite editor at this time. Pitt asked for the feeling of the executive board on designating an editor for 1985- 86. The general consensus of the board was to have Steve Long continue as editor. Pitt will ask Steve Long to continue as editor. The Editorial Review Board was discussed. Kennedy asked if the president or the Executive Board appointed the review board. Shasky stated the executive board made the appointments. Pitt recommended that the members of the 1984-85 review board be asked to continue in 1985-86. 1986 Annual Meeting: Terry Gosliner reported that the 1986 meeting will be a joint meeting with the American Malacological Union. The meeting will be in Monterey, California from 1-6 July. The cost cf lodging at the Sheraton Inn will be $95 per night, with 1-4 people per room (meals not included). With the assistance of AMU president, Jim Nybakken, a list of less expensive hotels and local campgrounds is being assembled. This list will be circulated to members in the near future so they may make reservations early. The registration fees have not been set. The shell and book auction at the 1986 meeting was discussed. Gosliner suggested that WSM hold a separate auction. There was general agreement to this suggestion. 32) W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 As the 1986 meeting was approved by the members at the 1984 Annual Business Meeting no motion was necessary for approval of the meeting. Student Grant Committee: As no members of the committee were present no report was given. Budget 1985-86: Pitt mentioned that expenses in the coming year will be low due to the joint meeting. The only expected expenses will be publication and distribution of the annual report, and general membership correspondence costs. There was a brief discussion to share the costs of the 1986 meeting with the AMU as it will be a joint meeting. Gosliner will look into this possibility. Annual Report for 1986: There was an extended discussion on the content of the WSM Annual Report for the joint meeting. Gosliner suggested all WSM members will have the choice to publish in the WSM Annual Report, the AMU Bulletin, or both. Several board members expressed concern over publishing identical abstracts in two publication. It was generally agreed to give the members their choice of publication(s). OTHER BUSINESS 1. Project Data Log: Kennedy gave a progress report on this project. Data sheets will be sent to members by Kennedy. 2. Joint meeting with AMU: Gosliner is continuing to push for complete joint status at the meeting in 1986. Barry Roth and Eric Hochberg, members of the joint meeting ad hoc committee, have sent letters to Jim Nybakken to ensure equal status of WSM at the meeting. Pitt will ask Gene Coan to also be on the ad hoc committee. 3. Gratis copies of the annual report: Considerable discussion on current status of gratis copies of annual report. Kennedy stated that gratis copies should only be sent to institutions not individuals. Mulliner stated letters have gone out to all gratis recipients as to whether they wish to continue receiving the annual report. Mulliner also reported that 6 institutions were dropped from the gratis list at the recommendation of Gene Coan, who was asked to review the list. Gosliner suggested a postcard acknowledging the receipt be included with all gratis copies. If the institution fails to return the acknowledgement they will be dropped from the list. Pitt will ask the editor for 1985-86 to develop these postcards and distribute them with the next annual report. 4. Publication of the annual report: Pitt stated the annual report should be published and sent to members within six months of the annual meeting. There was general agreement that the report should be out in a timely manner. It was also agreed that the report should not be delayed by individual papers or abstracts. MSP Publication of abstracts and papers in the WSM annual report is contingent on the approval of the Editorial Review Board. Se Award for Service: Pitt mentioned award for service has been confused with honorary life member. The award for service does not include a lifetime membership. The award is subject to approval by the executive board. Pitt further asked if anyone knew if there was a standard form or certificate for the award. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for. 1985 33 MSP The president will establish a standard form/certificate for the Award of Service to the Society. 6. Date of annual meeting: Pitt stated that the late date of the annual meeting is excluding students from the meeting, as many schools begin classes in August. Carole Hertz was asked into the meeting, she reported the 1987 meeting will be in June at San Diego State University. Gosliner suggested putting the question of meeting time to the members at the business meeting. Us Auction material: Pitt encouraged board members to seek out donors of specimens and publications for the auction. Shasky mentioned some of his donated material was not accepted by the society. 8. Revising official manual: George Kennedy is currently revising the WSM officers manual and hopes to have it completed by the end of 1985. There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 11:49 am. Respectfully submitted Paul H. Scott Acting Secretary Approved by William Pitt President (1984-85) 34 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 MINUTES ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Western Society of Malacologists 20 August 1985 Present: 39 members The meeting was called to order by William Pitt at 3:40pm. Secretary’s Report: Paul Scott read the minutes from the 1984 Annual Business Meeting. George Kennedy stated that in 1983 Eric Hochberg summarized the minutes, rather than read them. MSP to accept the minutes as read with correction by George Kennedy. Treasurer’s Report: Margaret Mulliner presented the Treasurer’s Report for the period 16 August 1984 to 18 August 1985. (see attached). MSP to accept report as presented. Committee Appointments: President Pitt appointed the following committees: Audit: Jules Hertz, Carole Hertz, David Mulliner Parliamentarian: Eugene Coan Student Grants: Vida Kenk Student Awards: Terrence Gosliner, Henry Chaney Editor: President Pitt stated Steve Long agreed to serve as editor for the 1985 Annual Report. Abstracts and papers are due to Bill Pitt by September 15, 1985. Election of Officers: Chairman of the Nominating Committee, George Kennedy presented the following slate of officers: President Terrence Gosliner lst Vice President Carole Hertz 2nd Vice President Matthew J. James Secretary F.G. Hochberg Treasurer Margaret Mulliner Members-at-Large Kirstie Kaiser, Paul Scott No additional nominations were submitted from the floor. MSP to cast a unanimous ballot for the slate of officers as presented. President Pitt thanked all of the 1984-85 officers and all who helped in the 1985 annual meeting. Pitt asked Carole Hertz to report on the 1985 auction. Hertz reported the proceeds from the auction were approximately $1300. President Pitt then turned the gavel over to President-elect Terrence Gosliner. Gosliner thanked Pitt for an excellent meeting. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 35 NEW BUSINESS ie Ad Hoc Committee on joint meeting with AMU: B. Roth sent a letter to Jim Nybakken expressing the concern of the Society for full recognition a the joint meeting. Gosliner indicated that Nybakken was very aware of this sensitive issue. Gosliner and the ad hoc committee will continue to ensure the Society is properly acknowledged at the joint meeting. 2: 1986 Annual Meeting: President Gosliner announced the 1986 Annual Meeting will be a joint meeting with the American Malacological Union and will be held 1-6 July at the Monterey Sheraton. The cost of lodging will be $95/night, with 1- 4 people per room. Gosliner is preparing a list of less expensive motels and hotels (in the $50-$60 range) within walking distance of the Sheraton. Gosliner will also prepare a list of nearby campgrounds. Gosliner and Nybakken have approached the Sheraton about a discount for students and senior citizens. Gosliner stated this joint meeting will be an exciting opportunity to showcase west coast malacology, and bury past differences. There was an extended discussion about the meeting. With regard to the high cost of the meeting, Gosliner stated the $95 rate was a discount rate, and the list of alternative hotels will be sent out soon. The meeting programs were discussed extensively. Gosliner stated the program will be a joint program with AMU, a preliminary schedule is available now and will be sent out soon. The program will be sent out by AMU and WSM will receive equal billing on the program. WSM members will have their choice to publish abstracts in the Annual Report or the AMU Bulletin or both. Gosliner felt the shell and book auction should be held separately from AMU. C. Skoglund suggested that the WSM concentrate on the shell auction and AMU could auction mollusk literature. Gosliner will take this suggestion under advisement. 3. Auction: Gosliner mentioned the 1985 shell and book auction was a tremendous success. Total profit was approximately $1300, a new record for the Society. 4. Change of meeting date: Gosliner asked the members if they had any strong feelings as to the month when the Annual Meeting is held. C. Hertz mentioned the 1987 Annual Meeting will be in June. There was no strong feeling expressed by the members, and Gosliner asked individuals to contact him if they had a preference as to the date of future meetings. 25 Resolution by terrestrial malacologists: A resolution from B. Roth, W. Miller, R. Reeder, T. Pearch, P. LaRochelle, and E. Naranjo-Garcia was read by B. Roth. Whereas the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, has the premier and unrivaled collections of Pacific Island land snails, including massive field collections that have not yet been curated and are therefore unavailable for study; Whereas the native land snails fo the Pacific Islands include the only endemic families of all terrestrial groups inhabiting this region and contain about 95% endemic species; Whereas, this fauna is rapidly becoming extinct and this is the last generation of scientists able to study living members of this fauna and learn from this unique assemblage; Whereas, earlier in this century the Bernice P. Bishop Museum had the vision to establish these collections and build them to their incomparable status through the great collecting expeditions in the 1930's; 36 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Whereas, the years of research on these collections by the late C.M. Cooke, Jr., and his associates such as H.B. Baker, William H. Clench, Yoshio Kondo, and Henry A. Pilsbry have resulted in publication of monographs which are acknowledged as classics; Be it known that the Western Society of Malacologists, meeting in Santa Barbara, California, deplores the recent ending of support for both curation and research on terrestrial mollusks at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. While recognizing the financial difficulties that led to this suspension of research efforts, we strongly recommend that reestablishment of the position of Terrestrial Malacologist be given highest priority in any program to resume research activities at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. President Gosliner opened the floor to general discussion. Considerable discussion ensued about the finances of the Bishop Musuem. T. Burch was highly supportive of the resolution but was concerned that it only mentioned terrestrial molluscs rather than all molluscan species. MSP to adopt the resolution as read by Barry Roth. MSP to send a copy of the adopted resolution to the principle newspapers in Honolulu, as well as the Board of Trustees at the Bishop Musuem. Discussion continued with regard to a financial donation from the Society to the Department of Malacology at the Bishop Museum. Several members expressed concern that this would be setting a precedent and that other museums would also ask for funds. T. Gosliner and P. Scott stated they felt this was an isolated incident and would not be setting a precedent. Concern was also expressed as to who would manage the funds at the Bishop Museum. C. Christensen stated Allen Allison, Chairman ot the Department of Zoology is the curator in charge of the collection. MS to donate $500 to support the entire malacology collection at the Bishop Museum. The wording of the motion was questioned, as to whether support of maintenance of the collections was more important. Members agreed that maintenance was the appropriate term. The motion was amended. MSP to donate $500 for maintenance of the entire malacology collection at the Bishop Museum. It was also stated by several members that letters about the donation should be sent to appropriate newspapers as well as to the Board of the Bishop Museum. B. Roth and T. Gosliner agreed to send these letters. Resolution on publication of the Annual Report: Dave Mulliner read the following resolution: The members of the Western Society of Malacologists direct the editor and president to have the Annual Report published no later than December 31 of the meeting year. B. Pitt stated the August meeting date precluded publication by the end of the year. Considerable discussion ensued as to the need to have abstracts and papers submitted before the meeting to insure time publication of the report. W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 37 MSP to direct the executive board to formulate and editorial policy and present this policy in the 1986 Call for Papers. There being no further business, President Gosliner adjourned the meeting at 5:15pm. Respectfully submitted Paul H. Scott Acting Secretary Approved by William Pitt President (1984-1985) 38 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 TREASURER’S REPORT PERIOD COVERING 11/1/1984 TO 10/31/1985 Balance Beginning of Period $5074.37 INCOME Dues 1985 Regular 165 @- 7.50’ 1237.50 Family 25 @ 1.00 25.00 Student 13 @ 3.00 39.00 13045550 1983-84-86 Regular 3 @ 7.50 22.50 PHPH 55) 0) 1324.00 PUBLICATIONS Vol. 1-16 & OP#2 (two ea.) Sle Ae A/A INTEREST 10/31/84 TO 9/30/1985 299.07 299.07 STUDENT GRANT FUND 290.50 290.50 AUCTION ales}alicys )(6) absjalicys S)(0) PRE-REGISTRATION FEES 4555.50 Conference Fees 3165.05 T1204.55 9728.77 Income 16127.14 Expenses 10628.05 Balance 5499.09 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 39 EXPENSES - PERIOD COVERING 11/1/1984 to 10/31/1985 Treasurer S322 President 287.80 Secretary (Paul Scott) 58.24 ** Secretary of State 2.50 COA dues 7.50 AMU dues 22.00 Purchase of copies of Vol. 4 & OP#1 from S. Long 148.00 Vida Kenk (S. Grant Notices) 125.48 Membership refund (2yr., Purdue) 15.00 Annual Report 1422.47 Historian's Book 45.88 U.C. Regents - Conference fees 650.00 265.00 1602.02 ** 4591.20 Services of Tom Khenery 50.00 dredging trip 625.00 Refund - overpayment of Conference fees Carr $120.00 Bratcher 24.00 Burch 55\.50 Christensen 15.00 Corey 5.00 Hansen 00:6. 50 Dilworth 20.00 Keeler 40.00 Poorman 40.00 Total 10628.05 ** Checks outstanding 10/31/1985 Auditing Committee Margaret Mulliner, Treas. Jules Hertz Carole Hertz David Mulliner Volume 18 for 1985 Annual Report M Ss W 40 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 4] List of People in Group Photo Front Row (left to right): Edna Naranjo, Richard Reeder, Walter B. Miller, David K. Mulliner, Bert C. Draper, Twila Bratcher, Richard Squires, Lou Ella Saul, Richard B. Saul, Walter E. Carr, Tom Burch, Bill Pitt, Sandy Gardner 2nd Row: Paul Scott, Betty Sue Miller, Tris Harman, Carol Skoglund, Jack W. Brookshire, Carole M. Hertz, Jules Hertz, Ronald G. Velarde, Don Shasky, Kathy McMorran, Charlotte Norrid, Hal Norrid, Rose Burch, Floyd Gardner, Bev Hansen 3rd Row: Jody Woolsey, Hans Bertsch, Sandra Millen, Roland Anderson, Matthew Joseph James, Timothy Allen Pearce, Terrence Milton Gosliner, Patrick Ives LaFollette, James H. McLean, Paul E. Skoglund, Kirstie Kaiser, Lois Pitt, Margaret Mulliner, Edith Abbott, Rosemary Adams, George Kennedy, Alan Hebert. 42 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Executive Board and Committee Members 1984-1985 OFFICERS & EXECUTIVE BOARD President - Terrence M. Gosliner Ist Vice President - Carole Hertz 2nd Vice President - Matthew J. James Secretary - F. G. Hochberg Treasurer - Margaret Mulliner Members-at-Large Kirstie Kaiser, Paul Scott Three most recent past Presidents William Pitt - George L. Kennedy - David R. Lindberg Mentor-Parliamentarian - Eugene V. Coan STANDING COMMITTEES Auditing Jules Hertz* - Carole Hertz - David Mulliner Nominating William Pitt* - George L. Kennedy - David R. Lindberg Editorial Board Steven J. Long - Editor Hans Bertsch - Eugene V. Coan Terrence M. Gosliner - George L. Kennedy - Barry Roth Historian - Jody Woolsey Registration - Margaret Mulliner Student Awards Vida C. Kenk* Eugene V. Coan - James W. Nybakken Barry Roth - Judith Terry Smith * (indicates chairperson) W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Western Shell Clubs Chico Seashell Club c/o Phyllis Slattery, Sec. 106 Terrace Drive Chico, CA 95926 [meets twice a month, 2nd Wed. 9:30 am in member’s homes, and 4th Wed. 7:30 pm at Pleasant Valley Recreation Center, North Avenue, Chico, CA] Conchological Club of Southern California c/o Malacology Section Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90007 {meets in Museum Lounge, 7:30 pm, first Monday of each month, unless a holiday, then on Wednesday of same week] Hawaiian Malacological Society P.O. Box 10391 Honolulu, HI 96816 [meets first Wednesday of each month, 7:00 pm, at First United Methodist Church, Victoria & Beretania Streets, Honolulu; December party at another location] Houston Conchological Society c/o Constance Boone 3706 Rice Boulevard Houston, TX 77005 {meets fourth Wednesday of August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May; third Wednesday of November, at the Houston Museum of Natural Science] Monterey Peninsula Shell Club [meets at the Allen Knight Maritime Museum, 550 Calle Principal, Monterey, California, on the third Tuesday of each month at 7:30 pm. Programs and local collecting trips are planned monthly] Northern California Malacozoological Club 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive Novato, CA 94947 [meets third Thursday of each month at the California Academy of Sciences] 43 Oregon Society of Conchologists Dr. Byron W. Travis 4324 NE 47th Avenue Portland, OR 97218 {meets first Sunday of each month, 1:30 pm, in private homes; announcements given in monthly paper or by card] Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Inc. c/o 15128 Sunwood Blvd. Tukwila, WA 98188 Pacific Shell Club c/o John Boyd 11813 Morning Ave. Downey, CA 90241 [meets in Museum Lounge first Sunday of each month, 1:30 pm, October through June] San Diego Shell Club c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue San Diego, CA 92111 [meets third Thursday of every month, Casa del Prado, Balboa Park] Santa Barbara Malacological Society P.O. Box 30191 Santa Barbara, CA 93105 [meets third Friday of every month, 7:30 pm, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol] Southwestern Malacological Society c/o Mrs. Carol C. Skoglund 3846 E. Highland Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85015 [meets third Wednesdays, September through May, 7:30 pm, Asbury Untied Methodist Church, 1601 W. Indian School Road, in auxillary rooms] Yucaipa Shell Club c/o Mousley Museum of Natural History 35308 Panorama Drive Yucaipa, CA 92399 [meets third Sunday of every month except August, 2:00 pm, in the museum] 44 W.S.M. Annual Renort - Volume 18 for 1985 Membership Directory Abbott, Dr. R. Tucker, P.O. Box 2255, Melbourne, FL 32902-2255 Abbott, Mrs. Keith (Edith M.), 1264 W. Cienega Avenue, San Dimas, CA 91773 Academy of Natural Sciences, The Library, Nineteenth & The Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Adams, Mr. Elmo W., 747 Winchester Drive, Burlingame, CA 94010 Adams, Ms. Catherine R., 13346 Birchwood Drive, Sunnymead, CA 92388 Alan Hancock Foundation, Hancock Library, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007 American Geological Institute, The Library, 4220 King St., Alexandria, VA 22302 American Malacological Union, Inc., 7602 McCullough Avenue, San Antonio, TX 78216 American Museum of Natural History, Serials Unit, Library, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 Anderson, Roland, Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 Arizona State University, The Library, Department of Zoology, Tempe, AZ 85281 Ashbough, Karen, 9045 Comet Street, El Paso, TX 79904 Australian Museum, The Library, Box A285, Sydney, South, N.S.W., Australia 2000 Aviles, E., Prof. Miguel C., Apartado 6-765, Zona Postal el Dorado, Panama Ayala, Sr. Ramon Enrique, Apdo 6-7628 El Dorado, Panama Baerreis, David A., P.O. Box 4651, Taos, NM 87571 Baxter, Mr. Rae, Alaska Department of Fish & Game, P.O. Box 96, Bethel, AK 99559 Bergland, Mr. Con, P.O. Box 173, Bouse, AZ 85325 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, The Library, P.O. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96817 Bertsch, Dr. Hans W., 4444 W. Pt. Loma Blvd. #83, San Diego, CA 92107 Biosciences Information Service, Literature Resources Department, 2100 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Body, Mr. Ralph L., 2538 10th Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98119 Boone, Mrs. Hollis Q. (Constance), 3706 Rice Boulevard, Houston, TX 77005 Borrero, Sr. Francisco, c/o Dr. David L. Claybrook, Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 Boss, Dr. Kenneth J., Professor of Biology, Dept. of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 Boyd, Drs. Eugene & Eleanor, 5225 Serenity Cove, Bokeelia, FL 33922 Bradner, Hugh & Marge, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037 Bratcher, Mrs. Ford (Twila), 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, CA 90046 Breitigam, Rev. Richard, 420 Alameda Padre Serra, Santa Barbara, CA 93103 British Library, Accessions Department, Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ, England British Museum (Natural History), Acquisitions Section (DLS), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England Brookshire, Mr. Jack W., 2962 Balboa Avenue, Oxnard, CA 93030 Burch, Beatrice L., 236 Kuuhoa Place, P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 Burch, Rose (Mrs. John Q.), 1300 Mayfield Road, Seal Beach, CA 90740 Burch, Dr. Thomas A., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 California Academy of Sciences, The Library, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 California Institute of Technology, Millikan Library, Acquisitions 1-32, 1201 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91109 Carlton, Dr. James T., Williams College - Mystic Seaport, Maritime Studies, Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, CT 06355 Carnegie Museum of Natural History, The Library, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Carr, Walter E. Jr., M.D., 2043 Mohawk Drive, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Biblioteca, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, A. P. 70-305, 0-4510 Mexico DF, Mexico Cate, Mrs. Jean M., P.O. Box 3049, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 Cefola, Mr. David P., 4248 So. Argonne St., Aurora, CO 80013 Centro de Ciancias del Mar y Limnologia, Biblioteca, AP Postal 70-305, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico Chaney, Mrs. Barbara K. & Dr. Henry W., 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Chico Sea Shell Club, 106 Terrace Drive, Chico, CA 95926 Christensen, Carl C., 1612 Kamole Street, Honolulu, HI 96821 Clover, Mr. Phillip W., P.O. Box 339, Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Coan, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306 Conchologists of America, Clair F. Stahl, Treasurer, 3235 NE 61st Avenue, Portland, OR 97213 Connor, Valerie, 614 N. Adams, Moscow, ID 83843 Corner, Ms. Barbara D., 329 E. Meade, Yukon, OK 73099 Covey, Jewell M., 5666 E. Hampton, Apt. 252, Tucson, AZ 85712 Cox, Keith W. (JC), Muscat (ID), Department of State, Washington, DC 20520 D’Attilio, Mr. Anthony, Natural History Musem, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA 92112 DeMartini, Dr. John D., 1111 Birch Avenue, McKinleyville, CA 95521 Demond, Ms. Joan, 202 Bicknell Avenue, #8, Santa Monica, CA 90405 Dilworth, Mrs. Billee, 6333 La Jolla Boulevard, #171, La Jolla, CA 92037 Draper, Mr. Bertram C., 8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90045 DuShane, Mrs. Joseph (Helen), 15012 El Soneto Drive, Whittier, CA 90605 Eernisse, Dr. Douglas J., Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 Emerson, Dr. William K., Department of Living & Fossil Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 Eng, Dr. Larry L., 2896 Candido Dr., Sacramento, CA 95833 Everson, Mr. Gene D., 5203 Court View Dr., Charlotte, NC 28226 Fahy, Neil E. & Claire L., 1425 Mayfair Ave., Daly City, CA 94015 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 45 Farmer, Dr. Wesley M. & Barbara, 11061 Lea Terrace Drive, Santee, CA 92071 Ferguson, Mr. Ralph E., 617 N Fires Avenue, Wilmington, CA 90744 Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J., 2060 Clarmar Way, San Jose, CA 95128 Field Museum of Natural History, Library - Serials, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2498 Fisheries Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5K6 Forrer, Mr. Richard B., P.O. Box 462, Northfield, OH 44067 Fowler, Mr. Bruce H., 5512 Blossom Terrace Court, San Jose, CA 95124 Friday Harbor Laboratory, The Library, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 Gardner, Ms. Sandra M. (Sandy), 1755 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301 Geological Survey of Canada, Library - Room 350, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OE8 Ghiselin, Dr. Michael T., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 Good, Barbara, 1802 McKee Street #C-6, San Diego, CA 92110 Goodrich, Mr. & Mrs. Wesley (Betty), P.O. Box 10952, Eugene, OR 97440 Gosliner, Dr Terrence M., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 Habe, Tadashige, Section of Malacology, National Science Museum, 3-23-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 160 Haigh, Mr. Ernest S. & Betty, 2465 Moraga Court, Simi Valley, CA 93065 Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 Harris, Dr. Larry G., Zoology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Harry, Dr. Harold W., 4612 Evergreen Street, Bellaire, TX 77401 Hebert, Mr. Alan C., 124 Buckthorn Way #7, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Hensill, Dr. John S., 2 W Summit Drive, Redwood City, CA 94062 Hertz, Mr. & Mrs. Jules (Carole), 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 Hickman, Dr. Carole S., Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Hochberg, Dr. Fred G., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Hoffman, James E., Department of Ecology & Evol. Biology, Univeristy of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Holiman, Mr. & Mrs. H. Wayne (Audrey B.), P.O. Box 246, Edinburg, TX 78540 Hopkins Marine Station, The Library, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Hopper, Dr. Carol N. (Brill), 943C 9th Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 Hunt, Harold G., 10318 Doyle Way, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, de Belgique, Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Library, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Israel Malacological Society, c/o Dr. H.K. Mienis, Department of Zoology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Jaeckle, William, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089- 0371 James, Matthew J., Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Joffe, Anne, 1163 Kittiwake Circle, Sanibel Island, FL 33957 Judge, Michael L., Graduate Group in Ecology, D.E.S., Wickson Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Kaiser, Kirstie L., 786 Starlight Heights Dr., La Canada, CA 91011 Kalmoutis, Ms. Barbara, 704 So. 8th Street, San Jose, CA 97112 Keeler, Mr. William R., 105 Sonia Street, Oakland, CA 94618 Kenk, Dr. Vida C., 18596 Paseo Pueblo, Saratoga, CA 95070 Kennedy, Dr. George L., Section of Invertebrate Paleontology, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 Kessner, Mr. Vince, c/o Department of Health, P.O. Box 40596, Darwin, N.T., 5792, Australia King, Mr. Robert & Mrs. June, 4269 Hawk St., San Diego, CA 92103 Kitting, Dr. Christopher L., University of Texas at Austin, Marine Sciences Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 Knight, Ms. Lori B., Rt. 2, Box 112, Caldwell, ID 83605 Koch, Robert & Wendy, 7227 N 15th Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85021 LaFollette, Mr. Pat, Linnean Systems, Inc., 3887 Drea Street #6, Los Angeles, CA 90065 Lance, James R., 746 Agate Street, San Diego, CA 92109 Landye, Mr. J. Jerry, 3465 N Jamison Boulevard, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Langan, Kathleen M., 273 Applied Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 LaRachelle, Peter B., Department of EPO Biology Box 334, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, CO 80309 Larson, Mary R., 1200 E. Central #4, Sutherlin, OR 97479 Librarie Justus Lipsius, SC-AV Milcamps 188-B 15, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Library of Congress, Exchange and Gift Division, Washington, DC 20540 Lillico, Mr. Stuart, 4300 Waialae Avenue (B-1205), Honolulu, HI 96816 Lindberg, Dr. David R., Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Long, Steven J. & Sally, 1701 Hyland St., Bayside, CA 95524 Loosanoff, Dr. Victor L., 17 Los Cerros Drive, Greenbrae, CA 94904 Malacological Society of China, c/o Taiwan Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Marelli, Dan C., 5812 - 16th Lane S #2, St Petersburg, FL 33712 Marincovich, Dr. Louie, Jr., Paleontology & Stratigraphy, U.S. Geological Survey MS-15, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Marine Biological Laboratory, The Library, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Marine Science Center Library, Oregon State University, Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365 Martin, Mr. Clifford A., 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, CA 92054 Martin, Mr. Clifton L., 324 Kennedy Lane, Oceanside, CA 92054 46 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 Mastro, Mr. Edwin, 1021 Grand Avenue, Long Beach, CA 90804 Matra Muzeum, H-3201 Gyongyos, P.O. Box 103, Hungary McGill University Libraries, Acquisitions Department, 3459 McTavish Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1Y1 McLean, Dr. James H., Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Mead, Dr. Albert, Dept. of Ecol. & Evol. Biology, #310 Bio. Sci. West, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Messing, Elsie R., Rt. 4, Box 1041-A, 1855 S. Cayuse Trail, Cottonwood, AZ 86326 Metcalf, Dr. Artie L., Department of Biological Science, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968 Metz, Dr. George, 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 Millen, Sandra, 619 E. 30th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5V 2V7 Miller, Dr. Walter B., 6140 Cerrada El Ocote, Tucson, AZ 85718 Moore, Ellen J., U.S. Geological Survey (MS-915), 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Eric (Eileen), P.O. Box 6606, Orange, CA 92667 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, The Library, P.O. Box 450, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 Mulliner, Mr. & Mrs. David K. (Margaret), 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, CA 92109 Murray, Dr. Harold D., Biology Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78284 Museum Der Naturkunde, Invalidenstrasse 43, 104 Berlin 4, Berlin, Deutsch Demokratische Republik Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratorie de Biologie des Invertebres, Marins et Malacologie, 55 Rue de Buffon, 78 Paris 5 France Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Bibliotheque, Route de Malagnou, Case Postale 434, CH-1211 Geneve 6, Switzerland Museum of Zoology, Mollusk Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Myers, David, 109 Behr Ave., San Francisco, CA 94131 Naranjo-Garcia, Edna, 3814 E. 4th St. #108, Tucson, AZ 85716 Natal Museum, 237 Loop Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, Natal, South Africa National Academy of Sciences, Malacological Committee, Universitetskaya Naberezhanaja I, Leningrad, USSR B-164 National Museum of Canada, The Library, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM8, Canada National Museum of New Zealand, Librarian, (STC 3827) Private Bag, Wellington C3, New Zealand National Museum of Victoria, 285-321 Russell Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia National Science Museum, Malacology, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, 3. Zoologische Abteilung, Postfach 417 Burgring 7, A-1014 Wien, Austria Naturhistorisches Museum, Rutjmeyer-Bibliothek, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland Neiswanger, Mrs. Gordon (Marjorie), 18340 New York Drive, Altadena, CA 91001 Netherlands Malacological Society, c/o Zoological Museum, Postbox 20125, Amsterdam 1000HC, Netherlands New Zealand Geological Survey, Librarian, Central Library, DSIR, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, The Librarian, P.O. Box 12-346, Wellington, New Zealand Niesen, Dr. Thomas M., Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132 Norrid, Mr. & Mrs. Harold (Charlotte), 283 E. Cairo Drive, Tempe, AZ 85282 Northern California Malacozoological Club, 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, CA 94947 Nybakken, Dr. James W., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 Ohio State Museum, The Library, 1813 N High Street, Columbus, OH 43210 Paleontological Institute, Academy of Sciences, The Library, Profsoyuznaya ul., 113, Moscow 117321, USSR Paleontological Research Institute, The Library, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 Pearce, Timothy, Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2399 Petit, Mr. Richard E., P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582 Phillips, Dr. David W., 2410 Oakenshield Road, Davis, CA 95616 Pitt, Mr. & Mrs. William D. (Lois), 2444 38th Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95822 Ponti, Daniel J., U.S.Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Poorman, Mr. & Mrs. Leroy (Forrest), 15300 Magnolia Street, #55, Westminster, CA 92683 Powell, Mr. Charles L., II, 1780 Donna Lane, San Jose, CA 95124 Powell, Mr. Charles L., 2462 E. Santa Clara Avenue, Fullerton, CA 92631 Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Putman, Mr. Barry, 2591 Paso Robles, Oceano, CA 93445 Redington, Mr. Oliver, 126 B Street, Redwood City, CA 94068 Richnovazky, Dr. Andor, "Eotvos Jozsef” Ped. Akad., 6500, Baja, P.O. Box 62, Hungary Rijksmuseum van Naturliijke Historie, Afdeling Systematisches Tierkunde, Raamsteeg 2, Leiden, The Netherlands Ramsaran, Mrs. Jo-Carol, 807 North Road, San Bernardino, CA 92404 . Rios, Dr. Eliezer de Carvalho, Box 379, Museo Oceanografico, Rio Grande, 96200, Brazil Robertson, Dr. Robert R., Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Roper, Dr. Clyde F.E., Division of Mollusks, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Roth, Dr. Barry, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Rowland, Dr. Robert W., P.O. Box 2625, Reston, VA 22070 Royal Scottish Museum, The Library, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, Scotland Sage, Mr. Walter E., Department of Living & Fossil Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Saul, Dr. LouElla R., Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 Science Reference Library, 25 Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, WC2A 1AW, England Scott, Mr. Paul H., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 W.S.M. Annual Report - Volume 18 for 1985 47 Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Abt. Schriftentausch, Senckenberg-Anlage 25, D-6000 Frankfurt A.M., Federal Republic of Germany Shasky, Dr. & Mrs. Donald R. (Ursula K.), 834 W. Highland Avenue, Redlands, CA 92373 Shaw, Dr. Ross F., Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119 Shimek, Dr. Ronald L., Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, British Columbia VOR 1B0, Canada Shipp, Eve, 1566 Oramas Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93103 Skoglund, Mrs. Paul E. (Carol C.), 3846 E. Highland Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85018 Smith, Dr. Judith Terry, 1527 Byron Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 Smithsonian Institution, Library Acquisitions, Washington, DC 20560 Societa Siciliana di Scienze Naturali, c/o Instituto di Zoologia del Universita, via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy Solem, Dr. G. Alan, Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt & Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 South Australia Museum, The Library, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000 Australia Spight, Dr. Tom M., Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Box 231014, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Squires, Dr. Richard L., Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330 St. Jean, Mrs. George (Kate), 1639 28rd Avenue, Longview, WA 98632 Staatlisches Museum for Tierkunde, Forschungsstelle, Augustusstrasse 2, D D R 8010 Dresden, Deutsche Demokratische Republik Stansbury, Dr. David H., 1813 N. High St., Columbus OH 43210-1394 Stewart, Ms. Katherine, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 Stohler, Dr. Rudolf, 1584 Milvia Street, Berkeley, CA 94709 Sutton, Mr. James E. & Melissa A. Barbour, 1450 Woodridge Oak Way, Sacramento, CA 95833 Taylor, Mr. Roland & Mrs. Kay, 2437 Aster Street, San Diego, CA 92109 Tidepool Gallery, 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy, Malibu, CA 90265 University of Kentucky Libraries, Acquisitions Department, Central Series Record, Lexington, KY 40506 United States Geological Survey, The Library - MS-955, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 University College, The Library, Galway, Ireland University of Arizona Library, Serials Dept., Tucson, AZ 85721 University of California, Geology-Geophysics Library, 4697 Geology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024 University of California, Main Library (Serials), Berkeley, CA 94720 University of California, SIO Library C-075-C (Serials), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 University of Hawaii, Library - Serials, 2550 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 University of Washington Libraries, Serials Division (FM-25), Seattle, WA 98195 University of West Florida, Library-Serials, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514 Upton, Mrs. Frederick R. (Virginia), Box 2228, Sierra Vista, AZ 85635 Van der Schalie, Dr. Henry, 15000 Buss Road, Manchester, MI 48158 Vedder, Dr. John G., 285 Golden Oak Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94025 Velarde, Ronald G., c/o Pt. Loma Wastewater Lab, 4077 N. Harbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92101 Virginia Polytechnic Institution, Carol M. Newman Library, Serials - Receiving Section, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Vokes, Drs. Harold E. & Emily H., Department of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 Wheelwright, Dr. Joseph B., 8 Live Oak Way, Kentfield, CA 94904 White, Mrs. Ruth, 25652 Mead, Loma Linda, CA 92354 Woods, Mr. William L., P.O. Box 231397, San Diego, CA 92123 Woolsey, Miss Jody, 3717 Bagley Avenue #206, Los Angeles, CA 90034 Wu, Dr. Shi-Kuei, Campus 315, Museum Annex, Hunter Building, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 Yancey, Dr. Thomas E., Department of Geology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3115 Young, Mr. & Mrs. H.D. (Wilma G.), P.O. Box 1931, Seattle, WA 98111 eh cenaleh vy eb ae fot) awe poe Calan . ) 3 2] Ii ISSN 0361-1175 THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT VOLUME 19 Annual Meeting Monterey, California 1 - 6 July 1986 The Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report Volume 19 Abstracts and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, held at Monterey, California 1 - 6 July 1986 Joint Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists and the American Malacological Union Issued: MAR 9 1987 Editorial Board, Volume 19 The Annual Report of the Western Society of Dr. Hans Bertsch, Editor Malacologists is based on its yearly meeting. Distri- Dr. George L. Kennedy bution of the Annual Report is free to regular and Dr. F.@. Hochberg, Jr. student members who are, at the time of issue, in good standing. Membership dues are $10.00 for regular members, $12.00 family, and $4.00 student. The Western Society of Malacologists has issued two Occasional Papers—No. 1, ‘‘‘Sea Shells of Tropical West America’: Additions and Corrections to 1975’’ by A. Myra Keen & Eugene Coan (out of print); and No. 2, ‘‘A Catalogue of Collations of Works of Malacological Importance,’’ by George E. Radwin & Eugene Coan (still available, $2.50). Correspondence regarding membership and or- ders for additional or back issues of the Annual Report or the Occasional Papers should be addressed to the current W.S.M. Treasurer, Dr. Henry Chaney, 1706 H Esplanade, Redondo Beach, California 90277. INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS: Contributions for the Annual Report are normally based on papers presented at the Annual Meeting. Submissions may be in the form of: Abstract, Extended Abstract, or Full-length Paper (a Program Summary will be used in the absence of a submission). Each is reviewed by the Editorial Board; outside reviewers may also be asked to evaluate manuscripts. Although there are no page charges, authors must provide funds for publishing photographs. Manuscripts must be typed on white paper, 8'%’’ x 11’’, double-spaced throughout, with author’s full address in proper style; generic and specific level taxa must include author and year; if there are references in the text, include the literature citations. The works in this volume will serve as a style guide for submissions (address format, etc.). To be publisned in the corresponding year’s Annual Report all submissions must be in the hands of the editor one month after the end of the Annual Meeting. Send all material (for either the Annual Report or Occasional Papers) to the Editor: Dr. Hans Bertsch, Research Associate, Dept. Invertebrate Zoology, Los Angetes County Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007. 2 The Western Society of Malacologists Table of Contents AcuMiyraKeensn1 905-1986; A: Tribute. “EUGENE COAN {ice ee ce ese aie eam one ecidec es Maset boos 6 The Heteropod Fauna of Oceanic Waters off Hawaii. ROGER R. SEAPY ............... 0... c cece ee eee ee 9 A Preliminary Review of Mysella (Bivalvia, Montacutidae) from the Northeastern Pacific. AUIS S COME eiran eerste tes teeciniapel arate easeme eee essicos octane rer eTs hel tect ouanrse eeu eye eteatloleicre eats 13 Classification of Two Late Cretaceous Gastropod Lineages—Hindsia nodulosa (Whiteaves, 1874), and*Kusus kingit Gabb, 1864. LOUEELA R.SAUL. 2ac.3. 5262) a. scenes see ce ees ees te anes 14 Applied Malacology: Molluscan Data on the Evolution of the Gulf of California and Baja Calitornia Peninsula; Mexico:. JUDITH TERRY SMITH. foe 2. ances ones io ser ee ices ae 14 Shell Structure in the Crassatellinae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Crassatellidae) and Implications for Suprageneric Classification of Cretaceous and Tertiary Species. GEORGE L. KENNEDY ........ 15 Taxonomic Revision of the Neogastropod Family Turridae from the Dominican Republic Neogene. MATTHEW JeVAMES 33 cise site otieiteio ts coe cea teinieins Gms LR ERUNAE ER ws bins Eames neo se 1S A Comparison of the Minute Marine Shells of the Midway Islands with those of the Island of Hawati. BERTRAM ©. DRAPER vs jriciie cape etsicteoeie a nisisteere a aieoacs eyalercje1e bisa ordeisbe es Sele nies Bee eis 16 Angariinae and Liotiinae—the Primitive Living Trochaceans. JAMES H. McLEAN ...................45. 16 Evolutionary Relationship between Fossil and Modern Micrarionta (Pulmonata: Helminthoglyptidae) onSan’ Nicolas Island;'California:, TIMOTHY A. PEARCE (ici. csae icc cle oe oo oe reise et ys = 16 Notes on the Zoogeography of the Bulimulids (Pulmonata: Sigmurethra) of Sonora, Mexico. JAMES IE HOREMIAIN es ayeronsc aydtereters fe soc tours ncn aistbes. ib ayeadtleuayareie. arate siaseemisiatantpeyeth ouslleetotat ieee ily) Faunal Relationships of the Western Atlantic Architectonicidae. RUDIGER BIELER, ARTHUR S. MERRILL and KENNETH H. BOSS .....................0.. 17 Molluskocystis, Gregarine Parasite of Heteropod Mollusks (Gastropoda: Pterotracheidae). EG: HOCHBERG; JRo anduROGERIR: SEABRY: faeces cae sree cis atest ei Seis celoe see 17 Mollusks Found on Rio Grande Breakwater. E.C. RIOS ...... 0... ccc ccc cee tte eee 177; Histochemistry and Morphology of the Attachment Thread of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). CHRISTINA A. KING and K. ELAINE HOAGLAND ................. 18 Dendrodorididae of the Northern Meditteranean. LUISE SCHMEKEL ................. 0.0 c ce eee eee 18 Scanning Electron Microscope Observations of Microprojections on the Parietal Lamella in Gastrocopta and Vertigo (Pulmonata: Pupillidae). C. CLIFTON CONEY ...................... 18 Papers from a Symposium: The Biology of Opisthobranch Molluscs, Honoring Dr. Eveline du Bois Reymond Marcus. Organizers: TERRENCE M. GOSLINER and MICHAEL T. GHISELIN ....... 18 Factors Affecting Larval Longevity and Settlement in the Opisthobranchia. MICHAEL.G. -HADPFIFED) is 520 .dea'e cetiats o crcteteie ctocdis,o de Giwiae aaSGiets ob aia vo sia ee eo ateeaeeeees 18 Reproductive and Larval Strategies of Nudibranch Molluscs. CHRISTOPHER D. TODD ............. 19 Distribution and Ecological Adaptations of Interstitial Molluscs in Fiji and a Discussion of an Interstitial Molluscan Assemblage. M. PATRICIA MORSE .................0 0.00.0 eee 19 Interstitial Opisthobranch Gastropods: Ecological and Biological Account. CLAUDE POIZAT ......... 19 Sacoglossan Population Studies. KERRY B. CLARK and DUANE DeFREESE ...................... 23 The Sacoglossa of Guam. PATRICIA J. HOFF and CLAY H. CARLSON ..................0.000005- 23 A Comparative Investigation of Chemoreception of Food Attractants. KATHE JENSEN ............. 23 Aeolid Nudibranchs as Predators and Prey. LARRY G. HARRIS .............. 0. c cence eee eee 23 The Genus Bathydoris: Implications for Nudibranch Phylogeny. HANS BERTSCH .................. 23 Annual Report, Vol. 19 3 Phylogenetic Systematics of the Order Notaspidea (Opisthobranchia) with Reappraisal of Familiesiand'Genera. RICHARD @ Wil AWN oo erecscssyes-pstcha oieneeedeyene iets oretetsysle) nie ieleelcrsuetshe cloister. 24 Color in Opisthobranchs: (MALGOLM) EDMUNDS airy sere cle cle iste otelele ey cher eter oNeterete lat et onetete eeXelstace-telsuaetl 24 Biogeographical Patterns in Opisthobranch Gastropods. TERRENCE M. GOSLINER ................ 24 Papers from a Symposium: Life History, Systematics and Zoology of Cephalopods. Organizerss-ROGER HUAN ON go accgrecspe ctavave canta scespslale of shovere)a svstshencuctnicmeval sta) cietet onetaannstai ctor eters vet asks 25 Aspects of Displaying Live Cephalopods. ROLAND C. ANDERSON ..............-..: cece eee eeeeee 25 Color and Body Patterning in Cephalopods from Lizard Island, Australia. CLYDE) FE] ROPER and FG, HOCHBERG Ri vmsel-tcie tee et faites ite tae meaner 25 Visual Recognition of Species in the Two-Spotted Octopus Complex. F.G. HOCHBERG, JR. ......... 2S A Catalog of the Type Specimens of Recent Cephalopoda Described by S. Stillman Berry. MICHAEL J. SWEENEY, CLYDE F.E. ROPER and F.G. HOCHBERG, JR. ................45. 25 Octopod Paralarvae from Hawaiian Waters. R.E. YOUNG, F.G. HOCHBERG, JR., and RAB CHARMAN) sant hits weed Seach atte hee etdieid eire adie aie itae ornate eich aianrecee atone chorea steeneno nee 25 Papers from a Symposium: Molluscan Morphometric Analysis. Organizers: DAVID R. LINDBERG and CAROLE HICKMAN ............. 0. cece eect e eens 26 Gastropod Gut and Radula Morphology: Evolutionary Implications of a Microcomputer Assisted Study: (DAVID :R. LINDBERG: 1 sarccccssries caret ceive aigcdid ees aig: sens oe deus ete ote reco ahaa 26 Multivariate Analysis of Chiton Valve Morphology. DOUGLAS J. EERNISSE .................0000. 26 In Memoriam: Antonio J. Ferreira, M.D. (1923-1986). HANS BERTSCH ............. 00... eee eee eens Dif; Reports of Society Business Bhotosraphot Membersy Annals Meeting: iirc eetercccte castors aici epensl onc arasteletecuauenstenc state lelpereaelens tor seene ieee 28 Executive Board. Meeting ccc. camaice ans tndiee be cies gor tinc amu asibia persia sien om eileen 29 Editor’s Notesand) Brraturin cts sa cavers seperate teeperehel sie tire cep toye oan colsueusvntentad ebeioye apenedeeue sterstewaye ciaier eters arenes 31 PEASTIFER; SURE POLES 40:15, 5uccbs not eitoudi suc cuss i s.sath cushseeias 2yst hae ehtes hay eaters onsets meusgeoter en er ahetoh aretons eter orca toast eo ens ena 32 Annual Business:Meeting: 2ccfic% ainteie ete edie d and aes Wiese lee eee oe stale oo case bustles eracomriee yoeeotenene 33 Announcements of Future Meetings (225 g.265.s.c 5 fee oars bone eters eens ee ne eeisie cue esse els etevsrsi sheen 34 OTICERS sect aedsti ttre tates arvsttoyeainsstie ahs Mun Biee ey, sheuereumsadee oe ontaate one ete emer oecchieters eter suste mage este er eaten eee 35 PastPresidents? #2. ss:sits os4 tas Haida oan acted in enavalh pistol: aerate ts susie ol oes isaac sn ef version siete ts endure ene 35 Membership sist: si ocaciste-ncerle cacy aerate feras anivtaetars israrotonetnig.-noaioneraty feane dyna arden pa cae sald Aete | OGM 36 Printed by Comet Reproduction Service Santa Fe Springs, CA @ (213) 698-2247 4 The Western Society of Malacologists Author Index ANDERS ONMREC See iupiiae s alae ollie cya cule cnstoets 25 BERENS GENDER im eesrer ora stsis a tetas. a true Sia chen cs 2327 BIE Rei R Mi rrirciisesctac ys chines meron aa cron toe 17 BOSS PIA as ceccgitcenicincun Aejens sere atedteuiatronns eusleee 17 G@ARIES O Ni Gas cheseete s 4 she cao eregoravap ooo aia sees 23 GE TEANRIKGOIKE BS 2 Coes soarcteneh tin wtystaiece a aieidye shane one 23 COANE, Sere actag ineaynenmnaddrund Gnrtd adie 6 CONEY Ci @ es cerciies tontoteu cn sedi Seated, ooh ona 18 DERREBSE, Dis. amaacetasotaee sath ainaoee es 23 DRABER GB. C2 28 just aanocey cecnver teeing deere 16 BERNISSE Dido cyiucctness notin s wa iam aducane 26 ED IVUWIND Sg Mics setatinis caine vcnopevanere ts nage otet cereus cies 24 (GO SIETINGERIMis® oes cteratoceesaiy eortns ois «ar eveuaneis aves 24 EAD RIE TD IMEG sey eka wistendis aiSordte naval dena’ 18 PEARIMIAIN SIRES: cocaiseun stale ts itt indus aah tea eg 25 FVAURURS 3 Girne sien caters aioe. cl unstene cram ae tecicaaky at 23 HOAGLAND) ROB os. ciac ie Sate otsvier eb engies igaie te 18 HOGHBERG QBiGis vient meceskoveia cle uence UT eS) HORE sii Biesccs seeks ees tthe aoe acne oa.nalonrors 23 FIORE MAN Ee coterie tee ener eic a Chasis ss ajarers ia, eens 17 AUMIESS Se MI eeDis iterate bars fast ; 4 i . S (\—)\ : ' 4) st iia g a 6 ?, eis ; aa = 5 Se Z is 0.5 mm — eZ ea 9A os) = = \ / Pe. =: \ ©) [ A \ \ J \ ; ae E an 8A i iia NO a " Ly \ a / = ‘ - \ y \ («@ | See, ‘ ( @ ) ) ~—_— = } = * wee —— 10 a 8B 11 12 Fig. 19. Lateral view of a male Prerotrachea hippo- campus (drawing based on photograph of live animal in an aquarium; after Seapy, 1985). BM = buccal mass, CA = copulatory appara- tus, E = eye, ES = esophagus, F = foot, G = gills, H = hemocoel, S$ = sucker, T = tail, TE = tentacle, VN = visceral nuceleus. The Western Society of Malacologists A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF MYSELLA (BIVALVIA, MONTACUTIDAE) FROM THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC Paul H. Scott Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 Members of the genus Mysella Angas, 1877, are small featureless bivalves, possessing only limited sculpture externally. Two species in the northeast Pacific attain a length of about 10mm, while all others are under 5 mm. Conchologically the genus is characterized by the presence of two diverging cardinal teeth in the left valve, and the absence of cardinal teeth in the right valve. The right valve in most species has lateral teeth which interlock in grooves on either side of the cardinal teeth in the left valve. The ligament is internal, seated in a deep resilifer, directly below the beaks. Mysella species are a common component of the infauna from Alaska to the equator, frequently reaching densities in excess of 100/m2. Members of the genus have been observed as free-living or associated with a variety of burrowing invertebrate hosts. In the Pacific Northwest intertidal, Mysellg tumida (Carpenter, 1864) has been observed by D.O. Foighil (pers. comm.) in association with polychaetes and holothuroids. In addition, Mysella pedroana Dall, 1899, a southern California species, has been found attached by a byssus to the gills of mole crabs. While the biology of several Mysella species is becoming increasingly well understood, the taxo- nomy of northeastern Pacific species is extremely confused. This confusion is primarily due to three factors: 1) all species are small and superficially featureless; 2) many species are known only from badly damaged type specimens or sketches of juvenile shells (in some cases the type specimen is an edentulous right valve); 3) the shells of several species appear to be exceedingly plastic. Fourteen species of Mysella have been described from the northeast Pacific Ocean. Of these, eight appear to be valid, and the other six are junior synonyms. In addition, I have observed 4 potentially new species. The most common species is Mysella tumida. The type specimen is robust, with strong cardinal teeth. The beaks are anteriorly placed with a truncate anterior margin. The species is distributed from the Alaskan arctic to San Diego, California, at intertidal depths to 120 meters. The type locality is Puget Sound, Washington. Mysella ferruginosa Dall, 1916, described from San Francisco Bay, is a synonym. The type of M. ferruginosa is a specimen of M. tumida which is heavily encrusted with sediment. Mysella tumida exhibits considerable variation in shell shape depending on habitat and substrate. This shell variation is similar to that of Mysella bidentata in the northern Atlantic Ocean (Ockelmann & Muus, 1978). In my observations, the type specimen of M. tumida appears to be characteristic of shallow water Annual Report, Vol. 19 specimens which live in a sandy substrate. Specimens from deeper water in muddy substrates are elongate and more compressed with the beaks more centrally placed. Preliminary data suggest Mysella aleutica Dall, 1899, is an _ elongate, compressed form of M. tumida, although more data must be collected to support this synonymy. An easily identified species is Mysella grippi Dall, 1912. The shell is ellipsoid and evenly rounded on both ends. The beaks are central and the cardinal teeth are small and equal. It is distributed from Oregon to San Diego, California. Two lots from the Gulf of California, which I attribute to this species, were recently found in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum. Depth distribution is from 12 to 60 meters. The type locality is San Diego, California. Mysella pedroana Dall, 1899, is one of the largest species, attaining a length of about 10mm. The shell is thin, highly inflated, and has anteriorly placed beaks. The anterior cardinal tooth is reduced and the posterior tooth is elongate. The species has been collected from Morro Bay, California, to San Diego, California, and is most commonly found in embayments at depths less than 25 meters. It has been found free-living in the sediment, as well as attached to the gills of the mole crab, Blepharipoda occidentalis. The type locality is San Pedro, California. Mysella golischi Dall, 1916, is a synonym. The holotype of M. golischi is a right valve of a juvenile M. pedroana. Mysella compressa Dall, 1913, has a fragile compressed shell. The beaks are subcentral, and two small, equal cardinal teeth are present. The species is reported by Olsson (1961) to be distributed from Alaska to Peru, however the northern end of the range is questionable. I have studied hundreds of Mysella lots from Alaska and Oregon and have not observed M. compressa. On the basis of material I have studied, the northern range of the species would be Los Angeles County, California. The depth distribution is from 5 to 64 meters. The type locality is Bahia Concepcidn, in the Gulf of California. A northern species, Mysella planata (Krause, 1885) has prominent central beaks with a small pos- terior cardinal and an almost absent anterior cardinal. The shell is heavy and large, reaching up to 10 mm in length. The species is distributed from the Beaufort Sea, Alaska, to the Aleutian Islands, from intertidal depths to 100 m. The type locality is Plover Bay, in the Bering Strait, Alaska. A possible synonym is Mysella beringensis Dall, 1916. The type of M. beringensis is larger than M. planata and slightly more compressed but the dentition of both species is very similar. The remaining three species were described from Mazatlan by Carpenter (1857). All three species are known only from the type material which is either in poor condition or has been lost. Mysella clemintina was described from a single damaged juvenile shell, about 1 mm in length. The type has been lost and the description is not 13 adequate to separate it from other Mysella species. The camera lucida drawings by Carpenter are all that remain to differentiate the species. Mysella dionaea is known from a single damaged juvenile valve, 1.8mm in length, in the British Museum. I have not had the opportunity to study the specimen, but the description indicates the valve is without teeth. Mysella umbonata is known from four valves, all less than 1 mm in length. I have examined the two valves in the U.S. National Museum and they are in poor condition. Keen (1971) reported that the specimens in the British Museum are also in poor condition. In addition to the described species, I have studied specimens of four potentially new species and will describe them in a forthcoming publication. The new species are found off Oregon, southern California, and in the Gulf of California. LITERATURE CITED Carpenter, P.P. 1857. Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells in the British Museum collected by Fredrick Reigen. Oberlin Press, Warrington, England. 552 p. Keen, A.M. 1971. Sea shells of tropical west America. Marine mollusks from Baja California to Peru (2nd ed.). Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California. 1046 p. Ockelmann, K.W. & K. Muus. 1978. The biology, ecology and behaviour of the bivalve Mysella bidentata (Montagu). Ophelia 17(1):1-93. Olsson, A.A. 1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru). Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda. Paleontol. Res. Inst., Ithaca, New York. 574 p. CLASSIFICATION OF TWO LATE CRETACEOUS GASTROPOD LINEAGES—HINDSIA NODULOSA (WHITEAVES, 1874) AND FUSUS KINGII GABB, 1864 LouElla R. Saul Invertebrate Paleontology Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, California 90007 Hindsia nodulosa (Whiteaves, 1874) is neither a Hindsia nor a buccinid, although it may belong in the Buccinacea. Gastropods previously identified as Hindsia nodulosa constitute a new genus and can be divided into three biostratigraphically significant new species, characteristic, respectively, of San- tonian, lower Campanian, and middle Campanian strata. Fusus kingii Gabb, 1864, is neither a Fusus nor a fusinid. Gastropods previously identified as Fusus kingii also belong in a new genus, which can 14 be divided into four biostratigraphically significant species, three of which are new, and are each char- acteristic of Coniacian, Santonian and lower Cam- panian strata. Fusus kingii is from upper Campanian strata. Early Senonian species of these new genera are similar and are closely related to Perissitys spp. of early Senonian age, but each lineage diverges from the others. The new genera also apparently had geographic distributions similar to that of Perissitys and, like it, occur in Senonian deposits of Japan as well as of the west coast of North America. In 1983, Zinsmeister placed Nekewis Stewart, 1927, and Heteroterma Gabb, 1869, in the same family as Cophocara Stewart, 1927. Cophocara derives from Perissitys Stewart, 1927, and Zinsmeis- ter thus included species formerly assigned to the Turridae within the family characterized by Peris- sitys. A new species of Nekewis of early Maastrich- tian age greatly resembles Hindsia nodulosa of mid-Campanian age. APPLIED MALACOLOGY: MOLLUSCAN DATA ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO Judith Terry Smith 1527 Byron Street Palo Alto, California 94301 For years geologists considered the Gulf of Cali- fornia a Pliocene to Holocene (5.3 m.y. to present) embayment preceded by a “‘protogulf’’ that origi- nated ca. 8 m.y. B.P. (before present). The area includes the boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates, a complex region of en echelon faults, spreading centers, and active volcanoes. Fossiliferous sediments associated with radiometri- cally dated volcanic rocks indicate that marine water was present in the area as early as 13 m.y. B.P., long before the Baja California penninsula began to separate from mainland Mexico (ca. 4 m.y. B.P.). Like the modern Gulf, the ancient one had numerous abruptly changing facies containing mollusks of Tertiary Caribbean and Pacific Panamic affinities. It extended from the head of the Salton Trough to Cabo San Lucas, as seen from Miocene mollusks in the Imperial Formation of California, Isla Tiburon, Arroyo San Nicolas, and near Santa Anita in the Cabo Trough. Marginal embayments of the early Gulf had more complex histories than previously thought; near Loreto, for example, extensive nonmarine sediments are interbedded with the shallow neritic facies that were deposited around islands of older rocks. In the late Oligocene to early middle Miocene, before there was a gulf, marine water on the Pacific side of Baja California had many of the same molluscan species as are found in the Gatun Formation of Panama. The Western Society of Malacologists New molluscan studies are focused on Gulf fossils to identify paleoecologic indicators, significant phylogenetic lineages, and the oldest occurrences of Tertiary Caribbean species. Geophysical models proposed for the tectonic reconstruction of southern California and west Mexico suggest that large sections of the continental borderland moved 300 - 2,500 km north in the last 20 - 100 m.y., large figures in need of refinement. So far, faunal data have not been incorporated in these models; when available, species distribution data will provide information on sources of terranes and constrain time intervals in which movement occurred. SHELL STRUCTURE IN THE CRASSATELLINAE (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA: CRASSATELLIDAE) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SUPRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY SPECIES George L. Kennedy Section of Invertebrate Paleontology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 Most of the crassatellid species assigned to the subfamily Crassatellinae from the Upper Cretaceous of western North America reveal a distinctive subsurface pattern of radial riblets that is lacking in most west American Tertiary species. Radial riblets are present in the type species of Crassatella (= C. ponderosa (Gmelin, 1791) from the Eocene of France), and have been used by Chavan (1969) in his characterization of the family. The radial structures, which show best on weathered specimens, are due to ultrastructural and microstructural differences with- in the shell. The presence or absence of radial riblets is useful in segregating Cretaceous and Tertiary crassatellins into two groups on the basis of their shell types. The relationship of the radial riblets to shell ultrastructure and microstructure and their significance in suprageneric classification have been investigated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The configuration of shell layers in the Crassatel- lidae is reported to be relatively simple, comprising an outer, crossed lamellar layer that is separated from an inner, homogeneous layer by a thin pallial myostracum (Taylor, Kennedy & Hall, 1973). Preliminary SEM examination of several nominal crassatellid genera and species with subsurface radial riblets reveals that the crossed lamellar layer is divisible into two parts, the outermost of which is comprised of distinctly larger first order lamellae than the inner part. In transverse sections, the boundary beteen the two parts appears as a rippled or wavy line that separates the outermost surface shell, including that of the marginal denticles, from Annual Report, Vol. 19 that deposited between the denticles and outward of the pallial myostracum. The mid to late Cretaceous genus Pachythaerus Conrad, however, exhibits somewhat different features. Species assigned to Pachythaerus possess a denticulated inner shell margin, but lack any sign of subsurface radial riblets. SEM examination reveals a well defined outer, crossed lamellar layer, and a middle layer that probably can be assigned to the intersected crossed acicular structure type of Carter & Clark (1985). The boundary between the two shell types parallels the growth margin and shows no rippling effect. Most west American Tertiary crassatellids also lack any sign of radial shell structure. Because species with radial riblets represent a derived condition from some non-radially ribbed ancestor, it is unlikely that they evolved from typical Crassatella. The enlarged resilifer in most Tertiary species suggests that they evolved either 1) from an ances- tral Pachythaerus-like stock, or 2) represent an inde- pendent evolution from an unspecified astartacean ancestor. Weakly developed radial structures in some modern Eucrassatella (sensu lato) are also believed to represent a derived condition, and are not necessarily indicative of evolution from the typical Crassatella lineage. Results of this preliminary study indicate that 1) shell microstructure and ultrastructure should be taken into consideration in any systematic revision of the family Crassatellidae, and 2) that North American and European Cretaceous and Tertiary species can be allocated into several suprageneric groups that are defined, in part, by details of their shell structure. Formalization of these groups, perhaps at the tribe level, is withheld pending further study of fossil and Recent Crassatellidae on a world-wide basis. TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE NEOGASTROPOD FAMILY TURRIDAZ FROM THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC NEOGENE Matthew J. James Department of Geology Sonoma State University Rohnert Park, California 94928 The Neogene Yaque Group of the northwestern Dominican Republic has yielded a diverse, abund- ant, and well-preserved fauna of the neogastropod family Turridae. My work has concentrated on re- conciling the often convoluted nomenclature of Caribbean species and documenting the strati- graphic and biogeographic distribution of taxa. [Program Summary] A COMPARISON OF THE MINUTE MARINE SHELLS OF THE MIDWAY ISLANDS WITH THOSE OF THE ISLAND OF HAWAII Bertram C. Draper Research Associate in Invertebrate Zoology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 After two years of research on the minute marine shells of Hawaii, I had the opportunity to study and identify similar shells collected by Donald R. Shasky from twelve locations in the Midway Islands, representing over 160 species also found in Hawaii. Midway was formed about seven million years ago while Hawaii is about one million years old on its west side and only a few thousand years on the east side. The ocean currents flow from east to west on both sides of the 1500 mile long chain of islands between Hawaii and Midway, thus migration by ocean currents is from the newest island to the oldest. All specimens from Midway are from depths of two to eight meters, while many of the 300 plus species from Hawaii are from greater depths. Noticeable differences were mainly in color and/or sculpture, but were limited to only about 30 species of the 160 studied. The variations were found mostly in species that live by filter feeding or grazing. These species are less likely to be replenished by migration in the currents, so are more likely to be affected by evolutionary changes at the older Midway atoll. Differences in numbers of any species collected at the two areas were disregarded due to the limited period of collecting at Midway. Species cited for differences in sculpture and color: Euchelus gemmatus (Gould, 1895) Joculator ridicula Watson, 1866 Leptothyra verruca (Gould, 1845) Species cited for differences in sculpture only: Scissurella pseudoequatoria Kay, 1979 Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck, 1822) Species cited for differences in color only: Gibbula marmorea (Pease, 1867) Tricolia variabilis (Pease, 1861) Schwartziella gracilis (Pease, 1861) Caecum septimentum de Folin, 1867 Trivia exigua Gray, 1930 Kermia aniani Kay, 1979 Julia exquisita Gould, 1862 Leptothrya rubricincta (Mighels, 1845) Rissoina ambigua (Gould, 1849) Lophocochlias minutissimus (Pilsbry, 1921) Cerithium placidum Gould, 1861 Lienardia baltreata (Pease, 1860) Koloonella hawaiiensis Kay, 1979 Kellia rosea Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 Species cited for being found only at Midway in my study: Alvania (Alvania) isolata (Laseron, 1956) Euplica turturina (Lamarck, 1822) Species cited for being found at Midway and Maui, but not Hawaii: Barleeia sp. 16 Collecting done along the outer side of the atoll reefs at Midway would undoubtedly add many other species to the Midway total. ANGARIINAE AND LIOTIINAE— THE PRIMITIVE LIVING TROCHACEANS James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 Angaria and Liotia (and related genera) are con- sidered the most primitive living trochacean gastro- pods, based on characters of aperture angle, gill, radula, operculum, and epipodium. Aperture angle is nearly radial, not oblique as in higher trochaceans; the foot consequently does not expand across the base of the shell. The bipectinate gill has a short afferent membrane, unlike the condition in higher trochaceans in which there is a long afferent mem- brane. The radula in both groups is similar to that of the homalopomatine turbinids. The operculum is multispiral; that of Angaria is chitinous like that of trochids; that of Liotia and allies has external cal- careous beads; yet the opercula of both groups differ from those of trochids in having a broader zone of accretion. Although the thick, calcareous operculum of the homalopomatine turbinids is enveloped externally, the broad zone of accretion on its internal surface corresponds to its paucispiral pattern. Epipodial development in Angaria and Liotia is minimal; lappets are lacking and neck lobes are simple, as in homalopomatine turbinids. All trochids have a more advanced epipodium and radular plan that varies from group to group. Liotiinae may be traced to the Permian. The subfamilies Angariinae and Liotiinae are placed at the base of the Turbinidae, thereby making Turbinidae, advanced members of which have fully calcified opercula, more primitive than Trochidae. This work is preliminary to a full review of trochacean classification in collaboration with C.S. Hickman. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOSSIL AND MODERN MICRARIONTA (PULMONATA: HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE) ON SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, CALIFORNIA Timothy A. Pearce Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Micrarionta opuntia Roth, 1975, and M. sodalis (Hemphill, 1901) are helminthoglyptid land snails having morphologically similar shells. The two species are found only on San Nicolas Island, one of five southern California islands where the twelve species of Micrarionta are endemic. Stratigraphic The Western Society of Malacologists evidence, combined with radiometric dating indi- cates that M. sodalis existed on the island before 120,000 years ago, and M. opuntia appeared on the island in the latest Pleistocene roughly 18,000 years ago. The two species coexisted on the island with a gradual change in dominance from M. sodalis to M. opuntia, then M. sodalis became extinct less than 3400 years ago, while M. opuntia persisted. Mor- phometric analyses show that the shell of M. opuntia is morphologically more similar to that of M. sodalis than to the shells of any other species of Micrarionta. The stratigraphic evidence and results of the mor- phometric analyses support the view that M. opuntia evolved on San Nicolas Island from M. sodalis rather than having been introduced from elsewhere. Rela- tive constancy in shell characters through time of the two species, bimodal frequency distributions of the two species in a number of size and shape charac- ters, and stratigraphic evidence that M. opuntia and M. sodalis coexisted on the same part of the island while maintaining their distinct morphologies, indicates cladogenic evolution and confirms the taxonomic validity of the two species. A climatic increase in aridity, or collecting activities of Native Americans may have been factors influencing the extinction of M. sodalis. NOTES ON THE ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE BULIMULIDS (PULMONATA: SIGMURETHRA) OF SONORA, MEXICO James E. Hoffman Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 The zoogeographic patterns presented by land snails in Sonora are discussed with emphasis on the Bulimulidae, in which a few species are extremely widespread while others inhabit only local areas. This pattern is explained, and the applicability of some biogeographical theories to the land snails in Sonora is explored. [Program Summary] FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE WESTERN ATLANTIC ARCHITECTONICIDAE Rudiger Bieler Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port Fort Pierce, Florida 33450 Arthur S. Merrill and Kenneth J. Boss Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Based on a forthcoming worldwide revision of the Recent species in the family Architectonicidae, the Western Atlantic architectonicid fauna has been compared with other such faunas in the Eastern Pacific, Indo-West Pacific, Eastern Atlantic, Medi- terranean and with the fossil record in the Caribbean Tertiary. It is demonstrated that there are only small differences between West Atlantic, East Atlantic and Mediterranean architectonicid faunas; most Annual Report, Vol. 19 species are shown to have an amphi-Atlantic distri- bution. Only three major architectonicid faunas are here recognized worldwide: Atlantic (including Mediterranean), Indo-West and Central Pacific, and East Pacific. Architectonicids are a slowly evolving group (this can be explained by their long-range larval dispersal that allows a constant gene flow across ocean basins); their major radiation leading to Recent species took place before the oceans sepa- rated in the Middle Miocene and Pliocene. The differences between the three modern architectoni- cid faunas can be explained by the post-Pliocene extinction of different parts of the Neogene stock in the Eastern Pacific and in the Atlantic. MOLLUSKOCYSTIS, GREGARINE PARASITE OF HETEROPOD MOLLUSKS (GASTROPODA: PTEROTRACHEIDAE) F.G. Hochberg, Jr. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 and Roger R. Seapy California State University Fullerton, California 92634 Heteropod mollusks collected off California and Hawaii were surveyed for parasites. A total of 111 individuals, representing 7 species, 4 genera and 2 families, were critically examined. Two species of pterotracheids from off Oahu, Hawaii were infected with septate gregarines of the genus Molluskocystis. The sporozoans were found exclusively in the haemocoel of the heteropod hosts. Originally described by Stuart (1871) from an unidentified species of Pterotrachea in the Black Sea off Odessa, the gregarine was later reported by Tregebouff (1918) to infect P. coronata and P. mutica (now known to be synonymous with P. hippocampus) off Villefranche, in the Mediterranean. In our studies the type species, M. pterotrachae, was rediscovered and is redescribed from P. hippocampus. Gregarines infected 70% of the hosts examined and specifically attached to the oesophagus. A second, new species of gregarine was found in Firoloida desmaresti. In this second case, the incidence was 100% and the parasite specifically attached to the buccal mass, foot and body wall of the host. This is the first report of gregarines infecting heteropod mollusks in the Pacific Ocean. MOLLUSKS FOUND ON RIO GRANDE BREAKWATER E.C. Rios Museo Oceanografico da FURG Fundacao Universidade de Rio Grande Brazil The marine mollusks that live on the Rio Grande breakwater were studied. The material was collected on supratidal rocks by the author and to a depth of 10 meters by scuba divers. A total of 20 species was recovered. The malacofauna is similar to that found on Rio Grande breakwater buoys (Rios, 1979), with the exception of Littorina ziczac and Siphonaria lessoni, never found on buoys. HISTOCHEMISTRY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE ATTACHMENT THREAD OF CORBICULA FLUMINEA (BIVALVIA: CORBICULIDAE) Christina A. King and K. Elaine Hoagland Center for Marine and Environmental Studies Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015 The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, produces a fragile, ephemeral attachment thread after settle- ment, usually when clams are less than 9 mm in shell length. Histochemical tests demonstrate that threads are mucilaginous in composition. Metachromatic staining with toluidine blue and thionin indicate mucin. Threads stain positively with alcian blue at pH 0.5 to 1.0 and also at pH 2.5, indicating that threads contain both sulfated and non-sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The thickened stump of the thread, which attaches to the substratum, stains differently than the elongated strand of the thread. Alcian blue stains the stump less strongly than the strand, suggesting that mucopolysaccharides in the stump are less acidic than those in the strand. The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction followed by alcian blue demonstrates that the stump, which stains blue, is more alcianophilic relative to the strand, which stains magenta, and is therefore more periodative-reactive. Two protein tests, the Millon reaction and the Ninhydrin reaction, were negative, suggesting that protein is probably not a component of Corbicula attachment threads. Scleroprotein byssal threads from the marine mussels Geukensia demissa and Mytilus edulis were stained with thionin. toluidine blue, and alcian blue, and compared to Corbicula threads. Although mussel threads demonstrate weak metachromasia, they are non-alcianophilic, thus mucilaginous Cor- bicula attachment threads are different in composi- tion than byssal threads. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that the Corbicula attachment thread emerges from a glandular groove in the foot of the clam, roughly one quarter of the way along the length of the foot, and is deepest near the point where the thread emerges. The groove is possibly homologous with the byssal gland of other bivalves. Clams attach most commonly to small pebbles 3 to 5 mm in size, and may also attach to sand, mud, and other clams. Several clams may clump with pebbles and detritus, held together with attachment threads and mucous secretions that make clams sticky. Threads are elastic and can stretch to nearly twice their length before breaking. 18 DENDRODORIDIDAE OF THE NORTHERN MEDITERRANEAN Luise Schmekel Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Munster D-4400 Munster, Fed. Rep. Germany In the northern Mediterranean two species of Dendrodoris, D. limbata (Cuvier, 1804) and D. grandiflora (von Rapp, 1827), are frequent, whereas the five species described by Pruvot-Fol (1951) are rare and nearly unknown. One of these, D. languida, has possibly been rediscovered. The anatomy and embryology are described. [Program Summary] SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF MICROPROJECTIONS ON THE PARIETAL LAMELLA IN GASTROCOPTA AND VERTIGO (PULMONATA: PUPILLIDAE) C. Clifton Coney Section of Invertebrate Zoology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California 90007 The presence of microprojections‘on the apertural lamellae of pupillids was first reported in Vertigo milium (Gould, 1840) by Alan Solem (1972). He also noted their presence in Gastrocopta, with observable variation at the species level, exhibiting changes in frequency of occurrence and prominence of micro- projection development, which is correlated with shell growth (Solem & Lebryk, 1975). Scanning electron microscope comparisons of the micropro- jections found on the surface of the parietal lamella in mature representatives of each of the subgenera of Gastrocopta demonstrate that microprojection frequency and development are fairly consistant at the subgeneric level, yet exhibit considerable differentiation between subgenera. Even greater differentiation in the morphology of the micropro- jections of the parietal lamallae of mature Vertigo demonstrates a need for a comparable level of taxonomy within this genus. Further study is needed before the limits of differentiation of apertural microprojections among the so called ‘‘Groups’’ of Vertigo are fully understood. FACTORS AFFECTING LARVAL LONGEVITY AND SETTLEMENT IN THE OPISTHOBRANCHIA Michael G. Hadfield Kewalo Marine Laboratory University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Minimal precompetent larval periods tend to characterize opisthobranch taxa at the generic or family level. While sensitive to both temperature and nutrition, larval growth to a similar settling size among related opisthobranchs appears to be a driving factor. Once metamorphically competent, The Western Society of Malacologists opisthobranch larvae settle and metamorphose in response to stimuli associated with specific algal or animal prey, or, for those whose prey is motile, substrata characteristic of the prey. [Program Summary] REPRODUCTIVE AND LARVAL STRATEGIES OF NUDIBRANCH MOLLUSCS Christopher D. Todd Gatty Marine Laboratory University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 8LB The energy budget of an individual organism is both finite and subject to additional constraints. The classical view has been that heavy expenditure in one component (e.g., respiration) is necessarily balanced by compensatory reduction in another (e.g. reproduction); this is not necessarily so, for some species appear profligate in all components, while others display low all-round energy flux. Neverthe- less, within the organism’s energetic constraints selection should favour the numerical maximization of offspring production (irrespective of reproductive effort, or relative ‘‘efficiency’’ in terms of offspring per joule). The concept of reproductive strategy has been summarized as the organism’s set of physio- logical, morphological and behavioural traits that dictate the ‘‘where,’’ ‘‘when,’’ ‘‘how often’’ and ‘“‘how many”’ tactics of propagule production. But benthic marine invertebrates are characterized by a further variable — ‘‘what kind of’’ offspring? Broadly, marine invertebrate larvae are divisible into planktotrophic and lecithotrophic categories. While the former are, by definition, pelagic the latter are not necessarily so. Indeed, the apparent evolutionary trend of planktotrophy to pelagic lecithotrophy to non-pelagic lecithotrophy appears to lead towards parental retention and brooding in many phyla. What remains to be evaluated, therefore, are the selective pressures which have dictated the relinquishing of the primitive, or ancestral, planktotrophic mode of reproduction in favour of lecithotrophy. Pursuit of an all-embracing explanation to this ecological puzzle is almost certainly futile, and we must therefore accept that each species probably constitutes its own ‘‘special case.”’ Comprehensive observations of the reproductive energetics of two dorid nudibranchs with contrasting larval strategies lead me to conclude that the adoption of pelagic lecithotrophy (with its implicitly higher probability of individual larval survival) has arisen as a result of individual adult unpredictability of energy flux to reproduction. Here the ‘‘risk’’ element of planktotrophy is curtailed at the expense of reduced numerical potential and the putative advantages of large-scale larval dispersal. I present experimental data to show the differential reproduc- tive responses of Onchidoris muricata (planktotro- phic) and Adalaria proxima (pelagic lecithotrophic) to varying food (energy) availability. Finally, I Annual Report, Vol. 19 present preliminary observations of the population genetic implications of these contrasting larval strategies. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF INTERSTITIAL MOLLUSCS IN FIJI AND A DISCUSSION OF AN INTERSTITIAL MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGE M. Patricia Morse Marine Science Laboratory Northeastern University Nahant, Massachusetts 01908 An interstitial mollusc assemblage from Fiji is described and characterized. A similar assemblage consisting of representatives of three higher gastropod taxa is shown to be characteristic of com- parable habitats worldwide. [Program Summary] INTERSTITIAL OPISTHOBRANCH GASTROPODS : ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACCOUNT Claude Poizat Laboratoire de Biologie Marine Rue Henri Poincare 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France ABSTRACT The presentation summarizes recent data about systematics, ecology, population dynamics (long, medium and short-term variations), reproductive biology and teratology of interstitial opisthobranch gastropods. SYSTEMATIC REMARKS The interstitial opisthobranchs include 4 orders (Arnaud et al., 1986): Cephalaspidea (Philinidae, Philinoglossidae); Sacoglossa.(Platyhedylidae, Stil- igeridae); Acochlidiomorpha (Hedylopsidae, Asper- spinidae, Microhedylidae, Ganitidae); and Nudi- branchia (Pseudovermidae, Tergipedidae). Out of something like 1500 opisthobranch species in the world, only 54 are interstitial, among which 24 have been recorded along the West European coasts. However, many seashores in the world have never been prospected with the special aim to collect interstitial/meiobenthic gastropods. Numerous species remain to be discovered, which will certainly lead to a better understanding of the systematics of this group which has specialized to interstitial conditions (Swedmark, 1959, 1968). DISTRIBUTION Interstitial opisthobranch gastropods are pre- sumably present in most sublittoral sedimentary substrates. In the localities of the northwestern Mediterranean, these interstitial organisms are particularly abundant in coarse sands (0.75 <@ <1.50 mm), very coarse sands (1.50<0<2.0 mm) and granules (2.0<0<4.0 mm) of high homogeneity (low sorting index) that are frequently poor in silt-clay particles (<5%) and organic detritus (Poizat, 1981 a). These sediments result from very exposed bottom, where waves and currents cause a contin- uous rearrangement of the sand grains, oxygenation and movement of the interstitial water resulting in a very clean environment devoid of pollution (Poizat, 1985). Under such optimal ecological sedimentary conditions, interstitial opisthobranchs remain gener- ally restricted to a very small group which averages a frequency of only 1.5 to 2.5% of the total interstitial fauna (Poizat, 1981 a & b). But these organisms are involved in very remarkable assemblages (Arnaud et al., 1986; Poizat, 1986b, 1985; Salvini-Plawen, 1984) where up to 12 species can live closely together (fig. 1), associated with interstitial prosobranchs (Caecids particularly). LONG TERM VARIATION OF INTERSTITIAL OPISTHOBRANCH ASSEMBLAGES Interstitial opisthobranch assemblages may be more or less perturbated (either in the vicinity of polluted areas, or as a result of long term regional oceanographic changes), according to the respective sensitivity of the various species involved (Poizat, 1983a). For instance, in the Gulf of Marseille, a drop in marine hydrodynamism correlated with increased human pollution, was recorded from 1970 to 1976. This phenomenon resulted in the disappearance of two rare species, Platyhedyle denudata Salvini- Plawen, 1973, and Pseudovermis papillifer Kowalev- sky, 1901, and in a long term progressive change in the abundance of the dominant species. Several very sensitive species, Philine catena and other macro- benthic species of Philine, wholly disappeared from the region. Two sensitive species, Hedylopsis spiculifera (Kowalevsky, 1901) and Embletonia pulchra Alder & Hancock, 1844, slowly declined in abundance. At the same time the not very sensitive species increased regularly, gradually replacing the declining species. These increasing species, Ponto- hedyle milaschewitschii (Kowalevsky, 1901), Unela glandulifera (Kowalevsky, 1901) and Philinoglossa helgolandica Hertling, 1932, appeared therefore as the most resistant interstitial opisthobranchs (Poizat, 1983a, 1985). SEASON CYCLES OF INTERSTITIAL OPISTHOBRANCH ASSEMBLAGES In favourable Mediterranean biotopes (high exposure ones), seasonal variations in abundance of interstitial opisthobranchs are very marked (fig. 2A). There is normally a marked rise in the abundance of the mollusks in the boundary layer, from spring to summer, with a peak during the warm and calm season, alternating with a zero minimum in winter (Poizat, 1984a). Such variations are linked to vertical migrations of the organisms that are related to seasonal hydrodynamic changes inducing variations of the sediment grain-size, of the sea water tempera- ture and dissolved oxygen content. Grain size, pore space and oxygen content are maximum in winter favoring the vertical migration of the interstitial 20 opisthobranchs toward the deepest sand layers, and conversely, grain size:pore space and oxygen content at a minimum in summer, leading to the concentra- tion of interstitial opisthobranchs in the shallow boundary layer (upward migrations). Such seasonal changes may be modified (fig. 2D & G) along expo- sure and/or pollution gradients, depending on the sensitivity of the species involved (Poizat, 1985). SHORT TERM VARIATIONS OF INTERSTITIAL ASSEMBLAGES Short term variations (fig. 3) have been identified and linked to variations in the sand redox potential (interruption of photosynthesis during the night) and also to the possible occurrence of vertical and horizontal migrations for trophic and reproductive purposes (Poizat, 1983b). LIFE CYCLES OF A FEW MEDITERRANEAN INTERSTITIAL OPISTHOBRANCHS Poizat (1986a) describes the reproductive activity of some of these organisms. The 2 dominant Mediterranean hermaphroditic interstitial species, Philine catena and Embletonia pulchra, have an annual cycle, with a single striking recruitment period in summer and/or autumn (fig. 4A). The hermaphroditic Acochlidiacea Hedylopsis spiculifera is probably also an annual species which undergoes one generation per year, but there is a prolonged recruitment period from the end of spring to the end of autumn and adults can be observed from winter to summer. ‘The two monosexual Acochlidiacea, Pontohedyle milaschewitschii and Unela glanduli- fera, proved to be subannual species, which undergo 2 generations per year, generally spring and fall in the Mediterranean (fig. 4B). Both species reproduce by means of spermatophores. Pontohedyle milasche- witschii has one, sometimes 2, and exceptionally 3 very short spermatophores attached to each animal, most commonly to the dorsal part of the visceral hump. Unela glandulifera has one, and rarely 2 very long spermatophores (almost as long as the visceral hump) attached generally on the dorsal part of the visceral sac, but sometimes in front of the head-foot complex (Poizat, 1986a). TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMENS OF INTERSTITIAL OPISTHOBRANCHS Among the interstitial opisthobranchs, as well as the benthic ones, aberrant specimens are occasion- ally observed, but very few data have been published to document the abnormalities. Only 2 interstitial European species, Embletonia pulchra and Hedylopsis spiculifera, revealed unusual aber- rant morphologies (fig. 5) (Poizat, 1986b). Two more species proved temporarily very slightly abnormal, during their post-larval growth (negative allometry). In Pontohedyle milaschewitschii and Unela glandu- lifera, the visceral hump was unusually shortened in a few juvenile specimens. These teratological features are not lethal since the abnormal indivi- duals exhibited normal behaviour several days after The Western Society of Malacologists collection. Most of these features are chronic in the 2 first involved species. They have been classified in 3 decreasing degrees of seriousness: 1) chronic abnormalities represented by a lack of one or several parts of the body (oral veil, rhinophores, cerata; see fig. SA, B, C & E) and presumably resulting from a serious and early injury (by pollution?) during larval life or metamorphosis, and therefore without possibility of readjustment; 2) chronic abnormalities represented only by a more or less acute malforma- tion due to a wrong readjustment (slender axis of the tail, see fig. SD; verrucosities on the visceral hump, see fig. SH & I) following a slight injury (bite, etc.) inflicted to the animal after its metamorphosis; 3) temporary abnormalities recorded in juvenile speci- mens only (negative allometry) readjusted in a normal way during growth. As a conclusion to this ecological and biological account, it must be emphasized that interstitial opisthobranchs could be regarded as indicator organisms which characterize a clean sedimentary environment devoid of pollution. Indeed as soon as pollution occurs in an area, disappearance of the rare species as well as changes in the abundance of dominant species are recorded together with modifi- cations of their season cycles. LITERATURE CITED Arnaud P.M., C. Poizat & L.V. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Marine interstitial Gastropoda (including one freshwater interstitial species). pp.154-176 in Stygofauna Mundi, L. Botosaneanu (Ed), Leiden, E.J. Brill/ W. Backhuys. Poizat C. 1981a. Signification ecologique de quel- ques Gasteropods Opisthobranches mesop- sammiques des cotes de Provence. Haliotis [1 : 201-212. Poizat C. 1981b. Gasteropodes mesopsammiques de la mer du Nord (Robin Hood’s Bay, U.K.) : Ecologie et distribution J. moll. Stud. 47 : 1-10. Poizat C. 1983a. Mesopsammic opisthobranchs from the Provencal coast Marseille, Bouches-du- Rhone, France) : long term variations of the populations. J. moll. Stud., Suppl. 12A 126-135. Poizat C. 1983b. Opisthobranches interstitiels migrations nycthemerales, donnees _prelimi- naires. Haliotis 13 : 35-34. Poizat C. 1984a. Seasonal variations of Mediter- ranean interstitial Opisthobranch assemblages. Hydrobiologia 118 : 83-94. Poizat C. 1984b. Inventaire preliminaire des Gasteropodes opisthobranches mesopsammi- ques de I’archipel des Embiez (Var, France). Vie Marine 6 : 1-5. Poizat C. 1985. Interstitial Opisthobranch Gastro- pods as indicator organisms in sublittoral sandy habitats. Stygologia 1 (1) : 26-42. Poizat C. 1986a. Life history observations on a few interstitial Opisthobranch Gastropods from the Gulf of Marseilles, Bouches-du-Rhone, France. Annual Report, Vol. 19 Boletim de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, Brazil (in press). Poizat C. 1986b. Interstitial opisthobranch gastro- pods from the West European coasts : remarks about teratological specimens. American Ma- lacological Bulletin (in press). Salvini-Plawen L.V 1984. Notes on molluscan meiofauna from Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 64 : 497-502. Swedmark B. 1959. On the biology of sexual repro- duction of the interstitial fauna of marine sand. 15th Int. Congr. Zool., Sect. IV, Paper 5 :1-3. Swedmark B. 1968. The biology of interstitial Mol- lusca. Symp. zool. Soc. London & Malac. Soc., 22 : 135-149. FIGURE 1 Interstitial opisthobranch assemblage from Embiez Archipelago, including 7 species : A = Abavopsis latosoleata Salvini-Plawen, 1973 (adult, length = 0.72mm, dorsal view). B = Hedylopsis spiculifera (Kowalevsky, 1901), (adult, L = 3.22mm, dorsal view). C = Asperspina sp (juvenile ?, L = 0.68mm). D = Unela glandulifera (Kowalevsky, 1901), (adult, L = 1.80mm, dorsal view). E = Pontohedyle milaschewitschii (Kowalevsky, 1901), (juvenile, L= 1.5mm, dorsal view). F = Pseudovermis papillifer Kowalevsky, 1901 (adult, L = 1.34mm, right side). G = Emble- tonia pulchra Alder & Hancock, 1844, (juvenile, L = 0.90mm, dorsal). 21 x posure High E Moan Exposure ae = ire % Weak Exposure 6 FIGURE 2 Seasonal cycles of interstitial opisthobranch assemblages along an exposure gradient : A = high exposure, D = mean exposure, G = weak exposure. S = sensitive species, VS = very sensitive, NVS = not very sensitive. A = abundance in 50 dm? sand. Wi = Winter, Sp = Spring, Su = Summer, and Au = Autumn. FIGURE 3 Variation of the abundance (A/ 50 dm3 sand) of the 6 dominant species, in a gravel locality of the Gulf of Marseille, during the ? 0%, SUMMER SPRING K rey 8o “> ndonce AD Suvenito may » 2h, POT: RY \ iben Ree b tee, & > nmeee! re. i of— Ane or 01149" ay P oouepunay oO} period of observation : 1 = 18 h 45; II] = 22 h 30 (April 19, 1974), II = 01 h 00; IV = 03 h 20; V = 05 h 15 (April 20, 1974). a = total assemblage; b = Philine catena; c = Hedylopsis spiculifera; d = Embletonia pulchra; e = Unela glandulifera; f = Pontohedyle milaschewitschii; g = Philinoglossa helgolandica. FIGURE 4 Interpretative seasonal reproductive cycle of : A = annual species Philine catena, with only one generation per year. B = subannual species Unela glandulifera, with 2 generations per year. AD-SP = adults with spermatophores. FIGURE 5 Drawing from photographs of living specimens : A, B & C = right, ventral and left view of an abnormal 1.75mm specimen of Emble- tonia pulchra, from Marseille : devoid of rhinophores & oral veil, with only 5 cerata on the right side, 4 on the left side of the dorsum. D = dorsal view of an abnormal 1.5mm specimen from Northern Ireland, with round oral veil, low number of cerata and slender tail. E = dorsal view of a 1.5mm abnormal specimen from Marseille with buds of cerata on left rear side of the body. F = 22 dorsal view of an adult normal specimen from Western Sweden, 3.00mm long, with long cylindrical rhinophores, bilobed oral veil and 13 cerata. G = dorsal view of a normal 1.5mm adult Hedylopsis spiculifera from Marseille. H = left view of a 1.8mm long abnormal specimen with 2 symetrical expansions at the front dorsal part of the visceral hump. I = right side of a 1.3mm long abnormal specimen with 3 odd verrucosities on the dorsal median line of the visceral hump. The Western Society of Malacologists SACOGLOSSAN POPULATION STUDIES Kerry B. Clark and Duane DeFreese Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Florida 32901 Sacoglossan populations of Belize and Florida mangrove and reef habitats are compared. Higher densities and diversity occur in mangrove habitats. Peak densities increase with latitude, but high- latitude populations are generally transient while tropical populations are stable. [Program Summary] THE SACOGLOSSA OF GUAM Patricia J. Hoff and Clay H. Carlson University of Guam Agana, Guam Fifteen years of study on Guam have resulted in a collection of almost 400 Opisthobranchia. The algae dependent order Sacoglossa is represented by 76 species. Much of the collecting has been done in a small area known as Bile Bay, where 52 of the 76 Sacoglossa have been found. Following the sub- orders listed in Marcus (1982), the representative number of species is as follows: Juliacea 2. Volvatellacea 6 Oxynoacea 5 Elysiacea 39 Polybranchiacea 24 Although the number of species is fairly large, few have been found with any regularity and many of the species are represented by only one or two speci- mens. The number of species obtained probably reflects the time spent collecting rather than that Guam offers a unique habitat for Sacoglossa. The algal associations for most of the species are still unclear. All but two of the shelled forms are found on Caulerpa, while members of the genus Costasiella are invariably found on the alga Avrain- villea. Research has begun at the University of Guam Marine Laboratory, looking for metabolites in some of the Sacoglossa. If successful, it will be easier to find out who eats what. The sacoglossan species we have collected at Guam are: Ascobulla japonica (Hamatani, 1969) Volvatella viridis Hamatani, 1976 Volvatella pyriformis Pease, 1868 Volvatella spp. (3) Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1863) Oxynoe kabirensis Hamatani, 1980 Oxynoe spp. (2) Lobiger souverbiei Fisher, 1856 Julia exquisita (Gould, 1862) Berthelinae sp. Placobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824 Placobranchus sp. Pattyclaya arena (Carlson & Hoff, 1977) Elysia bayeri Marcus, 1965 Elysia bennettae Thompson, 1973 Elysia caerulea Kelaart, 1859 Annual Report, Vol. 19 Elysia cauze Marcus, 1957 Elysia degeneri Ostergaard, 1955 Elysia gracilis Risbec, 1928 Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1859 Elysia halimedae Macnae, 1954 Elysia marginata (Pease, 1871) Elysia mercieri Pruvot-Fol, 1930 Elysia obtusa Baba, 1938 Elysia ratna Marcus, 1965 Elysia rufescens (Pease, 1871) Elysia vatae Risbec, 1928 Elysia yaeyamana Baba, 1936 Elysia spp. (15) Stiliger varians Eliot, 1904 Stiliger spp. (5) Costasiella spp. (5) Polybranchia orientale (Kelaart, 1859) Cyerce elegans (?) Bergh, 1888 Cyerce nigricans (Pease, 1866) Cyerce and Polybranchia spp. (6) A COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF CHEMORECEPTION OF FOOD ATTRACTANTS Kathe Jensen Zoologisk Museum Universitetsparken 15 DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Behavioral responses to homogenates of food and non-food plants before and after gel-filtration were tested in 6 species of Florida Sacoglossa. The results were correlated with diet width, food preferences, and protein content of homogenates. The responses may reflect dietary evolution with the Sacoglossa. [Program Summary] AEOLID NUDIBRANCHS AS PREDATORS AND PREY Larry G. Harris University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire 03824 The biology and autecology of aeolid nudibranchs are much better known than are the roles nudibranchs play in the communities in which they occur. This report describes known and potential roles aeolid nudibranchs play as both predators on cnidarians and other species and as prey to higher trophic level predators. [Program Summary] THE GENUS BATHYDORIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NUDIBRANCH PHYLOGENY Hans Bertsch Biological Sciences National University Los Angeles, California 90301 The anatomy of species of Bathydoris was con- trasted with that of other opisthobranch mollusks. Primitive and derived characteristics are described within the framework of their functional morpho- logy. Two alternative phylogenies of the nudi- 23 branchs are presented (Figures 1 and 2). The hypothetical ancestral nudibranch is inferred to have been similar to gnathodorid nudibranchs. POROST OME CRYPTOBRANCH PHANE ROBRANCH Bathydoris Doridoxa Coelenterate-feeding Ancestor FIGURE 1 POROSTOME CRYPTOBR PHANE ROBRANCH Bathydoris Doridoxa SNATHODORID Coelenterate - feeding Ancestor FIGURE 2 24 PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE ORDER NOTASPIDEA (OPISTHOBRANCHIA) WITH REAPPRAISAL OF FAMILIES AND GENERA Richard C. Willan Department of Zoology University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia 4067 States for 57 behavioral and anatomical characters are tabulated for each genus of the order Notaspidea. Primitive and advanced conditions for each character are inferred on the basis of outgroup comparisons. A phylogenetic cladogram is compared to an unweighted, computer-generated dendrogram. Data from these analyses are employed in reapprais- ing higher taxa of the order. [Program Summary] COLOR IN OPISTHOBRANCHS Malcolm Edmunds Lancashire Polytechnic Preston, United Kingdom Evidence for the possible functions of color in opisthobranchs is reviewed. There is no evidence for the occurrence of intraspecific color signals, nor for fortuitous colors, so it is probable that all colors function in interspecific contexts, most (or perhaps all) being anti-predatory in functions. There is abundant evidence for crypsis in opistho- branchs and from this certain nudibranchs have evolved precise special resemblances to their food in the form of sponge or coelenterate mimicry. Some opisthobranchs can change color to match their food by sequestering pigments from it. Warning colors and Mullerian mimicry probably occur in some opisthobranchs, but evidence for these functions is largely indirect. Colors may also be used in a few species to deceive predators (flash colora- tion); to intimidate them (deimatic behavior); or to direct attacks to expendible and/or noxious parts of the body (deflective marks), but experi- mental studies are lacking. There is tremendous scope for critical experimental studies of color in predator-prey interactions in opisthobranchs. [Program Summary] BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS IN OPISTHOBRANCH GASTROPODS Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 Differences in biogeographical patterns of opis- thobranchs of southern Africa are described. Differ- ences in levels of endemism between prosobranchs and opisthobranchs are discussed. The importance of levels of endemism in evaluating biogeographical hypotheses is explored. [Program Summary] The Western Society of Malacologists ASPECTS OF DISPLAYING LIVE CEPHALOPODS Roland C. Anderson The Seattle Aquarium Seattle, Washington 98101 The Seattle Aquarium regularly displays Octopus dofleini and O. rubescens along with a sepiolid, Rossia pacifica. In addition to these local species, Nautilus pompilius is displayed in a tropical gallery. Loligo opalescens is displayed seasonally and Sepia officianalis has been displayed as space and supply of animals have been available. Three other cepha- lopods have been kept in non-display tanks. Exhibiting these animals for public display is usually a challenge. The Aquarium has used some interest- ing methods for presenting these cephalopods to the public, solutions that keep the animals healthy yet available for viewing by literally thousands of people. Methods include use of an acclimation period in a holding tank, where the animal gets used to the conditions of confinement. The process of confining an octopus can be a challenge in itself, which is met by suitably enclosing the holding and display tank. While on display the animal is provided a natural appearing habitat, such as artificial caves or substrate, that also lets the animal be visible to the public. Red light, low-level lighting, mylar coat- ings on the glass and one-way mirrors have been tried to reduce animal stress. Water quality and food quality is closely monitored. Some of the cephalo- pods have reproduced while on display, indicating good adjustment to captivity. COLOR AND BODY PATTERNING IN CEPHALOPODS FROM LIZARD ISLAND, AUSTRALIA Clyde F. E. Roper Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Division of Mollusks National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 and F. G. Hochberg, Jr. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 Cephalopods were observed in situ and under laboratory conditions at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Observations on habitat, feeding, and activity patterns were discussed. The major components and patterns of body displays are de- scribed for Octopus cyanea, O. ornatus, Hapaloch- laena spp., Metasepia pfefferi, and Sepia papuensis. A remarkable new type of locomotion, ‘‘ambling,”’ is described for M. pfefferi which we observed live for the first time. Observations of live Hapalochlaena made at Lizard Island and in Sydney and on color photographs from several other localities confirm the existence of a widespread complex consisting of at least 3 species. A total of 24 species of cephalopods is recorded from Lizard Island. Based on observa- tions of living animals and a systematic evaluation of Annual Report, Vol. 19 specimens, the presence of Octopus ornatus and Idiosepius pygmaeus in Australian waters is reported for the first time. VISUAL RECOGNITION OF SPECIES IN THE TWO-SPOTTED OCTOPUS COMPLEX F. G. Hochberg, Jr. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 Adults of Octopus bimaculatus and O. bimacu- loides are morphologically almost identical. Pattern differences in the ocelli and mantle white spots of live animals provide visual clues which aid in species determination. The validity of O. oculifer and O. roosevelti will be discussed. [Program Summary] A CATALOG OF THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF RECENT CEPHALOPODA DESCRIBED BY S. STILLMAN BERRY Michael J. Sweeney, Clyde F.E. Roper Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Washington, D.C. 20560 and F.G. Hochberg, Jr. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 The primary type specimens of recent cephalo- pods described by S. Stillman Berry (1887-1984) have been traced and the museums in which they are deposited verified. Specimen data, collection data, and museum catalog numbers are given for all speci- mens. Specimens known to be no longer extant and those types that could not be located are noted. A bibliography of Berry’s cephalopod publications is included. OCTOPOD PARALARVAE FROM HAWAIIAN WATERS R.E. Young,! F.G. Hochberg, Jr.,2 and R. F. Harman! 1Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 and 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara, California 93105 Paralarvae of benthic octopods from Hawaiian waters are characterized. A few benthic species have been identified by rearing the eggs of known adults in the laboratory. Possible identities of some of the remaining species are suggested. Various aspects of the biology of paralarvae are discussed. [Program Summary] 25 GASTROPOD GUT AND RADULA MORPHOLOGY: EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF A MICRO-COMPUTER ASSISTED STUDY David R. Lindberg Museum of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, California 94720 The coiling and looping patterns of the gastropod gut and radula, and the numerous character states associated with the radula have been often used to infer relationship between taxa. Results and obser- vations from three current research projects that use characters from the molluscan alimentary system and microcomputer-based analyses are discussed: (1) the construction of phylogenetic hypotheses using phylogenetic inference software (CLINCH, PAUP, PHYLIP), (2) the identification of heterochro- nic changes in the patellogastropod alimentary system and the use of computer-assisted drawing (CAD) software for anatomical reconstructions, and (3) microcomputer modeling of radular morphology based on the patterns of odontoblast and tooth formation in prosobranch mollusks. Determining the polarity of anatomical characters for phylogenetic analysis can be complicated by the presence of heterochrony in certain organ systems, and can lead to confusion of derived (recapitulated) characters with primitive ones. Moreover, false plesiomorphies are suggested when workers only use characters from the adult mollusk rather than consider the complete ontogeny. For example, both an operculum and epipodial tentacles are present in larval patel- logastropods, but the characters are typically scored as absent in this taxon because they are not present in the adult. The alimentary systems of the patello- gastropods show increasing juvenilization as one moves from ancestral to derived taxa. This includes fewer loops of the gut and fewer radular teeth. Because the radular sac buds off the stomodaeum early in development, these two compatible charac- ter states can be developmentally linked. Patterns of heterochrony in radular morphology were modeled by assuming one tooth per odontoblast, the exist- ence of a single primordial odontoblast, three fields of radular teeth, and simple cell division followed by differentiation based on positional information. All extant radular patterns can be generated by this model using simple assembly rules. Using random variables to determine the number and presence or absence of cell divisions and tooth placement, the ancestral prosobranch radular morphologies (doco- glossate, rhipidoglossate) occur with significantly less frequency than the derived types (rachiglossate, taenoglossate). 26 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CHITON VALVE MORPHOLOGY Douglas J. Eernisse Friday Harbor Laboratories Washington 98250 A variety of multivariate methods were used for intra- and interspecific comparisons of valve mor- phology in the chiton genus Lepidochitona. Specific applications of morphometric techniques are pre- sented, using data sets of digitized homologous landmarks. For examining variation within a popula- tion, replicated measurements were taken of both the left and right sides of valves 5 and 8 from collec- tion of 60 L. dentiens (Gould, 1846) from San Juan Island, Washington. After transforming the data to remove size effects, a 2-way mixed-model ANOVA was performed to estimate variance due to 1) direc- tional asymmetry around a bilateral axis, 2) non- directional asymmetry. For most measurements compared, both directional (favoring the animal’s right side) and non-directional asymmetry were found to be significantly greater than expected due to measurement error or random effects alone. Chitons may not be as perfectly bilaterally symme- trical as initially presumed, and individuals differ in observed levels of asymmetry. As examples of interspecific shape comparisons, data from one side of valve 5 were compared among as many as nine Lepidochitona spp., as well as two species in other genera used for outgroup compari- sons. A combination of principal component and canonical discriminant analyses of covariance ma- trices was used. Altogether, 231 animals were collected from different populations in each species’ range, and using a variety of morphological and bio- chemical characters independent of valve shape, were assigned with confidence to a particular species for discriminant analysis. Discrimination between each species was consistently high, and approxi- mately 95 percent of the individuals were classified to the correct group based on comparison of their individual discriminant scores to each group’s centroid. Principal component analysis was general- ly more useful for factoring out size and shape factors with no a priori assumptions concerning group assignment, and indicated that the observed variation among even the most morphologically similar species was due, at least in part, to shape differences. The Western Society of Malacologists IN MEMORIAM: ANTONIO J. FERREIRA, M.D. (1923-1986) Hans Bertsch Biological Sciences National University Los Angeles, California 90301 Dr. Antonio J. Ferreira was born in Lisbon, Portugal, on 30 July 1923; he died in Los Gatos, California, 19 May 1986. He received his M.D. degree in 1946 from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He immigrated to the United States in 1948, working on the staff of various hospitals in New Jersey and Texas, ultimately com- pleting his psychiatric residency in 1954 at the Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Palo Alto, California. Except for 2 years as a Major in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army, he was in the private practice of psychiatry in San Jose, California, since 1955. Dr. Ferreira served a year as Director of the Adult and Child Guidance Clinic of Santa Clara County, and was a research or teaching consultant to Agnew State Hospital, Letterman Army Hospital, San Jose State College, the Catholic Social Services, and the Mental Research Institute of Palo Alto. He was a member of the World Federation for Mental Health, American Psychiatric Association, California Medi- cal Association and other professional associations, and an Honorary Fellow of the California State Mar- riage Counselor Association. He published 44 papers on various psychiatric topics, was author of the book Prenatal Environment, and was co-author of Research in Family Interaction: Readings and Commentary. In the best tradition of international urbanity he enjoyed opera, was a tournament chess player, and a fine pianist. In the early 1970’s Tony became interested in the oceans and their molluscan deni- zens. His first malacological research papers were on nudibranchs, but his interest in chitons (espe- cially with the encouragement of Allyn G. Smith) soon became predominant. His numerous carefully researched, elegantly illustrated and impeccably written publications established him as one of the world’s premier authorities on chitons. Annual Report, Vol. 19 He pursued chitons under many of the world’s oceans (especially the tropics), with his skill as a scuba diver. I remember one very early morning visit with him (2 a.m.) while he waited to change air- planes in Honolulu for a distant western Pacific island. Tony also meticulously pursued holotypes of chitons at major international museums, obtaining these valuable specimens on loan for comparative study. Tony was a Research Associate of the depart- ments of invertebrate zoology of the California Academy of Sciences and the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. He was also elected a Fellow of the California Academy of Sciences. His personal collection of chitons has been presented to the Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology of California Academy of Sciences where it will serve future researchers. I met Tony shortly after his interest in mollusks had been kindled when I was beginning my graduate studies. Over the years, I spent many evenings with him, his wife Nancy and their three growing children. He was a mentor, but we also learned and discovered together. Although we co-authored several papers on nudibranchs and chitons, we evolved into Socratic gadflies (without the irritation) of each others’ work. Many of my _ papers acknowledge his helpful discussions and criticisms of the manuscript. His universality stimulated me (and others who knew him); our discussions might begin with a biological observation or taxonomic quandry, but would soon include connotations of Latin words, philosophy of science, or some other aspect of global planning. His sharing and prompting of thoughts and ideas are truly cherished gifts. To speak on a most personal level, I am grateful for our many years of friendship: Atque in perpetuum, frater, ave atque vale. 27 Group Photograph, Annual Meeting, 1986 28 The Western Society of Malacologists MINUTES EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING Western Society of Malacologists Monterey, California 1 July 1986 The meeting was called to order by President Gosliner at 10:06 a.m. Present: Terry Gosliner, Carole Hertz, Matt James, F.G. Hochberg, Margaret Mulliner, Paul Scott, Kirstie Kaiser, Dave Lindberg, George Kennedy (Guests - Vida Kenk, Steve Long, David Mulliner, Jules Hertz). Secretary’s Report: F.G. Hochberg read the minutes from the 1985 Executive Board meeting. The Secretary indicated that only additions and corrections should be solicited here. A vote of approval is not needed since the minutes are approved by the President and printed in the Annual Report prior to being read at the Executive Board meeting. Jules Hertz questioned the balance reported in the Treasury. The amount is high because it includes registration income from the 1985 meeting before expenses had been calculated. Steve Long indicated that postcards were not sent to gratis members of the Society along with the Annual Report as directed by the President in 1985 because enclosures cannot be included in bulk mailings. Discussion centered around how we track whether gratis copies are being received. The matter was turned over to Vice-President Carole Hertz to resolve. In the future the Secretary will send out copies of the minutes ahead of the meeting along with the agenda. Treasurer’s Report: Margaret Mulliner presented the Treasurer’s report. As of 30 June the Society had a balance of $4,046.89 in the Treasury (see attached). The Society currently has 158 regular members, 24 families, 7 students, 40 gratis and honorary. In the future copies of the Treasurer’s report will be prepared for distribution at the Executive Board meeting. Nominations of Officers for 1986-87: President Gosliner presented the slate of officers recom- mended by William Pitt, Chairman of the Nomi- nating Committee: President Carole Hertz 1st Vice President Matthew James 2nd Vice President | F.G. Hochberg Secretary Kirstie Kaiser Treasurer Henry Chaney Members-at-Large Steve Long, Hans Bertsch F.G. Hochberg declined the nomination and President Gosliner recommended Hans Bertsch Annual Report, Vol. 19 be moved into this office and that Michael Ghiselin be slated as the Member-at-Large in Bertsch’s place. Both Bertsch and Ghiselin had been approached earlier and had accepted the nominations. Kaiser had not been contacted ahead of time about her nomination but accepted in the Board meeting. MSP to accept slate of officers as revised. Annual Report Matters: 1. Editor - Steve Long resigned as Editor on 16 May 1986. Steve Long was praised for producing a timely 1985 Annual Report. The Board stressed again the need to produce the Annual Report in a timely fashion. President Gosliner announced his intention to appoint Hans Bertsch as Editor for 1986-87. 2. Editorial Review Board - The Editorial Board has been determined to be in violation of the By-Laws. The Editor has the right to choose his own Review Board although if deemed necessary the Presi- dent has the authority to appoint an ad hoc Edi- torial Review Committee. Concern was expressed that there continues to be confusion with the procedures and budget for producing the Annual Report. 1987 Meeting: Carole Hertz reported that the 1987 Annual Meeting will be held on 21-25 June on the campus of San Diego State University. It will be the 20th Annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists. The costs for housing, meals and parking will be approximately $30.00/day. Evening meals will be held in the Faculty Club. The Banquet will be catered by the University. Judy Terry-Smith will coordinate a Symposium on ‘‘The Imperial Formation and the Northern Gulf of California - its Geology and Recent Mollusca.”’ David Leighton has been approached about organizing a second symposium on the ‘‘Aquacul- ture of Mollusks.”’ Student Grants: Vida Kenk reviewed the 1985 grant selection process. Over 250 announcements were mailed to western states only. Committee costs were about $100.00. Twenty four applications were received and re- viewed by the grant committee. Number and quality of applications up from previous years. Two awards were presented: WSM - Ken Leonard (University of Washington) SWMS - Janis Bell (University of Hawaii) MSP to offer a WSM Student Grant in 1987. Considerable discussion ensued with regard to 29 the monetary amount of the grant. Considering the state of the budget it was proposed to reduce the amount from $750.00 to $500.00. When ques- tioned whether this was adequate to accomplish research, Kenk responded that it was an appro- priate amount. Gosliner expressed concerns that by reducing the amount of the grant we do not want to jeopardize the numbers of applications nor the quality. According to Carol Skoglund it is doubtful if the matching grant provided by the Southwest Malacological Society and adminis- tered by WSM as part of this program will be present in the future. MSP to allocate $500.00 for the 1987 Student Grant. Scott stressed that one of the most significant activities of the WSM is the support of students through grants. WSM should strive to raise the amounts of this grant whenever possible and not lower it. Question was raised concerning what WSM receives in return for grants. Kenk commented that students file a report of their work in the summer of year following receipt of grant. How- ever, we do not track publications, theses and dis- sertations which acknowledge help from grants. Kenk will attempt to track this information and will add a statement to this effect on the appli- cation form. In addition, Kenk will revise and computerize mailing list. It was stressed that WSM should advertise nationally to attract appli- cations from the best students. MSP to increase mailings in order to advertise the WSM student grant nationally. The Editor was directed to list other sources of student grants in the Annual Report. Best Student Paper Awards: Hochberg announced the winners of the 1985 Best Student Papers: 1. Sally Walker (University of California, Berkeley) 2. Tim Pearce (University of California, Berkeley) 3. Peter La Rochelle (University of Colorado) The First Place is awarded a 2-year membership in WSM and a complete set of the back issues of the Annual Report. The Second and Third Places are awarded a 1-year membership and a complete set of the Annual Report. Hochberg indicated in the future these awards should be listed in the minutes of the Annual Business Meeting. MSP to present a single Best Student Paper Award at each Annual meeting. MSP to direct the President to establish each year an hoc committee to handle this respon- sibility at the Annual meeting. Preliminary Budget for 1986: A. Annual Report - Considerable concern was ex- pressed with the quality of the 1985 Annual Re- port. Secondly, it does not appear to be clear what the function and value of the Annual Report is or should be. Is it the Society’s principal organ which needs to be well done to attract members or is it simply a vehicle for dissemination of abstracts much like a meeting program? Steve Long esti- mated it would cost $2000.00 to publish the An- nual Report with a higher quality paper stock. MSP to allocate an amount not to exceed $1800.00 for production of the 1986 Annual Report. B. Annual Meeting Expenses - Gosliner reviewed the history and problems involved in sharing costs with AMU for the 1986 Annual meeting. AMU did financial planning and calculated registration fees well ahead of time. Some expenses were not bud- geted for, such as refreshments, etc. Cost over- runs are estimated to be $2000.00. If we are truly a co-sponsor we have an obligation to meet some of these expenses. The Executive Board was polled concerning this matter in June. Mulliner pointed out that this ballot was in violation of the By-Laws since the Audit Committee had not approved an outlay of expenses for the 1986 joint annual meeting. Audit committee expressed concern that if we can’t afford to raise or even maintain the level of funding for the Student Grant, why pay for coffee and donuts and Best Student Paper Award? J. Hertz indicated that the trends in auditing show a decreasing balance due to increased expenses. When combined with a decline in income from auctions, we can’t build the budget. In addition, WSM is losing members through non-renewals and is not getting new members. With an operat- ing budget about $2000.00 and interest rates dropping the Society may experience cash flow problems. Meeting recessed at 12:20 pm to allow audit com- mittee to meet. Meeting was reconvened at 12:40 pm. Audit committee reported that the ballot seeks to spend half of the $2200 remaining in the budget. However, up to $1500 is due in January for the 1987 annual meeting. Hence, the committee recommended only spending $400.00 to help defray the cost overruns of the 1986 AMU/WSM meeting. Hochberg raised a point of order whether the committee could specify how the money was spent or only recommend the amount to be spent. Hochberg and Kaiser expressed concern that the money should be spent for a Student Award and that the cost overruns should be borne by AMU. After considerable discussion the Board accepted the Audit Committee’s recommendation. MSP to direct the Treasurer to provide $400.00 to AMU to help cover the cost of hospitality at the 1986 joint annual meeting. Hochberg stressed that the viability of the Society depended on developing realistic long range plans The Western Society of Malacologists to help define goals and determine future directions. OTHER BUSINESS 1. Officer’s Manual: Kennedy has revised and up- dated the old Officer’s Manual but was not able to provide copies due to computer problems. These will be sent out at a later date once they have been checked against the By-Laws. 2. Historian: Hochberg announced that the His- torian, Jody Woolsey, resigned as of 2 June 1986. The President will appoint a new one at the An- nual Business meeting. There was some discus- sion as to the duties of the Historian and the need to store the Society’s historical notebooks. 3. WSM Archives: Hochberg offered to house the archives at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. MSP to accept the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History as the official WSM archive. All items pertaining to the history of the Society such as correspondence, minutes of meetings, annual meeting information, back issues of the Annual Report, historical notebooks, are to be sent to the Museum. Mulliner indicated that old AMU/PD history note- book was sent to Philadelphia where the AMU archive is located. 4. Sale of Shell Display Cases: Gosliner indicated that the three table top display cases which were listed for sale by silent auction in 1983 have still not been sold. He noted that two of these cases would be offered for sale during the auction on the condition that they are to be removed at the ex- pense of the buyer. 5. Bishop Museum Resolution: Gosliner reported that he had received two responses to his letter of 4 November 1985 which contained a $500.00 dona- tion to the Bishop Museum (see Resolution, 1985 minutes). Letters were received from the Chair- man of the Board of Trustees of the Bishop Mu- seum and the Honolulu Star Bulletin. Nothing was published in the newspaper nor was the use of the money tracked. 6. 1989 AMU Meeting: Gosliner reported that Jim McLean will be president of AMU in 1989 and that, consequently, the AMU meeting will be held in Los Angeles. McLean has extended a formal invitation to WSM to meet jointly in 1989 (see attached letter). Annual Report, Vol. 19 Hans Bertsch, as nominee for the 1989 WSM President, has indicated that he would accept the position of a joint host for this meeting. MSP that the WSM hold a joint meeting with AMU in 1989 pending approval by vote of the entire WSM membership. Secretary Hochberg was directed to prepare a mail ballot with background information. The wording is to be approved by T. Gosliner, C. Hertz and H. Bertsch before the ballot is submitted to the members. Kennedy stressed the need to appoint an Ad Hoc liason committee for this meeting. 7. 1988 Annual Meeting: James indicated that the 1988 meeting will be held in northern California or Oregon. He is currently looking at possible meet- ing sites. 8. Business Meeting: The location and time of the Business meeting was discussed. There was some concern that it conflicted with the auction by pro- viding time constraints to those people who wanted to preview items for sale before the auc- tion began. The Business Meeting agenda was approved. There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 1:35 pm. These minutes were respectfully submitted by: F.G. Hochberg, Secretary, and approved by Terrence Gosliner, President (1985-86). EDITOR’S NOTE: The following recent publication acknowledges funding assistance from the Western Society of Malacologists: Lohmann, Kenneth J., and A.O. Dennis Willows. 1987. Lunar modulated geomagnetic orientation by a marine mollusk. Science 235 (4786) : 331-334. The Society congratulates Mr. Lohmann on_ his research and its publication in the prestigious journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. ERRATUM: In Volume 18 of the Western Society of Malacologists, Annual Report, the title of the article by Gosliner, Johnson and Bertsch (p. 14) was erroneous. Please correct the title to read: ‘*Addi- tions to the Opisthobranch Gastropod Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands.”’ 31 TREASURER’S REPORT Period covering 1 November 1985 to 30 June 1986 INCOME Balance at beginning of period $5500.98 Dues: 1986 158 7.50 (reg.) $1185.00 Family 24 1.00 24.00 Student 7 3.00 21.00 $1230.00 1984 9 7250 67.50 1985 13 7.50 97.50 1987 1 Tea0 7.50 172.50 1402.50 Refund from Santa Barbara Club 200.00 for W/C reception Publications 16.00 Student Grant Fund (donations) 240.50 S/A interest 11/30/85 to 5/31/1986 120.92 Sy EAZ Sqeae Income 7480.90 Expense 3434.01 Balance 4046.89 EXPENSES Treasurer $ 145.17 President 115.00 Student Grant 750.00 Donation to Bishop Museum 500.00 COA dues 7.50 AMU dues 22.00 Secty of State 2.50 Conference 1985 (Late bill) 111.07 Editor - Advance toward A.R. Vol. 18 $00.00 Balance of cost 1130.66 New membership cards 150.11 Total $3434.01 32 The Western Society of Malacologists ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Western Society of Malacologists Monterey, California 4 July 1986 The meeting was called to order by President T. Gosliner at 7:03 pm. Present: 28 members Secretary’s Report: Secretary Hochberg summarized the minutes of the 1985 Annual Business Meeting. MSP to accept the minutes as summarized. Treasurer’s Report: M. Mulliner presented the Trea- surer’s report for the period 18 August 1985 to 30 June 1986. MSP to accept the report as presented. Appointments: President Gosliner made the follow- ing appointments: Editor (1986 Annual Report): Hans Bertsch Mentor/Parliamentarian: Eugene Coan Historian: Barbara Chaney Standing Committees Nominating: Terrence Gosliner (Chair), William Pitt, George Kennedy Audit: F.G. Hochberg (Chair), Paul Scott, Dave Mulliner Ad Hoc Committees Student Grant: Vida Kenk (Chair), Eugen Coan, James Nybakken, Judy Terry-Smith, Terrence Gosliner Student Best Paper Award (1986 Annual Meeting): Michael Ghiselin, Paul Scott Election of Officers: In the absence of W. Pitt, Chair- of the Nominating Committee, President Gosliner presented the following slate of officers: Presiden tener. ote a cera ots kata eian wins Carole Hertz 1st Vice President ............. Matthew James 2nd Vice President .............. Hans Bertsch MECLEtARVA reise tyadie ete a hice Kirstie Kaiser te asureri en, < cssiecaos Hae ees os Henry Chaney Members-at-Large ............... Steve Long, Michael Ghiselin MSP to close nominations. MSP to cast unanimous ballot for slate of officers as presented. New Business 1. 1987 Annual Meeting: Carole Hertz announced that next year’s annual meeting would be held in southern California from 21-25 June on the cam- pus of San Diego State University. Judy Terry- Smith will organize and chair a Symposium on ‘The Imperial Formation and the Northern Gulf of California - its Geology and Recent Molluscs.”’ 2. Bishop Museum Resolution: President Gosliner reported that letters concerning the WSM resolu- tion (see 1985 minutes) were sent to the Director and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Bishop Museum and to the Editors of two Hono- Annual Report, Vol. 19 nn lulu newspapers. Responses were received from Edwin L. Carter, Chairman of the Board of the Bishop Museum, and from the Honolulu Star Bul- letin. There was no response from Donald Duck- worth, Director of the Museum. D. Shasky questioned whether money had been spent on collections. T. Burch commented that the money may have been placed into a fund to pay the Invertebrate Zoology department assistant. He will check. . Auction of Shell Cases: Two of the three display cases originally stored at Asilomar will be offered at the auction tonight. If purchased they have to be removed at the buyer’s expense. . Student Best Paper Awards: Secretary Hochberg announced that in 1985 awards for Best Student papers were presented to: ist Sally Walker (University of California, Berkeley) 2nd Timothy Pearce (University of California, Berkeley) 3rd Peter La Rochelle (University of Colorado) The 1986 Best Student Paper Award was won by Janet Voight (University of Arizona, Tucson). . Annual Dues: President Gosliner conveyed an Ex- ecutive Board recommendation that WSM dues should be increased starting in 1987. Dues have not been raised in more than 10 years. The costs of operating the Society are continually going up and the balance in the treasury going down. MSP to raise dues starting in January 1987 to $10.00 regular members $12.00 family $ 4.00 student. D. Shasky questioned how much the increase will add to the Society’s operating income. At the level of current membership numbers it would generate about $400.00 additional income. T. Gosliner stressed the need to send in dues in a timely fashion in order to meet the Society’s financial ob- ligations. . Life Memberships: The Executive Board was di- rected to explore the advantages of life member- ships. P. Skoglund stressed the need to consider the disadvantages of life membership in order not to jeopardize the continued receipt of operat- ing income from regular membership dues. The institution of a new membership category would require a change in the By-Laws. In order to enable such a recommendation, the changes should be circulated to the membership early in the year so it can be approved at next year’s meet- ing. 33 7. 1988 Annual Meeting: Matt James indicated it will be held in northern California or Oregon at a site still to be selected. 8.1989 AMU Meeting: President Gosliner an- nounced that the 1989 AMU meeting will be held in Los Angeles. Jim McLean will host the meeting and has formally invited WSM to participate as a co-host. The Secretary has been directed to poll the WSM membership by mail to ascertain if this is acceptable. D. Shasky recommended appointing an ad hoc committee to begin to deal with the joint meeting. T. Gosliner, G. Kennedy and F. G. Hochberg agreed to serve on this committee. Considerable discussion ensued concerning the advantages and disadvantages of a joint meeting. It was stressed that if the meeting was to be truly a joint venture WSM needs to share in planning of the meeting from the beginning. Do _ the advantages of holding a joint meeting outweigh loss of income? It was stressed by several members that exposure at joint meetings is es- pecially critical for students and professionals. By starting to work early it will be possible to have a very successful joint venture. Although the Monterey meeting was billed as a joint meeting, WSM was not given equal billing. Small but sensitive issues (such as name tags) remain as a continual source of irritation. Hans Bertsch requested written comments with specific complaints about the meeting be sent directly to him. J. McLean is sensitive to the issue and with Bertsch in Los Angeles there should be no problem organizing a successful joint meeting if approved by the membership. S. Long addressed the issue of auction economics. He noted the trend that fewer duplicates of both books and shells are available today. Is this a real issue or is it a function of joint meetings or a function of not getting out a call for auction items? 9. Annual Report: All WSM members who attend the meeting will be able to publish abstracts in both the AMU Bulletin and the WSM Annual Report. Modified or extended abstracts need to be submitted to the Editor Bertsch by 15 August. Abstracts should reflect information as presented at the meeting rather than what was submitted prior to the meeting. Bertsch explained that the AMU By-Laws stipu- late that anyone who presented a paper at an AMU meeting was required to submit an abstract to the AMU Bulletin and pay $15.00 toward page charges. Only students and symposium speakers are exempt. D. Shasky suggested that a key to heteropods would be a welcome addition to the Annual Report. Hochberg will solicit a manuscript from Roger Seapy. 10. Closing Comments: President Gosliner extended his thanks to all the outgoing officers, especially to the Treasurer, M. Mulliner, for her long years of service and to the Editor, S. Long, for promptly producing the Annual Report. He additionally thanked all the hosts, organizers and all the people involved with the meeting. He then turned the gavel over to President elect C. Hertz. There being no further business the meeting was adjourned at 8:07. These minutes were respectfully submitted by: F.G. Hochberg, Secretary, and approved by Terrence Gosliner, President (1985-86). ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FUTURE MEETINGS The 20th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held 21-25 June 1987 on the campus of the San Diego State University. The W.S.M. program will include the annual shell auction, reprint exchange, exhibits, symposia on ‘The Imperial Formation and the Northern Gulf of California—Its Geology and Recent Mollusca,’’ and ‘‘Molluscan Aquaculture.’’ Advance registration is 34 strongly encouraged: Carole M. Hertz, President W.S.M., Dept. of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112. The 21st Annual Meeting will be held in 1988 in northern California or Oregon. Contact Dr. Matthew J. James, Dept. of Geology, Sonoma State Univer- sity, Rohnert Park, California 94928. The Western Society of Malacologists OFFICERS WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS President Carole M. Hertz 3883 Mt. Blackburn Avenue San Diego, CA 92111 First Vice President Dr. Matthew J. James Dept. of Geology Sonoma State University Rohnert Park, California 94928 Second Vice President Dr. Hans Bertsch Research Associate, Invertebrate Zoology Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Secretary Kirstie L. Kaiser P.O. Box 4289 Park City, UT 84060 Treasurer Dr. Henry Chaney 1706 H Esplanade Redondo Beach, CA 90277 Members-at-Large Steven J. Long 1701 Hyland Street Bayside, CA 95524 Dr. Michael T. Ghiselin California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Past Presidents Dr. Terrence M. Gosliner (1985-1986) California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA 94118 William D. Pitt (1984-1985) 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, CA 95822 Dr. George L. Kennedy (1983-1984) Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Editor Dr. Hans Bertsch Mentor-Parliamentarian Dr. Eugene V. Coan 891 San Jude Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94306 Historian Barbara Chaney 1635 Posilipo Lane Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Annual Report, Vol. 19 Standing Committees Nominating: Dr. Terrence M. Gosliner William Pitt George L. Kennedy Audit: Dr. F.G. Hochberg Paul Scott David Mulliner Ad Hoc Committees Student Grant Dr. Vida Kenk Eugene Coan James Nybakken Terrence Gosliner Judith Terry Smith Student Best Paper Award Dr. Michael T. Ghiselin Paul Scott Liaison for 1989 Joint WSM/AMU Meeting Dr. Terrence M. Gosliner Dr. George L. Kennedy Dr. F.G. Hochberg PAST PRESIDENTS OF THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS DayidsMulliner “ion ino eecracete 1967-1968 Walliam Ke Emerson) ss... nec crs 1968-1969 A MytaiKeen” 2. iiasitn.te mans eee cited 1969-1970* EWU Sen en Ve COAN terre cts kee oek foetal 1970-1971 Beattice by Burch yc cere ia esate 1971-1972 MwalavBratchenes srw eeie ec aie 1972-1973 James HeMcleane-. >. cscs. tess 1973-1974 George Radwihh si4.s05.2 seen cme. 1974-1975* James(Nybakken i. wens sees ete os 1975-1976 HeleniDuShane! g.-.can- tenes to meee 1976-1977 [Rejvere DI SINNG Ge conuaopsocuaceogdcoes 1977-1978 Barry ROtn) atic ewrasciele = casei sie 1978-1979 WVidal@HKenk, ticcantecmacceaurnu deste 1979-1980 CaroliGSko cling gs cleteen tenn atereeaee 1980-1981 DonaldiReShasky- 2 sasyeiecrwere ceri ce 1981-1982 DavidiR windberg ss a qece etree c sencleuners 1982-1983 George Lalkennedy <2 jacise nis cee sciels 1983-1984 William DePitt cor evsrrarercites ices 7 oeeree 1984-1985 Terrence M. Goslinet ss. «enc emeiee er 1985-1986 *Deceased 35 Mrs. Keith Abbott 1264 West Cienega Ave. San Dimas, CA 91773 Dr. R. Tucker Abbott P.O. Box 2255 Melbourne, FL 32902-2255 Academy of Natural Sciences Serials Librarian Nineteenth and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Ms. Catherine R. Adams 13346 Birchwood Drive Sunnymead, CA 92388 Mr. Elmo W. Adams 747 Winchester Drive Burlingame, CA 94010 American Geological Institute The Library 4220 King Street Alexandria, VA 22302 Serials Unit, Library American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 American Malacological Union, Inc. Anne Joffe, Treasurer 1163 Kittiwake Circle Sanibel Island, FL 33957 Mr. Roland C. Anderson Seattle Aquarium Pier 59 Seattle, WA 98101 The Library Department of Zoology Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85281 Artia Dkon Krnov Gesce Min Vuttra CSR 25 Unora 5 794 LL Krnov, Czechoslovakia Artia Kabinet Prognoz CSAV Opletaleva 19 11000 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia Artia Uster Celni Sprava FMZO Vaclavske Nam 57 11354 PRAHA 1, Czechoslovakia Artia Zavody Silnoproude Elektro Techniky Odbor TRL Na Morani 17 128 00 PRAHA 2, Czechoslovakia Ms. Karen Ashbaugh 9045 Comet Street El Paso, TX 79904 36 MEMBERSHIP LIST Australian Museum Attn.: Librarian P.O. Box A285 Sydney, South, N.S.W., 2000 Australia Prof. Miguel C. Aviles, E. Apartado 6-765 Zona Postal El Dorado, Panama Sr. Ramon Enrique Ayala Apartado 6-7628 El Dorado, Panama Mr. David A. Baerreis Box 4651-406 Beimer Ave. Taos, NM 87571 Mr. Rae Baxter Department of Fish and Game P.O. Box 96 Bethel, AK 99559 Mr. Con Bergland P.O. Box 173 Bouse, AZ 85325 Dr. Hans Bertsch 6056 Beeman Ave. North Hollywood, CA 91606 Literature Resources Department Biosciences Information Service 2100 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Bernice P. Bishop Museum The Library P.O. Box 19000-A Honolulu, HI 96817 Mr. Ralph L. Body 2538 10th Avenue West Seattle, WA 98119 Mrs. Hollis Q. Boone 3706 Rice Blvd. Houston, TX Mr. Francisco J. Borrero Department of Biology University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Drs. Eugene and Eleanor Boyd 5225 Serenity Cove Bokeelia, FL 33922 Dr. and Mrs. Hugh Bradner 1867 Caminito Marzella La Jolla, CA 92037 Mrs. Ford Bratcher 8121 Mulholland Terrace Hollywood, CA 90046 Rev. Richard R. Breitigam 420 Alameda Padre Serra Santa Barbara, CA 93103 British Library, Lending Division Accessions Department Boston Spa Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ England British Museum (Natural History) Acquisitions Section (DLS) Cromwell Road London, SW7 5BD England Mr. Jack W. Brookshire 2692 Balboa Ave. Oxnard, CA 93030 Mrs. John Q. Burch 1300 Mayfield Road Seal Beach, CA 90740 Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Burch P.O. Box 309 Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 The Library California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Millikan Library, Acquisitions 1-32 California Institute of Technology 1201 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91109 Dr. James T. Carlton Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, OR 97420 Dr. Walter E. Carr, M.D. 2043 Mohawk Drive Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Mrs. Crawford N. Cate P.O. Box 3049 Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 Dr. Henry W. Chaney 1633 Posilipo Lane Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Mrs. Barbara K. Chaney 1633 Posilipo Lane Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Elizabeth German Chico Sea Shell Club Rt. 2, Box 850 Chico, CA 95928 M. enC. Ma. Esther Diopotex Chong Instituto de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Nacional Autonoma A P Postal 70-305, Mexico 04510 DF Dr. Carl Christensen 1612 Kamole Street Honolulu, HI 96821 The Western Society of Malacologists Mr. Phillip W. Clover P.O. Box 339 Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Conchologists of America Walter E. Sage, Treasurer P.O. Box 8105 Saddle Brook, NJ 07662 Dr. Eugene V. Coan 891 San Jude Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94306 Mr. C. Clifton Coney, (Malacology) County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Valerie Connor Department of Zoology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Ms. Barbara D. Corner 329 East Meade Yukon, OK 73099 Mr. and Mrs. Keith W. Cox 309 Hillside Drive Woodside, CA 94062 Mr. Anthony D’ Attilio Natural History Museum P.O. Box 1390 San Diego, CA 92112 Dr. John D. DeMartini 1111 Birch Avenue McKinleyville, CA 95521 Mrs. Billee Dilworth 6333 La Jolla Blvd. #171 La Joila, CA 92037 Mr. Bertram C. Draper 8511 Bleriot Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90045 Mrs. Joseph DuShane 15012 El Soneto Drive Whittier, CA 90605 Dr. Douglas J. Eernisse Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Dr. William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York City, NY 10024 Dr. Larry L. Eng 2896 Candido Drive Sacramento, CA 95833 Mr. Gene D. Everson 5703 Court View Drive Charlotte, NC 28226 Mr. and Mrs. Neil E. Fahy 1425 South Mayfair Ave. Daly City, CA 94015 Annual Report, Vol. 19 Dr. and Mrs. Wesley M. Farmer 11061 Lea Terrace Drive Santee, CA 92071 Mr. Ralph E. Ferguson 617 North Fries Ave. Wilmington, CA 90744 Field Museum of Natural History Library - Serials Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2498 Fisheries Canada Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. Canada V9R 5K6 Mr. Richard B. Forrer North American Specimen Shell Co. P.O. Box 462 Northfield, OH 44067 Mr. Bruce H. Fowler 5512 Blossom Terrace Court San Jose, CA 95124 The Library Friday Harbor Laboratory Friday Harbor, WA 98250 Ms. Sandra M. Gardner 1755 University Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 Geology-Geophysics Library University of California 4697 Geology, 405 Hilgard Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90024 Geological Survey of Canada Library/ Bibliotheque 601 Booth Street, Rm. 350 Ottawa, ONT KIA 0E8 Canada Dr. Michael T. Ghiselin Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA 94118 Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gill 1566 Oramas Rd. Santa Barbara, CA 93013 Mrs. Frank E. Good 1802 McKee Street, #C-6 San Diego, CA 92110 Dr. Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA 94118 Dr. Tadashige Habe, Malacology National Science Museum 3-23-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 160 Japan Mr. and Mrs. Ernest S. Haigh 2465 Moraga Court Simi Valley, CA 93065 Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 Dr. Harold W. Harry 4612 Evergreen Street Bellaire, TX 77401 Mr. Alan C. Hebert 124 Buckthorn Way, #7 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Dr. John S. Hensill 2 West Summit Drive Redwood City, CA 94062 Mr. and Mrs. Jules Hertz 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. San Diego, CA 92111 Dr. Carole S. Hickman Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Dr. F. G. Hochberg Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Mr. James E. Hoffman Dept. of Ecology and Evol. Biology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Mr. and Mrs. H. Wayne Holiman P.O. Box 246 Edinburg, TX 78540 Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University Station Library Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Dr. Carol N. Hopper 943C 9th Avenue Honolulu, HI 96816 Mr. Harold G. Hunt P.O. Box 25 Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 Biblioteca Inst. de Cinencias del Mar y Limnol. AP Postal 70-305, Cuidad Universit 0-4510 Mexico DF, Mexico The Library Institute of Geology & Paleontology Faculty of Science, Tohoku Univ. Sendai, Japan Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Rue Vautier 31 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium 37 Dr. H. K. Mienis, Publ. Editor Israel Malacological Society Kibbutz Netzer Sereni Jerusalem, . 70395 Israel Dr. Matthew J. James Dept. of Geology Sonoma St. Univ. Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Mr. Michael L. Judge D.E.S. Wickson Hall University of California Davis, CA 95616 Ms. Kirstie K. Kaiser P.O. Box 4289 Park City, UT 84060 Mr. William R. Keeler 105 Sonia Street Oakland, CA 94618 Dr. Vida C. Kenk 18596 Paseo Pueblo Saratoga, CA 95070 Dr. George L. Kennedy County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Mr. Vince Kessner Department of Health P.O. Box 40596 Darwin, N.T., 5792 Australia Mr. and Mrs. Robert King 4269 Hawk Street San Diego, CA 92103 Mr. and Mrs. Robert Koch 7227 North 15th Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85021 County Museum of Natural History Librarian 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Mr. Patrick I. LaFollette Linnean Systems, Inc. 3337 Drew Street, #6 Los Angeles, CA 90065 Mr. James R. Lance 746 Agate Street San Diego, CA 92109 Mr. J. Jerry Landye 3465 N. Jamison Blvd. Flagstaff, AZ 86001-2003 Ms. Kathleen Langan 273 Applied Sciences University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Mr. Peter B. LaRochelle 1802 Pineneedles Trail Chattanooga, TN 37421 38 Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Larson 1200 East Central #4 Sutherlin, OR 97479 Librarie Justus Lipsius SC - AV Milcamps 188-B 15 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Exchange and Gifts Division Library of Congress Washington, DC 20540 Mr. Stuart Lillico 4300 Waialae Ave., B-1205 Honolulu, HI 96816 Ms. Marge Lindahl 218 1/2 Marine Avenue Balboa Island, CA 92662 Dr. David R. Lindberg Museum of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Mr. and Mrs. Steven J. Long 1701 Hyland Bayside, CA 95524 Malacological Society of China 2 Seang-yang Road Taipei, Taiwan The Library Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Oceanographic Instit. Woods Hole, MA 02543 Marine Science Library Oregon State University Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365 Mr. Dan Marelli 5812 16th Lane South, #2 St. Petersburg, FL 33712 Dr. Louie Marincovich, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey MS-15 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Mr. Clifford A. Martin 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Mr. Clifton L. Martin 324 Kennedy Lane Oceanside, CA 92054 Mr. Edwin Mastro Cabrillo Marine Museum 3720 Stephen White Drive San Pedro, CA 90731 Matra Museum H-3201 Gyongyos P.O. B. 103, Hungary Acquisitions Department McGill University Libraries 3459 McTavish Street Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1Y1 Dr. James McLean County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Dr. Albert R. Mead Dept. Ecol. and Evol. Biology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Ms. Elsie R. Messing 1855 South Cayuse Trail Route 4, Box 1041-A Cottonwood, AZ 86326 Dr. Artie L. Metcalf Department of Biological Sciences University of Texas El Paso, TX 79968-0519 Dr. George E. Metz 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive Novato, CA 94947 Ms. Sandra Millen 619 East 30th Avenue Vancouver, B.C. VS5V 2V7 Canada Dr. and Mrs. Water B. Miller 6140 Cerrada El Ocote Tucson, AZ 85718 Dr. Ellen J. Moore U.S. Geological Survey MS -915 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Mr. and Mrs. Eric Moore P.O. Box 6606 Orange, CA 92667 The Library Moss Landing Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 450 Moss Landing, CA 95039 Mr. and Mrs. David K. Mulliner 5283 Vickie Drive San Diego, CA 92109 Dr. Harold D. Murray Biology Department Trinity College San Antonio, TX 78282 Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology 26 Oxford Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle Lab. Biologie des Invertebres 55 Rue de Buffon 76006 Paris, France The Western Society of Malacologists Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle Bibliotheque Case Postale #434 CH-1211 Geneve 6, Switzerland The Library Museum der Naturkunde Invalidenstrasse 43 104 Berlin 4, Deut. Demo Rep. Mollusk Division Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Dr. David J. Myers 109 Behr Avenue San Francisco, CA 94131 Ms. Edna Naranjo-Garcia 1725 North Park Ave., #2L Tucson, AZ 85719-3503 Malacological Committee National Academy of Sciences Universitetskya Naberezhnaja I Leningrad, USSR B-164 Library National Museum of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0M8 National Museum of New Zealand Librarian (STC 327) Private Bag Wellington C3, CA. New Zealand National Museum of Scotland The Library Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF, Scotland National Museum of Victoria 285-321 Russell Street Melburne, VICT. 3000 Australia Librarian Natal Museum 237 Loop Street Pietermaritzburg 3201, NATAL. South Africa Naturhistorisches Museum Rutjmeyer - Bibliothek Augustinergasse 2 CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland Northern California Malacolozoological Club 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive Novato, CA 94947 Mrs. Gordon Neiswanger 1340 New York Drive Altadena, CA 91001 Annual Report, Vol. 19 Netherlands Malacological Society c/o Zoological Museum P.O. 20125 Amsterdam 1000HC, Netherlands Dr. Thomas M. Niesen Dept. of Biology-School of Science San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 Mr. and Mrs. Harold Norrid 233 East Cairo Drive Tempe, AZ 85282 Dr. James Nybakken Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 New Zealand Geological Survey Librarian DSIR, P.O. Box 30368 Lower Hutt, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute The Librarian P.O. Box 12-346 Wellington, New Zealand The Library Ohio State Museum 1813 North High Street Columbus, OH 43210 Pacific Northwest Shell Club Shelley Veland 15912 174th Ave. NE Woodinvelle, WA 98072 Academy of Sciences Paleontological Instutite, Library Profsoyuznaya ul., 112 Moscow 117321, USSR The Library Paleontological Research Institute 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, NY 14850 Mr. Timothy Pearse Department of Paleontology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-2399 Mr. Richard E. Petit P.O. Box 30 North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582 Dr. David W. Phillips 2410 Oakenshield Road Davis, CA 95616 Mr. and Mrs. William D. Pitt 2444 38th Avenue Sacramento, CA 95822 Mr. Daniel J. Ponti U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Poorman 15300 Magnolia Street #55 Westminster, CA 92683 Mr. Charles L. Powell 2462 East Santa Clara Avenue Fullerton, CA 92631 Mr. Barry Putman 2591 Paso Robles Oceano, CA 93445 Mr. Oliver Redington 126 B Street Redwood City, CA 94063 Mr. Thomas C. Rice P.O. Box 219 Port Gamble, WA 98364 Dr. Andor Ricknovszky Eotvos Jozsel Pedagigional Academy 6500 Baja Postafiok 62, Hungary Afdeling Systematisches Dierkunde Rijksmuseum van Naturlijke Historie Raamsteeg 2 Leiden, Netherlands Dr. Eliezer de Carvalho Rios Box 379 Museo Oceanografico Rio Grande, RS 96200 Brazil Dr. Robert Robertson Academy of Natural Sciences 19th and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Dr. Clyde F.E. Roper Division of Mollusks NHB-E517 National Museum of Natural History Washington, DC 20560 Dr. Robert W. Roland P.O. Box 2625 Reston, VA 22070 Mr. Walter E. Sage, II American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York City, NY 10024 Dr. Lou Ella Saul and Richard Saul County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Museum of Natural History Library 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Science Reference Library British Library, Holborn Branch 25 Southhampton Buildings London, WC2A 1AW England 39 Mr. Paul H. Scott Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Abt. Schriftentausch Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ge Senckenberg-Anlage 25 D-6 Frankfurt A.M., Germany Dr. and Mrs. Donald R. Shasky 834 West Highland Avenue Redlands, CA 92373 Dr. Ross F. Shaw Seattle Pacific University Seattle, WA 98119 Dr. Ronald L. Shimek P.O. Box 42014 Tucson, AZ 85733 Mrs. Paul E. Skoglund 3846 East Highland Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85018 Dr. Judith Terry Smith 1527 Byron Street Palo Alto, CA 94301 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions Washington, DC 20560 Sociedade Brasileira de Malacologia Instituto de Biociencias - USP CX. P. 11.461 Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil Instituto di Zoologia de Universita Societa Siciliana di Scienze Natur. Via Archirafi, 18 90123 Palermo, Italy Dr. G. Alan Solem Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt and Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2496 Ms. Freya Sommer Monterey Bay Aquarium 886 Cannery Row Monterey, CA 93940 The Library South Australia Museum North Terrace Adelaide 5000, SAUST. Australia Mr. Gale G. Sphon, Jr. County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Dr. Thomas M. Spight Woodward Clyde Consultants P.O. Box 231014 Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 40 Dr. Richard L. Squires Department of Geological Sciences California State University Northridge, CA 91330 Mrs. George St. Jean 1639 23rd Avenue Longview, WA 98632 Forschungstelle Staatlisches Museum fur Tierkunde Augustusstrasse 2 DDR 8010 Dresden, Deutsch. Dem. Repub. Dr. David H. Stansberry Museum of Zoology Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210-1394 Ms. Katherine Stewart 19 La Rancheria Carmel Valley, CA 93924 Dr. Rudolph Stohler 1584 Milvia Street Berkeley, CA 94709 Mr. Roland Taylor and Kay Taylor 2437 Aster Street San Diego, CA 92109 Tidepool Gallery 22762 Pacific Coast Hwy. Malibu, CA 90265 Serials Department, Library University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 University of California $10 Library C-075-C Scripps Inst. of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92093 University of California Main Library (Serials) Berkeley, CA 94720 University College The Library Galway, Ireland Library Serials University of Hawaii 2550 The Mall Honolulu, HI 96822 Acquisitions Department University of Kentucky Libraries Central Serials Record Lexington, KY 40506-0039 Library FM-25 Serials Division University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 University of West Florida Library Serials 11000 University Parkway Pensacola, FL 32514 Mrs. Virginia Upton P.O. Box 2228 Sierra Vista, AZ 85636 Library MS-955 U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Dr. John Vedder 285 Golden Oak Drive Portola Valley, CA 94025 Mr. Ronald G. Velarde Point Loma Wastewater Lab 4077 North Harbor Drive San Diego, CA 92101 Virginia Polytechnic Institution Serials - Receiving Section Carol M. Newman Library Blacksburg, VA 24061 Ms. Janet Voight Dept. Ecology and Evol. Biology University of Arizona Tuscon, AZ 85721 Drs. Harold and Emily Vokes Department of Geology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118 Ms. Sally Walker Department of Paleontology PT-05 University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Dr. Joseph B. Wheelwright 8 Live Oak Way Kentfield, CA 94904 Mrs. Ruth White 25652 Mead Street Loma Linda, CA 92354 Mr. William L. Woods P.O. Box 231397 San Diego, CA 92123 Miss Jody Woolsey 3717 Bagley Avenue #206 Los Angeles, CA 90034 Dr. Shi-Kuei Wu Campus 315, Museum Annex University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309 Dr. Thomas E. Yancey Department of Geology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3115 Mr. and Mrs. H.D. Young P.O. Box 1931 Seattle, WA 98111 The Western Society of Malacologists i ei nani ae heer | — ‘ , a ; 7 7 oe een i : “ a 4y a ' : : 7 ai : a ‘ eS ee i 7” rT. oo : 4 , _ =: - - ’ 7 i o 3 al. 5 7 a = a - - , : 1p be ' - — + > ¢ Ts - ie 7 an) 4 A _ ° ” ‘ - e 7 oe 5 : 7 _ = : + 7 - > ; \ : 7 ’ : he : 7 H re a a - a 7 —— +1 - t ud - ca 7 1 4 : . 1 Ae ‘ ze y 1 ‘ } ; i fe a ) ¥ 7 - rn cf a y 7 ; y A . : / ’ is =! an “ to , : i o) a oa 4 i i 7 7 a - in) : yy - if. a D ; ent | 4 i; (:, 5 : - t 7 are : a - eee ' vy be PA ah i. N 7.’ ie 1 ; ; ” oi ne : Uh) ie H ‘i at Tis Tt et wh) ‘ap | : n) oe e ae 4 o i er Cea pet sti Li iv mA et : i u 7 “i a I - “i on 7 Pi pa / a : : tal « 7 ( - > i Aye rf ay 7 > a is? 2 ' Dare i i " > i ay i en eRe | SH Oe he, t Peo a | a ih 7 vi Lege VU ip Cait ‘ale af if 7 7 Joa a ; Lote s f ; 7 : re ote Vi > ° ah ah oe ' 7 a a . a : ay im) a > i Crane : a) te Ny YWUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVY¥EIT LIBRARIES SMITHSC z ori 2) ma ae n z 27) z re a7) os = =< & = = = a \ = OE: zi AN Ee 3 3 he: 8 z IGoH ? g 2 g Gy i 2 z 2 GY z 2 E 2 = > = > @ = > = > ” 2 7) a4 7) 2 ” a ITUTION NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVINOSE uw 2 Ks ww 2 ri z w 2 & a MA WSs = os = aM = GANS. “ ey = = Z NX : ERR 2 : 24M z : = [oes oa ja [aa N a =f AN a = = a = a a fo) = oS = [e} _ [o) = = ba 3] z al = J ea 4WYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3'1y¥vy¥dIT LIBRARIES SMITHS = rs 2 ia = si = ae = é S - GY = g = a = eo > gilyy,, 2 s = = x 5 e, 2 = Vu 2 = at Ee = = FY; m n° ; m iL m tl in n* d 7 z rh = o ss no = ITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSI x , oe = é : g z 2 2 \y 5 GG? 5 : 3 2 gy 5 = NA & JZ 3 ‘ 8 NWN 3 § NN: a WW 2.4 Z E We E Wrz 2 ; a = 5 = “Ss > Shy > = i 2 2) Zs a 4 a “7 as a UVUGIT LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION / HOLOEITSN| _NVINOSHEUNS 54 byVadiT LIBRARI ES SMITHS z us a “ & “ FF u = a = cw an = = oc c s foie = (4 pee c rs > E > = > XS = = = = F = - x n n m z m 2 m 5 z= = m = n . = i) = wa = no uvug rise BRARI ES 2M ITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. NOTIN LT ONT NVINGSEH NS oo luvuG roti BRARI ES /SMITHS( oa Cee =< &. = < = ce Ne es rh y : 4 Xs a Zz ‘SS “s a tof Zz aS tf, af yg z QS = G DS CexX = ro) XS x= tg ro) LOY yy DS Cw =z df OX 3 2 iM 2 G57 2X ty = NS 2 = a iy = 2 Gy = » 2 5 : : : 5 - 7 oe ee FITUTION LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSI NOlLALILSNI _NVINOSHLINS ee a 80. ae ah ot a Z Gj 2 ne 2) ae 2 2X = q = +“ z ZW Woe 5 2 = > 2 Gi f> = > \ NRG E = E | = - Pf = - = MS - a a YF; m wn” ‘ m 72) m YY 2) m 7p) n = 7) Z n eh = n 2 MITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Sa (yVvudit au H B RARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI a NVINGS \. = r 2 z = p>, = ~ = z Z < An 5 GG: = Wy: = Zz = z 83 AE? 8 hb hs 2 g 2 ee - \S 2. Me a= Z, at 2 eS z. E a 5 5 = wo = Ss a YVUYdIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SSIUWYEIT LIBRARIES | SMITHS! re us ty, = us a w “= uw = Pat , =| = = a + — a < Via 5 a 3 « = ee Si “a MF firs ce = ce S ae 5 co - = co 3 2 ro) = JTION NOLLALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S31NVUEIT_LIBRARI ES | SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION oS ‘Ss = “2 Ms = z &. By =I = z NY > = Zz ey Cae 2 Fa B Re “ B % tas sg : 2 ES & Be We Ce = iat ae - i 5 WwW Ly udgi7_LisB RARI ES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IiuVvudi = = “Ss = Y AS ~ e x = o = aN cc Ss faa) — oO ra co = ve \e} ay — S pa) z =! 3 ee wal) JTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3INVYGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_ INSTITUTION S aa. 3 s ila easy) = so = 2 - GY, > = a = ily, a E 5 NEE = © EL? 5 = W's BOR? = z Cire a= oO z oO LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLNJILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S31uvUaI7 v = = < B = Y “a gue = WY, ae oo x = tty =a a Ny O75 VQ F355: Fe ac [e) ‘Sy “WAG. bE: ty. : z E QE CH? 8 fi a . = = NY a = = TION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS, S31YVYGIT_LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION as S : as Lu n ; ww ri) ; 2 = SC WW < = < Djs : aN : eG KOS = iS) “AS _ ° =" ° can at z =!) 2 UGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S3iNVY E19 = ° w ° o NS o = E 2 F ae aa > ae > 2 > QMS 2 2 - a = 2 iE 5 Z a Z # 2 JTION NOILNLILSNI S3IYVUAIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION g Z g = Uk Z — oa iS =] 'Z Qs 5 Z WG we kee a B ; a i ra B Ws y 2 E 2 eS. Z : . 3 : 3B 5 aye . 2 .. YGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUT! N ,NOLLALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SaluVugtt 2 ta = Ww z SX: wi 2 : “Ss = 2 WS = . = Pe = o = a = Sm i) aa Li fe) = re an os ae =] a = Pa i pel} JTION NOILNALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3i1YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION iz Fine iNe 5 ie SB iz (o) = _ _ = w — w —_ o 5 Ze 5 x =; a) = = e 2 S 33 E S e a a as Z 4 Z i Z i Ydgin ool B RARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS Sa {yvyudl pee = Zi = = = W ; rs = = Of) =< GY. 9 = S z tp, S = UYLh: = Ss = S Vp ls. = ns Me ee . = = se — — - ® faite a z z z ITION NOILD x NVINOSHLIWS _LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION o [aa a oe a 2 NOILNL NVINOSHLIV Zz <= ie oO (ep) = = = ” no a = “4 \ = 4 é : ~ a = AS oO 2 = = AS BRIBRAR LES. SMITHSONI/ ard oO a - af > ff S; | Gege cad - “Gy ; 2 NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIV n me = A= an rad Be [o) (ez) Y (oe) 5G me sn a ee LIBRARIES SMITHSONIA S w 77) uw ; a met ePade 8) J — Beng 1G : ae = an “WU Zz my] a _ NOILALILSNI _NVINOSHLIN = w a = 2 o fi = 7) ee LIBRARIES SMITHSONIA ae = z = fo) ia Yn (ep) SE [e) = 2 A 3 _ NVINOSHLIN ” 2 iw ” = a < c oe a a ro) = a Mh | i | | li SMITHSONIAN INSTIT |