SSS“ SS SY SQV SS A AGK
SN SS ~ SAO RX QGQ@@Qq
‘ . SS S RS S
STATE OF NEW YORK
FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 12, 191
Psonian Instig™ F: ‘0,
iZaasa
Mig A ¢ Muse
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT:
OF THE
Forest, Fish and Game Commission
=
ALBANY, N. Y., January 12, IQI1I.
Hon. DANIEL D. FRIsBIE, Speaker of the Assembly:
Sir.—I have the honor to transmit herewith, as provided by law, the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game
| Commission. Respectfully,
He EEROY AUSTIN;
Commissioner.
STATE OF NEW YORK
Forest, Fish and Game Commission
H, Leroy Aus; "Catskit. rs, oe eee Commissioner JOHN, 5. BURNEAM, (issexjooc. muy oe ee Deputy Commissioner joun D, WHisa, Albany >. 2.42... 9sae ee oe ee Secretary Superintendent of Forests....CLIrForD R. Pettis, Lake Clear Jct. Chief “Game “Protector. 2.2 ne LLEWELLYN Lecce, Binghamton State Fish Calwirist ae Dr. TarLETOoN H. Bean, New York
Acting Superintendent Marine Fisheries
Cuinton S. Dixon, New York
/
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Forest, Fish and Game Commission
ALBANY, N. Y., January 4, 1911. To the Honorable, the Legislature:
Herewith is submitted the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission, with such few recommenda- tions as have suggested themselves during the brief incumbency of the present Commissioner.
As a part of this document are submitted the reports of the chiefs of the various divisions of the Forest, Fish and Game Com- mission, wherein will be found detailed statements of the work accomplished by each during the past year.
For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1910, the receipts of the department from all sources aggregated $248,878.08, as com- pared with receipts of $230,675.22 for the preceding fiscal year; the disbursements for all purposes amounted to the sum of $487,- 753.54, aS compared with disbursements of $722,947.93 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1909, the difference being largely due to decreased payments for the purchase of lands within the forest preserve and for fire rebates. A detailed statement of the _ departmental receipts and expenditures will form a part of this report. |
Particular attention is directed to the report of the department of fish culture. During the past year 537,295,600 fish of various kinds have been distributed from the hatching stations of the State. The fish supply of the future must largely depend upon artificial propagation by the State and the public moneys expended for this purpose, if properly used, will be returned a hundred-fold.
Oils SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
_The results attained by different hatcheries vary in too great a degree. The Cold Spring Harbor hatchery accomplishes results which should be more nearly approached by the other stations, and it is believed that this can easily be done by the intelligent expendi- ture of a comparatively small sum. A plentiful supply of pure water will accomplish wonders in many of our hatching stations, and without it better results cannot be expected. The recom- mendations of the State Fish Culturist for the improvement of the hatchery service are heartily indorsed by me.
During the past few months the protective force has been largely reorganized and I believe its efficiency has been greatly increased. I earnestly recommend an increased appropriation for the traveling expenses of the protectors; each is now entitled to a maximum of $41.66 per month for this purpose and it needs no argument to convince that a man cannot travel away from home 26 days each month, paying railroad fares, board, livery, etc., upon an allowance of $1.60 per day. A protector should not be expected to disburse for traveling expenses any part of his meagre salary of $900 per year, and in order to keep within his expense allowance he must arrange his patrol so as to spend the greater part of his nights at home, which necessarily limits his field of operations and greatly impairs the efficiency of his work. If this department is expected to patrol and protect the entire State with a force of but go protectors, it should certainly be allowed a suffi- cient appropriation for the expenses of its protective force. Per- sonally I believe the number of protectors is entirely inadequate. Practically every section of the State demands increased protec- tion, which it is impossible to give with the present force.
The work of the protective department of this commission must be preventive and educational, as well as punitive, before it can reach the highest standard of efficiency. It is feared that too much attention has been paid to punishment for violations already com- mitted rather than to the prevention of those violations. Our citizens must be taught the necessity for the observance of sane laws for the protection of fish and game, and that therein lies our only hope for the maintenance of this important source of food
Forest, FIsH AND GAME COMMISSION 7
supply. Every person who becomes thoroughly convinced of the wisdom of these laws becomes in himself a protective force and a working arm of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission.
It has been urged that better results would be accomplished by a separation or division of the present Forest, Fish and Game Com- mission into two or three separate departments. The advisability of such a course must be determined in the first instance by the Legislature and suggestions from the present head of the depart- ment might be of questionable propriety.
I simply desire to point out that the creation of two or three departments from the present Forest, Fish and Game Commission must inevitably involve much additional expense unless there be combined with one or more of these new departments the duties and powers of some other department or commission having powers and duties not embraced within those of the forest, fish and game commission as now constituted. At the present time,
the duties of the forestry force and the fish and game protective force are, to a certain extent, interchangeable. The fish and game protectors protect the forests of the State in the forest preserve counties and the fire patrolmen assist in the protection of fish and game. If these employees are confined to one class of duties, the number required to properly perform the work must necessarily be greatly increased, which means added expense. If the commis- sion is divided, each of the new departments will require a separate office staff and I think I am safe in saying that such a division cannot fail to increase expenditures unless, as before stated, some other branch of the State government can be combined with one or more of the new departments created from the present Forest, Fish and Game Commission. As to whether this would result in increased efficiency in my opinion depends entirely upon the per- sonal equation. If, however, the forests, the fish and the game are to be continued under the supervision of a single commissioner, I favor a reorganization of the machinery of the department, by provision for three deputies instead of one as at present. The Commissioner should be the administrative head of the depart- ment, with a trained deputy in actual charge of each of three
8 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
great divisions of the department. A bureau of inland fisheries should be established, charged with the supervision of fresh water food fisheries, of non game variety. In many quarters of the State, where it is not now permitted, suckers, carp, eels, white fish, etc., could be taken in such quantity as to constitute an important source of food supply. Under proper supervision these food fish might be taken without endangering the supply of game fish, and at the same time the State might easily realize a revenue of $25,000 or more per year from the sale of net licenses. In this respect, the recommendations of former Chief Protector Burnham, submitted herewith, merit careful consideration.
The State can no longer evade the questions involving the oc- cupancy of its forest lands in the forest preserve counties. In violation of the plain provisions of the Constitution and statutes of this State a large number (several hundred) of persons reside in buildings erected upon State forest preserve land, during all or
a portion of the year; rich and poor alike are included within the ~
category of squatters. The eviction of many of these persons would work great hardship and the well-to-do cottager protests with great energy against any movement to oust him from what he conceives to be almost a vested right.
The arguments in favor of the leasing by the State of camp sites on its forest lands need not be repeated by me: these arguments have been iterated and reiterated until they should be familiar to every person interested in preserving our beautiful lakes and forests for the public welfare. What harm can result from the leasing of camp sites is difficult to ascertain, while the benefits which would accrue are self apparent, to say nothing whatever of the great revenue which the State might receive by adopting such a course.
But whatever be the future policy of the State its present posi- tion is little short of ridiculous. We prevent, or pretend to pre- vent, the erection of any new buildings upon the State forest lands but, without receiving any return whatever for the use of our property, we allow the man who is now located thereon to con- tinue his occupancy in plain violation of the Constitution and stat-
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 9
utes. This condition of affairs is most unjust; if John Doe oc- cupies, free of ground rent, a beautiful summer home upon the shores of one of the Adirondack lakes owned by the State of New York, there is no reason why Richard Roe should not receive the same privilege. Either John Doe should be required to move off or Richard Roe should be permitted to move on if he so desires.
The Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner is the official charged with the responsibility of evicting these squatters, but the interests involved are so great that he should not be required to act with- out legislative direction. The Legislature should, in my opinion, take immediate steps to amend the Constitution so as to permit the leasing of camp sites on the forest preserve lands or else it should, by resolution, direct the Forest, Fish and Game Commis- sioner to evict all squatters without delay, regardless of the consequences.
The members of the present Land Purchasing Board are a unit in the belief that if the State is to continue the purchase of lands in the forest preserve counties a different policy should be adopted than that which has heretofore been in vogue. Except recently (and in the Catskill region alone) the State has made no effort to seek out desirable purchases and to consummate the same, but has depended entirely upon voluntary offers and as a result has, in most instances, purchased only such land as could not be sold to any one else. Furthermore, the sale of forest land to the State has been hedged around with so much red tape and has consumed so much time as to absolutely discourage vendors from offering their lands.
The present board believes that the vendor should not be re- quired to furnish a certified county clerk’s abstract but that the State should bear the expense of searching the titles of land, the purchase of which is considered. Many persons absolutely decline to offer their land to the State for the reason that they are re- quired to expend a considerable sum of money for title papers with no assurance that the title will prove satisfactory to the State officials, and thus many advantageous opportunities for purchase are lost.
Io SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Under the present system the delays in consummating many transactions have been most exasperating and it is little wonder that many owners of forest lands within the Adirondack and Cats- kill parks absolutely decline to deal with the State. If it intends to purchase lands at all the State should employ at least one agent in the Catskills and one in the Adirondacks, empowered to initiate negotiations for the purchase of desirable lands and should bear the entire expense of examining the titles thereof. By so doing it is believed that better lands may be purchased and at a less puice.
Considerable difficulty has been met in attempts to enforce the so-called “Top Lopping Law,” as contained in section 56 of the Forest, Fish and Game Law. The statute provides that the limbs or branches of coniferous trees cut within the forest preserve counties shall be cut off or lopped “at the time of cutting the said trees’; 1t would appear that all practical purposes would be ac- complished by requiring the lopping of tops and branches to be performed within say sixty days after the cutting of the trees, as the tops and branches do not materially increase the fire risk while green. It is also recommended that the operation of this top lopping law be confined to the fire towns enumerated in section 73 of the Forest, Fish and Game Law, rather than to all of the forest preserve counties. |
I cannot too strongly urge continued and increased appropria- tions for purposes of reforestation. The public ear is keenly at- tuned to the necessity for preserving our natural resources and for remedying, in so far as practicable, the conditions which have resulted from greed and short-sightedness. The work of this de- partment in reforesting denuded lands has been highly succes- ful and it must be continued upon a larger scale. The investment will prove most profitable in years to come, when the condition of our public forests and an enlightened public policy shall permit the cutting and sale of the ripe timber upon the public domain.
The game laws should, to some extent, be amended at this ses- sion of the Legislature, but I strongly urge that, in so far as may
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION II
be possible, these amendments may be general and not special. The report of former Chief Protector Burnham, annexed hereto, deals with certain needed changes in the law and his recommenda- tions are heartily indorsed by me.
Respectfully submitted,
Me haROY- AUS EEN, Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
CLIFFORD R. PETTIS, Superintendent State Forests
CONTENTS
Introduction... Forest Fires:
General statement
eot*ee ee eee eeeere es eee ete evreeseesesee ere eveseere reeves
Expense of fighting fires
©) (0) (a. 6) (0! 0/8 6 (00, (0) a ie 0) se, 0 (6's © 0! 0° © (0c «© » © © 6 0 0 6 a 0 « © 6 © oe
Observation stations
OtOF © BO) d (SOU ee. See OO) (6). 8) 61% @, 68) 0) Ge) 6.6 16a ee exeve: ws «| 6, 6) 6 = @ es) 8.6) « Ca 8) Oi (6) 61/0) Or ©: 0* a. ee) 0). OB) 0: (60a) 8). a) 6 6 0) 8 80! 8 626) .% (6a) al eee ef abe i® (ee (2) 8: 0.6
eeeoevreeers eee tees tee eeree ett se eee eeervree ees ees sev sen
eas Mera E ALE NIENY info eve) o's 4-65 a 'n's eee x casts craelnimn @ Bint So maa See wee Forest Products: MRE NOT ot) savin os
Pulp wood ..... ove
Reforesting: Tree distribution
eoeeteeeeeerese ee ee ee Fe eevee et Ges t* sos teen eveeerseeesvee
SCOP TUS 0.0 se aes
eee e@erereee see eee eeereeteeeeseeeeaeers eee eee eseee8
Nursery methods
= C, ©) O) 6) S60. @ 8 (See 6 0.6 € 66.6 ese 6.0) 6 eo a « oe 0 = 6 0's & 6 88 06: 8 ©. 0 ©
MEARE aT Vic Ol ELRSCLY DUOC Oi. cc's <) s/jayale,w eis aieinieit, v0 ties dee eiagreleiws wba RSE AM ys oi piel x chet aio Ata Tis an. ee) «6 ey wine Sue horas ee AiRior S aceeas ows cle State Forest Problems: Private forestry ..... athe catece ema aC ures alty oa leat ah ores : Wood lot .......cee.ees
Highlands of Hudson Reservation
eect eer eeevee eee e eee eoreeeveerer eee ee ee ee ee eevee ereeeseoe eet eoeseosee
see eee ee ee eee eee sere eevee ee ee eseve
Tree diseases
eoeorere eevee eee e Geer eet see ezrrer eet Fess ee eee et eseseeoeeesee eevee
Educational work
eeoerevreeeeere eee eevee ee seeee teers eere essere eeeeeeeese
PATO LEC GHOM! APAIHSG, GEES: ole, are 'sicne estan «Rie eee Ho tele w ei ain Pe wie we The Forest Preserve: Statistics ...
ORIG LCST OT aS Gr ber PATER Re ele or cls, cin uence eiarabe mis ejatir ew hide wate S Sia Ree Se
eeeveeere eer eee ese evoeeereGeeveevreeeeer ee ee ee ee eee FS Fes eevee
ECU PANCY ABM ULC INAS. oii .)< = 6 = ale cise my eleiw cit c's ewig ore le e's wie es 0 wie
METS P Oh POT ES GORE UOUG oon, cerry cles, nals sen erel tas eel GO Sk oa Slate ete, a: a.) a\e PEAS PLC PA LEG 0.6) s uj ainrspstaiera'e alalela\« sim dares Mote) misieie wee else wus e's en's a6 05 oe
Appendix: Forest conditions of Warren county. ..........cccs cece eee eeescoes
Worest conditions of ‘Oneida county. 652. Fe ie ee ee es ele
[15]
eran
Solving <grecan wedi
eS +
5 a ox « * x *
SrUee
a
pice aN ; e = ihe ee he . * * i EW MORE Be < : i - ’ x © = 3% - : " wy ‘ — , - wt v "* a "a ' lal ag: Meg = =X @ * é i ¢ rote * 7 ey s P z At m iy i , * ie! F 3 ok » a am : : R ; fe et ih i age é ‘ 3 P i 5 ' er Ma Se ee c 7 r te 2 r * i ‘ ‘ we Vas ‘ « i ‘ H ae a a ‘ a ey we a rs « ool a « . bi = i < » Ce el ; ‘ ‘Voie it con aeche a Ly * wie * = « , ¥ a I ‘ eS - . = * » 2 * + *» a r Wt ° i % , 7 7 + es - . ' ‘ . “3 P ’ w 6 is . ‘ nl " Pry at “a ‘a a us a Oe < ‘ y tine ORS ae ee: } ; Bae ’ i. i 4 7 vad lt 2 Lig a a) ; : Var. f . hen ea als ER ek “ , tore eS y aed Wo aed ’ me pt Ki “ae net : bal CN i pea ne ane ee Tey tyes weg 0 eS MOE RRR Sn Ia we Ue ‘ \ Pee, Q Ses A 5 F eee eee ae Pat sa oh Sie on “en ve © wie ven eRe eR ee § i 7 oe Se a ‘i L : . .
‘AryuNoo SUIPUNOIINS JO MOTA OJON = *AjUNOD uUlpyURIY ‘SLOP JUHOY UO JoATOSGC "eq ‘e1ydjeprriyd ‘10jJjoM "M “A “AC Aq cyoud
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTS
INTRODUCTION Hon. H. Leroy Austin, Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner:
Sir.— The work of this department has decidedly increased in the past year. The demand from private land owners for informa- tion in regard to forestry problems has grown so rapidly that it is now continuous. The efficiency of the fire patrol has increased and a large force has been maintained. The constantly rising price of stumpage has been an incentive to trespass but a determined effort has been made to protect State property. The extent and output of the nurseries for the propagation of forest trees for planting has produced additional work. A systematic attempt has been made to secure information in regard to our forests and their conditions, as well as the compilation of useful data which will be necessary in this connection.
During the year several changes in the personnel have taken place. Professor Austin Cary resigned as Superintendent of State Forests and the writer was promoted to this position, assuming his duties June first. Mr. F. Frank Moon who has been, under the direction of this Commission, Forester to the Highlands of the Hud- son Reservation, resigned to accept the position of assistant pro- fessor of forestry in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Mr. George L. Barrus, a graduate of the Forest School of the Uni- versity of Michigan, and Mr. Frederick A. Gaylord, a graduate of the Yale Forest School, have been appointed foresters.
FOREST FIRES GENERAL STATEMENT The season of 1910 was not, in this State, one of prolonged drought. However, at times the situation was critical and many
[17]
=
18 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
fires occurred, but in the Adirondacks and Catskills there were only five fires of consequence and two of these destroyed but little forest. A fire in the town of Piercefield, starting May 17th, burned over 1,070 acres and originated from the New York Cen- tral railroad. This fire occurred before all of the locomotives on this line had been equipped with oil burning fire boxes and was one of the largest fires of the season. The situation became rather grave early in July, a dense cloud of smoke hung over the entire Adirondacks and the woods were very dry, but at this time only two of the many fires which occurred were not promptly put out by the patrolmen. One fire was on Moose creek, a branch of Cold river in Hamilton county, and the only reason why this fire was not more quickly subdued, was because of its remote location. The fire originated from a camp fire left by fishermen and a deter- mined effort is being made to apprehend the careless party. This fire was most threatening, burning in an old fire slash at a very dry time and when a heavy wind was blowing. It was subdued with but little damage.
At nearly the same time as the Cold river fire, another one started near the Independence river in Lewis county and burned over about 1,300 acres of brush and burned land. This fire is believed to have originated from a camp fire where someone had made coffee. There were many other small fires at this time, but they were promptly extinguished.
Another Adirondack fire burned on Boot Bay Mountain near Lower Saranac Lake. It was doubtless caused by lightning and burned on the higher part of the mountain among the rocks and on steep ledges. It was impossible to control at once on account of its distance from points where labor could be secured, the difficulty experienced by the men in climbing the ledges to the fire, the entire absence of water and its exposure to the unusually strong south wind. It was also impossible to extinguish and burned in the deep “duff” for several weeks. The presence of the smoke on the mountain caused many people to believe that the fire was still spreading, but such was not the case. Fires of this nature are impossible to extinguish without a very large sup-
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 19
ply of water and in this case our men worked at the greatest disadvantage.
The danger from fire increased in some sections and decreased in others from time to time throughout the summer, depending upon the rainfall which, as a rule, was generally local. The drought later in the season was greater in the southern part of the State than in the northern and during the last ten days of October the situation in the Catskills, on account of the drought and the hunting season, caused much anxiety, but was kept in excellent control, only one large fire occurring at that time.
When we think of the large territory each man had to cover, that there were nearly three hundred fires and that only five of them burned over any considerable area, it indicates a very credit- able efficiency in the force.
The fire patrol force, consisting of the four superintendents of fires (three in the Adirondacks and one in the Catskills), assisted by thirty-seven paid fire patrolmen, observers on twenty mountain stations and other patrolmen and supervisors, who were on call in case of a fire, rendered very efficient service.
A summary report of the losses caused and expense incurred in connection with forest fires is submitted herewith:
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
20
‘sory ye sedlAses [o1jzed [eeds pue 1e[nZe1 epnjout you seop asuedxe [eyo],
ekrKe—— re SSShle,lbEROERO—R>——~E—XAE"ElOOEDRWSE=_OEPD™E“*NE==ENN"*Q“OOanm>P>!|_OC—ellel
00 Icv‘zg
peAor4sep ssurprimnq
peAo14sep “oqo ‘10q -uIny ‘ssoy
OS zcgI‘SIg¢|) zgz ¥LOE 16g ¥Sggiz 660‘? Sz1‘v SI gg6‘'Sg¢| ¥6L9‘zI OS OGL el! sissies || hd ee Sect 19V EVgL £769 ‘I FEV ‘I £6 zSbh‘1 | ¥1z9'v 00 Z16‘L¢| zgz ¥L6E ofV £001 ‘Z £90z‘'z f1v9‘z Sz Ses‘rg| gso‘g AUYVNWWAS ooo OSS Of EE OF GLa Ra sire ree ens : 19b | rz £z6g'I | Yegr'1 €6 zSb‘1g] §1zg‘b (OX OST AO fon 126 Ieee ea spac < osv 6S £661 ¥89V OI gvg FLLS‘1 00 LI9‘v Safe e4 .@ 8) 2) a6 wee 8 eee eeses Sze zvo'l gLL ss oof €vi‘z os I . * “* or ee ee eee f 9 0o gv FOI 00 009‘ I¢ . eeeeee . . I Ta ur ay ee os9 ez Bz gszg vgg NOIOda TIIMSLVO 00 Z16‘L¢| zgz ZLOE ofV £001 ‘'z £90z‘z t1v9‘'z Sz Ses‘rg) gSo‘g ore) ev Sa) sae . a Nie’ O & au. BC eere . . Oz Vz 144 SI 1s £99 OONG7G~ Sten gett Bp eS 00% Sv £zo1 tvov oo Soe 4Z1g rele) fone . . ow, 8 i ae ee eo eon GA eLEae eee or t £z L6 I¢ $eI 0o SLI‘S | zz ya A NE Se ¥gSz'1 ELSI L69‘I ov O£1 ger‘ . we d.0, “1. Sere eo # 6K A! oe Oe 8 ae Oa ee Oe ee SL oor at Wa Se ae ve . Iv Ir SLI 00 OLI Set ose oz Eee JOE 6IV't 101 88 16S 46z6'T 00 £902 BS Rae? <3 Oz 9 Oz Sg zv 9g Ifr 00 Sz S61 $I SG a ee ; or £¢ £2 evi Svz ole) 0g € 618-6. le cee, ee we ee or S ¥ze %Q or zl 9s 00 Oge So ZO £01 £07 OSI y2v1 16 11S‘r | $9€g 00 LbV a2 $z1z £01 $71 £26 gv LI ogz‘r | ¥ovv 00 OLe¢ op ask alee aes gfe oI T44 16 L9 ss eSe¢ $o1z peAo1jsop 31SB ysnig Joquiry 94Se MA ysnig IoquIty, ioequity esuodxo Sulpueys [eqO] asvo1Ny jo onjea
jo anje,
jo onjeA
daNuNg GNV] ALVIS sayy GaNUNg GNV] ALVAINg saAy
NOIOGA AOVANOUIACV SHIENNO*) Ad SHSSO'T JO AUVNWWAS
Sees
| seen ee Se eee eee SET eae) Toe see os eee pss SOC OROM DY
Pare We Mp eet
“S[BjOL
*
“ss 309819 **ueATING
* *9uaaI5) * aIBMEIOG
*s[eqjOL
“uoysuTYyse MM "ee TOIIe M "ss es0qeIeEg
“*90UdIMB’T "4S
‘++ -eproug
.
++ Stmary * IOWITYIOFT
** uoqTure Fy
* UIURIT "++" xossay
**uoqUTTD
SHILNNOO
2I
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
‘Soy ye sdotAJos [o1yed [eloods pue Ie[nder opnjout you ssop ssuedxe [eyo f,
eee ewe e oo Si OS OL7" 2 eee wee Rese) 6) Cee re
00 oozg | 00 IzV‘zg| OS zgI‘Ssi¢ | ZQT ¥L6E 168 00 oozg | 00 OOL‘I¢| 00 z16‘L¢g ZQz ELOE
cee ee ee eee ee eee ce) eee eee
Ea | OOROV. 00 V6z Zl O1Z £92
af0148 | posor14sep af£014S9ep us s8ut | ‘040 ‘10q ese o7Se M Teg “pling jo | -umy ‘sdoy | = Surpuejs
JOSMTeA.| JO. SABA. | - JO-eneA, GaNYNg GNV] ALVIG saNy
Joquity,
BI gg6‘'Sg¢| £6L9‘zI
£263 ‘I $907 ‘'Z
AUYVWWAS
eee ee ee
19 ESET SI
S09
NOIOda TIIMSLVO
ase
qaNnung GNV] SLVAIug sayy
ysnig
soquity,
£6 zSv'r | £1z9‘P Sz SES‘vg] gSo‘g
£6 zSv‘ig¢) £1z9‘V
0g I z
Sv 9S vz
ol Lez FLL Stren v
Lo zov €or ‘I 6I 9£ S6v oS £907 oes
asuodxe
[e1OL, eseoloy
LLZ
Zh Soz
beeen senses ese grpiog
. . .
see eee
. . . . . . . .
-" STTRISIBO , ** sHOePUOIIPY
** + seq07,
eeee *Buluyy sry “***-umouxuy Voss esroqumngT
+ u9apITgD **** Aetpusouy
** purl sulies[D
******sI9H0UIG
stresses BuIpINg BulUIng sserseess -soutsue BUISZ0'T
oe ee eee ewer
"+ “speosreyy
reese ee eee ees eggs
rereeesssssuooreg Ire JOP] “***"uUMO} SUIUIOfpe WO
totes s TeauapDooy
oe eee ne ett STATED 30], ae I OLAS Um lifopg ounce wks pie patie af) Kofolyals Ssulling PO aR aro Tey areca) eae coe TLAN OLESLE (i)? Sei ece teeny cr Mees COUTTS Vay Bee a nae teases erent ORL ULC @) SHE SGICN) NAMES AC Ag ojucayoy ogy at NA OSI oh 0h peo bd iY Ze) LO) Peer eie OUI CLTER suing seieh wisserene crate sae SE OL Lean == SIST Ley tae SXOOUS
see eee eee
ee eww wens
*sioyoid Allog
"++" “USUIIOyShy Ver teeeeeees eggoussapolEs
Sasnvo
NOIOGY MOVANOUIACV SHSNV) Ad GAZIUVNWWAS SassO’y
a
22 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
The entire expense of fire protection is paid by the State, 7. e., the salaries and expenses of the superintendents of fires and pa- trolmen, also the cost of construction and maintenance of observa- tion stations and the wages of special patrolmen. The expense of actual fire fighting other than the above, is paid in the first instance by the State at the rate of fifteen cents per hour for time employed, and later, one-half such charge is rebated to the State by the town in which the fire occurred. The amounts ex- pended for actual fire fighting were as follows:
EXPENSE OF FIGHTING FIRES, IQIO
Adirondacks CLINTON COUNTY POMS ALG: Mice wane eke SIE) 55. Milenbarehs... ce) $5 00 PTE 2a Baas 0 tana 1Ol° 70 » Mogers.a.iet ues ee 46 45 Black Brook. ..j4.% 253 55 Wintel Cesta bd, Pole ek Se ce ee $418 25 Essex COUNTY Chesterheld tans; $10 8a .Wlorian’ Go as ae $14 11 Elizabethtown ..... 23. 50... Nort Tiidsom. <n 53 10 ALY VOR ee dee ae sunt eo the INGbia alba *. ores 92 20 KK Gene pie tse Sct t a $00, 66) St. Armand «0 s/n ii 7o LOWS e sutek gerloe ene LE OO PICMG, Seo\sow ou 44 65 Mingiva’) 2am yee £3 G0 SON VES UIOID . Eu Se 9 15 6 Raina Soh og is arte Wet, Cm ad rar eae nO M: $726 37 FuLTON CouUNTY BIgeeher ve cia eee i $3130 .- Mayiielet te: oni oe $13 50 PONT StO Witte ais. hehere 27 30 otal ita a «ace Ree ae eee $72 10 FRANKLIN COUNTY Nitamont e223) aun es $11 70; Harrietisiowa> 2.47. $1,162 26 Belmont) ee eee 2675 ° ‘Sduta (Clata fee 193 45 Brighton ce: fied ate 5.00. Wavetly. eee. ae 18 go Franklin: sre Sela 103 50
"A ON ‘Yoursg ysvq
“(ysiy] Yoo} Bt) ‘(ysiy yoo} Sb) yUlog [JEpeM, UO JOMOT, O11
Ayunog voile ‘ureyUNOJ 91045) UO UOT{VYS UOTYLAIEsqO
ES
oy
oa en a eee ee ne ae ee ee ee ee eel Sm
‘(ysiy qoog S¢) AyunOD ‘(sty Jooy OP) Jojs]Q. ‘UleyUNOP Oye] Wes[eg UO JOMOT UOIwAIosqC Ayunod euseiyy ‘UIeyUNOTY JoJUNF{ UO JOMOT, UOTYeAIOSqQ
Benson
Inlet
ecere eee @
Ohio
Total
Diana
ec eee
Clifton Canton Colton
eeeses eeee © ©
eee © @ @
Caldwell Chester Hague
eee © @ @
Hchnsbureh 2... 6.
Total
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
HAMILTON COUNTY
sae ee Si4ee dake ’Pleasant...2. .. iy cee Bay none WaKe ae sicn - eb eee ROO AZ AM CUS, i ios 55 ose e Hoste OSS 13 50 Be pe me NG 2 Sain i Gn! ual $649 65 HERKIMER COUNTY eecire S20 OGn) WCU Sac aaus ecueties Sa ate Ret ame NN ara Eis One Sho ec NA Tee Pe oh ac beak Shad alee $86 42 Lewis Country. SAO Boon 550 luyomsdales: 3... 25's Since a No NN ESOL orcas wc ar a 2 piers. 2) 7c Re eb ae e Oates) Midd fald wees ae $588 88 ONEIDA COUNTY rect wad G2 Porestport: |. 3600.0 ss. I ice APT CSR AY a te a a $146 23 SARATOGA COUNTY SW ta te a0) OF) =, E dininireiie Sod iog 5 2 Se a 2 | Oe aie 1 6 2) ae a BEY Lene See a AUS sie tte apieak 6 $QI 02 St. LAWRENCE COUNTY Ean oars a5 CG Mid BLT Asif ec a age a SADE Boo ei Macrae oie Wes, ideo BOVE S. PlerCeneld 3 snes Sa SB spai es ane icra ate Awl Bante Se $444 16
WARREN COUNTY
sree, TORT OO NE MZErRe! es dah ee Ms Bea aI OeGnIN’ Ne TeChe oe Chars Rial WG thy PEERED fe cise asc 3 es
no 200 suUeeRnSDUEY, |. 222 50%
eoeoeo ee eeveee ee eeeeeeee ee ee © © © ©
23
$47 25 38 50
27 9O
$21 60 4 50
$33 90 440 33
$11 41
$15 00 43 82
$13 20 24. 00
29 65
$16 80 18 OO 8 IO
aso
24 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
WASHINGTON COUNTY
Port Ann 2.5 5s $36) 00. Witeehall 95 oars $1 50 Botham: 20. Aer ere 10 65
Total. acia5 soe ae eee $51 15 Total amount forthe. Adirondacks. ‘Sp2geeon sere $5,916 25
Catskills DELAWARE COUNTY
Arides:: 2\2varegee 2 iF $465 <Haneeck? (ce aecns $182 00 Colchester. ca... - 37 74 Middletown ........ 33 89 Davenport: 4.325 bs. sie 26 30
Total Vue caper eet xe eee $284 58
GREENE COUNTY
JOWERE i.e ewes co $4.35 Lexmeion (sae $83 50 PL NMS LY Seah ob nad k= + ca: 62 eco $87 85 ULSTER COUNTY Denning abcde: $7 so Shawaneunk : 22.0 $5 00 Gardner 62. 8).04..%. 52 so - Shandaken...55), Ae 402 26 Kingston 2aen) cee 18 75 —“atigerties cea ae 5 25 New. (Palin one ao. 795 Wawarsing......... 343 85 : Vrs er ae See ae So 23°70. : Woodstock oo:..2s 6 00 : Rochestet' vices... 157 70 TOM ious Pee ee eee $1,030 46 SULLIVAN COUNTY Gocherton:)/. 2s teycrss $20.40. Laberigs Sos, eae $4 05 Delaware G0, sere 4.70. Limgbetiagd i/o, 57 15 Forestbureh 0%. 69 00 Mamakating ....... 99 60 Freemont S705) eee 30° 90 . “Paster (ies: yao ee 10 10 Highland cokes’ 7 OO Total wats cig OS eh eee $332 00 Total amount for the Catskills. se pees eee $1,734 89
Total amount for Adirondacks and Catskills.......... 7,051 14
Lookout Tower on Belle Ayre Mountain (65 feet high), Pine Hill, N. Y.
Steel Fire
, Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 25
OBSERVATION STATIONS
There are at present twenty observation stations maintained, where observers are on the watch for forest fires. This number includes nine which were in operation last year and eleven which were constructed during the past winter and spring. The names of the stations, their location, date of installation, costs and other information in regard to them are submitted herewith.
A report of the fires observed from each station follows. The number of such fires does not agree with the total number of fires that occurred because many of the fires burned early in the season and before the stations were equipped. There are also fires that were not observed from any stations because some localities are not sufficiently near or in proper range of the observers. This empha- sizes the necessity of more stations properly located.
RECORD OF FIRE REPORTED FROM OBSERVATION STATIONS. SEASON
-OF IQIO
z Number
NAME OF STATION County Observer of Bices Romviountainm StatiOncs)c/s ss. ac cee ecws Clintons as a0: ieinwbaxtena too ani 3 Hurricane Mountain station................ GSEs os fos: Wentons. 60 3. 3 Pharoan Mountain station. ......... 065.0: BISSOX a Sci vices AR L SP athe: a6 hice: 6 Whiteface Mountain station................ ISSO ihe caste a BV Reedins. 2 lene ss 7 WE VLOEtIG SCAGION. » . 6 .ck stad ss Ges els oi oe o's Brankdin 25 aa. Richard (Giles 65... . 16 Siekees: VMountam Station. . i... 0000-66. Bramiclia: 9.25 2: Geo. F. Brown...... 55 Bie Noble Mountain station. 2.6. dec. fe. os Miericimer:a'sa-.).¥. |) erty Coles vin... 2 fe) Beaver Lake Mountain station............. Perkimer, 2s 4.)..\) jobnce. Bintz co. 2. I Ca clead Nrountain Station!. 05. s<.s.c = s6.s ol Hamilton.......| Seth Wadsworth..... I SHomy Mountain Station... 6.06.6... «ese ee « Hamilton.......| Frank Washburn.... 16 Henailiton: Mountain station. ..\....4.+2 «ss Hamiltor. 2.2 Alfred Pelcher...... 3 WVeESteMountait StatiOn ccc os ee octane de ce Hiamtitone. cis. Cal WauPrainiesan sro I Moosehead Mountain station.............. St. Lawrence....| J. W. Hinkson...... 9 aunltountann StatiON. <5 j/s 0 icra oer ais aldee ss St: Lawrencez:..1) G. A. Muir... os. 4. 3 Gores Mountain station: . 20. .0. 50.00.0058 5 Warrene oo... Joo 8 Poe fareienre penis, Bae I2 Prospect Mountain station... 06... 60.08 66205 Warrenty oc won Pad atbhy Winakor nie Tes PALES SOIT SUALION setae diccieieis s o elcwgias eee Delaware... 5. . John Be Hawi a2. (a) Belleayre Mountain station................ Ulster Besser ok Coys Persons: ses 2. 13 Balser ickce StAGIOIN 6 occ cle e cla Giese laleleciese Wisterige wees. Edward Avery...... 4 Hamster Mountain station, 2)... cs. cece ces «0 (Greene meee AST .Connollyi 2). ..- 3
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
26
‘ayeys a4} Aq yInq Jou pu ‘sesodind uol}eArosqo Joy asn ul Apvolje JOMOT x
-—-e————_|_eee sn sn _=_ ss nn (ck .—— — — — — — . _ — ee | OO | |
uorjoni4s -u09 jo 4809
gI gI 0z 0% ZI oI 9 L VI QI iy or VI LI gI ZI v ov oI OI or hie ope 9 Oz of L 8 Sz of of Sz 6 8 S SI Sz SI 0% Sz Sz Sz Oz ov ZL se ze Oz g ZI os VI 0% SI of 0% 0% oI 8 oI Sz SI (a4 Oz SI of SI ZI 0% ZI SI of oI oI S SI 0% 0% Sz SI AjIOy}ION | Apsoysa~, | Apsoyynog | Ajioyseq
MUIA GALINUISAONA AO SATIT
yaoj SV I O16I ‘Av yooy ov ft 6061 ‘sny yeoy SO £% 6061 ‘Av yooy Se 9 606r ‘Avi dUuON Ss olor ‘Ajn{ 499} OZ £1 o161 ‘ounf{ yooy LE s o1or ‘Ane yooy SE tI o16r ‘Ajnf 4922] SI & 6061 ‘“3ny yoo} SI kz olor ‘ounf yoo} SI £11 606I ‘“3ny 492} QI $s 6061 ‘490 4a2J OF ¥I o16r ‘Ane 420} ZI £9 6061 ‘Ainf aUuON ze o161 ‘judy aUuON 9 6061 ‘A[n{ auoN € o16r ‘tudy auON gL 6061 ‘Anf suON £% o161 ‘judy duON 7S o161 ‘[udy 4[mq out
IaM0}4 Jo aang y Bs: i
4qysIoyy ~2]94 Jo tee :
Sort q
IOWILY IO FT "***9QUdIMR’T “4S "**"Q0UdIMP’T “49
uoywe py ‘+++ *uoqTUTe TT
raqun fy
“*"*uaxepueYys
* * ysinquepie yy
uosuag 7 * SOAeT WEIpUy ‘**quesea[g oye]
‘‘uoymeyy |*- +: --asnoyas0yy 0 9.8 se 6 uo} lure Fy “es eee “OYe’T Buoy Sherer ater he wow |***'*** ‘oeueIes trees ssunmueng fotos: quoureyy reeeesounmuerg fore: BIEID BURG Wie Wl Wy Oh bt hn xossi eee “UOJSUTUTTT MA ar akuce iaaten sine xassq |*'''***': ouaoy
Aarti . xessq |******* ‘uoomysg
Aqyunog UuMOL NOILVOO'T
Erys esha sve AO TOpeALy.
ureyunoypy JoyunTzyT
"oe" * urequnop stAvoT[og "** UlequNOy[ oxe’] wresleg "***uUleqUnOy, oye] Joavog "****"UTeqUnOPT peosyasoopy
** urequnoyy Veo
"se" **-uTequnoy qoodsorg
uleyunoyy 3105)
“s'***-UTeQUNOyT PeRdf 7eO steeesesssurequnoy, AMOUG
celpgs ‘ureyunopy uoqyturepy “**"**UTeqUNOyT IIGON Hoy
ee eee ewes
**urequnoyy 4S9AA **urequnoy, UOA’T **SIIoyy JUNOT
see Sess TEATIMOTA S130 QT 4S Cat cara uleqyUNOy, 9ORVjORIY “"*"**"uUTeqUnOy sUeOTIIN|;T
"ss" **-uTequnoy yeoreyg
NOILVLS fO ANVN
SNOILVLS NOILVAYUSAC
View from Twadell Point Observation Station, Delaware County.
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 27
The value of observation stations has been fully demonstrated. In a section like the Adirondacks, with so much wild land fre- quented by fishermen, hunters, campers and others, it is absolutely necessary to have some means of guarding the county at all times and getting men to the fires while they are still so small that they can be controlled. The former method, waiting until the smoke from a fire was so voluminous that it attracted attention several miles away, is too precarious and causes not only great property losses, but forest destruction. The “smokes” are now observed when the fires are in their incipiency and the nearest patrolman or supervisor is notified by telephone, in order that the fire may be attacked promptly. The cost of construction and maintenance is nothing in comparison with the property saved, forest protected and reduction in cost of fire fighting. The number of stations should be increased to at least thirty, all of them properly equipped but not all necessarily manned except in periods of danger.
The value of observation stations is easily indicated when one considers the great extent of country over which they have range. The number of men that would be required to effectually patrol the same acreage would be at least twenty times as many. The observer quickly perceives the first indications of fire and orders men to that point. They are also able to inform the patrolmen as to the size and nature of the fire and, therefore, the person going to the fire can make better arrangements and accomplish much better results.
FALLow Fire Law
The fallow fire law should be changed to eliminate “ smokes ”’ during the fire season and at the same time to better meet the de- mands of land owners who desire to set fires to clear land. At the present time, setting fires for the above purpose is prohibited from April 21st to May 31st, inclusive, a period in the spring when vegetation is dead; and again from September 16th to November roth, inclusive, but such fires may be started from June Ist to September 15th, if written permission has been secured. This law does not satisfy the land owner because he desires to cut his wood during the winter, burn the fallow the coming spring and plant
28 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
a crop the same season. It also seriously interferes with the effi- ciency of our fire protective system, adds an unnecessary expense and often leads to violation of the law. It is impossible to make our system effective unless every fire is attacked promptly, there- fore it is necessary to determine the cause of every smoke regard- less of whether permits have been issued or not. This is too heavy a burden upon our limited force, produces a large expense and the burning could be done before the fire season with safety. The statute should be amended in order to obviate both these troubles. Section 73, Fires to Clear Land, should be changed and permit burning from November Ist to May 15th inclusive and during the remainder of the year absolutely prohibit it. No fires should be set between April 1st and May 15th, inclusive, without the written permit of an officer duly authorized by the Commissioner, and if any fires did occur during the prohibited season, where it was evident that the purpose of such fires was to clear land, then it would be prima facie evidence that such fires were set by the owner or occupant for this purpose and would constitute a violation. ‘This section should be further amended to include the town of Hopkinton, St. Lawrence county, because it contains such a large area of forest.
The expense incurred by this department in connection with the clearing of land is considerable, and furthermore consumes a large amount of valuable time of the field force. An idea of the extent of the burning may be obtained from the following table:
Record of Fire Permits Granted
Counties 1909 I9I0 Cit yo se de a a eee ee 96 54 Fissex ». o: ie: i cie'd sis ccs ae ee 92 83 PbO 0 Seo awle bo Bae eee 6 eee 49 20 Franklin.) yc stg s ae eae ee 28 28 Piaimilton .. oe so0 5 6.6 a sas deere cee a 35 49 Herkimer | .s5 9 ssa) c's snc egos ee eee 12 6 Re Wis chr 'c ver. Seem eiacate ce eae ree eee a 42 70
Opera os ae cs oe Sere ey eee eee 9 met Se
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION 29
Counties I909 I9IO Pere CTO Ee asia rei ec isis «ond in Ome ee we E75 IOI Ree GU coe nee gO en oe eee 36 43 RRA ee es Ac cg ey aia are SS nea eins 55 64 Me ees a th eR Se ape Wig a tiny Sic 78 60 a RM rane ein es are i a RE oe ea 18 15 Oi asia 8 6 Sey ak each gone wap ep eS 22 88 mene eta Cee ete ns. LE crea ne ee, biske ihe aye, oy vials 28
“a EST RSS RS Spee ie ee itne dete te ri ogee a Be Vis 681
The law should be amended and distinctly authorize the appoint- ment of two kinds of patrolmen. They could be designated regular and special. The former to be employed either during the fire season or throughout the entire year and paid a salary and devote their entire time to the work. The latter to be selected on account of their special fitness and knowledge of the country and location. They should be competent men who could be employed as regular patrolmen under salary in case of extreme drought and in case of fire originating in their locality, have full authority to employ men and take general charge of extinguishing any such fire. They should be paid jointly by the town and State in case of fire fighting, but if employed temporarily on regular patrol duty, they should be paid a salary by the State. The supervisors should either be eliminated from the fire force or be made responsible for the duties imposed under the fire law. The supervisors are, as a rule, business or professional men, usually too busy to attend to fires and often without sufficient experience to properly undertake the work. If they were entirely eliminated from the force in the forest towns, the desirable ones could be appointed special patrol- men or other persons in the same locality could be so appointed. If the special patrolmen were competent, able men, selected by the Commissioner with the advice of the large land owners who are most interested in preventing and promptly extinguishing fires, a much better force would result and better protection would be se- cured. The law should be further amended to permit the payment
30 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
for tools and other necessary expenses in connection with fires to be a joint charge between the town and State.
In many cases supervisors do not render bills to the State until several months after the fire occurred, when it is difficult to secure the necessary information in regard to the case and fully deter- mine if the accounts are proper. The law should be amended, re- quiring such bills to be filed in this office within thirty days after such fire is extinguished, in order to secure any financial assistance from the State.
The great loss of forest property by fire in the Lake States and in the northwest has awakened the keenest criticism in regard to their laws and methods. Such losses can be almost entirely pre- vented with a properly organized force and sufficient funds to main- tain it. The land owners of Oregon and Washington have their own force organized quite similarly to ours, but the cost of main- tenance is paid directly by the land owners voluntarily and upon a basis of acreage protected. This organization was so effective that forests, in regions equally dry and exposed as that where the worst fires occurred in the northwest, escaped without loss. The time has come when forest property must be guarded the same as any other. We cannot depend upon sentiment or charity to do this work. A competent force of efficient, active men familiar with the country and experienced in fire fighting must be maintained. The value of the forests to the people are so great and the benefits to be derived so varied and important that the expense is not to be considered ; yet the cost is a very small part of the advantages se- cured and only pennies are expended where dollars are saved. Our present fire law has attracted so much attention that the writer was invited to explain it at a meeting of New England States forestry interests held at Mt. Washington, N. H., last Au- gust and again at the Lake States Forest Fire Conference at St. Paul, Minn., the present month.
There is still much work to be done, not only in perfecting and maintaining the organization for actual fire fighting, but in pro- tection. The people who live in our forest sections and those who use the woods for hunting, fishing, camping, recreation and health
ine _ a - pitas —— Tv
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION 31
must realize that they have responsibilities. They must feel this responsibility and be far more careful and exercise- better judg- ment in starting fires; and above all, see that fires are absolutely extinguished before leaving them. The two largest areas burned over this year were due to these causes and were truly avoidable simply by exercising reasonable care.
At the present time there is some criticism in various parts of our forest sections because people are not allowed the free and full use of wild lands for hunting and fishing. In many cases the land owners do not care anything about the game but they are afraid of fires and in order to protect their property it is necessary to prohibit persons going upon it.
During the year several actions have been commenced, convic- tions secured and fines enforced for setting fires to clear land with- out permits and during the prohibited season. In addition one conviction was secured in case of setting fires to wild land in the Shawangunk Mountains in order to increase the blueberry crop. This is the first conviction of this kind ever secured in Ulster county and was extremely difficult because the accused was a veteran of the Civil War.
RAILROADS AND FIRES
During the year a decided effort has been made to have the rail- roads comply with the law relative to the clearing of their rights of way through forest land in the sixteen forest preserve counties. In order to secure a better understanding and discuss fully all matters in regard to forest fires, in so far as the Adirondack rail- roads are concerned, a conference was held at Saranac Lake, Au- gust 29th. The following representatives of the railroads were present :
IN retin ee aes
Hion. M. E. McCleary.... Attorney,
GN. Edmondson... ... Asst. Engineer, iJasepm NVWelch’ so... oss Supt. of Tracks, M. & M. Div. ieee Meae ee asia cists sctces, « Supt. of Tracks, M. & M. Div.
PIC CGRCCL cinco Wisco sc ea Supt of Pracks: N. Y.& QO: Dav.
32 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
he rowleye na. : Gee Supt. of Tracks, Rutland Div.,
RVs Areas: sae... feeder ae Master Mechanic, M. & M. Div.,
Michvimy ‘Graves... 2)0% 28 Rd. House Foreman M. & M. Div., Di & HRs
Je Aus MieGrew Ss. Geee ae Chief of Maintenance of Ways,
MED. ‘Dorsey 4) pias koad Master,
ORE Bristol. Ya oe eae Supt. Woodlands,
Fred'k* Billard’: eet sae Asst. Supt. Woodlands,
The State was represented by: PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION:
MrcA> Buchanan “ir, 2 oe Supervisor of Equipment,
FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION:
OS Sie ac Senge teats 22 Supt. State Forests,
(5 Meat nstitieg? oe eat a eee Chief Railroad Inspector, Di. (Eines 5 ane Supt. of Fires, First District, AA cL. WAS EREEL i oi toa oe Fire Patrolman.
This meeting brought about a thorough understanding, and ever since all work in these counties has proceeded far better than be- fore. The railroads expressed a willingness to cooperate, in order to reduce fires, and have put forth a determined effort to put their rights of way in such condition that fires will not readily ignite and by removal of material, decrease as far as possible the danger. These lines are not yet in satisfactory condition, but it is hoped they will be thoroughly cleared the coming season.
There has been a decided decrease in the number of railroad fires in the Adirondacks the past year, due to the operation of oil burning locomotives during the day time. The order of the Pub- lic Service Commission, which caused the change of fuel, did not become entirely effective until August 1st, and during the spring there were many fires which started from sparks or cinders. The railroads feel that it is a hardship to burn oil and also thor-
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 33
oughly clean their rights of way, but under the present law there is no other alternative for this Commission, and as long as they use oil burners for only a portion of the year and then only during the day, the fire risk is sufficiently hazardous to need this pro- tection.
Top Loppinc Law
The top lopping clause, which is a part of the fire law, has been subjected to some criticism and has, in places, been difficult to enforce. At present the law applies to all of the sixteen forest preserve countries, while the section relative to setting fires to clear land and our jurisdiction in the enforcement of all other parts of the fire law applies to only ninety-four towns in the central portion of the Adirondacks and Catskills. There is no good reason why we should be charged with the enforcement of this law in a territory larger than where we are responsible for fire protection. The law should be amended to apply only to the towns enumerated in section 73. This law was signed by the Governor late in May, 1909, but was not fully enforced last year. This season an effort has been made to secure a compliance with the law with quite uniform success. The fire patrolmen make systematic inspections and but few violations are occurring at this time. These violations are nearly all on small jobs, often only twenty to thirty trees cut by some farmer who claims ignorance in regard to this law.
The greatest difficulty with this law at the present time is to actually determine what is a compliance. The law reads “ Every person who shall, within the forest preserve counties of the state, cut or cause to be cut, or allow to be cut any coniferous trees for sale or other purposes, shall cut off or lop or cause to be cut off or lopped from the said trees at the time of cutting the said trees, all the limbs or branches thereof, unless the said trees be cut for sale and use with the branches thereon.” There are many opera- tions where the wood material in the fallen tree is removed down to as small a diameter as three and in some cases two inches, in which case but a small stubbed top is left, but as this leaves limbs
2
34 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
fastened to the remaining stem, it is not a compliance with the law, although in some cases it is possible that the result which the law intended to accomplish will be secured. On the other hand, large limbs are left with side branches, much larger and more dangerous than this small top, yet the law has been fully complied with. In some sections peeling hemlock bark is still quite an industry and it can be peeled only when it is loose, usually during the month of June. In these localities it has been the custom to fell the trees, peel the bark and defer cutting the trees into logs until later in the season, when help is more plentiful or cheaper. In such cases the trees were cut into logs often two months after felling and the parties agreed to lop the branches when the logs were removed. To absolutely require an immediate compliance with the law, is to cause the owner or operator considerable loss, vet the law explicitly states that the tops shall be trimmed at the time of felling. There are other cases where operations are con- ducted both for lumber and wood. The trees are first felled and the logs removed, then later the tops cut into wood. The time be- tween the two operations may be a month or more, and perhaps during the fall or winter when there is no fire danger. The law should be so changed that some one could exercise some discre- tion in these matters, but at present these are violations and must
be so construed.
The purpose of the law is excellent and is a desirable one. |
Complaints on account of its enforcement are very limited and are almost entirely from small jobbers whose only interest is to make as much money as possible out of the operation, regardless of the condition of the forest. The stumpage owners are de- cidedly favorable to this law and no trouble has been experienced through the operations on the property of our large operators
this year.
0% 0,0%° & % ct ecose OKO Sd
MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Showing , by Counties the RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ALLSPECIES MANU FACTURED i410
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 35
FOREST PRODUCTS LUMBER
The statute prescribes that the Superintendent of Forests shall make an annual report showing the amount of lumber manufac- tured and wood used for commercial purposes from timber grown within the State. These figures have, as has been the custom for some years, been secured. The work was done in cooperation with the United States Forest Service and has been accepted and pub- lished by the Bureau of Census. The work was done in this office and reports received from 2308 mills. In order to secure and tabulate these figures, a large amount of correspondence and office work has been necessary which Mr. Pierce E. Beswick has con- ducted most diligently.
The statistics for the first time have been tabulated by counties and the various figures will be found in the accompanying tables. Maps have also, been prepared showing the production of a few of the leading species with varying shading for each county depend- ing upon the quantity reported. The maps and the figures indi- cate the production according to the location of the mills manu- facturing the lumber or other material and not by place of pro- duction because our data is secured from the mill operators.
ForEST PRODUCTS BY KINDS AND NUMBER OF MILLS
Product > Mills Quantity Begeee amber 2 es lS ie cin eso 451 127,864,000 ft. B. M. Brentlogs lumber ..¢.2...6....>- 1685 162,783,500 * PeimesMUPDCE! (50.0% Riven s SR e< Sore 1206 104,658,500 a Mme CINE 6. oe ie ane ain, ones 1271 75,023,500 : PeeIMOMMITIDEL, yo Sk dye a fe ee Sere 670 31,990,000 a eee imber Ves. s ls. hh ee ete 939 42,334,500 i esswood< lumber 2... eee bees 1423 36,058,000 ‘: Wales IIE os. Sg hoe oR Se we ews 765 16,280,000 E Peewee fin cis. ool be wack, woes QII 12,747,000 i
a) 21/500) 31421) at ie ce ne ee IO14 36,520,500
36 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Product Milis Quantity Chestnut lumber. < S50 oe eee 672 18,829,000 ft. B. M. Poplar’ fumibercs se arora eres err ees 250 2,351,000 7 Hickory dimmber* .:. ate 220 1,420,500 ° Cherry Shamiber jc.2 9 2a eee 343 3,327,000 ri phingle 29. hoc Se ek ere 427 91,888,000 pieces |B si) eee area nen eae aegrery Ah ger cee seer S 441 70,878,300 y Paar ee 6 neve eect pee eto ee 116 36,735,820 6 SEAWES 0) kc: acuanc nec Laemen eee 40 69,034,900 ry Ry aR. AHESLe gars tines eben eee 312 821,040 “ Pulp G sBapen (ace ee eee 39 445,701 cords Excelsior acu slic Sebo Ae. 13 | Wood alcool... ose ee 20 Brick: ... «t-digtat tas epee aes 40 250,435 r Cooperage: sitkixine deen aioe feel 10 !
Liane, 5,9 boven ea eee 6 PuLp Woop.
The following table has been prepared showing the production and consumption of pulp wood by species and quantity both from native and imported wood. It is readily seen that we are not pro- ducing one-half the quantity manufactured and with our large areas of idle soil so near such a large market, there is an excellent opportunity to furnish this supply. At present several of our large operators are rapidly reforesting their iands in order to secure more
material.
Olbl
GIYNLOVANNVYW SONYdS JO SLNNOWY SAILY 134
ayy ‘Saved Raq ' 6urmaug MYOA MSN JO SLVLS JHL JO dV
* Bene, 474277 a ROMA Bids Javwavwta 4 3N3I3B>2/, 40a tla Fay
A] or
AN
4
SAN ANAS
AS Ae OANA yd
ory] O} AAO §
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION 27 CONSUMPTION OF PuLP Woop. Woop GROWN IN THE STATE Grown SPECIES outside | Grand Ganda Cords Cords the State fg R tial Peeled or of Total & Rossed slabs Cords Cords SITCOM EIS cous el cee ciass 269,397 64,004 700 334,101 451,941 786,042 vem oe mays cise len ocsie ss FO MOZ ON carmel saieenan Sak al, BOmOZOH |e peut sar 38,626 ieioas oc OPIS 8s eee GIN Soo st eae eee, capo el | Neeser So BE MO OM arcacieoreceents 3,100 ener lear rewe esis tev aue cs. abe ove le enclaves BOR SQA else ei aaron 39,824 16,516 56,340 Po teMlewieretoiels eiSiecie sav es Sth, b23 103,828 700 415,651 468,457 884,108 |
* Includes balsam
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
000‘ 9zz oos ‘1vz ooS‘zoVr't
000‘gLI 000‘ Sig 000 ‘999 000‘ 306 oos ‘1S 000‘ Lee ooo‘ rvs ‘1 000‘ IQS ‘1 00S ‘gz ooS ‘ovr 000‘ ov 000‘ gLI ooS ‘VII ooo‘ tL 000‘ stl 000‘ QIIL 00o0‘ZII oos ‘elt 000‘OLg ‘IT 000 ‘ gz ooo‘iel‘z OOO‘IEI ‘SI ooo‘ Lv1‘t 000‘ 61 00S ‘gge 00S ‘fev 000‘'60z ‘TI OOO'III‘SI oos ‘9Ss
420
ooo ' Ler o00''
00S ‘060‘T oo0o‘ors ooS ‘£6z oos ‘St oos$ ‘ozs 000‘ 6ve
000 ‘6£I 000‘ O61 000‘OIg 000‘ g6£e 00S ‘Lgl 000‘ S6P 000 ‘906 000 ‘Se o00‘zLl 000‘O£ 000‘608 ‘I 000‘QQI ‘I 000‘ 601 ‘1 oootILl oosS ‘Sls ‘zc 000‘QLS ooS‘VIE‘'T 000‘ooS
poomsseg
000 ‘OI 000‘169‘'I oosS ‘hSz‘z 000‘ 69 000‘ SI oosS ‘ZE1 000‘L9 ooo ‘St 000‘'r oo00'e 000‘OOL 000 ‘OSI 000‘ bY oos ‘fol 000‘zSz 000‘zzV'1 oos ‘61
ooS ‘zov ‘I ooS ‘601 00S ‘vo0't oosS‘zzs ooo vir? ooo‘ esl ooS‘orr't 000‘zI
yooog
000‘ oos‘s 00S ‘og
000‘ gl
000 ‘ov
oos ‘EL 000‘ 000‘ Lzz 000‘9QI 00S ‘gg9 o000'SzI ooS‘zge ooS ‘v1 000‘ 61 ooo‘ ese ooS ‘Igor ooo'te
yourg
000‘ For 000‘z9g 000‘ 9Q6L
ooo‘ ZI 000‘Z6 ooo‘! 000‘ ov 000‘98 oos ‘Sol 000‘Slz oo0o0‘1gs 000‘919 oo$ ‘9g6z‘I oos ‘LL ooS‘IgI‘I 000‘ 1bz2 000‘L66‘'Z 00S ‘6ge 000 ‘ees ‘9g o0o$ ‘gov 000 ‘660‘VI 000‘Zg9‘I 000 ‘98S ‘z 000‘ 9ee
o000‘Lg oos‘11V 000‘z0g‘S o00'e oo00'e
oos ‘fol 00S ‘639° 000‘ £z9g 000‘t9 oos$ ‘££6 oos‘1gs‘r 000‘ g8&z 000‘ ov
ooo ‘gi ‘tr 000‘'16 000‘ZIg 000 ‘Qf 000‘Z16 ooo ‘TL ooS ‘git 000‘ Loe oo$ ‘ov1 000‘S69'I 00S ‘got ‘az oos$ ‘zggit 000‘ Lz9 ooo'es oos‘LoLl 000‘ g6S ‘TI 000 ‘tha ‘z 000‘ 698 ‘2
auld
SHILNNOOD DNINAVA
000‘ PHI ooS ‘LoL 000‘O6L'S 000‘ OL£T oosS ‘I
O00 ‘Igz‘I ooS‘LLI ooS$ ‘Sgz‘g ooS ‘Ssoz‘z 000‘ gee ooo ‘orl ooo‘ esV't1 000‘ g09 oos ‘ge
000 ‘ort 000‘ZOL 000 ‘gSg'r 000‘ fé6Ll ooS ‘Peltz ooo‘ es 000‘ 1e6'e 000‘ gli ooo‘ PES ‘z oOo00'ELg oos‘tiv'l 000‘ IOO'I 000‘6g0‘S 000‘ LS9 oos ‘zor'e 000‘ gov't? oo00'eLz's ooo IPL ‘tI
yoorura yy
ooo‘ SI
o00‘zeLl
SIMASE Shes) mre Wi yicd: 6) wie) b lnural Wiese te eoauag Sea ee 8) Can Jere ale we G04 8 eo) 6 JapAnyssg oe . IEE?) 8:1) (0) (015
Bana a) Das *Apeqyoouayos SER se eh ee EDO “*** * LaBlPSSUS A, Eee et A GEees Sense ere taney
. . . «
teres -sueatG Bi SAS AS & Mee ong oe Rane ee ea UNTELET (ah vata s ene ens ever st oaks eonmHtEe 5 ~* "+" eBepuoUO yr Ya x Yet hu en od MWe og Ate St) en ter ee vIeselNn Renae Marta Hotes een erass nesegN S.e4e Die wa @ BOO ele. ele * ATQUIOBUO PT Peete e er neee eee ee ees eaormoTa Cees e seen ene esereees srQgtDy TT Sat oy St CO YR ON oct as Wn Fa "7" ** *UOqISSUIAT Rue 8s ee "SSS SES rosa rte) Reacatatet Reras EE aasauery Passe beeen ee eenveeenes appre tere seeeeceeer ees ee rgsonoanc Seer ce oy cot Serer tet eeeeree ees spraumtios SUN 2 ADO Bee, Bae be) wre eye *-osueusyD) CRESS wisn ae eg ES TITEL Uo) Pet ae er aa a UY a ry ee et ee “enbneyney) cpm a EA Se teed ETE) ryt tet be Ge eT oe eT ter we *sndneieyyeg rene r sees ee eee eee es sour rE giao toe gee gear NO RPM Fo NSE ce ith A sabe en a> Or Na ahaa KG 2To || Arg
ALNNOO
= . Tee NNSA ox OLS EAKUAER |S NAN Md ht wes NN WS an
° 4, °??o
4 CAPAC
(4
STEVBE
MAP OF THE. STATE OF NEW YORK Showing by Counties the 19410
RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF MAPLE MANUFACTURED
39
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
a eee ee
00S ‘£08 ‘oz
000‘ PLS 000‘Vgt 000‘ 39 000‘ Ie 000 ‘36g 000‘098‘I 000‘ £9z ooS ‘ors ‘tT
00S ‘€Lo0‘ez
000‘ £0£ 00S ‘zzg‘t 000‘'2
000 ‘ze 000‘'3r9 000‘ LLz
CEO a Ce eC) 4 ed farts
00S ‘99
000‘6L3 ‘zz
00S ‘98
ooo‘ees 000‘ OZI oos ‘Sor 000‘9LV 000‘ 6zV7
oos ‘Si
oo00‘giz‘L
000 ‘6z 000‘Lz 000‘'SZ 000‘ 67 ooo‘ LLI 000‘08
Cr er ey
000‘ 07z
000‘ 90‘ tL
000‘ 1zz2 oos‘esg oos ‘PI
000 ‘Vz 000‘L99
000‘ 9gL
oos ‘ges
000‘936‘EP
00S ‘406 ooS ‘gif 000‘z 000‘ VI 000‘ Sgv ‘tr 00S ‘glg‘z 000‘9L ooS ‘ze ‘Vy
ooS‘I19‘OL
000‘ GE 000‘9zg ‘I 000 ‘09z 000‘0z6 ooo‘OIE ‘I 000‘ VPS ‘z 000‘Tt 000‘goI ‘Vv
ooS‘199‘E
a eek ere ary
Grek Mane te PENS SOC 7 e see ew wee DO oe 2 SAAS TEIEO AY ANG SE BES EOS TOASOTOASOINN
o. sore “SU ARAN Ce ‘supjduo,, Cripe ape tact iary oe eet anc ee abt Po LORG
ORs ad Seige meee geatenee | (O} i) aV ROOTS aes ase Marae ar kew Tan Te Bhs
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
40
00S ‘So09‘I 00S ‘gv6'r ooo'Svo'L1 ooS ‘OLr
000‘ Szv
000‘ Lgoe's ooS ‘Sor ‘z ooS ‘10V ‘61 000‘zv9‘z1 000‘ g61 ‘Zz 000‘ gzV'yV ooS ‘gLL‘g 00S ‘6gg‘I 000'ZZg
ooS *z61
oosS ‘ELo‘e ooS‘zzi‘I oos ‘Szz‘s oos ‘vrz‘e 00S ‘Lgv‘g ooo‘ egs‘e 008 ‘ovg‘6 00S‘ Lz9‘e 000‘6z6'S oo00'SeV's 000 ‘Sgt ‘iz 000‘zvs‘g 00S ‘Sgg‘oz ooS ‘zggiet 000‘ 6LV‘ gz oos ‘bryg‘z1 ooS‘Slo'st ooS ‘Vgv‘g
[e101
000‘9z
000‘ 61
oos‘SSz o000'V
000‘'0g8 oos‘L
ooS ‘ggt 00S ‘go£f 000‘? ooS ‘Vgt ooo0‘'zLi 00S ‘o£ oos ‘£61 ooo
000‘9z 000‘S9 000‘ Soe o000‘'zh
oos ‘est 000‘6
000‘0Sz 000‘ ISI 000 ‘gil oo00'LLz ooo‘ Iee 000‘ orf 000‘ ZI 000‘08
000‘OLE 000‘ 00£ 000‘ Lvz 000‘'6S
SNOOURTIIOSTIAT
oos ‘Vv
oos‘Io1 oos 000‘9z 000‘0z oos ‘6 oos ‘fer 00S ‘6 oos ‘fr 000‘SI 000‘9
ee
ooS ‘ZI oos 000‘99 ooo 000‘ZzI 000‘9gI o00'zl ooo'se 00S ‘z 000‘ LzI 00S ‘6 oosS ‘vze oos ‘Le ooS ‘oov 000‘ gl ooS‘I€I
Arr1syO
00S ‘gz
Sie ween 6) 08) e806
000‘9z 000‘OI 000‘'zz oos ‘fg o000'V 000‘9I ooo'L OOO‘ IIZ 000‘ OZI 000‘ 000 ‘OZ 000‘9QI 000‘ ooSs ‘tr 00S ‘g oos ‘9 ooo'ii oos ‘ef 00S ‘09 ooS ‘ig 000‘Sg 000‘zI ooo‘er 000‘9S oos ‘II ooo‘ vl 00S ‘6 000 ‘fy
AIO
ooo ‘St
000‘ trI
000‘0g 000‘9z 000‘'Ig 000‘Z
00S ‘9
000‘OI 000‘of 000‘ 0z 000‘¥
000‘
000‘'Sz ooo'Ss
000‘gI 000‘ Lz oos ‘of 000‘ Lz ooo‘ er 000‘ gl 000‘ oor 000‘S9 ooS ‘iz ooS ‘Lz 000‘ EV 000‘ LoL ooo'L
ie[dog
oos'zer o00'1e oos ‘eve 000‘ Or oos ‘v 00S ‘601 oos ‘ev oos ‘€£z ooo ‘vis 000‘6g ooo‘ ror 000‘OOI 000‘QI ooo‘ Li
oos ‘61 000‘9z oo$ ‘gst 000‘ gl 000‘ Lz oos ‘tg ooo‘ Lee ooo‘ PL 000‘0zz oos ‘1 00S ‘£9 00s ‘ov 000‘6g9 00S ‘102 000‘ getyv oos ‘gis ooo'zie ooo ‘for
ysy
ooS ‘Sgt oos ‘iv 000‘'g9 o000'V 000‘I 00S ‘36 oos‘ze oos‘zst oos ‘zse ooo 'Ssv ooo'ee o0o$ ‘ost 000‘ gez 000‘ OLI oo0o'r oos‘zv 000‘ £gz oosS ‘Igoe 000‘QLI oos ‘bsg ooo 'i1Pg‘t oosS‘zlo‘r ooo'SL ooo'ss oos ‘1s oo$ ‘g6r oos ‘tI 000‘9zL ooo‘ZLss 000‘ vos 000‘oS oos‘i1SI ooot LL
wa
(PaAnuUyUoy) —SAILNNOD ONINAV
000 ‘gz ooo' ls oos ‘Sor ooo‘!
000 ‘6gI ooo‘zie ooo‘ rIo‘I 000 ‘S68 ooot Ll 000‘oIz 000‘6SS oosS ‘gz oos ‘Sor o0o0o0‘or ooo ‘OIL 000‘0z 000‘ gz ooo‘
ooo 'SLt 000 ‘OL 000‘'I6 ooo ‘orl 000‘9S ooS‘zre'r oos‘IL9‘r ooo VLz 000‘Oze O00‘ PEL ooS ‘obs 000‘zoo'! 008 ‘988 ooo‘ vLti
qnuysoy9
SSS SUES ES Rts LOPALUOS Pye SSE yOuOS
“eee eee *Apezoousyosg
+ s89 5" DuePAOO yy "**** TgBlessuayy
Se SO Sao nge hau hays | ee Peta MAS Koko SG) Sie Spel Sis ierese fe QO BeMg() Sac else tS STB OTL) POPES ES IONS Se TOM LEAT) eee oe es SY OMB IU G) Gee eh: 42} 010 {0) 01)
We 9:8 a aie sap RB EENT
sreess* ATQUIOBYUOTAT ae oe Se OISSOLAT
ee
te tee sees epUETyIOD
tresses ss sprqumypos
CeO ts Pa ** osueueyy)
oe Ono s)
eee e ee ‘enbneyneyD ee Ese Tee) Se ShanereieG
Se nese bres she SV OTILOOL ST) eeeeie ne seseke:® ATE BOTY
BN Oeste ache bY (yi
ALNNOOS
" $90 Yoi\w 1210 Reed
(4234 Gyvos Ni)
4
O\b)
QA YNLIVSNNVW AIO WSH JO SINNOWY SALLY1a4y
YUL Sayurcy £q Evimougs
MYO MIN JO SLVLS SHL IO dVW
Al
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
——e—eor a
000‘ gS ‘16z
ooS‘oee‘e 000‘S09‘9 ooS ‘ITO£‘z 000‘ LVL‘z 000‘616‘9 00S ‘Sto‘6 000‘ L6£
ooS‘zvo‘er1
00S ‘9016'S
000‘ Lor 000‘'10z2 00S ‘ov
000‘ 9QOI 000‘ voz 000‘zzz 000‘gI
000‘ vez
ooS ‘Vi6't
000‘S ooS ‘IzI O00 ‘II ooS ‘v1 ooS ‘oe 00S ‘6
000‘S
ooS‘Loz'1
oos‘s 000‘z 000‘ VV 00S ‘or 00S ‘o£ 000'Sz
ee er ?
000‘S
ooo‘ I6I‘T
00o0'r 000‘ Lz oo00'Ss 000‘S 000 ‘SI
oe ee eee ee eee
000‘ZII
oos‘Shr'L
000‘ OOI 000‘ gor 000‘6
000‘S¢g 000‘ Lvz ooS ‘Lor
eee eee eee eee
000‘OLE
000‘Sor ‘zr
ooS ‘ggs o00'Szl 0oS ‘oz ooS‘SeL ooSs ‘foe 000‘0z
ese ee www ewes
ooS ‘VSz
000‘608 ‘fr
00S ‘6£ 000‘'Z3 000‘zZg30‘T o00‘'Se 00S ‘Szv 000‘ Z6£ 000‘6£ 00S ‘9g0z
oh gTeIOT
te MSIE ea ee sreee * BUTUIOA MA see" * I94S9Y91s9 A Dees NM} 011,18 PERI) 0 4 >: (ahou ro) PEIN Se BOTT:
Fe seeeesssogmg ves++++ -gaqnayg
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
42
Sp109 ut
poo punoi **o49 ‘joyooye poom ‘IOIS[IOXxe ‘SU[DT eu] pue Aoug
Qz OOoI‘€r1 L63‘z . . . “* . ate 72h bit SF we . VoL SoL‘t€e Szg‘ve seee aves oe ee ee) oos : oos one “wre . o,6 a. 0) €h@ Sr areas ¢.f A Sito? we = & 6.2 009 £gq‘I OLV‘tI eee boa) a a6 « Be). 6:6: Bet ea © ie, Ere: ovyv oof ‘Or oze'6 S:2.058 05. Bere s @ 28) 4\-0, @Feare a a ms OSSoT oSL ‘gz ooo‘ol hk es Meee ee tee ee ce cise @ ere s/s, anece on O£f ‘z gIL‘cev Sg6‘re 000 ‘0z 000 ‘SOL Szz ooz ‘It 000 ‘OL 000 ‘0S9 000‘ z6L . . . be ost tr oe . ee . ¢. 0).6 36) eve lee, ee . 000‘gS 009 oSo'Lt 99z ‘VI Eases oe wawerete Phy eam eae peck ver oe LSL 00S ‘9 oof ooo‘ esl oe ee ns OOoL ooSs‘z “ee ee ar ters Boe 86) eee) Be . AO) s.e°8 eo pa a 808 oe ee wwe . . ie oe De we . Dip, @os Ee ae . o00‘'ov Sa" ate, ete we oSI oos'ts Sip, @.e S578 8 2 Poh) Weel ty oe ce te et . . . . . ah TON Yay OOL 090‘ eee eee eoeee . . . . . 000 ‘3? (TON CACO TGS 000‘! s S862 es cee 000008 S19) @ a> S. be Te os Gut fe bOI Fer call | I ee re ararerabeceiacetherets ooo'L ooLl‘ItI osv‘e ooo‘SfI ooo ‘viv ZIE CULES 3S woke ee hk Red ie eboetceee ire oe ee eo 000‘ gl is) aia ale, . 000‘ Ce Cem et et Ne) 006‘630'P ooo‘ tSeg'tr S vorv's o000'P 000‘oS 000 ‘00z gls Vig‘ VI ORS GE eel eee ee 000‘£9 CczI oof tz A) 6) ew le 1e . . ee oP Citi wen Riese i “held, 6) 6 bape) a. 8 * ovL OPPs CLG LS 000‘000'I ooo ‘SLs Coys, S99 ‘zz 00z ‘gL ere fe Ceci 000‘00S eee eee . oos‘r oos‘L . . *-* are 1a 6s) Bl 606 pe) oe of oIv'z ozl “* . . . Cum o 46) ee eee ov OLL‘II osV ; 000 ‘0z6 000‘gSf 0Sg 0$6‘'zz SSeorT RO a cae, 000 ‘ors 069 oSz‘zi £ge‘Sg see . a) olf Sets exe eae Ake oor's O£I ‘9 gOS ‘0z a Se SICH PE 000‘ors zo6l ool‘l oos's Abeer a Cee One wt) Tee Sears wae, ps ra ee =) (oye | s{sog SOL SIARIS Bulpeoyy
ooo ‘Sir
000 ‘SSI
000‘36
000‘60S 000‘ t9z 000‘ 169 000 ‘OQ! ooo ‘tes
Wye
(papnjauo)) — SaILNN0> ONINAVY]
Ooo'OoIb gt tte Sis ey sue ei eun ie sisi Ta An OS 000‘zz§ th rat rar oe oe se ew eeee “alreyoyos aioe © aha’ se . Cg OR ee . see eee ee hi Nats mls * Apeyosusyos ad eens oe . seer ewe et Seas) eae 2 Se OMT ki 6 Si Sine we 6} wee oe eee oe seers * loejassuey Oe RL 9 eee 6 me . psa (aT Aa Ma te oe See beara ai ooo'fzo'z ttt A . ee Wee Whale bee a 0395109 o00'F1S ‘1 teens ae mtb tee ees Ci CACE o33MSO 000'St were Ce a mye ea enes «mura! Te ane ess hoe *SUEaTIO GOOG ee aie setae ates stearate ep eens © “269 06 eet) 000'oz&é cee ee ar er eel Wiens ev ere wel a! wre eae tn a OLIeqUGO 000'z9 eres eeeace Osi wat Crem eriac 6 New aet s esepuoug cee RRS . BG ANG Ronee e whee) $61.5 he 8) 8 8. Mele ee tae “eIeselNn seek CA eh tea Ge ON er as ta Wha weet e Se as eel a Oss 0s = ESSE 000‘o00£ oe ee eee . Dre acai) em ele “*** ATQUIOSIUOPT Be ewe e ee 6 Wie tive eve eMura ie un @ a) 6Ke. 8 i Nulye (ee Peis ste*< SOTTO TA 000‘zos Mh) MUS ue Se Case Geis) a eke eu.cal\ay alls es MO SONIA TAT goo'fg > xs eeeee Sia callaciay ech a +o "** > UOISBULALT 000'z06'z Ppa at Tat fer Nae gt UT uC Genk . sone? “Ose TIO [ SN at re ee ee oe | EC WAP ER oe pe Par SPE SS MRA eh Sa Sea OOOCGTe 9 lele seas oS 0. e616 (0 vite a S @: ee, ack aa aera) 8 9 | 000‘'S€r . . a eoue Seren knee eee *ssoyojng 000'Sof ae rice Rea PO LL Yet Ya | @eael'e.vyislte teow (a * puelyI0g 000 ‘99 ReneS UAhe (ee oe sees ee" SIquintos 00S ‘ogL‘f Ane e 6s ©. . ee eee De en Eola) o000‘Sss Vi ys ot ee Fis OER vale . “ees ss Bunureayy 000‘£gg £1. 6060 W9) ) w) ee a wee ee 8 . see ‘enbneyneyo 000‘Sz err a PLA Cary Tet | PANO he SE a 000‘00z CHC Ee es CRIs.) Wn Wee a eta Cie Yet] eee “sndneieyye) 000‘ org Dies Meee ew labaie a ie wis) ae mem ei SHIOOLE, ooo'SsSL —sdvt eer es sec ee eee ‘+ Kuvsalpy ooS ‘LoL a Sele 60 6 oes esis eee ee ee Vers AMG T sa,Burys ALNNOO
(L334 a¥voa Ni)
QN3907 1
Olbl\
OGSAYdNLOVIANNVW ANId
JO SLNNOWY SAILY 134
QU, TFaryrnoy £q Burmoye
MSOA MSN a0 SLIVLS SHI JO dVW
Wy
Te
43
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
cvyv ‘oct
gos‘ gls
ooV ‘z S2r.1 000‘Z 000 ‘OI ZEL‘O oSZ‘OE 9z9 ‘Of oSz
006‘ IOV ‘II
000 ‘091 ‘Zz
000‘oSZ
oos ‘£60 ‘St
000 ‘OSI oo& ‘zz9 ‘9 ooo ‘orl 000‘00S
000 ‘O£z
000‘ 8EI
000 ‘os
000 ‘968 ‘zI
000‘ 308 000‘fg 000‘ OI 000‘ 308
000 ‘0gz 000 ‘Oz
00S ‘gz ‘oz
000‘'SZI 000‘zze
000 ‘696
eee ew ee
Gaié)isne sienlw.
“*sIeI07 "soy K
ee eee OU LUSOAY NAN
one enee * Ia4Sayoqso Bee see (eee) ewe eee eee aUAE re Or ee Wet oh a> CY pt ne) ba ie ik fot a sutyduro [,
- “eBOLL
Haeereee ss anomma
"**waqnays
eg Baal ee Sse Bao
—— se
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
o00'Sz1‘V
000‘ ZgE ‘I 000‘Qo0£ oos ‘rls 000‘ £61 000 ‘ZZ 000‘'Z 000'f6 oos ‘vos 000‘ze 000 'Ezv 000‘96S
320
000‘Sz9‘g
000‘ 10L 00S ‘vgv 000‘ O0gv 00S ‘96S ‘I ooS ‘zgf ‘I 000 ‘009 000‘6Ee ‘I 000‘ gI oos ‘ole oos ‘11g oosS ‘£ov 000‘ gsVv
poomsseg
ooS‘LLo‘s1
000‘L99‘I 000‘gzo'r OOO‘ELEI SI 000‘9f 000‘69S ‘I oo0o‘i1zo'r 000 ‘601 o000‘zEI
yooog
000 ‘6gS ‘oz
000‘ S9z 000‘ L6V ooo‘Iee o00‘oLg ‘Ll ooo ‘ezz‘I oos‘oss‘t 000‘ ze6‘I 000‘ e1V oos$ ‘SoVv‘t 000 ‘6Lz‘E ooo‘ L6Ll 000‘ozo‘!I
000‘ gge‘é6r
000‘ v6Vv 000 ‘116 oos‘Szs 000‘'90g‘L ooo'esSL‘1 ooo‘ vér't 000‘988‘I 000‘ gRgz oos‘zgLl 000‘z6g‘z 000 ‘ove 000 ‘ors
00S ‘o10‘gv
ooS ‘gfto‘'g ooS ‘o00g‘z 000 ‘Sg6‘z 000‘698‘S 000‘ vz9
000 ‘'OLL
ooo ‘orz‘s ooo‘eLlti
000‘6zg‘I ooS ‘gf1 ‘9 oo0o0‘Sig‘or ooo'LsSL‘v
ooS$ ‘gze‘gQ9
ooo‘os1‘s oo00‘S6r'e ooS ‘096‘T 000 ‘£6£ ‘IZ oos ‘1v0'v ooo ‘ggI SE oo00‘gSI‘g 000‘S9S oosS ‘go's 000‘ ggth'L ooo'zls‘e o00'SsSz‘z
YOOTW FT
SHLINNOO MOVANOAICV
00S ‘oSv ‘611
000‘ gog‘f o00‘ggiI‘g ooo ‘zit ooo ‘SsVv‘oe ooS ‘o1g‘tI ooS ‘061‘9 OOS ‘OOI ‘Iz ooS ‘zo6‘tI ooS ‘gi9‘¥ 000‘996‘zE 000‘R66‘S oo00‘LzS‘z
sonidsg
sees sreoy, **** *TLOUSUTYSE AA
Se LOS BAN rat **° °@3078I8G
QOUdIME'T “49
titres es epiaUG beeen ees sgtmory sees s+ youITyIORT tees ++ yogtrare Fy reese ees uO Feeeeee UBT Feet ee el tyaggar
Freee eee syoqnT
ALNNOO
pAKE ONTARIO
over 2 million
ONCH OAGA
fe
447 ¢e
44°
MANUFACTURED
MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Showing, by Gounties the
RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF
BIRGH
1410
45
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION
ooS ‘zSz‘Sie 000‘VEE‘z 000 ‘096 000 ‘6£ 000 ‘Ig ooS ‘Sgr‘v 000‘ €So'r 000‘gvz ‘I ESOC GD LEA OIOIS (KO)
oos ‘1S€ ‘61 000‘OEZ 000'I 000‘9QI 000‘'ZL 00S ‘g1z 000‘£0z 008 ‘S6V Sete eee ence TO CCRUILS EVANS 000‘£63 ‘LI ooS ‘voz o00S‘z oo eee ew wm ewes 000‘£9 000‘QLI 00S ‘69 ooSs ‘61z Bae AP ea ers See tc eneeUIRU EE NAY ooS ‘1Lz‘3 000 ‘gII o0o0'Ss 000 ‘g8I 000 ‘36 000‘ VgI 000‘OZI 000‘zzv EPSP ESE A MRE SIERO ER NON Fe fOf ep Gale) 00S ‘LEV‘o8 ooo‘ LSV 000‘9zV eo ee eee we eee 00S ‘36 ooS'EPL'1 ooSs‘1Sz‘1 eee eee eee eee PEAT RSE RON SMITE AENO SI Yay Ys CNN E14 | "4S ooS‘L19‘E1 ooS‘1rlr 000‘SOrL 000‘z 000‘'Z oos ‘See 000‘ g69 oe eee ee ee eee Set RI Sasa ce ipa kee 7}9) L018 ) 000‘099‘ SI 000‘Sor 000‘IOI Oc G0 Ol Sioeotw o 0 eve «0 6 6 06 5 0 000‘01I9 000 ‘0gz CC Aer eS aeneShSg OTe esis 0 8 See eT AN OFT oos‘LSs‘'1Vy 000 'LLI 000‘'zV 000‘ 000‘SS o000'Lz1 000‘I0€ 000‘ BAEC TO OD PEON ogee) Sy ooo'E€oS‘e ooo ‘SI 000‘! ee see 000‘'6£ ooo'Lz 00s ‘Sz Ce ry ae te eats OS RENCE Hon hasaa eye ooS‘SLL‘o1 000‘ 6Vz 000‘'6E eo er ee ee eee 000‘'Zg 000‘S6rL ooS‘6e 000‘ Lz Se a Pe SO ed Oe Col alia oos ‘PSg‘ss 000‘ZLI (QOPI CVG | eB g 2iNS eases | OOOROOS 00S ‘ova oos ‘1S 000 ‘0z Ce al OR ORO Fea 9 NOU eT iy G 00S ‘gsr ‘ez 000‘'6zz 000‘zg CoC cc ay 00S ‘8 00S ‘Loz o0o'VTZzI o00'V sBeicedinha SoeD oe eye ait. Sues oe CSG i ooS ‘ggr ‘1 000‘00z 000‘9OI eee ee eee ee we | ooo ‘vor ooo'LiItr 00S ‘66E o000‘'Ss PE CO ae aot ag Gi i 60 01) Ya)
[®10L SNOOSUR][IOSI AY ArIDyO AIOAOIET rejdog ysy wa qynuyssq) ; ALNNOO
(panuyuoy) ) —SAILNNOD MOVANONIGY
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
£6g‘zS LOI ‘ZI QI6‘ZEI Ocl OC iter O£L ‘Or Somes 009 9£7z‘g 1L6‘6 Z7SQ‘I SLS‘ov 162‘ ogo'L 000‘'LZ £8 I ‘ 1 OMe a calender A Te Nerf 006 ‘ S £g1r‘'s Sz OOL‘z QZE‘T Ser osh‘z presets Ht nO: Al Eben ere 009 ooV oos SLO‘OI VLE‘ Sz 009‘II SL os osg'V Sgz‘gt 009 oos ‘I Sp109 UT poom
puno. ‘40 ‘Toyoo[e® poom solog s4sog
*‘IOIS[IOX ‘SUL oul] “SUPE Yo
ye ae a ae
Bok ‘b6
ove‘ 6r 006'T o000‘1S vro‘tL
Sor,
000 ‘Sog‘oS
000‘ 00S ‘z 000‘ 00z
000‘Z
000 ‘ose
S9APYS
00z‘zzo'rI
000 ‘6gS
000'ze
Bulpeoyy
0oL ‘gze'6r
000‘ 6ro'fe
ooSs ‘z60‘ or
000‘'6zL
OOO ‘OLT ‘ET 000 ‘Ove 'T 006‘Pgo'r ooS ‘eggs ‘Pp 000‘ ggz
ooo'zSz‘1 000'z1S‘6 00g ‘S6g‘z 000 ‘Sge't
yey
00S ‘066‘'L9
00S ‘otg 000‘ gz6 000‘ tzg9'SP ooo 'Sg1't 000 ‘'SzZE'T 000‘ 9g 000 ‘Soe oo0o0‘SLs 000‘'Z6z‘g o000‘ozl‘i 000‘ Ogt'T
so]suryg
(papnj9Iu0)) —SHILNAOD MOVaNOUIay
SLT F
***uoysulyse Heese seaTie AA
ee *eBoyeIeES **Q0UdIMP’T "4S
eee -epIoUG
Se a I
neo ** TOMEI IOTT "* WOqTME yy sh eB NTET hee UPyURIT
Eo) e ae Rg gEhr
terre mOqUTT
ALNNOO
(14334 Guvos Ni)
ON 4937
*"a"e" CXMAAPOO "so 625260505 OD
R05
ds 23S3N35 +4 — +
47
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
SS — ee eee ee —
00S ‘0zS ‘oe 000‘gS0‘9£ OOS ‘PEe'zy 000‘066‘TE 000‘'z6S ‘Ss 00S ‘6SE‘P 000‘ gLe‘P 000‘Sgr‘b 00S ‘£038 ‘oz ooS ‘€Lo' ez 000‘6L8‘zz ooo'giz‘L ooo 'Sz1‘V 000‘'Sz9‘8 ooS ‘ZLo‘St 000 ‘68S ‘oz 000‘z6S‘S 00S ‘6Se ‘Py 000‘ gle‘y 000 ‘Sgr‘Vy 00S ‘LV6‘T 000‘ LLO 000‘zLg 000‘ 69 000‘660‘'T ooo‘ rvs 000‘ Ovo‘'T 000‘ 667 ‘I 000‘ 3v6 00S ‘gze 00S ‘Sq 000 ‘661 ooS‘L6Ss‘t 000‘SIg‘z 00S ‘oor ‘z 000‘ f6L ‘I 116) poomsseg yooog yorrg
oos ‘€zo'Sss 00S ‘gSo ‘vor ooS ‘ILS ‘ir 000‘9QSQ‘z1 000 ‘V9g0‘ TV 000‘Q36‘EV 000‘ gge‘6r 00S ‘910‘' gv AUYVNAWAS ooS‘ILS‘iI 000‘ 9$9‘zI 000‘ PPS ‘z ooS ‘€£g‘t 000‘ 96L‘z 000‘0S9‘S 000‘ I£P 00S ‘096‘T oo$ ‘00g ‘S 000‘'Z1Iz‘e aide yy surg
ooS ‘gl ‘zor
00S ‘Svg‘6r ooS ‘1T19‘QL 00S ‘gz ‘99
00S ‘S¥g‘6r
000‘zvO‘'z 000‘996‘1 000‘610‘'E 00S ‘g1g‘6
YOoTWIo FT
SHILENNOO TIEISLVO
000‘V9g‘Lzr
000‘ 9rL‘L 00S ‘199‘E oo$ ‘oSh ‘611
000‘ 9QvL‘T
OOO ‘'EEL 000‘ Zgz ooo LEG‘e 000‘ V6E
sonidg
see
06868 aes
" STeIOT,
"*"*"**s9runod [TTYs}e9 "**"soerqunodg Burley ‘solyunog yoepuoslpy
s STBIOT,
Peter sees sagagta
veo ae “URATIING ers site erraamey ence ‘aleMmeleq
ALNNOO
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
48
000‘ ovr ‘1g9
00S ‘£09' VL 000 ‘vgs ‘16z oo$ ‘zSz‘Sie
00S ‘£09‘ tL
ooS ‘vgs ‘zr 000‘ 617 ‘61 000‘ grvg‘II 000‘'z2z6'0f
[240.L
000‘ Lz ‘6
00S ‘966 oo$ ‘916‘S ooo ‘PEE ‘z
000‘ er
SnosUeTIOSI J
ooo Lze'e
oos‘zsv ooS ‘V16‘'I 000 ‘096
oos‘t oos ‘ize
AlIByO
ooS ‘gzVv'1 ooo‘ ise ‘z ooo‘ LyL‘z1 000 ‘OgI 000‘'6zE ooo'gIr't ooS ‘Loz‘t1 OooO‘IGI‘I oos ‘Svr‘L 000‘6£ 000 ‘1£g oos ‘Sgr‘Vv AUVNWAS 000‘OgI 000‘6zE o000‘oIV'I 008 ‘99 oos ‘cv ooo‘ i1bvz 000‘'of 000‘tg ooo‘ ste oos‘ss oos ‘61 oos ‘SzI 000‘ gz 000‘ £0z ooS ‘11 AIOYOIT Jeldog ysy
(panuyuoy ) —SHILNNOD ‘THYSLVD
000 ‘0gz ‘OI 000‘'zzI
000 ‘Sor ‘ZI o00'eSo'v
oosS ‘er ooS‘ie
bid
000'6zg‘gI
ooo'PLL‘e 000 ‘60g ‘EI 000 ‘orz ‘I
oos ‘6Se'I 000‘Z98 000‘ O61 oos ‘zoe ‘I
qnuyseyo
Ygcah 74 )9°9 2 SE OR ES ET ONE
. . . .
“****sarqunosd [[P{S#eO "***s9tqunod SUIWIIB **sorqunod YOVpuolIpy
te eeeeeeesegreIoT
teense eereee ees zaasta ve eeeeeeee ss supatmg Fete eeeeeee ss sougarsy teers sess orpMprag
ALNNOO
49
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
ee oeeeeoeooooeoeoeoqoOoOomoe—oemomaEyeeeeeeeuuueeee eS eS oe oe Sn 8
sev‘osz gSg‘or 1ZS ‘99S ovo‘ 1zg 006‘ V£0‘69 ozg‘SeL‘oe oof ‘gLg‘ol 000 ‘388 ‘16 Ue ipas ant Naan fel Soege gaa TET OSTS
€c1‘1g 630° Sos‘Lz O£1‘QvI 000‘3zg8 oz1‘ozg‘L 009‘SS9‘g 000‘ £19‘ CO [tte eevee eee eens *serqunosd [[P{s1ve9 vv ‘oz1 ZLS ‘be oor ‘9Q0vV 96S‘gls 006‘ Top‘ Ir ooS ‘£60'STI 000‘96g‘zI 00S ‘vgz‘oz fe ee Se ROM UNOS SUTLLE y: £63 ‘2S LOI‘ cL QI6‘ZEL got ‘V6 000‘S0g ‘9S 002 ‘zzo'riI ool ‘gze‘6V 00S ‘066‘L9 /. = > sand sjoupuosipy,
AYVAWAS
€z1‘1g 630‘ SoS‘Lz QI‘ svi 000‘3zg ozI‘ozg‘L 009‘SS9‘g o00‘f19‘E go ee eee see eee SPOON
Soo'SsS ZLv'z SLS‘EL SEz‘1g Ce i ir ey oos‘Ege's ooo'izVvit1 000‘g3zE'Ir Ce ee er 6 gee ae acer eR ST er eee eee eee ee S06 bers OIz‘€I 000‘00S 000‘o0€F 009‘ Lzg't o00' Sey eee en Ot ee eee eae CEE ATTEN GS 190‘ ZSe oso‘t vzgis 000‘QgI 000‘ vy 000‘ ESg'r 000‘OL1 ‘I De te ee le ae gee OTIS GS LSO‘SL o0oe QOL‘ Log‘ Lv 000 ‘ZVI 029 ‘zg ‘z 000‘ PSL‘e 000‘Z39 a ees Mok Sieg Nae oe ee en OE NNEC
SpiI09 UT poom punots ‘*o4o ‘[OYOo[e poom sojod sjsog SOLL, SOAbIS BuIpeoyy qyeT sopsurys ALNNOO ‘IOIS[9OXe ‘SUT DT oUy] ‘SUI YONG
Se——_eew“—S—S————— ose (papnjIu0)) —SAILNNOD TIMSLVD
50 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
REFORES TING
This portion of the departmental work has grown so rapidly and reached such large proportions that it requires the entire time of at least one of our foresters. The five nurseries operated last year have been continued and two of them have been enlarged. Another nursery should be established in the eastern part of the State.
TREE DISTRIBUTION
The demand for information and trees for plantations by private owners increases. The demand for white pine transplants last spring was nearly nine times the supply. The actual supply and demand were as follows:
Species Supply Demand Sales
White pine transplants...... 114,810 932,350 114,810 White pine seedlings (2 yr.) 1,457,650 420,200 486,450 Scotch pine transplants.... 305,835 135,375 261,835 Scotch pine seedlings (2 yr.) 52,950 115,200 38,950 Bull pine transplants........ 44,835 28,475 40,835 Red pine transplants....... 133,860 IOI,I50 133,860 Norway spruce transplants. 489,010 424,450 489,010 White spruce transplants... 27,600 28,300 27,600 Red spruce transplants..... 33,350 15,100 33,350 Balsam ‘transplants. 22 sau. 2,800 20,200 2,800 Black locust seedlings...... 52,650 58,100 52,050 Mascellanecotis: © f acicconteni bee 07 GO): feta sta pt 17,850 Totals os be eaeeaeee 2,733,200 2,278,900 1,700,000
All of the trees produced in the nurseries were sold to private
owners for reforesting purposes except, forty-four thousand Scotch pine and bull pine transplants which were set in the Lake Clear plantation. If the supply had permitted, at least one-half million more trees could have been sold and planted. In some cases single orders of 100,000 white pine transplants were received. It was necessary to grant the applications on a pro rata basis except that
OT6) ALNNOD HOW4
NI GGINVW Td Sada.
40 YaISWAN SJHL ONIMOHS
wn ind 7 aa sly 7 WUOA MIN 40 IVS a EN \. ose 9I 00S'¢l SAniva ia40s SH LO dVW 553H21LNO 00g €£ A yBLisaANn< koe = Be set Hl ae ) eee 2 : \ . ! Vee eee a ae ee re) at | auyvm H ras ‘ viI8uNIOD aN33H9/ 5 aml ei tree restalac Innes U Shay ! ynonvin eae 2 |g SUE nA] waenas Anvoaray | eranveviavs] “nenvanvas | (Bee 7 Se Ze OSE ve ie | OG2‘b juaranuos| j i j a : Ne, q OONYNSHO>* Is SNIMGWOL -{ fae i | o00'ez) 000% YY 000'99 | ees Oi rp te i sy/aisvHoHos J oo3as10 lonviivosp—~ ee ; ooo'ol fx" e j i H o00'z| OOG ¥ Coot j ; davTaSSNIYY aki \ Eta eee = ee — ee sane erate ales | sume osI's jad 4 —H00 ao , tek ¥. PE \a | ; Oost 700001 ! “Nas 00st ieee Situs J ae oereoine| ey ei cove ieee pened passe ae) r : | ee ee ( oos‘eol | 00c'091 ’ 008! ‘OS | Me Nisin hss) iia 0os's j OOo mil 33S3Na9 | 5 \ NOoLANG / Swit j 224Nowh fae a | yoolvuYys 00S'66 va13ano =i} LOIS ! ! 'ooo's} jes Elche i ) if See l i ee tapas eee HOLONINS YM j I ro) Tou 1 ! Eats) ‘ pe | ji | / Ov'2s u [Ne ye ad cease \ | Se i | \ L R osi's9ot | i ae ! ayuvt j NauyvA \ 00S 09 ooo'69 |_or- : feces uh \) S fain <i al i OLUVINO aS t 1 ee _— i] % * - \ Y = P CD \ | -/ 0S26! ( \ ena Ws NU in osu3assarG ¥ oogiZ et 5 Y xassal ie =~ ~// St es ~ OZ fo WP ae 1 oos‘bol * OO¢'00d |a5N3ayumMv 11S \ NIIHYNY HS | 000'92 ; | NOLN ae \ \ \ \ L.
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 51
no orders could be filled for less than 500 trees. The white pine transplants were nearly all sold in very small quantities, usually 500 trees and the applicants were offered other trees, such as Scotch or red pine, also Norway spruce, as a substitute, depending upon the quality of the soil and conditions under which the plant- ing was to be done. People seemed anxious to get any kind and very promptly accepted our advice. The result was that a large quantity of Scotch pine and Norway spruce was sold, as well as nearly one-half million white pine seedlings. The eagerness with which the latter were taken has consequently reduced our expected supply of transplants for 1911 to the extent of their purchases.
A summary report of the private planting with trees purchased from this Commission together with other data in regard to the
same follows:
(‘peyaoues) POND ECAC RCSL a RSC CICLO Sor 2 Zz o000'z ee iE ee ie Re ee ee See sp OS ORAS) Pig ia IEC OCs eC CNR eC A 7 Zz ooo's Se eh ae ep eee Sgt Ue eNO STG) POCEE OLD UR Oa aCe ot wl VON La NCL sh 2 v oos's LR SP Se SNe SOR Tee Shasieyre ee (Mp8) ete celié carers ea wie UN aes pe Zz o000'r RAP NEES RIEBUSES, Soll BUR 2:2, SERS SS RCA EEN CECE he sis Vee is UC LORI I o0o'r Sh Non acta gl Mew Beasts aE S20) 3) wale 6 Oi pieiaieleisra)s Wie. ere iaelerticga a ooo'r SORES ONE DS eee Ae AT Sims: eller el sl e-0.-¥\6ieever sista Sree ere oe Aueyy ae cme ag rs egabes geo “301 ul 099) 00 6 OOoL ¢ 0000's Saige Paik ah als wel cet ot lhe ea BS |) 10 41575 3 OAS es BO es a eh itn 000‘OL apes ee seiaie exe iee*\e AC OTEISOATTT 00 9 06 000'r SARS SUE ENE SO AO SR, SRNR BE Ree mheiwhe Mh Syaceabsin: owns, Bie ees eC Ri diay Pi peel A
oos opie Se ser ies Pa OTe AISA GT 00 gI 06 I ooo'r SLES) SALE AS REALS 2 pay Fe mas tecpigt yes aleliny eo sbeliena inns) ie mi atcer o/s 8),0 (0) Sie a: eh eieae elaine) Sone: "s+" Kressa0oN eee sees $6 ee hw «else oos minh st dias Spt SL Nah ro eesti Metabere 64 f 1262 a SITS AEH lim STA. /a)ss 93 Niratiel ieee 78) 9800 iy ae ***quoT[90xo AIO A. oo SI 99 ¢€ oos'‘r PL eS DOR Sa NE Ee Ae eee Si WisGetaLeiiee. 68m) Se 8: ste e sel Rr ae sees AressaooN A610 = ae © S6 (one ooS ‘zi RE De rng SION GAS ee ee ee ey Sieve ens iRCS Gite) ances atime. ue, olsen Corres : (‘poyaoue)) Ca AME BOREL Ona Su CCE “ay or tI 000‘! Rn Re Ee a a es Bale eS BIN eae ¥ Sig 98.) aie vere Ters§) ae) 4:68 6 (erei¥ Ur nig spuvsnoy], pig dea SCE aaa oYolo9) 00 ZI 99 $I oos'tr Ciel noritig aele eeakasse Soe ae ee Wein A ee CAO TN aC AOR MICH 9h ct ooo'r teers; saekerics 280s OTRO AGH, oo SI 0g Vv oos'r ek eats eran ere: nar ig Peel ea) 0) 0471p faloy 4 a om ee ah Ree Kein iW eee Sra cere eet CoP Se ©) ere (0 (ee) ke vhe\s Sie 6.6) 016 @.sisKe o '¢30-mi6. 6) ae ee ee ge oo0o0'r pe AY Met oa EE Ea cies ii miaiisi sini ss iy lense) etenec cele ee BO Oe
t
6
(B
eee wee wins'6\ 0! een npra.e #0: hehe s Se RP BES DONT 00 § SL UM,} JO YWMoj-aug|** "°° +++ poos AoA 00 09 Rerane Seats ike
a ee i ed eee twee eee ewes
oor eee eee ee eees ese eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee CeCe Je, yk Yat BK}
{ f oof POO NG OSD ele la{ofo luo geal Moyoy cys 06 % E E
ooo't isle Oh EA MOO TET 1 OO-O1 LO
ey seen eee
Aue oeeeeeve
ec eeccececreces [aceeseesseessquommsaauy | OO ZI 88
peipuny [e1sAesg fe en ee See OOO) 00 9 os ooo'tr PRT ae tae ee er te oad he eR a Ce La eR Nl ut dat te NCL J oY 000‘OI sila a8. oUtee set <axil ABEBODONT os Eye 4 gl oos ‘tr pie ele ara ak ees Me Ra is 2) <(=)28 1G PiMene neo yeieheneneden SNeiRieredy SENSO} Z, eee weer eee esos Meh? aigehe€ Repose wee SOO) 00 or J S6 0000's Ue ERR GSS 2 RO Ree 4 SO STI OTEE NG: ea ae aaa BRIG °Y 9f (‘petaoue)) Sullelecn\ion pha sibeay arn ee. Stee SaMvalAl ta ry oe ooo'SI Se eS ere oc unt YM ed | oo € 5 06 ropa oos't enn GIS eee a a Mee ao ISG GCE Me UAL CY CONC gL SOC od 9 to OOr sper oisi cache 2 =sehe! cAeks AMENDS NT oo Sj ? S6 g 006 i ie ee hee ME hee ee ar NAL OTe Se a ee eG IOI 2 9 Y 4 000‘'0z Spa * genie etl e 2: MSY CORTES ITT 00 8g a eee eevee fond 000'z BN TRS ars 9 i ae eee See ee iis fof 4 000'Sz sBieewise nes 6 SAU SOATLT 00 6:41 06 ¢ ooS‘z Sin Sen te INS SRAM SS SS AE Ss: sg NY See merece resect eess es eOO oa arejayel «sep ea a SONG SPM hid hh Colo her gy a S9 ¥ 00z WS SS sess saree > SA SAAN Se se aT en oem e ere rc ar sess eases Her 000‘'T BAERS Sete Sn te CET A TAT 00 zI 08 £¢ 000'v PA Pere eis Ne Eds I Sn ance cere teins sherecei shenensie) sere aie Gir osie'T REN Somgees ei Ohes- 2 OE OTM TTNALT 00 OI 0g Zz o0S‘z Bek ed a) vec Celene! ometea age 11 Te SPCR Pewee eee ee eeene Re LET PicmOnC. CHICO Chet nC Yectach lanes ieee eg ORI olor 9 Paiste es: « oL I oos'tr BA STI Aly DO ENIO SE Wace OCA aOE Ea Era ee AA Se See RN pn Me pct SE (oli UMO}4 JO PIIYy-9uO Tr sess sss *QTqBIOART ISO] os ge Z6 gS oos's Srna RS Se ER EIS Cran O16 Wissel ey Ge ees mise eee ae 6 SCOT PLigxe exe Braye C18 6 sO usae @Nce owe) 8) A ae 6) 6.6m) 8. eerie» ae) © 09 QI ea Ty Pe We ey of oos ‘ose Ry Sa ober Goh We ae Wee eee eee OEE TT ONOT St TOC UL COE SC eC aC aM SE yf 09 ¢ Slejéiwi emia ev ehele.s « la-6 eh e ojos a6 otsis'®: “ATTA SS ATT cere eece 66 8 oosS'or Se Ese Raa Shh Sm) wi aR eRe S eR Se sree errr errs ecerroers eO6T ey Siscel es) e's 60. e.8 M Bem che 6a(s eheuw 0g VI SL os 000‘09g Seat tale piaade aide ET eae er) (8 | Core merce rrer eres s es emer 000‘'z ai #82 Fos Came SOO AISA eee eeeee 06 eee er oee oSz 18 RSA BSR en AOI hy RECN IN BB 88 ST SEC uCICRC SC TUCS TORE Oscar SOLO CELLO, (oh ¢ oie in (aire elisllolel bi wiwie cain Bit a ean" SOTO ABT 00 gz¢ 06 z oSL‘t Ae EE Sele Shee se 2 RTA ERK ALORS Cie mS ER Pe OO T
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
peared soo1} eq 0} 48no Sutpnyout yeu UMOZ BUTSeIOJel Jo uoTuIdG aioe iod ae: Ul od v910e surjueld ee ed BURY.
poyewmtys7 JO 4ysO7)
pejueld . rae GaLNVId FAHaHM ALNNOO yequinu uorjeoyddy
NOILNGIMLSIC| AINA], — O161 AO AUVWWAS -
52
a)
ForEsT, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
ee
ooo‘SI oo00's
000‘'0Z
"UMO} jO YU904xIS-0uG
UM,} JO 4U90 Jed 06] *
UM,4 Jo yu90 19d § 000‘S
Aueyy
00s
Ce ee
00S ‘Zz
Aueyy
000‘€ 04 000‘Z
ese eee eee eee eee
000‘T 000‘ OI Auey
UM,} JO YJINOj-9u0| *
ees ewe
AUP
CC CC ee ee
Ce
or
UM,4 JO YjANOjJ-ouO Aue fy
000‘S
spoipunyy
ee ee eee ere ee ee 2)
oor e eee ee ee eee
Aue sporpuny{
eee . eee . oe oe . see eee
O00 ee . oe
.
. o-
eee eee eee
MOU Up OU Oto O OND
oe ew ewe eae . . .
Soa reere Mewes quo][oox'y Seehacesond “+ -g1qeioaeg
ed
** *qua][90xy
. . . . . .
ERE oLeloY 9 EIS cfelot 5)
“21GeIOACT AIO A ACL ONO CG NG *O[QBIOAC YT eee aee 91 qe11Ss9q
. . . .
CC DECOIEES pole! 5)
Feseeess sarqeroae gy sess ATOJOVISTVeSU ‘a[qerIsop SOJT v+9 8+ STeonoeg
. . .
. . .
Ce
**-poo05 PO TE D5 ofoloKs) ALIEN PE EPO SS Dy ofolors) AGIAN TROIS OO Ci alolorsy ANIA beseeeess squaraoxa wees i ATeSSOOO NT PEP OOOOH si zInlaKoloh hoy p ** “qUOUIJSOAUT Poor) ****poos AoA SOURCES of of0Y'3) “ss oTqeIoAey AIO A “+ 'oTqeioAey AIO A
vase OOS) FOP SO DOV SHG esloKo(ahoudy
se eee
Fierseees Sgrqerisod
"7+ * -9TqeIOAR "°° 9TqelOAe Ty Spe OO Gil) \i aaa te DOOGRATOy\\ tet ee sees taurgTpoox gy Dance CM ofaloye), sNike) AN PTOI Oy ofoloys) ALUN
ERE IEE oy ta shiny
rie
HHHOODONAAANA
ras it
ooo'T 000‘OL 000‘ 0z oos‘v
ooS ‘Or ooS ‘Vv oos
000‘T 000‘S
ooo‘ LI oos ‘g 000‘'Z OSI 000‘T 000‘Z 00S ‘9 000‘'Z9
000‘oL 000‘Iz ooote oos‘z ooS ‘z oos ‘z 000‘Z 000‘6 002 ‘8 000‘z ooS ‘It 0o0o'T oos oos 00o‘r 00S ‘Zz oos ‘fT ooo'e ooo‘T os
oos ooo'L 000'Sz
000‘g 000‘S
Pid CE MM LIAN [a |
et ao OSTA LTO SeOhs ie piesieyes eet ULL OINT BI NAR eee wee Sete LEON LULL)
(“pajeoued) dv ibrie ad peeENE
Me BE TLE SUL ay ceeee Ciesitael nods \:(:11
eS sere eee OG
Anon Td O 6 "++ J9qSay03S0
(‘pejsoued) ee oe ae OOOSTT)
ARIE IE 1H
‘rss -enbneqneyy rns eS Se ee Uriy, PES ERO Coho
seeeees * T9q4S9TOISOM, PEC) CH ALS 035 Gy
sees’ *Q0UdIMB’T *4S
(‘peysoue)) tee eeeee e's TOUTETIORT te eeeeee eens eygggar
er eeeeseeseeuogmae
tr eeeeeeeeessormg
SiS Sieg 0" oC Reenene SIS TANG AT NEC 215 9) 1S oe ee OSE SOT, 22s 2 'OSUEUSUS) Ose louG) aks ero ueee eee aC OOE Gy AA
OL 1091576)
IO Fe fofil eh fe\ Suse ie OSUBUSUA) pckgiese iets SE DIOUC), 2 OND 01163 (ol ooxoyy Seroiser > SE DIS)
teres ss Toqseyoqysa Toes’ -STIeuOOS SS oa ea 0-0 | iy PEE OLE bh NY
Pee e cere eee ssoqe tesees sg0uaIMeT "4G rerereeeeeseppigug
(‘petsoue)) se eeeeee es TouIDHIOET
5555+ + 3998919989 MA
veeeqyt “SOUS: "00% + +992 oe LOS, +8992 EN oY WOON ole
SSO SE eZ OG BODO org
+9999
+ 86RE bail 9 1 PEARS n © OSZ fo eices var Bid oh St Sr) Wil A 3 ERG LS A en ORIG 2 <* 677 Ove DOD reg KO VS Soci OLE Arde OD sh vig DD A yf
UO Cs oh 2°" OZ
WOO 5 3 EBS 9 f oh e4 ODD oh A - 2 OES ORC oh IDI of SY 4 BI 2 9 ste OZ SO Sh 4
OES
ae ROSS ol Aha OR [Lee OS Soar
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
54
000'9 oo00‘e AUC, oo0o0‘s oos ‘Tt oo00'Ss 000'6 o0o00‘'Ss
oo00'Ss oos oos
S *) mos sie) @ ele) es 4) 6 2 6
oor
spuesnoyL AUBIN
eierer@sle) se se) 0/0 se «| =
spuesnoy LT uUM,} JO yuo Jed OI AUBIN
Pocus 6) See Se we * «4 8
uM ,4 JO 4Ued Jed OI 000‘!
poequed eq 03 448n0 yey} UMOZ Ul esvei0e poyeurnsy
testa gs a 2lie 58 SRT GSS (aT) reeeseees “QTqBIOART AIDA
ime goarisiah se aiateuemebe ae “+= Do0r
En ole) a} secnecees * aTQeIoAey AIO/\
. Thee ei eee ee wae
eceene tf ttese = eTqBsIApY npleiegicite Siecle Seem OO Md Aco)
“O[qQesSIApYy etn ence iv nale late "**poos Alo A
oases ma eae cbe=) (0[121:) 0,4 0) <4 Rahsr Pe Bet see TCE STAND Uy,
9) seks 9 6s een 65.8) 6 8
Ci) CE eer eC ist er on fee unc ery IGQPIOAR YT
qua;faoxg
OOF ere Der Aachces etsy a .
SATE EERIE Cole)
eelisieretis) « toy 9) VoTqexisag, PPE Pees t V8) UE SSB09 NF
Bul}selojel Jo uotuidg
s9o1} suIpnyout aioe Jod surjueld JO 4SOD
BUIATL yued Iog
pajyurid So1oy
poyurid s9o1} Ter
Pe Ale ee. 8 Se 8 Baw, SAI oh ts ELON ANG PSS Bien 8g i SN eel OME SY a) ksi ig ae Wo as et le ee Eee) 21.285 G Se ews aT AREP AAA Te 9 AS Say a A ie S846 BA. See ale ae nen shige tg mgmt te ome gf OATO Lh meee nee ate as eae de ia 9) ol CG ae We ow lal ay Yew lee ter ee bo ae Ge es ec? he Ue ee ye ee eT "8" Uy yue Ly ai ala San ssi pos smn poe Boke acetal als "++ Gostayel Sp pes pss 8s ee es wars ee): | UE eR ar ene irri vary er bet OS "e+ Aueqry
gh yaw ae) gee tenet: 6 rreseeeees * 19q9S9Y4OqSO MA Ryle ee wos penn sa RATS eee eee ATT eS
dIVMVPC] ate lk pith aeblahOh as Peas ate ee ak ate “+++ -aremepaq PR a Bern in ee rt Ses Py EET ** -OLeyUO Si wii ptbacal i oi Oka een Eras APR OPE Woy) a > We et MN Wr tid Te le OB ee eat ae ee see “enbneyney) coe 2 Ee ghee upped ied OF (U1 40%? 1049) (‘pasnjoy)
Se rT a ene spend dace UO}[Ny] We VT ts WN UN Oot We A ee AP Uw We Pn Lo OY er Gn fk ty eee “WOPSUTYSE MA Bay ey ata eie Wala hone ee eae + uOyTUe (‘peysour,d) (‘petjeoued) erry how “aBUurIC, LENT et eRe i a treret es ugqnaqyg
eerie erie a ere mre erp ere erin uslIe
GaLNV1Id FAAHM ALNNOO
(panuiwo))—NOILNGIALSIG] AIV], O1OI JO AUVIWWAS
Fe an ON se Lb TC ICY Gyo) S698 595 GER SEAN Spe SES SWS 8 SSE NS SAL RCC Pv ee Yar har I pe at Cn nO a CML 154) SPBAS S848 58 9/98) 9 798-9) 'S 9a ie OEE ECC ac ele SORCERY a5: COW BE ee ei ee ce REMC EC 70 5 ODE aT Cay CR NOOR a BORE KOLO GY gf 5 Ree ele aa Mew Ue TRY of F< MOP VS se Th Peele ess SL LOGE DSO SOSOE RUC sO a ee MECC SC Me ROI i ale iE eas O15 UO Oa BL CS ORC ACEO ORO Se Rea A ea Yee CCIE Tt se eee ee ge ae ee TE a Sof: CP Carnes CDS ACEO aCe CK EY OAHU oy Viet Ter Wis hat eM tar | ee a a EO if 0 So AOE Sie) APS SSR OAR (9 gk OS RO ieee STADLER S ATE REREAD CF
Pen Ws a ue acy ier att SAN a ares Ne ee SAP SS SEIS ISS BRR Raa Se
SAEsER 2 SESS ECM BOR OARS SHS OGG ee ee SS ASS SOE REPS APSE et 8 9s aps 8 SARS gnevae sew ag PURE Wg Sh TOUS OB a SNe s: MSRO ee a gts sa 8-8 S908 YS SR RS SONS Oe SERRE OSS ARTIS AS BARS T'S) PERN S208 SU ENE ANA 8 ge a a2 BS sie Naya TEC BIR ee ee ee ee LY OY A 5 Cs « £568 os PORES E EA AOS EE OE a 9 eer a's Wie, © 16) ree, edie ea AY Ay Ak, ee 8 ele incainatsclbrns dlgee VEC RSs ee Ce ere Senspee Wiehe GZ PWR UK fs eT ® tor pe THE CECE Se 3 *. die hs 6-8 Se ee ee ee Su AT A B28 S202 sed 69 ee ee Ys 3-4
Jequinu uoreoyddy
55
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
wu o ~~ n o G iS) 2a n =
Aue oy et Peron es a OU SDNY OO On Oo . 99 Zz 00S ‘z Petr) Wins Coa
} 000‘T PCO COO seus) bay ele by are peeilatie<sierniee "+++ Kueqry CMC tas van ek ta Tar rat eae asm eler dewiis eC ee moielie (vive) teehee enrelisiieie a[qeIovAey 00 6 €S z 000‘I eyiu)/a) ie) le) wei 6.0! 1 (ete) 0 "0. 6! 0 stresses Kpeqoeueyog éae/ipiiatefe-elie>s)'a)u elle) 816 (eis) s/s
feller e:\pi-ei/m)re)va)\s) ewe, (a)iall: Tritt tits sepqeioaey Aro, Sz tI £6 ZI COOLS Sk PO tC Oat, eh Chace th gd has xossq elie ele iei(8\ (wi ia e)\a) 0a ele kere iutry’ 9,.0)'s Cy Chace ocr Cit eCiscec Ce Oe ult Sieh BO. ei Te) @:.8) 6 ewe. 6) Wine) an, 6.16 Epes es heer ee 4 Oae Unems ere Som wie ee) pw oo€ aie ere ele we « eae Ware eile Ce eee we kee enbneyney) Ph Ce aw cx pe YK Js a a ee he
oem eee eee serene Datei Gaga eet OO 9 Oth Oo cst Oech rye a ear) Clo) Oren ici I 000‘! wlalal a (sewers is eae ise genet) ti Sse er Ma eeYSG [AS SUS NT Bue Maitel s\celte shea) vil sip ¥) (ens elts ie) (‘peysoue)) S06) @ 15s 6 © BL¥l@ 6) v's 6 6 ss s 6
oe eae een eee ee GeO Genet) O80 Cet te Oe) Us OU a eresewe sere eres we ewww ee Zz 000‘z Sei, One ed LRRD ERLE NI 1015) OFZ Fh Oto) Gee) Petia Decaced eee eee UMO} Jo J[eYy-9uO Poo chs ooo * quaT[ooxT oo § VA6) eos) pk Boe Ne poem Beate ecules wl 6\s ule we Srels ws 0sn hu See ea et i bebo mes by 8 Py ts es 000 Pepe nels) el eita pyri wie Sire, 6.)' 0/6 )\s) ope pie eo) (ee KeMpLeceh's x Sa v) ake /aonwlers tw" vue olele a shel sllv a
avers) ies) 0) 6 tatelele’ PO Dot "*'* *QQUaIMe’T “4S Ce er
000‘z eect Oni ic sUmOec mt te fae iam alae airy a 0) 2101/0705) 6s) 8.0 wie) eel vl see) ese @ 0s) #6
CeO ti CnOmOn Wir ee Sune Ce Den eter | Ss wOMURCL eC ac) .
000‘OI Reet cesiaa aac cecean at ol S OOL oov Ce . *{USUIJSOAUT oo gI 06 royelo yan f pe ee ee a eee DOO) 00 OL 06
La OP ae) ° fe) ° ise]
ria o o ° =
(‘pejsoueg)) eiiajre se) 6.10! 6 se 6 .815,6 0:16) 9 Busi e.0 Ch Du Cet Oca et mia) Le Cech ty eploug Ce a
cal fo) lo) ° -
Aueyj soeeeereeers=*Aressooan | 00 II L6
sperpunyy aH si8elelelh WEE araestapey ||) 00) OF 0g puesnoy} [B1aANg |**************poos AIaA | 00 ZI SL oos ae nee es 9 Cen) [enio) \un | OO 06 eeceerer eee eee eens Cr er oO OL SL
nis
000‘ Ce -a1qes0avy £19 \ 0O OL S6 Z 000‘zz sielweyas sie @ Gelatin) beleive) le, bite) aire) a@nsmar ee us aes uo NG eos) 8 bb a) «ae 8| » 660 1¢) 8) Bish? s
Censor RU woo oO Ilo ebro cube cuned Pee Do ofo) 5) Wie meager : 0g oos at be nant te} CLO] OOD ET oO OL 06
00S ‘g awetelels wy ete 56 Colic tat ac cd at car ea Bet ete OO epleug ey ececdel wekiias veva\re:/a aetanetarst aint OOO eee aoe ene) ey divaiie ote s (hits PS Tet pa Sal li * 901U0 os uiwiyetiey0; wh oun} aye: ea Gel tombe. wes ‘ (‘pejsoue)) er ed alae) eae aul e esis ecw SieueWals etwsbre vis evs isle sie) 'e!e\ce}iera)/e es) wife wie) olieiielieys one OFC pence Pi) Cart Gatch of 000‘'9£ ah aleue’ oie a, bi -e\a) a.m) wee colle) ets eos egoyeian Satie ity a Yar er yer a) ates Umber eee e Cee Glcacky OlLH GeO. ObO soon Chr O.0.2) Data @ ete io ALESSI09N eyajalremen ea: 6 £6 ir 000'T Erie fetie (eer ey iby Mos Te cer persis) sca: bi eiéaet we Ow iy ony OG ONCtr ee bah a) sara aerate ers ere oSz ahivlwy ayia tetera -v-a-ar elas) im aqeiisoq 00 ¢ £3 ia 000'T aie eretw_Ter iat ae sede ehyel la) ters e500. ds! bere! ela ** 039810 ile 's\ 0: 0-60 6 te'p) se late) Bie se eee UM (4 JO Y3INoj-0uO OP OO HS 2 Terolyoue gy 00 8 08 V 0000'S a6 weasels) Bie an Seva ers Co Gd ar ee ea rk cy pecn uo yn Cis) were 6 Was eye ee iishacnetataMediniteiieltensn ace et eTqRioner Aro/\ 00 8 0g v 000‘'S whe. wpls revjepe ne Jvcini/ene.(e\ iqviay sil) (6 SLs bores Age colte es0}eIeg Wille cle Vaya ies ab Bete eee 818 etoun 8
if
I
MRHOHH MMA ° 3 oa) Lan | 3 ue) ot 5 S ‘e)
CC Ce IIqeIOAL Ce ed 36 000'T Ce Te ORIG BESO SN AGA TO AG, ec oe ee ROR CSORO COCR Tecra it Sat iat Tay le ne panty Cia eC eCh sit) 21g 4 ooo's. srt ttc etes S) sere ale lo hen wire one 92 TO LIBAN, aiio'te Tau). Chaipipiiei(elvivelTe) eens; eis). 2 ty Die Ch Uare ty) Qa teun tats OU UO ia eee Wee 4 Sh oo (0) 5) 00 6 06 g 000‘T siete te) (ae. 5 o%br mike ane » Sl e\/et/e| biatedeqsie "ss eBnked wis) s) aye ern) Ae (eyteve) sloth!) BEs Ts) ce ooo's eae ‘eTqeyyoid — yeorjoelg 00 22 L6 Zz 000'¢ eee ee peas) paraelckebe rcs Phin ease renc OAT MUL EsE TT Sie islish 6s ete 2 Wis Pata e ta 87s) haehe? 6 perpuny Aueyy soe Clic tor) (| *[eloyoueq AIO A 00 OL 06 OL 000‘g Sha 6 (U6 60 oie 5/8 eer ws 2 OS OOS OP hap Mee Sue le ems CAT tel ORC Cee Se et bern CT
(‘peyeourD) a) o> © (0: eer Act. @ je symm ie see eee oos‘'¢s 2 Ria enn SE PR lst OV} NEY Cae eerie cet Site ere eh te Coa) 000‘ ae tie: iidirelb) a:b ‘abe rater ehellei@ Hataieetme erento: (2006), Sats) stings Pfr ee mat MCC BECO 000" TL shel si\elaisee ene eile; sana) wee ips Fae #218 STO ANBTOCh Farce eliere Sie e a) me @-6é6r eee sw 000'T Bee tags bss. Sieur Sine, See re ee OO CS Suntalie oltehes pivtiaWiea:, pea! Kew lehenaiere ooSs't We) alee) (es) @ a ee) e iho es see eww ee *** “901U0]/T OO ee OO te) Ch OO er nerd 000‘'z cele) 6 toute) 0).6 a eh ene re sm © oe eae DUO) se ewe ere eee lee ehpe 6) 66.8 000‘'z Set eae ee ee eae cee eg ED UCC, Bites 6. w. oe eee wee eee wees oSc'z ier Ate ¢ gee eect ee a. Fy ue EON ety ee Om eater utt Cw sid pe Stig O0oO‘r Rly) se wileeai gue rsie OO Cn) cnc eaten On "SIMO'T Guo sins) ol e@ye seve e)'s\e/ ena) ss) 8:8 000'z fare Lee agen ase eae ier A OL N ETO GC) She tne Ce Re ae ere be 6.8 Oem
000‘Ss oe DOO ata) \el | MOON Ol SL re eee eee eee eee eee sIqesIApy 6z o€F £6 4 oos Car Oe Care ft tet tk SL) “QI GeVIOAC 0o 9 0g crs Chics CAD DICE ORIEL LH nanOR nD otBedre cr 1 ‘paysiyessiqg | °°" **** | oz 000‘Z PGS SSO O Siyocsyacuisey egy || (ole) () 99 g eee eee ee eer ee eee Vee B88) © BCC wl 8, 6 600 16 2 ee ee 0O ZI 36 000‘ Or BS es ONT ero UU al OOh Ln £g 000 ‘TI oo = Oo [CeIOAeT Aros OOng eS 0g ooV steeessss-orqeroaey AIoA | 00 VI 06 o000‘T PEE SOE CRO COP AEG os § S6
NARHA MH HHAN
one re COB a Gimme race ee ae ee ewes
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
AUey a)
00 OL 06 ¥1 000'z CSRS CR Skee 9 8h NSS SS se CaCR Satie OW ICAL BCRCACBET SCM MOT) Tot oy Eee St oe eat Cs SL eeeeeese oos SP ALA SON 9 © ete la ee nett ais iS AO Lab ET} Se OE TS AEE NGOS see ee eee os § oSl UMS SER LM Hees noe rs yg haa 1b Ee RS PROP IRR aes 1h eee we ene forone ¢ oo0'fs Si 5p O82 28 pests Sake, S.oUS Oe? Ss aS ea) SHY SEN RL rT ei uad/ Ao OO OL SL oI 000‘OI Pegi Me dere ioe [2 fe (2p. t yp ae SES OSES S090) 8 PSUS 8 OE 0O OL 36 ZZ 000 ‘gz CRE ST ease ae Na eet Ny | SEN At Sik. Scisceieis soninse Cs ©
(‘paysoue,) MNOS SAL SLe S188 Se OL 00 8 £6 {I oos‘tr CE Dore el ae eye age EOS Sloe at By Se A MC EG Searle ECL 7 toy ee 06 Oz ooo'r eR Rs aren Oe gia igi bust iheyey See SSO Rta tos Oe) 0) 8 sia eee ewe £6 SI oo$ ‘or eee Mae ies Beer oa ety aT RN Gh ISS al eo ag gr ts eo te os L 96 c 0000's SMBS 9 xn pS es nee ee nae tee LUO TSU MONE (y fo 2
a CESS eT) UM,} Jo YyMoJ-oug] ttt poos O Celis) bc) Cucina iprecicl Roe scphe. ee: 2 2s SE SRS DOIN UM,ZJOSplIyy-omy [°° "854 ++ *AressaooN oe eee was ie vee ea ie mere ee uss quits Ay any OOoO'T - SSSR pike tees Se ee soog NT
Ce i er) ead eaten OT LOF IA HR eee eee eee ese esene ffs yo Wis oie Cashier ere SSB Oe NT Ce ee ee? Th? SERRE SSeS SATO Cs eA AN 000‘S—o000' POS es 2 aE ers acre Aue Le 2 et se see Ve SSIDONT 000‘I neeececes saTqeIOAey AIDA Aue EMM se So ofolay. a Ne er) "pce 8? * SS 1Gesoney Alo A 000‘Z OE EE SSS OT Seas 000‘z—000'I cps SS 8s Ee See ID A:
eee we eewe We ooo'rl Rs hg aime aaa ee aN A Te CS ene Sa UICSCECI I SI MAUS ECT oy fh oe
I 00 6 FA) Zz 000'r i Ea aE eee eM se oe | | AeB ss Rae A ae eae oS 722 S6 574 o0o0$ ‘9 oh MS ne apie a aN ae 8S noes ey See esac rece nseresene ZO oo VI 06 I ooo‘! Cone e steerer esse roses ss RB TEI DEAS BPR Paine ee eS ss Sa oo $ ee $s 0o OI os ¥1 00 ZI 06 $1
oo0o'v Seep iP IS eel Sse et So peels eae SPL es RISO PISS SCRX ACEC IIC BL HO 1 SEC CE So 000'Z AUR oR it gah PBC eiss spose easear s iei8i) SOR One hl Ee ERM Me I MSC ELISE yr Y Lh os 000'z eh NO: ES DEB ara key ae ese EE AR ET ALT ae POLIS CE Se PCC BOSC Ot A Sp
(‘peyeoues) Bi 610.0 aia 0 8) a Rieius 8 ahem laisse. mae PO ooo'r mene! Se meas 8 Oe gS Re SSR eke Paes T Cy ced PB nt ELL. LY At On ooo'r SRC TR ee ego ds Mclh Letiebope eo Faye C2 Zo] pes URS Sl OF ar ste en COLIC ROALD (YA Sy ooo'r rc mE eM a ees hey cede Ss TOV IL Q Be Smee sf Serene MAP eOO eS: ooo'rL SSFP a 2 Se SiS ee SOS RE SSS PS ON aD LEME ANG U2 PS EES PRS ROE oos'z 2: APES rhe elimi ae Sine SEL Sake eee OnStT| Banc PRL CBOE Se aca A 0) a ooo'r ED Sea oe ee Moraronage cis We 0 EY Oe Ne BO AN Mis Hd SLE Mica 8a) 3 ooo'str SFR SE SOP Ee A ena eA pe ee aah Wie I SEY OL ooo's EU ENE Hames ae Weer re yeh ay: CRE SOE Fh Se Sas eae ooo'r 2 BL ip Rae ors Ye Sse 8 A UST Cees) Ree gad Cae Pet Ses Oe
(‘peyeouer)) aed a oe Rea ge sas of} 4 ooste Reuse: 4 eis Qhipae NARA QU Sg See) Pah th CE PEGS SOLE SPD OP Rare ETE oo0o'tr Sib sme Pies cee UNS mit ee SS ASE OTT AA aT eet SE rae cine) ee ree OS SUE ge aya Mae cige Eo ce WY RCL SECS TITRA CR gf 2 o000'Or PR SN ts Be SOE Le Se Pi eae PSO TE eer ahe Opt SUR UM ERS A SBC a 9 Le 23 ooo'tr SUSAR EES US CRI OOS eaten ee SSL ROMOPGEANG CECT Ss Se OPC HE BO IRE uSy I tt og 000'z a ear pepe eae LL PIM ET S| ES AOF VIRB SACI Sala 1 pt iy Bape OF By
Aue Die eee es toloh cyt 008 POS ELS ORES ee EOL) 00s ere oils. sk ay oos'¢ ct? see seein ee monomer 000‘or sone .¢0\ 9s, « abeNadenmieveiwa) siaveiude 's UM 4 jo 4yuos 10d o1 Pe ST eS OEE UO SOA T sere cee sne veers (ops eee SOS oe nay oo0o's SSP ES Casnees soi cake TITS T OO LET acces creer eves (freee s = sauentodiat Als A.
ov OI 0g
oo OL 06
00 g 36 rreteees | QQ
00 6 - 2 sie s 6-y
00 OL 06
a ee ee 09 t os £ $6 k oo LI 06
RNR HAH RR
00 6 06 £o. 7 0g oeeeveveaene 06
o000‘'S Smee robe eieieiie ponieieinis KBSSODS NT o000'S SESS SR Sas Ven S TOR a ooo'Sst TiScehels spniee to OOS Aro:
eee eee eee eo wee Ce er
Ce ee 2 ey Ce a)
© ‘cps. e468 06 oS gi¢ S6
RRONM © ° ° "4 ve)
000‘'r ren 99 8 s8.* A OUTRROATIT
ne
poyueld soo1} aq 04 443n0 Surlpnyoutr poqueld 4eq} UMOY BuTyses0jor Jo uowIdG sreeed cor vee $991} CALNVId AMAHM ALNAOO aquinu uoryeoyddy url es¥voIOe sutjzueld 4 d Vv [210O.L
peyeutysy jo 4s09
(panuyuo7))— NOILNAIMLISIC] AIA], —O161 AO AUVWWAS
Photo by R. E. Gooding. First Seed Beds Patnode Nursery, Lake Clear Junction.
Photo by R. E. Gane. Second Year Seed Beds Patnode Nursery, Lake Clear Junction. (There are in this nursery of approximately two acres over five million seedling trees.)
57
ForREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
000‘Sz
000‘
UM,4 JO Jus Jod OT Aue fy
000‘¢
AUST
000‘Z
eeceeer ee ee eo ee oe
osz spuesnoyy, spuesnoy ],
eee eee e ee ee oe oe
000 ‘I
eases ee eee ee eo
spoipuny,
000‘
000‘T
*UMO} JO Y}XIS-OUGD Aue|y
peipuny [eleAes so]tur orenbs vz 00z
Aue,
o0os oos ‘
CC CC ee Se
puesnoyy TeroAeg
AUBIN
eeoecee ee ee eo ee
00S ‘z
ooo'Ss
puesnoyy [eloAog 000‘Or
rs 5 ss -orqeroaeg
"*-9[qeiisep A[YSIH
“= Door) Peeeess sorqeqyony
I OSIOLICY ofolol'a} “*"9[qerIoAey AIoA
“* "9IqeIoAey AIO A
reese -orqeroAe “***oTqeioAey AIO A
reset sauarooxa
REIS ofofcY'a SEER o\efoy af
PEDO Di ofololres ANI) AY
te seeees Saugrooxg
+++ -orqeI0Aey
verses sorqeroaeg
SOC RICIOI ofol Fs) Fests es saurgt9oxy
eeeer eee ee eee woes
Fess saurarT9oxRg
sess s ++ sgrqer0aeg
ress + -grqerioaey
teres ees adgraoxg
Heese ss Tegner te eesss sorqerIsog **91qeIOAey AIOA vss sorqRIOART ***9[qeioAey AOA
CC
seseeees ATeSSIOON oe "7" 9TqeIOAR Ty
cece eee eee ee ee oe
tresses squatpooxa tiene eee eee sgupg ttessss eroyouag
sess sorgenyea
eee ecw eon ee eee ewe
SERIES sfele¥a)
i
seeeess* ATeSsaoo NI verses D008 ATa/A
09 6 00 6 0O OL SS Oe 0O OL ies /2,
eeseeeeee
oo SI 00 Vv 00 OI 0O gI 00 6 oO OI oo II oo LI 00 6 0O OI 00 € LI OL oo L oo L oo £
g4 9
oo § 0O OI 00 9
see ee ewe
0O OI 0O ZI 00 Vv
00 6 OS cr os ZI
eevee seve
oo L or LZ 00 8 oS zi
jo,) an min mH
ww é NTAMMNHNA MHHOWM
N
o00‘SL ooS ‘I oos‘e 000‘Z 000 ‘I oos$ ‘9g
O0O‘'II 000'T 000'Z oos ‘Tt 000‘Z 000‘T oos‘¢e 000‘T 000‘T 000‘e ooS ‘Vv 000 ‘Er 000‘T oo0o‘T ooo'L OOO‘II 000‘ ov 000'T oos‘s 000‘Z oos 000‘'Z 000‘€ 0000's
000‘'Z 000'V 000‘T 000‘ZI
000‘'Z 000‘S ooo'L 00S ‘9 00z 00s ‘z 00S ‘6 oos ‘e ooS ‘or
reese unser tee eeess sgur00Ig OS teres sopemeroq 23 ho OUTIL UG) POI OO Woy eS KOGA) (‘peteoue))
*** “TOYSBUTALT tet eeeees saoguTS tte eerees soug9IZy veers yoqtTme ry seer eeeeeerzoasta teeeee es JQUTTHIORT tresses serquinyo) teeeees soTeMeraq . “e 5" UO SSULALVT Ue eee Ny oid cee ene OOOST (6) teense ee ee estMary reese eee e estMory “****909UdIMB’T “4S + esses sTOSIpeTAL seers" osuEuOgD ses s-uTyUEIy
te eeeee es “TOIT re teeeess seprgug re eeeeessepoauag reese eeooeugrie ae ee SOLa IES “**" *90UaIMe’T “4G reese esse ougrte (“peqsoue))
vee eeees enesseny ee ee ODOSIG) ++ s8s9s satreyOyg vent eee ee StMOrT (‘petsoue))
Pees ne sOVE LES teres sgpMeracy tet eees -oreMeroq te teeeeesenesse nt Ves eeeescuTUeIy te eeeeees enOWmT te sesessoremerag "se" ""T04SUTYSe reese IQUITHIOFT
Sreis!° GCL. DOSY enernegs) 1G C7, OI yA 8h 77 BNE OC et ch v1 DOC AS 7 Se asee eT ety, TOO OOH Sir) eee * 6717. PU OORGE A POVOOT YT Ay PION oF rd SO WOT A 2 Cp dir) BONO SL th v4 PS ORME SY ay) PO NONOS era. COO OT) E207 DP OMBY Sr 77 BOM i CODON te aoe OLY, 2 ORIOL F172 OLN Ari v7 CEO OOS Br) RO OOUE Ariat, ODOT EH I WING 1 FF OY, ee OY. OD OL oy) OV, OCHS a 1 sees Doy DODO ayy, NES A 0) 12 OAM RBIS Hg 3074 ee OO DAMOALY 6 gf Se SIEM EO OE: IPI S| Ss POG (5) SOS; BOCA SSS ss es OOS as\ere “ur OE
Oye 6.6 6 (6 Ss, 6.00 ans 6 \n @. 6 0 S08) On 6 0 6 6 0 6 @ se se Reon ee oo L
Aueutr AlaA Sess 8G EstAne 4SO| “ae #6). 6 ive 000‘ vom eee es Ae tisonmy | sOiee. r OMe EY ber OY col Bi pe ae SE et ESS onan oO OL Pent Rin gn wy th Sls 0 Ag acd Sah Mee MMe ooo'r i wee eee Ch OG: os ja uM, JO yua0 Jod OI sitoesn te soe ie: * FETC EOE shes | Ossuo fel Os Sy COA os Jie Op er hen | needed aa mae aa 662) (259) 7737 oo V
RCP. 2 aw SR SERED co base aaa Sone SHAN: Se nies te ia te a NRL Maia 2) A «1 -. vere ** Jaqsayoqysa OS Ee Rie Oe eS WA, esos es aOstero ieee eee a Phere naiirs! 8S ey ey . . . P25 Le # eet 2 a RE Se eel wep Ue RR 61) ooo'tr ses laener peatgie in il ee OS LR RORD uh Tali: Bast Ge kee ete SOR, ooo'ttr BS SF tEe BNORES Sie 24 8885 Fel aD LTA Tee ee ees ees Se aS? PO ooo'f ey Sy oi iar ee eg aS me Peheraee eke Spd a Ol SVM Pete a ca te OOF oos‘z AVia(s Occ. 0s Paes ie Sah camera NESS Ren pS See eas Cie SaaS 0} (‘peysoued) OE iatran as coh des ars Ppa 4 0 oos's OS alr SCE SS Le REO Cray eet RE ect Lee ceed 20) ooStL Be eee ne aie ae a Re aad Sor aces OCLC Ae al RES Se CESS cae a NL 19 ower ie Ren we ee alee ee ee ** * puerpyoory EE Ae iat CE 10," 000‘9 2a ee ese a Si @ Oe 6 o 6-8 ewe ee “*** *BB07eIES = Pep ebay, an aiee cab ene aa OL} ooo's ee ie ee ee es ck el ee a ee 7°" > e201BIEC SERS Sho 812 18 SaaS IS ene ese cela s 8 ASCs 000'z ASO) R) 8 ROX eS 8 Che Ole 2. e Ce eas Be TNT | PES ee Se ere ee ike NG ee 36 ye Con et oos w ac 6) 6 pie S36 pe Bp ee Eo pty tea eae tee 21] ie hare ae eras ce ee RM JS 5 . Piet wee er ier SO tar Cag er yer ****039810 Bik Sec ES FAO Satna a 0) Be 09 t ooo'rl Q: 0S -6, 0° F-9 * So Saw « ©) 640) 6.8) 6) eee ce “os Auesayy Fae Nae OY Be BUSA RB RPL AL ORL SSD SORT SRS I ooo'r ORCC OR ar ar Ie a aera os ee Doe we 6 8 ae ssoyoynq EN ROTOR IM Ld gs oos‘g Obs as te ww Aw Pena eve aoe Neen Pats hohn Coe Cy PEW ee Sty 91h O ORE MaME RRL AL MTSLSY SO Sa ty S6 £T ooS't 2.2.28 8.8 68 OS 2.6) ihe O's 04 0ee e688 “** 91BMPTIC STORE OF Be SY5 1 seine CR 2 Bh 9 see. aL ava om Cle
$s
I
Z
spoipunyy voerres ss sarquioAey AIOA | 00 VI
G6, 6. 010.8 6 eos 69 8) 6) 4.6 e209. ee ch ee alee wae “a[qelisoqd Sz 9 ooo's Py PE tet Oa Oia raCP i er ee 000‘8 B.¢ 2) 6.08 82 \8.eo ewe * Aressa00 NJ os a UM, JO Judd Jod SZ)" sss s+ s+ **queqroduy | ob $
ee of @ aya 6-e 610 4 a4 Roe sae e em
NMO NOC ° ° ° ie)
seettserseeeecs [eeneresecteneur sat enoguyl stsezers Aueyy uehe cy Sievs eleserssss SOT CEs A Cal oo oF Poet pr ein wr arp eel Fe pe gana cio -+-g1qesoaeg | 00 OF UM JOBUSO TSG OF) 0° 88 es ee ‘a[quioaey | zg 6 o000‘'r ee pees (PACE ya | oo ¢S 3h Sarena eT IT ae ret War pa oa gt ree tsereeets spoon | 00 II
ooo'L SOE N8 2) 85 GR 08 Pee. 6 share ee ewe . Crt Wa et et ee -
ko 0) oe ~* ° 2) Lee) ie)
000‘9 rT Ue at “se ee we ee he a ey | SS SS apIeug ag NEN Ms id stepubibea Epa este gay <P ita UY 1a ooo‘ SiAUALA/ ALMA ©: BIS, 85k Ai ew Bh eee a a) 8) wad See "+ *xossq MERCY PGI BORO a a MOURA 000‘'z ee er) Feige BRE SE EN SO Ar CELA STI eM (‘peyaoueD) By SiS Se Nance Or ee ARSE ca esi bs ETT ool‘g eee eee ewes cece eee nese rns seses UdLIe MA eS ER OUTS MON REM EOS TRY A 17 oos ‘Tr A A Cw 8 69 «Re ow Rees perenne GNSS Ree ALL: ale area Petey Sou
Set Ok Ie Pe Me B) Oi SE.9 iG OS WA oe: il £2.68 6 PGi. 8 sm “** uo?) SAS gar Sas ele ain cape ae ARE 0a ooo'r PCC ar at aie mire errr Ja eee e eee Apeyaueayos ROR Re NE A CR ICRC 9 00S ‘z ee ee Ca af re a ear oF 9° OAT cee ee eee hb: SARS S ALB 5 8) 68. ps oi aby ooS'z ee ee cee eee ee 4.006.888 ouUAR A eeeee SeRCAN GPa Be Ri86 9) Cain ay toy OOStty- “igen 510) © <0 0.510 b) 5, xe "++" **suryduioy F 258)8 iA19N OAS A BASES ESOS RAS 5eb un lo8%0) toby o00't bi ve MOL eae Wale L eae A sien ss Pare ir MCC tar uaqnea4s eT ECE SCC SCC SCI CGC UE YE ICAI 9 «) 000‘'OrL Devs) CANS ae Oe) Ace Ol AT Skew) Cla we eee “** mOJUTD © 00 «8 Cae Oe oe st BOY 1 3, «3 oo0's BA te LRN A Rotek htt O82 Ft ONTO TAROT AO Pi Fo ALA SOS AGE Seka Bic CoH
Dud. S) 8 2 eae 6ielG e166 0 Ce re)
‘'"** *9IqeIOABy | 00 QZ spuesnoyy Sot a AISuad xe GOT, |) OO. Sc ooo'r DET a era Ore Wi “**quaTjaoxy oo SI Fin en eee sca Re LTRC LE Mes | WG eer ON BOSON MOPAR: TENET Io 00 II 000 ‘I-00 a ete erm) LOGE VNOG pal p Coro a(oD « UM,} JO Judd Jod OL/********** -alqessap AIaA | 00 g UMOZ JO JTBY-IUO/*"*"*****'* aTqeioAey | 00 Fz
CMP ONO Oa: Cae LSC CeCe iris
HANH MAO ° (2) ° +
NOP Pi
. Wy OrVs ta tar;
00
spuesnoyL Sgipe wom as ede ae eee) oo O1¢
ive) . . commo aA: : . Adrea ot HMOHHOH ALD wn ooco ooco oo0o0 NHANO Vo)
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
pejurld s9o1} eq 07 JYsnO suIpnyoutr yey} UMO> Bulyseatojal JO uoiuidg aloe iad Ul oX8va108 Burjurld pezyewiysa jo 4sog
pojue[d
a5 GHINW Id FUTHM ALNAOO soquinu uoryeoyddy 124
BULATT peyurd yus9 Jag saloy
ES (papnjau0) )— NOILAIALSIC, AAA, —O161 AO AYVWWAS
Photo by R. E. Gooding. Portion of Lake Clear Nursery, Lake Clear Junction, N. Y.
59
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
AUB
a ed
Ce re er er
spuvsnoyy, 00z
2 Xe) a w (eo) 5 fos] ge
eee OPO. 0 O ted oO Ou .
Fer eeseess sorqestapy
Featula.enersne 8 Door)
Aves bs Saran one qUOUrSOAUT
CEO Ct Chiat sy tC ict Ges yc . ee ee)
se eee oo. ee er
ss *""-orqeiisep Alo A.
Ce )
SPO SEI Hersh (alic feo) 47
Cifeinde a) lol's: (e!¥ ee velw Hw ens enstal ewe, "1 OB SAAS) FPR te ele sve; er emo ceOne eee "* O50MSO
Ss) 8 ae Be Se © ery y ene ee se sndéneiv}yed Pimy (Piet iy tray ON Te vt oe tov) “O39MSCO CeCe i igo M1) ie dt pth ace via “uopUYO a) ey ee sew eke PRO) 2 Reon uy pane }eeay OND te Far Oo ©) 0 (ete) ad (sts ie 19) 8s me) 6 *XOSS
Pe are, RL 1011075)
tenes ee gra (‘popeoue))
Vis) cy o: «By 3 Ou ees. eae ae OTEK
$0 6 6m Bole by elele inl 8 de ev SIMO] egpl’sy Biietre Tele coxa Te sv: erie enone fom reese BUTUTOA MA
us ta Se -euraNo Malt egfettaws. disuse Wesel ets oly
aa bes Et Hea > “8 90UdIME’T 49 Sie are Shee ered “seg OO NAG (G) @ i) a Sse et ererere: «ety ***esepuougC ue) 0's: ve git aati ae ne So] S12
pee han ee enyea Sra oT ORSUONT
Se pega) ase ene OOS UO TAT LEE iat ek. ape OF OLAS)
. eae se eee eae a) ei eves) e . o- eee eee . 2) Ca . . . oe . . . eee o. . . . eee ee . . . ey . . . eee sae . . see
*BUIATT 918 *4U90 tod 06 Ajoyeurtxoidde yey} pue ivah ysed oy} Bulinp UOTsstwUIOD sty} Woy paseyoind saei4 YIM pojsolOjol 9J9M put] JO saiov QOL‘I yey} MOYS soInBy osoyy,
Wireu.s.\4" (evie, Did (easel ee)
. . . see o- 416 Se) Aa ow eee vere
. eee seer . o. * . eI ted oe ee eee . o* . see o- oe
20S PLE ofS) **-00S ** 660 "* 86P LOU,
** O60 2» CGV:
oe ‘pov
POLY Sy ef
OV DOC Syed
-"** 007
“690
EP SR OY: ila 20)
. **93V oe “Sov *. ‘DEV
Se eV,
LE hoy Sito a OY 03174 O17 Ob stole ey, Pe olay rage vey APSELY
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
eereree
00S ‘9 oos ‘Vv 003‘6 00g ‘OLI
ooS ‘1V oor‘ ri 000‘OI 000‘zI 000‘69 oSz ‘61 00S ‘66 00S ‘09 oSz‘z
00S ‘oor 002 ‘00z2 ooz‘1L
oS1‘g
ooS‘€I
ooo‘ le
se eee eee
oos‘e 000‘9z ose‘ ve
oSL‘g ooVv'z oov oos ‘Vv ooS ‘Tt ooz‘s 000‘ £z
1eIO.L
6S..¢ ee ee) pes . CNS Cit” ores seer . eee Oke urate aire elie seta: (a: COO Re OE owe . see eee . . ee eee o* * see o. . . . eee . . Pi arch thd eee . <aee ae 60 @s . eee ee o. . 2" se Biee 0 1s . . Pe Cet eae ee . ee eee ee eee a \eeiae) © #-8) 8 @ .
CRON OT ee Oe a
OO0O‘T Ie]
-dog Moja x
sere sree) soe 6a) € ee ewer ren ene
SNOSUET[SOSTI
ooo's orev eee “* vee ooo'r
osz tees A BE atl As Beco a eee Soest ake
ooo'tr ee eee CC Tat at) See na.
ooo's aie te poe &:
000'T 00z oos'ze | o0f'g
ooo‘'St o000'Ss
oo1‘s os oos 0000's 00S ‘6z oos ‘Pv
000‘9 ooo‘! oSz‘og oSz‘t oo0o‘LI 000‘0z oos Tip We) So re el De oos 000‘0z 000‘O0zI | 000‘6 000‘or eee eee osi‘g oos ooVv ee evevee ooo'l eeereevee ooo'tr soe) oO Oo ee eesesae oos
oo£'s “eee eee oos ‘I oSz ooz'ti oes @ 8 ae
000'z eevee
sjyuejd | szueld -suPI} -suei} sonidg | sonidg
pew | eM
sjueld sjue[d
-SUPIY -suei}
sonidg surg AC MION Pew
piece iS |e 0 0f 3 o000‘T oOSL‘or 000‘zZI OSL ‘og
fees be ee ie eavveccee ool'z 000‘'z ooo's eoeeereee we es ed od) s-4 Sao 000‘ OI oe ee eee et Ee OSk/ 2 oos‘s o00o'T osz‘¢e 000‘9 000‘z osz‘L oo0o0's S28 eee @ 000'0o0z AC Oy te eee eeee Veen &- pe ooo'r 000 ‘'z 000‘ 6 000‘oL maior (OOS 000‘T ooo'e osv‘'L ooo‘'SI we Te es SA ee “eee eee ooo'r eee nne Sis es 5s eee eeee oofe oo0o'zr oos oos Pa See EY 000‘ Fz
Gos) cere a’ & ee wwe sete yp S a.9)@ 6 are
Gee e e-a Pap a8 eg “eet eee ooots Pe. ay i ae eee eee CR a 000'z
eee eee a2 8 e186 6 oT ys ae en er del li ae bey
a 000‘z oos ‘StI o000'V
Sz 2 eS Sa One ooo‘ Lt cusceee oSz Ceneenes oSL's eccccve Pa er 000‘T esecece
eee eee Us 6 womoe e oos ooo'r
a)98)/0i.0) a wt oov eoeeeevee oorv'r 000‘S ooo‘r 000‘'Z o000‘f
sjue|d sul] sjyueld saul]
-suel} -pses -suel} -pses ould ould ould ould me Y}O9S 4309S ov
SHILNNO07) GNV SHIDaAdS Ad NOILNATALSIC] daa, AO AYVNWNS
eeereoe
oos oos 009'T ooo'L 000‘ OOL‘T oos 000‘z 00S ‘9 000'rT oos‘¢ oos‘¢ OSL 000‘ gI ooz‘e osz'‘y oos 00g 000‘ oos oo0o0'f
006‘I 000‘I oor * 000'T oos
oos
000‘z
sjueld -sueIy ould
ouyM
sete e sees eee esupaTIG SE pe aan de wr pees 3101 AIG) Feteeeeeeeecorreqg SoS SS ese OuOuG) Fe eeeereeees sepigug ** * ereseiny tr eeeeeesesIOK MON teeeeeeeeees «nessent sr eeees* KyoutosUOfy Pe RERRES Toh oh i tt eteeeee ss suosIpe or TOTS SULA teen ee ee eee s egrmgeT SP SEG CBR Yh sf SSE ee Sete e COST Tal: te eeeeeeees JoMITHIOpT teeeeeeees sqoqmreRy tteeenvenees sougaacy tt eeeeneee + sgggquary teeeeeeeeees soggy Fe eeeeeeeseeuery tt eee eeseee es syaggir teen eee eeeeeeeeegrrar Feeeeeeess essauoand tteeeeeees sorpmelaqd rte eeeeesesepuettog tteeeeeees eprqumyo) tee eeeeeeee st uoguy
oF ce Ses “ORUEUON) Se A Se Se ae AOU) EIST =) Yo} 94211) 94 218 pis ee Sean) vee sees St Stele 15) eazhscyets) speheie se OTLOOLE o's 9:8 cr UM ESATIE BOTY sera ee clon te eyo 4: Cah AS 4
ALINNOO
‘apvys 1YsI] Jopun poyuryd SVM 901} SIT, ‘SoyoUy UsAoTyY JO Y3MOID But -MOYG SUUL[G JoyY sivox OMY, Jurdsuery ourg oY AA ‘sios0y “fy Aq oyoug
OI
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION
OOO‘OOL'T | OSgtLI oSg‘'zS | o0g‘z OSE‘EE | O0Q'Lz | OLO‘6RY | OOg‘EEI | SEg‘OV 0S6‘ge S€g‘1gz | oSv‘ogh | org‘ VII |°** ‘sje}04 puvig oos eoeoeeereweeveeee oer eeene oreeee one eee eosreeee sere eee oeeveeee eee eee ere eeee eee eeee Fe Ore Ce yay oos ce reams art = BOB. Ooo‘! eoeoeeew ee ee eee ooo'T eee eoee eoeeveee eeeneee ooo ee ee ose eevee oer eeee owe ee ee eee ewe ore ee oe Cn 48 @ oR Stee meee OU TLULO Ae Al ooL ‘ey LY et este ee ee ee MOOS a OOg eye i" OOS LT oos ‘Ss ooS ‘I oos oor ‘g 000‘9 oor'y sree sss" Taqsayoqsa oos‘¢s ower eee ee eee one eee eoeer eee ee eee ove eee ore ee ee oeee eee eee eene ore e eee ooo'r 000‘'z oos aye 6 66,576 “es -ause MA : ae ** oy sulyse oSst‘Sor ee mans Sets ees OOO ak pa aU Ea ee St ROOST O10 ‘6£ Or ol 000‘9 O16 ‘Of oos ‘zl Os ‘PI Mohegan n= OSES AA oos ‘ee oeereeer eee eee 000‘z eer eee eoreeee ee eee ooo's ooo'r eee eee ose eeee see eeee oo00‘lz oos She ena ree eras TOURTIO) oSLtv eoeeoereer ee ee oe oe eee oeeeee OOL OoL oos'r oof os os oo€ oSo'r OOe ‘I ee SLT LON
.
° io} ° wy ° °o Ve) (2) je) ° * ie) je) ° ° 2) yn
ereeree ee Arye f eeeeee ove eee eoeseee eee eee oer er eee “eee eee o4p 6 OF one eee ewe eee eee see ee ewe eee ewe he oar eee ine ask BOOT |. oS$6‘9or See ould eevee eee eee eee eee Ch Dd Phe 000'6 ere er eee one ewes ooo‘r 000'Z 000‘ oos eee eee eee EAT NTE.
ooS‘z oer eee eee eee ere eee eee eee eee eee ooo'r o000‘'T eeeeeee fee eee S68) M0 68 ew eee ewe ores eee ooS DSR NE TOR ey Konaig ts 000'g Rick Sie eubtckerateens oos'¢ CMC eT vilele talete 000'T ooS ‘tr ooo'! Bae 6osre 6 see ew we oe ewe oe eee ewe ooOo'T ee tee UOC TTT 000'Z ore eee ee ee ee 000'Z oeeeree oee eee ose eee ore ee ee ‘e voe «2 eer © a6 0, @)6 wa Pee eo ILE OTC ore eevee eee eee een nate COOTOR Ce ore eee eee eee ore eee eoreeee eeeeese oeeeree ere eeee eee eee eee ween 0-6, 60)» Wan eee woe eee eee ore ee ewe seen: cmelO LAr OS o00'r eee eee ee meee eee eee ee eeee soe eee 000‘ see eons se eee ee PhaLaue te\istip eevee eee oos eoeeeee oos a eo oLE OUR 000'Z eee eee ee eee e eoeoneee eoeoeevee eee eee eee eee ooSs'Tr "eee eee ee ee oe eee eee see ewe EB Syd es. ww oos seeeees Kpepousyos 00S ‘gor Cece weet nnee steers ee eeee eee nee i Ono 000‘'z oos'r oos oos ooS ‘or 00S ‘06 0000's eee ee eOOLCIES 00S ‘vor BLS eee ee OOO NS eee | OOO maT seeserenne- =r OOOLG 000‘gV 000‘6 000‘ 000‘ 000‘'zz oos‘Z ee Beech ic hi \eia obi) oos ‘Vv or eee ee eee ee see eee eee eee ore eee eee eee oos'r eee eee one eeene eee ee ee oe ee wwe 000‘'Z oo0o‘'T ene | OO >] PRES IEEE ruin ares a PG aaa | Man tn cease Fo a cee rua | aoe eth | cme mn a Malena eer OR mec naa cin cuuitpl | 000‘ OI eoeee eee eee eeeeee eee eee eee eee ees eee eee eee eee eens oo0o'r eee eee oos'r ooo'L oos eee eee * * IQB[ASSUDYT ooo'Tr eoereeewer ee eeee 00z eeeeneae eoeseee eoeeeeae ret Tet pet ih beat Rt Vet) OCC oeee eee ower eee 009 £28) 8 8 seas 00g Se a cseemer ems SUBOT) G) 000'r dijnyz, eoeeeeees ooo'st
youe’T ee rvee Pun tte eee nee ee eeee eee eres Case ier +) shat elietarieie owes nes CECE see w eee Ciesi melee) \ieie ie) 6/6 2 ess
4 . wien 000 ‘99 uvodoing OOSMONs | Meenas | OOOwa 000‘g 000‘8I oos ‘Pp 00s ‘e 000‘ ooS*s 000‘6 000‘ tee veeees ees rogue 00g ‘ze Bag: ooz's se eewe se eewe eee eae 00z‘Z oos eee eens ee eee we 00S ‘9 000‘T 000'T Soar ee TORSMSTy ( JOATIS
62 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Tue BLISTER RUST
In the spring of 1908, following the former custom, a large quantity of two year old white pine seedlings were imported from Germany and 350,000 were set in a nursery at Lake Clear Junc- tion. It was the expectation that they would be available for dis- tribution this year, but unfortunately it was found that they were affected with the white pine blister rust,* a very serious disease of white pine abroad, and after several inspections by expert patholo- gists and most careful consideration of the entire matter, they were all condemned by the Commissioner of Agriculture and conse- quently burned. At a time when planting stock was in such de- mand this seemed like a serious loss but it was the only proper course to pursue. The value of white pine and its importance as a lumber tree is so great we cannot afford to do anything to imperil its future. The cost of these trees is nothing in comparison with the damage the disease might cause. The wisdom of that course has been illustrated the past summer by some white pine in a plan- tation near Lake Clear Junction. There is in this plantation a quantity of white pine planted in 1902, when four years old, which has made a promising growth until the past two summers. Last year some of the trees had yellow tips also a decided thickening and softening of the bark, and trees that had made a height growth of two feet and more in previous years, ceased to grow and indi- cated signs of disease. Specimens were submitted to the State Botanist, State Entomologist and the United States Bureau of Plant Industry and their assistance requested. It was evident that the trouble was not due to insects and the pathologists could not give us definite information. “The trees continued to assume a more decided yellow coloring in the leaves and manifested other indications of disease. This disease being new in this country the experts could not identify it because they had not had experience with its various forms and characteristics. In November an ex-
amination by the Assistant State Botanist, of another plantation con-
* This disease was fully described in our 1909 report also in Horticultural Bulletin No. 2, State Department of Agriculture, Albany, and Circular 38, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.
Photo by R. E. Gooding. Portion of Saranac Inn Nursery.
Portion of Salamanca Nursery.
AME: 5 } a) i . ‘ War ee j ™ 7 MD ing h - -~ € a 2s ene , a * ' Se ye .
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 63
sisting of German white pine, developed the fact that the Lake Clear trees are affected with the blister rust. This fact was ascer- tained by discovering intervening stages of the disease together with swellings containing immature forms which he was able to recognize, thereby enabling him to connect the various stages of the disease. There are but a few acres of white pine in this plan- tation and all should be destroyed before spring when the spores mature.
The fact that this disease has been imported into this and other States is regrettable, but through the excellent assistance of the State Department of Agriculture, we hope and believe that it can be prevented from becoming established in this State. It was im- ported with the foreign seedlings and they were purchased at a time when it was impossible to secure white pine seedlings in quantity in this country, except at a prohibitive price. This and other diseases of a similar nature were then almost unknown in this country at the time the trees were imported. New York was the first to discover its presence and has taken the most aggressive means to check it.
A similar situation exists now in regard to the stock in the Salamanca Nursery as occurred at the Lake Clear Nursery last spring. There are in this nursery 615,000 four-year-old white pine transplants which were imported in the spring of 1909 when the disease was discovered. At least a part of them are known to be affected with this disease and they should all be burned. Fortunately the disease was discovered before the account from the German Nurseryman was audited and it has never been paid.
The several plantations throughout the State, where any German white pines have been planted, were all carefully inspected either by this Department or the State Department of Agriculture dur- ing the month of May. There were found 484 pines with spore bodies ; 1,174 trees with abnormal swellings and 6,151 ribes plants all of which-were destroyed. A problem is presented in regard to these plantations on private lands made with these German
pines that must be seriously considered promptly.
64 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
The people of this country ought to exercise the greatest care in the purchase of stock and seeds for reforesting work. If they expect success they must not try to see how cheap the work can be done but measure the cost by results secured. Planting stock can be purchased abroad much cheaper than here because labor there costs less, but when duty, freight, packing, loss of trees through exposure and long transit, chance of disease, and all the attending inconveniences are considered, the American grown stock is much cheaper. In case any owner desires to sow or plant tree seeds he should ask the dealer for seed samples, and make him guarantee that shipment will be equal in quality to samples sent.
Nursery METHODS
The nursery methods have been continued the same as last year, except that the ‘“ Yale Planting Board” has been used with great success in transplating work and has been the means of saving several hundred dollars. This board was invented by Prof. J. W. Toumey of the Yale Forest School and consists of two strips of wood joined by hinged arms fastened to the strips at right angles in order that they will open and close. One strip is notched and the notches are the distance apart that the trees are to be set in the transplant row (in our work three inches) while the other is plain and when a tree has been placed in each notch of the former the latter strip closes over and holds the seedlings in place while they are planted. The men work five in a crew, 1.e., two threading the trees into the notches, two making and filling the trench, while the fifth carries the board. While two are threading the board, two others are making a trench into which the fifth man places the planting board at such a height that the seedlings will be at their proper depth, then the soil is firmly packed. The fastener on the board is then released and the board removed ready | for refilling. The particular advantages of this board are that the men do not become fatigued from constant work on their knees as has been the case when transplanting with trowels; the roots secure a natural position and are never doubled or bent; the planting is done much more rapidly and at less expense, also
‘plveog suryurfg sex yyM suryuvydsuvry
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 65
the work can be carried on under more adverse weather condi- tions because no one need remain on the ground and at least three of the five men may wear gloves while working. The latter is particularly advantageous to us in the Adirondack work where we have so much unfavorable weather during the planting season.
INVENTORY OF NURSERY STOCK An inventory of our nurseries shows the following stock on hand: Lake Clear Nursery: .
vite pine transplants, 3 yrs. (2 1) large.......... 108,000 White pine transplants, 3 yrs. (2 1) medium........ 600,000 Peer pine: transplants, 2 yrs. (1 1). large ....:..... 61,250 Red pine transplants, 3 yrs. (2 1) large..... ae ane 22,500 imedemine transplants, 2 yrs: (1 1) large...u........ 39,500 Seetem pine transplants, 3 yrs.-(2 1) -large.......... 14,000 eeerca pine transplants, 2 yas. (11) large.......... 166,900 elegine transplants, 3. yrs..(2 1) large..-......... 14,000 Eetepiae traisplants, 2 yrs. (1 1) large... ....:.... 55,000 See pine transplants, 2 yrs. (1 1) large............ 48,000 inca spruce transplants, 4 yrs: (2 2) medium........ 47,000 Meropeam larch transplants; 2 yrs. (1 1) large....... 16,900
TE SCEIL bak So RS ARE A OP ior 1,103,050
SS —
Saranac Inn Nursery:
Wate pine transplants, 3 yrs. (2 1) large........... 263,200 Mite pine transplants, 2 yrs. (1 1) large:.......... 254,000 i mee pine seedlings, 1 yt., estimated. .0...:...0. 0. 182,000 Seotem pine seedlings, 1 yr., estimated... .............- 60,000
Bieler ee Re Sires stints Ase Ae be ace 759,200
Forest Experwment Station: Maice, Pie tianspiants: S Vrs. (2). F.. le he ese 43,800 Seores, pine wasplants, 2° yrs. (1 2)... cok ees 25,600
a
66 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Red. pine 4tansplants,:3 yas. al hater ven ess $6 ike ae 16,800 Norway spruce transplants y(4 ys; (2-2) 255). 46 as oe 16,500 White. spruce transplants A) gus, esta) aon ce ein suns 12,300 White. pine: seedlings... 4, yi; sespimated ets cnt tae ti 255,000 scotch, pine, seedlings, “rye, estimated 7.4 cc charr eins 60,000
Total” nc). sweeties eee ee oe es 430,000
Salamanca Nursery:
White pine transplants, 4 yrs. (2 3) 22-2 smeee eee 615,000 scotch. pine transplants.4.yrs..( 2-2) cic.9: ee ee 30,000 White. pine seedlings, 2 \yrs., estimated. i: poe oees 1,600,000 scotch pine seedlings, 2.99s.,estimiated:. «. «.)ctewen ee 600,000 Norway spruce seedlings, 2 yrs., estimated........... 50,000 European larch seedlings, 2 tyrs., estumated. 2, 21 os 15,000 > White pine’ seedlings, 1.iyr:, estimated... ioeeeie teas 1,600,000 scotch \pine seedlings, 1, 3a... estimated sca. cs w eters 500,000 Austrian pine seedlines,. 1. 9m,, stitiated... <1 /-abees 75,000 Norway spruce seedlings, 1 yr., estimated............ 90,000 European larch’ seedlings, 1. yr., estimated... ..4'weien 20,000 Black . locust seedlings, 1 <ys., /estimated. 2... 2. 46ee8 23,000 Box elder seedlings, 1. yr.) estimated ac... e0 pees eee 6,000 White: ash seedlings, 2 yr, estimated. 2c eee 700 Tulip seedlings, 1 yr., estimated: .. .4 520 ec we eee 3,000 Carolina. poplar,i “yr., estumated. 2-254. .e eee 16,000 Total. . ::0's c:ateaeasts dare eS ae cee See 5»243,700 Patnode Nursery: White, pine seedlings, 2 yrs), estimated... 1. iste: 1,240,000 Scotch pine seedlings, 2 yrs., estimated.............. 649,000 Red .pine. seedlings, \2 -yrs., esttiated oe, 2a. ue ee 36,000 Norway spruce seedlings, 2 yrs., estimated........... 100,000 White spruce seedlings, 2 yrs., estimated............ 14,000 European larch seedlings, 2 yrs., estimated........... 18,000
White pina seedlings, 1 yr., estimated.. ............. 1,284,000
"AIOSINN OBUTICS jv podg WII] UMOID syUe[dsueI LT sonIdg AvMIoN “BUIPOOD “gq "yY Aq oj04q
(3yo0}s Jo uoTyrpuos 100d puv ssop o81v] aj0N) ‘“syurfdsuviy, oonidg Avon pojsoduy “BUIPOOD) “GY "YOO
l‘orEsST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 67
Seon pine, Seedlings. Tayrs estimated... )2.0: since ie. 368,000
PnEniam pitic scedliings, 1 yr. estimated. s.. sis.ei).-. 72,000
Werway spruce seedlings, 1 yr., estimated............ 312,000
Menepean larch seedlings, 1..yr., estimated: ... . 2.6. ve. 45,000
Circle orcad aaron. oakcesera elie se atah aces ols Sees 4,138,000
ete oral, m nurseries. December 1, 19104......4..: 11,763,900 TRESPASS
During the year there have been reported to this office 122 cases of trespass on State land. It was found upon careful investiga- tion that some of them had been previously reported, and in a few cases, after a survey had been made, it was ascertained that no trespass had been committed. A large number of them were of a petty nature and for fire wood.
The field force has been particularly active in looking after and protecting the State lands. A large number of the trespasses re- ported this year have been committed in former years. Later in this report, under the heading of State Forest Preserve, more will
be said about this subject.
STATE FOREST PROBLEMS
The land owners of this State realize that the time is already at hand when they should give careful consideration to the man- agement of their forest property. This office is constantly receiv- ing requests for information, both from small and large owners, asking how to properly handle their holdings. It is the duty of this Commission to assist these parties, inasmuch as it is charged with the supervision of the forestry interests of the State,* and required to “prepare and distribute tracts giving information on the care and renewal of private woodlands.” +
In order to satisfactorily undertake and pursue this work we require definite field studies showing the rate of growth of various
*Section 4, chapter 24, of the Laws of 1909. tT Section 40, chapter 24, of the Laws of 1909
68 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
species and the most desirable method of reproduction to be fol- lowed under different conditions; a study of present and possible utilization; of the fire danger and how it can be reduced; of the question of taxation of forest lands; and finally a better knowledge of the present forest conditions together with facts relative to what the owners demand as a basis of forest management. In order to begin this work an appropriation of at least $5,000 should be available. A beginning has already been made and the forest sur- veys of two counties, Warren and Oneida, are published as an appendix to this report. The lack of time and money prohibited the growth studies which are necessary.
PRIVATE FORESTRY
Private forestry is of the greatest importance. The State can never expect to acquire large forest holdings outside of the Adi- rondacks and Catskills, and, therefore, the remaining forests of the State must be held, either by individuals, corporations or munici- palities. It is not the duty of the State to handle these properties for them but it is its duty to assist these people in making a be- ginning and direct their honest efforts. Our citizens are ready to begin the work as soon as they can be advised how to proceed. In a State like New York with its irregular topography, forests as a protector to watersheds are a necessity in all sections. The work once successfully started in a locality, the idea of forest manage- ment will immediately appeal to all forest owners.
It has been recently stated * that the city of New York alone daily consumes 3,500 acres of forest for print paper. These figures would be greatly increased if the calculation was to apply to all the papers in the State and to it added the quantity used for lum- ber, poles, posts, fuel, etc. These figures strikingly indicate that forest management is a necessity and must be applied to our forest properties in order to insure a future supply.
The great clearing and lumbering processes assisted by forest fires have already removed our sources of supply a long distance
*Paper Trade Journal.
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 69
from the points of utilization and the economical limit will soon be reached. The expense of transporting the material long dis- tances increases price and thereby insures a ready market for all the wood crops that can be produced at home, and furthermore the increase in population will result in higher prices for the material produced.
Tue Woop Lot ;
The small holder is much interested in the small forest often called the ‘“ wood lot.” The combined acreage of these “ wood lots’ in this State is very great and has been estimated at 2,267,932 acres. These lots deserve the most careful attention, care and study, not only on account of their aggregate quantity but because throughout a large part of the State they are practically the only existing source of wood material or forest protection.
These facts have been presented generally throughout the State by illustrated lectures, but the more important part, the practical application, is yet to be done. We need first, sufficient data secured by field studies upon which to base recommendations. Second, diffusion of this information broadcast over the State. Third, practical application of various kinds of forest management in a large number of localities.
Hupson HIGHLANDS RESERVATION
The Legislature of 1909 passed an act* creating the Highlands of the Hudson Reservation. During the year 1909 a careful forest survey of this tract was made and this, together with other facts in regard to this locality, was published in our annual report for that year. Almost one year after the passage of the act creating the Highlands of the Hudson Reservation, chapter 360 of the Laws of 1910, repealing the former act, was signed by the Gov- ernor, and chapter 361 approved by the Governor the same day, ‘placed the jurisdiction of this property under the Palisades Inter- state Park Commission.
* Chapter 463, of the Laws of 1909.
70 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
TREE DISEASES
The subject of diseases of forest trees is most important and on account of the increased interest in forestry has attracted much attention. The white pine blister rust was fully discussed in the annual report for 1909, also in this volume, under the head of re- foresting. The chestnut blight is gradually extending over more territory. The abnormal brown coloring of large numbers of balsam leaves throughout the Adirondacks attracted much atten- tion and was investigated by Forester Howard, a digest from whose report follows:
‘“T examined the affected balsam on a lot in the town of Lewis, Essex county on April 29th, in order to investigate this disease. It was only possible to determine the grosser aspects of the disease in the field, therefore, numerous specimens illustrating the progress of the disease were forwarded to Albany. The disease was so common in that locality that approximately two-thirds of the trees were affected. A striking feature of the case was that a large number of the leaders and tips of the lateral branches had been cut off. It is uncertain what agency created this damage, as no evidence of any insect or animal could be found that could account for it, and it is most likely that the loss of twigs has no connection with the disease.
“The trees and parts of trees attacked by the fungus disease are readily distinguishable by the brilliant red color of the diseased portions. Some trees have been entirely killed; others are dead in their tops, while the lower parts of their crowns are still green and apparently healthy; still others have occasional branches diseased. Trees of the last class, however, are the exception rather than the rule. The evidence in this matter leads us to believe that the disease normally works down from the top of the tree.
“The bark on the branches affected, and on the trunk where it is attacked, is brownish red in color and is covered in many places” with the fruiting bodies of the fungus which causes the trouble. The line of demarcation between the live bark and the dead bark is clear cut and distinct. The fruiting bodies of the fungus pro-
“AIOSINN VouUCUIETeSG ‘spog PIS PIO v9 OMT,
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION rit
ject from the bark in little nodules. When the fungus spores have fully developed the nodules or sporophores are about one-sixteenth (7) of an inch in diameter and project from the bark about one- sixteenth (3) of aninch. They are white or yellowish in color, and may be readily seen with the naked eye. Specimens of parts of trees illustrating the nature of the disease were sent to the State Botanist, Dr. Charles H. Peck, and his report, which follows, diag- noses the fungus as a hitherto unknown species of Cryptosporium.
“These were the only balsams in the immediate vicinity; there- fore, the danger of the disease spreading is reduced to a minimum. There seems to be no regular rule governing the distribution of the affected trees; they are scattered irregularly amongst the healthy trees.
“The lot is situated on a gentle easterly slope about fifteen hun- dred (1,500) feet elevation. The soil is a fairly rich sandy loam ‘and is covered with a very thin layer of humus. The stand in which the balsams occur consists of the following species: Balsam (Abies balsamea), red spruce (Picea rubens), white pine (Pinus strobus), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), hard maple (Acer sac- charum), poplar (Populus tremuloides).
“The spruce on this lot is also diseased. The young seedlings, which are abundant in the openings between the larger trees, are especially noticeable because of their unhealthy appearance. Minute black spots are visible upon the dead leaves. This disease does not seem to attack a tree in a regular manner, but isolated branches may be affected, and oftentimes the leaves at the middle of a branch are affected while those at either end are apparently healthy. This is purely a leaf disease.”
Report of Dr. Charles H. Peck, State Botanist:
“After having made a careful examination of the samples of partly dead trunk of balsam fir, Abies balsamea, and red spruce, Picea rubra, I find on the former a fungus development, the char- acters of which indicate that it is a species of Cryptosporium. The spores of this species are decidedly longer than in other species of the genus of which I find a description. I would, therefore,
72 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
call it for the present Cryptosporium macrospermum N.sp., in al- lusion to this character. They are fusiform, curved and generally terminate at each end in a very acute or subulate point, though sometimes one end is less sharply pointed than the other. The length of the spore is 60-80 mm. Its breadth in the widest part is 5-6 mm.
Inasmuch as I find the fungus threads or mycelium in the bark, both near to and remote from the pustules my impression is that the disease in the balsam fir at least is caused by the fungus. In the spruce I have not yet been able to find pustules of the fungus, nor even its mycelium in the dead bark. This casts a doubt upon the identity of the disease in the two trees, or upon the correctness of the theory that the fungus is the cause of the disease in the balsam.
Probably the quickest and most satisfactory way to settle the question would be by experiment. The inoculation of young and healthy trees both of balsam, fir and spruce with the spores of this fungus ought to show whether it is the cause of the disease or merely a consequence.”
This disease has also been studied by Dr. Perley Spaulding of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and various inoculations have been made, but no results yet obtained. |
EDUCATIONAL WorK DONE
A large amount of educational work has been done the past year. The following publications have been issued and generally dis- tributed :
Forestry Bulletin No. 2— Reforesting.
Forestry Bulletin No. 3— The Basket Willow.
Forestry Bulletin No. 5 — Outline for Lectures on Forestry.
Fifteenth Annual Report, 1909.
The Forest Fire Law and General Information Relative to Forest Fires. .
Bulletins 1 and 4 have not yet been issued.
Forester Stephens has been engaged a portion of this winter lecturing on forestry, many of his addresses having been delivered
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 73
before local granges. He also accompanied the Demonstration Train under the direction of the State Department of Agriculture on one of its tours. We installed an exhibit of forestry work at the State Fair. This exhibit consisted of thirty-six large trans- parancies and a small sample forest plantation.
PROTECTION AGAINST FIRES
This State is the only northeastern State, except Maine, whose State Forest Department does not exercise some jurisdiction or look after forest fires generally throughout the State. The amend- ment to the Town Law, chapter 630, Laws of 1910, provides that the supervisor of the town shall have authority to prevent and extinguish forest fires, but experience has shown, not only in this State, but in other States, that there must be, in order to secure adequate protection, some power of supervision. The supervisors need instructions in regard to their duties and the people at large must be made to realize the consequences that follow continued and extensive fires. During the past years large areas have been burned and in some cases the supervisors have made little, if any, attempt to extinguish these fires. This department has been called upon many times this season and asked to see that the supervisors fully discharge their duties. Under the present Town Law this department is apparently without any authority outside of the towns enumerated in section 73 of the Forest Law, yet the Com- missioner is charged with the “enforcement of the laws for the protection of fish and game and the forests,’ * and “make rules for the prevention of forest fires and cause the same to be posted in all proper places throughout the State.” + The experience in this State under the old fire warden system will be equally applica- ble in the case of the town supervisors. The old town warden system was never effective until a Chief Fire Warden was ap- pointed, whose duty it was to visit these local wardens, instruct them in their duties, also ascertain if they were rendering efficient service, and securing proper fire protection. The large areas of
*Section 5, chap. 24, Laws of 1909. tSection 40, chap. 24, Laws of 1909.
74 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
forests throughout the State need better protection, and satisfac- tory results cannot be secured until there is some central authority vested in this Commission to secure the necessary enforcement of the law. THE FOREST PRESERVE STATISTICS
The forest preserve consists of two parts, viz.: the Adirondack Preserve and the Catskill Preserve. The acquisition of lands for the two forest parks in these preserves is made by the Forest Pur- chasing Board. The acreage conveyed during the past year is much less than usual. A summary of holdings, conveyances and purchases, follows:
theresa Acreage pperesee ERS Total aorheee ecember acquired ecember ae owned an PRESERVE anes Tae 31, 1910 | ooWuratt, | contracted Adirondack......... I,530,559 224 1,530,783 1,182.3 I,531,965.3 Catskall fanseo tee II0,964 £250.70 112; 220.76 16,530.06 128,750.82 MCotalitigs2 se ee ioe 1,641,523 1,480.76 | 1,643,003.76 C7372. 30 1,660, 716.12
~The administration of the State forest lands within these two preserves presents some problems. A computation shows that the outside boundary lines of the parcels aggregate a total of 9,146 miles of which 8,474 miles are in the Adirondack and 672 miles in the Catskill Preserve. Of these lines 3,747 miles are outside bounds of the State’s property and only 809 miles of the entire 9,146 have been surveyed in the past five years. The surveying has all been done not with the idea of the systematic location of the State’s property, but to determine from time to time in various places whether or not trespasses have been committed and deter- mine their extent. There are many parcels of land claimed by the State, the location of which has never been determined and the area of which is only relatively known. There is probably no other prop- erty belonging to the State anywhere that has received less care than some of the State forest preserve land and the whole trouble is caused by lack of funds for necessary surveys. The appropria- tion for this purpose last year was $5,000; while some lumber com-
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION OG
panies and other land owners whose holdings are but a fraction of that of the State spend as much or more for this. important work.
LocATION OF STATE LANDS
The first and most important step in forest protection after that from fire is the correct location and marking of all the bounds of the property. The fact that lines of State’s property are not marked or are marked incorrectly is no excuse for trespass upon State land, but at present it is by far the largest cause. The State lands will not be safe from trespass until the boundary lines are correctly located and conspicuously marked in order that our field force may easily and quickly detect any improper use, also that operators and others may know their location. The fact that nearly all the orig- inal surveys are one hundred or more years old, and the original monuments are rapidly disappearing, makes it most urgent that these surveys be commenced at once and pushed to completion as rapidly as possible. It is difficult to realize that the lines of the State’s holdings aggregate nearly nine thousand miles and the diff- culty experienced by any force, no matter how competent, in fully protecting the State’s interest when the lines are often indistinctly marked.
The following bill was introduced in the Assembly by Mr. Shea last year but failed to pass. The necessity of such a law is ap- parent when any one understands the conditions, and it is hoped that it may be passed at the present session.
“Identification and establishment of boundaries and land marks in forest preserve counties. The forest, fish and game commis- sioner may cause surveys and investigations to be made in any county in which a part of the forest preserve is located for the purpose of identifying and establishing boundaries to public and private lands therein, locating the monuments and land marks indi- cating such boundaries, the perpetuation of testimony, field notes, maps, information and other data relating thereto, and the erection of such monuments and land marks as may be necessary to per-
manently locate, mark, identify and perpetuate such boundaries. For such purpose he may from time to time designate such civil
76 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
engineers and other persons as are necessary to perform such work and fix their compensation. The designation of such civil engi- neers shall be in writing and filed with the secretary of state, and each engineer so designated, before entering upon his duties, shall take and file the constitutional oath of office with the secretary of state. Every civil engineer so designated and qualifying may subpoena witnesses, administer oaths and take testimony in the form of affidavits or otherwise. Each civil engineer so designated and qualifying shall make and file with the forest, fish and game commissioner a report, which shall consist of the field work done by him or under his direction, as to the boundaries of each sepa- rate township or tract of land, and the distinct lots, therein so established, iocated and marked by him, and a map which shall correctly show the location and permanent marking of such bound- aries upon the ground, and all testimony taken by him, and all field notes, maps, information and other data obtained by him in locating, establishing and marking such boundaries. ‘The forest, fish and game commissioner shall file copies of such reports, cer- tified by him, in the clerk’s office of the county in which the town- ships or tracts of land mentioned in said reports are located. Upon filing such copies of such reports in the county clerk’s office, the same shall become and be presumptive evidence that the boundaries of the township or tract, and the distinct lots therein, in said report named, have been and are regularly, properly, duly and legally located, established and permanently marked upon the ground, as shown by such report, and shall be conclusive evidence thereof from and after the expiration of one year from the date of filing such copy of each such report in such county clerk’s office, unless an owner or other person interested in the lands com- prised within or affected by the boundaries of the township or tract, or distinct lots therein, mentioned in such report, shall within one year from the date of the filing thereof in said county clerk’s office and upon sixteen days’ notice in writing to the forest, fish and game commissioner, apply to the supreme court of the judicial district in which such lands are situate, to have such report altered or modified, which court shall have power to take proof upon such application, and to affirm, alter or modify such report as the facts require, and such report shall thereupon become such conclusive evidence thereof from and after the expiration of one year from the date of the filing of the order of the court, affirming, altering or modifying such report. Every such report or copies thereof, certified by the commissioner or county clerk, shall be received in evidence in the trial of actions or proceedings in courts of justice.”
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION ig
OccUPANCY AND BUILDINGS
There are, at present, various cases of occupancy of State land. In some instances the parties living on the land have a title which must be given fair, consideration, while there are other cases of occupancy where the occupants have no rights or interests worthy of any consideration. An effort has been made recently to secure reliable first hand information in regard to these various cases and have it available when required.
An opinion was recently handed down by the Attorney-General, stating that buildings on State land could not be sold because sell- ing such buildings would mean their removal and, therefore, the removal of wood from State land in violation of the statute de- fining a trespass. In order to reduce the occupancies, it will be de- sirable to remove or destroy the buildings. It would be far more desirable if the buildings could be sold to the best advantage, but in order to do so it will be necessary to amend sections 42 and 240, chapter 24 of the Laws of 1g1Io.
USE oF ForEsT TERRITORY
The fact that approximately 1,600,000 acres of land is with- drawn from any use except as a protective forest, has provoked much discussion. There are those who advocate leasing camp sites of limited size in certain localities; others desire the opening up of the great forest area by the construction of State roads; there are quantities of valuable timber and wood in the trees killed by the 1908 fires which many believe ought to be utilized; there is go- ing to waste vast volumes of water aggregating thousands of horse- power which ardent advocates believe ought to be made to perform its intended service; there is also the practice of forestry upon this large area and the question of making an effort to both improve the growth and secure the annual increment which is of great economi- cal importance. The time has come when the people of the State must carefully study these problems in all their phases and formu- late opinions that a definite policy in regard to the use of this great forest property may be established.
78 REPORT OF THE ForEST, Fist AND GAME COMMISSION
Mars PREPARED
The Legislature of 1909 authorized the preparation of a new map of the Catskill Forest, which has been prepared and is sub- mitted with this report. The preparation of this map has entailed a large amount of work and this Department was most fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Edward B. Codwise, C.E., of Kingston, N. Y., a man of large experience in field work in that region, possessing an exceptional amount of knowledge of land patents, grants, tracts and lines, and an acknowledged authority in that section.
The supply of the Adirondack map has been exhausted and a revision has been made. This map also is submitted with this re- port.
Respectfully,
December 31, 1910.
APPENDIX
TO
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTS
FOREST CONDITIONS OF WARREN COUNTY
BY
F, FRANK MOON, M: F., State Forester
[79]
CONTENTS
PAGE MPCACICTION. <7... sis be ee ws ee Me ie ret rN ea ets 2 oie ied a enahe 83 Description:
Pema piy And: TOPOSTADIMY:: ape fea fen tg fee wicca bcs wales ees ewe ae 84 pera TT CIS SOMAS Spent 2s cine kG Mintaro x odie aia alee Soe ws wo Oafere 4S 84 ve ER LED ES 2 eal eee aR ee tala ga ARR are 84 The forest:
“ESOS Git ORES US AE e i GeO Gna eT ne eg ee a eC an eg 85 eee ROE Ly PCr LON SILUAbIOM). «o/c see's a! staje sald es Wald aac obese eke e 8 ace 86 Maat reel LCL Peete nese Te acid ay no oihade abs ous a al. 01 We Mee alee w SiR weg MR 87 PP MPa eres Gh? ENGI ae lle ata cacao VE Lie ws) anne Sieise 86) doe le aldig aie « balers 88 ee ORCL Smt a Ae Hae Ne NE msc Al ueate oy al lal eh erly gg ieee a. v1 on ee, ohare 88 eae aAa TUM PATA Merge Oe SS nek GU Rita: aire et aves. 91a! a i's i's, «es ah ace 89 lO(Glachie ia hale ssi ents) |e epee Renee ec eee ae a a 89 abe tige ANS eNO SING IVE ae oes Ske aeons w, wae sea S are Csis els weve aoa 89 Age tte Hla ic SIR Rey mtr sree ico A cr, Gin ehas Sua laecaces’ a 0,'e ane leca Sead 90 RBM TNS eer ange Mere ay cath sree = 8 bey dace c,isv'erh lie @oegsl ec ew eee 90 Eee Mee ETI IGM ah oe | white Oke wlalwhts oa wen Oboe ate we 92 eG ILC) MAAC CMEM tpt sy ae pc g:nd'e o! oylc! viele oie = 0 eho; dalevevs'e evista 6) 92 Opportunities for the practice of forestry............0660.-: 93 inser) tal folios UMNO SEING Se cer. SG ig areig't a, ole « és @ of a.siy, ca sos 94 ere t PRICE IE RC Pas evened defence MONG Pare coe Le aa's ye ayo winnie carte ol 94 TPs Sia fe vale 25501271 a ea 95 een etree I cate, <P arent che) wt SS Sea 'sl RS WS Soave alos enguu Wah ayaa HBr ea. 95 Bas GutitMAOCMemi acca S78 nie cialeio aie tales So cleis-« 4 otaecrectn aces 96 Future management.............. BERN isc B al «nk BE) acl? ee hn OG aN PERMEATING, Po eet sree tree ea Tee re at ask e sre. Usltdars, «) oe'0" a eee me Be 97 Se ecTin aeRUR SUM erer eee oss we tley oa Cia sc eo iNew ae! Sle, Wud a 9: wana cols ws 98 Freee CCE oct en nae tale et ne rae clita el cid a iam Oy mea a eV A ele’ wile oleh efars 98 aE Att ENDO ABE cepts es a a! Gc seve iS nm, SiMe cctahGi a o Shee whee leg Aisle cess ts 98 Pemba Tats Cece nATT Mere os yore ccs e Nery ata Mun) Kha c) a oe aidve"ai's, Aso al ao h ew he § 99 Rene EM reer), RPG Sistah os foe sk csande ON Vine eke when e's Kage aren hee 99 meme SGU GICS Ail WtMIZAGIOMN. . . wave sie ele bask s wale gus ede clas ee Cas 100 Pammes Tes eeR TGR S On eta ote cre nvcts wx sk 5's abel wcletdee’s d we Qlce noe Sheen eaaes 100 ae aM MRE oe as Te acre rae iureonly Serene ysis atk eG iata are Ga ate wes» IOI
Lumber manufacture: meomneh wales and COSt Of PrOGUCHON, <0 6.8 elec. oo ee hee skh ees 102 Wiest Ge MimMberine and, MmaneraChiITe s,s ines c.c eases ek oe eae bla de ewan 103 Se DISS SOLE SEES Guin SESS ee 2s ena Reel tle a 104 Rn ae ee ci eee aides ov vel Galae Mae eee dees 104 Rate rein enetOMPVCMEIES cise sik wn hee She wie she; au ees 6) tle cays elke Sw Ab 6 oe ave 104 2 PLEO PUR: ci co Die gre etal 0 Ta ae or ae ae 105
LERNER DI LL ABTA GAIT RI EE 9 EF
Ee
- Oe
Wem
EEE ES
Map
of
WARREN COUNTY
showing
FOREST TYPES
——— 3
Legend
=HARDWOOD =HARDWOOD and SPRUCE =POPLAR TYPE
=BURNED RECENTLY =PURE PINE
=PINE MIXTURE =SWAMP TYPE =AGRICULTURAL LAND
Note: TOWN LINES emphasized with blue.
Scale ltin=2 miles
1 A oj thae ease Beton iaeercar ce cate ; fe ee. vakren
eT as tee: Me BP etx Ss 2 = ae aT Petts a el = iene eR a ee. Petty SA RO Pry > tae ieee o ie i OS Bee OR ea LE a RL EHUB 2 i, - pie, Maekwaens Sees rr ie) Last job ona z Se rsh et ee) eke 4 talent FN ad na eRe ty ball SUSE ETH S My Hie oP. para Fades 3 Tet a Be" 2: ot ES a to getes 2?
ee ceace oR
a td Cae Pay Ce ee Oe ae ~a- 25 iC eee ene: RENT NE ee
CSS ENS ES Ns
FOREST CONDITIONS IN WARREN COUNTY
INTRODUCTION
Viewed from every side except that of agriculture, there is prob- ably no county in the State of New York that possesses the natu- ral resources that Warren county has. Its lakes and streams at- tract hundreds of tourists and sportsmen, bringing in many thou- sands of dollars annually; it has deposits of garnet and asbestos and one of the most valuable graphite mines in the world; and as a timber and pulp producing center it ranks very high.
Considering Warren county from the standpoint of its timber resources it is remarkable in the following particulars:
First. Diversity of types——AIt contains practically all of the forest types found in the State, viz., the sprout hardwoods, as oak and chestnut; and the northern hardwoods such as beech, birch and maple. Spruce, pine and poplar are also found in large quan- tities. -
Second. Abundance of second growth pine.— It is frequently said that Warren county possesses more second growth pine than any other county in the State and when it is realized that in the area within a radius of eight miles around Chestertown there are any- where from twenty to twenty-five million feet of second growth pine, some idea of the importance of this county as a pine center can be gained.
DESCRIPTION
Warren county is located in the eastern portion of the State and is bounded as follows: on the east by Washington county; on the south by Saratoga county; on the west by Fulton and Hamilton counties and on the north by Essex county. It is roughly tri- angular in shape and, exclusive of lakes, contains almost 600,000 acres,
[83]
84 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY The surface is very broken and mountainous; considerably less than one-half being capable of cultivation. The relief, however, is somewhat less abrupt than that of Essex county, as the mountains are rounder and the valleys broader. The general trend of the ridges is north and south. Elevations range from 340 feet at the extreme southern part of the county to 3,340 feet in the north-
western part. GEOLOGY AND SOIL
Gneiss is the chief rock underlying this area, while granite, crystalline limestone and serpentine are found in addition to the graphite and garnetiferous schists already mentioned.
The soil is, for the most part, a light sandy loam and in many cases underlaid with a layer of hard pan two to three feet from the surface.
Some clay is found in the valleys, giving a rich soil well suited for farming. On the other hand there are areas, e. g., the Pie Plains at Glens Falls and the flat north of Chestertown, where the soil is nearly pure sand.
DRAINAGE
The drainage of Warren county is quite typical of a country that has been glaciated, swamps, small kettle holes, etc., being quite frequent. The two branches of the Hudson receive the bulk of the water from the western part of the county, while along the eastern margin it flows into Lake George and ultimately into the St. Lawrence.
The large number of streams in this county constitute a very important factor in the lumber business, as they furnish a very cheap method of getting the logs to the manufacturing centers.
Concerning lakes.— Lake George is by far the largest and most important, while Schroon and Brant lakes, etc., serve to store water during the season of scanty rainfall.
THE FOREST Originally, Warren county, or more particularly, that part of it lying east of the Hudson was covered with a magnificent forest in
ForEsT, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 85
which pine and hemlock were well represented. (The country west of the Hudson has always been a spruce rather than pine and hem- lock region.) These trees were the first to be taken when the country was opened up, and today stumps of the original growth can be found whose huge dimensions show the heavy cut that was obtained. At first, only the best was cut and in many cases the hemlock was cut for its bark alone and the trunks were allowed to rot in the woods. About forty years ago the last of the virgin timber was cut, the numerous tanneries closed down and to all appearances Warren county had ceased to be a factor as a timber producing region.
Within the past decade, however, a marked change has taken place and owners are commencing to realize that the pine seed- lings previously cut down by the thousand to clear land for pasture have a great potential value and they are protecting their lands against fire and trespass, knowing that they will ultimately reap a harvest from these trees.
At the present time the bulk of the area is either culled or second growth, the only virgin timber being found on mountain peaks and other situations where the cost of lumbering was prohibitive.
TYPES OF FOREST It is needless to say that in a reconnaissance of this sort, with a large area to cover in a short time, the results obtained must necessarily be quite general. For example, the map accompanying this report should be considered rather as a diagram indicating the approximate size and relative positions of the various types than as an exact survey. Type distinctions are necessarily broad and in many cases small areas of one type have been in- cluded in the prevailing one, as nothing less than 640 acres has been mapped unless of more than ordinary importance. The following kinds of forest have been differentiated and mapped, viz.: Hardwoods, © Pure pine, Hardwoods with spruce, Mixed forest,
86 . SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Poplar type, ‘ Scattered woodlots, Swamp type, Agricultural land. Burned areas, ne
The following basis was adopted for type differentiation:
Hardwoods: Includes both the northern and sprout hardwoods where the softwoods have been cut out to such an extent as to be negligible. May contain spruce and pine up to twenty-five per cent. of stand (trees per acre).
Hardwoods with spruce: Northern hardwoods with a spruce understory.
Pure pine: Pine over 50 per cent.
Pine mixture: Hardwoods, poplar, etc., containing pine from 25 to 50 per cent.
Poplar type: Poplar, white birch and hardwoods, with the first two species composing 50 per cent. and over of the stand.
Swamp type: Balsam, tamarack, black ash, etc.
Burned land: Areas burned since 1907. Areas burned previous to this time are now covered with poplar and are classed with that type.
Agricultural land: Open land, less than 15 per cent. covered with forest. Ordinarily nothing less than 640 acre tracts considered.
RELATION OF TYPE TO SITUATION
The area under consideration can be roughly divided into three regions:
First: The spruce region, lying west of the Hudson river.
Second: The pine region, lying between the Hudson and Schroon rivers.
Third: The hardwood region, lying east of the Schroon river.
In each case, the name of the region indicates the kind of forest that would grow there were it not for disturbing factors. Within these broadly defined regions there are certain exceptions.
The hardwoods are found wherever the soil is of fair depth and quality throughout all three of these regions.
ae are
oO Oe a ee Care eS ee
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 87
On the higher elevations it generally gives way to spruce with hemlock appearing in considerable proportion on northern and northeastern exposures.
Balsam is found on the flats along the rivers and in the swamps where it is mixed with tamarack and black ash.
Pine is confined chiefly to the light sandy soils where it can make fast growth and ultimately crowd out the hardwoods. In this connection a peculiar fact seems worthy of mention.
Ordinarily the soil on the tops of hills and ridges is thinner and poorer than that on their lower flanks, but in the region around Chestertown it is a very common sight to see hill tops covered with a splendid growth of hardwoods, surrounded by a fringe of pure pine on the lower slopes. This might be explained in two ways; first, as the result of accident; that these slopes were originally cleared to furnish pasture, etc., and as the owners found the soil rather sterile and allowed the land to revert, pine seeded in on these old fields; and second, that the soil is natural pine soil. It can be conceived that during the period subsequent to the glacial epoch, the waters resulting from the melting ice deposited a deep layer of sand along these slopes, while the tops remained above the water and weathered down to a fairly rich loamy soil unmixed with sand, which would be suitable for hardwoods. This explanation is purely hypothetical, but it cannot be denied that the soil on the tops of these ridges is of far better quality than on the lower slopes.
The poplar and fire types are purely artificial and temporary and will be considered under the separate type descriptions.
AREAS AND YIELD
As stated in the beginning, the results obtained in a study of this sort must be quite general, so in the table below both areas and yields must be considered as simply estimates, arrived at after five weeks field work in the county during which numerous mill men, lumbermen and landowners were consulted.
While in some cases, notably that of the pine type, considerable areas of unmerchantable land are included within the limits desig-
88 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
nated, nevertheless this has been allowed for by making the yield per acre very conservative. A table of this sort will at least serve the purpose of indicating the approximate amount of material to be found within the county. The figures given represent the writer’s idea of the merchantable contents of each type; for saw or pulp timber in all types except in poplar where cordwood is the size of material in demand.
Concerning the fire type: This timber is deteriorating so rapidly that it was thought best to leave it out of the calculation. In the same way, the contents of the scattered woodlots in the farming regions were omitted, as the stand would be extremely difficult tc determine in the first place and chiefly valuable for firewood be
sides.
Type co Meee Bec Hardwoodsnct House) aietee 270,000 48.9 4,050 M. Hardwood tand<spricerst.c is: 62,000 LES 1,550 M. Pure pmeyies. see ase 25,000 4.5 300 M. Pinel amnixture ieee. ha ae 14,000 225 84 M. Poplas i2iateee iin Se 70,000 127 1,680 M. Swanip7s. | Aveet ape eee ree 3,000 5 48 M. Pine. buses [het cee eee 45,000 ee ee Agricultural-dadd, (cae 63,000 Lig Cee
Totals tics hay Remi e ie ta 552,000 100.0 7,712 M
*Except that included in larger lakes.
DESCRIPTION OF TYPES HARDWOODS
Under this head come the northern hardwoods, both virgin and second growth and the sprout hardwoods. The dividing line be- tween these sub-types extends from Hadley to a point on Lake
George about five miles above Bolton Landing. Back from the railroad towns and manufacturing centers, the virgin forest is the rule; originating from seed; canopy practically unbroken; deep litter and good humus conditions; ground cover
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 89
composed of witchhopple, dogwood, grasses and ferns. Reproduc- tion, chiefly maple and beech. Of the softwoods, spruce and hem- lock are often found seeding in, but the shade is too dense for pine.
The proportion of species would be about as follows: Maple, 40 per cent.; beech, 30 per cent.; birch, 20 per cent.; miscellaneous, HOMper cent.
Concerning the stand per acre: Some of the second growth will yield no saw timber and only 10-12 cords of fuel wood per acre. On the other hand, the virgin woods may run as high as fifteen to eighteen thousand board feet or eighty to ninety cords per acre. I would put the average at about three thousand board feet or about twenty-two cords per acre, if fuel wood were used as the unit.
Past Management.— Close to the railroad, or near towns, this type has either been culled for building material or cut clear for cordwood, while in less accessible regions it has remained un- touched.
Future Management.— To suggest a practicable scheme for man- agement for the northern hardwoods at the present time is a rather difficult problem, unless the tract is within easy reach of a railroad, as water transportation is out of the question. If a good inarket for all kinds of materials is at hand, the plan that appears most feasible would be a clear cutting operation followed by plant- ing with softwoods, taking advantage of the young growth already on the ground to furnish side shading. It is certain that soil which will produce merchantable hardwoods will prove favorable for spruce and the rapid growing Norway spruce should make good growth.
HARDWOODS WITH SPRUCE
The description of the above type concerning canopy, humus, soil cover, etc., can be considered to hold true for this type also, with these exceptions: Ist, hardwood is generally in virgin condi- tion; 2d, the amount of birch is usually greater; and, 3d, the under- story of spruce is an added condition found in the more remote
portions of the county. Yield per acre would average about 5,000 feet.
9o SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Past Management.— This type has been culled for soft woods only and in many cases a good stand of spruce is now coming along. The ideal treatment in this case would be to thin out the hard- woods in order to give more light and growing room to the soft woods beneath; but this, on account of transportation cost, is in many cases entirely out of the question at the present values for hardwoods.
PURE PINE
This type, containing approximately 25,000 acres, constitutes the most interesting and at the same time the most important feature of Warren county, when considered from the forester’s standpoint. In view of the rapid disappearance of this spe- cies, the most valuable of our building woods, this supply of second growth pine represents a most valuable asset to the county and to the State; and its protection and economical use should be insisted upon not only by the owners but by the State at large. Several reasons are apparent for the excellent growth of pine in this region. Briefly expressed, they are as follows:
First: It is a natural pine soil. The light sandy loam, or in some cases an almost pure sand, is an exceedingly receptive seed bed for the pine.
Second: There has been an abundant supply of seed trees left owing to the method of cutting, 7. e., successive removals. At first only the cream was taken, but later, owing to the increase in the value of white pine, timber at first considered worthless became valuable. However, owing to water transportation, as much as to any other factor, which permitted the removal of logs without a heavy initial investment, this region has been spared the complete denudation seen in the Lake States.
Third: The owners and residents have been very conservative and careful, especially on the question of fire. At this time of com- parative indifference to the vanishing timber supply it is a most refreshing change to hear the owner of a hundred acre pine lot discuss the growth and future value of his holdings, realizing that while he may not reap the crop himself, that nevertheless it is a tangible asset to leave to his heirs.
Photo F. F. Moon. Large White Pine Which Has Seeded Surrounding
Territory. Should be removed for benefit of young growth.
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION OI
As has been stated before, the soil here is naturally receptive for pine, but several. conditions controlling the species which take possession of different sites might be noted. If a pasture on a sandy hillside is allowed to revert, the pine will seed in. If, how- ever, the pasture has been cropped very close and the soil com- pacted by heavy tramping, poplar, birch and pin cherry form the first generation, generally succeeded by pine.
If a field is allowed to revert just after being cultivated, grass and weeds must take possession first before the pine will catch.
It would seem that the compacted sod and perhaps the exposure of the seed to the drying effect of the sun prevent the successful germination or growth of the young seedling.
The origin of the pine type is, of course, from seed, and in density it varies from an open field with a few small pines to a heavily stocked stand having a complete canopy. The humus con- ditions, where there is any canopy, are generally good, though the warm sandy soil prevents any heavy accumulation. The ground cover depends greatly on the density of the stand, varying from the pasture grass to the ferns, viburnums, dogwood, etc., of a normally stocked stand.
Reproduction is unusually good, especially on the open fields, dense thickets of young pines springing up around the seed trees.
In openings made by the removal of the mature trees, seed- lings come up in great abundance, so that on the score of repro- duction this region has no cause for alarm.
Concerning the rate of growth, conditions are equally favor- able. In the pine regions of eastern Massachusetts, southeastern New Hampshire and southwestern Maine they figure on one thou- sand board feet per acre per year as the mean annual growth of a fully stocked stand of pine. From the figures quoted by old in- habitants who have seen pine cut from lands which they remember as mowing lots, it seems that this figure (1,000 bd. ft.) will be equalled, if not surpassed.
The general tendency for pine is to grow in pure stands and this is the condition usually found in the case of abandoned pasture.
Q2 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
However, it occurs mixed with poplar and the hardwoods in vary- ing proportions, but unless the pine comprises 50 per cent or more (by numbers) of the stand, it has been put into another type.
Past Management.—Although the first mill in Warren county was erected at Warrensburg in 1798, it was not until 1820 that the pine industry really got started. With this in full swing, the hemlock exploitation began about 1846, and from then to 1860 this county was a great tanning, as well as pine, center. From that time on the cut has been chiefly second: growth, though even today occasional first growth logs are found at sorting booms.
As has been stated before, the method used was that of culling the forest, so that at no time were large areas clear cut to burn over and become desolate wastes. The same general method is in use to-day. A land owner will sell his pine down to eight inches or ten inches at the stump at so much per market standing; or else, if he has the time, will contract to deliver so many markets at the river bank. This thinning method insures a sufficient number of seed trees and, as there are trees still standing, care will be taken that fire does not burn over the logged area. |
Future Management.— There is one drawback to this scheme, however. Pine is not especially tolerant of shade at any time in its life and its intolerance increases with age. Thus, an even aged system where every tree is competing with one of its own age not only insures more rapid growth but also straighter, cleaner boles and therefore more valuable lumber.
Three general methods of mangement suggest themselves depend- ing on various conditions. The conditions are as follows:
First: Pure pine comparatively even aged. At the present time, timber values in this country have not reached the point where we can tie up large sums in thinning stands at an early age; so it will © be necessary to postpone the cutting of superfluous trees until they are large enough to pay at least the cost of their removal — say twenty-five to thirty years. At this time, if the stand is fully stocked, there may be anywhere from five to seven hundred trees to the acre. The proper plan would be to select about two hun-
Photo by F. F. Moon. Natural Reproduction of Poplar on Burnt Hillside Near Brant Lake.
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 93
dred of the straightest and best formed trees on each acre and figure on these as forming the final crop. Trees surrounding the selected individuals should be cut in order to give crown and root room and allow them to increase the diameter growth. This operation should be repeated whenever the trees become crowded. When a stand of this kind finally matures (50 to 55 years is the economic rotation for pine) a clear cutting operation would be the ideal method, leaving three to five seed trees per acre if natural repro- duction is desired, or planting up the cut-over area with small seed- lings would be the other alternative. By growing in close stands for the first thirty years, the following advantages are gained: Ist, height growth is increased by reason of competition for light; 2d, after about ten years the side branches meet and the natural pruning takes place; 3d, the early formation of a canopy keeps the soil in a higher state of productivity.
Second: Pure stands (uneven aged). See illustration. This condition is found on pastures that are beginning to revert and are only partially covered with seedlings of various ages, or where a pine lot has been thinned leaving the sprawling unmerch- antable timber behind and seedlings growing in the openings. In this case the operation is different. If there are enough trees al- ready on the ground, but poorly distributed, the proper plan would be to cut down the big trees that have passed their stage of profit- able growth and by transplanting trees from the thickest areas to the blank spots, form a full stand spaced as near 6ft. by Oft. as possible. If there are not enough trees on the ground to do this, the purchase of trees to fill in will be more economical than wait- ing for natural reproduction.
The third condition is that of pine in mixture which will be treated under management of that type.
Opportunities for the Practice of Forestry— Within the pine region there are many thousand acres that are at the present time more suited for the growing of trees than for crops. It is true that light sandy soils are excellent for market gardening, but the in- tensive cultivation and heavy fertilizing that this entails demand close markets and high prices for the product so that, within the
g4 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
next generation, it is doubtful if these lands will command prices high enough to put forestry out of the question and prevent the growing of trees at a profit. With the manufacturing centers close at hand and cheap water transportation, a reasonable investment either in reforestation, or thinnings should yield a good return.
In addition to the stricly economic side of forestry in this region, the many hundreds of acres owned by summer residents could be put under management with the idea of increasing their beauty as well as their productivity. At the present time, however, the chief care of this type of owner seems to be the prevention of fire and trespass, and the idea of improvement thinnings, etc., is by no means prevalent. |
Examples of Forestry.— Nevertheless the general sentiment of this region regarding forestry is decidedly healthy, although to the bulk of the owners, “ forestry” is rather a vague term. The most striking example of forestry or at least reforestation is the systematic planting scheme that has been carried on by Mr. William H. Faxon of Chestertown for the last twenty-five years. Mr. Faxon is an extensive land owner and has made it a custom to set out each year anywhere from three to ten thousand trees. Photographs and descriptions of two of Mr. Faxon’s plantations will be found on opposite page.
Another example of foresighted management of pine land is that exercised by Mr. Daniel Lynch of Minerva, Essex county (a few miles north of the Warren county line). Mr. Lynch owns about forty acres of pine land which he cuts over from time to time and saws at his own mill. His plan of operation is this: He. aims to cut no more than the land will grow each year. He selects only the mature trees (minimum diameter limit 10 in.) and sees that each tree is closely utilized. Such examples as the two quoted above indicate the trend of sentiment concerning the use of true forest soil in this region.
PINE MIXTURE. In the case of this type the conditions vary widely, ranging from a poplar stand, with pine coming up beneath, to hardwoods
Po gpsthapeeec santa 0
San aie,
F. F. Moon.
Photo by d area is an example
The thinne
NA
of forestry.
2) IN|
inerv
M
Woodlot of Daniel Lynch,
weno 58
rae Wee. :
.
morn.
om
ae
Te < da
Moon.
F
ne on Gravelly Soil Near Schroon Lake.
F
Photo by
1
Red P
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 95
and pine with all gradations between; but in all cases the pine forms from twenty-five to fifty per cent of the stand. The pine is, of course, of seedling origin but the hardwoods forming the balance of the mixture may be either from seed or from sprouts.
The conditions regarding canopy, humus, form, etc., are, like the composition, extremely variable, though for the most part this type is confined to steep slopes and ridges where the growth is scrubby, and hardly worth removal at the high cost that would be necessary. In some cases, however, the pine is of good form and within a few years will furnish a splendid cut. The chief value in both cases is the fact that the pine in the mixture will serve as seed trees and by proper cuttings the proportion of this valuable species can be greatly increased.
Future Management. Concerning the treatment for this type, the plan in brief would be to favor the pine in every way possible . both to hasten the growth of the trees (thinning around selected trees as above) now on the ground and when removing the crop, to cut the hardwoods to a lower diameter limit than the pine, thus providing for plentiful natural reproduction.
In the case of the poplar and pine mixture the pine will ulti- mately take possession of the soil, as the poplar tends to die off in somewhere around forty years. Instead of awaiting the actual death of the poplar, the better plan would be to thin out this species every five or ten years, which would not only give the pine a chance to seed in but also increase the financial returns (see future management of poplar).
POPLAR TYPE.
This type stands next to pine from the viewpoint of interest and economic importance. Originating from seed, large areas growing up to poplar, white birch, etc., are generally a good sign that the site in question has been burned over. Occasionally, however, spots are found where the poplar has seeded in extensively . with the young hardwoods. This seems to be due to the fact that the poplar seeded in just after the area had been cut over and the poplar seedlings are coming up with the sprouts.
This species possesses very light foliage and like most intolerant
96 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
trees does not form a closed canopy and for both reasons the humus is very slight. The ground cover generally consists of grass, ferns, flowering weeds, etc.
Reproduction is good, as a large amount of light downy seed is produced early in the spring which is widely scattered by the wind but rapidly deteriorates through drying. Poplar also reproduces extensively by suckering from the roots, which fact has a very im- portant bearing on its management and will be considered at greater length under that heading.
The white birch, maple, etc., also reproduce abundantly from seed and also sprout from the root collar, so that reproduction of the chief species composing this type is all that can be desired.
Concerning growth: While no measurements of any large num- ber of trees have been taken the few specimens examined indicate that at twenty years of age the diameter breast high may be any- where from seven to ten inches or from three-tenths to five-tenths inches diameter growth per year. Mean annual growth of a fully stocked stand of pure poplar will range from three-fourths to one cord per acre per year.
Past Management.— On account of the great demand for poplar for pulpwood, excelsior stock, etc., the custom has been to thin out poplar stands long before they have reached maturity (say at fifteen to twenty years). While no doubt certain advantages are gained by so doing, viz., poplar reproduction is secured and by cutting young there is no falling off in the growth rate, neverthe- less it would appear that by waiting for five to ten years more a much larger cut could be obtained and reproduction could be as- sured as well.
Future Management.— The ordinary conception that poplar is a
temporary type coming in usually after fire, lasting for one genera- ©
tion (forty to fifty years) and then giving way to a softwood or - mixed stand, seems to be only partially true from instances seen on this investigation. While it is true that if left untouched a poplar stand will follow the course above mentioned, nevertheless there is a poplar tract near Stony Creek that has had four cuts of poplar
Wee Ye
Photo by F. F. Moon.
A Stand of Poplar that has been Thinned four times
Photo by F. F. Moon.
Hardwood Type of Forests.
Each time from 4 to 5
during the past 20 years.
cords of pulp wood per acre has been removed.
lforEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION Q7,
taken off within the last twenty years and another cut is almost ready now, thus proving that poplar will reproduce under its own snade and by proper cutting a tract can be made to yield poplar apparently indefinitely. |
In view of the fact that poplar is about the fastest growing of our northern trees and that its value for pulpwood is equal to spruce, the significance of this point can be realized, for with a mean annual growth of even three-quarters of a cord per year, worth $2.00 to $2. 50 per cord on the stump, the yearly return per acre will be from $1.50 to $1.80. In addition, this return can be gotten at short intervals instead of waiting fifty to sixty years, as is the case with pine. ai
Thus the ideal treatment would be to thin over a poplar stand when it reaches the age of twenty or twenty-five years, cutting noth- ing below five inches. This method will allow the trees already on the ground to fill in the open spaces by seed and by suckering, and accordingly, if the Rugg lot before mentioned is any criterion, another cut would be ready at the end of five years.
There is one drawback to this plan, however, and that is one of soil deterioration. It is generally recognized that to keep forest soil up to its highest productivity it must be well shaded, and this condition would not be complied with in the plan outlined above. To this end it might be suggested that wherever pine or spruce, etc., seeded in beneath the poplar, the stand should be allowed to ccnie to complete maturity (or cut only when the pine, etc., is being interfered with) and so strive for a poplar stand with a pine ot spruce understory.
SWAMP TYPE.
This type at the present time is of comparatively small im- portance both as to size and economic possibilities. It is situated on the flats and along streams where the moist, cool soil is favorable for the successful germination and growth of balsam, tamarack, etc. The canopy is generally pretty well established; litter and humus quite deep. Balsam is by all odds the most important tree in this mixture although at the present time the presence of young tamarack in many of the swamps, etc., indi-
4
08 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
cates that this species is recovering from the disastrous attack of the saw fly some forty years ago and may ultimately become im- portant. Black ash, when present, is generally represented by dying veterans or stubs.
Management.— This type, if of any extent, is usually cut over for pulp wood rather than lumber and that, indeed, is about all it can be expected to yield (larch should ultimately grow to pole size, however), as the growth rate falls off early on cold, moist sites. To this end clear cutting methods should be adopted (as on account of windfall, thinnings are risky) leaving several clumps of seed trees per acre selected for wind firmness to seed up the ground.
BURNED AREAS.
This type by definition includes lands that have been burned over subsequent to 1907 and, in fact, the bulk of the area represents the burnings of 1908. At the present time this land is simply a charred waste with the blackened stubs and down timber showing the terrific damage that was done; damages in many cases that it will take a century or more to repair.
Corner Mountain, situated in the northwest corner of the town of Thurman, furnished an interesting example of the way in which nature heals over these fire scars.
On the lower slopes the ground was covered with a tangle of berry bushes and fire cherry with poplar and white birch just beginning to seed in. A little higher up the birch and poplar had — disappeared and still higher the berry bushes alone covered the ground. From all accounts, berries, fire cherry and lastly poplar
and white birch is the order in which these species seed in on a burn.
_ Management.— According to every tenet of forestry which holds that each acre of nonagricultural soil should be used for forest purposes, this land should be cleared of its dead and down material, which only serves to make these areas a fire trap; and wherever there is any soil left, see that a new forest is started. In some cases nature has already established a stand of poplar; in others |
Photo by F. F. Moon. Young Pine Grove in Need of Thinning.
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 99
so great is the extent of the fire that seed trees are exceedingly remote and the. only practicable method would be planting. Against this plan there are two objections:
1. The enormous cost that such a project would entail when, in addition, the citizens of this State are already asking for more trees than the State can supply.
2. The present constitutional provision which prohibits the sell- ing of dead and down timber. Without clearing away the debris, planting would not only be out of the question but even, if possible, any plantation established would be subject to extreme fire risk during the first dry season. Thus, under the circumstances the only plan possible is to let these acres be filled in by natural seeding.
AGRICULTURAL LAND
Under this head comes land that has been cleared for farming purposes, pasture, etc., and may contain up to fifteen per cent. of forest land. The “pine plains” around Glens Falls is the largest block of this type within the county.
For the purpose for which this study is intended, this type is of little importance except as indicating the small amount of agricul- tural soil (at least in blocks of 640 acres and over) found in Warren county. :
Some of the land included in this type is of doubtful agricul- tural value and unless used for fruit production, sheep pasture, etc., might better be growing pine.
ENEMIES
As is usual in any timbered area, certain conditions prejudicial to the maximum growth and development are found. Concerning pine, the chief enemies are the pine weevil and the leaf blight. Many cases are found where the leader of a young pine has been killed by the young grub and a side branch has turned up to replace the leader, thus producing a deformed trunk.
Such methods as spraying or cutting off and burning the leader with the larvae inside are only practicable in case of shade trees and as a remedy for large areas are entirely out of the question.
=
100 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Inasmuch as a close stand 1s less liable to weevil attacks, the best course to pursue would be to bend every effort toward getting a full stand as soon as possible.
Concerning the leaf blight little definite advice can be given. While undoubtedly many trees have died from this fungus disease, it does not seem advisable to thin out the trees until they are actually dead, as they have a good chance for recovery.
Other minor enemies are found, such as the elm leaf beetle, maple borer, etc., but the actual amount of damage they do to forest growth is very slight.
There is one, however, viz., the hedge hog, which is said to be playing havoc with young hemlock. Some landowners claim that the question is so serious that a bounty should be put on the por- cupine to save the coming generation of this tree.
Concerning damage by fire: this subject has already been dis- eussed above. It is hardly necessary to say further that this enor- mous loss could be entirely avoided, or at least greatly diminished, by the exercise of proper precautions by railroads, etc., on the one hand, and by every person going into the woods on the other.
GROWTH STUDIES AND UTILIZATION On account of the limited time and funds available no growth studies were made, nor was it possible to secure desired informa- tion in regard to the present method of utilization. These facts, together with growth studies, should be secured.
OWNERSHIP AND VALUES
Of the 552,000 acres of land in Warren county the State is the largest owner, holding 125,000 acres or about 24 per cent.
The private holdings range in size from a few acres to several thousand, with lots of 160 acres as the average. Values of land range from $5 to $20 per acre for the average farm land, while for timber properties anywhere from $1 to $100 per acre is quoted, depending on the contents. One tract of pine land containing 4O acres, situated in the town of Bolton, was bought for $10,000
Forest, Fish AND GAME CUMMISSION IOI
several years ago and within a year was sold for $15,000, but such prices are extremely rare.
Assessed values are anywhere from one-half to three-quarters of sale value or, as one assessor expressed it, what the property would bring at a forced sale. Tax rates vary from town to town —in some as low as 16 mills, while in others as high as 4o mills on the dollar; but it is only fair to add that the latter rate is found only in towns building State roads and, as soon as they are com- pleted, the ordinary tax will be resumed.
POPULATION
The census of 1900 gives the population of Warren county as 30,000 of which 17,000 are in Glens Falls and Warrensburg, leav- ing 13,000 in the agricultural and timbered sections of the county.
Of those living in the towns, quite a percentage would be vitally affected by anything disturbing the lumber and pulp business, as the total number of hands employed in these and kindred trades is quite large.
LUMBER MANUFACTURE
Glens Falls is by all means the most important lumber manu- facturing center of Warren county with Warrensburg second on the list. A large amount of the timber coming down the Hudson is manufactured at Hudson Falls, Washington county. The lum- ber output of Warren county for the year 1909 was as follows:
SVU UN ey ES Ge a ec er Ae 8,168,000 bd. ft. Prem g ri bi So oye hols wee aes BAGS GOO ns aCe tere ARNEL Loc Ou eec-dy, dpelve 2: 800)500 [teri 't; Pee See Reda e Ls og Mein Ce GltE.Coe vie, SOC a She epee) mies Rmaeroe AAR nea 497,000 “
(2S E.G) A ARE NEC e env ta 06 eae AQ0,000 SNSISTSN COUT oo lr arog at ee ean eee ar oe ae 484,0007 Soi, SRG fay See I cho SORE <a dG) S ees ie 306;000) 0°). LOSSES DINAN Eo ae Aa an 2LGOOOna
ELT PS RS os 2 gen CeO rc OR ph eam 695,000 “* “ JAMS To ie one mao ne ete maou es Rae rag 176,009
102 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Poplaf si.3, 2-4) vac eee 63,000 bd. ft. Cherry’ 2305 son G2 36 ee eee 2.500: 509 Miscellaheons 1.4 25. ooet eeea POROOOD (ncn s
Dotal cid! xS py Ro woes eae e 17,893,000 bd. ft.
Of other products besides saw timber the figures were as follows:
Shingles . . 5 .<.nen dc eee eR ee 464,500 pieces
Lath oi.... [S300 eee 10,092,500 “* | StaveS “si. as sehen sod oe eee 200,000 ~~ | Ties 2 topo. °° Posts "0c on ge eee aie ee B30 Poles i032 chee ese u pee ee oes eee neo 4 = |
In addition, there were about 17,000 cords of pulpwood used.
TIMBER VALUES AND COST OF PRODUCTION Concerning the values for raw material the range is wide, depend- ing entirely on the quality of the material and the distance from market. The following list will give an idea of the current prices:
Stumpage Prices :
PPC i. cee wee eee $0 60 — $1 oo per market Pine: io tks Verte mek I 0o—- ie 25% a Hardwoods . Suns es 3 OO =" 0: 7 es Hemiods (22.5% 22 seo. 60 I /50. 0 Wee Hemlock atk 25.0iou « « 2 00— 300 “ cord (2,200 lbs.) Poplar and basswood... 200— 250 “ “ White ‘bitch. 2. c. ses. 50— I00 “ *
Prices at Mill and River Bank : . SPTUCE ks cee ae eee ian oe $2 00 — $3 00 per market . Pind ieee is Sees ee 2 00— 300 “ ej | Hardwoods: ce. ee I50— 250 “ E Hentlode 4422 | eee T Oso oes ts } Diemlockchark crc. oa wee 6 50 per cord | Poplar and basswood........ O5Ga sh ' Wikitte (hires, 5.030) oa AR a ee :
ee a ee
of Thinning.
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION 103
COST OF LUMBERING AND MANUFACTURE The best index of the logging cost can be gained by subtracting the average stumpage value of any species from the value of that species delivered. This method would not give ary idea of the costs of some of the separate processes involved so a few cases are given below.
Poplar Cutting, 75 cents per cord. Peeling and stacking, $1.25 per cord. Hauling, $2 to $3 per cord, depending on distance.
Hemlock Bark Cutting and peeling, $2 per cord. Piling and hauling, $2.50 per cord (based on one trip haul). Hardwood *
One concern cutting from their own tract, three miles from their mill estimated the cost of cutting, skidding and hauling to be 60 to 75 cents per market. |
Driving
A large concern situated at Glens Falls estimates the cost of driving from the foot of Glens Falls to their mill at $0.15 per market, with 15 cents added when the logs have to be warped across the lake.
Concerning the actual cost of manufacture, 1.e., sawing and piling, the chief factor is the size of the plant and the output. One mill manufacturing about ten million feet per year estimates the cost of sawing at $1.80 per M. board feet and 20 cents for piling.
The usual prices for custom sawing are $3 per M. for soft- woods and $4 per M. for hardwoods.
104 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
VALUES OF PRODUCTS The following quotations for the finished products were obtained:
Softwoods Pine boxhoards 22.0 ee $i8 per M. Pine; ING. 8 ss ie eee cee oe $26 to $28 per M. Hemlock. "Na: 3.0 022255 scans Sees $22 per M. Hardwoods ASH oie bk Ses eioe ee nee $25 per M.
Beech and “maple. ... <0. tet eed $12 to $18 per M. Birch 2. SUC RG Id, Wa ee $16 to $25 per M. Minor Products Cedar shingles, Nowds « iscc05 4554 er eee $4 per M. Cedar shingles, Noi 290.44% ) «camp hae ee $3 per M. Cetlar (posts (3G ha eee oe ee 8 to 15 cents each Cedagygpoles, (a8 ‘St-tone....\ 0500 an meee $1 delivered Cedar ‘poles, 25 4t. long.” *-. . a $1.50 to $1.75 delivered
OTHER INDUSTRIES
In addition to the lumber and pulp concerns, Warren county can boast of other industries of considerable size. Glens Falls possesses a large cement plant and numerous shirt factories; Warrensburg has its shirt and woolen mills and, back in the county, the garnet and graphite mines turn out extremely valuable products.
Agriculture at the present time is not being carried on in a very aggressive manner, although occasional farms are found that are managed on scientific principles. The chief crops are hay, potatoes, oats and corn.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES Concerning transportation Warren county is very fortunate. The Adirondack Division of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad ex- tends to within a few miles of the Essex county line in the western portion of the region, and along the eastern borders the Lake George steamers, connecting with the Delaware & Hudson Rail- road at Caldwell, take care of the freight, etc., from this section.
Photo by F. F. Moon. Faxon Plantation at Chestertown. The White Pine trees 15 years after planting.
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 105
Although there are a few large blocks of territory that are not traversed by regular worked highways, nevertheless the county as a whole is well provided with roads and with the extension of the State road system will rank very well with the other Adirondack counties.
As has been stated before, the number of streams are an ex- tremely valuable asset in that they provide a cheap method of transportation of lumber to the mills.
CONCLUSIONS
In view of the fact that from present indications only 63,000 acres Or I1.4 per cent of the land of Warren county is suitable for agriculture, it can be realized that forestry will play an im- portant role in the development of this section; and many points are in its favor, viz.:
1. Timberland is in large blocks, thus rendering systematic man- agement on a large scale possible.
2. With railroads for the hardwoods and numerous streams down which the softwoods can be floated, the transportation ques- tion is satisfactorily answered. Warrensburg, Glens Falls, and Hudson Falls are advantageously situated markets for the soft- woods, and while at the present time only the highest grades of hardwoods are valuable enough to bear the cost of shipping to Albany, Boston, etc., there is no question but the next decade will see a far greater demand for these species, thus giving them a far wider market.
3. Land values quoted at the present time are reasonable and when considered in connection with assessed values and tax rates, make it highly possible to buy timber land for an investment; or in the case of pine, to grow trees to a merchantable size at a profit.
4. Concerning the safety of timber land as an investment, it is true that in the past the risks were very large but with the present effective fire organization maintained by this Commission, backed by the campaign of education that it is conducting, the outlook is very bright for ever-increasing safety.
106 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Considering the situation in Warren county as a whole, the outlook is very promising and when, in the coming years, advanc- ing prices have put the lumber and pulp concerns on the stable basis of forest management, it will be realized that these non- agricultural acres are the biggest asset that Warren county
possesses. SPECIES IN WARREN COUNTY CONIFERS White pine 3.750 5he seers eee Pinus strobus Pitch spittle 3. sas a eee Pinus virginiana Red) pile, ~cnievihoes peeks Pinus resinosa amarack, tskes dns Oedmaie tee Larix americana Red -spruce ties the ei here Picea rubens Hemlock: «twins eae ade is oe Tsuga canadensis Balsam oo 3. cova ee pee Abies balsamea White, cedar fie Si booed eo Thuya occidentalis guUniper ss eae ewe eee Juniperus communis Red cellar see eae ee Juniperus virginiana HARDWOODS Bubterwae cain as cas fare bareoeists Juglans cinerea a Wealnnitt, .. catch? take tenet Juglans nigra shagpatic |... 2's seis onde omyeh a) OO wee Mockernut 2... Rare Cemee epee Hicoria alba PASI santc Aeon eete ee eee Hicoria glabra _ ‘Prembling aspen \,'s.55cncseee Populus tremuloides Latee 200th asnens ec oa Populus grandidentata Willow: gSpen 206 soos ae Salix Hornbeam (90 ers coe cee Ostrya virgiuana Black birch "0 Sie eee Betula lenta White birch 22) Beene Betula papyrifera Beech. 2c... sa ce eee eee Fagus americana CRESUUE Jos 3c vee ee eon Castania dentata PROG ak co ee ee ee Ouercus rubra
Black oak: siivnc Gu ee hee Ouercus velutina
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
SRSA) aaa ater or ele rane man Quercus nana
Pi Mathem@ale hs. <5 ac eee Ass os Quercus alba CUA occ Seen cia ns 0 es Sorbus americana Beereiain: asl... 52 os ass. .. Ulmus americana Be PEMEIT Yo ina. Bees oe Prunus pennsylvanica id black» cherry... .....6.... Prunus serotina Peer OCUSE 52.0006 ee cee Robinia pseudacacia peed MAE 2 owes swe ee oo Acer pennsylvamicum Peete GAINS eco 55g lk os ww Acer saccharinum OA DIC. cio cc ce c= pees Acer rubrum
1 FILE CSG ae ppl eee Tilia americana RE Se Saini ow ae td's ee som G Fraxinus nigra ee orc es Skt wwe Fraxinus americana
peece or Eleaven. .... 2.20... Ailanthus glandulosa
107
FOREST CONDITIONS OF ONEIDA COUNTY
BY
JOHN W. STEPHEN, M. S. F, State Forester
[109]
CONTENTS
PAGE.
CET STE TILGUR ol J Ta eo ae gah rea ge ec ee 113 EI SAP nS G0 2 ea deat os Oe ety oa AR ES 2 IIE ein, wo) GK Pe IIy Panesar And TOPOSTAPUY 2. ucts 0s aie ae en en be oe Seen oe 114 eae vag 2/2) trate, PP oor a Maya a ah tls: whee de a ha eed a Sc 115
sn diene eee BRE eee Ne se meme eae ee ee reg ae 115
Te CRUSADES. cS ER is Cie a ag AE URS gC ye ey a a 116 EIR OE Sirf ee ys 7 ea Sars owe SL A Re a ee ee eK eS 116 DORR EERIE Si eri he fae a os oct ts na ee twee poe ka Bie Oe 117 aM UAP RENO ter eer ee Ste asia Se Sealers tela iat all ws aoe 117 Past management........... Be ee ene ge aN aoe asia wee ae 117 nM MICME Cte hse he eae Wa ee ees ss Se de eke ee 118
Mapes naitics for the practice Of forestty 2. 22... 6. eo ee ee 119
LR SUPE EID) EWS era. PenpeIapg aegee g 120 aes NRCG eA MRS eee fale) oCancl «and hehe tern @ tea S,8 oo6 dix tld oo wes 120
ar ReIBE MENTION TAL, he oe ara Se Fea alec comics Gish im 66 Sad es See 120
br eee rapa EME sa hats ge sie Sale Se Caw cae seb eh wens 120
ee eee MRO SUMO ts mmr nica a salads wy aec eka cade keer ee eee 120
Liv ak! Soidg a ceitee\g2 0371 ance mo eee eae el a a a eae 121 Opearcsuniiies for the practice of forestry... 2... 0.225. ce eee 122
EI ANTE Stas BLUNT Se ye 28 tol eS ces wv de aie wher a G Wines & sis? baleen dive He oles 122 MRSS einer ol Awe a hinted wld gens Ke ee Sela Ves date ce gos 123 Deere TEREST Yr Se) a ak vba vias ee bodes Gee sake teas eevee oe 123 Mesa PHTIR LCM 2 Cale le as oe oie nin/nt etn 3!) ov ke wl ee Sah e eae s 124 (oS. UE chee Sa Se RIS ae eg a 124
° 2 oR — oa © ea 3g z= Ww —e* ° a Bs E aes e325 238 owas . BEE Pee wa oF £3 @Se. 2 2s QSEze Rae i ° Fale 2 82g i¢ ici) $2 EA (a) i og 2 - « <e a oa ® z 9 83 cS fhe, 32 (oe) Ww
anian TURE Re
FOREST CONDITIONS OF ONEIDA COUNTY
INTRODUCTION The different counties of the State of New York show a great diversity in soil, climate, productions, and natural resources. Some, on account of favorable soil and climatic conditions, are especially adapted to the raising of fruits. Others have great stretches of undulating meadowland, noted for the production of grains and vegetables. There are others whose well-watered hill-
sides and valleys are the grazing places of millions of cattle that.
have made New York one of the greatest dairy states of the Union. There are still others occupying the more rugged and elevated regions that are and should continue to be the great timber produc- ing regions of the State.
Oneida county would not be included wholly within any one of these classifications, but from the variety of its natural resources it would be considered a combination of all. It has some of the most fertile and productive soil to be found anywhere within the State. This is especially true in the vicinity of Waterville, where one of the leading hop growing districts of the United States is located. The surrounding hillsides are adapted to the production of grass and throughout the county the dairy industry ranks at the head of all agricultural pursuits. There are broad stretches of fertile lands throughout the central portion, productive of grains, fruits and vegetables and there are rugged portions and broad areas of sandy soil that are better adapted for the growth of timber than for any other purpose.
The entire area was originally covered with a heavy timber growth. It has been lumbered at various times. Wherever timber is found, it is largely second growth. The greater part of this is found in small areas connected with farm land and belongs to the scattered woodlot type. There are no large areas of timber found
[113]
i il ae ae
+ Pp Se i i ll i
ee ae ar
114 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
in the county at the present time, but there are larger areas of sandy soil in the northern part that will eventually be covered wih a forest that are now covered with little but brush. This region naturally belongs to the pine type. The swamp type is found in low lying val- leys and prehistoric lake basins. It is of very little importance be- cause it makes but a very small per cent of the entire forested area.
DESCRIPTION
Oneida county contains 720,778 acres, is centrally located, and oc- cupies a region surrounding the headwaters of the Mohawk. It contains the divides separating the watershed of the Mohawk from those of the Susquehanna and the St. Lawrence. It occupies an important position because it extends for enough north to include ‘a portion of the land that should always be forested and far enough south to include lands that are agricultural in their nature. Much of Lewis county on the north and Herkimer on the east is included in the permanent timber region, while Madison on the south and west with Oswego on the west, ranks it along with im- portant agricultural interests.
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY | The lowest part of Oneida county is found near the shore of Oneida lake. The elevation is about 400 feet. There is a belt of low country extending east and west across the entire county. This is narrow in the east where it contains the valley of the Mohawk and broadens out toward the west like a fan until it includes all of the lowland adjacent to Oneida lake. At no point does it reach more than about 450 feet elevation. From this low lying belt, it rises more or less abruptly, both toward the north and toward the south, until it reaches the highest point in the county, 1944 feet in the southeastern part of the town of Marshall. The highest point north of the low lying belt is found in the town of Steuben, where it reaches an elevation of 1780 feet. The county, outside of the low beit, is made up of narrow valleys separated by broad ranges of hills. The valleys contain the streams and drainage systems. The hills rise abruptly from the narrow valleys and form broad rolling tablelands several hundred feet above the intervening valleys.
ae
Photo by J. W. Stephen.
Natural Reproduction When Stock is Excluded.
*pouulyy used qou sey Ivor oy} 07 uosJod v opITYM ‘punoIsoIOF OY} UT opeUL USSq SLY SUIUUTY , “YIMOIL) JSoIOY [eINJeNY suruuTYy ‘ueydea4s “MA “f Aq oj0yg
v
L jo ojdwexq uy
“ah
£>s
es
“ Sar
&
‘pouutyy, Ajtodoi1g usog sex YOM 4O7T poom
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION I15
GEOLOGY
Geologically this region is part of the great glacial drift. This is shown by the presence of numerous moraines and valleys, the result of the action of the ice sheet. _
The underlying rock shows considerable variety. The northeast- ern part of the county from Boonville in a straight line to the boundary of Herkimer county east of Hinckley is part of that great granite region so prevalent in the Adirondacks. The Trenton lime- stone occupies the valley of the Black river from Lewis county where it is about three miles wide south east to Herkimer county where it reaches a width of seven miles at Trenton and extends to a considerable distance up the valleys of the streams.
Utica slate covers the greater portion of the towns of Steuben, Floyd, Deerfield, and a large part of Trenton. Grey sandstone covers Camden and Florence in a broadening belt as it extends out toward Lake Ontario.
Oneida conglomerate is common in many sections of the county as an outcropping and underlies large areas throughout the county.
Belts of limestone and sandstone rock extending in a southeast- erly direction are found from Oneida lake southward as far as Augusta and Waterville and limestone rock is continued over the entire eastern half of Bridgewater. These belts vary from lime- stone and sandstone to limestone and shale and farther south be- come limstone alone. Southern Augusta, Sangerfield and western Bridgewater are covered with shale and sandstone.
THE SOIL
The soil resulting from the weathering of so’ great a variety of bedrock is naturally varied in its composition. Peat and muck deposits of great depth are found in prehistoric lake basins. Clay loams cover a large per cent of the surface of the county. These vary greatly in depth, large areas being covered so thinly that cultivation is carried on with difficulty, and in many cases the bedrock projects above the surface making it unfitted for crops. Sand loams are found in certain sections that give good returns
1716 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
under cultivation, and there are other large areas that are covered with a sandy soil too light for cultivation, but suited to the growth of certain species of timber.
DRAINAGE
The divide separating the watershed of the Mohawk from that of the Susquehanna enters Oneida county from Herkimer near the southern boundary of the town of Paris and extends west- ward to the eastern boundary of Augusta. Here it turns north and becomes the divide between the Mohawk and the St. Lawrence sys- tems. It runs in a northerly direction through the city of Rome and reaches the northern boundary of the county where it turns to- ward the east and later again toward the southeast, passing out of the county north of West Canada creek.
The southern towns of Sangerfield and Bridgewater are drained by branches of the Chenango and Unadilla rivers. These traverse broad valleys occupied by swamps that belong to the Susquehanna watershed and are drained by that river system.
The western part of the county from Augusta to the northern boundary is drained by Wood, Oneida and Fish creeks with their branches. These are tributary to Oneida lake and form part of the St. Lawrence system. The northeastern part of the county is drained by the Black river, also tributary to the St. Lawrence.
The greater part of the county is drained by the Mohawk and its branches. These extend southward to the boundaries of the south- ern towns and northward to the boundary of the county. It drains all of the great central portion of the county and is the principal river of this section. |
THE ORIGINAL FOREST This entire region was originally covered with a dense forest growth. The northern hardwoods more or less mixed with coni- fers covered the greater portion, especially the hill regions of the north and south. The hemlock was a common tree in mixture, and on the higher elevations occupied the ground to the exclusion of everything else. White pine was also found throughout the county,
Photo by J. W. Stephen.
The fire wood which will
ture with the one follow
The useless and defective trees should be removed.
inning.
Young Hardwood Forest in Need of Th
ing.
1S pic
Compare th
1 will nearly pay the cost of removal.
alnec
be obt
Photo by J. W. Stephen.
A Mature Poplar Stand.
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION aly,
but was more common in the swamps of the south than on the hills. It became the principal tree of the light sandy regions of the north- east, where it was found in mixture with spruce and balsam. The original forest types of the county, therefore, were the northern hardwoods, occupying three-fourths of the entire area, with hem- lock in sufficient quantity to give a distinctive character to the mix- ture ; the swamp types, containing pine in addition to the cedar, bal- sam, black ash, red maple and elm more commonly found in such situations ; and the mixed pine types where the principal specie was the white pine. THE PRESENT FOREST THE HARDWOOD TYPE
The northern hardwood type has given place to the scattered woodlot type and cultivated land. The desire to secure land for agricultural purposes has been carried altogether too far and many areas were denuded that are better fitted for a forest crop than for anything else. This land today yields at best a very poor return and is largely only pasture of poor quality. Some sections of the county have more of this land than others. This is especially true of the higher hill sections where a large per cent of the land should have been kept forested. There is probably about Io per cent of the original hardwood region that is still forested and an additional 30 per cent from which the forest was removed that ought to be replanted and kept under forest conditions.
Past Management.— The wooded areas are exceedingly small, averaging from two to twenty acres in extent and are in a very poor condition. Dairying is the chief industry throughout this region and other interests have often been sacrificed to contribute to its success. For that reason we find that almost every wooded area has been pastured. All pastured woodlots show an entire absence of thrifty young growth. The species found are largely beech and maple. The trees are scattering, low branching, slow of growth, and wanting in the qualities that are essential to proper timber development. They lack also sufficient density to serve as a protection against winds and in preventing erosion. They are a damage rather than a benefit to the pasture because they decrease
118 S1XTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
the amount of grass produced and it lacks in nutrition. The only useful purpose they serve is to afford shade for the stock and a possible source of fuel for the future. The woodlot is often found on the portion of the farm that is unfitted for cultivation and should always be forested, but the past treatment has been such that from its present condition it makes future successful develop- ment impossible. It will be more practical to remove the trees that now occupy the ground and renew the forest by planting.
Probably not more than 5 per cent of this woodland in the agri- cultural communities has not been pastured, but this is sufficient to show the beneficial results of such treatment. They stand in strik- ing contrast to the pastured woodlots. There is a dense stand of young timber with tall tapering boles. Although the general type is maple and beech, yet there is a sufficient number of other species intermingled to give a distinct modification to the type. The species in order of numbers are maple, beech, basswood, ironwood, ash, elm, butternut, hickory and hemlock. On higher elevations hemlock would occupy a position nearer the front rank and in some cases, stand at the head.
Future Management.— These stands have reached a stage where they should be thinned. Culls remaining from the original forest may still be found. These should be removed along with the weed trees such as ironwood, blue beech and the inferior trees of other species. If it should be necessary to thin still more, remove the beech. Favor the more valuable species at all times. The material removed can be used for fuel or for some other purpose and will more than repay the cost of removal. The trees that are left will make more rapid growth and mature earlier as a result of the im- proved conditions.
The object of the owner often determines the species to be favored. If the woodlot is to be used for the production of sugar, the sugar maple would be favored and other species removed when- ever their removal would benefit the development of the maples.
Much of the original hardwood region is particularly well adapted to the growth of basswood. Many of the unpastured second growth forests contain a large percentage of this valuable species of both
=
hax
i
a ee, Sere
Se ie
ie
PMS Ne ae
Photo by J. W. Stephen.
der to remove the poor trees and give the valuable
in or
inning necessary
Th
A Mixed Growth of Basswood and Other Trees.
basswood better opportunity for growth.
ae
Photo by J. W. Stephen.
Inning 1S necessary.
The trees have grown from sprouts and th
An Almost Pure Forest of Basswood.
“BUIPULYS JJoT Od [JIM Sool} OU OIY Joyje sivoA DAY uvy} SSo] UT ‘“pozl[yA og plnoys yyy sivjdog poimfuy omy ‘uaydays "Mf Aq 0704
seedling and coppice growth. Some of these stands should be thinned at once. The trees are from 6 to 12 inches in diameter and 30 feet and more.to the first limb. They require abundant light for their best development and by removing the inferior species in mix- ture this can be obtained. The resulting stand will be largely bass- wood with white ash, hickory and cherry in mixture. The under- growth of small bushes and trees should be retained to protect the ground cover. A forest of this composition can be kept for a sprout forest if desired and when mature should be cut clean, the stumps cut low with a saw, and on a slant to prevent decay. Future crops will be provided for by reproduction from the stumps.
The many desirable qualities of the basswood and its many uses make a wide market for this timber at excellent prices. When you consider that along with these qualities, it is a rapid grower, prolific seeder, and reproduces abundantly by means of sprouts, it makes an ideal tree for propogation.
Opportunities for the Practice of Forestry— The past manage- ment of this entire hardwood region has not taken into considera- tion the perpetuation of the forest. The few examples of desirable second growth forests are perhaps the result of circumstances more often than intention. There are exceptions, however, to this rule and there is a growing interest among landowners in general look- ing toward the establishment of forested areas forthe growing of timber. There is a great opportunity for this work not only in mak- ing the most of the material that is now on the ground and wher- ever possible placing the present woodlot on a productive basis, but also by reforesting areas, that are now denuded, by the planting of species adapted to the locality. About one-third of this region is better fitted for raising timber than for any other purpose. This offers the only opportunity for giving this land a permanent value. If it were again forested, it would not only give value to the lands forested, but also enhance the value of the remaining lands for agri- cultural purposes. Throughout this region the native hardwoods will do well, but I believe better results will be obtained by plant- ing Norway spruce. The different species of pine should do well in most situations, but I would favor the planting of spruce.
120 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
THE SWAMP TYPE
The swamp type is confined chiefly to low-lying valleys contain- ing deposits of muck. The largest swamp region:is found in south- ern Sangerfield, where it occupies a rather broad valley, probably the basin of a prehistoric lake. The principal species are cedar, pine, balsam, hemlock, black ash, red maple and elm. The repro- duction of the cedar and other conifers is being gradually super- seded by the reproduction of deciduous species and it appears to be undergoing transition from an evergreen to a deciduous forest.
Past Management.— These swamp lands have been used for the production of ties and poles. They have been especially important in this section for the production of the small poles used in the neighboring hop fields. These are cut for this purpose when they reach four or five inches in diameter and are of so great importance to the industry that farmers for miles around each own a few acres of swamp land.
Future Management.— The area of these swamps is being gradu- ally encroached upon for agricultural purposes. These lowlands when properly drained make ideal sites for hop raising, one of the leading industries of this section. They will continue to produce poles until by draining they are made more valuable for the pro- duction of agricultural crops. They will then cease to be forested. It is only a question of time until all such lands are drained and used for agriculture.
THE MIXED PINE TYPE
The mixed pine type originally occupied large areas in the north- ern part of the county. The original forest was chiefly pine with - hemlock, some hardwoods, and in some sections spruce in mixture. The soil of this region is principally sand and the ultimate forest will be the mixed pine type, no matter what the present compo- sition of the forest may be. Wherever fire has occurred the poplar occupies a large part of the ground and is an important species that must be considered in the future management.
Past Management.— There are a few areas that still contain some of the original forest, but these are very limited in extent. The
"KN ‘opftAtoqweM Ivan Jepod oyy AA jo uoronpoidoy [vinye yy
oS eraaRadamaeR NE, Soe
EAT
*
Saad
RATAN NMR ENTS
a —
Photo by J. W. Stephen,
1 of 8 years.
S per acre 1n a peri1oc
is produced 4 cord
a c
ict h
r c
This tr
Natural Reproduction of Poplar.
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 121
greater part of all this region has been lumbered. Some of it is being lumbered at the present time for the third cutting. They are gathering the material that at previous cuttings was not of sufficient value to pay for exploiting. Whatever is left after the present operation will be of very little value for any purpose. Much of this region has been burned and some of it has been burned again and again. The original type has disappeared, not even seed trees being left to reseed the ground. Lands that have been burned as thor- oughly as these have been are usually seeded by some species like the poplar that on account of the lightness of its seeds scatters on the winds to great distances. This is true in this case and we find much of these lands covered with the poplar type. The trees found associated with the poplar are the pin cherry, paper birch and maple, with spruce and pine coming in wherever there are seed trees.
Future Management.— The poplar is a rapid growing tree, repro- cuces from seeds and root sprouts and reaches maturity at an early age. It is in good demand at pulp and excelsior mills and should be cut at maturity. It is easily injured by fire and whenever this occurs it should be cut in order to utilize the material before it de- cays. One of the illustrations shows a region through which fire swept a number of years ago. Most of the stand has already blown down and the trees that are left will all be down within another year. Such material is worth $6 per cord at the mill and unless it is utilized it becomes a total loss.
An accompanying illustration shows a stand that is ready for cutting. Much of it is near maturity and it will yield to-day as much as it ever will. If it is left uncut for a few years, much of it will blow down and the reproduction that follows will be less than occurs after cutting.
Another illustration shows a stand that has been cut recently. It was cut to a diameter limit of 6 inches. This is the second cutting that has been made on this same ground in the past eight years and an equal amount can be removed in another eight years. Four cords to the acre were taken each time, so that it is possible to cut over poplar ground three times in twenty-five years and obtain one-half cord or better per year and continue this indefinitely. The skidding
I22 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
should be done early in the spring. The young growth that is left should not be injured but the soil itself may be broken up as much as is necessary without danger of injury to the future crop. The roots that are injured in the process will send up new shoots and the exposed soil will allow for the germination of seedlings. Inten- tional breaking up of the soil and cutting of the roots would prob- ably result in a great increase in the number of new shoots and con- sequent increase in future crops. In all of this region the spruce and pine are coming in wherever there are seed trees and in hand- ling such land for poplar this fact should be borne in mind and the young growth of these species should be favored so that these lands ay return to the original type as soon as possible.
The areas that still contain merchantable timber of the original
type should be protected from fire, and if lumbered, should be cut to a certain diameter limit so that there would be enough left on the ground to reseed the ground for future crops. — Opportunities for the Practice of Forestry— There is an excel- lent opportunity for the practice of forestry throughout this region. The land is adapted to the growing of timber rather than to the production of other crops. Much of it is covered with poplar and a poor quality of hardwood growth that will never amount to much. “There are large areas that have little growth of any kind and these should be planted with pines. The seed trees are so scarce through- out this region that it would take several generations of self seeding before a stand of sufficient density to make desirable timber would be obtained. Such a stand can be obtained at once by planting. Re- foresting is the only way to give such lands premanent value and the quicker this is done the better for all.
OWNERSHIP AND VALUES | The majority of the residents on the farms of the county are the owners of the land. There are, however, a great many tenants. This is especially true in the hill region where much of the land is held by nonresidents, the descendents of the early settlers. The population is cosmopolitan in its character. There are a goodly
“puno}j oq 0} st YMo1s BuNOA ou pu poyytused Used SPY sulinysed yoy Y} UO aiIYM ‘UOoTONpoides JUsT[I0xe UB SI aay} pue
‘poyiqryoid seq sey sutimased oousy ol} susydeays “MM ‘f Aq oJ000g
at
jO JU SIL OY} OL,
puey] poinjsedug pur
ann iain CORE
pornjseg uo uorjonpoidoy yeinyze
seo
CSF bee
Same ellis BES
N
jo uostieduiog of,
Pe
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION 123
number left of the original settlers but most of the renters and recent purchasers of land are later arrivals. German, Polish, Irish
and Italian names are common.
VALUE AND TAX RATES
The prices of farm property vary according to location and im- provements. Good farm land will bring as high as $100.00 per acre, while cut over lands that have no value for agriculture are assessed as low as $1 per acre. Many of the rough hill farms are assessed below $10 per acre. The assessed valuation is probably about two-thirds of the real value, although in many cases it would be hard to make a quick sale at the assessed valuation.
The tax rate varies greatly in the different towns. It is as low as $2.71 per thousand in some towns and as high as $25.67 in others.
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY
_The lumber industry in Oneida county is at rather a low ebb because of the scarcity of timber. There are, however, mills of different grades found in almost every section of the county. Some of these are portable mills. Most mills of the county do more or less custom sawing, charging about $3 per M. for soft woods and $3.50 per M. for hardwoods. They pay an average of $18 per M. for hemlock and elm and $20 for maple and basswood delivered at the mills throughout the southern part of the county. Prices aver- age slightly lower in the northern part.. The price on the stump varies with the location of the timber and the difficulties encount- ered in getting it to the mill yard.
The amount cut by the different mills is decreasing rapidly on account of the growing scarcity of logs. The mill yards show that more complete utilization is being accomplished, because many of the logs are of a poorer quality than would have been seen in the yards a few years ago. ©
The timber is manufactured into a great variety of material. There are mills for the manufacture of the different grades of lumber and of lath, heading and shingles. There are mills also for the manufacture of some special product, e.g., pulp, excelsior, chairs, furniture, notions and brooms.
124 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
Oneida county is well situated for carrying on the lumber in- dustry. It has numerous streams for the cheap transportation of the raw material. It has railroads and canals that reach almost every section of the county and that bring all parts in touch with the best of markets. It has unsurpassed advantages for manufac- turing industries. ‘Those already established that require timber for the basis of their product could use far more than the present production with unlimited opportunity for expansion to make use of all the material that it is possible to grow on the natural timber lands of the county.
CONCLUSIONS
Oneida county occupies an important position in regard to the - drainage systems of the State. It is the source of streams that are the headwaters of the Susquehanna, that belong to the watershed of the St. Lawrence, and what is of still greater importance, con- tains much of the drainage basin of the Mohawk. These streams are all of great importance to the State as a source of power for its manufacturing industries. The canal system is dependent on a con- tinuous and uniform supply of water from this particular section. Any plan for the conservation of our resources must take into con- sideration the development of this region especially in its relation to a water supply.
At least one-third of the entire county is better fitted for the production of timber than for any other purpose. Not more than ten per cent could be called forested at the present time and some of that is located on agricultural land. It is safe to say that 30 per cent of the entire area of the county is land that will never have a permanent value approximating its potential value until it is covered with a properly regulated forest. This would not only give these lands a permanent value, but it would increase the net income per acre, protect the watersheds from erosion, regulate the flow of springs and streams, decrease the dangers from drouth, and in- crease the production capacity of the remaining lands for agricul- ture.
‘
ae
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 125
Much of this region is adapted to the growth of conifers. Large areas of contiguous territory are found in the northern half of the county that has a sandy soil and that offers unsurpassed oppor- tunity for the production of conifers. This territory should be planted with the various species of pine also spruce.
The remainder of the county contains much land that should be forested though occurring in smaller parcels. It is also adapted to the growth of conifers but I would favor the planting of Norway spruce in preference to the pines.
These lands are also adapted to the production of deciduous species. The basswood and maple particularly will pay to propagate and favor wherever possible, the maple as a basis for the sugar industry and the basswood for its valuable timber and also as a source for the supply of honey.
Enough examples are found of woodlots that have been protected from grazing to show that areas that are properly protected after being cut will reproduce a valuable crop of desirable species. A little care in thinning on the part of the owner will produce a very valuable timber property.
I believe there is a great future for the farms of Oneida county in planting these denuded areas and in protecting the lands already forested, so that all lands that are better adapted for the growth of timber than for any other purpose, may have a permanent value and return an income commensurate with their possibilities.
SPECIES IN ONEIDA COUNTY
UES RETOUUS nde On eke ha Ss 5 bc eek ek White pine ERIS ORICMIINS . io, Ss ad Ano 8 oo Tamarack PPE CD BIE HG ION a 1K. tate de heathen he ete fo % Red spruce ESO: COMOUCHSIS: (i 3 oi. 1 chelnes laren Hemlock OIE S HOUISENAD oo ew ek ee Caw Balsam fir PWUIG CCCHHCHTOUS osc. Goi co Wc ee es Arborvitae JUMIPCTUS VIFGINIANG 6.60 cccvacceces Red juniper ONS CUHET ED 1a i vatinew ces ta es Butternut UOMO GER INO 2's. tle He oe. Case Se «eos Black walnut
del GOR TE UENO So oo ow ac bee hes Bitternut hickory
126 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
FLc0ria alan. CIM SEE Se Mockernut Salta inigra: 2200... AOR eta eS Black willow Populus igemuloides). 1208 eee Aspen Populus: grondidentata 32 2. 12) ARR Largetooth aspen Populus balsamifera> ik 2 eta se Balm of Gilead Populus deltowdes st 20.0062 Dees Common cottonwood Betula: papyriferaic cote: ARE ee Paper birch Betula hites e450 AOS eee Yellow birch
_ Ostrya wirgemana 3.25523 ae Hornbeam Carjunus waroliunana 623.6), DARE Blue beech Fagus airapumea lio: 160 eee Beech Casioned deniata 2d uct. wi. Meee Chestnut Odtercus.valba n(): 26 eee, eked Oe White oak Quercus MACfOLETPE. 2.50 os ae TS Burr oak Ouercus rebae. ot). sodicwwads eben Red oak QUCTCUS DOMME 45 85 2 Seats AR ae “Yellow oak
. Gimus #dbesceas ss ic eh ele te Slippery elm Uhnws americaa pec ad Mee pia White elm Clntts SEcemose 6a ce ve see oe Cork elm Liriodendron tulipifera .........006. Yellow poplar Prunus Pennsylvanica .........0000% Wild red cherry Pranns sérating. 2. 22k ete eee Black cherry Gledststa Gricanthos ¢.22.,2060ick joe ks Honey locust Robina pseudatacia :.. 3.) 1 eon ees Locust Acer pennsyloamicum . 0.3. Jaastee ede Striped maple Acer sacchari) x. oie eee eo Sugar maple Acer saccharepn 38 ody. See eo eee Silver maple Acer rubrum >. 055. See aoe Red maple ACE? \NEQURED 22. Ors oe ee ae Box elder DGG | GUETEOORE © 9 acy Gr vy ae een eee . Basswood Pratings QngTit CO). cit ne eae eae Black ash Pratinus Gmerecaua 0s ea ek ee White ash — Catalpa catalpal 2 i..05. 32% ape res © Common catalpa
Cataipa;speciosi” . 6.2 vs Vee eee Hardy catalpa
LANDS CONVEYED TO THE STATE DURING THE
YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 33, 1930
ADIRONDACK PARK Essex County:
Old Military Tract, Twp. 11, Lot 199, N. W. %,
except 20 acres N. E. corner from P. J. Marsh.. Hamilton County:
Totten & Crossfield Purchase, Lots 10, 11 and 12. Allowance of acreage deducted from Certf. 298 at time of issuance. A sworn map of the land in question was filed with the Comptroller Oct. 30, 1g0o9 and G. N. Ostrander allowed pay for this additional amount of acreage. Same should Hew ne acsed fo-ared of Park. cis .ci6.. 2.
Benson Township, Lot 111, the und. % of the East Y% and the undivided % of the West 4%, Hiram Rae er ee, PES e a ee ae sie bes 6
CATSKILL PARK Greene County: ; tlardenbure Patent, Great Lot 23, Lot Ne. 87, Poin Apert “W-Ioewisand wifey... ...0)... 6... Hardenburg Patent, Great Lot 25, Lot No. 86 from Beenileys | VOSMIEE Ge GQESy i. ok wale diee Ves ae ou
Ulster County:
Hardenburg Patent, Town of Hardenburg, Great Lot 6, from Arthur Jones and wife, Lot 248, GHEE ESOML RGAEEs Poco wos Wes eye ts a 3 +
| Hardenburg Patent, Great Lot 7, Livingston Tract. lowm or Shandaken.part of Lot 3)... .0....6... Season UAC Sas ase 8S ee ne 4, 8 tn’ gh tue afd Both conveyed by Miles Parker and wife.
[127]
Acres
30
134
165.5
770.8
40
40.6 213.86
128 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
LANDS CONTRACTED FOR BY THE STATE BUT NOT YET CONVEYED, DECEMBER 31, 1910
ADIRONDACK PARK
ESSEX COUNTY HOFFMAN TOWNSHIP
Town Lot From whom bought Acres
SEUTOOR. So icee eas 13| W. 4% Arthar E. Werrens.e.- 125 (See below for balance of Essex county.)
HERKIMER COUNTY. ADGATE’S EASTERN TRACT. MINUSE (J. H.) TRACT. Walivithte och. Sen oe 28 | N. 3, March 3, 1909, Harry J. Tighe. . 50
ESSEX COUNTY. PARADOX TRACT.
SchrGeny.) snc saree 58 | June, 1908, Geo. N. Ostrander........ 160 BRANT LAKE TRACT. POMCON aki gece ee 197 | April, 1908, Geo. N. Ostrander........ 89 | HAGUE TRACT. Ticonderoga......... 25 | April, 1908, G. N. Ostrander... ;..5.52% 209.4 HoFFMAN TOWNSHIP. Schreen,.6 oS eek ee 17 | N. §, June, 1908, G. N. Ostrander..... 125 GO: sear eee 24 | N. 3, do OB goo Les 125
TOTTEN AND CROSSFIELD, TOWNSHIP 25,| BaILey’s PATENT. SCHROOR Scns 13 | April, 1908, Geo. N. Ostrander......... 100
Tract WEST OF ROAD PATENT. DehROOR: 5), Sear oo 144 | April, 1908, G. N. Ostrander.......... 86 do NS. Geet 145 | do ne 0 addi Pusan Bore 112.90
ForESsT, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
129
LANDS CONTRACTED FOR BY THE STATE BUT NOT YET CONVEYED, DECEMBER 33, 1910
CATSKILE PARK DELAWARE COUNTY
Town Lot Middletown ........ | 12 SI tr he ch Cc 13
Jewett and Windham.
Ls Ch) 128 YECE we ee 19 20 BT 24 25 PPRMECT oc ks he we Cairo and Catskill...) 18 19 EO es Co he han es. 35 Weemdinaniae 025... s 51
Date and from whom bought
HARDENBURGH PATENT. GREAT LOTS 7 AND IO. (Darling's First Survey.) Sept., 1910, D. W. Karshner & Son, west side of Mill Brook stream......
GREENE COUNTY. HARDENBURGH PATENT. GREAT LOT 22. Aug. 19, 1908, C. J. Vining. Known as tae: Conley | lot.) Part of lot 43; known as Tomelson and Day tract..
GREAT LOT 25. RINSHO OOEE: 10th aye). Galt sc ebay Sooo
GREAT LOT 26 Noy. 18, 1908, E. P. Simmons (estate of Christian Baehr) sometimes re- ferred to as W. B. Simmons.........
See Ulster county for complete de- scription.
Nov. 2, 1908, First National Bank, Saugerties, with quarry privileges for PPMGHVCEES TAs cenntel om eek sc ean armen
STATE LAND TRACT.
Aug. 14, 1908, H. B. Whitcomb north- erly portions of lots 18 and 19 and adjoining on the west the lands of Catskill Mountain House and con- taining the head waters of Winter Clove and Bear Back creeks........
Werte. [> BillmoreSeette os ok ec s
and 52 part, July 1, 1909, Orwell G. McGlashen. Bounded north by top of mountain, east by lands of Norman Newcomb, south by lots 59 and 60, west by lands of Geo. Ruland, about
Acres
320
144
250
400
1,500
800 II2
600
.48
130 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
CATSKILL PARK—(Continued)
GREENE County—(Continued)
Town
Neversimke 5.264425 do pel se paloic seas 6) cat ae Ge rc (6 a amt Go Sere eee a 8 ee he eh ee | HOeb se kak eure BB er & earns sini GG.) Dates eee GON TY Ess et eet pict, Ba ce we
3 (2 Oem AB RRE AN 98 |
do |
do Bes Giada het) do & Rockland do do
do do
es Ma Stee ea APE
GG. ss) kes. oa
oe ew eee ie Sle
PaO A ees nek eee do & Rockland BOs ee ae ees GO.) Ee aia ee
* Exc. 50a. S. W. cor.
Lot
Date and from whom bought
State Lanp Tract—(Continued). (Probably during 1908.) Wm. Phelps,
Cutting has been done which the Department knows about. See cor- respondence on file. |
John Phelps, Feb. 71,1909. 005 f..2.8; |
HARDENBURG PATENT.
SULLIVAN COUNTY. | GREAT LOT 5.
Feb. 8, 1910, Geo. E. Rice, agent, Parksville. N.Y o6.:364 25 ¢oe eee
June 10, 1908, Carrie King Hammond.} 1,245} Bought with privilege of removing logs and timber already cut on said premises. (See letter of acceptance June 10, 1908, Neile F. Towner.)
Acres | l
=_
ee eee
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 131
CATSKILL PARK ~— (Continued) ULSTER COUNTY
Town Lot Date and from whom bought Acres
HARDENBURGH PATENT. GREAT LOT 6, DIVISION I. Denning Tract. Werte... 235.4. . 31 | Exc. 10 acres from south corner of lot, April 25, 1907, Jas. B. Smith (Nancy PeeWee so aon tema es epee oes 150
GREAT LOT 6, DIVISION 2. Connecticut Tract.
Hardenburgh...... 51 June 10, 1908, Stoddard Hammond or WeAMINe se... os. ‘65 E. $ Carsie King Hammond yi. 2... 2,439.88 Hardenburgh...... yi iat 72
Lo ore 73
20. 79
C0) ee 80
2) 5 86
52 ee 87
LS ae 88 > | See Sullivan county for balance of offer.
20 ee 92
LS SRE Se ae 94
Lt >) ES ee 95
LS. eee 96
SOU ee 99
ROMs cig sk 100
MONO ask Sv IOI
5.3) SE eee 102
2) 0 Se 107
1 ge ee gee a 115
BG sre 8 ae a's 116
Diheoe aera eee eee 117
GREAT LOT 6, DIVISION 3. Robinson Tract. Hardenburgh...... 240 241 2421] March 4, 1909, E. Alley (Second Na- 243 tional Banks Cortland). 3.70.06... 5. 779 245 z 246
Town
do Pcie
Shandaken....
Shandaken....
Weodstock. >. 0.
Woodstock....
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
CATSKILL PARK — (Continued)
Uutster County — (Continued)
Lot Date and from whom bought
GREAT LOT 8.
Duer Tract. ee 37 | Ga 38 || July 6, 1909, Chas. W. Gallaer, Jr., | | nee 45 Arthur E. Rose, attorney. | ee 46
GREAT LOT 8. Allotment N orth of Beaver River. ALS 2 Nov. 11, 1908, Winne estate.......... | Baek 37 | Lies in a basin facing the west........ MG 4} | Joins on north by Simpson lot; east by Hudlet lot. Diagram on file with offer showing exact location.
GREAT LOT 8, DIVISION 6.
Lausette and Bouchard.
se 10 | Aug. 10, 1908, Elbert A. Harrington. .
On west slope of mountain east of Birch
creek. |
| GREAT LOT 8.
Johanna Livingston or Sherwood Tract.
shite 23 | Mary L. Newmnn. 244 2...5.2>sceae |
GREAT LOT 26, SUBDIVISION 3, WESTERN PART. | Berea Dec: 16, 1908, S. J. DAdams... ee | On each slope of Catskill range and) | from the foot to the Greene county line and being the west part of sub- division 3.
GREAT LOT 26, SUBDIVISIONS 6 & 7.
November, 1908, E. P. Simmons (Baehr estate. Sometimes referred to as W. B. Simmons offer).
“Beg. at N. W. cor. of a tract of land heretofore sold by said Mott to John Kiersted, Jr., and others; thence along a line of marked trees north 56 deg. 30 min. west 200 ch. to a sapling marked and cornered and _ stones around it; thence south 33 deg. 30
Fe AH EN iar ee
Acres
100
190.2
9595
1,600
CATSKILL PARK— (Concluded)
UustER County — (Continued)
Town
Saugerties & Wood-
Om es ecru
Lot
18 19
Date and from whom bought
SUBDIVISIONS 6 & 7 — (Continued)
min. west 120 ch. to a tree near a ledge of rocks with stones around it; thence along the south bounds thereof south 56 deg. 30 min. east 200 ch. to the southwest cor. of said tract of land heretofore sold to John Kiersted, Jr., and others, and thence along said tract north 33 deg. 30 min. east 120 ch. to the place of beginning, contain- ing 2,400 acres of land; excepting and reserving in the conveyance lots 47, 44, 16 and 29 (1,600 acres in Ulster county and 400 acres in Greene county).
GREAT LOT 26, SUBDIVISIONS 6 AND 7.
Nov. 2, 1908, First National Bank
(1,500 acres in Greene county.)
TOWN OF OLIVE.
Aoril, 1900,8.. CoH. Thompson... ...:.
ROCHESTER PATENT. GROTE TRANSPORT.
April, 1906, KR. C. H. Thompson. ....
133
Acres
500
“I on
150 On: 47
DEPARTMENT OF FISH CULTURE
DR. TARLETON H. BEAN, State Fish Culturist
[135]
> ser? ap es] ye F : a ~~ x DAG sees ve a * < _s b, ie ; A th ' a ; ’ . ‘ re . -
“IoJeM JHOIL, snowuey “AN ‘oyxv’y [[syouUA
oa hee {Ai 4 pals ee - ate = coe — a, , . .
‘: at Vinee 7 Pe i - ‘ 7 Ny ars : as = mci ; ee eee § a eee ae) Ps Lt boa AP T+ i mae at ha oe Pi Ly ah a we ae. yo te ig é / he / / ‘eh ‘ . 1 7 1 f 7 raer +
REPORT OF THE STATE FISH CULTURIST
Hon. H. Leroy Austin, Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner:
Sir.—I have the honor to present herewith.a report upon the fish cultural work for the calendar year 1910.
This contains the yearly statements of the foremen of the nine stations now operated by the State, together with additional notes based upon inspection trips, notes upon the fishes and other water animals of New York with special reference to their habits and reproduction, statistical data giving comparisons of work accom- plished during the last four years, and such other items as seem to be of public interest and value.
A brief sketch of the fish wealth of New York forms part of this report. This account is based upon the investigations of the earlier writers upon the fishes of the State, the investigations of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, special papers by university men and other students, and the personal observations of the writer. It is unfortunate, but true, that the life of the inland lakes of New York, numerous and important though they are, is as little known as that of some of our remote possessions. New York ranks among the greatest of the States in the value of its fisheries, and its waters contain undeveloped resources of unusual importance. We know little more than the names and spawning seasons of our common fishes. The interrelation of species in their effects one upon the other is almost a sealed book to us. In fish culture the State is occupied with only about thirty species, and these are under observation for the most part at the spawning season only. What is going on in the open waters of our streams and upon the bottoms ot our lakes is little understood, and yet it is of vital im- portance to the success of our work. The State ought to devote more time and money to the study of its natural aquatic resources. Such investigations would yield unexpected and most gratify-
[137]
138 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
ing returns. The work at the stations requires the services of studious men who are devoted to the interests of fish culture. It cannot be done by time servers. New York should easily take first rank in the results of its fish cultural operations; but it is really not above the second rank. Pennsylvania distributes about one billion of fish and other water animals annually. It has an independent Department of Fisheries, and its management is under the control of a single commissioner. ‘That state has a serv- iceable steamer on Lake Erie by means of which eggs of White- fish, Lake Herring and Lake Trout are collected in large num- bers. New York owns no boats for its work with the fishes, and must depend upon such aid as an allied department of the Com- mission can grant, or upon rented service. It is time that the importance of the fisheries to the general public as well as to the angler was fully recognized and acknowledged.
New York is wonderfully diversified in its boundary lines and elevations, and has an extensive water area. Its principal drain- age systems are the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, the St. Law- rence, the Ohio Basin, the Susquehanna, the Delaware, the Hudson with adjacent small streams such as the Passaic, Hackensack, Wallkill and Bronx, and the large inland lakes, many of which communicate with Lake Ontario.
Long Island is richer in fish than the rest of the State, but its species are chiefly marine. There are 217 marine forms of fish life around Long Island and only 27 fresh water species in the streams and lakes, of which 13 or more have been introduced within the last century or two. In the waters of the State there are now catalogued between 375 and 400 species.
In 1842, Dr. DeKay knew only the Yellow Perch, the Roach, Banded Pickerel and Brook Trout from Long Island. Dr. Mitchill transferred Yellow Perch from Lake Ronkonkoma to Success Pond, a distance of 40 miles, in 1790.
Some of our most important fishes run up periodically from the sea into the fresh waters for the purpose of spawning. Among these are the Sea Lamprey, two species of Sturgeon, the Eel, the
Le Sueur.
Pickerel, Esox reticulatus.
treum (Mitchill).
von VI
ike perch, Stizosted
LS SSS SSS
SVRASSS 2 ROTATE RIES TENET: SES
WORD
AAV 3 he Sy Sos" MENSERRRSSN C32 By SSNS
Pike, Esox lucius, L.
Maskalonge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill).
ae
Re ee
ii ha = AN. Bott he Pi aT ‘ ‘ 4 , - 4 . * F] rs 3 > . 3
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 139
Hickory Shad, two species of River Herring, the Shad, the Quin- nat and Atlantic Salmons, the Steel Head Trout, Rainbow Trout, Smelt, two species of Sticklebacks, Striped Bass and the White Perch.
The Silver Gar, Bluefish, Crab Eater, Naked Goby, Tomcod and Hogchoker, or Sole, are marine species which ascend into fresh water. | The following fishes have been introduced into the State: Tench, Ide, Goldfish, Carp, Quinnat Salmon, Atlantic Salmon, Land Locked Salmon, Black Spotted Trout, Steel Head Trout, Brown Trout, Loch Leven Trout, Rainbow Trout, Swiss-Lake Trout, Saibling and Golden Trout.
The fishes represent 99 families of which the most important, from a commercial standpoint, or for angling purposes are the Catfishes, Minnows, Herrings, Salmon, Pikes, Killyfishes, Mack- erels, Pompanos, Sunfishes, Perches, Sea Basses, Weakfish, Cod- fishes and Flounders. |
The most important commercial fishery in the State is based, of course, upon the Shellfish including the Oysters, Clams, Lobsters, Crabs, etc. |
Fish culture in New York ranks high in comparison with that of the other States. The total output of the hatcheries is second, perhaps, only to that of Pennsylvania. The State is handicapped to a great extent by the fact that the water supply at nearly all of its stations is a gravity supply only. For extensive work on a large scale and in a small space, greater head of water is required than is now available. Some of the hatcheries are not located in the most advantageous places, and the supply of spring water is not always sufficient to carry young trout to the fingerling age with safety in dry, hot seasons.
Many of the serious diseases which cause fish mortality are clearly traceable to pollution by sewage or other poisonous drain- age into the stream from which hatchery water is taken. The best water for practical purposes is that from artesian wells at several of the stations. This water is not polluted, and it seldom contains any vegetable or animal parasites from which serious
140 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
epidemics might arise. Several of the stations which suffered most severely from spot disease, boil disease, goitre, protozoan swell- ings, etc., have been improving steadily for several years, and have practically been rehabilitated. It would be of vital importance to our work if we had a compendium of the papers and books relat- ing to fish diseases, many of which are in foreign languages. We have not in this country devoted as much time and study to the diseases of fish as we should have done, and the result is disastrous when epidemics arise, as they are liable to occur at the most unex- pected times and places. Nature has placed a great many checks upon the overproduction of trout in the form of parasites and enemies which attack eggs and young and even adult fish. Many of these natural difficulties have been met and overcome; but there still remains the serious investigation of the effects of water pollu- tion and of vegetable and animal parasites upon the increase of trout and other game fish in our streams and lakes. The sea fish are less liable to destruction by disease and parasites. A great field for advancement is open to the Department in marine work. If this were properly utilized New York would soon and easily take first rank among the States.
The stations almost without exception are growing in efficiency from year to year. The number of applications filed is steadily increasing, and the output of fish is greater each year. A com- parison of the yield for a number of years past, including 1910, forms part of this report. There should be some readjustment of the annual maintenance funds of the various hatcheries, based upon the results of work accomplished. Most of our employees are underpaid, and should receive an increase of wages. The duties of most of the men at the stations are onerous, and the hours are long. It seems unjust to pay even a laborer of the intelligence needed at our hatcheries less than $2 per day. The foremen of stations, especially those who, by reason of long service and faith- ful discharge of their duties have earned commendation, should have $125 per month, which is the amount paid to superintendents in the Federal Bureau of Fisheries. Such a just policy would re- sult in rapid and marked improvement in the service.
‘oye'] Usping ‘ssvg Yoel” YoY od1v’T *suIpoor) Aoupoy Aq oj,04d
By J. D. Fouquet, Sept., 1909. Helgramite and Adult.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
?
The parent of the ‘‘ Helgramite’’ is not a true dragonfly, but an insect allied thereto, with dark wings, a large body, and longer antenne or feelers.
It flies slowly and mostly at night, and is attracted to electric lights. The parent-fly deposits a flat cluster of eggs attached to the under surface of a stone overhanging a stream. ‘This cluster is about as large as a cent and is covered with a hard white substance that protects the eggs from the elements and from enemies.
Early in the fall or late summer, the tiny larve hatch from the eggs, drop into the stream, and catch whatever small insects they can for food.
It takes two or three years for one to become fully grown, and then they leave the stream, crawl under a stone or clod of earth, and transform into the mature insect.
The above is from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., December
24, 1909.
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 141
Attention is respectfully called to the following matters which need prompt action:
The pollution of the sources of Spring creek in the village of Caledonia, and the diverting of water on State land for private uses should be stopped. The State will never be able to restore the Caledonia Hatchery to its original efficiency without absolute control of the bed of Spring creek above the hatchery grounds.
The lease of property for the Chautauqua Station should be renewed or else additional property, more suitable for hatchery purposes, should be acquired. The station is capable of doing ex- cellent work with Trout, Lake Herring, Whitefish, Maskalonge, Black Bass and other valuable fish; but it must be enlarged and improved.
The Cold Spring Harbor Hatchery ought to have a larger annual maintenance fund and an auxiliary station or stations should be established at the eastern end of Long Island for work with im- portant marine species. This station distributes more fish of value to the people for food than all the others combined, and at the same time it can handle all the Brook Trout eggs required by all the stations and bring them to the eyed stage.
The Delaware Hatchery is growing in efficiency, but it will prob- ably never be able to do what is necessary in the way of furnishing trout for the region which it is intended to cover. It would be de- sirable to increase the State holdings by the purchase of a farm ‘in the vicinity of the hatchery which has an extra large cold spring. It would be well also to acquire a dam site on the farm of Peter Sanford and, in fact, to buy all the property adjoining or touching Whortleberry Brook up to the head of the valley.
The Fulton Chain Station could be very much improved by in- troducing spring water at comparatively little expense for the pur- pose of rearing trout to fingerlings. The lake water now supply- ing the station becomes too warm in early summer to accomplish this desired object.
The Linlithgo Station will probably not be able to raise finger- ling trout at any time because of the lack of spring water. It would be very desirable to produce fingerlings at the station for
142 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
distribution in Columbia and adjacent counties, and if a suitable spring can be located on the place it would be good policy to pump the water from the spring to the rearing races and ponds. The Black Bass and Calico Bass are thriving in the brood ponds, and the work with Shad and River Herring is growing constantly.
The Oneida Station badly needs a new hatchery in place of the present one which is antiquated and out of repair. A landing be- low the Scriba Creek bridge should be acquired, because at present the State boat can be reached only by crossing private property. A suitable launch for fish cultural work on Oneida Lake is one of the greatest necessities of the station. If this were supplied, the output of the hatchery could easily be increased 50 per cent and the boat would pay for itself in two seasons by saving launch hire.
The Pleasant Valley Hatchery has been redeemed by changing its water supply, and will soon forge to the front again in its yield of trout. The stream formerly supplying the hatchery and ponds was so badly polluted by drainage and sewage that it de- stroyed the efficiency of the station by causing serious diseases. The use of artesian and spring water has restored this property, and now it will grow in value from year to year. The collections of Lake Trout eggs in Keuka Lake for this station were reduced to the minimum through the depredations of the Yellow Perch and Suckers which devoured nearly all the eggs on every spawning bed in the lake. This discovery will probably account for our failure generally to obtain Lake Trout eggs in the large lakes which are known to contain plenty of trout.
In conclusion, permit me to recommend that the Department of Fish Culture be equipped with the force necessary to do its work up to the best standards. The result of this action cannot fail to be gratifying to the Commissioner and to the people.
Respectfully submitted, TARLETON*H. BEAN. ALBANY, December 31, 1910. :
inn ¥ « ay rN
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 143
REPORTS FROM THE HATCHERIES ADIRONDACK HATCHERY To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
The work at this station during the past year has been success- ful. Our output for the past season shows a total of 7,024,613. We have filled 1,380 applications. The greater number of these called for Brook Trout; 2,280,188 Brook Trout were shipped from here this season, of which number 1,357,188 were fingerlings, the remainder being planted as fry. The total number of trout shipped were 80 per cent. of the eggs received.
Local fishermen have had unusually good success fishing in Grass Pond this season, one party catching 117 Brook Trout in one day, the fish measuring from seven to ten inches in length. There is no doubt that these fish were planted from this station two years ago as fry. In our nets this fall we notice a great many small whitefish which are the result of the stocking done in recent years, and promise a supply of eggs in the future.
We used nets in many of the local waters this fall in an effort to get Lake Trout eggs to take the place of those formerly re- ceived from the Great Lakes.
New cement walks have been laid on the hatchery grounds this summer by the regular hatchery employees. The ice house and meat room need some repairs which we expect to complete before cold weather. With this work done, the buildings and grounds will be in very satisfactory condition for the coming year.
During the fishing season last fall we had more nets fishing than -in former years; but did not meet with the usual success in col- lecting eggs. I think this was due to the unusually warm weather and the fact that there was very little wind. [ have observed that during a season when we have high winds and ald weather we get more eggs. I have also noted that when the water in the lakes and streams is high the fishing for spawn is not as successful as in low water. |
One trouble in collecting Lake Trout eggs in our Adirondack
144 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
lakes is that the trout do not seem to have any particular place for spawning, but are found in various parts of the lakes near the shore. This makes it difficult to catch them, as our pound nets cannot be easily moved and the extensive use of gill nets is injuri- ous to the fish.
The eggs received at this station during the past season were much younger than those received formerly, and a very much smaller percentage was lost when they were placed in the cold water.
Very little trouble was experienced by the loss of fish during transportation. While carrying fish in the cans on the road it is absolutely necessary to keep them well iced and the water very cold. Upon being received by the applicant they are often emptied into small streams where the water is many degrees warmer than that in which they have been carried and, as a result, a great many are lost. If a little care were taken and some of the warm water added to that in the cans and allowed to stand a short time the change would be more gradual and much better results would be obtained from the stocking of the streams.
In hatching Rainbow Trout and Black Spotted Trout at this station, I notice better results are obtained when the eggs and
young fish in the hatching troughs are kept covered until the food — sac is absorbed.
At the present time we have two pound nets in Little Clear, one in Big Clear, one in Hoel Pond, one in Little Green Pond, and two in Lake Placid fishing for Lake Trout and Whitefish. We also have eight fyke nets set for Brook Trout. We have taken only a few eggs as it is early yet.
The Adirondack Hatchery uses 30,480 gallons of water per hour when all the jars, troughs, ponds and outdoor races are in opera- tion. When not using water in the hatchery for jars and troughs the flow available for outdoor races and ponds is 27,330 gallons per hour. Of this amount one pipe supplies about 360 gallons per hour, but this is not used in hot weather, as the water is too warm.
A detailed report of the egg collecting work follows:
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 145
Report of Egg Collecting Season of 1909-1910, Adirondack Hatchery BROOK TROUT
WHEN : RECEIVED Se ae Where from Condition poe ae Remarks OR TAKEN of eggs atchery Oct. 9, to Nov. ZO MTOOO)\s v2 475,000 | Local waters......... Green eggs} To date..| No. dead eggs picked off to date; 121,600 Dec. 10, 1909..} 772,800 | Cold Spring Harbor...| Eyed eggs} To date.. 30,778 Dec. 17, 1909..| 500,000 | American Fish Culture Co., Carolina, R. I.| Eyed eggs} To date.. Dec. 22, 1909..| 200,000 | American Fish Culture Cou CanolintareRe Meise aes ABOVGAG em mores cid ane 2uSa ehe 48,291 Dec. 27, 1909..| 100,000 | American Fish Culture Con Carolina Reh Poor... To date. . Dec. 30, 1909..| 200,000 | American Fish Culture Co., Carolina, R. I.| Good....| To date.. Dec. 30, t909..} 104,569 | A. R. Graham & Son, ] Berkeley, Mass....}| Good....| To date. .| | - Jan. 6, 1910..| 183,226 | A. R. Graham & Son, f Tkist poe athe wueaanres 34 Berkeley, Mass ....| Good....| To date. .| J Jan. 7, 1910..| 395,704 | Charles A. Woters, WEISS DOTtyMe ae aie a lloras tech ADfoy (6 ahoy=ys oot ae gee nan eae L, 065 LAKE TROUT Oct. 16, to <a | | | LOWUQOOy =... 172,800 | Local waters. o.....~. Greenreges eae tote malic nie acura he ke ic 34,200 WHITE FISH Nov. 2, to Nov. TO) LOO... . - 15,370,000 | Local waters......... Greeneggs| ......... No. dead eggs picked off to date; 121,600 FROST FISH Nov.12,to Nov. 2ATO09.. =. .| 414,000 | Local waters........ - IGTeESINE SOS ere a. bette ayi'll a stave ac taal rces 46,000
146 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Egg Collecting, 1910, Adirondack Hatchery BROOK TROUT
DATE Petal exes Water where taker IQIO
Octobes!23 to Novembers22 oe wie ts cise ie eres 75,000 | Little Clear and Outlet October 1s) to October i22cecc so woacte css = ee ee 12,500 | Pollywog Pond October 16'to November 15... ca.cee ee eee ee eee 425,000 | Bone Pond
Tata gs ek oe etalk lass ta eo ste teeey eed ote mareeet wishes eo teeneeees 512,500
BROWN TROUT @ctober' ts to November 10.4.2... oso anise neers ers 12,000 { Little;Green Pond LAKE TROUT
October 25 to November TOo sn Lieic sicruein sie stee eras 63,800 | Little Green Pond October 22 to November 26.2. 222-2. 3-22 hs eles leis 59,800 | Little Clear Pond October 16:to November. 7200 e ess se een eines 51,600 | Big Clear Pond October 15 to October 205.00. scence coven be eee es _ 24,800 | Lake Placid
"Bebe nc, osucete oat oo eee ee 200,000
WHITE FISH
November sto Novembenita .c <q. cis .sie ee eine he 1,554,000 | Little Clear November’ 3 to: November0..... <= al ones asa eens 294,000 | Hoel Pond November 7 to November \13).6 040 seecc can 2g ctee 2,646,000 | Lake Placid November. to, November 12... 22.0050 ceneae exis oes I,092,000 | Big Clear Pond
MOGA . Abrsya rch are aee ere ate Sete wies i umhene apaiaiane eins erereree 5,586,000
FROST FISH
INovember=ra to uNovember 7 een ee ele eee 23,000 | Big Clear Pond November 18 to November 25..... .-. 0 os.aechasiou ns 92,000 | Hoel Pond
Total: % ss ccs casa eesiee aloe eo ees Goeraee meee II5,000
Total number of eges taken, 1910)... «2. eee eee oe 6,425,500
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 147
Fish and Eggs Collected, 1910, Adirondack Hatchery BROOK TROUT
Total : ae Water | Temper- Ripe Ripe Eggs DATE xd males | females taken eeg eae (560 52 October 15 to November 22........ 1,665 774 691 512,500 \ 38 40 LAKE TROUT October 15 to November 22........ | 420 | I5I 87 | 200,000 { 33 me BROWN TROUT October 28 to November 10........ | II | 7 | 4 | I2,000 I{ - 2) WHITE FISH November 1 to November 13....... L 2,474: | 588 | 386 |5,586,000 | 40 | 42 FROST FISH November 18 to November 25...... 300 109 54 II5,000 38 40 PRGLAINPE to sine. lois cals ces Sega e 3,870 1,629 1222710, A25- 5008 |i siecaisc |i ce sete
Summary of Fish and Eggs, 1910, Adirondack Hatchery
Total eggs Total fry Total fry Fingerlings KIND OF FISH taken hatched shipped shipped
SS ee _ | ee
rea EO NM Gere cia, s scks oele sie a toh weeks 2,851,299 2,511,143 923,000 1,357,188 ILeIRE HPO Se BS Ae ae ee en 172,800 138,240 85,000 « 36,560 RSMO WAUEOMb SO occ cu edad cues see 5,000 DPD Rie Nara crate terete p 1,600 ilackespouted trOut..c0cscc sec des cee ce 48,000 SOOO! Wee aves ceveleter ais 32,265 MERE EES tere) ote bis vec c Son Soe xs Lorene 5,370,000 4,242,000 AX DAZ sOOO) | vecsicisten aieise OsumSHPye rts oO oe eke cael cc dee 414,000 347,000 SAT ROOO? (ior, cv craters <ieve
The station has no brood fish. Eggs are collected from nearby waters or bought from commercial hatcheries. Very respectfully, MIEO FF) OFIS, Foreman. UPPER SARANAC, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1910.
148 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
CALEDONIA HATCHERY
To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
The work at this station has been carried on with very good success. We have filled 878 applications, and have distributed 6,378,750 fish, of which 1,636,100 were fingerlings and 4,742,500 were fry.
An exhibit of 150 adult Brook, Brown and Rainbow Trout and 40 Albino Lake trout was made at the New York State Fair at Syracuse by this station and attracted much attention.
The eggs received here last year from Owen Sound did not turn out a very large percentage of fish. The weather being rough at Stony Island we did not get very good results from there, but hope to do better this year. We had three men at Dunkirk last year gathering Herring eggs, but the weather was bad and the fishermen lost all of their nets so we got but very few eggs. We expect to go to Erie, Pa., this year and hope to have better success getting Herring eggs there.
There has been but very little repairing done around the Hatch- ery this year. We built two scows, and have been cleaning part of the creek and this work should be continued until it is in good condition. The plank retaining wall at the head of the creek is much decayed and should be replaced by a concrete wall. Some of the ponds and feeders to the hatchery are in bad condition and should be rebuilt. We did some grading about the hatchery with the dirt that came out of the creek. We have partly filled an old pond near the ice house with some stone and dirt that came from the new State road improvement. The Guthrie Hatchery has been fitted with new troughs, and is in good condition now.
The station received the following eggs: From Cold Spring Harbor, 1,820,000 Brook Trout eggs, of which 500,000 were hatched out January 6, 1910; from stock fish, 1,120,000 Brown Trout eggs, all of them in good condition January 6, 1910; from Stony Island, Lake Ontario, 62,000 Lake Trout eggs; from Lake Huron, 1,102,000 Lake Trout eggs; from Fulton Chain Hatchery,
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 149
1,008,000 Whitefish eggs; from Dunkirk, Lake Erie, 4,263,000 (49 quarts) Herring eggs.
The Lake Trout egg collecting at Stony Island yielded very poor returns, and the eggs received from that locality were in very bad condition. Lake Herring work at Erie and Dunkirk was fairly successful in spite of stormy weather.
Very respectfully, FRANK REDBAND, Foreman.
Mumrorp, N. Y., November 23, 1910.
CHAUTAUQUA HATCHERY
To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
My transfer from Linlithgo to this hatchery on July 1ith of this year makes a short time of service for my report. On taking charge I found the hatchery in good working order with the few needed repairs that come from time to time. A record of the season’s work is given in another report. As the records will show, an increase of Maskalonge fry and Brook Trout fry and finger- lings was made over last season. On July 11th about 85,000 Brook Trout fingerlings remained for distribution which were dis- posed of on August 31st. They were as nice fish for their age and kind as I ever saw, showing that the artesian water used for propa- gating is of the best. With the contemplated proposition to estab- lish a Black Bass hatchery in connection with the present work carried on, I would not recommend much change or improvement. until the situation is determined. While there may be, I do not know of a more favorable location for bass propagating in the State than here.
First: There is practically no expense in getting the adult fish for spawning, as they are captured in the nets used for collecting Maskalonge eggs at a favorable time for putting them in the spawning ponds.
150 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Second: When they are through spawning they can be returned to the lake, thereby saving any care and feeding the year around, which is quite an item, besides where the fish are returned to the lake in their natural element when through spawning, results from year to year will be much better than they would if the adult fish were kept confined and artifically fed in the ponds.
Third: It will take less pond room where the adult fish are disposed of in this way and more easily constructed. ponds to raise the same number of young bass than if the adult fish were to be kept as the spawning ponds could then be used for rearing the young fish.
I have looked over the situation and believe a suitable location for the work can be had and would urge that the proposition be given early attention, that we may be able to make a start propa- gating next spring:
As it is well known, the propagating of the Black Bass is past the experimental stage and is carried on with varied success. In my judgment this is one of the most important of our State fishes, and ought to receive much attention, as they are a hardy fish and thrive in most of our waters.
Respectfully yours, GRANT E. WINCHESTER, Foreman. Bemus Point, N. Y., October 1, 1910.
The following record of Maskalonge culture at the Chautauqua Hatchery is by R. R. Brown, who was in charge of the station until July 11, 1910, when he was relieved by Grant E. Winchester.
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION ISI
‘Record of Maskalonge Work
Total : ; Water Tem- DATE fish Bie f Rive Eggs taken morn- perature, ee taken cs ees ing night Or €88
April 13, 1910 I5 I I 10,500 Ae een fer teen t April 14,1910 30 6 4 168,000 AG \oriverciatare tes 4 April 15, 1910 40 2 I 42,000 48 48 t April 16, 1919 30 3 I 94,500 49 51 23 Aprii 17, 1910 120 28 13 262,500 49 50 6% April 18, 1910 77 17 8 210,000 48 52 5 April 19, 1910 120 7 B 136,500 50 50 3t April 20,1910 163 20 8 630,000 47 47 I5 April 21, 1910 85 16 8 178,500 46 46 4t April 22, 1910 90 14 5 262,500 46 50 ot April 23, 2910 125 12 6 304,500 49 46 7% April 24, 1910 Too 13 5 189,000 48 48 4s April 25, 1910 41 18 9 409, 500 47 48 ot April 26, 1910 I50 I5 7 199,500 48 48 44 April 27,1910 200 20 9 283,500 46 48 6% April 28, 1910 180 25 I2 483,000 48 48 11} April 29, 1910 185 26 14 567,000 48 49 133 April 30, 1910 I40 17 9 430,500 50 50 Io} May 1, 1910 250 35 18 850,500 50 52 20+ May 2, 1910 I75 18 ne) 661,500 53 54 15% May 3, 1910 180 30 I5 892,500 52 52 aI} May 4, 1910 roo 8 4 283,500 51 52 62 May 5, 1910 125 15 9 462,000 51 51 II May 6, 1910 I00 I4 7 462,000 51 53 Ir May 7, 1910 75 7 = 252,000 53 54 6 May 8, 1910 50 5 2 126,000 54 54 3 May 9, 1910 BO pie cosmeadirihea ratte ges 54 AN Hometate cree c May 10, 1910 ZO gee eae teed | Maciek Ae ||| tera cle fenen crane camsietectone ere bpeustetblers si. [)'-dewdse awe aie
Totals.... Zig wait 387 IOI SASS TSOOM reitete ts atte inlet Sleceeitsrers 2104
CoLtp SPRING HArsor HATCHERY
To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
Having passed a very successful season, I take pleasure in re- porting on the different branches of work carried on at this sta- tion. Through the kindness of Mr. Slade, President of the South- side Sportsmen’s Club, Oak Dale, L. I., who gave us the privilege of taking trout spawn from the club ponds, a fine lot of Brook Trout eggs was collected. The club people helped us in the work in every way possible. The 1,000,000 eggs collected from our stock trout with 1,000,000 purchased from a commercial hatchery at Weissport, Pa., gave us about all we could handle. After being eyed up, a large part of these eggs were sent to the several hatch- eries. Some trouble caused a loss among our trout fingerlings in cathy? Simmer: ) Dr. Larleton, > Bean; our fish culturist, after
examining, pronounced it one of the flagellates, which attacks the
152 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
fish and if very numerous will clog the gills and cause inflamma- tion. By drawing down the water in the supply pond and adding several doses of salt the trouble was overcome. With the Tom- cod work we had difficulty in locating the spawning fish. After trying several places where we had collected spawn, we located them at Canoe Place, on Shinnecock Bay. The fishermen were catching them in large quantities and shipping to New York markets. We collected a fine lot of eggs and hatched fry enough to fill all appli- cations for the water on both sides of Long Island and Jamaica Bay. This work can be greatly increased by a small outlay of money, giving us proper facilities for handling double the amount of eggs. The smelt came in great numbers at the usual spawning time, but the fish were small, a great many of them one year old,
showing good results from the planting of the previous year. For.
this reason not so many eggs were collected as the year before. The eggs hatched well and many millions of fry were planted in nearby streams and the up-State lakes. We collected a fine lot of winter flatfish eggs, hatched and planted them as usual. This work can be increased by repairing our salt water pond and doing it at the main hatchery. Our small building used for this work is so situated that the north and west winds which prevail during March and April bring our suction pipe on the lee shore where it often gets clogged with drift or gives us roiley water. The repair- ing of this pond is also needed for the Tomcod work. Next in importance is the Lobster work. ‘This season broke all previous records, but the hatching is done on Fort Pond Bay, near Montauk, Long Island, with floating boxes such as were used by Mr. Seth Green in hatching shad on the Hudson river years ago, and dis- carded later for more improved methods, which require a building with hatching table and jars, yielding far better results. The fish- ermen rendered us great assistance and were pleased with the work. At the close of the lobster hatching the Sea Bass began to spawn. These eggs can be hatched in floating boxes, but owing to the rough water, the eggs being semi-buoyant, it is impossible to hold them. We have been requested to stock the harbors on the north side with Blue Crabs. In early fall they are carrying their eggs and
—— ee a aad
o161 ‘A[Nf “A CN ‘YHeyUOPY ‘ss1oysqoyT suiyoye FT
_ Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 153
can then be collected and planted wheré.. eded. We also planted a lot of adult crabs which would spawn later in the season. The total output of eggs and fish from this station numbers about three hundred and sixty millions.
Our output of marine fishes could be greatly increased. During the past season our salt water hatchery has been equipped with gas engines which take the place of the hot-air pump, that being en- tirely worn out. We have also placed gas engines in our pump house near the main hatchery, the steam boiler being condemned. Some improvements have been made on the grounds. Our ice house needs repairing, and we need a reservoir for our salt water or marine work. Some changes could be made in the hatching room, giving us more space for our hatching jars and increasing our work in that line.
Record of Eggs, Season of 1909, Cold Spring Harbor Hatchery BROOK TROUT
Total eggs DATE cas eae Water where taken Remarks Seabees ers T-000),000)| Weissport, Pa oid. cede c ee Aue Hee eee 2,904,000 | Oakdale, Long Island......... } |2,900,000 of these were sent to other hatcheries.
eee eee 945,000 ||" Hatchery Ponds.) . 0.5.00...
DELAWARE HATCHERY
To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
The work at this station for the past year has been up to the usual standard. Our output was increased over last year by the addition of Brown Trout. The output this year consisted of — Brook and Brown Trout. The Brown Trout eggs were procured from the Caledonia station. Eight hundred and forty-five cans of fish were planted.
Disease of any kind among the fish this year was rare.
As usual the fishing in nearby waters has been good. Rainbow
Trout were caught again this season in the Delaware river by. fly
154 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
fishing, from last year’s planting, that ran from seven to eight inches long. That I consider a very satisfactory growth for fish one year old. A few large Brook and Brown Trout were again this year taken to the Cobleskill fair for exhibit through the fair week. |
As the spawning season is near at hand again I hope to procure a large number of Brook Trout eggs from our own stock fish and nearby waters.
The spruce and pine trees which were set out here on State land last year by the Forestry Department are doing well.
I suggest that an appropriation of $150 be procured this win- ter, to be used for improvements during the coming spring for cement walks around races and cement outlets or sluices from ponds, and a few other things which may be needed.
Respectfully yours, H. E. ANNIN, Foreman.
MarGARETVILLE, N. Y., October 31, 1910.
The following eggs were received up to January I, 1910, by Foreman Annin:
December 23, 1909, 200,000 Brook Trout eggs from Plymouth, Mass.
December 30, 1909, 300,000 Brook Trout eggs from Plymouth, Mass.
December 28, 1909, 100,000 Brook Trout eggs from Berkeley, Mass.
December 29, 1909, 100,000 Brook Trout eggs from Berkeley, Mass.
December 31, 1909, 150,000 Brown Trout eggs from Caledonia Station.
On January 17th, during a visit to the Delaware Hatchery, I found in the building Brook Trout eggs from stock fish, from the Plymouth Rock Trout Co., and from A. R. Graham & Son, all in good condition. There were about 3,000 fingerling Brook Trout in the hatchery troughs and about 1,900 fingerling Brook Trout in
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 155
two cement ponds outside of the hatchery. There were also about 600 trout, 2 years old and older, in the large pond near the fore- man’s dwelling.
I could not discover any trace of disease among the trout in the hatchery troughs. The outside ponds were covered by ice and snow to such a depth that it was impossible to report upon their condition.
The foreman’s house was greatly in need of a furnace to heat it satisfactorily. The hatchery building and the outside races and ponds were in excellent condition.
If the dam is in proper condition to permit the use of a larger pipe than the one now in place to supply the hatchery and ponds, I think it would be possible to increase the volume of water and thereby extend the work in both hatchery and ponds. The present pipe is six inches in diameter.
FULTON CHAIN HATCHERY
To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
The work at this station has been very satisfactory this season. The total output has been increased by several millions of fry and fingerlings. These were planted as follows: Brook Trout fry, 45,000; Brook Trout fingerlings, 327,500; Lake Trout fry, 29,000; Land Locked Salmon, 23,000 fingerlings; Whitefish fry, 5,500,000; Frost fish fry, 1,000,000, making a total of 6,924,500 fish. We also shipped 1,000,000 Whitefish eggs to Caledonia Hatchery. The taking of wild Brook Trout for epawning is growing more difficult every year. The same applies to the Frost fish, which are getting scarce in the Fulton Chain and seem to grow more so every year. I think the Bass are driving them out. The lakes are polluted with sewage which is another reason for the scarcity of ail species of fish in the Fulton Chain. The Lake Trout and Whitefish are hold- ing out better than the other species as they are deep-water fish and are not affected by either the Bass or the sewage.
I recommend that we lay another pipe from the dam to the
156 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
hatchery as we do not have sufficient water for the feeding season. This could be done without much cost and would increase’ the capacity of the hatchery for fingerling trout.
The hatchery and boat house have been painted this summer. The ice house needs to be painted next season, and will also have to be shingled and new sills put under it before this can ‘be done.
The retaining pond has been rebuilt with concrete and is now in good condition. We ought to have a concrete sidewalk along the street in front of the hatchery. This is one of the principal thoroughfares of the village and we have the poorest walk of any of the property owners along it.
The following is a record of the egg collecting season:
BROOK TROUT
i
: Total fish Ripe Ripe Number of
DATE Kind | taken males females | eggs taken
October-O=23 Niece tehe Brook trout s.4.)< 2.0% | 93 52 4I 36,000 , LAKE TROUT
October 24-November 11..| Lake trout.......... | 44 | 22 | 22 | 37,000 WHITE FISH
November 5-13.......... | Winte fish) 2.62% 2% | 788 | 387 | 401 | 7,770,000 FROST FISH
November 10-24......... | Frost fishies) ace 950 | 500 | 450 1,173,000
We also hatched 500,000 Brook Trout eggs that were purchased at East Freetown, Mass., and 30,000 Land Locked Salmon received from the U. S. Commission.
Respectfully yours, WM. H. BURKE.
Op Force, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1910.
LINLITHGO HATCHERY To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
I came to this station April 5, 1910, to familiarize myself with the detail work preparatory to taking full charge later. I became
‘TIDY uosuv{ JIjooy pue puog preys ‘uoje4s osyyyuUryT
ere eee a
es
es
“Burpooy *q “YW Oy
‘Iooyuy Aroyoyey{ «= *uor7yeyS O8yyUVT *BUIPOOS “| “YW OVOUd
< heetaattaatammngnnncdenen: )
+ \senanugnennonnennewnannenougnsnsnannainann—nnnnrey- enn enenan nA anaannnnnnananntinansntaannanenannyanshaenanetanatnnntnen steno eens ahganinnannnnnssnnuaiineniohensnetnudi aoe
YQry
‘RRS
SERS ee ES
Sy me
‘YWON surpoo’y ‘uorye4g osyyyury ‘Asoyoqye pL
4
-Ajddng suidung ‘4003 or Aq 400} Sb Aq Yoo} OS TOAJOSOY ‘UOI}zeYG OsYyPUrT “BUIPOOy “| “YW 004d
TS oupy Joy yueL, Suynquysiq ‘uoneyg o8yyyur]
TEM ouLpy uo ympuoD puv weg ‘uoryryg osyy UI]
=
THE 9urspsy Uo wed Mopog spidey ‘uonrys osyyyury
BUIPOOH “TY oy
=
‘qoUspIseY S,UeWALOY ‘UOT}e{G OsYyyI[UT
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 17;
foreman on July 1, 1910, taking the place of Mr. Grant E. Winchester who was transferred to the Chautauqua Hatchery, at Bemus Point, N. Y. My report covers the work at this station from July 1, I9Io.
The new road leading from the main highway to the hatchery has been widened and covered with water-washed gravel taken from the Roeliff Jansen Kill on the hatchery grounds. The road on the Bonneville tract on the north side of the Kleine Kill has also been widened and graveled. The ruins of the old mill have been taken away, the wheel-pits filled in, the embankments taken down, and the old site is leveled with the exception of one pulp pit. The woods on the V-shaped piece of land between the two streams have been trimmed, the vines and underbrush cleared out, and we now have a beautiful little grove.
Many visitors are attracted here by the beautiful scenery of the hatchery grounds. On the Kleine Kill is a terraced fall of 50 feet, and, when a liberal supply of water is coming down, we have a miniature Niagara. On the other side is the beautiful Roeliff Jan- sen Kill with its high banks and its crystal water bounding and tumbling along in its rocky bed. Lying between these two streams are the ponds and the hatchery in an amphitheater formed by hills of considerable elevation which are clothed with red cedar and white pine. The symmetrical red cedar, resembling church spires, gives to the landscape a scenery not surpassed. In the distance lie the historic Catskills with the “ Old Indian” plainly visible.
On May 2oth, 12,500 shad fry were placed in rearing ponds and on September 6th, 10,000 were liberated. They ranged from 3 to = inches in length. They were fed on water meal and did nicely. With additional! ponds the output of fingerling shad may be largely increased. Two thousand and fifty fingerling small mouth black bass were reared and distributed this year. The larva of one of the black flies, genus Simuliwm, was found growing on the slash-boards of the penstocks in great quantities. This was found to be an ideal food for the young bass.
Snakes, turtles and birds were very injurious to the young fish. Many of these were killed, but they were a constant source of an-
158 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
noyance throughout the summer and early fall. Muskrats burrowed in the banks in the fall and gave us some trouble. Traps were set and they were captured and driven out. Constant vigilance is necessary to keep these enemies and pests in subjection.
The line fences are in a dilapidated condition and do not har- monize with the rest of the grounds. I would suggest that some suitable woven wire fence be used in the spring, to put these line fences in proper shape.
Very respectfully, WALLACE D. RHINES, Foreman. LinLituco, December 10, 1910. )
On May 15, 1910, Foreman Winchester reported that the black bass would soon be making their nests, and he had everything in readiness for them. The following is his account of the shad and river herring season on the Hudson river:
Report on Shad and Herring Work, Season of 1910
SHAD - : Green, Eyed, DATE Kind Quantity number eggs | number eags Remarks gts. 02.
May 3-28..... SHAG. is. 0' 378 24 | 10,605,000 5,326,000 | Estimated 300 female fish used to procure these eggs.
HERRING 65,625,000 | 51,300,000 | Estimated 900 fish used to
May I19-June 7.i Herring..| 65 20 procure these eggs.
Of the shad hatched, 5,314,000 fry were planted in the Hudson river and tributaries; 12,500 shad fry were kept and put in rearing | ponds to be liberated later as fingerlings; 800,000 shad fry were obtained from the New York Aquarium and planted in the Hudson river at Rhinecliff, making the total of shad fry planted, 6,114,000.
Of the herring hatched, 50,000,000 fry were planted in Hudson river and tributaries; 1,300,000 fry were kept in rearing ponds for black bass fry food.
THY ouLepy avon’ puog preys ‘uorryg osyppUrT “BuIpoory “| “YA OWN
‘«
Photo R. E. Gooding.
, Calico Bass Pond, 1910.
tation
Linlithgo S
‘TIS Uosuv[ yljooy puv puog prys ‘uo1yryg osyyyuryT
“O1OL ‘TJD UIEPy Jean puog ‘uoTyeyS osyyyUrT
SS
“asnoysoy pue Aroyoyep] ‘uoryeyS osyyyUry
YY
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 159
All of these eggs were obtained at, and near Rhinecliff and Lin- lithgo from the fishermen. The fishermen receiving $10.00 per 100,000 eyed shad eggs. This being practically the first season this method has been employed for obtaining the eggs, hatchery men were furnished to instruct the fishermen how and what to do, also to receive and care for the eggs when landed on shore.
No expense was incurred for collection of herring eggs other than that hatchery men took them from the fishermens’ drift nets.
Now that the fishermen have got well started with some knowl- edge of what to do, a better percentage of eggs should be obtained in future.
GRANT E. WINCHESTER, Foreman.
June.23, I9I0.
ONEIDA HATCHERY To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
Although the total output of the Oneida Hatchery this season was not quite as great as last, it has, on the whole, been a very successful year. The total number of pike perch hatched this year was 83,733,000 fry, of which 60,608,000 were planted in Oneida Lake and 23,125,000 delivered to 107 different places in the State and planted in suitable waters.
The number of white fish hatched was 3,280,000, and the fry were planted in Canandaigua Lake. The Tullibee eggs taken from Oneida Lake hatched 6,000,000, all of which were planted in Oneida Lake.
The total number of Small Mouth Black Bass hatched was 210,650, of which 130,250 fry were planted in Oneida Lake and 73,500 delivered to 119 different places in the State; 6,900 were raised to fingerlings, of which 4,700 were planted in Oneida Lake and 2,200 in Seneca, Ballston and Saratoga Lakes. We also had 1,000 yearlings from a pond in which they were hatched last year and where they were left until June, when they were planted in Oneida Lake.
160 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
We also delivered 300,000 yellow perch fingerlings during the month of November, placing them in over 60 different localities.
We have 10,800,000 Tullibee eggs now in the hatchery that were taken in Oneida Lake. In gathering the Tullibee eggs in Oneida Lake this fall we were much hampered by not having a suitable steamboat with which to get around to the nets. The weather at the time of year when we have to get these eggs is cold and generally stormy, and as we have to go from four to ten miles from the hatchery, a good seaworthy boat is really needed.
The trees in the chestnut grove on the hatchery grounds have been trimmed and the grounds leveled up. The last of the bass ponds would have been completed this fall had not the wet weather come on so early. ©
The eye trouble in the small fish in Scriba creek did not ap- pear so bad this season, but the Lamprey Eels, are very plentiful yet and kill immense numbers of fish in the lake during the summer.
On January 8, 1910, we had only Whitefish eggs in Oneida Hatchery, of which 6,695,000 were taken from wild fish in Oneida Lake on November 14, 16, 19, 24, 1909, around Eel Island, on the south side of the lake, and at Lighthouse Island, near Constantia, and 3,780,000 from Canandaigua Lake on November 27, 30, and December 4, 7, 10, 18, 1909. Total number of eggs, 10,475,000.
The Oneida Lake eggs, or Tullibees, are figured at 130,000 to the quart and the Canandaigua Lake Whitefish eggs at 42,000 to the quart.
On January 8 the eggs are all in good condition, no material loss having occurred in transportation.
The following fish were sent to the State Fair, at Syracuse, Sep- tember 12-15, IQIO:
Adult: pike ‘percha? just)... acta). de. a 16 Adult :pickerel ::. $aiyckk Ache cere eee. ee 18 Adult: small mouth black bass... \o2. par, tek, eee 16 Adult. silver bass 0.5 sa). dis a6 ad eee ae 8
Adult: rock (bass: <4 fo ea i Oh ee eee 10
Result of Stocking.
Brown Trout, Owego Creek, July 27, 1909.
“O161 ‘asnovsAG ‘ITE 9789S “JIqIUXd Ysty “BUIPOO.) “WY O1OUd
a8
uae iy,
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 161
PCE MSECANVDOEEY: ASS... 4212. .aiapodis Sma lah o> S68 sie léle ain « 5 AGT? BUUSANGIC| OW Se) REINA 0S Sas Cri Mil Sgt RRR Ra Om or ae ee 25 Preece low SCTCiar yi )s eel 2.2. vig lactate b vin Mieie's: olgleh qe owresets 22 Bema tel hea Wate ciel as Sure: min te oe sivie - 15 S eeeiaan Rene GEIS ai raichas Cay y ajo oe boa ake oiaeal. gs asteves oie o's 2 Adult Menpviete@ty SAG sa cee. 2s ayethas bis om cages Peed claw I Pingerline. black bass, small mouth..-...............5% 15 Meamine black bass, small mouth... i.05 2.2406 sie os 5 Measume black) bass, large mouth ....).6 6.4 6.) wee eee 5 MN et Ra eed 8 5 8s ot hepa Wei Riaesh de srak ty ims # a) gal oS seo k is * 10 Se ee REN State Vue des Biv ao cisiwlss = selene, Oh a's! be 173
Respectfully submitted, GEORGE F. SCRIBA,
ConsTAnTIA, December 29, 1910. Foreman.
PLEASANT VALLEY HATCHERY
To the Forest, Fish and Game Commission:
The year’s work just ended at the Pleasant Valley Hatchery has shown marked improvement. We have had no trouble of any kind in handling fry or fingerling fish. All our eggs were hatched in artesian water where they mature faster than in the main spring supply. After hatching they were divided in the two supplies, but no difference has been noted in their growth. All springs and ponds have had a thorough cleaning out, and with a few repairs yet to be made we will be in good shape for the coming year’s work, which we hope to make the largest in the history of this station.
THE PLANTING. OF FISH
Born on the borders of the Adirondacks and having spent my boyhood days there, my knowledge of fish and animals in their wild state proved a great help when, in 1895, I decided to take up the work of fish culture. In that year I took charge of Combs Brook Hatchery for the Adirondack League Club, and for four years my work was to stock the waters of that preserve which at
6
162 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
that time contained 110,00 acres. Brook and Lake Trout, and Atlantic Salmon were the principal fish handled. Brook Trout for the most part were planted as fry. Our method was to go over the small spring brooks and inlets as soon as the spring freshets were gone, placing a log on a few large stones across the brook, to form a pool about one foot deep. Several of these were placed on one brook. The fry were then placed in these pools, only a few hundred in a place, care being taken not to overstock the stream. The results were that after seven years’ work the club closed their hatchery saying there were plenty of fish. Now, it has been my experience that it is not the size of fish that are planted, but the manner in which they are distributed that gives the best results. Most people seem to think that all that is necessary is to dump the fish in the lake or stream regardless of temperature or other conditions. I will add here my experience in stocking a small lake in the Adirondacks several years ago with Lake Trout. This lake was situated about two miles from the hatchery and the fish had to be carried in pack cans. The water temperature at the hatchery was 60° Fahr. and once in the route the water was cooled where a spring came from the mountain. On arrival at the lake the water was mixed, to bring the temperature near that in the lake before liberating the fish. The men reported that the fish would not leave the surface, but would dart around as if crazy, and in a short time be dead. I visited the lake and found this as stated. The tempera- ture at the surface I found to be 78°. We then took the fish to where a small inlet came in and placed them in a pool a few rods from the lake. There they showed no signs of distress. After remain- ing there for an hour or two, they would go out to the lake and to deep water at once. This is only one of like instances that have come under my observation. The majority of persons planting Lake Trout will take twelve or fourteen cans in a launch or row- boat, go out into the lake and dump a whole can, or perhaps two or three cans in one place. This is a great mistake as the fish will most always collect together in a school for some time, and I have seen nearly a whole can devoured by large fish before get- ting frightened away. The plan which I have tried and which has
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 163
given the best results in most lakes is as follows: Take a wash tub, empty the fish into it, using a dipper with a perforated bottom, dipping up only a few fish at a time and putting them out as the boat is moving along. In this way you will cover a good deal of ground and the fish will be well distributed. Too much care can- not be taken in getting fish well distributed whether in lake, river or brook.
Some people will tell you that there would be more fish in the lakes if there were no hatcheries in operation. Ask some of the old fishermen how many of the old, native fish they catch during the year. The answer will be: “One,” or “not any.” If the fishing in your lake or stream is not what you think it should be do not blame the hatcheries. Examine the water, find out as much as possible about the natural food, the volume of water in very
dry seasons, temperature, etc., and report to the Commission which will be glad to get such information and help matters wherever
it is possible to do so.
Eggs Collected, Season of 1909, Pleasant Valley Station
DATE ee Water where taken Remarks 1900. Gctyand Dec. «. .. B2ONAOO | DLOCK ASM: Ss ss 5 seus 3 Brown trout. Are not very good. Have
picked off 50,000. Are hatching some
and the fry are looking good. @cti and Dec..... Al, Ooor| Stockfish ..-. ... 55. Brook trout. Fairly good. Loss to date, 10,000. Are hatching quite fast at this
’ date.
NMS CURIE es s Sic lcs 308,000 | Cold Spring Harbor..| Brook trout. Received in good condition, with the exception of being quite dry on trays, and a good many dying in the eggs. Have picked off 30,000. Are nearly all hatched and fry looking good.
DECS Er tOl7. 8: 56,600 | Lake Keuka........ Lake trout. Eggs are fairly good. Have taken off 5,000 ringers. None are hatching as yet.
Rainbow Trout spawning now.
Eggs at Pleasant Valley Hatchery, Jan. 8. 1910
: oe Present Date | Kind of eggs | Number Condition Where taken Loss Beadition 1909. : Ney. 29.) Brook Trout.| 41,600 | Bates: oo... .. «. Stock fish... 0. ...| £0,000 |) Good: Dec. 14 | Brook Trout.| 308,000 | Fair........... Cold Spring Harbor..| 30,000 | Good. Dec. 17 | Brown Trout} 329,400 | Not very good...| Stock fish.......... 50,000 | Fair. Dec. 7 |) Lake Trout.:) s6,600 | Good... 3.2.0.3. LakevKeulsan. sea 25. 5,000 | Good.
Rainbow Trout just commenced spawning.
164
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Lake Trout Work, Season of 1910
Ripe Eggs | Water,
; Tem Ripe Date bine males | females | taken | morning eas Remarks NOVA TOUS acco 3 2 Tot Leave AGH Rist s Treg co sesh AL Ash cetlaval caheRytl acest tee dl hcg ecapeinve Mime a aterm mua Irae oer Hard PA ihn eee 2 Bay met NN, Roxie Me Wnt eec-maeet a | Reinet DO eee Nene 7 5 PT agente rte: | HSA ce Wat 2S, Be eth Bi arg BS EN eee ith apatites lh ene ence ata MP ce nee eau eee ene Hard OY Wo teary Gee 20 I5 (fe area na | le ati |e Rea Beara tee a 5 Bil <. BtmaeeNy ta ieee | peirenens BOR Sorat Bie EO™|\.ctac aloe |W ie slo atl! setae ea] Matec RCaa” Conners Hard. Ys Rea R pees Aes 18 || ae nuctasc alligavereweneiar ai Regs tetaucvenea Maratea Hard, females, 13. Gey Pe A Riles © a8 9 Soil: bates cee eel Wika ei ee eae Hard, females, 6. QO aso Cmrere 5 Xl a eores ciel iateteer een screenees EYOy eo eRe 17 10 RNa ot A | ee Speen | ei e's iat Mecs Wee 6 3 Bole are ea) te cae eens See Biri Siete Ete 14 7 Ph wesc hin. Sos AI Ae ee aN evaapeueee Partly spawned. SY a ain Gee 7 4 gi Sok ate a eee Baie diay sie te 6 4 7A ete gE (yest Mee cull se ee ra as 5 SE ee 20 18 Os ae eee eee | hincts SMSO. Mime a Ee Spawned out. Socntame rete cle 3 2 Tl) Age retell vane ayes foul gserateeotere 7 BRT Rite Beh ae BT a chee ahh lly eee ews a are Totalsian. wets 174 96 AB Be AQOIAN julia wisdapticlie paevenerae
Respectfully submitted,
HENRY DAVIDSON, Foreman.
BAGH NN, Ve. teh. 2 Soto 1),
FISH DISTRIBUTED’ BY STATE HATCHERICS
Land Locked Salmon Brook Trout
Brown Trout
Black Spotted Trout Rainbow Trout Lake Trout
Shad
River Herring Whitefish
Frostfish
Lake Herring Tullibee
Smelt
Maskalonge
Pike Perch
Blue Pike
Yellow Perch
White Perch
Black Bass (sm. mouth) Calico Bass
Rock Bass
Sea Bass
Cod
Tom Cod Flatfish Lobster Blue Crab
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION
Fish Distributed in 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1910
PNCIIEOMGACK eee os k eae bee ks CRUG Oar Oe CEE are arco Chautauqua. os. oss. cke ces Coldsspringe Harbor: .. 22... WER AnC Hee es ethics 2's(b ee oa bes
250,656,600
1907
5,766,300 9,402,100 5,000,000 177,187,250
*566,100 47-558,300 1,449,350
1908
7,014,088 5,366,382 3,846,000
304,038,000
715,000 3,036,336 881,000 67,646,150 1,977,150
394,520,106
165
1909 I9IO 7,874,533 7,024,613 17,690, 121 6,378,750 8,669,500 6,666,100 351,815,130 357,272,800 605,250 827,000 2,218,550 6,924,575 10,867,000 57,947,050 129,716,037 93,524,987 821,100 730,100
530,277,221 | 537,295,975
Fish DISTRIBUTION. BYSSPHGIES.’
Summary for the year ending December 31, Ig1o
RUMEN CLG RTs a Shae kos ener Saya ie ds eee we Brook trout, fingerlings
Brown trout,fry
Brown trout, fingerlings NEI AG eo ek kad wack aes SMMRENE DRI eae as OS eo 4 ak, wee here a es
Lake trout, fingerlings
RmneBneN GE DRONES PLY oo. oa ea oa ws oe elec bo eee Rainbow trout, fingerlings PeMeeErOtt, AGUHS. 005... eke ae cea ee ee wes Steelhead trout, fingerlings Black spotted trout, fingerlings Atlantic salmon, fingerlings
Land locked salmon, fingerlings
eres WECM. ae hee oak shea ota aaa al at unin Sh Ramee NSS -ONEIES oo et 8, et
Total game fish
een Me we eceeownnsneanesvoewteeeepeee CV e.68) Oe 2 Crue hae, 6) 6 <6) SES 18 Sete ale aie ‘a! s,s! 0, @0.''s
o.8) C2. 0 = © es a © 86.8) (ee. 6, (8,6 Bye 6 © ahe
eeereee eee et ee ee ee © we we we we we wee ee
GPG) G, @ <0, a) (6, (aj ef eae 8 ey 6) Ae ew) BE fe: |» jefe
Gide, S16. 6 OS EW RES, Se eh ee erat «. “ae «ee ee, 0) 6) kh) 68 eo & @ eee etm © ee wee 6: Ole) 6) eae, ee te et @ “e'e) 6) (6/6) 6) 6
ele (ee, Vie oe) eye" © “a 6) 8. \¢ 8 'e, ea
225 DEES ESI 02 oar nT, a 2 Ep ELP SW ISISSS Fre Tes Sh gl 1s Reena Cl eg Sire meena ane
3,131,500 2,720,438 745,000 500,000 73 379,000 770,060 321,000 431,600 fi
4,000 33,065 4,000 23,000 205,800 6,900 1,000
t12
9,282,625
166 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Bullheads,. adalt <2". 22050 CESS ces eee etree Sone a 300 QOuimmnat salmon, dingerlings S. .: bye. e eeee 3,000 Silver*salmon~ fmgerlimgse. oe... 0: eo eee 500 Frostfish, fry Skee oii lls se ae ee 1,347,000 Toaleer herrings 2692...) ees. Sab aca RAR lee Puente 2,250,000 Euliibee: fry eo oc esheets ee ee em ee 6,000,000 Whitefish, ifoy icri2. aid Bete os eee Pee 15,657,000 Samelt, try) Pee b S et ae eee ce ec eee 118,000,000 Maskalonee: Pt 0. «Vices aos tyes See dee eee 6,196,050 Pike spetch, “trys percent eet ei ee eee 83,733,000 Yellow, perch, fy.c 508s «5 Soe eee ee eee 20,000 Yellow perch; aimgerimgs 3.7. ch se eee 300,000 White. perch, Fiv. ns ce .e setae cee he ee 675,000 Shad, “bry: 22k. Sa ee a ee ee 6,114,000 wilted, fagerlmgs ii 2s Moh ea Geog te trees mame 10,000 River herring, fry 0. 0 Sa eee 51,300,000 Tomeod, fy: ese oe ee ee ee ee 57,200,000 | Winter Wiathishy nity!) 2084.5 See eee ee eee ete 113,000,000 _uopster, fry: fps he eee eee 10,200,000 Blae crab, invents ae 56,000,000 Blue ‘crab; . adtiltsccou.i.ueope ces eee eee 7,500 : Letal food) spectes..c.s.i5<..i)aston ge eee aon 528,013,350 ees : Grand total 66... 2s. heuer ee 537;295,975 | ter : FISH DISTRIBUTION IN 1910 BY STATIONS | Adirondack : Brook trout, Deyesce soe ee ee ee 923,000 Brook trout, finaperines 2) ee 1,357,188 2,280,188 Lake Geet fits oc 5. oes we ee ee 85,000 ivake“tront, ineerlings: 3553 Meee 36,560
— 121,560
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 167 Rainbow trout, framers ee waa Ras ba P22: 1,600 Poe. spotted trout, fingerings... .... 262. .5 Lee 32,265 RRM EMO ek oie ee a winks SOAS Ree 347,000 MEK ing ore eh nin Geka gb eae eda 4,242,000 7,024,013 Caledonia
Bette eEOl. LEY i. 5 Sa ONS Sa oats 732,500
Peeee trout, fingerlings................ 313,100 1,045,600
ReMEMIEGOLME, ITY... se. es ee 505,000
Peewn trout, fingerlings ...:......:.... 364,500
Berm rot, adult . 2. 7c ke ences 75 ao 869,575
MRAP TEV ore Ss We be wiv tio a ee 240,000
Meteora, ANPerlines. 1... ce ek 702,000 942,000
Meare EEL Thy... ew ees: 280,000
Rambow trout, fingerlings:............. 250,500
BReambow trout, adult ....... eye eee 75 530,575 RM 0 er Se as cb wlne Cees ees 735,000 eee ideriine’ fry... ..... Be apes ae ahs Saas he cae 2,250,000 6,378,750
Chautauqua
Ree COMIy LDV) Ue We tae, ok oS 250,000
Preot trout, fingerlings.: 02... 0.0... 06: 220,050 470,050 RP RODUISS: SEV yon. AE SAS Oe ose eno wo 6,196,050
6,666, 100
——————
168 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Cold Spring Harbor
Brook? trout, “kty ck ee eee ee ee 230,000
Brook trout, fiuwerliness, =. 4.62 e 36,500 266,500 Rainhow' trot; “fingerlines.. 2520-0. cee eee 11,500 Steelhead trout; finserliness fe. 2 25-e ee ee ee 4,000 Black spotted trout, fingerless... > teense S00 Atlantic salmon, fingerless; <2... o-oo eee 4,000 QOuinnat’ salmon; fngerlings...¢2.2ise. een ee ee 3,000 Silver salmon; fingerlines. 4 .o¢55e5 See cree eee 500 Whirensh, tty" acre sa ee eee eee ee re 1,900,000 sinelt, fry”. CeWeyes okt. Lee Rees CRE 118,000,000 White perch, iepheees. (1 occ e Sake cs eee eee 675,000 Ponmteod, iry 403020045 CEA EES ce eee eee ree 57,200,000 Wrenner tevtiislar- aint sere oc ee eee eter eecae are I 13,000,000 fobster, try <feye hen cece CER Ree ee Lees cee eee 10,200,000 Bine-ctab, 1ny Shs Sere eee Cea ee ce eee eee 50,000,000 Bie’ tsa, adults: 2 30a co ee eee 7,500 357,272,800
Delaware
Brook trot; ity... o. 20 sae oe eee eee 306,000
Brook’ trout, finverlings.. o2y 2c eee ee 317,000 683,000
Browa trout, fay Sere nc ee eee eee 90,000
Brown: trout, fingers. 0. ee ee 54,000 144,000 827,000
Fulton Chain
Bred kOe ETYac. 2 Hae ee oe eae eee 45,000 Brook “trout, hmeerlines. 2.2254 e6 cere 327,500
372,500
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 169
a omeeuON, TINA. cis sens AMUN ina sa aoe 29,000 bandlocked salmon, fingerlings........... Se ak 23,000 LP ISO SCGI NS ISL? <2 6 MMs eee ne eee SRAM NS aE I 000,000 reese ieee ee a Slog be abe Pa aes oles 5,500,000 LV 2 sc OFISS RES Tee C7 (0 hI cl anne eee 75
6,924,575
Linlithgo Ree MI, ede a ds ee ae we emcee ges os we» 500,000 oD v2) TRO EIEN aan al anon ratio ne ane a ean 1,000 ELL, LISP ee eas ice nee 6,114,000 PreeMOCTINGS oss ba on oe ok 10,000 6,124,000 MME SME ILO Ee inca. Toye aS 5 bia /p als a 5's 'elaoe ln + 6 51,300,000 PIMs WMO CTIGES goo shaw wales case vee se ss 2,050 RIMS T EM EY ne ee caches a sleeneoaees 20,000 57:947,050 Oneida MOREE Ts rer UIC ce PACS oo cia ieee yey byacdinis jorehaninsaie _+ 300 emerete Inia er Rhee we Ss ah sols Soba tiniaee eo. 3,280,000 BR RESP NE Cia oe eer ans vo aso Shcdo bc deacon sees cok eR Ole Sat recs 6,000,000 PUM Tt ete I a as Punhawalle av Rds si vais toad e 83,733,000 DeeMlony) ET CMP HOOT MOR. cg. ows. oleyor8 wcacedajerese wie’ eos a 300,000 eevee ASS, SOI WEL owe ke ce se ae 203,750 Black bass, s;m., fingerlings............ 6,900 ie bass, “St ms yearlings 0. 06. 1,000 Paseevnass, 8.) in, adultse.. oc... ce ce cae 37 211,687 93,524,987
_
170 ANNUAL REport or Forest, FISH AND GAME CoMMISSION.
Pleasant Valley
Brooks trout, tty. -«scetecocecene eee 85,000
Brooks trout; tineerines:: 205 oe eee eee 155,100 | 240,100
Brown trod ity se ly ee ele ieee eee 150,000
Brown: teomt,: hngerlimes oo. eke ee 81,500 a 231,500
Lakectrathcit ys i: ae ae a ee ee eee 25,000
Lake trout, seerines.. 2-. a re 31,500 -——— 506,500
Rainbow trout, 1tV.«...+. 0 ee eee 40,000
Rainbow trot, imeerings. 2 cokes cere 162,000 202,000
730,100 ; FISH APPLICATIONS FILLED, 1908-1910 / Hatcheries 1908 1909 1910
Adirondacks 25a. ee aes 818 1,370 1,380 Calediiaias< a). om ae eee 583 929 878 CHautaadie. su. sae eee 99 104 226 Cold Spring: Harhot<.4 2. ioe 368 395 Q7 Delaware <: cis cst ncneereweneee 363 408 462 Patlicn hat icc 4.4 ak eee peewee 154 78 218 Eenlith@el.:. dckw teas wes eee ee eee 26 80 ORCKEL 84: 5 check hoger eee ears 209 438 383 Pleasdat Valley viii ua vk bh ee eeeee 284 309 316
BUREAU OF MARINE FISHERIES
CLINTON S. DIXON, Acting Superintendent
[171]
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF MARINE FISHERIES
Hon. H. LERoy Austin, Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner:
Sir.— Pursuant to the requirements of section 188, chapter 19, of the Consolidated Laws, I have the honor to present herewith a report covering the business of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries for the fiscal year lately closed.
This report covers the second full year of operation under the Marine Fisheries Law of 1908 (re-enacted as Article XII of chap- ter 24 of the Laws of 1909).
BUSINESS OF THE YEAR
Surveys.— As was shown in the 1909 report of your Superin- tendent, the principal operations during that year were on the north coast line of Long Island between Port Jefferson and Horton’s Point, sixty signals having been located within these limits, includ- ing some United States coast and geodetic points. The stretch of shore covered about thirty-six miles. The completion of this work opened up a large area of lands under water for future shellfish cultivation. All of the triangulation work which had been marked out for the year was fully completed before the close of the season, thus affording an opportunity to make substantial progress on pre- liminary work upon the extension of the system from Horton’s Point easterly to Orient Point, which is about twelve miles from Horton’s Point, and is the most easterly point upon the northerly side of Long Island.
Following along the line as planned last year for a continuation of triangulation survey, the work has been and is now being done, as given in the report of the engineer of this bureau.
[173]
174 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
During the last fiscal year the records show 41 new leases issued, covering 1,082.8 acres, located as follows:
17. Jamaica: Bay~ os. .cu, ace ee ole 64.4 acres 9 tone Asiand Sound). over dak oe ee ABB IO (7 io. Raritan Baya o cos ae eee 216;2 Fast Chester ay... 2.0 ss eee ee WP laa Hudson ‘River 2.0 Pog ees 7) St a ae 41 1,082.8 “
There were also issued 180 renewals, covering 977.1 acres, lo- cated as follows:
179 Jamaica Bay. <csia eee eee 970.3 acres > Raritan (Ray nh sone eee or: et
180 977.1
| ES
There were also leased during the fiscal year, but not executed until after September 30, 1910, 23 new leases, covering 240.8 acres, located as follows:
I. Raritan Bay... <x ies aeen eon eee 45.8 acres 4 Loone Island Sone... sso. eee AAA 1S Hempstead acne. 2.0.2. eee oe 150.6
23 246.5.
There were also renewals of leases not executed until after the close of the fiscal year, as follows: 4, Raritan: Bay ‘ox. inate e vee 19.8 acres
REPORT OF CHARLES WYETH, ENGINEER Mr. Clinton S. Dixon, Acting Superintendent Marine Fisheries:
Sir—JI have the honor to present the following report of my work surveying and mapping lands under water of the State of
ee. oe
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 175
New York for shellfish culture and preparing the necessary papers connected therewith, for the fiscal year ending October 1, IgIo.
My principal work during the past year has been the triangula- tion of the coast line between Horton’s Point and Orient Point, Long Island Sound, and the trianguiation of Hempstead Harbor, and the survey of oyster lots in Long Island Sound, Raritan Bay and Hempstead Harbor.
In the triangulation survey between Horton’s Point and Orient Point and Plum Island, about thirteen miles in length, I estab- lished and located thirty-six signals, three of which are tripods and the remaining thirty-two natural objects, thus saving the expense of erecting tripods.
This survey is in continuation of the coast survey between Port Jefferson and Horton’s Point. The thirty-five signals located and described are Bushy Tree, Horton’s Point Light, Box, House, Thomas’ Barn, Sutton’s Chimney, Woodworth’s Chimney, White Cupola, Greenport, Standpipe, Pilot Tree, Rock 17-B, Rock 18, Jerome Hill, Summer House, Rocky Point Life Saving Station, Rock 19, Rock 19-A, Birdseye, Brown’s Hill, Long Beach Range, Moses Rock, Colonial House, Farm Chimney, St. Thomas, Rock 20, Orient Ch. Steeple, Rock 21, Plum Gut Light, Rock 22, Beebe, Plum Island Light, North Gable, Orient Hotel, White House, Orient School. These signals are located along the coast line be- tween Horton’s Point and Plum Island, where we have a system of thousand-acre townships divided into one hundred ten-acre lots, thus being able to accommodate the applicant for large or small acreage.
The State having received many applications for leases of oyster lands under the waters of Hempstead Harbor it became necessary to make a triangulation survey of the entire bay with a coast line of about twelve miles and to designate and locate signals along the shores for the purpose of surveying the lands applied for. This work I also accomplished the past season, establishing and locating thirty-two signals around the harbor, as follows:
Matinecock 3, Execution Light, Sea Cliff Wharf, Harkness, Maxwell’s Breakwater, Delma, New York Yacht Club Flag-Staff,
176 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Garvey, Rec, Standpipe, Gould’s Derrick, Mott 2, Mott’s Dock, Water Tank, Gug, Glen Cove Light, Yacht House, Truss, Pump Chimney, Canning, Karat, Karat Cupola, Electric Light, Scudder, Dock, School, Stern’s, Hogan, Ward, Emery, Stern’s Cupola, Red. Of these thirty-two signal stations but one tripod, that over Mott 2, was built, and seven flags over others; the remaining twen- ty-five being natural objects.
During the year I have made fifty-seven other surveys of in- dividual tracts, located as follows:
Locality New Surveys Acres diempestead) Harbor ssi. ..dsictinn ere 18 150.6 Lone: -Iskisid: Sound acy cide seh ee eee I2 414.8 Raritan: ay i. doen adios Pence 9 316.4
39 881.8
Locality Resurveys Acres Jamaica Bay. << sci. s swe ocixcnide oes ae 4 21.0 Raritan Day: hic... 5.< Weak measles on aires eee 8 84.4
12 105.4
Six tracts in Long Island Sound in the vicinity of Mattituck were surveyed in relation to our recent triangulation in townships and ten-acre lots. These tracts had been laid out before from the shore befcre the triangulation system had been completed in that locality.
Long Island Sound, 6 surveys, 2,285.0 acres.
Each year it becomes necessary to repair some of the signals and at intervals to entirely rebuild others, and on new survey work © it is generally necessary to have some tripod signals, although as many natural objects are taken as can be used to advantage.
During the year the tripod signals on the southerly shore of Staten Island, used in the Raritan Bay surveys, were repaired and painted. Also repairs were made on some of the signals between Port Jefferson and Horton’s Point, and all were inspected. There
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 177
are some signals that should be rebuilt which have been destroyed by time or storm and which we will need in the near future. These lie between Lloyd’s Point and Stony Brook, as follows: St. John- land’s Flag Pole and East Bluff, and there are others that will re- quire attention between the points named.
I am now at work on the triangulation system between Horton’s Point and Orient Point, covering about thirteen miles, making pro- jections and platting up the signals and transferring signals to the working maps from the data obtained on the surveys of the past season. _
We have received applications for oyster leases in Manhassett Bay, and it will be necessary to make a triangulation survey of that bay before individual surveys can be made.
In the Manhassett Bay triangulation survey it will be necessary to have a power boat.
I would therefore respectfully suggest and urge that provision be made to carry on this important work, which should be done as soon as possible. An approximate estimate for power boat hire, repairing and building of signals for 1911 would be about one thou- sand dollars.
Respectfully submitted, CHARLES WYETH, Engineer, Bureau of Marine Fisheries. New York, October 1, I9gIo.
Assignments—— During the year fifty-nine (59) tracts cov- ering nine hundred sixty-six and five tenths (966.5) acres have been assigned to the State under the authorization contained in the Marine Fisheries Law. They are as follows:
12 tracts under lease in Jamaica Bay.......... 112.6 acres ors cc Pol ci pital ieadly ae Gres ask xs B07 2 * $s « “ Fast Chester a 9 eo a St ee Sua @ene lsland oound =... Goo.0 ~ aos rranchise: Raritan, Bay . 0. .... ips a aan
78 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
17 Eyes : i Long Island Sound... 269 “ = Sage 7 Little Neck Bay o.soc. So 966.5 ce
Many assignments between individual holders have been made.
Assignments are made subject to the approval of the Commis-
sioner, and when made must be recorded in the office of the Super-
intendent of Marine Fisheries. One hundred and ninety-five (195) such assignments have been
recorded in the office during the year.
Revenues.—A large increase in the receipts of this bureau over
those of last year will be noted by the following:
1909 October, chs FAST ae November )..:6. i). 249 08 December: 596.63. 359 95 January 972 00 February .G6,2000 3,260 18 Mar ica ossnwes 3,511 61 April 23 sai eens 1,836 67 May: ces diiv\ wags 559 66 TUG cnn wen am 1,174 82 TUS axe ences 2,097 06 AVGUSE -h.c5 can wane 289 29 September 1,926 63
$17,500 37
Advance deposits on ren- IRS ets Pas eG we aK he SURES
1,070 90
$18,571 27
IQIO $2,347 22 1,990 42 249 12 386 62 5,162 QI 7:635 37 T,140 55 1,055 38 1,522 74 O31 27 686 45 1,637 90
$24,745 95
870 80
$25,616 75
Forest, FisH AND GAME COMMISSION 179
CLASSIFICATION OF REVENUES.
1909 I9I0 (a) From rentals of shellfish lands........ $8,167 62 $14,582 00 From forfeited deposits upon rentals... I2 00 85 00 From advance deposits on rentals..... 1,070 90 870 80 ——————_ $9,250 52 —————_ $15,537 80 (b) From taxation of shellfish lands....... $6,911 99 $7,399 82 From penalties under Tax Laws...... 2904 28 164 44 From interest on deferred tax payments. 23 83 II 65 —————— $7,230 10 —————-__ 7,575 or (c)’ Brom recording fees. .........c.0000. $480 25 $467 00 PipOMaMCENGe FEES. ccc k ole elec s aceie’s I,550 00 1,850 00 From relocation surveys............. 30 40 148 73 EET TECOVETICS waster nic; sicinters oy tue cusreiecs > 30 00 20 00 aeNISE IRE LE ESN E GS 5 wi Sole wad taiwlaredpe Ae a Oe Ribs Tih eT
2,090 65 ————— 2,503 04
$18,571 27 $25,616 75
(d) The revenue as compared with former years. Before the Marine Fisheries Law took effect the revenue for the five years from 1901 to 1905 inclusive was as follows:
NS LES Sates Snare aa “DEGRASSI ee ee $1,812 40 MM ear aty cd ky ein g ys 6p ec des Pe seater 1,589 84 Per oS pease s iead, WS ut 4s ea oa 1,574 94 MGS aca Cer et iia SNC nee gE sg anes 1,523) 22 MEM iets chin i Magick Un whe C'S, Sis ws WL Sue kgs’ «wg 6 2,490 79 Pe LOT TIVE CVORES oo ws aw wisn 5 Hck Se mlnie'e «9 $8,997 19
Rules for Leasing Shellfish Lands—The rules governing the leas- ing of shellfish lands have been amended during the year (in effect October I, 1910) as follows:
1. Auction sales of leases of lands for use in shellfish cultivation shall be held at the office of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries, No. 1 Madison Avenue, Borough of Manhattan, City of New York.
2. The second Tuesday in each month is designated as a sales day for leases. The meeting is called at ten o’clock A. M. on that day.
3. A calendar will be made up, upon which will be noted, con- secutively numbered, applications filed subsequently to the sales day in the preceding month, and also such applications as may have been carried over from preceding sales by adjournment.
180 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
4. In case the applicant fails to answer upon the first call, his application will be placed at the foot of the calendar, to be taken up after the applications which are marked ready are disposed of.
5. Should an applicant fail to respond upon the final call (in the absence of a proper reason for adjournment), the lease will never- theless be exposed to bids at public auction, and in case there are no bids, the application will be deemed to be abandoned and will be marked off the calendar.
6. No bid for a less sum than two dollars per annum per acre will be received, and the right to reject any or all bids is reserved.
7. At the time of filing an application for lands under water for shellfish cultivation, the applicant shall deposit a sum of money equal to twenty-five per centum of the amount of one year’s rental for the number of acres for which application is made, calculated at the minimum price at which said lands are authorized to be leased; such deposit to be credited upon the rental. Should the application be withdrawn or abandoned by the applicant, this deposit shall be forfeited to the State. In case the lease should be awarded to a bidder other than the applicant, the deposit will be returned to the applicant and a like deposit required from the successful bidder.
8. Upon the first day of October following an award of land at public auction, one year’s rent in advance shall become due and payable, to which amount shall be added the pro rata amount of rent due from the day of the award to the said first day of October, with credit for the advance sum deposited under Rule 7. In case a survey of the land shall not have been completed upon the said first day of October, then the number of acres named by the applicant in his application shall be taken as the acreage of the tract, for the purpose of the bill, subject to correction and adjustment upon the completion of the survey. |
g. The term of every lease of lands for shellfish cultivation shall begin at and from the day of the award of the same at public auction, and rent is payable from that day in manner as provided by these rules. The time of payment of such rents shall, so far as possible, be adjusted so as to make the rental year coincide with the fiscal
ForREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION us EOE
year, as established in this State, to-wit, beginning on the first day of Cctober.
10. Rentals are due and payable in advance, except as provided in Rule 8, and if not paid within thirty days of the time when due, interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, to be calculated from the time such rent became due to the day of payment of same, shall be added.
11. Holders of shellfish grants or leases shall not assign any such grants or leases while indebted to the Bureau of Marine Fisheries for rentals or otherwise.
12. If there should arise a question of there being a natural growth of oysters upon the land included in any application, the sale of the lease may be made subject to the settlement of such question, and in case it is determined that the land contains a bed of oysters of natural growth, the deposit shall be returned to the party in interest, and the application be discontinued.
13. Applications for lands in Long Island Sound must be adapted to the basic survey, as shown upon maps filed in this office. Under this survey the lands are laid out in townships and lots, the lots containing ten acres and the townships 1,000 acres.
During the year fifty-three (53) new or original applications for leases of grounds for the cultivation of shellfish were received, covering one thousand one hundred eighty-four and eight-tenths (1184.8) acres. Seven (7) of these applications, covering sixty- four (64) acres, were withdrawn, and three (3), covering twenty- three (23) acres, were dismissed.
License Fees—Under “ Classification of revenues” (c) the item of license fees covers licenses issued as follows:
5 LEN SS MA tive RU URaceAs eos er Ae rN Sree a $1,270 00 PUM FSH core ek al tens Ma ci da aie 64 155 00 Mee POR TCM I ei Fc ei a Ne eka ow 425 00
$1,850 00
182 REpPoRT OF ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
There was an increase in the number of licenses issued, over the previous year, of ten (10) for lobsters, twenty-one (21) for food fish, and one (1) for menhaden.
In previous reports of the Superintendent of this bureau atten- tion has been called to the Commission of the urgent need for a boat or boats to be used in carrying on the triangulations and basic hydrographic surveys and the necessary measurements for the allot- ments of cyster lands; to determine the character of the bay and sound bottoms upon which may be based an accurate knowledge of the value of the different localities for shellfish culture; for the prevention of illegal and improper taking of lobsters, oysters, ‘clams, escallops, etc., and to prevent the placing of nets in pro- hibited localities. The need of a boat becomes more apparent each year ; and it is recommended by your Superintendent that a suitable appropriation be made for the purchase and maintenance of a proper boat.
Salt Water Fish.— The following list of the food fishes, princi- pally marine species, which were sent from Cold Spring Harbor during 1910, is furnished by the State Fish Culturist:
Smelt sacs chim is Poe ne Rew es ae ae eee eee ee 118,000,000 W hate (Perch. ¢ . fo Sten opie eee ee 675,000 ad ORNCOM ie oes ae wc wists ed Sides Galea ene 57,200,000 PUAEISH oe. eos ie hee iin ee le eRe ee eee 113,000,000 Lobster 25. cen 5 daw See + coe ee ee 10,200,000 Blue Urabe - suck 2 & kee tie et ee ee ee eae 50,007,500
Botal cc sof he dine ee ee ee ee 355,082,500
Of the Blue Crabs, 7,500 were aduits with eggs almost ready to hatch. The White Perch were obtained from eggs collected at Havre-de-Grasse, Md., and presented by the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C.
Respectfully submitted, CLINTON'S. ‘DIXON, Deputy Superintendent of Marine Fisheries. NEw York, December 31, 1910.
DEPARTMENT OF GAME PROTECTION
JOHN B. BURNHAM, Chief Protector
[183]
a ro ( ek ae! ‘4 © ar
= ee 2
==
REPORT OF CHIEF GAME PROTECTOR
Hon. H. Leroy Austin, Commissioner, Forest, Fish and Game:
Si1r.— I beg to present herewith my report as Chief Game Pro- tector for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1910. The tabulated statements appended show in detail the work of the protectors and also the returns from the sale of netting licenses, of hunting licenses, and the distribution of game birds from the State Game Farm, ali of which matters have been under my supervision.
Referring to the summary of recoveries and expenses, it will be seen that the game protectors prosecuted a total of 1,496 cases during the past year, and procured a recovery for violations of fish and game laws of $51,363.67. In addition to this the game protectors originated 38 actions for trespass on State lands, result- ing in a recovery of $6,999.10. ‘This is the best showing ever made by the Department and indicates increased efficiency as a result of systematic organization and the following out of the principle that a game protector must do as good work for the State as would be expected of him if employed by an aggressive business corporation.
Owing to the dropping of inefficient men and other causes the number of protectors in actual service at any one time is never up to the maximum permitted by law, and during the past year the number of men actively employed was less than usual. Under these circumstances the record of cases shows an average of about I3 cases per protector, or one case per month for every man on the force during the year. When it is added that only about 5 per cent. of the cases handled were lost, it will be seen that the record of the
protectors of the State of New York for 1910 is very commendable [185]
186 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
THE RATING OF DIVISIONS
The rating of the divisions shows a considerable change from last year. While the Southern Division under the direction of Llewellyn Legge (who since the termination of the fiscal year has been appointed Chief Game Protector) still leads the divisions of the State, no other division maintains a similar relative position with the exception of the Central New York Division which still ranks sixth. The largest gain has been made by the Metropolitan and Long Island Division, which has risen from the seventh posi- tion to the second; the Ontario Division ‘has advanced from the fourth place to the third; the Southern Adirondack Division from the fifth to the fourth place; the Western New York Division from the eighth to the seventh place, and the Eastern Adirondack Division from the tenth to the eighth place. While the average cost of prosecuting each case was $5.45 in I910 against $5.09 in 1909, the average recovery per case has risen from $20.04 in 1909 to $38.12 in IQIO.
The principle followed in rating the divisions is to give an ar- bitrary marking for the average number of cases per protector, together with the average recovery per case and the average cost per case. Six points are credited to the division having the great- est average number of cases per man; three points to the division having the greatest average recovery per case, and one point to the division having the lowest average cost per case. It is fair to as- sume that the division whose protectors secure individually the largest number of cases is doing the most work and should be rated above the division whose protectors have been fortunate in secur- ing a few large cases; this is the reason that six points are given to the division which shows the largest average number of cases per man. On the other hand, intelligent work in procuring a re- covery large enough to be commensurate with the violation should not be overlooked and three points credit are therefore given to the division showing the largest average recovery per case. Finally the State is interested in having its cases tried at the lowest possi-
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 187
ble expense, in accord with good results, and for this reason one point is given to the division showing the lowest average cost in the prosecution of its cases. Experience has indicated that in no fairer way can the rating of the divisions be tabulated.
It has been found impossible in this rating to give suitable credit to the Adirondack dvisions for results accomplished in top lopping cases and the procuring of evidence of trespass on State lands. From the results shown in another table, having to do with this branch of the protectors’ work, it will be seen that the Adiron- dack Divisions, were this class of cases combined with their fish and game cases, would rank well toward the top. The comparison between the divisions, however, can only be made along the lines in which the protectors are all engaged in the same kind of work.
CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION
As the law stands at present the work of game protection is ad- ministered under the supervision of the Chief Protector, five As- sistant Chief Protectors and four Division Chief Protectors. All of these men receive the same salary, with the exception of the Chief Protector and the First Assistant Chief Protector. The ar- rangement is an anachronism. Under the division system there should no longer be both assistant and division chiefs and the title “Assistant Chief’ should be dropped. There should be a Chief Protector and a Deputy Chief Protector, whose headquarters would be at Albany, and 10 Division Chiefs, each one of whom would live at some place in the division of which he has charge. This plan would merely substitute a Deputy Chief Protector for the First Assistant Chief and add one Division Chief to the present force.
In the past six years the number of cases handled by the protec- tors has increased 400% and the division system of itself has greatly increased the work of the executive heads. The Division Chief, under the present system, receives weekly reports from his
men and is in constant communication with them, directing them
188 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
in their work and advising them in the conduct of their cases; much of his time being spent in traveling over his division. While the position of Assistant Chief, under the old conditions, was some- thing of a sinecure, under present conditions there are no harder worked men on the force than the Division Chiefs; therefore, I believe they should receive the same pay as the Fire Superintend- ents, viz., $1,500 per annum. For the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the game protectors, each protector should have some financial incentive to spur him on to his best efforts. His work is hard and sometimes dangerous. The plan followed in some police departments of increased pay for continued service might be adopted with advantage. Each protector should understand that if he did not attain a certain percentage based upon cases and faithful service, he would be dropped from the force. On the other hand, he should be paid an increased salary after a certain period of service, and after twenty years he should be retired on half pay, just as is done in the New York police force. Protectors are now paid $900 salary per annum. I think that after two years’ service they should receive $1,000, and have a raise of $100 every other year thereafter until their pay is $1,200. Any year of this period that a protector failed to make a fixed percentage, even though he qualified to remain on the force, should be disregarded as time counting for increased salary. Under this system, for at least six years and probably for a longer time the protector would be nerved to additional effort by the incentive of an increase in his salary. Beyond that period the incentive would come from the prospect of a pension after twenty years, which he could not gain provided he did not give good service.
The bane of all State work is half-hearted service. A State em- ployee is apt to degenerate into a mere placeholder. A political job is a poor one at best; its tenure is uncertain. and chances of pro- motion are limited. The first step in making an effective game protective department is to take it as far as possible out of politics, and this has been achieved in this State by putting the protectors under competitive Civil Service. The second step should be to
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 189
create an incentive which would warrant a good return for well directed effort, and counteract the lethargic effect that is apt to overtake even the best man who holds a reasonably sure State job. A wise chief protector provided with a system of rewards such as above outlined could accomplish wonderful results with his men. The only thing required them would be some way of posi-
tively insuring good men in their tenure in office.
BUREAU OF INLAND FISHERIES
As a straight business proposition it would undoubtedly pay the State to establish a Bureau of Inland Fisheries, as a division of thie Forest, Fish and Game Commission, with an executive officer to be known as the Superintendent of Inland Fisheries. The expense of such a bureau should not exceed $5,000 per year and it is esti- mated that it would produce a revenue to the State of twenty to twenty-five thousand dollars annually. The bureau would have charge of all the commercial fisheries of the State not already cared for by the Bureau of Marine Fisheries. The chief business of the latter is the leasing of State oyster lands and it also looks after the lobster and other shell fish industries, and the menha- den and other salt water fisheries of the State.
The fresh water fisheries of the State, which are hardly of less importance, are now cared for by one clerk under the supervision of the Chief Protector, in a department already overburdened with work, and it is no reflection on this department to say that the revenue received by the State from this source is not what it should be. Lakes Ontario and Erie and the Hudson River have very im- portant fisheries from a commercial standpoint, and there are many other inland waters that could be made to yield good returns. From this entire territory the State received in I910 a revenue from the sale of netting licenses of but $9,207.76. This is alto- gether too small an amount to be paid by existing fisheries. There is good reason to believe, moreover, that under proper supervision and suitable laws the revenue could be tripled or quadrupled, the increase coming chiefly from what are now neglected sources.
190 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
In many localities, where it is not now permitted, suckers, carp, eels, whitefish and some other varieties of non-game fish could be taken in such quantities as to be an important source of food supply, and under regulations that would not endanger the interests of the anglers. In fact, the netting of these fish would on the whole be of benefit to the increase of game fish. Most of the non-game fish are.spawn eaters, while others make the water unfit for the survival of game fish. Many of the best angling waters of the State have been ruined by the advent of the carp, but, while despised by the anglers, the carp is a valuable fish from the com- mercial standpoint. This is illustrated by the fact that the carp fishery in the Hudson River today is the most important of any of the fisheries in that river, and it is stated that the value of the carp taken from the Hudson exceeds the value of all other fish commercially netted in that river. The carp is a wonderfully prolific breeder and grows to a great size in waters having the proper food requirements. It exists in many of the waters of the State where netting is not permitted and where for practical pur- poses it is never taken. Some of these waters contain no other fish of consequence and most of them would be benefited by the thinning out of the carp. The work would have to be done intel- ligently, however, and a suitable law would have to be framed to meet the situation; otherwise, great damage might result to the interests of the anglers of the State. The question is one which must be developed under the supervision of a practical man, in thorough sympathy with the angling interests. Under proper de- velopment the result could not fail to be of great value to all the people of the State. The food supply would be augmented and the State would receive an increased revenue. In this connection, I believe that the law which prohibits the netting of fish in Lake Ontario, aside from the waters of Jefferson County, should be amended so as to make the netting limit a half mile from shore instead of one mile. The half mile limit applies in Lake Erie
while in a large portion of Jefferson County nets can be used
ForEsT, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 1gI
right up to the shore. The netting limit should be made uniform in the waters of the Great Lakes.
THE ADIRONDACK DEER SEASON
In some parts of the eastern and southern Adirondacks the sub- ject is again being agitated of the return to a short hounding sea- son. The argument is advanced that it would be much safer to human life to hound deer than to still hunt as under the present law. While I was at one time strongly in favor of hunting deer with dogs I have for some time been of the opinion that such a method of hunting is no longer practical in this State. A long hounding season would result in the extermination of the deer and a short hounding season would, I believe, be much more dangerous to human life than the present method of hunting.
A reference to the table of hunting casualties for the last six years, which is printed elsewhere, shows that during that time 16 men have been killed and 7 injured, who were mistaken for deer — a total of 23 casualties; while, during the same period, 33 men were killed and 29 injured as a result of carelessness or ac- cident while engaged hunting other game. The average of men killed and wounded during the period covered by the table, who were mistaken for deer, is less than 4 a year, and in proportion to the number of hunters afield the percentage is probably no larger than at the time hounding was the legal method of hunting. Many sportsmen who recollect conditions when hounding was in vogue can recall accidents where persons were shot by being mis- taken for deer. The following item from a late issue of Forest and Stream substantiates this statement:
“Tt will be noticed that the number of hunters killed or injured is very small in proportion to the great number of those who an- nually go afield. Particularly is this true as to deer hunting. In fact, it might well be said that these accidents form a negligible quantity in any argument that may rise as to this particular form of sport. Those who have been advocating a return to hounding
192 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE
as a necessary preventive of deer accidents will scarcely be able to base their plea on the official figures. Indeed, it does not appear that the annual outcry as to deer hunting accidents has been justi- fied, as it is very apparent that the popular idea as to the number of hunters killed or injured in any one year in this form of sport has been greatly exaggerated.
“The figures further show that by far the greater number of accidents occur among hunters of birds, duck, rabbits or other small game. Thirteen were killed and six injured during the past season in this wing of the army of sportsmen.”
The hunting region of New York State is peculiar, in that it is convenient to the most densely populated section of the country. Similar conditions do not prevail in any other part of the United States. This State alone has a population of nine millions of people — one-tenth of the population of the entire Union — and our hunting sections are easily reached by almost as many more people. The population of the State has increased two and a half millions since hounding was last in vogue. More than 500,000 shot guns and rifles are annually sold in the United States and a considerable portion of these come every year to the hands of men who hunt in this State. It is this vast increase in the number of hunters rather than in the method of hunting which is the menace to human life in New York and in any other State where the hunt- ers are grouped thickly. If such a thing was feasible no one should be granted a hunting license who could not show that he was at least familiar with the rudimentary principles of loading and handling firearms.
A short hounding season would result in an immense influx of sportsmen into the locality where it was permitted and there . could hardly fail to be a considerable loss of human life, not so much from the fact that men would be mistaken for deer as from chance shots or the accidents which always result when a man careless with firearms is in the immediate proximity with a num-
ber of other men. The sportsmen who ask for hounding do not
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 193
a
realize how greatly the number of hunters has increased since this form of sport was last permitted by law.
On the other hand, even the advocates of hounding deem that this method of hunting would result in a larger number of deer being killed than are killed under the present law and that the present deer supply would not last long if an extended hounding season was permitted. Hounding is a method of hunting which has been found too destructive to the supply to be permitted in the Northern States. It is only where the number of hunt- ers is limited and the hunting area large, as in the Province of Ontario, that those interested in the conservation of the deer can logically favor such a method.
The ideal game law is one so arranged as to season and method of hunting that no more than the increase of any game variety is killed during the open season so that a sufficient breeding stock is left over each year to maintain the supply. When this balance is seriously impaired the extinction of the game is only a matter of time. The sportsman therefore must consistently oppose any method of hunting which he believes will kill off the game more rapidly than it will increase under natural conditions.
Even a short hounding season would be a serious menace, in my opinion, to the deer supply. Not only would the number of deer killed by hunters have to be reckoned with but also the number of deer killed by the dogs. There are not many deer dogs in the Adi- rondacks at the present time. With hounding permitted their num- ber would increase and there would be more dogs in the Adiron- dacks than ever before. The worse feature of hounding under old conditions was the number of deer killed by dogs permitted to run at large in the late winter and early spring. While most own- ers of hounds would undoubtedly keep their dogs tied up during the closed season some men would not take this precaution and dogs ranging the woods at the time when deer are weak — during the winter — would result in hundreds of deer being killed each year to the benefit of nobody.
i
194 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
The law is much better as it is. If any change is to be made | would recommend that the season be extended 15 days later than at present, with the proviso that no deer be killed except bucks with horns 3 inches or more in length. This would permit still hunt- ing on the snow which would be bad, in that it would result in bringing a large number of hunters into the woods at this time. But such a law would have one good feature to recommend it, be- cause the careless hunter would hesitate before shooting to ascer- tain whether the object of his aim was a deer with horns. There would be little danger of seriously encroaching on the breeding stock under the terms of such a law as the does would be pro- tected. The experience of other states has shown that it benefits the stock to have the number of bucks reduced. Dr. T. S. Palmer of the Bureau of Biological Survey at Washington has stated that the heaviest deer come from states permitting the killing of bucks only, and his statement is substantiated by the record of weights given in the express companies’ shipments.
Another point not to be overlooked when considering the merits of the two methods of hunting deer is the fact that the area in- habitated by deer in this State has very materially increased since the prohibition of hounding. When hounding was permitted the deer in outlying sections, around the borders of the main forested areas, were easily driven out and killed and there were few deer aside from the supply in the heart of the wilderness. Today it is not a rash statement to say that there are more deer as a rule around the outskirts of the woods than there are in the central portions and these deer are larger and better nurtured. It is prob- able that the range of deer in this State covers a greater extent of territory than at any time within the last seventy-five years. This is important from the sportsman’s standpoint, in that it gives more men an opportunity of killing deer and also keeps the hunt- ing parties more widely separated.
It is also likely that under the present law we have more deer in the State of New York today than, possibly, at any time during
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 195
its history. When wolves were numerous in the State the deer were never very abundant. Old Adirondack hunters stated that they traveled days at a time in winter without killing a deer, and without finding a deer’s track that was not accompanied by a wolf track. Later on, before the advent of laws prohibiting market hunting and crusting, the sections inhabited by deer were ruth- lessly hunted each winter by men who shipped out the venison as long as it was possible and afterwards killed for the hides only. It was not until modern game laws were adopted and enforced that the deer really had any fair show.
REGISTRATION OF DOGS
There is one injustice in the present hounding law which should be remedied. Some suitable amendment should be made which would permit the possession:and use of dogs for legitimate pur- poses in the Adirondack section. The owner of a dog should, as at present, be held responsible if his dog pursues deer, but the farmer and the citizen who is not interested in hunting, also the bird shooter and fox hunter have rights which cannot be disre- garded. These men are not law breakers but as the statute stands at present they are often made to suffer for the sins of the illegit- imate hunter.
A proper system of registration of dogs would no doubt solve the difficulty. The law could be amended to permit the use of dogs for legitimate purposes in the forest preserve counties outside the Adirondack Park on the sole condition that such dogs he regis- tered and have at all times tags, giving the registry numbers, at- _tached to their collars. It should be made a misdemeanor and pun- ishable by a fine of $100 to permit a dog to run at large in the for- est preserve counties without the tag attached as indicated. Such a law would give the game protector a much greater opportunity of securing convictions for violations of the hounding law than at the present time. Under present conditions the hardest kind of a
case the protector has to make is a hounding case; his greatest
196 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
difficulty is to show in his evidence the connection between the hunters and the dogs. With the law amended as suggested when the illegal hunting was done the dog would undoubtedly be run with his collar off and no tag, and all that would be necessary to make a case would be to establish the identity of the dog, which is a much simpler proposition.
THE DEER SUPPLY
There can be no doubt that since hounding was stopped there has been a great increase in the number of deer in the State.
During the hunting season, which terminated October 31st, the express companies doing business on the Adirondack railroads transported twenty-three hundred and forty-three carcasses, saddles and heads of deer. This is the largest shipment ever made from the Adirondack section during a season when snow hunting was not permitted. 1896 was the last year in which hounding was per- mitted in the Adirondacks. Between that time and Igoo the deer season included the period from August 15th to November 15th. From 1900 to 1905 inclusive the open season was from September Ist to November 15th, inclusive. In 1906 the season was from October Ist to November 15th. In 1907 and 1908 the season was from September 16th to October 31st, inclusive, as it is at the pres- ent time. In 1909, however, fifteen days in November were added during which time bucks only could be killed.
It is interesting to note, from the table printed in another part of the report, the manner in which the number of deer killed, as indicated by the express shipments, has steadily increased. In 1900, with two months and a half open season and snow hunting permitted, only twelve hundred and four deer were shipped; and in 1901 only twelve hundred and eighty-six. By 1903 the two- thousand mark had been passed. In 1904, owing no doubt largely to the disastrous fires of 1903 and also to a bad winter, the num- ber fell to eighteen hundred and ninety-four, but in both 1905 and 1906 there was a notable increase in the number killed. In the
ForEsT, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 197
latter season twenty-six hundred and twenty-three deer were shipped. Then the snow hunting was taken off and in 1907 and 1908 the number of deer shipped, respectively, was just under twenty-two hundred. 1909, with the fifteen days in November added, the record shipment of thirty hundred and twenty-five was recorded. |
It will thus be seen that, aside from the poor season of 1904 (and making a proper allowance for seasons when snow hunting has been permitted) there has been a regular increase in the num- ber of deer killed each season.
This is as might be expected in a State whose population has increased one quarter in ten years. Were it not for the fact that the area inhabited by the deer is much larger than it was when hounding was permitted, the future of the deer supply would be seriously menaced. It is probable that at least four times as many deer are killed in the State as are transported by the express com- panies from the Adirondacks. Only a very small proportion of the deer killed, in the territory around the big woods, are shipped by rail. With the annual kill around the ten thousand mark and with the steady ratio of increase that now obtains, it is only a question of time when more restrictive regulations must be adopted.
SEALE GAME BIRD FARM
The State Bird Farm, which has been in operation a little over a year, has sent out about 1,200 pheasants for stocking purposes and sixty-five hundred eggs. These eggs and birds have gone into every county in the State. Three thousand eggs were used for hatching at the farm, from which two thousand birds were reared to maturity. Six hundred breeding birds are retained at the farm, also twenty-five pairs of English partridge and ten pairs of quail. The pheasants reared on the farm include the English ring neck, the Mongolian and the Hungarian dark necked pheasants.
In addition to the work of propagating the game birds, Harry T. Rogers, manager of the bird farm, has himself done a large
198 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
share of the work of fencing the farm and of building the vari- ous pens and enclosures required for the operation of the enter- prise. Seventy-five movable breeding pens, twelve by sixteen feet in size and six feet high, have been built; also two hundred and fifty individual coops and two hundred and fifty wire screens, which are used in the rearing of the small birds. Two large fields have been enclosed by wire fences nine feet high; one of these ‘fields is ten acres in extent and is used for the breeding birds; the other comprises eighty acres and is used for the young birds.
The farm has been run economically. It has produced most of the grain used by the birds. During 1910 the farm produced one hundred and twenty-one bushels of buckwheat, forty bushels of wheat, three hundred and seventy-two bushels of oats and five hun- dred bushels of shelled corn.
Mr. Rogers has accomplished much by hard and diligent work. The condition of the farm has been improved, the buildings re- paired, and a modern plant for the rearing of game birds fully equipped; and this result has been accomplished with a saving of three thousand dollars in the amount appropriated for the bird farm. Next year from three to four times as many birds and eggs will be shipped as in IgIo.
PHEASANTS IN NEW YORK The fact that at the present time there is shooting for
pheasants in sixteen counties in the State is chiefly due to an earlier experiment of the Forest, Fish and Game Com- mission in raising and distributing these birds for stocking pur- poses. For six years prior to 1904 the State sent out an average of something less than two hundred birds per year to applicants in various counties. Of these birds Monroe county received one hundred and thirty-five, which was the largest number appor- tioned to any county; next in order was Steuben, which received seventy-nine, Jefferson seventy-six and Niagara seventy-one. The total number of birds sent out in the six years was less than the number sent out from the State Bird Farm at Sherburne during
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 199
its first year of operation. Livingston county was stocked chiefly by the Wadsworths, who turned down a large number of birds on their extensive holdings.
Reports from the principal counties, where pheasant shooting is permitted by law, indicate that the birds are constantly increas- ing in numbers, despite the fact that large numbers are annually killed by sportsmen. In some sections of the State the farmers have been prejudiced against the pheasant on the ground that it damaged farm crops. “The Rochester Democrat,” of October 2oth, under the heading “ Pheasants Are Increasing,’ notes a change in the sentiment of farmers in Monroe county in this respect. The editorial states “Sportsmen who have taken advantage of the open season for ‘Chinese pheasants are reporting fair success, but are to a degree hampered by the posting of large numbers of farms by their owners. The farmers, it appears, have many of them changed their minds regarding the pheasants. It is not long since many complaints were made that the Chinese pheasant was an en- emy of the agriculturist and an active agent in the destruction of crops. Now that it has been learned that the bird is more useful than injurious, ‘no trespass’ signs are everywhere in evidence. Under these conditions there is very little liklihood that the birds will be exterminated. In fact it is reported that they are more numerous, in spite of last year’s open season.”
As pheasants are quite likely to be the important game bird of the future in this State, the question of their value to the farm- ers deserves careful attention. Some of the farmers’ papers con- demn the pheasants roundly, stating that they will pull newly- planted corn and later on rob the corn fields when the ears have ripened. They also state that they destroy apple buds and pick into mature fruit. It is believed that these reports greatly exagger- ate the damage done. On the other hand considerable evidence is | available to show that the pheasant is a friend of the farmer. The two following extracts are taken from the “ Rural New Yorker”: “As a person who is a great admirer of the pheasant and who
hopes eventually to see them rank as our foremost game bird, I beg
200 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
to put in a word in their favor. I can do no better than to quote W. B. Tegetmeier, the author of ‘ Poultry’ in the Encyclopedia Brittannica, and a very well-known judge of poultry and pheasants in England * * * He says: ‘The value of pheasants to the agriculturist is scarcely sufficiently appreciated; the birds destroy enormous numbers of injurious insects — upwards of twelve hun- dred wireworms have been taken out of the crop of a pheasant; if this number was consumed at a single meal, the total destroyed must be almost incredible. There is no doubt that insects are pre- ferred to grain. One pheasant, shot at the close of the shooting season, had in its crop seven hundred and twenty-six wireworms, one acorn, one snail, nine berries and three grains of wheat. Mr. F. Bond states that he took out of the crop of a pheasant four hundred and forty grubs of the crane-fly or daddy-long-legs. These larve are exceedingly destructive to the roots of grass on lawn or pasture. As another instance of their insectivorous char- acter may be mentioned, the complaint of Waterton, that they had extirpated the grass-hoppers from Walton Park.’ * * * H. S. Gladwin.”
Another letter reads as follows: “I am glad to submit to you our estimate of the value of pheasants. We have raised them in the barnyard, and from close observation have found that insects and bugs are their natural food. For this reason, they are of inesti- mable value in the orchards, where they do absolutely no harm. We have a corn field in close proximity to the orchards. There we have observed crows, blackbirds and doves pulling the corn, but we have never seen a pheasant. We are breeding them this winter. not because we want a game preserve, but because we want these useful birds to make their homes in our orchards.” * * * F.C. Pultneyville, N. Y.
The following is taken from the “ Rochester Democrat: ”
Lyons, N. Y., July 19th, “ Five English pheasants will pick and destroy more potato bugs in a day than any farmhand that ever lived,” says William N. Myers, and he ought to know, as he has tested both plans for exterminating this pest. Mr. Myers has a
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 201
truck farm at Pilgrimport. Adjacent is a piece of woods in which there are lots of pheasants. Mr. Myers noticed about two weeks ago that the pheasants were paying great attention to his potato patch. Knowing that pheasants can pull corn faster than two men can plant it, he was naturally suspicious and inspected the field closely to see that the birds did not dig up the potatoes by the hill. Aided by a pair of field glasses, Mr. Myers saw that the pheasants were not after the potatoes but were eating the bugs. A week ago Mr. Myers ran upon a flock of young pheasants. He hastily built a wire fence around a small portion of the potato lot and put the flock of six young pheasants in the enclosure. That flock cleaned the potato bugs off in short order. He next removed the fence al- together and noticed that the birds hankered so much for the juicy bugs that he did not have to invite them to work. Consequently Mr. Myers is saving his money, while other farmers are buying paris green, and his potato lot has but few bugs in it.”
The “ Canandaigua Repository ” for October 28th, in reporting on the Ontario pheasant season, says: “ What is said to have been the most successful pheasant season, from the hunter’s point of view, since the revision of the game laws, will close to-morrow * * * When pheasants were more numerous in the county farmers and property-owners generally pronounced the birds to be destructive. This view seems to have changed considerably and now it is de- clared that, although the birds do some damage when the crops are coming up yet their continual warfare against harmful insects
more than makes up for the damage.”
SMALL GAME.
The season of 1910 was an exceptionally good breeding season for birds and small game in most parts of the State. In localities where the breeding stock had not been exterminated there was a gratifying increase in the number of partridge. The number of sportsmen have increased so greatly however, that, except in the most sparsely settled sections of the State, the outlook for this
noble game bird is most gloomy.
202 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Rabbits, including the cotton tail and the varying hare — often called the white rabbit— were more numerous than for a num- ber of years past. Gray squirrels were also abundant in many sections of the State. One Italian arrested on the north shore of Long Island had thirty-four in his possession.
THE CARE OF THE SPARE GAME,
The owners of private preserves spend considerable sums of money in caring for the game they have in their covers, and it is good judgment on the part of the State to do the same. Game protection for which the State spends large sums annually avails iittle if applied only to destroyers of the human race. Encour- agement should be given to keeping down noxious vermin, and game should be cared for in winter when in danger of perishing by starvation.
A modest appropriation should be available for supplying feed for the deer in sections of the Adirondacks where deer die during hard winters, and this should be available also for the care ot pheasants or other game varieties. Each deer has a considerable money value, if considered only from the standpoint of the price the carcass will bring in a butcher shop, and no private corporation would consider it good business to lose valuable stock when a few dollars properly expended at a crisis would save the supply.
WOLVES IN THE ADIRONDACKS.
The following letters from D. C. Wood, the well-known Adiron- dack surveyor, and Charles Donaldson are self-explanatory:
“We were at work on the west line of township fifty and I was searching for the line ahead of the party when I scared up an animal which I at first thought was a fawn, but upon closer ex- amination saw that it was not. It was about the size of a shepherd dog and gray in color. I spoke to one of my men who was with me and he said, ‘it acted like a wolf and if it was we would see
it again as they usually sneaked around to watch anybody.’ In
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION 203
about fifteen minutes I ran on to it again and it ran off. Again in about fifteen minutes I was in advance, sitting up a fallen spruce tree waiting for the men to come up. When they came up to the top of the fallen tree this animal jumped out from under the top and ran away. It apparently was hidden there watching me. Mr. Donaldson, the ax-man, was within about fifteen feet of it and obtained a good view of it and said, ‘it was a wolf.’” |
D. C. WOOD.
“Mr. Wood saw the wolf first and he did not know what it was and he came and told me about it and I told him I thought it was a wolf and told him that if it was a wolf he would see it again, as it was the nature of those kind of animals to sly around and watch anybody that they saw. We surveyed on a piece and Mr. Wood and the chainman saw him again and then he ran off in the woods and we went on farther and I saw him. He was standing at one end of a tree top and Mr. Wood was standing at the other end and he was watching Mr. Wood and then I showed him to Mr. Wood and his son. I knew it was a wolf as I have seen them before. A wolf has four toes and I think there are more wolves in there as I saw a number of tracks of wolves when they had crossed the small streams of water that run up in there.”
CHAS... DONALDSON.
PEK AND, WILD: BOAR.
The Adirondack elk appear to be steadily decreasing in numbers, despite the fact that they seem to be well able to take care of themselves in so far as the question of feed is concerned. The yearling elk resemble deer and are often unintentionally shot by hunters who mistake them for deer. The experiment of attempting to restock the Adirondacks with elk has been an interesting one. but for the reason above given is likely to result in failure.
There are a number of wild boars at large in various parts of the State, and in some sections they appear to be increasing in numbers. In the Adirondacks they forage under the snow and
204 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
appear to have little difficulty in getting food in winter. Wild boar which escaped from the Litchfield preserve now occupy a con- siderable extent of country in the neighborhood of the southern end of Big Tupper lake. It is by no means unlikely that the animal which Messrs. Wood and Donaldson saw north of Long lake, and which they took to be a wolf as mentioned elsewhere, may have been a small boar. In color and general appearance a yearling wild boar, when seen in the woods, is not unlike a wolf.
BEAVER IN NEW YORK.
One of the most interesting facts with reference to the wild animals of the State is the rapid increase of beaver. For a num- ber of years prior to 1904 it was commonly believed that beaver had been exterminated in the State. As a matter of fact, however, a small remnant of the once abundant native stock still survived. The last stronghold of these beaver was the lake region in town- ship twenty, south and west of St. Regis mountain. A few beaver were on the west branch of the St. Regis river and a few on the Jordan river, which empties into the Raquette river in the town of Hollywood, St. Lawrence county; in all there were prob- ably not more than a score of beaver left.
In 1904, through the efforts of Harry V. Radford, an appro- priation was secured from the Legislature of $500 for the purchase of beaver for the purpose of restocking the Adirondacks. In the spring of 1905, six beaver, which had been secured from the Cana- dian Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, were released, two at the junction of Sumner stream with the south branch of the Moose river and four at the head of Big Moose lake. In 1906 fourteen more beaver, procured from the Yellowstone National Park by arrangement with the Secretary of Interior, were liberated. Four of these were released in a pond near First lake of the Fulton Chain, four near the Fourth lake of the Fulton Chain, four on the outlet of Lake Terror in town- ship forty-two, and two near the head of Little Tupper lake. In 1909, the State also released a beaver at Lake Placid. In all the
State released twenty-one beaver.
ForEST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 205
In addition to the beaver put out by the State a number were released by private individuals. Beginning in 1901, Edward H. Litchfield has liberated in all about a dozen beaver in the neighbor- hood of his preserve on Big Tupper lake. In 1902 a beaver escaped from Woodruff’s preserve at Lake Kora and took up its residence at the mouth of Sumner stream, where, as above stated, two of the State beaver were released in 1906. In 1906, Hon. George A. Stevens liberated a Canadian beaver at Lake Placid.
Near Huguenot, in Orange county, on Cold brook, between the Ontario & Western railroad embankment and the Neversink river, is a colony of beaver on the land of Mr. A. E. Godefroy. There is also a second colony of beaver in the same neighborhood on the land of Benjamin Swartout on the Neversing river. Mr. Gode- froy for several years past has notified the Commission from time to time of the welfare of the beaver, and Acting Division Chief Kidd has posted the localities. It is difficult to imagine where these beaver came from unless they are the offspring of beaver orig- inally released in the preserve of Rutherford Stuyvesant at Al- lamuchy, N. J., which place is about thirty-five miles in an air line from the colonies just mentioned.
Some years ago the Forest, Fish and Game Commission had no- tices printed giving the terms of law under which the beaver are pro- tected and warning persons not to interfere with them. The game protectors have posted these notices in all localities in the State where beaver are known to inhabit.
All told the Commission has information of about sixty families of beaver over a widely scattered region, chiefly of course in the Adirondack section. They are breeding rapidly, the law pro- tecting them is respected and they will soon be a common sight in the northern part of the State.
RETURNS PROM HUNTERS’) LICENSES. During the last fiscal year the returns from hunters’ licenses were $141,219 as against $134,031 for 1909. Suffolk county again leads the other counties of the State in the number of licenses issued.
206 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
It is interesting to note that in the three years that general hunters’ licenses have been issued two counties of less than 100,- ooo population have led the other counties of the State; these are Suffolk, which has twice stood at the head of the list and once in second place, and St. Lawrence, which has once occupied the first position and twice the second place. Next to these counties Erie
and Monroe have contested for the honors.
CHANGES IN THE LAWS.
At the last session of the Legislature several important changes were made in the game laws and a number of minor ones. In all thirty-nine sections were amended and one new section added. The new section added to the game law is section 32-a, which gives power to the Commissioner upon the request of a majority of any town board, to designate as game or bird refuges, for a period not to exceed ten years, lands set aside with the consent of the owners for this purpose. No hunting whatever can be done upon these refuges.
The duck shooting season was lengthened ten days to January roth, while the time allowed for the possession of State ducks was shortened six weeks, or to midnight of January 15th. A bonding provision was added permitting bonded dealers and hotels to sell wild fowl from out of the State between January 1oth and March Ist. The Long Island brant law, which gave a special season for brant extending four months beyond the regular wild fowl season and which was the cause of much illegal shooting of ducks, was repealed.
The Shea bill, which was the measure advocated by the National Association of Audubon Societies, was enacted into law. This bill amended section 98 so as to make the prohibition against the sale of the plumage, skin or body of any bird protected by the section apply also to birds coming from without the State, as well as to State birds, provided that the foreign birds belong
to the same family as the native birds which were protected.
as
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 207
That part of the deer law giving the first fifteen days in Novem- ber as a special’open season for buck deer was repealed. The open season for muskrat was extended from March 15th to April 15th. A three year close season for Long Island deer was estab- lished. The prohibition against the use of ferrets for hunting rabbits was removed, and a bag limit of ten rabbits per day to one person was added.
The penalty for polluting streams and for taking fish, by drawing off the water and also by the use of explosives, was materially increased.
The force of game protectors was increased from eighty-five to ninety. The salary of the First Assistant Chief Protector was raised $200, and the Division Chiefs given the same salary as the Assistant Chiefs ranking below the First Assistant Chief.
THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW.
Some of the leaders of the organized sportsmen of the State believe that the enforcement of the game law has been too severe. The statement is made that the game protector should devote his energies to prevent violations of the game law and not to the prose- cutions of the violators. It is said that the protector, under the present system, is judged too much by his record of cases, and that better results would be obtained if he was instructed to make few if any arrests but to warn the violators of the law and to hold his evidence of violations over their heads as a threat to make them mend their ways. |
While plausible in theory such a program is highly impractical. Prosecuting people for violations of the law is not pleasant busi- ness. The game protector is human, and would naturally welcome an excuse to be rid of the most troublesome part of his work. The result could not fail to be loss of discipline and demoralization in the force and increased game law violation.
The attitude which the Commission takes upon this matter, and the only attitude which it can take, is that where a violation of the
law has been committed the penalty must be met. There is no
208 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
way of getting around it. Once the Commission is satisfied that any provision of the game law has been violated that part of the incident is closed. No power is given the Commission to waive any provision of the law whatever where the law has been infringed. When a violation is of minor importance and purely technical the courts decide this fact, but when any of the plain provisions of the statute has been violated the Commission itself has but one interest and but one duty, and that is to see that the matter is taken to the courts where suitable justice may be rendered.
In many respects the game laws are arbitrary and unjust. No man-made law was ever perfect or can be perfect. The best law is the law which works the greatest good with the least injustice. The game protectors are instructed to devote their chief energies to the suppression of flagrant violations, but they are not permitted to overlook any violations of the law.
A fact that impresses visitors from other countries, in noting American customs, is American disregard of law. No people on the face of the earth, and I say it with all due reverence for this wonderful nation of ours, are more reckless in passing laws and then failing to enforce them. We have laws against gambling and Sunday drinking (not to mention game laws), which are violated every week by pretty good kind of people just for the fun of it. This is all wrong and we know it. Every thinking man to-day
believes in fewer laws and an exact enforcement of them. JOHN B. BURNHAM.
209
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION
09 bz Seaara tome £ a cents bea Gg ¢ GZ oz CL 961 ZI AO) Dc (OO) Ch UNO Dod oOo OD OO seeeeeery v7 ‘yosnssoyy
ov 6g ier ate 00 of ce oz Co 9f of 69£ CY woe ence eee ewer a /s:(6) (6) 0) 10) one sewer ac a) ‘T1O}SIOU}COT Sg 1Z Geo.0 OW OtU oo SE oo Sg ze Te S6Z Ic Se aay dy Crib) Eee cal en omallenentersiges bine Ve Sonor atereTe Gg ‘weyuIey Lo £6 eee ee aoe oo Cr 0g zz he) cS cs €£g Cy 2g oa (Em eee ee ew re eee eee OHO Gob Ot rey ey ‘AOE +o Ce 69 00 OI C6 S ot ZI 00 961 fa ie Ea a | Ce ail fo) wire ete niovye wie) (a1 tw tite Ose ate a) ‘OTITAOGd z6 bo EAE Oke a Cr oZ oZ Ch Lo 1S Lv oLI VI Pe eC DRC ae ECM One i CatTey ville iO) Get) OO 0 00 Od oso Uo a {°M ‘AJOC, oS CI Mean Sete woataee ee aak Clee eee ta ae oS CT 00 691 Olen 7 Ree ae (OD GeO Oo OO eo a oo . ys) ‘H ‘JJOMOC] Ce Zz oOo echEs oar ol oo inn wahiene ov € C6 91 Ol OII g miata Bra elu eek Slovene veme) aiimans Visleneunns ai “ay ‘Ajioysneqd gI Ce ita eee NEE MCE Oa aor of g rote) a of b6z Li Pari ON we OnORCL LEO lacs Gr mei etingk Oar 2) bis feelers sy) "cy ‘TaATNG 10 zs mista. ere ee 1S gIS ob Ol Ol C1 96 6So‘I Cy Seo RO me Oeorceo (an reot a) by ue) 8) (6) eens) wile eee ‘V “f ‘W0}OT[OD) 9z eS 00 og 00 C1 ot gI 08 gI Cz 6C1 QI oi cet far sic. 0s Oi. 16/6) ey eer bie lsnare oe eee ew ewe eee all *M ‘sas0][Q OI CI ree ae ae ae ee 00 PSrH GR ORG one OI 6 ol QIe Tiles ee eo ee one eee wee ee eee eee eee o ee “HOM ‘young ce 19 eee ec ove 00 gz oZ Cr G9 61 So gI VI fel) 90810 PRECIO TPr i CROs Oa cOELIO Gach yas UsCe On Can ‘HT ‘opisuing 06 gv Che WLR Coe ae) OOcOr Loar 06 gz 00 9f I oeoeeeesee eee se eee eee eee eee eee eee ee qf ‘sueying cs of by ie a, ee. ie 8w reve) Cr oz ¢ c¢ Qe 00 09z QI eooeneverees Per ee ee NM sb souoporg LS Lt Ge earecint ete oo S 00 z ZS o1 00 voz Cr ooo oes eee eee ee to Ce ee ee ‘9 ‘phog G9 8 CRC Cea CULL ie CONT Ma HTT Cet a eee 00 ¢ Go S 00 OO! 9 eooeeeee ee Ce see eeerrr so IoMog OI g ete ecaCat ie mc Giterk OO. Gace Nene ueTte eats OI g oS zor g ep 6 eo) B® ole ce) oh )ce) 70) 6) 10.05) 6) 8 oe eee ene eee eee { -q ‘youg 09 gz eseoee ° oe eeee of 9 of Ze 0O oc¢e C1 6 5 6 © © 8. 6. w (6. 8) e868 8 fe © (se ever eer eee eee eeee ‘Vv nee) ‘aqoog MTA) ok SIG RERE ea hath eete ws. ||P eta Rae oa ofl tana “| 60 00t es eerie Seeeiek sae tc eee L °C ‘soureg OL bz cee oeece eee e econ 0g QI of Z oz 96 Z APO ty OhO-CE0) 0, O8020, 00) .05 Cen seins biel eis Si /ei7si8) '»: ¥) «i's “af ‘Tea ZI IZ! ae SS Teena ov gz o7 LI of 6z¢ ZL pk eR aR * JMO UOISTATp suryor ““T ‘ys.inqsoA, ZI 89 ore be et vu . oo une ee z6 Iv Of 9z oS ZZI Cr Wate eae branete * Joryo UOISTATP surjor ‘ ‘M ‘PPI. 06 9LI resees | OS tor | ocrtctcee oP ZI 9S 1¢L‘1 (2p Memes! (ei ee ae “pM UOISIAIp Surjoe “VW ‘a ‘WO]IOC c9 Zz CeCe er an ee reve) o1¢ 0g 1¢ cg OI Ce oge ZZ eter) pisel (exis. sual sip. biel eres meel (eres. ce ens. jeryo UOISTATD * Tay ‘9339'| oS Geet Ome Dae See CCU. Fk |. Mt ROR ORC RCRA oS oS Cz ie on alee “pore queysIsse YyAnoF iar af ‘WIOTIODOW Of z Rie te e588 ioe o eietelwrarerie fie hCer ORC EO of z oo OS! c a er ieliecw nts “Jory queysisse pay} “ef “YL ‘S[OUSIN SI 6¢ eee ees bn aie G1 6¢ oS 1¢c¢ ZL aes * *Joryo queqsisse puooes “a “[ “441Avo'T $}Sso00 sesreyo Soo} soo $}S00 qysno1q [e1OL JuIQ-~—sC| sAous073 ereienoo qanod AraA009Y suoljOy
$10}99}0Jq Ie[ndey WOLIALOUd ANVS) daIHD AHL AO LAHOdAY
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
210
oo LI etal ate! a ae Sia ales Uw Wee Fee eh, ee mL eh ise a rave) LI 00 Ciz OI pian paar eS a CCEA SN IEC En ICs ae f ‘dniyjIoN
ol zb mi jekatee (erie) at (6 00 OI Oz OI oS Zz oo Cy ro CRC Sem Teint ectan ea kta) Sines wives Alinta (aL W er eeie, ecranig war ieren a ‘U0}ION Cr 5 A Chery Ceoece re OO OI ov TI Co OI oo z¢ YT |. xe ei gia e) Bre) SR ew WY WR a oe is wlan wile, eee cei. eb ie UW 3) ‘QIGON oS Cr Blisteim (a 0, ele hi meen, oe eels rere) ¢ oS OI reve) olz LZ | Bs ee we) eve ie: wen éle were se 0 .Nu. eke a” enelivbe wa) Bele ®/e- ebwners V ‘aIOOTY 09 QI Tee ee eee Oz 66 oz 5 Oz CT oS gcv 6I : Hepsi aes tbecn sen as ny” ogo Ree +?) ‘S ‘UOST}} ETAL oS ae ae bias Sileice’ age, + | ERE aap aes. Ae Pen eee oS z oS ZQ C Ln’ vise (ayeutec Ww Can wua id mae).8* Taye. wildy Gam RETR cea AT Meat ei EL ‘USIP AL C9 or oo OI reve) Ol oS Y CI gI 09 Cé6I Iz pi apie eelle! wl Sip) (sae re Skee ee) 8 weep lel ehs eae Gy ik ae ca 6s te a ‘UII oS PzI Toei Glee wits oS rat A. ba tinics, (ale: w/a ee wll e wy tel a) ale os zSs Ai gn Rey PN We Oe eh OS ee Cet a SAC Sa aff ‘YOTUIIODOY to FAM 6z 9f 00 cc 09 61 CI Iz C6 zSb 9 atte alaintare dace gt qian Sah Aaa ip, LaLa Ong hoe aA DRS y Ratna a an PAA cl =) ‘90'T oO QI Cae Cape cer: (ll Sarr Ondo en os oS YT oS II reve) Cr LZ aay Siler inet Mica ecw pink oe, Cyn eo) Bie Bel wes Sis Swe iae Mera E "M ‘qqIAeo'T Co ov Pt Onecare OG eye) Oz Cz Il 08 VI bye: a Aske Lenn 6. ahi a Re CE eee aCe Earn SOSA ag Ly Tal SF CPR, Dy TRO oie If “¢ ep ‘ulLye’y] COE te ee eee eos ee Phere eer ppc inetas ite ce caine nas: [Pie me utile se \ele)o oo I fete) I¢ 7 game =I | ("UCSC ICR DEC NCB’ OC Dice Ip eG 0 ON Cg Mey Oy ty) GUBKC H "M ‘ddeuyy oS Cc Rige! (Sr (o-Ke nl gemier ele atnae Cm amie) say fs) ite tw @ului sta e cere oS C oS Cg I 9 2 om 8, pie eo) S Miele res elim en ala) > kmtini\e (0-ce™ sie/ late. (ec Omen acm A ‘UPUUISUTS cS VY Cechieced On Ae 1 OO OZ CL OL 08 CT Cz Ciz 9 © Vane nike) vole 6) @ 6 ecm en RO ete: 8, # Cl wim sq. RNa vel hs) han his See ning YW “T ‘souo[ 08 lz 9: ie; java: is) 5elhao ce reve) C Cg v C6 ay 16 Zev 61 Cs) 6 ae wow oe. wee», aie Oe pe de lel mire it: Chey on sitet h- wieiie H “Mm ‘SUOIT 0g VL ce CeO tt OO OZ C9 Cz Cr 6z reve) 0g ¢\) Cee ns || OL OLE Winer ps ib cy Cuvee nin Ca Co) Oi otd 2 V ‘H ‘U0JIOF] (eye) Ube CC et ter rere) Cz Oye) eis hee, idee 00 z reve) CI ¢ a se eee) ee eps 6 bly 6! Posh ena wr alariuleoe saris “aN a iniwits wile a ‘UPU OH eye) Q o {e) islenta, eee rere) C rere) I ere) z oS Crs gI tah Om Men Pt an og or ee eg gay Sate as Pay Wa ie ON ag yer By Me tec Te es ey =) M ‘aspoH Cr QI CZ TI reve) CZ Cz Le Cr 99 OI got CS I “Pa Ca on Yor ee Ms St Ow nN Ue eee en AY Coe OY ey eet he ed ol ee iE ‘TayOUTyy oo Cz we (eke Le amuniee fete) Cgz Veet aa'ate 21) Gsm oa pes fete) oz! I 9z ae ee ee ee eee er et Oe Ce a ee eer, Cerone. oc A ‘SHOIH oS Mee cag 2 gf Aae alae ne Matera [fetan desmeine dae deisel fp eldeAeerde ne gays oS I OO 1S ee SUSU ia eico usin get acy Vises Uncen aioe cu ns Gs mem eNen snes 3) a | ‘SUO HL oS 61 oPieine) aehie! ele ite oO S Paces. ea ree oS TI 00 zlz 6 Se ee eR RC eI aT Cre Clete ea Cpe eA ht Oe V “aT ‘UdZe HY oS 9S OO moet (eye) CT 00 z oS Iv ol ers 6¢ wr ulisaie ei eh scat eh o/ vies ee eie Selves) fal Que alta de uetal ei al /oAn relied tie W ‘UoqezeY oS Ol ORO OO Oe SGM ier le eye) Zz oS g ov AA C ace, ® LBale ele ee) Se bee ky Unie b ipl eu ei mile re. ale) wualie) alve heel alerts ae if ‘soAe TY oS Cz as) #8) wis eke oS OO! CL 5% Cz QI rere) bez 8 Win'Sy A) @ \e7 pitie) wyyiaas eet e) at) ey On 6h ee Rioh, el aw bn ie br eae oc mene aie ih ‘pury c9 1g ceils ediwhimcelie faye) CI ov C1 Cz 1S cS R89 QI Rye sl ek we lew Spiel ee duel caln No ws Pohl el bine rm, Aa iane coiee a ihh es d a | ancy fete) LV Ostet: OnOwcn nt oO OI 09 gI Qe ire oS 68 v S4ep Cane tibiae) [nial a eure oe) aiial a (¢uny atcal bye Rae Kea ee Nanos zl ve ‘woudl+y oZ cc rt 1) ONO Tait ct Tare Oe Omer OI LS 09 9z Cz gSe 38 | bie “simi. Sy igh e sl we ein weve hye) ais ts eth el elke) mF el cab sian eee H YW ‘qUeIL) Cr 1S oO OO tong oo Cr eke “aes ee 6 Cr 9 Cr C6 6 PCM T A Pe tM de ee mO DEVE MCmOs yh CLCa Ch ORCE Care Tat ne aA ‘uevuder) (eye) 6I | Rae se pes GV Se eC oo 61 1 Regt eet ORE Ca SAE i Ok CCRC rove} o£9 9 ae) Mel | IEOS LOO CMIVON RDO We ie at aL NCO, a CANOE FS A ‘TOYUSeT[er) gL QI I¢ SheMale (elgs [enue QI o6¢ GC g¢ Co oz¢ ov 6ceg LY EMM YECLAT Prsy e Tay Cacee Tet eCecece Oat rih tigress) cost it (ai "M ‘QO1IO 7 S}SOO sosreyo Soo} Sooj $}SOo yysno1 [eIOL IsyjQ =| ,SAvUIO}Y | SoTqeysuoD}| yINoDd PAO AGIa Eoin
(pepnjouo0g) — s10}99}01g sJeNsey
Zier
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
pL ggr‘og | c& Szig | gz SLS‘€g] 66 geZg | Sx ObL ‘Ig zs pz aetacrsl: jo tue nie’ tet hl Ih ai\ehtia Nel iel sce num | CO melta (ey bral Us: ve) zs Vz OVA b\Oeaee He hie ee ob 6S og ¢ o$ Sz C6 57 iacvelrel werar sone hl t Grunielrnis seeps ii fal 17U| M16) carey 6) 8) el ve) -8 C6 V AG AealsD Ss ele Z7Q 2S 00 Zz Cr 6¢ Co CI eae CCT. CE CCUNCLChe alb||ime Cl ac ihcc i ea Mie | heer Liles Pecperc hear Vantaa nt a) Co CI ol a2 SL ectep Betws) ceil || Maes fa tete mcm rents C9 Co Y 6Z 0g Oi- Se ae alle OR Ol 00 69 SOsOm eo Alt secon oO OI Ce z og CI ov FoI oS 00 ¢¢ og gt OI Qz COmcOmee eal at ot 00 oS Of Or CZ zz CaO CM mata re 00 SZ C6 oI oS SII 10 9O0z og ¢S DePile sc eee ee 00 8 09 6 Dee S-U tal wy erie ier Cag a PC KS, Teal ae ale. ueten|e Liem) Wyler arlene & (eye) 6 Cie of See leionsbiabie ve) wll + ternen teeter et wi le ciwiaen lL was e) ptece hy set oo CZ of SPR Op Seeger lege Rene es oo SI oo I CI oz reve) Qz ah wore tel te Mele: ie. oO ZI @ lee, ces et Jeles’ fa reve) VI OLreOc Iau ele es * C6 16 oz 6 C6 bz Oz EG SESE Oi Oto Poem eo Oe hernia cian CZ ee Cr Vz Geddes ee. Zz 9 MOmlOu~ ceo ee 00°o£ C6 ¢ Co Lz Cr of Satea sin vis lalpetdat wy], ae beh en a ee) av ce! Cz ( Oz Cz tZ LY BL eye hislLeciene) ie eye) Oz fock ews 8 6) fw. il Jig ¢¢ Liv apie eule Vine. 6 09 VIP ae) upaariehelaa C6 z reve) ih oe Lene Celt Ch rein Lea MR Re ot EOC Sift. heyday Time timer De haan Fee} eye) ji oS C eC Cake tad ead elie Te ch hn Pact lf kit yoy Wied Wear tos Soe rtar D oS ¢ Satay att ait ee 00 OI oS II Co £z Goyette) el eee 66 962 Cy Lo Ce gt OR. at |e eee 00 oF gb £9 ov br Ol ae igre eee Co Z 00 £ Go ZL 96 I wmtiomceiMal dete ba Mean ie Metce: car resaN ite «okeln ae |) s TOME woe ee pines 96 I RCT erate ee [eo ceo be Ge eo 00 9
“OOUJO WOT JOOIIP PoNoVWsOld x
URC eaadnt alee nerd oes { "M ‘poo M [VA LAS EST TROT SEM Se A are eee see ae A WY ‘aIIe MM Me dee ae Sait a ACR LS een earl Ae I aie ng ACG . q "ff ‘uur A Were Sa See Be ce ta H Jee ‘uosduroy [, eae Or Cana ee eee oN ‘Toqie LL
pinata ie ohie 6i Reel oniniio \piibl isis; ubitiele baka tat ise) dal al ine earn a 3) ‘W044NS OM MCh BOW ait ar er OEM a OtkG POMEL R ie tie CME OS ONT MCAT S| re) ‘Ka[deys | OOOO Crane Ce atsbr Dene O60 10s Oe Den ocol cade O2 cn O-O tr Ort aie a ‘UOAUe}S SOR TRADER Ie aie ENCE MG RC sR ies Cty ny Teer Coto V ) ‘sormbs Wap e s aed, on ae a ace rns Ac 5) TG ‘ysinquoeds SOP ee 18) Pel 8 mle oe) eo sleir iS) Mey lB) le he ae: ho eis) Jwlrws sure) mt waren Ps ‘OT[TAIOULOG UNO Toure No. DaroaceeMccs track Sloe’, Of Sune Oh ener Bite S Y ii ‘qyTWS IN A) SCION Te OP UR OM OST ST TSTN DSO SORT LOMON Ce ra aCe Clo tC “M Gh ‘WO BUTYAIEG
OPO AC ats Try SOLO be Te OeONID lua Oh On Chi TpCec alter h nc PORT Recat ra) V "Ni ‘14099 SWia ciel alia iinbe'gt <a raecvty were lei eis tyei uelaile sr Leite emcee ms) alan) <oce eas ape A “if ‘Jaynes STi, Tp yet RoC ta ie Caachi tin Cor i eT ECC asCheCe CEO CECE S aN ‘quadres DOs Melantve etre Casta el is) ete Pentel (elie sis.da ie Biel) oriole eva iet arn cs a erie ee Jd ‘ATR Cr TgGs iy Oath Da CSUR Ce Us haba NON anys 5 oer tay MEM ici: Cen 9) af ‘QTY
Oy. wiMe edhe uns) tebe, ip) (ol iattral wwe Uawiypinyi cer se eiie.ce bile etiepaatiame sere oie g ‘TTeslatg | . : Beer a tS ae "mM g ‘youqiyd Caer Say, og eS EES LP Chel iy er We oC PISCE bat ey IS Ok CHET Joule et Psi “ay ‘U0JIOAQ)
as
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
212
oS I PRE ak ie Oe ORC) ses oe ee oc 1 oS 19 foo er ee ee ae Duel A eaee cabin value’ eneitatte awe) mise ny abe: WA ‘sowrey Oy TRC Crate) Cicer arora Pia ib a aot oad (em he Sar ie PC et a Pa ee eee oo SI ee Sees ney a) eS eee ee web tee, er ace ee AAR ORt ED ob Ol . fae weeks ie ce fs) Now aos ov Ol ae eee aoe Gee ee SP | Ne ae IC at Oe a SO <ceege al ih ‘SpIeMp ay 96 Il 80 o¢ see eee . 09 ¢ of 9 fete) FAQ) +3 ee ee Ke AMOS Oe wae SOY) Wee ORR ee te a8 al ww ie V ‘stlognqd Citas alee ees ae ee Ao a Sid i neg cee 00 I oS ge ¢ a ae ae Riess) 6 n Les oY ela tens erie le acl eee M 9) ‘yooquaTiq, asaetacv a sneee \a-tceeiie. oes © ||) ) ie taleehewe eS. =|) le talsdval ie: ule, 4 Ree ay wl og 00 oS 1 Ro res rN eos ek ee ol oe Se eG ne wy miiel ca AM ‘TTeMog CL Ci Mec G 3) |\be wen we eae, | arene, & oa) a canle Cl CL ZI | ge cmmma ce | aT ENS ECC EO CE as a ay eto sors ET MM ‘seuuo7 00 ¢ aneian 6 © 6) Piles) eicrice a iricereecee |) me tere eC ecg ro 00 ¢ 00 Oz | ay Re RE WN SE G8, Sot kee Ra eee ar af ‘rado0g oS 61 MOMS T oY Caren. coca ti icistue C9 Ol Cg 8 00 tol 9 a SMS aT Ta Pe Tae Ps al al CI oP Te TAC DE CET, Homo Clee ane H ‘u0od wus) eva aera ibe cus ie sixe: of seth ales et eee) <i| oliviterieewimrenar le need ae 00 OI i 8 ae pe eae Pe OR NC ter ur er Ota ier MC Co eCiet it . M'‘a i) (Ym) Oz g POUR Conner i) ACSC ACRE Og OZ C rove) ¢ 00 OZ Pere eg calfarsisann cub msenan eniehs ieris's) ny tale Sua eueaes bee 0 @:istap eel eo wwe ®) af ‘209 C6 Zz Sa) Av e-aawen Meee as) a eee.» i age deia ey ig. 6 C6 z fete) Ol I POM Tat Ces Lace vel Gt tal tector OM ter be PY Yan Ore ony Tie inn nes RC tk 3 OIA ‘f ‘uvUulIe, cg 8 Cueshe ssh as ||(Musie) is) 6 etay a 0g z Co 9 se 6a we 6,\c ae AR i op sen ee lew a OCR er eR a og a cor 6 “aI ‘ured CCT ORG Ue ieee Me eraigede, le: ree o. Rlataicwee le Sl. ew matey ey ee? reve) Cz | a pe eee USCS RCSB. TRON LR RS BRC RCA CULMS A 2 f 'V ‘suIng
SES USMAS 9) aici Ue (ease Alene see ee Wee, Oem ws 6 lie Row) ares eee A i; Sac es fete) Cr 1 I oars Se CN CSE ON BE ORC CIR RCE PS) Coro Ce M ‘taAoulposung Cr 7 7 I aE ER EN oo I Cr 6I CV ofe i) MMS oh OCS OL Bs Be ee ° | "M ‘jeyjUopung ov Cig ep ever eae ey Aju 0 6 ed 0 8, 6 oeeees ov ov OI Th cen Go Fi MRCS PSG I NA tes sass ah She plat 8:58) 0 /icle) ek Bee taba a = ‘WWeysiig Co LI Ody ets (p) el lele) Ul Gee ee a Vee « Oz ji cg 6 Oz exZ 8 Chey bao vy eee Cee wich wre Cet iar Cray a Vi Mt Mier Tne) SEN tows mre a = ‘meysig reve) C 76) et 6) 8. isla ed ms Cee e «e168 )]) -« 6 6 (6 w@ ees oo c reve) c¢ Fai Oe eS RC ORT ACS Tae Cg SE aa OO EE OR TCG ae Oc a ‘AoTpeig Cz oe eer eve . . oeeeeeoe Cz Cz Cz Tele wane | Cee Orn er iat CMON Ua YA OCU fs «se pace 8 . if ‘younlg Cz gI Vise) eiealiea Wie (mle ©) «ie m ee cz 6 rave) Z ew atmla teh whe (8. ape ¢ Aer tee Sk ent aes Wha it Me reer) (Cev riCMR eC IoC mt race vot ty CU =) a) ‘snulog oS CACORE Zar ooh) acer hte ey Pt pace ame My Dire ear ok Yar oS oS Cz | MMI, oe a Soe as Eee a es ee Me A i ‘OpP[Veg CV 6¢ Fale) ome) en eite oO OI 00 Zz Cr Mbe 06 6b1 ih MN ee A MI (LIEBCO SO RCC Og eC ST On Coca ORG ie Qc T ‘opieg Pe aes Flea ee UI cet MB a a OL I Ol 1z CE | a eee ee RL Le ah ae EL CR S ae ‘yoooqeg Cr Fae er le ndtae ees gan Na sendy ale a HE ae cee ia nie Cr I 00 OI | Ne So RG ee hE Te ae ae a Tey AS ‘T, “ ‘uoJYUSYy Ol of Corn cec thir faye) o1¢ Cz Zz cg fhy CL Cé6S Cz oe) au oe ene 6) 8s le) aw, «Wen A See erledallen te kee (a) /eots elie el ane q ‘uosuYy cc ¢c Cleeie isverdre) | tis) 6 6 ase) eee 00 eg c¢e Top | alt see Nekesalin "se 0re I on eee ehase (Cisne ee oe, mies mal e704 ne ate wee Tel pers decane a ‘uOosIopuy ce CI siieve,@telta/a\¢ ||) Voewn Wee. eww Sg zI¢ oS Zz oS zy ¢ sitel) Wei. O, wl ay a: ar et ah lel @ a8 La aval en's, lta wie gcietieie manasa l ws o. ane "Ky ‘souly oS gt Wma) alanis) aioe! ot)|e tare anitere Tall | aaNet Ow Mat oS 8g oo gz¢ [CUM eR EA ee MR at Te ae en. SMa Sa RC 9 fe) ‘USTTV
$4s0o sosreyo $90 soo} S}SOO yysno1q [e10,.L Ioy1O ene Saqeysuog| wnodg ed SUOIPOY
——— eee ey
SJ9TIO pu sJ01IE}0Ig suey jeLedS
213
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION
rm
wee) ef 6) ee) e
eee eer eee
CP)
Bre) cob mire, ena: -@
oer eee ee
in N SRA NAAN TON RHO HOD
CO -Oett te th tie
eevee eee
OCG: iss
ece ee eee
eee ee eee
eee ee eee
oe eee eee
eecer eer eee
oee eevee
eevee eee
eevee eves
ed
coer ee eee
eeoocwee eee
eee ee eae
CHO DOS
eta ee. 6! @ ae
Sse) 6) @) ene 8
S\[e) wile. #7) ss) (ehe aie is wile) canine Se ee ee ery ee Ser LAD OOTAT is ey @) Ju) aiiu)\9\)6) 16) <A) /8) ea\te) ws! eva -v)) o/s 1e)e).e)e6ue) .6) (elie q ‘f ‘We yow eeereee af reo
©) (a) ee) fe)hu) Wcae) i eireciw)e)iel\e! <s) a) "eale) ele: ive) wielsl cy) *f ‘preulyy Dec OO Oa) Cid OnO Ouch D Once GeO Gh unecith G Omca. Were cid [ ‘os1pueyy CeCe t or Cee Oooo Oc uGno OO 0 Gatedao men pee fea ‘AQuOTe IN
Cee Chara OO Ooh Cin), Cet Wy IMO: uc ec aa rT SALT OTN ota. eegauiey 6: airebleveneakecerleelisliane.eiellelsats esedseaeraisetis'=| SOOT ONO
Se es Sia eit oe pe ee eee [ ‘uaIYysno’T NEOs Gio eu GO CRCsoeg Cc) OW0EO O60 0 DaG-O Gis to : . ‘H ‘OD ‘98pO0'T]
RS oe ae Be ee ee ee af ‘sHMo7T
Dic tice tat pega Late nee ea a eee { ‘tosAsy eevee e 0.6 « © « © 6 ne etd eke
a) ahtarjetlens te ie) die: os ustr atta! <elfatieliais tet alrear lal ereaunwalveina d ‘yoo,qousy ra, at 6) (e fel eects) (ec) le) (eo) (eke) enie levee: tele: ia ier lacie kane oe xf ‘UJIOMSIOTS a dele: is,-aliel ous qe eters tes, eels wits; o)ena ahelet anshie le S °F) ‘Ajroddry TG pb)is-6'<6) e\e\nel waluliat enone Cai eriet atretieka.e 6 Sustletie "S "M ‘ueyseuloy Gano OG eres oo. Hebe Sees eps Sasa es HK ZS PEO ONOEO) 0, Dattun O20, Wed) CAOSOC0 O:0et, ob O,O80.0 Geum te oenmcrs A 7 ‘souo[ Pht Mace UeCCn CaO sent, On OecOnOnOsth) Oy ecto 8G cmror eT ql aT ‘uosuyo[ areas ais PS Ts Oe Sa ee) a | 2110005 USES fe] bw) eM wie rer ete) a) 6: eh) ele) eral, el-e" <8. te) a) ecier ve) aces is, 8) va H "f ‘uewyoy S)-ailetielioi-en6 (6s 8\-elp) tel ef on ariatcecn) el ce Sie eae g (2), 1 uo) Ps) 210 1 ee sire Urge RO aris Rieulel (etiahis: bcisielsiet aiis) ens7e woe “M “i ‘Woy TWIe
BeiGuidtre te Verte e's catia lal ef bile! ete De S 0a oie el ies a ee NTL) Doe 6 0 ehies fs SSSR Sg eo) ieee) Sel oe oS ayaa eae fey
Siellsss\ a: sf pe emewe Pes eee ee oe
aC bite eae 6 "e616 OS Ori re Oueety CW eC Ly iat ee eter Ce H ‘youely Shey, 4) a) wi ean eae 6 ee Qve} ena ie) 6-516 3B) en er "M “Cl ‘IoOyOeuleysuay Rueia a) wen ae Ales sia ee eels) ee) evese ib . era AT OUUs a
HAH HH MOMNHH MMA HSH HAH MOHOKAN TOK AHA TNMOHAYO
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
214
ea sk mS
yi es re Se pa) ws! ee NS ere “amine! te we Kaa © 6 9 ee
Se wie wey Ss in. Oe
Sy (0, fa he eta ie ee ete EEO a) pa pe Cau ery ae MN Pr oa yee) aa A ae Lee CMa Re Py yet ae ie) fear tar
sosieyo 720)
0 1 wd we 6
Creer a ee a eae a
‘v6 eS ee BO
a6 oe Pay we
Oh tw ute OS on
Fie Mike pee Ss
Fa. 6). Oi PRs @
LS 2 OF MO OW ee a eee a ek
2 sa Ci wes se
Cheat Tol Us Sey Ae tag
ta EF ing DAs See ee
Sdoj Sao} | sXaui0}}V |, Setqeysuod
sysoo 4anod)
|
Cs 0°06) oF 8 eB
oo 0o
ofz o1lg¢g
——S
NONMKH AN HH OR HHO MON SH Oe ee HN ONA NN
+}
AIDAOIIY
yy sno01q suOoIpY
lila i ie 8 — eee eee
ssp ks se Lak eee ey ae see he Re ep Wwe Me Rh eee f “rT ‘uyedg FER Rae OW. PO, ee eek 8S te eee ese a ak ein ey a YT ‘UWS
Se ace bh SC pire! Ga vewe) atl ie KOS ei ye” wa ee) SR d *YPTUIYOS Rr ar ee Pe We TRC ae I aN CBS Per ee ON oh ae te at Ee ee cI af ‘Arnqsies 0. 6 Re of Cals, 6. are Morel ah Ole See aoe a eee S "M ‘plOjIOy NAL ror th ate a er ee eee ee ee ee le ee ey ee. ff ai ‘QSOY Fe i, a ey oS BC ers Oem Gade Peel Saw e 6 eee eee ox "M ‘UOSUIGO eT ae ie en ee eee er ar en ee at ee er ae DS ‘yARYOUlyy staat ad wel a POR elie) RN a,” WY WRAL eS kk eee Aeron ye Nae er YW ‘ADM Pe ser eh et a MV at lee eat a, wer es ma oe aM Jeg q "Mm ‘plOJPery <a oe, Pe) a ae ee aR ey ke ee Oe eee Diane [ afi ‘SSOIg
She Rive a ae 6-6 Od Oak PAO Ae Ss ole DP Od) ee M ‘QOMOYON er ur ae EN ee te ae Te eee ee et ee a OA OD EH ‘IOATO Fie & po Bites ks BCs eM AACA Oe We Oe! Beek oe ere CTS a es | ‘TTOMON 58 me ae Wy Ree ae RAO © SMe Basie ee ee eee we a at ‘UIADN Pe re ee ee eee a ee at ae el a We ae ee ee ee er ee S “Er ‘ABLININ, PR ae Ray mis ee OL ae oe int ee ts ONO re a ‘uosuNTy or Fie ere a Ty hot Ce ee ny eee ee ee eee We a) if oe “M ‘QSIOJ[ erie er at er en ot ee ee te Tt ee Re Po OD ee er ei [ ‘WOOT
(papniau0)) — sleyjO pUeB S10}09}0Ig aUTBy JeIDedS
— =
_—_—
—_
ea
215
Forest, Fish AND GAME COMMISSION
19 SSo‘1¢ | gz t¢ £9 gozg | Of Fot¢ | oF gtS¢ 08 Y oi inet a cenis| sexe |) -o8, en b Nwitej. 6 is Te cs Zz Cz Z C6 ¢ Csaeenvreere tan: acs, iw ceMe ie wen itl [ener dk oo D\ Ia) te) 6 C6 ¢ ol 61 oA Aeauiecee x6 reve) OI Sivaly dire, (vie. (si xe, ol 6 Cz 9 ro Shier oy Send Mee. a ol) ser awe uh ves s CL Cc Co QI Chet gt Peto We est tee Cee aCe Cg I I OZ 9 C9 9 a) s- emar ee ||) Walle <v eps) 6 ler Co ¢ 09 ¢ Baer a as ae ee ee gia sae xgeee x2 Haeet OO elo ee 00 0z 09 9I oo Z ol Q © fol. o> 6 50) er UP eT ee (kee w) walsh @.02 w C9 v Co v rere) Cc 6, © (guns Vibe Gi tame a ee Toric, o Nf: | Je RetseiRay fo ipie) te eye) ¢
Eze i ivtwale’ (6) ) (wa slice 18) enw ens, OO CL CIC Cr ty th or eee ee ae [®@10.L
PCh CCM Tey ar Be We CCDC mee eth et are pet ee em ot yr aac { ‘qUystl MA DMS wire Ve woe 8 Qirelig Se Maken s rian wate sees, ipa apr V fi ‘UOSUETT IIMA sie, ie: teh-alnwt fortes Slabs SAN eae UM We ore i Sige Lae seve Vv | ‘YPOIGYyoIa M Ade) eee Mar ape Na Ye) Dice me: di wh alia, tac sia a: ate Jw fel ~aa) erie” tee rai “a ‘UdlIe MM Flee yh dea ed <elleedire oo eee ae e te, elie aha eye M “M ‘YAOI[e MM Male Wms eheeLe. ORR Sh alte sh ee ees oe ee ae ian Meee H ET ‘ese M ae e ak ies ae ed Se CI ee eee OLE TE PETS ET's Kec Shonen a Laken OR aS a “a ‘QTOT A, hive tate aero. wate Kaay ae eles ee wea OR ev ee ere te enamelg S ‘Vv ‘g{due y, Swine alte. dee) ot Paw Sele MRS Le, ARN Aalete eo, a LOT wld ~ gym A Oe De Ie “M ‘O *Y2OMS Cia w ee Oee™ eds is ie et Bae te iF 5 SR Ras RM AlN a ON Bg STS:
MA MAHA DOWD
216 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Summary of Recoveries and Expenses
Fines and Expenses of
Penalties prosecution Remilar praeewess,, ss 63526 ene eee ee een $44,712 59 $6,188 74 Special protectors and others. c..6. 5: Jes <s cee 6,551 08 1,055 61 Total, a «vei d cee Ak ee RR eae $51,363 67 $7,244 35
Summary of Results of Actions Brought
Special Regular | Pp protectors ae Total |
PUNE Ta Lhe se ake ee eae ee ae I ,030 278 1,308 DOM TO Tan sy wt A eee rs ae 30 4 34 John Doe proceedings w.... si sc cc ews 31 4 35 Sentence suspended. .............6- 27 15 42 PCIe oc 65 5 hob Re eee ae Lg 12 49 ESC on helen nis Pe ee 6 6 12 INGOHIUIRE, siutsk ack nix BRS Ae ee TEN oe Succes II PUTS SAT OINe Sica heey aes ena ee I 4 5
BOG es niin, bs a OR ee eee 1,173 323 1,496
Forest, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION 207
Num- Total Average Aver-
ber of | num- | number Average age DIVISION men ber | of cases es recovery Eee cost in di- | of per pro- Y | per case per vision | cases | tector case
Southern division, L. Legge, di- vision chief protector.......... ID |\_ 227 21 |$4,623 65 | $20 32 |$590 93 | $2 16 Metropolitan and Long Island division, E. A. Dorlon, acting
division chief protector........ 9 128 TA | FeooT oT 56 AL |T443 44 | rr 27 Ontario division, M. C. Worts, first assistant chief protector... II 160 TS |aO2Q) 12 18 93 | 856 80 535
Southern Adirondack division, J. E. Leavitt, second assistant ChiEl PLOLECEONs cice oe ceisiecwsre © 8 126 16 | 2,596 70 20 60 | 197 97 T 57
St. Lawrence division, B. H. Mc- Cullom, fourth assistant chief AGREED ayia eteinde, kine tists lwilelaveilsv'eiake II 90 Sl shrs7) 35 35 08 | 7or 84 Wf fs)
Central New York division, S. Hawn, fifth assistant chief pro- LEO AT CS ice eee CE RCRG eee ee 6 96 TOs 2.324 15 24 20 | 256 74 2 67
Western New York division, B. Salisbury, division chief pro- RHODRI aie see oreo oeloec, cuawe aie be) 102 LOH Less 4ns2 I5 04 | 420 42 4 12
Eastern Adirondack division, R. B. Nichols, third assistant chief
jORTOVATKST TOY Cae ca ea er 9 OI TO) || 2, 182) 63 23 98 | 262 16 2 89 Hudson division, W. Kidd, acting division chief protector........ 7 84 Tle er. 520 05 TSTSs | sseuss 3 96 Northern New York division, I. Vosburgh, acting division chief TIEGHECLOW eRe aratvate ave Eikiciske che e's 6 53 9 | 1,461 85 DAMS We SeQnoon |aln OL ames A. Gollotom.......ccs. es Eee Test |h ceecetorety I,059 59 81 54 | 542 OL | 41 69 Cases prosecuted direct from office.| .... | ees cee TA OOOWOOF | Paatercahen lb vgis kee TO Sees _ Average recovery and cost per (ESINE WS, Sera PA OPS SIG ear ucts PRCea| [a oer eet [a me Can eet a a We koji Oia h eA ae a $5 45
* Not assigned to any division, reports direct to chief protector.
“Record of Divisions Special Protectors and Others
Nussber x a Num- Average bia DIVISION epepials ber Gross |recovery| Total aa bthers of recovery per costs per having | c4¢5 case See cases St. Lawrence division, B. H. McCullom, fourth assistant chief protector........ I4 71 |$2,173 05 | $30 17 {$143 43 | $2 o2 Central New York division, S. Hawn, fifth assistant chief protector.............. I5 46 | 1,240 93 26 97 | I59 13 3 46 Southern Adirondack division, J. E. Lea- vitt, second assistant chief protector... 16 47 685 30 14 58 | 188 I0 4 00 Hudson division, W. Kidd, acting division GSMICDEMEOUECLOMS 0 often cisv nck omalassiaiel efteiclave. 14 28 489 00 I7 46 | 102 75 Sz Northern New York division, I. Vosburgh, acting division chief protector......... I 4 97 50 24 38 4 50 I 15 Ontario division, M. C. Worts, first assist- SATCHEL PLOCECTOE . wg kale seus wee wees 12 45 613 70 I3 63 | 137 00 3 04 Western New York division, B. Salisbury, Givision chief protectOr... 0.6... c css II 27 409 50 I5 16 | 138 80 5 14 Metropolitan and Long Island division, E. Dorlon, acting division chief pro- REC UO Deters ciercsemctahetio ant veh cteie:miiave aus: acaueNt haley abe 9 26 382 95 I4 72 50 60 I 94 Eastern Adirondack division, R. B. Nichols, third assistant chief protector. 7 19 305 40 16 07 | 128 55 6 76 Southern division, L. Legge, division chief DRGUCCCOE a eas re SSE \ iets ee mec ae at 5 10 153 75 15 38 2 75 28
Average recovery and cost per case. .
9L 119'6¢ A 00 Sz pe 00 02 w 00 ov a 00 Zz oo oVI Z oo LEE 5 00 1£9¢ O ot otb'eg | z {6a s 6bonk kee S Gee ee ai fie abe ee eae Q oo S6 Crs al el id at} vs 00 os ereratern < oo S Corry tet atl ut 00 cv 6 (a3: e11A) pag. i tay ais aia pele oo 61S a eOery fy oo Sgz aie a) Oc ee = OOD LOO Sian fH roya) OVI'I CP a tee Y iQ 00 O£P'I L ja & gL IQL‘€¢ ae) Wa: eee fy S 2 5 Re eee |. + e) (2 eae py 83o (ea) 50 aa ° 6 (a)
ueping ssoi3
suo} OF 0}
why saw oae
Se
Iapun szeoq Iamog
usping ssoi3
see ene
Ge 10)}) Oe: Japun szeoq IoMOog
suoy
uoeping ssoi3
SUOT JOE 709) “Sz
Jaepun syeoq Jamog
0} OZ@
Sz Joepun s}eoq IoaMog
ueping ssoi3
suo}
uaping ssoi3 OY OI
suo} SI Japun s}eoq I9aMo0g
a ee a ee ee ee ee eee eee eee
uep
-Inq sso13 suo} OI Jopun sjzeoq IeaMog
s}e0q [Iles 10 MOY
218
SNES: d\elieve sce e002) Maye Ome @inals Slee ¢ 6 aie we Mista 6s oF 6 ¢ a Bld 2,6 be orale, Sete op, ele elere alack o «ydaeca ©
ee wee
© 6 -Gie ob 6.60010 Bee 6 8 6) 68 Os, 106 «6 SLOT 6 58 0 0s eld Ore Se @) big se ale seh © @.& e7e'S 6 ein a O16 8 a 4. 6 w SON) 5d 6 06 ee 6 9
2 @50. 6k & 6.80 6-6 (sb @ 6-6 0 enn 6 eum Bre 2.8 wresene
ode eee 2 Fw Se sie ae Pe Oe OER 6 Beet Ske 6 oe 6 8 C18 Pes ee ee A ee BLO Ged ws 2 ee we WC MR we Stk ne OS Se eB Roe S88 we Moe le © & eae e 8 eee HR Re
sdoip pue sdeog
oO161 ‘of saquiejdag 0} ‘6061 ‘I 1940390 plegq seeq puB pes s}eON pasuaory
ie wm Beg ee 6.6, 6.098) 3.6m
PAY tela by Sk Oat All IRE) ts Te tet PH
“5918310, puwsn
S$ ‘onsezUQ AAP] Joy pue ‘ozs ‘sasudory] og oe] JOJ Paatooas svoj [PUCTHIPPY
Tiga em OC RSs, Oi 861.9 18s OK Oe So SEO Ree Bi ate Scolds «9 6 Rieke. b 6 Riese le wes bp ae we Oe 618s) 6 wis «ie a se 2 2 Soe a eS
'Y ‘sasusol] Bulysy JUapIsaluON
oF ‘sasodind oygijua10s 10} s239 pue SjsdU II9Y} ‘SP1Iq 4O9[[OO 07 Sa}eoOyIVIID hd Oy 8 o.le) 6.6.0 08) 6. dm ea Pe erm ee ese <@ @ ele d Oo Ca 5S: fm Te Le MOE we See ue of bP Ole Bipveoelere e ate bcs.e we bee © Cane wn ee. 0 et Os 2 Eee PA Bee te 8 8 oe Boe ee ee eh eee S WOk ee Pee Roe eee ee fA ‘sasuool] 40d Pa
eevee ete Pr ‘sasusol] IIa 1°q
ae) ey?) cave! 6.4) ease, eo 6, OER e Os OAS eee e 8 we se eee Oe A eee Oe a ee 6 eee ee, ie, Sk ee! Ae. ee as, 6) 8 ele, 6 eh Sage fe © eee. 8 Re) 9 SPS eV -e BUb 6, 848 Ao OFS a eee LS ee Se) 8h S) eee ee wl gel eS Lee ‘sasusdl] oul] PS Breed oe we ee dee ee Pee nee eee 8 18) Ae eee RO e (Ol Ne 8 616s wee ee Oe) ee BOLE ehR, Chad Sais bees mee wee ere ee oe eB ORS) OOo Sw ROE Ped EOS) a Pea erere 2 ee Re OL Oe See 6 Se ee a eS If9Q *sasuaol] you MOUUT/Y
ee B 6. pad ye ee ew De Ae ee) ee ewe eS were. eh s[ejoL
€o CH VS ve bes 8 ele, wees 6) Olsen ne o1rejyUug aye’] ei a5 s.6" ess 8. C096. e Pe eae ayxP] puod T]P4[0D SS: DB) 6h 6. OO 18 eS Bae Oke Oye ee 8 aAP] puod e@soor)
oe Oe We 6 Sees e Che) s auc eeee ee (eo aAP] puod yynos
“axe Endrepueued
8g Sm Dries B6G'S "MES Bowl elEce eine eS Aeq yronboepuoly
Less te Rie ew Oe 6 be wa) BaD ce 230 ‘IOAIL 1-9) 00 @)
PEE Aru AA ee COC GUS ARE Oy gy et dune nc IOAIL eleseln 0) 0 6) Ons by WS .e e 8 Care (oe Nm le © 10 eb tsy® aHP] 039810 h i GMb. de eke) Woes, we ase wl wen a meee) eo dyP] BI9UIS
Te CS eV el Gs 6: e) eee as ot a es eee
‘aye BBNACD “‘oqyea ‘Aeg JuOUINeYD PR EE OT Oe a OLe{UQ OA]
Bridie ere ac At. cole yne oe axe £ aI Oe]
126 ake 2 Pee .8 8, 26> s) 6s, wee IOAIL TIN ud Peer eet Perey UCR OCC Cee yael10 ynopuory Sle.) Mika vA Loree be ape ee 49010 siosuidde AA ach gh Pe ey hlE le @ukie @ were. dhaie ae IOAII uospny
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1910
SUMMARY
Propagation and Distribution of Fish.
For Maintenance of Hatcheries and Collection and Distribution of Fish SMM aye Sb lates bl ues ce ce te st
For Repairs and Improvements to AMES IES) fk tele a's Seas des we ae
For Miscellaneous Expenses, Fish Car, SPM Re Lots ds Ge BAe a ais le ais’ yee a
Bemee@ileccting Mish Foog ............
For Shad Hatchery on the Hudson ...
For Fish Culturist — Salary and Ex- penses
BS Ray mt) ene ee Ve! eal ele) e Tale eb) @istr 6 > ke ws. oe
$58,281 37 1,700 67 1,343 91 2,909 29
376 15
3,894 28
Protection of Fish and Game.
For Salaries of Chief Protector, Assist- ant and Division Chiefs, Game Pro- Peceons aad, \CleTE csi .y oes we oe eens
For Payment of Justices, Constables,
Attorneys, Witnesses and Court Costs For Maintenance and Expenses of
Sretee ry MU MUIMCWES I SO Vitnets stares elem « Por Printing Game Laws 2). 22... 22. For Expenses of Chief Protectors and
PROEGCHUORS) Uta. wee eta ois ee ae wit or emus
Por xtra “Expenses” of Protectors ane special: Protectors: (fs... esas
[221]
$81,979 05 20,830 61
1,530 63 7,114 84
42,061 25
4,639 10
$08,585 67
$158,162 08
e
2233 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
Forestry Account.
For Salaries and Expenses, Supt. For-
ests, Asst. Supt. Forests, Inspectors
and Foresters Ac sastees 245 5 Sas $24,233 II For Surveying, Witness, Court and
Attorney Costs defending State’s
title to Tané 050. (eG fee eee 5351 04 For Rebates paid Towns for fighting
Forest Fires and Salaries and Expen-
ses of Fire Patrol, Telephone Lines
and Observation Stations ....:.... 87,291 64 For Reforesting Burned and Denuded Lands in the Forest Preserve ...... 24,027 36
Marine Fisheries Bureau. For Salaries and Expenses of Super- intendent, Deputy Superintendent, Engineer, Clerks and Fisheries Pro-
teetaTe Xi... co antnge eee ee $22,050 84 For Office Rent, Postage, Station-
ery, GE. oe Dae eee 3,532 OI For Surveying, Plotting and Monu-
menting Shellfish ‘Lands ‘2: 224.2... 718 5I
Legal Department. For Salaries of Attorneys and Employ-
COS dow n'a kee ee Oe $11,061 66 For Office Rent and Expenses ....... 1,940 39
$140,903 15
26,301 36
13,002 05
FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
Miscellaneous. For Salaries and Expenses of Commis- SING AEGIS ae SEB Ga AT al ee or Salaries, of Clerical Force.....-. mo tuce Ee XMENSES: 0), oo. oU e vee sk For John Brown Homestead Repairs. . for Lectures on Horestry subjects .... For Game Bird Farm, Salaries and Ex- 1D AEC ESS SM fs Is Sel ct el Rem atsill Wham oc ak se kk os peor ot. Lawrence Reservation ....... For Shellfish Commissioners’ Con- "7 ELECT EON Pai te a
Forest Reserve.
For Land Purchased in Adirondack PONE ES a rs ween ss Sees doa For Land Purchased in Catskill Park For Expenses of Inspection, Attorney Fees, Clerks prea OOH coe ee.
Hudson Highland. For Hudson Highland Reservation .....
[PO ICRIDS SIG otc Bia ae eee orem tire ces oie
See) 16.1816 @) ele ve
lil 722 23 10,490 O00 elem
290 24 1,887 39
11,755 50 366 75
143 00
319 38
$1,411 OO 11,373 15
16,820 20
we: "a 6 (0, » S © w 6 @
223
$50,090 73
$29,604 35
1,104 15
$487,753 54
224 REPORT OF ForREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES EXCLUSIVE OF REGULAR AC- COUNTS WITH THE STATE COMPTROULEE.
FOR THE) FISCAL YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 30, I9I10
Receipts From fines and penalties collected..... From trespasses on State land........ Prom Sétiiie forest dises... onc see cee From failure fo lomc trees, .. 00. eae From: sales of, tminters’ licenses. 4. .... . From sales of anglers’ licenses........ Krom sales of met licenses... ¢:so01% 00 From sales°ot dhund. Jisenses.. ....sere ae From sale of seedling: trees, cu. 2442 From rebates from _ railroads — fire
patrol .o5< ctaeatks ocieeteee epee From rentals of shellfish lands... 02.’::
From proceeds from deleterious fish TEINOVEG: Sic (Ae ac aie
Disbursements.
By moieties paid complainants in prose-
CUloOns 2.42 aioe wes eee By Justice, Constable and Court costs By Removing deleterious fish fi... .. By Refunds on trees sald: ete oy sane By Cash paid State Treaginer (22.72 o:
$40,987 00 15,200 33 225 00 322 00
3,886 09 23,137 52
638 00 |
1,060 35
$3,530 78 3,084 38 392 OO
133 OO 241,737 92
$248,878 08
$248,878 08
8 01630 9056