A ASI : ‘i = A Inve: MAR ote 1 ju TOU ee ile eR ee be hie SCs 1-> JANUARY, 1875. ROSTON: WRIGHT & POTTHR, STATE: PRINTERS, % 79 MILK STRENT, CORNER OF FEDERAL. 1875. ha iene LAL TE oo EJ: St" QB9 1 UVTI TL é é ( 4 é ( i i PEO Haas inois. VOLUME. === Elo Guat 0 Labor. —) mad tyof Ill =g= B= earning an LIBRARY =e g Accession No... esa = Gpad==O=sB=<=8= hniversi PrPa= v v e ° " e q Ce Ny NRW IBM MBN Se ad Rival Ata) aut note ea ei ay pure cue RSENS ogi ei =i Sie aul Wing ee i) Fe Dot ( wi a fe NEN u aR (cus) Ps) oe. he af a) y i ion ait 4 : i} aa ‘) i, ee iy iG a we ral qe Sy = i gor iy Wiha" a Cita aii . Aa 2a fe = fn —$—$<$—$———————— = = ‘T oINsoLy Oa 8 dl NES Dime SE ll ln a mV +e no a a 4 ap ee dig ‘ ; rites y r, A mee cee i Ame ) re \ ¥ é . » so ® MuAh EOTURE, ON F LOW OF SAP AND THE POWER OF | : PLAN Il GROWTH, Deitysnep BEFORE THE NEW oer AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, : be _ AT WorcrsTER, Mass., January 23, 1875. By Presipent W. S. CLARK, LL.D 3 i, = 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. THE FLOW OF SAP AND THE POWER OF PLANT GROWTH. The committee of arrangements for this Agricultural In- stitute, in selecting their speakers, seem to have had in mind the excellent motto of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,—* Practice with Science.” You have already been entertained and instructed by gentlemen who possess both practical wisdom and scientific attainments, as well as the happy faculty of telling what they know in an interesting manner. It is, therefore, with hesitation that I presume to state a few facts concerning the phenomena of plant life which have come under my observation during the past year. There are said to be persons whose desire for the acquisition of wealth is so excessive, that even in the presence of the majes- tic fall and the resounding and resistless flood of Niagara, they are principally occupied in calculating its value as a water- power. Such men cannot be expected to approve or appreciate any attempt at scientific research for the discovery of truth, except so far as they may be able to see money init. They fail to perceive that every new fact learned is a step forward in the grand march of human progress. It seems to have been the special mission of the lamented Agassiz to this utilitarian age and people to demonstrate the unspeakable worth of scientific pursuits. This great teacher, while devoting his life chiefly to the study of the most obscure and worthless of animals, was accustomed, upon occasions like this, to take the platform and awaken within the breast of every hearer the highest enthusiasm for pure science, and the heartiest admiration for himself as an interpreter of Nature. Though he has left his associates on the State Board of Agriculture no code of rules for their guidance, 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 19 and though he has added little to what we call the practical knowledge of farmers, he has been, like the invisible steam within a mighty engine, the power to move us all. Let us preserve the impetus he has imparted, and by similar diligence and earnestness in the cultivation of those sciences which are inseparably connected with progress in agriculture, we may hope to command for our profession the respect of all intelli- gent men, and to accomplish much for its advancement. When we consider that during the past year more than a million of dollars have been expended by the most enlightened nations in sending expeditions to distant parts of the earth to observe the transit of Venus, we may certainly hope that scientific investigations concerning things nearer home, and more directly connected with every-day life, will soon be appreciated and sustained better than they have been in the past. Liebig, the illustrious leader in the application of chemistry to the improvement of soils and the production of desirable crops, has said that the scientific basis of agriculture em- _ braces a knowledge of all the conditions of vegetable life ; while Dr. Lindley, the distinguished botanist and editor of the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette,” of Lon- * don, has declared that good agriculture and horticulture are founded upon the laws of vegetable physiology. The phenomena of plant life, therefore, afford a most appropriate ‘field for investigation at an Agricultural College. During the last two years numerous experiments have been undertaken, and some thousands of observations made and recorded at Amherst, for the purpose of learning as much as possible in regard to the nature of the vital force in plants. Our inquiries have thus far been directed especially to the movements of the sap in the roots, wood and bark of trees, and to the facts concerning its flow from the maple and other species in the spring. Observations have also been made upon the peculiar structure and functions of the wood, bark and roots, and upon the mechanical power of growing vegetable tissue. Your attention is invited this. evening to a few of the more | | important results thus far attained, in the hope that they may not prove altogether uninteresting. The importance of these 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. investigations would be more readily appreciated did time allow us to state some of the numerous, but exceedingly diverse and often absurd, hypotheses which have been advanced in reference to the circulation of sap in plants. Even during the past year, a course of lectures on the “Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in Man,” delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, has been published by Macmillan & Co., of London, in which it is announced that the sap of _ trees descends in autumn, and escapes from the roots into the earth. The author, after assuming this and other false prem- ises, proceeds to invent a ee wee system of compound syphons, by means of which he accounts to his satisfaction for all the movements of sap. The name of this ingenious profes- sor is J. Bell Pettigrew, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R. C.P.E., etce., and ought to have weight, but unfortunately the facts are against him, and facts are said to be stubborn things. The syphons of Dr. Pettigrew are as difficult to find and as useless as the spongioles which Mr. Herbert Spencer imag- ines to exist in the roots and in the leaves of trees. He assumes (falsely) that the upward and downward currents of sap move in the vessels of the wood, the spongioles of the leaves, which nobody else has seen, forcing the elaborated sap down through the very same capillary tubes up which the crude sap is epee to be driven by the ese cil of the roots, whatever they may be. The observations to be described will demonstrate that the metaphysical speculations even of talented men are of small value in the study of experimental science. Let us first consider the phenomenon of bees or the flow of sap, from plants. — _ The fungus called Merulius lacrymans, which causes the dry-rot in timber, owes its destructive influence to the fact that it is always moist, apparently from the exudation of water from the surface of the fibres of its mycelium. Water is said sometimes to drip from the leaves of the cabbage, the calla and many other plants, especially during warm nights, when exhalation of aqueous vapor from the stomates has ceased. The leaf of a species of caladium has a small pore at its tip, from which water drops so freely that half a pint 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. i ON has been collected from one leaf in a single night. This sort of bleeding, or weeping, seems to nana cepa the excessive activity of the absorbent rootlets. The pitchers of several species of Wepenthes, Sarracenia, etc., secrete from glands within them an aqueous fluid, which, however, seems to have some powerful properties, adapting it for the destruction and digestion of the insects which serve as food to these carnivorous plants. A great variety of volatile oils, like turpentine and wood oil, of resins, like copal, mastic and colophony, of elastic resins, like caoutchouc and gutta-percha, of gums, like gum- arabic, and of sugars, like manna, are found in commerce, and are products either of decomposition or of secretion in the tissues of certain trees. Sometimes these peculiar substances, which are not known to be of any use to the trees producing them, exist in al/ the tissues, while in other cases they are confined chiefly either to the wood or the bark. The mode of extraction varies greatly in different countries. Thus, on the island of Singapore, the gutta-percha tree has been exterminated by the destructive method adopted for the collection of this valuable substance. The trees, instead of being tapped and carefully preserved, were cut down to obtain the milky sap. Caoutchouc is now generally obtained by making incisions in the bark, or bark and sap-wood of the numerous species which furnish it. Gum-arabic exudes from natural cracks in the bark of several species of leguminous trees in dry, hot weather: Manna is procured by making short, horizontal incisions, one ‘above the other, in the bark of a species of ash. Venetian. turpentine is the product of _ the European larch. The mode of tapping it in the Tyrol is as follows:—A hole one inch in diameter is bored in the spring into the centre of the tree, inclining slightly upward _ from the bark. This is stopped with wood: and in autumn the plug is removed and the pitch collected. This process is repeated annually without any detriment to the tree. If, however, several holes be bored and the pitch allowed to flow through the warm season, as is done in Piedmont, the timber is said to be greatly injured. The gathering of turpentine, or pine pitch, in our Southern States, is conducted in the following manner :—The turpen- 22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. tine flows from incisions made in the bark and sap-wood chiefly of the long-leaved pine. One man can attend to about three thousand trees through the year. The pitch is collected in cavities, called boxes, holding about three pints, which are cut with an ax, in the trunk, near the ground, during the winter. Above the boxes horizontal incisions an inch or two in depth are made, from time to time, so as to expose a fresh surface. The quantity of bark thus removed from above the box amounts to about a foot in height and the same in width each year, and the process is continued till the so-called chipping has extended as high as a man can reach, when a new box is cut on the opposite side of the tree. The flow begins about the middle of March and continues through the season of erowth, being best in July and August. The boxes are emptied five or six times during the year, and the resin which forms on the exposed wood is scraped off from time to time. The total annual yield of three thousand trees is about seventy- five barrels of pitch, and twenty-five of scrapings. : Many herbaceous plants, when growing rapidly, will flow somewhat freely from the stump when cut down. Thus, if a stout stalk of corn or tobacco be cut near the ground, it will bleed for a few hours; and, if a pressure gauge be applied and the air excluded, the sap will exert a force sufficient to sustain a column of water from ten to twenty-five feet in height. The stump of a squash vine, about two months old, in the Durfee Plant-house, exuded its sap, last August, with a power equal to a column of water forty-eight and a half feet high, but the tender roots died at the end of three days, when the pressure ceased. [See Fig. 1.] The Jubaea spectabilis of Chili is a palm tree, valu- able on account of the very agreeable syrup obtained by the evaporation of its sap. This, however, is procured in a singular and wasteful manner. Trees fifty feet high are felled so that the top lies higher than the butt. The single bud, with the crown of leaves at the top, is then cut off, and the sap flows freely for several months from the upper end of the trunk, provided a fresh surface be exposed every day by removing a thin slice of the wood. Mr. Darwin says if the top les lower than the butt, the sap will not flow, and that it runs best in the warmest days. The total flow from each trunk 1875.] SENATE—No, 99. 23 amounts to about ninety gallons, or seven hundred and twenty-five pounds, of sap. No satisfactory explanation of this curious phenomenon has been discovered. In the warm regions of Asia, Africa and South America are found nearly one thousand species of palm trees, from many of which a sweet sap is obtained in large quantities. This is simply allowed to ferment, and drank as palm wine, or distilled for the production of a sort of brandy, or it is evaporated for the extraction of its sugar in the form of syrup, or of a dry powder. In the province of Bengal, in India, fifty thousand tons of palm sugar are produced annually. The total product of palm wine in the world greatly exceeds that of wine from the grape. Instead of felling the trees, as in Chili, it is customary in some countries to make deep incisions into the top of the trunk, from which the sap flows during the cooler months of the year, the amount varying with the species. The common wild date tree of India, which attains a height of from thirty to forty feet, yields about two hundred pounds per annum of sap, containing some eight pounds of sugar, or four times the average yield of our sugar maples. _ Palm wine, or toddy, is, however, usually obtained from the great branching flower stalks of the trees. From the axils of the immense leaves, or fronds, are developed huge buds, containing the inflorescence. Before these burst the stout spathe by which they are enveloped, they are carefully bound together and then beaten with sticks, to crush the flower buds and thus to cause the sap to flow freely from the tip of the main axis of the inflorescence, which attains a length of some feet. The. process of beating the bud and removing a thin slice from the end is repeated daily so long as the bud lasts. There are often several of these flowing on the same tree at once, and upon some species they are con- -stantly renewed and as constantly bled for two or three years, when the tree dies from exhaustion. ‘The Agave Americana, or century plant, upon reaching maturity, which it does in warm regions in about seven years, sends up a flower stalk which produces numerous branches and several thousand flowers, rising to the height of from twenty to forty feet. Near the cities and large towns of 24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. Mexico, extensive plantations of this species are cultivated for the sweet sap which flows very abundantly into the cavity formed by cutting out the flower bud from the centre of the crown of massive leaves. This sap is produced for several months, until the plant is exhausted, and in the ageregate amounts to from twelve hundred to sixteen hundred pounds from each plant. It ferments rapidly and forms an acid, slightly intoxicating fluid, with an intolerable odor of carrion. It is called pulque, and is the favorite beverage of the Mex- icans. Foreigners are also said to become accustomed to its peculiar taste and odor, and then to prefer it to claret. A powerful brandy is also distilled from the fermented sap. At present we are unable to give any other explanation for the flow of sweet sap from the flower buds of palms and agaves than that these plants have been so constituted that they first accumulate a quantity of starch, which is stored up either in the leaves or the pith of the stems, and then, by a vital process, this starch is rapidly converted into sugar and transferred to the flower buds for their nourishment. During the past two years, we have tested with reference to the flow of sap about sixty species of trees and shrubs grow- ing in Amherst. These have been tapped at various times during the year, and most of them have been visited daily, about noon, for several weeks in the spring. Whenever sap has been seen to flow, the number of drops per minute has been recorded, or the entire flow for the day has been weighed. The results of these observations will be found in the annual report of the State Board of Agriculture for 1874-5. Many trees, like the chestnut, the oak, the elm and the poplar, do not flow at all; others, like the buttonwood, the apple, the beech, the alder and the hickory, flow for a very short time, or in very moderate quantity ; while others, like the birches, the maples, the ironwood and the grape, flow for a considerable time quite freely. The grape is generally supposed to bleed more abundantly from wounds than any other woody plant, but there are several species which far surpass it in rapidity and quantity of flow, even though allowance be made for its size. The total amount of sap from a very large wild vine, during the 1875.) SENATE—No. 99. 25 past season, was eleven pounds and nine ounces, while a paper birch, fifteen inches in diameter, yielded sixty-three pounds in one day and fourteen hundred and eighty-six pounds in less than two months. The second question for consideration relates to the time when plants bleed. Herbaceous plants flow most copiously when in vigorous erowth, if the stems be cut off so as to offer little resistance | ‘to the sap forced upwards by the active absorption which occurs as a vital process in the root hairs or minute rootlets. Palms and agaves flow when about to blossom, and so far as we know, by reason of a vital process, connected with the period of inflorescence and fruiting. If the flower stalks Were uninjured, the same transference of material would occur, and we should imagine we accounted for it by saying it goes to the place where it is wanted and used. But this is no reason for the continued flow from the wounded bud, the development of which has been stopped. The bleeding of the grape, the apple and other thees, which occurs only in warm weather, must be attributed to the vital force of the absorbent surface of their roots, which awaken to new activity after their annual period of repose. The flow from such species is not of long duration, and ceases with the development of their foliage. Certain species of trees, of which the sugar maple may be taken as the type, will bleed from wounds at any time between the fall of the leaves in autumn and the opening of the buds in spring, provided the weather is sufficiently cold to freeze the wood, which contains from forty to fifty per cent. of water, at all seasons of the year, and provided the temperature afterwards rises somewhat above the freezing point. | If a mercurial gauge be applied to the root of a grape vine, which is entirely separated from the vine itself, and lies buried in the earth just as it grew, it will, like all other roots in early spring, show suction; that is, the root will absorb the water from the gauge and draw the mercury towards itself. In May, however, the root will begin to exude sap into the gauge, and the pressure exerted by it will increase until about the last of the month, when it will be 4 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ——[Mar. equal to a column of water from fifty to ninety or more feet in height. A black birch root, treated in a similar manner during-the past season, has shown a variation, between the greatest suction and the highest pressure, of one hundred and three feet of water. If now we apply a gauge to the root of a sugar maple, we obtain most surprising results. This tree, which flows so freely, exhibits no pressure from root absorption. We must, therefore, seek some other cause for tne flow of sap, which is often very abundant. ) In order to learn the movements of the sap In a sugar maple, we attached, last March, five gauges to one tree in the following manner, viz. : Number one, to a ast root in its natural position in the ground. Napiber two, to the end of the same root which was con- nected with the trunk of the tree. Number three, to the sap-wood just beneath the bark and two feet from the ground. Number four, to the centre of the tree, in the eo lal at the same level with number three. Number five, to the sap-wood, twenty feet above number three, among the branches. Observations were made three times daily for ten weeks, and the following remarkable results obtained, viz. :— First. The detached root showed no pressure at any time. Second. The gauge among the branches exhibited the greatest pressure, which was equal to more than fifty-two feet of water. Third. The other gauges varied somewhat alike, but showed the most pressure when sap flowed most rapidly from other sugar maple trees. Fourth. When the sap ceased running, as at night, the gauges began to exhibit suction from the reabsor eae of the sap in fain by the tree. From these and other facts, it became evident that the doer of sap from the maple was in no sense a vital process, but purely physical. The hypothesis was therefore adopted that a hard frost separates the sap from the wood of certain trees, 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 27 and that when the temperature rises it is gradually reabsorbed. If, however, the tree be tapped, so that the liberated sap can run out, then it will do so, flowing, as is the case in the maple, most copiously from above. The bleeding is a sort of leakage from the vessels of the wood; but this is evidently aided by the elastic force of the gases in the wood, which are compressed by the sap liberated, and which are further expanded by the increase of temperature which always accompanies a flow. This hypothesis explains the variations of the gauges, and accounts for the singular fact that the upper one shove the most pressure, Heesnise the branches and twigs would of course be most quickly and powerfully affected by the heat of the sun and the temperature of the atmosphere. The pressure of the expanded gases within a tree, in its normal condition, would facilitate the process of reabsorption by the wood of the’liberated sap. Their contraction by cold would also cause the cessation of the flow from a tree which was running, and produce the extraordinary phenomenon of. suc- tion, exhibited by the gauges at night. An interesting demonstration of this theory was obtained | _ by cutting branches, fifteen feet in length, “from trees of sugar maple, white birch, hickory, buttonwood, chestnut and elm, when the temperature was below zero, and suspending them in the warm air of the Durfee Plant-house. The maple soon began to flow at the rate of twenty-four drops per minute, the buttonwood eleven drops, and the hickory exuded a little honey-sweet sap, precisely as in early spring; while i” the birch, the chestnut and the elm remained perfectly dry. _ A gauge was then attached to a maple limb, ’and exhibited the same phenomena when the limb was heated and cooled as were observed upon the trees in the open air last spring, in : the alternations of day and night. In regard to the causes which induce the absorption ‘of water me soluble substances by the roots of living plants, it seems unfortunate that so much has been claimed for osmose in this connection. Boussingault has recently shown that roots containing sugar do not exude it when growing in water; while leaves and fruits, when immersed in this fluid, readily absorb it by an osmotic process, and part with their 28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. sugar. If the enormous absorption of water by the roots of birch trees, in spring, were accompanied by any correspond- ing exudation, it would appear easy to find some proof of it, which no one has yet detected. It is not possible to account for the fact, that when the sap is rising most rapidly, none will flow from a wound in the bark, even when it will run a stream from the outer layer of wood, if the circulation in the trunk is caused by osmose. There is fresh cellular tissue in the liber and some soluble material; but the bark remains comparatively dry till growth begins. After the cambium has become abundant, why should not all the crude sap press towards it and draw the elaborated material directly into the wood, instead of pushing its way against the force of gravity to the leaves, if osmose is so powerful an agent in the circulation? If this tendency to rush into the bark were to exist, there would be a much greater flow from places that are girdled than is now observed, and probably the bark itself would be ruptured by the pressure exerted,- which _ would often be equal to more than thirty pounds to the square inch. One of the most surprising facts to be noticed in examining the wood of any tree with well-developed foliage, is the entire absence of anything like free, or fluid, water. A freshly cut surface of the sap-wood is not even moist to the touch, and, if a tube be inserted into the trunk of such a tree, it will fre- quently absorb water with great avidity. On the sixth of June last, a half-inch tube, six feet in length, was attached toa stop-cock, inserted into the trunk of an elm,-.and the tube filled with water. The absorption was so rapid that the fluid disap- peared in thirty minutes, and this was repeated several times the same day. Similar observations were made upon white oak, chestnut and buttonwood trees. Now, this absorption was not osmotic, but apparently the result of imbibition, or the affinity of the cellulose of the woody fibre for the water. Is not this, then, the proper name for the force which carries up the crude sap? The wood of growing trees, when cut from near the sur- - face, though apparently dry, contains nearly fifty per cent. of water; and in the young twigs, with a living pith, the pro- portion is even greater. 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 29 There is good reason to believe that the sap in ordinary .trees begins to move first in the buds, and that the first sup- ply of water exhaled in the spring is derived from the sap- wood. Branches of aspen and red maple, two feet in length, were cut on the twenty-sixth of last March, aud placed in a warm room in an empty vase. The flower buds developed without any other water than what they could abstract from the wood ; so that, on the fifth day, the staminate catkins of the aspen were four inches long and the pollen well devel- oped. Branches which have been removed from apple trees in the spring are often covered: with blossoms in a similar way, while lying on the ground. It is a well-established fact that the roots of most woody plants have no power at any season to force water to any considerable height when sepa- rated from their stems. The roots of all plants, growing in ordinary soil, develop — most freely and absorb most abundantly, when the earth is well drained and aérated. Thus we find that the crude sap imbibed by the root-hairs from the surface of the particles of the svil, seems to be taken up in a dry state,—that is, it is absorbed, molecule by molecule, and no liquid is visible, and carried in this form through all the cellulose membranes between the earth and the leaf by which it is to be digested . or exhaled. We do not say this is literally true, but. it accords very nearly with what is constantly to be seen. The . circulation of the sap in a poplar tree is very dry, compared _ with that of the blood in any animal. Not a drop of sap or moisture will ever flow from the soft wood of an aspen, so far as we have observed. Nevertheless, it grows very freely _and starts very early in the spring, and usually contains more than fifty per cent. of water. | That living cellulose has a peculiar and most powerful affinity for water is evident from the fact, discovered by De Vries, that when a shoot of an herbaceous plant with large leaves is cut, and the fresh surface allowed to come for a short time into contact with the air, it loses much of its. absorbing power, and the leaves will wilt, even though it be placed in water. If, however, the section be made under water, so that the living tissue is not exposed to the air, its © power of imbibition remains unimpaired, and the leaves do not wilt. 30 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. It appears, therefore, that much of the crude sap passes through the membranes of the sap-wood, or woody fibre, or - cellular tissue of plants in an apparently solid form, combined with the cellulose, just as the water in dry slacked lime or a plaster cast is in a solid state. In all these cases, it may be obtained as a liquid by distillation at a temperature of 212° F. The cause of the motion is the removal of the water from the tissue at some point, by exhalation, by chemical combination, or by assimilation. Whenever any portion of the living cellulose has an insufficient amount of water to saturate its affinity, it imbibes an additional quantity, and this process is continued backward through the tissues. to the earth or the source of supply. — The conducting power of the cellulose of sap-wood is very remarkable, as‘is seen in the fact, that whenever a limb of an apple or peach tree breaks down under its burden of fruit, it very rarely wilts or fails to ripen its crop. Those who have compared the area of a section of the trunk of a large tree with the area of a section of its branches at any point above, must have noticed that the relative amount of sap-wood rapidly increases as we ascend toward the top, and that the young twigs and small branches contain no other wood. An elm in Amherst, famous for the beautiful symmetry of its form, and known as the Ayres elm, was carefully meas- ured lust summer by Professor Graves and the senior class of the College. The area of the sections of the branches twenty feet from the ground was more than twice as great as the area of a section of the trunk four feet from the earth, and the proportion of sap-wood was of course much greater. An interesting experiment was undertaken at the Durfee Piant-house, to determine how small a proportion of sap- wood could conduct the necessary supply of sap to the foliage of a growing tree, and, also, whether the bark alone could transmit the requisite water to prevent the leaves from wilting. A plant of Hibiscus splendens, standing in the ground, and having three stems from the same root, was selected for trial. The plant was growing rapidly, and was prepared for the experiment as follows :—Two of the stems were tied firmly to stakes, and the third left undisturbed. The first specimen had -all the bark removed from one inch of the stem, and 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 31 then the wood was cut away until there remained only a small piece of the outside layer of sap-wood, which was one inch long, and seven-sixteenths of an inch in circumference. This exposed surface was im- mediately covered with grafting wax, to protect the tissues from the action of the air. The amount of stem remaining was just one eighty-fourth of. the original, which was about four inches around. The healthy leaf surface was fully twenty-five hundred square inches, from both sides of which exhalation went on to some extent, making five thousand square inches of exhaling surface. The result was that the foliage remained perfectly fresh and vigorous for ten days, until, on the tenth of November, the specimen was cut for the museum. [See Fig. 2. ] The other stem was used to determine whether, by osmose or in any other way, the crude sap could ascend in the bark and supply the leaves with water. All the wood, and one-third of the bark, were removed from a portion one-half inch in length, the exposed tissues protected by wax, and the branches so pruned as to leave but five hundred square inches of leaf surface. The foliage drooped in a single hour, and never recovered. This experi- ment showed that the bark was altogether incompetent to transmit the requisite supply of crude sap to the parts above it, although it was thick and succulent and much greater in quantity, when compared with the ex- haling surface, than the piece of sap-wood which showed such marvellous conducting power. If osmose were the cause of the ascent of sap, it would seem that the abun- dant parenchyma of the bark, intimately united as it is with the wood by the medul- lary rays, must freely transmit the amount required in this case. But the leaves wilted and perished as quickly as if the entire stem had been severed. [See Fig. 3.] 39 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. Having thus demonstrated the fact that crude sap ascends chiefly in the sap-wood of exogenous trees, let us now con- sider a few facts which appear to prove that there is—a counter movement of elaborated sap, which is, for the most part, confined to the bark. It is well known that if a narrow ring of bark be removed from the trunk of a tree between the leaves and the roots, then the deposition of wood ceases below the girdled place, though above it the growth for the season ensuing will be quite normal. This proves beyond dispute that the wood cannot convey that portion of the elaborated sap which is essential to growth, and that it can be conducted only by the tissues of the bark, or the imperfectly developed tissues of the cambium, between it and the perfectly formed wood. Nevertheless, there is free communication in a transverse direction for the crude sap, and for some of the elaborated substances, between the wood and the bark, probably by means of the medullary rays which connect the two. Thus only can we account for the fact that the bark below a girdled place often remains alive long after the deposition of wood ceases, and also for the circumstance that starch and sugar, which must originally come from the leaves, are found either accumulated in the cells of certain stems and roots, or existing in the sap which flows or is expressed from their tissues. If we shave off little by little the bark of a maple when the sap is flowing freely, we shall observe no exudation from any portion of the liber even, but, as soon as the whole of this is removed, the sap issues from every part of the surface of the exposed wood. Again, those who work with mill logs tell us that in the spring the bark becomes soft and loose, precisely as if the tree were standing, at least in the case of some species. Sometimes logs. and poles cut for fences will sprout and actually produce shoots with foliage, the sap of which must be derived from that which is stored up in the timber, and which must pass from the wood to the bark. Mr. William F. Flint, of Richmond, New Hampshire, has sent us a piece of a red maple slab, which he found on moist 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 33 ground under. a pile of wood, and which threw out at the ends and sides a callous a quarter of an inch thick, precisely like an ordinary cutting of a grape vine. Here we have an instance of growth without either roots, buds or leaves, all the material for which must have been derived from the stick itself. [See Fig. 4.] Similar to this in its char- acter is the curious circum- stance, not very unfrequent, of old potatoes resolving themselves into several small- er ones within the skin of the parent tuber, without any external appearance of veg- etation. This is reported to have occurred in a vast num- ber of tubers in a quantity of potatoes on board a vessel in the Arctic Ocean, where the low temperature ‘probably # exerted some influence in 4) causing this peculiar mode of sprouting. With the view of deter- mining some facts concerning the functions of the bark in connection with the circula- tion of sap and the growth of wood, many experiments have been undertaken at the College, during the past two years, with some interesting results. In order to learn whether the annual layer of wood upon trees is developed from the outside of the old wood or from the inside of the bark, the following plan was tried: Vigorous young trees of elm, willow and chestnut were selected, which were from two to three inches in diameter. On the thirtieth of May, before any deposition of organ- ized tissue was visible, but when the bark was easily sep- arated from the wood, a horizontal incision was made with a sharp knife around each stem, and immediately ; | 34 : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. above this four vertical incisions, on the four quarters of the stem, about three inches in length. The four strips of bark were then care- fully detached from the wood at their lower ends, and a piece of tinned copper, one inch wide and long enough to, reach around the wood and overlap, was adjusted to the trunk. The bark was then replaced and covered tightly with cloth which had been dipped in melted grafting wax. The trees grew through the season as usual; and, after the fall of the leaves, the band- ages were removed and the results ob- served. Inall cases, the new wood (0) was found to have been deposited from the bark, and outside of the metallic band (a). iSee ‘Mig. 5.] Examination under the microscope showed that the medul- : lary rays were as numerous as in other nuen ace portions of the layer of wood, and extended anueaten Be directly from the bark to the metal under canes ace it, thus proving that it did not flow down i-e from above the band. [See Fig. 6.] Mig This quite satisfactory result demon- S|..9 strates that the elaborated material, formed in the leaves, descends in the bark, rather $00) Ls re too (RR a. ey ©} 0, Series cecal elie : than in the wood of all exogenous trees. ZO Sac SPAIECERS ce Much information has also been obtained G 5 [sj 2 Ma: << WN i> S} A\ £5 in regard to the effects of ringing or gird- ip...e ling the trunks and branches of trees by the LT removal of a band of bark, or of bark and > sap-wood, from the entire circumference. m“..g This has long been practised in new .a countries to kill the timber which the set- Fie. 6.* tler had not time to fell, but must destroy Sf beta (S = es: GOR ©. ES; oS SG io SSG ot Sr) Se io (Se OS a WH >a SS Oc 1S SO <. ee Septe: 7lith, too g" .* 81st, —. >i000F 13 eh! oP QO0. Yrs The last weight was not clearly raised, though it was car- ried ten days, on account of the failure of the harness irons, which bent at the corners under the enormous pressure of two 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 49 and a half tons, and consequently broke through the rind of . the squash. It was not feasible to remove the harness and substitute for it a stouter one, on account of its being imbed- ded in the substance of the squash, which grew up through the meshes of the harness, forming protuberances an inch and a half high and overlying the iron bands. When, on the seventh of November, the harness was removed, in order to take a plaster-cast of the squash, it was necessary to cut the straps with a cold-chisel, sometimes into several pieces, and draw them out endways. The growing squash adapted itself to whatever space it could find as readily as if it had been a mass of caoutchouc, nor did it ever show the slightest ten- dency to crack, except in the epidermis. This would often open in minute seams, from which a turbid mucilaginous fluid exuded. In the morning, drops of this would frequently be- dew the protuberances, like drops of perspiration. In the sunshine, these dried up, and fell off as minute globules, resembling gum-arabic. The lifting power was greatest after midnight, when the growth of the vine and exhalation from the leaves was least. | _ The material out of which the squash was formed, was elaborated in the leaves during the daytime and transferred through the vine to the stem. Through this it was imbibed by the living, growing cells of the squash, which were con- ‘stantly multiplying by subdivision until their number was many billions, notwithstanding the enormous pressure under which they were forced to develop. This growth was pos- sible only because life, being a molecular force, exerted its almost irresistible power over an enormous surface of cell membrane. | Searcely less astonishing than the mechanical force ex- hibited, was the ability of the tissues of the squash to resist chemical changes and the attacks of mold where the rind was Injured by bruises or cuts. Whenever fresh-growing cells were exposed to the action of the air, they immediately began to form a regular periderm of cork, precisely resembling in - _ appearance and structure that produced upon the cork oak, the elm and other trees. The form of the squash can hardly be described, but may (nee 50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Mar. -be seen in the drawings, which show the end and the upper side. The weight was e forty-seven pounds and a quarter, and, when opened, the rind was found to be about three inches thick, and un- usually hard and com- pact. The internal cavity corresponded in form to the exterior, but was very small, and nearly filled with fibrous tissue, and plump and apparently perfect seeds in about the normal number. [See Figs. 16, 17. ] The frequent displacement of flagging-stones, and the damage often done to brick and concrete pavements and stone walls by the roots of shade trees, consid- ered in connection with the wonderful expan- sive power of the squash in harness, made it evi- dent that growing roots of firm wood must be capable of exerting, under suitable condi- tions, a tremendous mechanical force. Up- on searching the fields for examples of trees standing upon naked rocks or ridges coy- ered with only a shal- | low soil, many interest- ing specimens were readily discovered to demonstrate this fact. | SZ SAS 1 @ | fs all y, nA IA 4] Bi NES 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 51 In South Hadley, Massachusetts, a sugar maple was found which had grown upon a horizontal bed of red sandstone. The tree stood upon the naked rock, over which its roots extended a few feet in three directions into the soil. One root had pushed its way under a slab of the rock, which measured more than twenty-four cubic feet, and must have weighed nearly two tons. In the course of twenty years or more, this root had developed to such a size as to raise the slab entirely from the bed rock and from the earth, so that it rested wholly upon the wood. 7 Upon examining the tree, it was evident that as it stood upon horizontal roots which rested on solid rock and had a diameter of nearly a foot, and as they had grown by an annual deposition of wood entirely around them, and as the heart, now several inches from the rock, must once have rested on it, and as the rock could not have been depressed, therefore the tree had been lifted every year by the growing wood of the outside layer. Another tree of paper birch ¢ 52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. having been found growing in a similar manner, one of the horizontal roots was sawed through, and the centre of the heart was seen to have been elevated seven inches since the tree was a seedling. Now it is clearly demonstated that the power of vegetable growth can lift a tree, and that it must do so whenever the bed of the roots cannot be depressed, It is evident, also, that old trees on a clay hardpan, or any other unyielding subsoil, must be thrown up by the process of growth. Every person is familiar with the fact that large trees usually have the appearance of having been raised, and their roots are often bare for considerable distances around the trunk. [See Fig. 18.] This lifting of the tree from its bed would seem to be advantageous to it, by tightening the roots so as to hold it firmly in place, notwithstanding the possible elongation of their woody fibre by the excessive strains to which they are subjected during violent storms. This method of secur- ing the tree in place would be still further improved by the constant enlargement of the roots by the annual deposition of a layer of wood, and the consequent filling of any. space formed in the soil by the movement of the roots, caused by the swaying of the tree in the wind. This slight annual elevation of trees, by the increase in diameter of their horizontal roots, furnishes an explanation for the differences of opinion in regard to the question, whether a given point on the trunk of a tree is raised in the process of its growth. While it has been demon- strated by Prof. Asa Gray that two points in a vertical line on the trunk of a tree will not separate as it enlarges, it seems equally clear that both of them may be quite percept- ibly elevated in the course of time. It has been stated, on good authority, that at Walton Hall, in England, a millstone was to be seen, in 1863, in the centre of which was growing a filbert tree, which had com- _ pletely filled the hole in the stone, and actually raised it from the ground. The tree was said to have been produced from a nut which was known to have germinated in 1812. The above story has been declared false, because, as asserted, the tree could not have exerted any lifting power upon the stone. It is, however, not difficult to see that it may be true, and is even probable. 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. . 53 Yet it should be remembered that the amount of ele- vation, in any case where it occurs from the increase in the size of the horizontal roots, must depend upon the character of the material on which they rest, and can never exceed one- half the diameter of the largest ones. When, therefore, a writer asserts, as has recently happened, that during a visit to Washington Irving, at Sunnyside, he carved his name upon the bark of a tree beneath which he was sitting in con- versation with the illustrious author, and that many years after he went to the place, and, with much difficulty, dis- covered the identical inscription high up among the branches, far above his reach, it may be safely inferred that the number and exaltation of his feelings interfered slightly with the correct action of his intellectual faculties. It is evident, in conclusion, that we have much. yet to learn about plant life, and that it is very unwise ‘to attempt to explain all its phenomena by a few general statements. Life has been well styled the loftiest subject of philosophy, but let us not forget that the only way to a sound philosophy is through a knowledge of the truth, and that this is to be obtained in completeness only by laborious and intelligent investigation. 7 Let not the slowness nor the difficulty of progress in real knowledge discourage us, however, but rather awaken in us a higher reverence for Him who has created the wondrous frame of Nature, and set it before us as a means of calling out our highest faculties, and of leading us “Through Nature, up to Nature’s God.” Let the impatient student recollect that all the problems of science will not be solved till the end of time, since genera- tions yet unborn will need, as they will certainly have, abundant material for the exercise of their minds, and the awakening of their desires to compreherid the mysteries of creation. But the more difficult the achievement, the more glorious and joyous is the accomplishment. “Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate, Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait.” 4 eek ec : i i ' aaa _ ‘ CF Gy ; » Ned ‘ ; 4 | 7 te) he wae . > 4 7 ‘ = A . we y ie gM Le heen n i s se a : j s \ gel t ¢ H é 4 Rite < ry the 5 Y A pete , 4 = . " i ke ame od Nae iG > u By é F 4 Pad ey ‘ " % ae 9-2 ‘ 7 Pt =| t « ; f ’ P ) Ce is = ir : is : | 1A) os 0 a : s : By ones Bs ee . y § ~- = mY pi evi qa Ul aby . fi wis ‘ , ‘ wl i fv (avout: co pee aia ih aa ece ipa aon REPORT ON Poe ULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. By Prorssson LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. 56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. During the past year, the duties which have been required of students in this department of the College have been faithfully and promptly discharged. The young men have apparently taken a deeper interest in the exercises of the classroom than in former years, to whiéh result the Grinnell prizes for the best oral and written examination on gradua- tion day have unmistakably contributed much. As usual, the students have participated in all the practical operations of the farm, taking an active part in its ordinary cultivation, and performing nearly all the labor in improving the slope between the Plant-house and brook, by underdraining. With much interest and zeal, they have aided in making the materials and in carrying on the experiments with fertilizers, noting accurately the condition of the crops during their growth, and recording the final results. Although I feel confideut that this department is in a good degree accomplish- ing the objects for which it was instituted, yet I believe its popularity and usefulness would be greatly enhanced if its wants, as detailed by me in the Tenth Annual Report, could be supplied. The “experiments upon feeding crops with special fertiliz- ers in a purely chemical form,” to which you allude in your last annual report to the Trustees, have been continued during the past summer, and with results which apparently indicate the possibility that there is a better method of pro- ducing crops than any which is now generally pursued. For many years the felt want of intelligent Massachusetts farmers has been “more manure,” and at prices which would justify its purchase. In our State, the market demand for farm- crops, in such form that but a small part of them could be 1875. | SENATE—No. 99. 57 retained and changed to yard-manure, has been gradually lessening the home accumulations of this material; and its sale-value in our towns and cities has precluded the profit of its purchase for ordinary crops. To supply this deficiency, recourse has been had to manufactured commercial fertilizers ; but whether there is good reason for it or not, there is a general distrust of their reliability and efficiency, which has prevented their purchase to such an extent as is desirable. Frequent demands have been made that experiments should be tried here with these compounds, on an extensive scale, to determine what kinds were the most valuable, and what they were worth, that the farming community might have some guide in their purchases, and be protected from imposition. For the double purpose of quieting this popular demand, and of accustoming students to observe nature for the acqui- sition of facts, such experiments have been tried every year, since 1867,—both with fertilizers bought in the market and those which have been sent here for the purpose by manufact- urers. But the idea has never for a moment been enter- tained that such experiments could determine any fundamen- tal principles in feeding plants, or be of the least practical use as a guide to farm improvement or profit. Therefore, while a record has been kept of results, no public report of the same has been made. ‘To learn and prove the absolute law of nature in this regard, the wiser course seemed to be to discard all mixtures and compounds made by others, and test the feeding choice of plants by the use of known elements prepared in the laboratory, but which, if they should be found valuable, could be purchased ‘by farmers in any desired quan- tity. | 3 Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert, at Rothamsted, England, had proved incontestably that plants could be grown by the use of certain substances, known as chemical elements; in fact, that those elements, uncombined, were more efficacious than when used in the form of yard-manure; yet the result of trial led them to believe that the most effective elements in increas- ing the product of certain species of plants were not those found in maximum quantities in their structure, and that there was no specific relation between the quantity of the elements applied and the yield of the crop. 8 58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. M. George Ville, at Vincennes, France, had succeeded in producing fine crops, without yard-manure, by using the elements of which all plants are composed, and, as the crop on the same land was changed, applying as a manure the substance which was the predominating element of the new plant. } These experimenters, in selecting the substances to be used, relied to a great extent on the supposed fact that some elements existed in the soil in great abundance, while others were deficient, and strove to find by trial what was wanting, that the same might be supplied. For our purpose, Bid considering the tauniios of a large part of our Massachu- setts soils, a more rational and bhilosemhies| method seemed to be to discard all conditions of soil, except such as were purely physical, and direct attention exclusively to the plant, its composition and choice of food. It was believed that for all practical purposes we had absolute knowledge of the composition of plants, of the relative proportions of the different elements which they choose, and the form or condi- tion in which the elements of plant food must exist to enable its vital forces to appropriate them. At the same time, the possibility remained that the average of our soils might con- tain some of the elements in such abundance, or that the forces of nature might develop them with such rapidity that the farmer might be relieved from the expense of supplying them as direct food. This was thought to be an economical matter of much importance, the fact in relation to which might materially simplify the application of the principle, and was therefore the first to be learned. Accordingly, in the spring of 1869, soils were taken from various localities on the College farm, and from several adjoining farms, fur experiment. Care was taken to avoid all soils which were very fertile, or in a high state of cultiva- tion, and to select those of poor quality, or nearly sterile. The soils were placed in pots in the Plant-house,.and in them were placed the seeds of our various agricultural plants. As these commenced to grow, they were fed from time to time with the chemical elements which they were known to contain, and in an absolutely soluble condition. The e’ements were occasionally varied and sometimes compounded in such pro- 1875. | SENATE—No. 99. 59 portions as they had been found to exhibit in the several varieties. The experiments were continued under these con- ditions, during the years 1869 and 1870; but in 1871, the soils were isedite in large boxes in the open air, and the same method was pursued cane that and the following year of 1872. The first fact which appeared to be unmistakably taught by these experiments, was that for the plants and soils used, and for one, two, three or four crops of the same plant on the same soil, the only substances the farmer must supply were nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid; and second, that there was a marked relation between the quantity of the crop pro- duced and of the elements applied, if these elements were mixed in such proportion as they exhibit in the entire plant which was being fed. Accepting these two facts pro- - visionally as a natural law, I commenced experimenting in the open field, in 1873, on soils in a reduced state of fertility, or quite sterile, which experiments have been continued through the season of 1874. ‘These trials have been made on the College farm, on the farms adjoining, and in the adjacent towns of Hadley and Sunderland. Soils of various charac- teristics and conditions have been used, and in plots of twenty, forty, eighty, and one hundred and sixty square rods. The crops fed have been wheat, rye, corn, oats, potatoes, grass and tobacco. | Dr. C. A. Goessmann, professor of chemistry in the College, and State inspector of fertilizers, has cheerfully codperated and rendered invaluable aid in the experiments by testing the substances used for feeding purposes, so that I have known with certainty what elements were used, and what their condition of solubility. In all cases, before applying the food or planting the crop, a written statement was pre- pared of the kind and quantity of the elements to be used, and the estimated yield of the crop, and in no single case has there been a failure of anticipated results which could not be traced with perfect certainty to other causes than the food applied. Causes such as the winter killing of wheat, an under-estimate of the natural proportion of straw to grain, and the per cent. of potash in one of its salts. In different experiments, fifty, sixty-five, eighty-five, and 60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. one hundred and four bushels of Indian corn have been pro- duced per acre, two hundred and twenty-five bushels of potatoes, thirty of rye, sixty of oats, and nineteen hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco leaf; or, twenty-five, fifty and eighty bushels of corn, twenty of rye, one hundred and fifty of potatoes, and fifteen hundred pounds of tobacco leaf per acre more than the natural yield of the soil; which yield has in all cases been determined by planting an equal plot of each crop, the plants on which received no artificial food. It has been an observed fact in the results that the plants thus artificially fed are measurably independent of the ordinary variations of the seasons and meteorological conditions of the atmosphere. The results of the open field experiments of 1873 and 1874 are almost identical. But the two seasons have been very unlike, and there has been an equal variation in the general crop returns of the State. June, July and August of 1873 (the three active months for the growth of our crops) were extremely dry, the rainfall being but 7.987 inches. ‘These three months in 1874 were the reverse, the rainfall being 19.340 inches, or an excess of 11.353 inches in the latter year. The two years were nearly equally unlike in the average temperature of those months, that of 1873 being 68.596°, and that of 1874, 66.306°, the former being two degrees warmer than the latter. There was nearly or quite as much variation in the humidity of the air, pressure of vapor, and mean height of the barometer. At this early period in these investigations, I will not venture an opinion of what may be the final result to soils cropped for many successive years by this process. It may possibly be found necessary to use other elements besides those already named, to secure maximum crops. But the crops of the second year on the plots which were artificially manured and which had no manure the second year, have invariably yielded double the amount of the yield of the unmanured plots, and very nearly as much as land by their side which had a heavy dressing of yard-manure the previous year; but the clover on the latter is looking better at the present time than on the artificially manured plots. There are good scientific reasons for believing, that if all ~ the elements supplied are consumed by the crop it is intended 1875. ] SENATE—No. 99. 61 to feed, yet for a limited period, at least, the soil will be im- proved and left with an increased percentage of plant food as the result of the process. This fact is indicated by the result, but it needs substantiating by long-continued trial. In these experiments, quantities of food and crops have been based exclusively on the per cent. of nitrogen, potash and phos- phoric acid; but these elements have been used in the form of sulphates of ammonia and potash, and superphosphate man- ufactured in the laboratory from bone charcoal and sulphuric acid. As an absolute fact, therefore, the mixture contains other mineral elements than the two named; but as the search is primarily after practical facts, and as it is difficult for the farmer to obtain the leading elements in a more convenient form, it has not been deemed best to exclude them, or to make _ critical inquiry respecting their influence. If my future experiments in the direction now being pur- sued shall coincide with those already made to such an extent _as to justify the adoption of the method in general farm oper- ations, it will result in materially decreasing the cost of pro- ducing crops on our depleted soils; enable the farmer to sow any crop, or any amount of crops, regardless of the soil; make him at the same time (if he so choose) independent of all manufacturers, of what are now known as commercial fer- tilizers, for he can purchase the elements in any market and himself make the mechanical mixture,—the only safeguard needed being the guarantee of the importer or the manufact- urer that the substances are in fact and form what they are represented. But it is yet too early to draw conclusions, as to what is to be the final result of these experiments. The indications are very clear and decided at this point of the investigation ; but it is necessary that they should be extended and continued, and many side-issues examined, before a com- plete and final report shall be made. The great controversy of 1850 and 1855, between Dr. Liebig, M. Bousingault, Lawes and Gilbert, and Mr. Way, respecting the relative value of certain chemical elements in promoting the growth of plants, though of the utmost scien- tific importance, was, and could be, of little practical value, because at that day the elements were not found in market in _ sufficient quantities, or at prices which would justify their use 69 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_ [Mar. as fertilizers in the ordinary production of crops. But since - the discovery of the practically exhaustless beds of phosphatic nodules in South Carolina, the potash deposits of Germany, the extensive manufacture of sulphate of ammonia as a waste product in the distillation of coal for illuminating gas, and the opportunity to increase its manufacture almost indefinitely, the needed elements can be obtained in any required quantity, in a cheaper and more efficient form than in that of yard- _manure; provided, the government will adjust its tariff rates in the interest of agriculture on those articles needed in the production of plants. In the experiments alluded to, these elements have been the ones used, and regard has been had to their content in the whole plant, for the composition of stalks, straw and grain, and tops and tubers are very dissimilar. For the production of twenty-five bushels of Indian corn and its average natural proportion of stalks, there have been used thirty-five pounds of nitrogen, thirty-seven pounds of potash and fifteen pounds of phosphoric acid. To produce one hundred bushels of potatoes, and their average natural proportion of tops, use has been made of twenty-five pounds of nitrogen, thirty-nine pounds of potash and twelve pounds of phosphoric acid. These quantities are given as examples of the detail of the experiments; but the elements are estimated in a pure and absolutely soluble condition. To obtain them, it is necessary to take some one of their compounds, and use it in such quan- tities as is required to get the requisite amount of the element. As an illustration, take the quantities of the elements used in the corn example. If the nitrogen is bought in the form of sulphate of ammonia, which is guaranteed to contain twenty per cent of actual nitrogen, as many hundred pounds of the compound will be required as twenty times is contained in thirty-five, the amount of nitrogen required. The potash being procured in the form of sulphate of potash, guaranteed to contain thirty per cent of actual potash, as many hundred pounds of the compound will be required as thirty is con- tained times in thirty-seven, the quantity of potash required. By the same method, the requisite quantity of phosphoric acid is obtained in the form of a superphosphate, simple and ee ro Sele Pe a ’ APS wy ee , / { 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 63 without a mixture of any other element, and estimated on its known per cent of soluble acid. In closing this Report, I desire to reiterate my statement previously made, that I am recording the actual results of these experiments in the past, and will not venture a predic- tion for the future, for there are some important crops with which no experiments have been made, and others require continued trial, but I here give in detail the result of one case, which may, it is hoped, be an indication of future possibilities. In 1874, a measured acre of land was taken on a farm near the College, of cold, inert soil, and so nearly sterile that it produced no plants but coarse weeds. The last attempts to crop it were in 1869 and 1871. The crops were first corn and then potatoes, neither of which were produced in quan- tity sufficient to pay for harvesting, and the potatoes were not harvested. I caused the land to be as thoroughly fitted by plowing and cultivating as the inert, cloddy nature of the soil would permit. The chemicals were applied and har- rowed in, and it was planted to corn on the 29th of May, the rows running north and south, four feet apart, and hills three feet eight inches. The land was most persistently and thoroughly cultivated and hoed during the season to improve, if possible, the natural physical condition of the land, and overcome the injurious effects of cold, rainy weather. Not- withstanding the unfavorableness of the season, the crop grew finely, constantly presented a dark green, healthy, vigorous appearance, and continued so until late in the season. The crop ripened beautifully, was sound and fine, and yielded by weight 62 bushels of corn and 4,300 pounds of stalks. . * ee ; Phy ta tenia a ys Ponies 2 :. ; Py : | y ; 7 et te i P Se tap, ‘ Lot 4 A - 7s ‘2 ¢ \ 1th ; ey 4 y K i 7 ht Pies a 4 - ’ & y A ’ “i aye ‘ ' > f ? , t rans * j WA : - x. . . . . ‘ ro . ‘ s i = z Po (PAPER ON 2 ‘ 1 MERCIAL FERTILIZERS. “By Prorzssor C. A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D. J ” ¥ * - ‘ * \ ' ’ , + ie 4 ' > J ‘ ~~ 6 { ‘ ny ai: Caine: . aon 1 66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. a COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. In the report for 1873, I discussed the peculiar position which commercial concentrated fertilizers occupy in a rational system of cultivating farm lands, and urged their judicious application in connection with barn-yard manure. To protect the interests of farmers and honest dealers, a law for the regulation of the trade in fertilizers has since been passed by the legislature, which requires a statement to accompany all packages of commercial fertilizers, which gives the guaranteed percentage of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen contained in them. Having acted as State Inspector of Fertilizers during the past two years, I propose now to present an abstract i my official reporls to the State Board of Agriculture.* The first of these reports consists mainly of statements regarding the present conditions of the resources of some of the most prominent substances which serve either directly as special manure, or enter into the manufacture of our com- mercial fertilizers.. In the second report, I tried to deter- mine, by a series of analyses of specimens collected from dealers, the present condition of the trade in these articles, and to describe more in detail the kind of fertilizers farmers ought to buy. I have earnestly endeavored, on all occasions, to promote a desirable understanding between dealers and — farmers, in regard to their mutual interests. GERMAN PoTasH SALTS. The main bulk of these substances thus far imgfoeee has been of the lower grades. Their percentage of potassium oxide, in our section of the country, has rarely exceeded from * See “Agriculture of Massachusetts,” by Hon. C. L. Flint, for 1873 and 1874. 1875.1 SENATE—No. 99. 67 eight to nine per cent. ; in some exceptional cases only, it was noticed as high as from eighteen to nineteen per cent. It is a matter of particular regret that our importers have been apparently guided in their selection entirely by the question of first cost. Engaged as we are with a first trial of these salts upon our lands, it is quite obvious, that articles of a reliable and definite character should be at first applied in order to ascertain as soon as possible their true merits. The higher grades of these fertilizers being the result of a more careful process of manufacture, which aims at the exclusion of admixtures of an objectionable character, as chlorides of sodium and magnesium, are the safer articles ; they are also as a general rule the cheapest potash compounds, on account of reduced expenses for freight. Past experience in other countries has demonstrated clearly that the form in which the potassium is present, whether as potassium chloride or as potassium sulphate, as well as the peculiar nature of the compounds, which usually accompany the potassium in its original state, modify to a considerable extent their action on various crops and upon different kinds of soil. Whether potash fertilizers are useful for agricultural purposes, has never seriously been questioned, since we have learned by careful investigation that potassium is one of the essential or indispensable articles of plant food. The main point which our farmers have to consider, when contemplating the use of the German potash salts, lies in the question, what particular kind would be most efficient in each cease. As none of our former potash fertilizers, like wood- ash, nitre, ete., can be properly compared, as far as composi- tion and their peculiar mode of action is concerned, with the German or Stassfurt potash salts, it seems but prudent to turn the experience of others to account. Leading agriculturists of Europe indorse unanimously the sulphate of potassium as being the safest compound, without regard to the kind of crop, particularly as far as the quality of some industrial crops, as tobacco, sugar-beets, etc., are concerned. Upon wet lands alone is its application consid- ered unprofitable, and the chloride of potassium proposed as the more suitable article. The latter is also highly recom- mended for all kinds of forage crops and grain crops. To 68 AGRICULTURAL COELEGH, [ Mar. apply it in connection with some coe phosphate insures in the latter case a good result. The commercial muriate of potash, which contains seiindte eighty per cent. of chloride of potassium (fifty per cent. of potassium oxide), on account of its low price as compared _ with the more concentrated sulphates of potassa, is one of the most economical potash fertilizers which farmers may safely use in an ordinary mixed system of general farming. In the case of tobacco and other industrial crops, none but the higher grades of salts containing sulphate of potassa should be used. Both kinds ought always to be mixed with three or four times their volume of earth before being applied. PERUVIAN GUANO. The sources of this valuable fertilizer, judging from a recent publication of P. Galvez (the Peruvian Ambassador in London, 1872-1873) are more numerous than usually repre- sented. From forty to forty-five different localities are men- tioned as being capable of supplying still, for many years, the market at the present rate of demand. The prospects respecting the quality of our future supply seem to be less satisfactory. The well-known difference in the composition of the Peruvian guano from the Chincha Islands, of an earlier period, and our present supply from the Guanape Islands, demonstrates plainly the possibility of serious variations in the commercial and agricultural value of the material from different deposits. The comparatively limited extent of many of the still existing guano deposits, designed for expor- tation, cannot but tend to increase our risks. A number of lately published analyses by Prof. Voelcker, of genuine samples from Ananillos, Punta de Lobos and Pabellon de Pica, confirm this opinion. The guanos from these three localities varied in a remarkable degree, not only as far as the different deposits are concerned, but also as to the differ- ent layers of one and the same deposit. The various sam- ples were, of course, quite valuable fertilizers, yet their agri- cultural value differed so widely, that their commercial value ought to be regulated by their composition. The reputation of a good Peruvian guano as a valuable special fertilizer is so well established, that farther indorse- 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 69 ments seem to be unnecessary ; yet it is well to bear in mind that this result is greatly due to its former uniform and good quality. The variations in the composition of the Peru- vian guano have attracted of late more attention. They have been rendered also more conspicuous in those countries where the trade in fertilizers has been subjected to an intelligent supervision by agricultural chemists. | In speaking of serious variation being noticed in the com- position of Peruvian guano, I do not refer merely to fraudu- lent adulterations practised ona genuine article, but in par- ticular to genuine but inferior ones. The one-price system of the Peruvian government becomes, under these circum- stances, quite objectionable, and it is but proper on the part of its numerous customers to ask the adoption of a more satisfactory manner of selling guano. Nothing short of selling it by standard analysis, with a guarantee of the com- mercial value represented in the former, ought to satisfy the farmers. The difficulty rests at present, as far as I am informed, rather with the Peruvian government, than with their agents. ‘The European contractors of that government do not hesitate to acknowledge that the attitude assumed by the Peruvian government towards its customers is anything but mutually satisfactory. They have yielded to the just demands of the public, and have recently introduced a process which enables them to prepare a uniform article from the raw imported guano. 3 The process, which is patented by Messrs. Ohlendorff & Co., consists in treating the crude guano with concentrated sulphuric acid. In consequence of this treatment, most of the phosphoric acid is rendered soluble, and the ammonia changed into sulphate of ammonia, and thereby protected against evaporation. The product is known by the name of “dissolved guano,” and it is sold with a guarantee of the specified percentage of soluble phosphoric acid and active ammonia. To obtain some more definite idea about the general chem- ical and physical properties of “dissolved Peruvian guano,” I secured a sample for examination from Messrs. Ohlendorff & Co., of Hamburg, Germany, during the last year. An analysis of that sample showed that it contained from eight 70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. to nine per cent of phosphoric acid, soluble in water, eight per cent of active ammonia, and two per cent of potassium oxide.. Its mechanical condition was excellent, and it formed a brown, pulverent mass, fit for immediate application. The analytical results proved that the “dissolved Peruvian guano ” may claim a foremost position among our commercial, nitrog- enous, phosphatic fertilizers. An addition of from ten to fifteen per cent of sulphate of potassa, in the form of the higher grades of German potash salts, cannot fail to increase its efficiency as a valuable fertilizer in market-gardening, and in all cases where a speedy action is of particular importance. It can be used in a liquid form, as a solution in water. ANIMAL Dust. This fertilizer is prepared from the blood, the meat scraps and part of the bones obtained in slaughter-houses. The manufacture has engaged of late considerable attention, on account of the introduction of large abattoirs near our com- mercial centres along the Atlantic coast. Meat scraps and bones are first subjected to a rendering process, to secure the fat; the refuse mass obtained thereby is subsequently dried by steam in Hagel’s drier, and ground. The blood is either added to the rendered mass before drying, or it is dried by itself, and subsequently mixed in after having been pulver- ized. The mixture when finished for sale consists of a coarse powder, of a reddish gray color, and has a peculiar, yet not | very offensive, odor. The abstraction of the fat from the meat and the bones before they are worked into fertilizers is not only good economy, but it tends to hasten their disintegra- . tion and subsequent solution in water under the influence of carbonic acid. Bones differ mainly in regard to the relative proportion of cartilage (a nitrogenous matter) and of neutral phosphate of lime. The harder bones are usually separated for the manu- facture of buttons and of bone-black; the smaller and softer bones are turned into fertilizers. After having passed through the rendering process, they count in the manufacture of this fertilizer mainly as the source of phosphoric acid, for their nitrogenous constituent has been dissolved and subse- quently lost in the extraction of the fat. 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 71 It matters very little which of our domesticated animals furnish the meat scraps,—cattle, sheep or hogs. The fresh meat of these animals contains from 72 per cent to 79.3 per cent of water, and, on an average, 3.35 per cent of nitrogen ; whilst dry meat consists of from 14.30 to 15.72 per cent of nitrogen, provided, in the latter case, that the fat has been _ previously separated. The blood of these animals amounts to about one-tenth of their entire weight, and is in all of them of a similar composition. Fresh blood contains on an average seventy-eight parts of water and twenty-two parts of dry substance. Its average percentage of nitrogen amounts to 3.7 per cent. Dry blood contains 16.8 per cent of nitrogen. The main task for all manufacturers of fertilizers, from butchers’ refuse, as previously described, consists in the pro- duction of a uniform article, as far as its chemical composi- tion and mechanical condition is concerned. Manufacturers of fertilizers ought to bear in mind, that the articles they offer for sale have not only a certain commercial, but also a peculiar agricultural, value ; and that the latter is independent of the former, for the two are determined by a quite different standard. The agricultural value depends on its crop-pro- ducing quality, and is determined by the judicious application by the farmer. A shovelful of lime may do more good, under certain circumstances, than several times its weight of the more costly dried blood. The commercial value depends here, as elsewhere, on the relation of demand and supply in the general market, and is controlled by competition.. The commercial value of a fertilizer is not necessarily altered by a change in the relative proportion of its constituents ; its agricultural value always is; for each of its constituents, as potassa, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, etc., has a function of its own. ‘They are, it is true, equally indispensable for plant growth, yet they cannot substitute each other. The most important information the farmer needs, to secure to himself the full agricultural value of any commercial fertilizer offered for sale, consists in knowing the exact kind, the amount, and the chemical and physical condition of the essential articles of _ plant food it contains. Without this information, a rational system of manuring becomes impossible. Commercial fertil- izers are too expensive to be used without a careful con- RC aa atin 72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Mar. sideration whether they will bring speedy returns or not. The surest way to establish a reputation for a well-prepared fertilizer, which contains one or more of the essential articles of plant food, next to a reasonable price, is to furnish it of a uniform composition. Reliable standard fertilizers are needed in the interests of a rational system of manuring and of a good economy. Meat scraps, blood and bones ought to be mixed, therefore, with a view of definite proportions ; and the fertilizer should be dried by a moderate heat, so as to contain not more than ten per cent. of moisture. The first precaution secures uni- form composition, and thus a definite agricultural value; the latter tends to keep the animal matter in an unimpaired state of preservation while it is kept in store. Animal dust may serve, like fish guano, as a substitute for Peruvian guano, provided its content of nitrogen does not fall below six per cent. It acts, however, slower than Peruvian guano, and ought to be carefully composted for several months before it is applied. To use it in connection with potash compounds, increases, no doubt, in many cases, its efficiency. MINERAL PHOSPHATES. Many new deposits of mineral phosphates have been of late brought to our knowledge. Some of them are very extensive, and promise to furnish an ample supply of phosphoric acid for agricultural purposes for future years. Most noteworthy among them are those of Central Russia, Western Germany, Southern France, Canada and South Carolina. Our home supply, previous to the discovery of the two latter localities, has been for many years obtained from the Jarvis, Sombrero, Baker and Navassa Islands. ‘The latter island, in common with the Charleston, S. C., deposit, furnish at present our main supply. Both kinds are principally used for the manu- facture of superphosphates. The South Carolina phosphate occurs largely along the sea-shore and beneath the shallow water of rivers in the vicinity of Charleston. The Ashley and Cooper rivers are noted for their rich phosphates. The deposits are very extensive. The State charges a tax of one dollar on every ton of phosphates taken from the river beds. The composition of the material from different localities has 1875.1 SENATE—No. 99. 73 been found to vary from 20 per cent to 60 per cent of bone phosphate, or from 9 per cent to 27 per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid. Samples containing from 24.5 per cent to 26.6 per cent of phosphoric acid (or from 54 per cent to 56 per cent of bone phosphate), from 5 per cent to 10 per certit of carbonate of lime, several per cent of oxide of iron, besides some clay and sand, have been sold at eight dollars and a half for 2,240 pounds. The same material has been offered at New York at from eleven and a half to twelve dollars per ton. The expenses for grinding are usually from one and a half to two dollars per ton. The Navassa phosphate, which has been sold in our mbites since 1856, occurs in large quantities upon Navassa, a small coral island about thirty-three miles south-west of Hayti. The sample which served for my analysis consisted partly of pieces several inches long and wide, and partly of granular masses of various sizes and of different degrees of hardness. Both kinds varied in color from white to reddish brown. Numerous analyses show its percentage of phosphoric acid to be from 32 per cent to 36 per cent, or from 70 per cent to 78 per cent of bone phosphate. I obtained the following | results :— Loss by calcination, : : : 3 : OGG) Sand and clay, d : : : ! : Lea Aa 40) Phosphoric acid, . : : 4 : : . 84.09 Lime, . : ; , j p we sO Sesquioxide of iron “ aeniind : : : Lud al equi) This article in a finely-ground state sells at Baltimore for seventeen and a half dollars per 2,240 pounds, and at New York for eighteen dollars. The low price of these mineral ‘phosphates (about two and a half cents per pound of phos- phoric acid) deserves the attention of farmers who aim at an enriching of the soil. These phosphates act, of course, slowly, under ordinary circumstances; yet, more recent ex- perience confirms the opinion that they pay well, if applied in a finely-ground form, and with a due consideration of the causes which favor their solubility. As carbonic acid aids powerfully in the disintegration and final solution of all bone 10 So Ene 4 ae ee, he 0 ap a aa 74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Mar. phosphates, it is but reasonable to assume that satisfactory results may be obtained by incorporating daily a certain amount of finely-ground phosphate from South Carolina, Sombrero, or Navassa, etc., in barn-yard manure; or by composting it with horse-manure during the summer season for autumn demand ; or applying it in the fall upon soil rich in humus, or upon moist meadows and pasture lands. In a favorable mechanical condition they are apparently in no less suitable form for assimilation than a large portion of the phosphates in a cultivated soil. ‘The low price enables the farmer to stock his exhausted lands again with an essential article of plant food. We are too much given to the habit of judging the agricultural and commercial value of a fertilizer by the crop which we chance to get the first year, and leave thus out of consideration that the real value of any fertilizer depends frequently, to a large degree, on the condition in which the lands are left after the crop has been removed. A rational system of farming always aims at improving the laud under cultivation by a judicious system of rotation and of manuring. Merely restoring to the soil what the last crop has carried off, may work satisfactorily in the case of land in a high state of cultivation, yet it can never secure the highest results possible in such exhausted lands as constitute the greater portion of our farms. SUPERPHOSPHATES AND AMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATES. This class of compounds represents the largest portion of our American commercial fertilizers. The phosphoric acid which they contain is, as a general rule, obtained either from raw or boiled bones, from the waste of bone-black, or from two or three mineral phosphates. It is stated by good authority that nearly four-fifths of all our superphosphates are made from the South Carolina and Navassa Island phos- phates. The use of these phosphates for the manufacture of superphosphates, as far as the amount of sulphuric acid required is concerned, is somewhat expensive, from the fact that they frequently also contain from ten to fifteen per cent of sesquioxide of iron and alumina, besides from two to five, - and more, per cent of carbonate of lime. To secure in cases like these the entire amount of phosphoric acid in a soluble tek oe irae om q 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 15 form, requires, therefore, a larger quantity of sulphuric acid than the decomposition of the bone phosphate alone would consume, which increases the cost of the phosphoric acid produced. Some otherwise very valuable mineral phosphates, as, for instance, Sombrero guano, have proved, for this reason, unprofitable for the manufacture of superphosphates. Another very serious difficulty in the application of some mineral phosphates, arises from the fact that it often becomes impracticable to use an amount of sulphuric acid sufficient to convert all the oxides of iron and alumina and carbonate of lime present into sulphates, and also the entire amount of bone phosphate into soluble phosphoric acid ; 7.e., monocalcic phosphate. Unfavorable physical and chemical conditions, such as coarseness of the material, etc., interfere, in many instances, with a speedy reaction of the sulphuric acid, which tends to leave, for some time at least, a part of the latter in an uncombined state. Superphosphates, rich in sulphates of alumina and iron, are hygroscopic, and, consequently, trouble- some to handle. An addition of a small quantity of hydro-— chloric acid has, in some instances, proved very useful in counteracting the last-mentioned tendency. To escape these inconveniences, less sulphuric acid is frequently used than is needed to render the entire amount of phosphoric acid present soluble. Undecomposed bone phosphate, uncombined oxides — of iron and alumina are thus of common occurrence in super- phosphates but recently manufactured. As these substances act quite injuriously in the course of time on the soluble phosphoric acid, by changing it into a less valuable form, so- called “reduced phosphoric acid” or bicalcic phosphate, it becomes quite evident that the cheaper kind of two commer- cial mineral phosphates, which contains an equal percentage of bone phosphate, may prove in the end not to be the most economical material to work into superphosphates. To derive the full benefit of the comparative cheapness of most mineral phosphates in the manufacture of superphos- phates, requires considerable skill in mechanical appliances and some familiarity with chemistry. Large establishments for the manufacture of standard superphosphates can make no better investment than to put their factories under the supervision of a good chemist, and, what is equally essential, give hima | 76 AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE. [Mar. °75. fair chance to do his best. In our present mode of managing the fertilizer business, it is but natural that our superphos- phates, although frequently manufactured from the same raw materials, are of very uncertain composition, of a low grade, and of quite unequal commercial value. Coarsely ground mineral phosphates, in their original state, are almost worth- less in a concentrated commercial fertilizer. As bones yield in much larger degree to the dissolving action of the carbonic acid in the soil, we prefer superphosphates made from bones, to those manufactured from mineral phosphates, in case they contain equal amounts of insoluble phosphoric acid. In re- gard to the soluble phosphoric acid, of course it is of no con- sequence from what source it has been procured,—bones or mineral phosphates. The best protection for farmers, as a general rule, is to refuse to buy superphosphates which con- tain from two to three per cent. of insoluble phosphoric acid, at a rate which applies properly only to first-class articles. The so-called ammoniated superphosphates receive only in exceptional cases their nitrogen in the form of ammonia com- pounds. In the majority of cases the nitrogen is added in the form of some nitrogenous animal matter, as ground bones, Peruvian guano, fish pulp, meat scraps, blood, refuse material from glue factories, hair, horn, ground leather, etc. Also Chili saltpetre, and potash saltpetre, sometimes furnish the nitrogen in commercial manures. Our dealers have not yet been seriously asked to recognize the great difference which exists between nitrogen in the form of ammonia compounds, guano, meat, blood, fish; and that in the form of hair, horn, woollen refuse, leather scraps, etc., although in the latter case, it is hardly worth one-half the amount of that in the former. As the new law for the regulation of the trade in fertilizers pro- poses to protect the farmer in his just claims, he ought to assist in its enforcement, by refusing to buy of dealers who do not comply strictly with its requirements, and give with every package an intelligent statement respecting the chemical composition and real agricultural and commercial value of the articles they offer for sale. WA A ag ee) ar, eet DELIVERED AT THE MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, AT ee WESTFIELD, MAss., DECEMBER 3, 1874. , By Proressor NOAH CRESSY, M.D. 78 AGRICULTURAL - COLLEGE. [ Mar. DENTITION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. The teeth belong to the digestive system; and though firm, hard substances, and even implanted in the maxillary bones, yet they are no part of the osseous skeleton. They are de- veloped from the mucous membrane along the walls of the anterior portion of the alimentary canal, and thus serve as the mechanical agents in the division and the trituration of the food. The teeth are therefore adapted in the carnivorous animals for seizing and tearing flesh; while in the herbivora, there is a modified form of the same, to suit the changed con- dition of the creature in nature. In fact, almost every con- ceivable gradation of purpose may be served by these im- portant organs in the economy of the different orders, genera and species of mammals. | In the walrus or sea-cow, we find a pair of tusks developed to such an extent that they are used as organs of locomotion when the creature is basking upon the shore; and the fossil dinotherium of the tertiary epoch evidently used a similar pair of the front teeth on the lower jaw as a means of anchor- age. The beaver, like the carpenter with his tools, diligently applies his gnawing teeth to the wood, and thus prepares and by the same means transports his building material for his dam. The elephant and the musk-deer have well-developed teeth, that are employed as organs of defence, while the hyena and the dog show their glistening ivory when in rage, and use the same as weapons of combat. But nowhere is the secondary use of the teeth more evidently displayed than in man, where they not only contribute to beauty, but to his inimitable power of speech. = 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 79 Hence the teeth are important in a zodlogical point of view, and greatly aid in the classification of animals. So intimate are the relations of these organs to the general economy and habits of an-individual, that the naturalist is often enabled to determine the position of a fossil creature in the scale of being by the teeth alone; and not unfrequently these are the only relics to be found to mark the existence of some huge monster, whose bony skeleton perhaps may have smouldered away to dust. The teeth are composed of tics distinct anatomical ele- ments,—the dentine, the enamel, and the crusta petrosa. The first was so named by Professor Richard Owen, of London, in 1835. It forms the bulk of the tooth, and is very firm and solid. Hence it has been called the bone of the tooth. A modified form of it, as seen in the tusks of the elephant, is called wvory. Itis made up of a series of minute tubes and cells, with earthy particles interposed. The dentine of the higher mammals is unvascular, but its nutrition is carried on by means of these tubes connecting with the pulp. The enamel is the hardest snbstance in the animal-body, and consists of earthy matter deposited in an organized matrix. The enamel forms a perfect sheath around the den- tine, except on the lower portion of the root.. In man and the carnivorous animals it permanently covers the crown, but in the herbivora, where the teeth are long and gradually wear away, it soon becomes denuded. Here it takes on a new form, being folded upon itself, and in the grinding teeth it presents a peculiar appearance, interspersed with dentine. In the front teeth of the horse it forms a deep cavity, as seen in figure 2, and is known as the infundibulum. The crusta petrosa is a hard, bone-like statically which covers that portion of the tooth within the jaw. In its struct- ure and manner of growth it resembles the osseous tissue more than either of the other dental elements. It varies greatly in thickness on different teeth and on different parts of the same tooth. It is the thickest at the end of the fang; and where it covers the enamel it appears like a thin layer of cement, which name also has been applied to it by various authors. It fills the bottom of the infundibula, and forms an oval island in the sack of the enamel, which is well illustrated 80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. in comparing figures 2 and 3. As the teeth wear away, the nerve begins to recede from the crown, and its cavity is filled with cement. This makes the “dental star,” as shown in figure 4. There is great variety in the form and number of teeth among our domesticated and wild animals, and we are there- fore led to inquire what relation one kind of dentition has to - another. Zodlogists and paleontologists are agreed that the typical set of mammalian teeth is forty-four. This corre- sponds with the number found in the fossil skull of the dotherium, as shown in figure 1. Professor Owen and other naturalists claim that the hog is the only creature now in existence that has a complete set. But there is evidently some mistake about the dentition of the Suid, as I shall endeavor to show at another time. Anatomists have divided the teeth into certain series, as follows: the first three in front on each side are called from their shape, incisors; the next one is the canine; then comes the four premolars; and lastly the three molars, as here represented. Incisors, 3X35 canine, +X+4; premolars, 4X45 molars, 8x%3=—44. This formula shows the teeth to be equally divided above and below and upon the right and left side. But all animals do not possess this number. Man has only thirty-two, and in comparing them with the typical set, we discover that the outer incisors in both jaws are lost; the canines are in place, and so are the molars; but of the four © premolars only two are present, and these are known as the bicuspids. In the horse and ruminants we find the molars and three of the premolars present, and not unfrequently the first milk molar in a rudimentary form, which may be called a supernumerary. This is always present as a germ in each jaw, as will be seen in the formule for the deciduous teeth of the horse and ox. Incisors, 3x35; canines, x41; molars, 4#x4=382. This peculiar denticle is known among horse jockeys as the * wolf-tooth,” and special pains are usually taken to remove it at an early date, lest it cause blindness or some other ophthalmic trouble. Such practice, based on imaginary pathology, cannot be too strongly denounced by every 1875. ] SENATE—No. 99. 81 anatomist in the land. The occasional presence of this diminutive tooth with the permanent set only illustrates the law of reversion, and should be looked upon in a zodlogical, rather than in a pathological, point of view. It is curious that the farriers of the county, who have almost invariably, they claim, found this to be so very troublesome in the horse, have not stopped to inquire whether similar diseases did not exist among the ruminants, where these wolf-teeth ‘are ean _as prevalent. Prof. Joseph Leidy, M. D., of Philadelphia, has found, in his paleontological researches concerning the extinct mamma- lian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, that the -Anchitheride (a large family of solipeds, now found fossil in the Mauvaises Terres) had six large molar teeth on each side of both jaws, besides a small premolar, as in the horse. Hence, the wolf- tooth becomes an interesting relic in the study of natural history. And the various diseases of the eye, supposed to be caused by this little nerveless tooth, must have prevailed throughout a long geological period when there were no veterinarians to attend to the sanitary condition of these afflicted animals, if such they were, from the, possession of this offending tooth. In the bovines, the number of teeth is reduced to thirty- two, inasmuch as there are no incisors nor canines in the upper jaw in the second dentition. Yet germs of these teeth are in place, though not developed in the first set. The canines appear in the musk-deer and in the caribou, and the outer incisors also occur in the camel. As the milk-teeth are gradually replaced by those of the permanent set, at different intervals in different species of animals, we are enabled to determine the comparative age of a creature in its early years, if we know the order of its den- tition. And the teeth which are of the most importance to the practical observer are the incisors and the canines on the lower jaw. The colt has the six incisors well developed and in position at one year of age. ‘The infundibula or “the marks,” seen at figure 2 in the crown of the front teeth, are well defined. But at two years of age these cavities have become nearly, if not quite, worn out; and, if a colt at this age is very large 11 82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. and well developed, it may be taken for a horse much older, by one not experienced in such dental examinations. But any one with half an eye, though deceived in regard to the marks, can see that the creature is still a colt. ‘At three years of age, the central nippers are replaced by the permanent teeth, which are much wider and more bulky than the remaining ones of the milk set. The lateral nippers come at four, and the permanent corner nippers appear when the horse is five years old, and seldom or never before that time. This is an important age to observe the condition of the mouth; for not unfrequently a large four-year-old colt is offered for sale as a five-year-old horse, for family use, and one not familiar with the order of dental development would be deceived and “sold” by a sharp horse jockey. Before you pay any money for a horse represented to be five years old, see that the milk-nippers, which are very small compared with the other front teeth, have been replaced by the “ horse-teeth,” so called. . The canine or “ bridle-teeth,” though always present as a germ, are usually not very much developed in the mare, and therefore of no importance to decide this question, but in the horse they are much more prominent at five, than a year pre- vious. There are but few cases, I fancy, of horses absolutely five years old, that have not shed their corner milk-teeth. But if the matter is pressed, call for an authentic record in all such disputed cases. At six years of age, the “marks” in the first incisors have usually disappeared, and at seven, the same change has occurred in the lateral nippers, and repeated in the corner teeth at eight. Thus, when a horse is going on nine years old, all the “marks” have usually disappeared from the lower front teeth. From this age onward, the teeth become thinner in their lateral diameter, as also much shorter. At figure 3, is seen the left middle incisor at about twelve years of age; and at figure 4, the same tooth from the jaw of a horse twenty- seven years of age and represented in full at figure 12, which is actually drawn from nature. I know the history of this horse: it belonged to the late Michael Griffin, of Middletown, Conn., and I obtained this specimen with my own hand, from 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 83 the carcass. You will see that this old horse’s tooth is much shorter than the one at twelve years of age, and not half as wide. Thus you will find a serial gradation in the length and width of the lower incisors, from eight to extreme old age. The older the horse, the shorter the teeth, even though they show longer above the gum than in a younger animal. From the foregoing it will be seen that the first pair of per- manent incisors occur in the colt at three years of age, and the others at intervals of one year. The “marks” disappear according to the same law. But in the ox we have another order of dentition. Here, the first pair of the second set occur at two, and the others, including the canines, which thus make eight front teeth, at intervals of six months. To verify this, I have watched the dental development of the thoroughbred stock at the College barn, and have had Profes- sor S. T. Maynard sketch the following figures from living animals, that may be examined at any time by all who are interested in this branch of inquiry. “Yucatan,” a Shorthorn heifer, is now two years old, and has the first pair of permanent teeth up and well developed. (See figure 5.) Le heifer of the Shorthorn tecae * Bella Wilfer,” now two years and a half old, has four incisors, as shown in figure 6. “Grand Duke,” one of the Jersey bulls, had the six incisors well developed last fall, when three years of age, as seen in figure 7. The Ayrshire bull, “Lord Ronald,” has now a full mouth at three and a half years old. (See figure 8.) These all occur in the regular order of dentition, but there is occasionally a slight variation. “ Fourth Highland Chief,” a bull of the Holstein breed, is a little tardy in his dental development, according to this rule. He will not have a full mouth until four years of age, as seen in figure 9. The teeth grow smaller as the creature advances in years. This is well illustrated by comparing the appearance of the jaw of old “ Beauty ” (figure 10) with any of the other figures. There are at times very early developments of the teeth, when the jaw-bones are not large enough to contain them. This causes great irregularity in the position of the milk set, 84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Mar. 75. as is well shown in figure 11. When this is the case, the permanent teeth usually follow in rapid succession, and if crowded, one should be removed to prevent its being broken off at an early age, in the act of grazing. | Sheep have the same number of teeth as cattle, and the appearance of the jaw is very similar, but the order of denti- tion is in accordance with another law, peculiar to every species. The first pair of permanent incisors appear at one year of age, and the rest follow at an interval of nine months, with slight variations for exceptional cases. This will make the next two appear at one year and nine months; the third pair at two and a half, and a full mouth at three years and three months. a 4. he} CT \\ ¥ Up Mea ogee A\ \\ LOT 1 al fidcoda 4 AW ——A SKULL (After Leidy.) OF ELOTHERIUM MORTONI. p= Tafandibulam ee Dentine We ZE SS LOR M/A\ii)--------- Enamel 1 aaa Crusta Section of Incisor of Horse. ’ . “> ber S & ———— == SZ =a EZ Z a GZ BCE \\ =a Yl \ \ “yy by! \ SZ \ % = Gy \ in i \. ay WY, | jl _ EZBZE ZEEE hea B = Fe ee ———— Mf: tif: ! ; ee aN j a : a i AQ ~ GRAND DUKE, (Jersey,) 3 years old, Sept. 24, 1874. o> » LORD RONALD, (Ayrshire,) 3% years old, March 26, 1875. a s. 7 i i | SS ———<—$ a eel” BEAUTY, No. 8, (enamine 21 years old. j - { i , ‘ \ a « 4 i nt # . 4 ‘ * es mI : a : it , 5 2 were ee n Dea ame Rt , 2a A ¥ yee . 7 ! - ths , x ~ Se ' ? ‘ Pr af / i Ed : 7 : Le hae eas “he me A . es ; Rar eet Poat | | t', VA _ uss ae a i ww | in — I), é =. ' me ) ii i Lg “a "=i atl } ! M | } { uh ! ii oy | “AW | Hl iii] nN | Hill \ 7 A AME TM i \ "| | | \ MIS itl y Irregular Dentition of Cow Lower Incisors of Horse, 27 years old Im pee SS —_— 7 } { i’ i, a > = iam | Ebi Tos here he a. aoe 3 — : aa Merde REPORT... RTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. ‘ By —- S. T. MAYNARD, B.S. | 86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. The plants in the Durfee Plant-house are generally in a very good condition; but owing to the many duties which devolve upon the gardener and the need of skilled labor to assist him, he finds it very difficult to keep everything in the neat and flourishing condition desirable in a house of this kind. Many of the plants have been injured by a beetle belonging to the curculio family, which appears in large numbers in July and August. It feeds upon the foliage of nearly all kinds of greenhouse plants; even the thick, hard leaf of the camellia is not free from its attacks. It continues to feed until Decem- ber and January, when it lays its eggs and dies. The larva feeds upon the roots of the plants, te quite as much injury beneath the soil as the perfect beetle does above. It is about one-fourth of an inch long, of a grayish brown color, with a white spot upon the outer edge of its wing-covers. It is, undoubtedly, a foreign species, Sad may have been po with some of our plants. During the past two years the lower woodwork of the Pie house has received one coat of paint, and the entire frame should be painted both inside and out as soon as pos- sible. The walk in the octagonal room has been relaid, and those in the other rooms need renewing. - The grounds around the plant-house and botanic museum have been laid out in beds and borders, and many ornamental trees and shrubs planted the past season. The vineyard has made a good growth, and the wood fully matured. arly in the season it promised a heavy crop of fruit; but about the first of July a fungus appeared which rendered it a perfect failure. This fungus or mildew was 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 87 found upon the stem of the berry, and in some cases upon the leaf, in July, but no trace of it could be found upon the berry itself until nearly a month later. Its effect was to check the growth of the fruit, to cause it to color prematurely, but to remain hard, and finally shrivel on the vine. In some cases the entire bunch was affected; in others, only a few berries. : | This fungus appeared identical with the common oidium or mildew which destroys the foliage of the foreign and thin- leaved varieties of the grape. Its ravages were confined to the fruit of the Concord, Israella and Agawam, and to the foliage of the Delaware, Iona and Wilder. The orchard consists of two hundred and sixty-three trees, including one hundred and forty pear, seventy peach, twenty- five apple, fifteen plum and thirteen cherry trees, all of which have made a good growth the past season. Of the peach trees, forty were planted last spring; the others are older, and a few bore fruit. Sixty pear trees of the Buffum variety have been grafted with fifteen of the leading sorts. The nursery contains a good stock of ornamental trees and shrubs and a large number of fruit stocks, which do good service in instructing students in the art of budding and grafting. There are at present no small fruits, except the grape, growing in the horticultural department, but a few plants of the more important varicties were obtained last spring and propagated for planting the coming season. Owing to the limited market in this vicinity, no great profit would result from their extensive cultivation ; but while there is so much confusion in regard to the names of varieties of both large and small fruits, and while instruction cannot be given with profit upon their cultivation without practical illustration, all the leading kinds should be grown under their correct names. The grove east of the plant-house has been laid out for the Massachusetts garden. A drive, and numerous walks, have been cut and gravelled, and the ground cleared and graded. A green crop has been plowed in on the lot, previously subsoiled for the pinetum. On the piece of land north of the botanic museum have a eee A 9: faery pus 88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. been grown eighty-five varieties of potatoes. The seed was received in May, one tuber of each kind. On account of the time required to prepare molds and make casts of each, which were colored and placed in the museum, they were not planted until the first. week in July. They were cut in pieces of from one to three eyes, two to five pieces, placed in four and five inch pots, in a good rich soil, and set in the propagat- ing pit. Here they remained about one week, when they were planted in moderately rich soil, in the open ground. The accompanying table gives the results :— 3 : és o 3s hae = VARIETIES. CEs B = 53 ER 2 ge Bie S| 63) EO oe | Oe eR en Andes, 4 16 14 4 1 ER 8 2 Black Mer cer, 3) et ali oD 14 8 8 2 Bismarck, 3 16°) 28 11 27 8 2 Breezees Prolific, Ein WA he 3 14 4 Zz 2 Brownite, 4 4 10 3 5:14 10 2 Calico, 4 4 18 5 9 14 2 Z California, 7.5 28 6 yh is hy 1 5 Carmelite, yA = Bi a 6 9-6 10 2 Caroline, . e 2 11 21 9 18 4 4 2 Cusco White, . ~ hb 6 8 871, a0 2 Climax, ed 3 18 4 16: 52 8 1 Conover, . ge: hee Ba 3 ee 9 a Copper Mine, 1.104% a3 4 13 4 8 1 Croton, 2 6 8 4 32) Bee 2 Crown Prince, . pee if 15 5 13°16 9 2 Drew’s Prolific, 3.9 10 3 12 10 4, 4 Dover, 5 6 15 ~ ~ _ - Dykeman, Se et cate Eo 5 4 4] 10 2 Dyrites: 2 ANS aN) 5 102% 3 1 Extra Early Vermont, 3/2 El ele 7 24 4] 10 1 Karly Rose, 4 2) 0 as 7 24 8) 10 1 Early Mohawk, 4. Le, 4 10 12] 10 1 Early Queen, 2 441". 40 3 5 10 2 Early Sebec, 310) 14 5) o “ub Yee 2 English Kidney, D Dele - - - ~ Excelsior, 2°15 11 5 16 8 7 1 Fenian, 26 18 4 1:45 10 3 Forfar shire Red, de A ee 0) 4 oer 8 1 Fox Seedling, . 12s) el 3 4 15 8 2 Garnet Chili, Sil 18 4 11-412 5 op Girard, ape) i) 55 o> 14 10 2 Gleason, oi 17 7 9 14 8 1 Glenida, 15 10 ¥ 4 6 10 2 Goodrich,. 4°10 | 20 6 24 i) 1 Gravelot, . 3 107k 4 4° 6.). a0 3 ON Pye cus etree Rgott 2 12 1875. | SENATE—No. 99. 89 er u 3 d E BUR ik cual Mas oa a hs = aa on VARIETIES. ee 5 a ® 1S) 8 S nS 2 ao 8 rc) S By 3 2. FS aks 6 S$ & & En i = Zi 4 ay s) 4 Gregory, . 0 13 9 3 4 4; 10 2 Hanson, . : on 14 4 10 6 5) 2 Hexamer, 21'S 9 3 9 14 4 ye Holbrook, ; a MRA 6) 10 oe 4 3 Howe’s White Rose, Oe 6. o6 3 16 4 4 2 Jackson’s White, 2 A te ZB ¢ 18 a 2 Ketcham, . dt 7 Syl ial 5 Cray aa eae 8) 2 King of the Earlies, a2 3 3 10 2 Lady Finger, . TH IDb et 5) 1 14 9 3 Late Rose (Campbell’ s),. DO: von ieee 6 26 12 4 2 Late Rose (Thornburn’ ®): ee aol) 10 43 10 8 1 Leather Coat, , 314 | .22 - Sa - 3 London White, Meats 8 - Dian _ 1 Mareopac, ree ial eet) 4 Sn he sa CG) 2 McMahon, 5 19 8 14 14 4 2 Monitor, hsd ie 5 15 5 1 Mt. Gilead, Bry Jas 5 910] 10 2 New Hampshire, 2 3 ) - Le 6 - 2 No Blow,. . 2.,4 7 3 Bonn 5 1 Orono, *. de sto al ped 5 do fOr 10 2 Peachblow (white), 4 14 a. 8 14 2 2 e Grea). : 2 teh - PA Was ~ 1 ue (white-eyed),. Ue itas LG 2 4 8 2 2 Peerless, : , ; 814| 15 5 13 6 6 2 Peerless Seedling, age Gan ieee 8) 5 14 8 6 1 Penn’s Search-warrant, 3 19 4 a 4 1 Pink-eyed Rusty-coat, diel: 20 - 6 - 3 Prince Albert, . : 4 28 8 15 8 1 Putnam, 3 6 25 5 9 8 5 1 Samaritan, ti, | tO 3 3 9 2 Sedan, . Ovis i lt peeked 5 Sie 9 2 Skerry Blue, pM rs an lL} + ff 1 2 Snowball, Te enced 10 1S Ou ie 396 2 Standard,. s DLO Bae Wi ate v2, Z 2 State of Maine, Ppl panel e024 5 nA ey 8 2 Strawberry, eG ( 3 7 14 8 1 Vandervere, Cet 26 4 12) 8 1 Western Reserve, Abe len 6 TAO tO 2 White Chili, 1 10 9 5 9 10 1 1 ‘“ Mercer, . 3 10 17 4. 1OnA2 9 1 Eeveprout, ; ; 5) 20 9 12 10 5 2 Willard, BD leah 3 Sa Or thd) 1 Youne’s White Rose, 3 LO) Vole 5 24 8 i No. 14, 5 cae 3 11 4 7 10:-) 10 2 Bae ss ee, ei Ds. Kec aa an 29 4 4 2 26, : X ; 4 22 8 26 9 2 7 p 2 12 3 8:14 | 10 2 Diligek |. ; ao 8 20 5 12 oo) 6 2 doe a 5 Oar yaa 6 coat Mee 2 Oi ae é 513) 18 5 6412 4 2 | 90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. 75. Ten, in column five, indicates the vines in perfect condition, and one, that all were dead at the time of digging. One, in column six, means large; two, medium; three, small. Four pounds of No. 23 were received and treated the same as the others; yielded about four bushels. All the potatoes were dug September 28. A large amount of work has been done by students in this department, and more faithful or interested assistance could not be desired ; but the limited time they have to work each day renders their labor unprofitable. The benefit to the stu- dents themselves may in a measure compensate for this incon- venience and loss. Besides attending to the regular duties as gardener, instruction has been given to the junior class in fruit-culture during the fall term, and in floriculture the first four weeks of the winter term. The same class have performed their _ class work in this department, and received what instruction could be given in the practice of horticulture in its various branches. The senior class received during the fall term instruction in the art of fruit modelling and painting, and in the study and use of the microscope during the winter term. . Many models of fruits and vegetables have been added to the collection, and it is hoped that by obtaining specimens from their original localities, correct representations of all the valuable varieties will soon be placed in the museum, x A di birt a i b ae) 1 } fon ar te ey Ste A i, ‘i ys : } Selby : j : NE TNS ant ee ear Fen te | : ‘ » pe ‘ . ) » % ; : * e 4 , . me P ©) Ee. ne s OF . _M SUPERINTENDENT, © t , - JOHN C. DILLON, Ese. i ’ . ' ‘ pg . 4% jf , ' - ‘ » = f s 1 ’ % ‘ ‘ a. ) i 4 : 5 } i 34 v, ry ‘ A 4 j 92 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. THE FARM AND THE STOCK. During the months of January, February and March, the men and teams were employed in drawing loam and sand to the yards and cellars, in gravelling the roads, in felling, trimming and getting to the mill and delivering chestnut and pine timber, in moving stumps, plowing, subsoiling and grading for the horticultural department, and, when they could be spared, in drawing railroad ties from Pelham to ~ Northampton. The land west of the boarding-house, and also one acre north of the new barn, on which field fodder and sweet corn and sugar beets were raised last year, was plowed the last week in April, and sown the fourth of May with excelsior oats, at the rate of two bushels of seed per acre, and yielded a very large crop of grain and straw, which were secured in fine order. Clover, timothy and redtop were also sown with the oats, and made a fine catch. 7 In my last year’s report, I made the following statement : “Soon after haying, we plowed about twelve acres of land lying east of the brook and intersected by the county road, and have since sown it with rye.” “This land is rough, cold, springy, weedy and barren, and it has never yielded crops worth harvesting.” “At the same time I know of no land that will better repay the cost of improvement, and it is proposed to drain, grade and cultivate it, as and when means and opportunity permit.” The rye on this plot being almost entirely winter-killed, we worked about five acres of it in May, with the Holbrook cultivator, crossed with the Nishwitz harrow, and sowed it with oats, using three bushels of seed per acre, and sowing about five hundred pounds of Brighton fertilizer to the acre, 1875. } SENATE—No. 99. 93 which we harrowed in with the grain. We afterwards sowed ten pounds of clover seed per acre, and rolled it in. By these means we obtained a very large crop of fodder oats, which we secured in fine order, and about the handsomest stand of clover I ever saw. After haying, we top-dressed this with compost from the yard, and sowed timothy and red- top; and we have thus got this troublesome piece into a con- dition to yield profitable returns for two or three years, when it can be taken in hand and more effectually reclaimed. Three acres more of the land sown to rye last year was plowed and planted to corn. The rye, on five of the re- maining eight acres, was so severely injured by the freezing and thawing of the wet, springy surface, that it was purposed to plow it in and plant fodder corn; but it was impossible to get on the land, and what little rye was left made a vigor- ous growth, and, in proportion to the number of. stalks, yielded an excellent crop. The other three acres, being on dry land, made a satisfactory growth, and yielded a good _ crop of rye and straw. The land selected for planting with corn was the worst portion of the tract thus described by Professor Stockbridge in 1868. “The mow lands first demand attention, because they are contiguous to the highway, and at present wet, rough and unproductive. The fields of this division slope towards the brook, which has a rapid fall. They are _all surcharged with water, whieh breaks out in springs in many places, running over the surface, making the soil cold and barren, and inducing the growth of coarse and undesir- able grasses.” | To cultivate corn on such land as this, in the wettest season ever known, and in plain view of a critical public, required all the pluck and perseverance at my command. _ After repeated preparations, necessitated by repeated pour- ing rains, the corn was planted from the thirtieth of May to the sixteenth of June; and though its growth in the months of June and July was very slow, yet, thanks to the unusually warm and favorable fall, the corn ripened well; and, except on about half an acre, where the plants were literally drowned, we harvested a good crop of corn and stover. An acre near the buildings was planted with small yellow corn, and fur- 94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[ Mar. nished an excellent illustration of the method of planting and cultivating by the German beet-machinery, as described in former reports. : | The potatoes for the main crop were planted on land adjoining, and of the same character as the corn land above described. Like the corn, they were more or less affected by the unfavorable conditions of the land and season, but by careful and persistent cultivation we obtained a fair crop; and, contrary to my expectations, the quality of the potatoes is remarkably good. About the first of May, we plowed in a liberal dressing of stable manure on an acre and a quarter of land where we raised millet last year, harrowed with Nishwitz and cross- harrowed with Thomas’s harrow, and planted with sugar-beets. To the wetness of the season and the springy nature of the land, I attribute the fact that the crop was a partial failure. I therefore filled the vacancies on one-fourth of the piece by transplanting, and plowed in the remaining three-fourths and sowed it, June twenty-fourth to July second, with Swedish turnips. The beets and turnips were planted in rows eighteen inches apart, and twice cultivated with the German beet-machinery, and twice hand-hoed, the plants being thinned to about ten inches apart in the rows; and November fifth to tenth we harvested four tons of beets and twenty tons of Swedish turnips. The grass crop was a full average one, and by the help of improved machinery was secured in fine condition, in spite of the unusually catching weather. The strawberries, raspberries and blackberries all yielded abundantly, and attracted much attention and admiration from visitors to-the College. The vegetable garden was manured at the rate of ten cords to the acre, plowed, harrowed, and handed over to Prof. Stockbridge. Under his direction, the planting, cultivating and harvesting were performed by the students, as class work, and good crops of various kinds of garden vegetables were raised and secured. The nursery, young orchards and the vineyard have also been supplied with manure, and keft thoroughly cultivated, and several plots have been prepared and cultivated, under — 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 95 the direction of Prof. Stockbridge, for experiments, which he will probably detail in his report. Before this year, the greater portion of the available labor, outside of what was necessary for putting in, cultivating and securing the crops, and teaming for the College, has fbeen expended in making roads and bridges, removing stumps and stones, levelling nds and hillocks, filling up bog-holes and gullies, ead other work of the kind, SHEE added little to the productive value of the farm, and after its completion was little thought of except by those who were capable of appre- ciating the difference wrought by each successive year in the appearance of the estate. Much of this work still remains to be done; butit is an encouraging fact that each year the result of a given amount of labor is more apparent, and we are now enabled to undertake and accomplish works of sufficient diffi- culty and extent to free us from the accusation of being “ for- ever doing nothing.” In his report of 1868, already referred to, Prof. Stock- bridge says: “The pasture lands on the river, which bounds the estate on the west, have the best soil on the farm; but much of it is saturated with water, and covered with brush, and should be improved immediately.” The need of improvement, so apparent at that time, has steadily increased; but, as the pasture was remote from general observation, its claims have had to yield to the pressing necessity of putting the land about the buildings into presentable shape. Now, however, a public road has been opened through this part of the farm, cutting off a considerable slice of the driest Jand; and the unusual moisture of the past spring and early summer, so aggravated the general sourness of the herbage, and the difficulty of reaching the isolated knolls where a sweeter vegetation obtained, that the larger cattle showed unmistakably that the supply of nutritious feed was not in a proper proportion to the labor of getting it. Clearly the task of improvement could no longer be deferred. The general character of the pasture was that of a low, marshy plain, lying at the foot of the slope behind the Col- lege, and kept wet and sour by the surface and spring water which was either pouring or oozing into it from the adjoining ’ A ee ie eee 96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __[Mar. upland. This water, after thoroughly saturating the soil, and filling the slough-holes and _ reservoirs, meandered leisurely among rushes and alders till, after an astonishing number of convolutions, it found its way to the brook at the extreme west of the farm. Most of the land was covered with dog-roses, alders, fruitless huckleberry bushes, swamp laurels, ferns, thistles, and sapling pines from one foot to ten feet high ;, and, of course, the removal of these was the first step in the process of improvement. Then, to get rid of the surplus water, we ran a tile-drain along the foot of the slope, tapping the springs, and by means of two larger drains converging into one, we carried the water thus collected to a point at the lower end of the piece inclosed for improvement, whence, in due time, it can be carried on to the river. The drain was laid in a very dry time, but at once began to discharge a gallon a minute, and is now pouring out a stream which nearly fills the three-inch pipe. We plowed all the land about seven inches deep, using only two horses on each plow, but paying especial attention to keeping the shares and coulters of the plows sharp; and having a man to follow with a fork, to lay up any sods which might fall back, and to clear the furrow for the next bout. After plowing, we harrowed thoroughly both ways with the Nishwitz harrow, sowed on five ewt. to the acre of-a commer- cial superphosphate, harrowed with the Thomas’s smoothing harrow, sowed a mixture of herdsgrass, redtop, orchard grass, and fowl-meadow, and rolled with a heavy roller, and there is now a flattering promise of a good crop of hay next summer. The surface is still somewhat lumpy and uneven; but after sowing clover-seed in the spring, it is intended to roll the piece again, and it is expected that this will leave it in fair condition for the mowing-machine, tedder and horse- rake. After a heavy rain, I carefully marked the course of the surface-water, and afterwards provided for its rapid escape by deepening, clearing out, and connecting the dead furrows, and making a few cuttings through the hillocks which had heretofore set back the water, and rendered it difficult to tell in which direction the outlet really was. The land inclosed for improvement amounts to twenty-five acres. Of this, thirteen are already laid down; about five 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 97 acres are plowed, and it is proposed to manure this, and also the remaining seven, which are drained, but otherwise un- improved, and sow both with oats and grass-seed next spring. As the seeded, the plowed and the wild portions of the piece are all of the same general character, and an equal proportion of the expense of drainage is chargeable to each, it is proposed to consider the whole piece as reclaimed, and to state the cost of the different operations as it will probably stand after the first of May, 1875. Pasture Swamp—To Massachusetis Agricultural College. ce Ee August, 1874, to May, 1875.—To cutting, mowing and burning brush, 25 acres, at $5 per acre, ; : . $125 00 To plowing (two men and a boy, and Le es 33 fare, at $7.75 per day, .. : A : : A OSE IE To harrowing five days a Noe : : : : J Zan 00 To 64 tons superphosphate, at $45 per ton, fteeen - ai ZO De To sowing, . 5 : : : : : : : 0 25 To harrowing with Tle) So iies : j nate : » 12 30 To 12 acres oats (30 bushels), . : : . . . oes OO To sowing oats, . ; ; : : : é 3 1 50 To grass-seed (clover, 250 ie ; : . : 29.00 To timothy, 64 bushels, .. : ; : : : : | om OO To Oy alacadiw: 2 bushels, : é : ‘ ‘ } 5 9 00 To orchard.grass, 3 bushels, . aT ye , ; ‘ . 14 00 To sowing grass-seed, ; : : : : : ; , 3 50 To rolling, . : : ; : spe aoe To 1,600 three-inch Bote tile, at 838, 70 per M, , , 7 es OD Be To 1,445 two-inch sole tile, at $24.50 per M,_ . : : . 0 40 To drawing tile from depot and peur 5 00 To and, laying and covering 2,000 rods of sane 3 to 5 fBet | deep, at 65 cents per rod, _ _.. Mt (is et ae ee a ORE To 50 pounds tarred paper, , ‘ ; ; ; , ; 2 00 $1,051 57 CR. By 25 acres of excellent land, adjoining the highway, and con- venient to College and town, before of little value, now worth for farming purposes $200 per acre, . : - $0,000 00 Besides reclaiming this piece of pasture, we have accom- plished a very desirable improvement in filling up the zigzag channel along which the brook flowed before its course was 13 alls Bear ee oery 98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Mar. straightened by Professor Stockbridge and the students in 1872,- and in plowing the swale and grading the bluffs between the south culvert and the wooden bridge. The expense of this operation, charging a man and two horses at $4, and a man and bull and tip-cart at $2.50 per day, amounted to $182; and, considering the improved appearance of this very prominent feature in the approach to the College, and the fact that three acres are changed from a nearly worthless swamp to smooth and productive land, the outlay cannot be regarded as extravagant or unprofitable. . We have also blasted and removed the rocks, scraped the mounds into the slough-holes, and otherwise graded and levelled the piece between the greenhouse and the county road; and as the students, under the direction of Professor Stockbridge, have made good progress in thoroughly draining it, it is hoped that this piece will soon be an ornament, instead of a reproach, to the College. The banks around the new barn have been graded, covered with loam, top-dressed and seeded down; elms and maples have been obtained and set out in place of those which have died, and numerous evergreens have been procured from the woods and pastures and set out in the nursery, and in clumps at different points on the farm. Considerable care and labor have also been expended in improving, gravelling and keeping in repair the four miles of roads on the estate. Four hundred loads of compost from the yards have been carted out and spread on the mowing, and loam and other materials have been furnished as a basis for next year’s supply. The plan proposed in my last report, for the storage of loam in the barn, and its use for bedding, has been carried out, and works admirably. Loam is carted into the barns, and dumped through a scuttle into a pen at the east end of the cow-stable, where it is kept dry and free from frost, and seven wheelbarrow loads in summer, and fourteen (about half ‘a cord) in winter, are daily used to bed the stock, and absorb the liquids and gases of the manure. ‘yale 1875.) - SENATE—No. 99. 99 List of Crops cultivated on the College Farm during the year 1874. CROPS. ~ | Area, | Yield. Acres. Rods. : Pe haa 506 bushels oats, and estima- Oats, ; ; : ; ; ee ted 19 tons straw. Fodder (oats), ia ie 4 80 7 tons fodder. Rye (springy land), i ‘ 5 00 25 bushels. “(dry land), . : , 8 00 88 bushels. Potatoes (manured), . . 2 40 ot ee HEE EES <5 : (wnmanured), . 2 00 360 puenels large, 50 bushels Corn, . ‘ F : ‘ 8 00 350 bushels. Sugar-beets and ruta-baga, . 1 43 : ae oe and 2) tone Small fruits, . : : 1 48 610 boxes. Vegetable garden, . : : 1 13 A variety of vegetables. Nursery, . . : . 1 Be be - - Young orchard, : - ‘ 3 00 - Vineyard, ; ; : ; 2 00 ~ - Arboretum, . ‘ . ‘ 3 00 - - Pasture reseeded, . : 5 13 00. ~ - os plowed,“ : 3 00 ~ - Swale plowed and gr aded, : 3 00 - - Total area in tillage, . : 70 14 ~ ~ s in mowing, . .{| 124 55 190 tons of hay. ee in pastures, . } LOS: 47 = = se in woods androads, 80 64 - _ 383 20 Among the labors, outside of farm work proper, and the improvement and beautifying of the estate, which devolve on the Farm Superintendent, and the men and teams in his employ, are the attendance on visitors, and the answering of inquiries, oral and written, about the agricultural department ; the examining and reporting on implements and machines left for trial ; the transporting of freight and baggage to and from the depot; the drawing and delivermg of two hundred and fifty tons of coal to the different departments of the College ; the removal of ashes and other refuse; the digging up and relaying water-pipes from the laboratory to Bhatessar Graves’s house and the boarding-house ; the cleaning of the numerous vaults, wells, and cisterns on the estate; the supply of loam and absorbents where needed ; and, generally, the furnishing of men and teams for any and all purposes ordered by the i i iV Bae oS 100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. proper authority, and necessary for the welfare, progress and prosperity of the several departments of the College. STOCK. The stock, which was quite particularly described in my last report, has been thrifty, prosperous and produckig, especially of bull calves. Shorthorns. The Shorthorns comprise one bull and fifteen females. The bull “Roan Regent” is a handsome, ‘thrifty animal, and at fifteen months old weighed 1,080 pounds. His pedigree, below, shows about three-fourths of the Bates-Stevenson blood (“ Duchess,” “Princess ” and “ Oxford”), the remain- ing fourth being derived from the famous tribes of the broth- ers Colling, Coates, Booth, Sir C. Knightley and Earl Spen- cer. His immediate ancestors have all been animals of high individual excellence, well and favorably known in this section, the cows being especially remarkable for their milk- ing qualities. “Roan Regent,” bred by H. S. Porter, Hatfield, Massa- chusetts,: the property of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts. Roan, calved Septem- ber 25th, 1873, got by “Roan Duke” (10,783), out of “ Red Rose” by “Autocrat, 2d” (5,335). “Jenny,” by “ Brother Jonathan, 2d” (2,570). “Dorothy, 3d,” by “Princess Leo- pold” (869). “Dorothy,” by “East Windsor” (56). “Red Romp,” by “Agate” (2). “Romp,” by “Enchanter” (3,729). * Rachel,” by “ Washington” (1,566), imported “ Pansy, ” by “Blaize” (76). “Primrose,” by “ Charles” (27), by “ Blyth Comet” (85), by “Prince” (521), by “Patriot” (486), &e. Notes.—* Roan Duke” (10,783), by “ 6th Duke of Thorn- dale” (4,752), out of “Ada, 2d,” by “4th Hiawatha” (2,970), &e. « Autocrat, 2d” (5,335), by “Marmion” (1,843), [he by . * Duke of Gloster” (11,382), out of “ Zoe,” by “5th Duke of York” (10,168),] out of “Tube Rose, 3d,” by “3d Duke of Cambridge” (5,941), &c. “Brother Jonathan, 2d” (2,570), by “Friar John” aX 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 101 (12,905), out of imported “Bianca,” by “Minstrel” (11,818), &e. | “Prince Leopold” (869), by “Meteor” (104), [he by “Duke of Wellington” (3,654), out of “Duchess,” by "Duke of Northumberland ” (3,647), gr. dam by “ Belve- dere” (1,706), &c.] out of “Flora,” by “Imperial” (2,151), &c. “Fourth Hiawatha” (2,970), by “Kirkleavington” (11,640), [he by “Duke of Wellington” (3,654), out of “Lady Barrington, 3d,” by “Cleveland” (3,407). “Lady Barrington, 2d,” by “Belvedere” (1,706), &c.], out of *Yarico, 4th,” by “Prince Leopold” (869), &e. The cows are handsome, thrifty animals. Tracing their lineage through the most famous herds of America and Eng- land, and having been bred and kept for dairy purposes, they retain the milking properties, as well as the symmetry and disposition to fatten when dry, for which the earlier Short- horns were famous. The Ayrshires comprise three bulls and thirteen cows and heifers, all excel- lent representatives of this hardy and valuable breed. The Jerseys consist of one bull and three females. The latter possess, in — a high degree, the deer-like beauty and butter-making facul- ties for which the breed is celebrated. The Brittanies. These consist of a bull, “Merlin,” bred on the farm; a cow, “Pauline,” bred by Hon. C. L. Flint, and presented by William Knowlton, Esq., of Upton; and a bull-calf, * Arthur,” presented by Mr. Whittle, of the McLean Asylum, Somer- ville, Mass., -and are excellent specimens of this beautiful’ and every way estimable little breed. | The Dutch or Holsteins are represented by a bull, “Fourth Highland Chief” (14), bred and presented by Winthrop W. Chenery, Esq., of Bel- mont; and a heifer, “Midwould, 19th,” also bred by Mr. 102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. Chenery, and purchased for the College in 1873 ; both excel-— lent representatives of this very ancient and honorable race of dairy cattle. Swine. The College has now twelve swine, four of each of the three breeds,—Chester White, Berkshire and Essex. Sheep. The fans consist of a Cotswold buck, of extraordinary size and quality, bred and presented to the College hy R. W. Cameron, Esq., of Clifton, Staten Island, N. Y.; and four Cotswold ewes, from the imported flocks of Messrs. Cameron and D. F. Appleton, of Ipswich, and one buck lamb, bred on the farm. Poultry. The nonle Henee. are well supplied with fnst-nite speci- mens of Games, Gold-spangled Polands, Silver-spangled Hamburghs, and White and Partridge Cochins, and in the yards are fine Bronze Turkeys, Rouen Ducks and Pea Fowl. Pigeons and Rabbits. In the pigeon-loft are superior specimens of ten distinct breeds, besides as many sub-varieties, and in a spare pigpen is a colony of English lop-eared rabbits. The poultry, pigeons and rabbits have been prosperous and productive, and, besides being objects of much interest to students and visitors, have served to illustrate and settle doc- trines and questions relating to the laws of similarity and variation, atavism, relative influence of parents, in-and-in breeding and crossing, the effects of domestication, and the tendency of animals to recur to feral instincts, especially in the concealment and protection of their young,.and other interesting subjects connected with the study of unimal phys- iology, psychology and natural history generally. The cattle were exhibited at the Hampshire cattle-show at Amherst, but were not allowed to compete for premiums, the society agreeing to furnish the students and faculty free tickets instead. At the exhibition of the Hampshire, Franklin and Hamp- MAT er 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. ) 103 den Society, at Northampton, we showed four animals, and were awarded two first and one second premium. The impression is becoming very general that the College ought not to compete for premiums; and out of deference to this feeling, and in consideration of the fact that their stock is always on exhibition, it does not seem desirable that the College should carry the stock to the fairs, except occasionally, as a grateful testimony to societies which have shown their ° interest by endowing one or more scholarships. The buildings have been fully described in former reports, and no important alteration has been made in them during the past year. By the increased productiveness of the farm, they are now filled to their utmost capacity, and, with con- tinued progress, an enlargement, or a resort to the European system of stacking, will soon be necessary. The teams consist of six excellent farm horses and five bulls. The Jersey and Ayrshire bulls have been in the yoke nearly every day since the ground settled ‘last spring, and “ Belvedere” and “ Fourth Highland Chief” have done consid- erable work in the tip-cart Aa the roller and on the harrow. * Fourth Chief,” especially, is a whole team. He was three years old in May last, and weighs 2,400 pounds. We work him in collar and harness, drive him with reins, and in many places where horses would not work at all, he will walk with a full load across the furrows as if he were drawing an empty cart on a turnpike road. As the students can only work in the intervals of their studies, four intelligent, reliable men are employed to drive the teams, and, with an old man and a boy, constitute the regular working force on the farm. In harvest, and when called upon to undertake extensive improvements, such other help is employed as is necessary. As heretofore, the work about the barns has all been per- formed by students, and it gives me great pleasure to testify to the uniform manliness, courtesy and intelligent interest they have exhibited. Their skill and diligence are best shown by their works, which have earned for them most gratifying compliments from visitors, and have assisted very materially in the success of the agricultural department. In the sum- mer we commence work at five, and in the winter at six 1 te Sa Ie S b meet ate Aad : : ba Pa ee 104. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. o’clock, A. M., and the milking, cleaning, carding, cutting roots and fodder, cooking and ode are perce and the barn all cleaned up ready for the inspection of visitors, before the College exercises commence. The cattle are again let out, the stables cleaned, and the cattle put up again, milked and fed, between four and six o’clock, P.M., in the winter, and between five and seven, in the summer. In addition to this, many of the students have diligently assisted me when- ever their studies would permit, in surveying, levelling and planning work, in cutting brush, draining and building fences, in haying and harvesting, and farm-work generally. As class work, under the direction of Professors Stockbridge and Maynard, they have done a very large amount of labor in planting, cultivating and harvesting the crops, in draining, in landscape gardening, and otherwise improving the estate, which I presume those gentlemen will particularly report. SUMMARY. In reviewing the experience of the past year, I submit that our circumstances during the spring and early summer were ‘perplexing and discouraging in a remarkable degree; that by diligence and ‘perseverance, we overcame our difficulties as far as it was possible to do so, and obtained good average crops ; and that we have gratefully and zealously availed our- selves of the favorable weather of the fall to secure the crops, and to improve the appearance, productiveness and value of the farm, both as an investment, and as a necessary and im- portant part of the educational apparatus of the College. I forward herewith a detailed statement of receipts and ex- penses. A considerable saving of expense, and a proportion- ate increase in money returns, might have been obtained, if | it had been possible or desirable for me to have devoted my time and thought more exclusively to these objects; but it is claimed that, considering the difficulties of the soil and season, the increase in the value of the farm and stock, the many objects to which the farm and teams have been subservient, that the management has been reasonably judicious, and has been prompted by a careful regard to the permanent ee ity of the farm and the institution generally. In concluding this Report, I would distinctly disclaim the 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 105 intention of practising or justifying any extravagant or un- profitable outlay, or the neglect of careful economy in every detail of farm management; but it has seemed to me that a certain standard of excellence in the condition and appearance of the farm, the buildings and the stock is demanded, both for the character of the College and the permanent utility and profitableness of the farm ; and this standard I have diligently sought to attain as quickly and economically as possible. By the growth of the yearlings and two-year-olds, the farm, in another year, will be well stocked with breeding animals of pure breeds, high individual character and practical merit, which it will be in a position to support in the best possible condition, without any outlay whatever for grain or fertilizers, and will then yield a satisfactory and constantly increasing profit on the capital invested in it, besides fulfilling the im- portant offices of instruction and example which are properly expected of it. The following is a list of the thoroughbred stock belonging to the College :— SHORTHORNS. Bull.—“ Roan Regent.” Cows.—‘‘ Yarico, 57th,” ‘* Bella Donna,” * Peachbud, 8th,” ‘‘ Aurora, 4th,” ‘‘ Emma, 3d,” *‘ Autumn Lily,” Wistaria,” ‘* Lilian,” ‘ Bella Wilfer,” ‘* Yucatan,” ‘ Estella,” *¢ Mabel,” ‘‘ Isabelle,” ‘* Yucatella” and ‘‘ Beatrice.” The pedigrees of all these animals are recorded in the *‘ American Shorthorn Herd-book.” | AYRSHIRES. Bulls.—* Lord Ronald,” ‘* Bonnie Doon,” *“* Roy of Aldivalloch.” Cows.—‘‘ Beauty, 8th,” ‘‘ Lulie” (1,500), ** Rosa” (1,780), ‘‘ Beauty ” e570), “ Emily, 4th,” “‘ Beauty, 11th,” “ Beauty, 12th,” ‘ Leilah,” ** Little Emily,” ‘‘ Beauty, 13th,” ‘¢ Beauty, 14th,” ‘‘ Emmeline.” These animals have all perfect pedigrees, and either are recorded or will be recorded in the next volume of the ‘‘ Ayrshire Herd- book.” JERSEYS. Bull.—* Grand Duke” (408). Cows.—‘‘ Hattie” (977), ‘* Lady Essex” (1,059), ‘‘ Success ” (1,254). All recorded in the ‘‘ American Jersey Herd-book.” BRITTANIES. Bulls. —“* Merlin,” ‘‘ Arthur.” Cow,— Pauline.” 14 106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.’75. Dutcu or Ho.LsrTeEn. Bull.‘ Fourth Highland Chief” (4). Cow.—‘‘ Midwould, 19th.” SHEEP. One Cotswold ram, four Cotswold ewes, one Cotswold buck lamb. SWINE. Four Chester Whites, four Berkshires, four Essex. POULTRY. One hundred Games; twenty Cochins; ten Gold-spangled Po- lands; ten Silver-spangled Hamburghs; nine Bronze turkeys; six Rouen ducks; sixty pigeons; viz., Carriers, Pouters, Tumblers, Fantails, Jacobins, Nuns, Archangels, Turbits, Trumpeters, Quak- ~ ers, Blue-rocks. Win 4) yi . vf ' Ler as fa ats fe righ Ely & rt i ot 7 \ "Thy ee Chew bat f 4 » hist ee MH eal ‘ a hugh Sha Be Me ‘ LOO eee hd lay Wee : \ Were eda | A a © ORO ‘ CATALOGUE OF , OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. S07) ee \ Peihehing 14s ie arian F att aN RENIN Se SS ET OW Ey Nd: tl 108 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. BOARD OF TRUSTESBS. MEMBERS EX-OFFICHS. His Honor THOMAS TALBOT. Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL. D., President of College. Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL. D., Secretary of Board of Education. ° Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 5 Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . ; ‘ : . Boston. Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, : : : . . PLYMOUTH. NATHAN DURFEE, M. D.,. : ; . : . ~FALL RIVER. HENRY COLT, Esq:, . . . : : : . PITTSFIELD. REY. CHARLES C. SEWALL, . : : 5 . MEDFIELD. PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq., : ‘ ; . CHICOPEE. Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, . ; ; : . "> Asa res, Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, . ; ; : ; . NrEw BEDFORD. Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, : : : . GREENFIELD. Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, . ; : ‘ . CAMBRIDGE. HENRY ©. HILLS: se.) 7; ; : : ; . AMHERST. Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM,. : : be Bs . GROTON. WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esgq., . : : : . UPTON. JOHN CUMMINGS, Esq., . ; ; : ‘ . WOBURN. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE. Hon. JOSEPH WHITE. HENRY COLT, Esq. PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq. SECRETARY. Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, oF Boston. ADTDETOR. HENRY COLT, EsqQ., OF PITTSFIELD. TREASURER. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, OF FALL RIVER. fe SENATE No. 99. 109. ASSISTANT TREASURER. GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq,, or AMHERST. BOARD OF OVERSEERS. THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS. Hon. P. A. CHADBOURNE, D. D., LL.D. THOMAS P. ROOT, Esa. | JOSEPH N. STURTEVANT, Esq. ‘MEMBERS OF FACULTY. WILLIAM S. CLARK, Px. D., LL. D., President and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Professor of Agriculture, ‘HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., Professor of Modern Languages. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., Professor of Chemistry. HENRY W. PARKER, M. A., Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science. NOAH. CRESSY, M. D., , Professor of Veterinary Science. WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M. A,, Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. First Lizrut. A. H. MERRILL, First Art. Ol S. A. Professor of Military Science and Tactics. s A. S, PACKARD, JR., M. D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST), Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jie Esq., Lecturer on Rural Law. SAMUEL T: MAYNARD, B. S., Gardener and Assistant Professor of Horticulture. JOHN C. DILLON, EsqQ., Farm SuperIntrENDENT, 110 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Mar. GRADUATES OF 1874.* — Benedict, John Mitchell, Blanchard, William Henry, Chandler, Edward Phelps, Curtis, Wolfred Fletcher, Hitchcock, Daniel Green, Hobbs, John Alden, Libby, Edgar Howard, . Lyman, Henry, Montague, Arthur Huntinetone Phelps, Henry Lyman, . Smith, Frank Stockbridge, Woodman, Edward Eastman, Zeller, Harrie McKeen, Total, SENIOR CLASS. Barrett, Joseph Francis, Barri, John Atherton, . . Bragg, Everett Burt, Brooks, William Penn, . Bunker, Madison, Callender, Thomas Russell, Campbell, Frederick George, Clark, Xenos Young, Clay, Jabez William, . . Dodge, George Rufus, . Hague, Henry, : Harwood, Peter Mirick, Knapp, Walter Haydn, Lee, Lauren Kelloge, Miles, George Melville, Otis, Harry Preston, Peabody, Cecil Hobart, Bethel, Conn. Putney, Vt. Westborough. Westminster. Warren. Northampton, N.H.. Ashland. Middlefield, Conn. South Hadley. Southampton. Springfield. Danvers. Hagerstown, Md. 13. Barre. Cambridgeport. Amherst. South Scituate. Nantucket. ‘Northfield. W. Westminster, Vt. Amherst. Westminster, Vt. Hamilton. Lonsdale, R. I. Barre. Boston. Shrewsbury. Westminster. Northampton. Amherst. * The annual report being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two academic \ ‘ years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1874. 1875.] Rice, Frank Henry, _ Southwick, Andre Arnold, Winchester, John Frost, Total, JUNIOR CLASS. Bagley, David Appleton, Chickering, Darius Otis, Deuel, Charles Frederick, Graves, Louis Bertrand, Guild, George William May, Hawley, Joseph Mather, Ladd, Thomas Henry, . Lawton, Charles Follen, Mann, George Hewins, Martin, William Edson, McConnel, George Washington, McLeod, William oc Naito, Saitaro, ; Parker, George Lowell, Porter, William Henry, Rogers, Mulford Thacher, Root, Joseph Edward, Sears, John Milton, Taft, Cyrus Appleton, . Urner, George Peter, Wetmore, Howard Graham, . Williams, John Elgin, . Total, s SENATE—No. 99. 111 Barre. Mendon. Peabody. 20. Winchendon. Enfield. Amherst. — South Ashfield. New York City. Salem, N. Y. Watertown. New Bedford. Sharon. Hadley. Lonsdale, R. I. Lonsdale, R. I. Chiyoshiu, Japan. Dorchester. Hatfield. : Watertown. Barre. Ashfield. Whitinsville. Elizabeth, N. J. New York City. South Amherst. 22: SOPHOMORE CLASS. Bellamy, John, Benson, David Henry, . Brewer, Charles, . Clark, Atherton, . ‘ Dickinson, Walter Mason, . Goodrich, Wilbur Francis, Hibbard, Joseph Robinson, . Moore, Frank Lester, Boston. Bridgewater. Pelham. Amherst. ' Amherst. East Cambridge. Chester, Vt. Framingham. 112 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Nye, George Everett, Paige, Harrie Cruse, Palmer, Frank Waldo, Parker, Henry Fitch, Phelps, Charles Herbert, Pixley, Martin Shaw, Porto, Raymundo, : Southmayd, John Edwards. Southworth, Charles Heyward, . Urner, Frank Gordon, Wilson, Alvin Robert, Wuyesugi, Tall Katuyoshi, Wyman, Joseph, Total, >> Sandwich. Tarrytown, N. Y. Amherst. Amherst. South Framingham. West Hawley. Para, Brazil. Middletown, Conn. Springfield. Elizabeth, N. J. South Hadley. Tokeio, Japan. Arlington. 21. FRESHMAN CLASS. Allen, Matthew Joseph, Baker, David Erastus, Boutwell, Willie Levi, Brigham, Arthur Amber, . Carneiro, Manuel Dias, Choate, Edward Carlile, Coburn, Charles Francis, . Collum, George Newell, Cooley, Silas Rose, Foote, Sandford Dwight, . Hall, Josiah Newhall, Howe, Charles Sumner, Hubbard, Henry Francis, . Humphrey, George Eddy, . Hunt, John Franklin, Loomis, Francis Eugene, . Lovell, Charles Otto, Morey, Guy, Nims, Luther, . Spofford, Amos Little, Stockbridge, Horace Edward, Taylor, Henry Morgan, Tuckerman, Frederick, Washburn, Hosea, : Total; . ; : Marion. Franklin. Leverett. Marlborough. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cambridge. | Lowell. Hartford, Conn. North Hadley. Springfield. Revere. Ayer Junction. . -New Rochelle, N. Y. Rochester. Sunderland. North Amherst. Amherst. Lowell. Woodlawn, N. C. Georgetown. Amherst. ’ Boston. Boston. Bridgewater. 24, Se EE RIED yee igh Ahh game tr anen ET EM ~SENATE—No. 99. | 113 SELECT CLASS. Auger, Charles Parmelee, . : : . Middletown, Conn. Ball, Gilman Kimball, ; : . Holyoke. Barstow, William Hale, . : 3 . Haverhill, N. H. Bond, Henry, . : : : é . Ware. Darling, Ira C., E : ve : . Pawtucket, R. I. Davis, George Williams, . : . West Stafford, Conn. Goss, Frank Washington, . ae . Lancaster. Gunn, Willie Bradford, . Se pws . Sunderland. Melmes, Harry Hawley, .. . : . Greenwich, N. Y. Howe, Waldo Vernon, : : . Framingham. Jackson, Henry Stranahan, 5 : - Orange, N. J. Kendall, Hiram, : : : . Watertown. Mildeberger, Victor, . , 4 : . New York City. Mills, James Kellogg, Jr., : ‘ . Springfield. Parker, George Amos, . : ‘ . Gardner. Platt, William Davenport, j : . Baltimore, Md. Potter, William Stiles, . : : . La Fayette, Ind. _ Smith, Thomas Edwin, . : i . Chesterfield. _. Walker, James B., . : sag ate . Springfield. Total, . ; : a Amare yee. RESIDENT GRADUATES. Penhallow, B. 8., David Pearce, ‘ P Portsmouth, INS Wellington, B. S., Charles, Sf . Amherst. Totaly 3. : 5 : : sea SUMMARY. Graduates of 1874, : vader : : : 13 ‘Resident Graduates, . fc ; Sora é 2 Seniors, ; ; ‘ ; ; : : : 20 Juniors, ; : ; y : ; 3 ; 22 Sophomores, . ; i : One ; ; 21 Freshmen, . : ‘ ; ; : : . 24 Select, . . ‘ ET Oa : : = tie 19 inh a a 2 at eR | 15 | 114 = AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. FRESHMAN YEAR. First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week; Human Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English, 2 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Free-hand Drawing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 4 hours; Human Anatomy, - Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agricult- ure, 4 hours; English, 2 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Free-hand Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geom- etry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SOPHOMORE YEAR. First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours each week; Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agri- culture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. | Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trigo- nometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; Decla- mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours. Third Term.—Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agricult- ure, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. JUNIOR YEAR. First Term.—German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours ;_ ‘Entomology and Zoology, 8 hours; Market Gardening, 2 hours; Levelling and Drawing, 5 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. | Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 4 hours ; Microscopy, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural De- bate, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours. 1875.) SENATE—No. 99. 115 Third Term.—German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Botany, 4 hours; Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SENIOR YEAR. First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads and Railroads, 5 hours; Drawing, 2 hours; Original Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Mental Science, 4 hours; Arboriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours ; Draw- ing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 8 hours; Geology, 3 hours; Landscape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Agricultural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises, but the following text- books are recommended for recitation or reference, Borany AND HORTICULTURE. Gray’s Lessons, Manual, and Botanical Text-book. Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany. Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany. Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi. Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations. Flint’s Grasses and Forage Plants. Downing’s Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America. Thomas’ American Fruit Culturist. Strong’s Grape Culture. | ae Henderson’s Practical Floriculture. Fuller’s Forest Tree Culturist. Hoope’s Book of Evergreens. Williams’ Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Helmsley’s Hand-book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopzedia of Plants. Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany. ‘Kemp’s Landscape Gardening. Downing’s Landscape Gardening. a AGRICULTURE. Johnson’s How Crops Grow. Johnson’s How Crops Feed. 116. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [ Mar. Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture. Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture. Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry. French’s Farm Drainage. Flint’s Milech Cows and Dairy Farming. Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow — Ayrshire. Waring’s Handy-book of Husbandry. Henderson’s Gardening for Profit. Donaldson’s British Agriculture. -Morton’s Cyclopzedia of Agriculture. Low’s Domesticated Animals. Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. Agricultural Gazette and Gardeners’ Chronicle, London. CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY. | Watt’s Fownes’ Manual of Elementary Chemistry. Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry. Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis. Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis. Wills’ Analytical Chemistry. Jobnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analy sis. Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen. Wolft’s Landwirthschaftliche Analyse. Hoffmann’s Ackerbau Chemie. Watt's Chemical Dictionary. Dana’s Mineralogy. Hitchcock’s Geology. Dana’s Text-book and Manual of Geology. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY. Fleming’s Chativeau’s Comparative Pmpiomy of Domesticated Animals. Dalton’s Human Physiology. Cleland’s Animal Physiology. Williams’ Principles of Veterinary Surgery. Williams’ Principles of Veterinary Medicine. Gamegee’s On Horse-shoeing and Lameness. Gamgee’s Domestic Animals in Health and Disease. Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor. Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals. Blaine’s Veterinary Art. Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy. ‘Wood and Bache’s United States Dispensatory. Harbison’s Elementary Zoology. SENATE—No. 99. rh i Lankester’s Advanced Zoology. ' Packard’s Guide to the Siudy of Insects. 7 Harris’ Insects Injurious to Vegetation. 1 Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects. Baird’s Mammals of North America. _ © Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals. ° _ + Samuels’ Birds of New England. Cobbold’s Entozoa. 3 Denney’s Parasitic Insects. Mogquin-Tondon’s Manual of Medical Zoology. MatuHematics, PHysics, AND CrviL ENGINEERING. . Olney’s Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry. Gillespie’s Surveying. Gillespie’s Roads and Railroads. Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics. Peabody’s Astronomy. Loomis’ Meteorology. Miirary SCIENCE AND TACTICS. Upton’s Tactics for Infantry. Artillery Tactics for U.S. Army. . : _Mahan’s Field Fortifications. Halleck’s International and Military Law. _ Regulations of U. S. Army. History of the War of the Rebellion. ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN. Hart’s Composition. ‘Fowler’s English Grammar. _ _ Shaw’s Complete Manual.of English Literature. Chambers’ Cyclopeedia of English Literature. Morley’s English Writers. . Taine’s History of English Literature. Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar. Spier and Surenne’s French Dictionary. Glaubensklee’s German Grammar. Adler’s German Dictionary» The French and German books for translation are changed every _ year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific pub- ' lications. bs Mentat, Morar anv Soctan Science. Haven’s Mental Science. _ Hickok’s Empirical Psychology. 118 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science. Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy. Haven’s Moral Philosophy. Hickok’s Moral Science. Hopkins’ Law of Love and Love as Law. Chadbourne’s Natural Theology. Walker’s Science of Wealth. Perry’s Political Economy. Carey’s Principles of Social Science. Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy. CALENDAR FOR 1875. The third term of the collegiate year begins March 25th, and continues till June 23d. The first term begins August 26th, and continues till the Wednes- day before Thanksgiving. The second term begins Decerper 16th, and continues till March 15th, 1876. There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. m., Tuesday, June 22d, and also on Thursday, August 26th. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening, June 21st. The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell Prize for excellence in Agriculture, and the examination of the other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tuesday forenoon, June 22d. The Address and Poem before the’ Literary Societies will be delivered on ‘Tuesday afternoon. The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 23d. There will be a session of the State Board of Agriculture at the College, June 22d and 23d. AUD MI Spaeo WN: Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, and the History of the United States. Candidates for higher standing are examined as above and also 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 119 in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age, and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character, from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance, at the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term. The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock, a. m., on Tuesday, June 22d, and on Thurs- day, August 26th; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark, Amherst, Mass. EXPENSES. Tuition, : : is 3 ‘ : : $25 00 per term. Room-rent, . : ; : : . $5 00 to 10 00 ic Board, . : : ees 3 50 per week. Expenses of eremical Me tboratory to Stu- dents of Practical Chemistry, . a : 10 00 per term, Public and private damages, including value of chemical apparatus, destroyed or in- jured, : 3 : - : at cost. Annual expenses, moliding Boole. ; . $300 00 to $350 00 REMARKS. The regular course of study occupies four years, and those who complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. The Trustees of the College ee recently entered into the fol- lowing agreement with the corporation of Boston University, viz. :— PROPOSED ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE TRUSTEES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE TRUSTEES OF Boston UNIVERSITY. I. The College on its part agrees :— 1. That matriculants in Boston University desiring to pursue any regular or special course of instruction presented in the Massachu- RESIN ay TT ARR er eT ENN SiS SOS et 4 A C Srey = Qe eee ene 4 ye ‘ rot "s : 1 OE ne ~ . ns 5 C7 ¥ y 120 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Mar. setts Agricultural College shall be at liberty to do so on the same terms and conditions as, other persons, and on completing the course to the satisfaction of the authorities of both institutions, shall be entitled to také their appropriate degree, either at the hands of the College, or from the University, or both, as they may prefer. II. The University on its part agrees :— 1. That so long as this agreement is found satisfactory, it will refrain from organizing an independent College of Agriculture, and will give its cordial support and influence to the building up of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 2. It will, by its annual circulars and official correspondence, publicly and privately, recommend those seeking an agricultural education to resort for it to the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, and will publish in connection with its annual catalogue such statements of the advantages of the College as may be agreed upon by the Presidents of the two institutions. III. Both parties further agree :— 1. That to promote a good understanding, each corporation, whenever it may desire, shall have the privilege of representing its interests by a duly accredited officer or ee in the business meetings of the other. 2. That either party to this agreement shall have power to ter- minate it, at the close of any scholastic year, by giving notice of such desire and intent one year previously. Under this arrangement, all students who desire it may become members of the University and receive its diploma in addition to that of the College. The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad- uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate German and French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu- setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is discussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. The amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order that it 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 121 may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional work, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. All labor is paid at the rate of ten to twenty cents per hour, according to its value. - Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer about the College and farm buildings, or in the field, but it is hardly pos- sible for one to earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum besides performing other duties. So far as is consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons desire to engage in. The State Board of Agriculture unanimously voted at their last annual meeting that every Agricultural Society receiving the bounty of the Commonwealth be urged to maintain at least one scholarship at the College, and to secure the attendance of one or more students. The Trustees also voted at their annual meeting to authorize the Executive Committee to remit the tuition of ' such worthy students as were unable to pay it. Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire special instruction in chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary science, agriculture or horticulture, may make private arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments. An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furni- ture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of attendance, every student is required to provide himself with the full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets. On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel service and Bible class, which are conducted by the Professor of Moral Science. While the Bible is made the basis of all religious instruc- tion, everything of a denominational character is as far as practi- cable avoided. Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guar- dians, be excused from these exercises to attend services in one of the churches of the town, but, for obvious reasons, it is very unde- sirable that such requests be made. REGULATIONS. 1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose of. absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known regulation of the College. 16 3): AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. 2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be employed, and students who do not answer to their names shall be marked absent, provided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardi- nesses shall be reckoned as one absence. 3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the officer in charge of the same; but permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained from the general excusing officer or from the president. In such cases,-the officer excusing will fur- nish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises occurring. within the time specified. 4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be excused by any member of the faculty, except on the presentation of a satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form. Excuses must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise from which the student was absent; except that when the absence may include two or more days, the excuse may be rendered to the president, whose approval shall be deemed sufficient for all absences specified therein. Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no officer will be expected to receive an excuse after one week has elapsed from the end of the absence, if there has been an opportunity for presentation. Excuses deemed satisfactory will be returned to the student with the indorsement of the approving officer. Excuses deemed insufficient will be retained and referred to the faculty for their decision. 5. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or, if offered, shall be deemed insufficient by the faculty, the absentee shall be charged with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s accounts, and no student may enter upon the duties of a term, or receive an honorable discharge, certificate of attendance, or diploma, until all fines previously incurred are paid. 6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all departments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be informed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his delin- quency ; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his connection with the College may be terminated. 7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study without per- mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory buildings. Pins? eS ete oth Pan cee Se a te 2 P a Aes 7 ; pe h ‘ WN ‘ x Ba 4 + ta v 1875.] WIGENATEUNG. 990° 0 0. 88 8. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a student for any term falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a mem- ber of the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admis- sion to the College and promotion from class to class, as well as to eraduation, are granted only by vote of the faculty. - 9. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to be gentlemen. 10. Students will not be excused from regular ae to engage in boating. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among them are several valuable sets of cyclopeedias, magazines and news- papers, reports of agricultural societies and state boards of agricult- ure, and many standard works on agriculture and _ horticulture. There are many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying and drawing. The larger part of the books has been presented to the institution by private individuals. The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con- tains nearly 30,000 volumes. The state cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. The Knowlton herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The botanic museum is supplied with many interesting and useful ' specimens of seeds, woods and fruit models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, including about 3,000 figures. | About 1,000 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the Durfee Plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to students of both Colleges. The very extensive, and in many respects unsurpassed, collections in geology, mineralogy, natural history, ethnology and art, belong- ing to Amherst College, are accessible to members of the Agricult- ural College. The chemical, engineering and military departments of the Agri- cultural College are well furnished. 124 : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Mar. The armory contains two brass pieces of artillery, fifty sabres, and one hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles. FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a fund of $1,500, the income of which is to be used for the purchase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direc-. tion of the College faculty, for excellence in declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin, of Boston, has given the sum of $1,000 to establish a fund for the endowment of a first prize of $50, and a second prize of $20, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examination in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture. HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES. For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of 1876, a prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best, a prize of $10; also a prize of $5 for the best collection of woods. 2 ae iiweewe «ah Si Se Total Real Estate, Bean Me ST A TERM ENT. -1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 125 FINANCIAL STATEMENT, JANUARY 1, 1875. REAL ESTATE. College Farm and Quarry, por ,000 00 South College, 36,000 00 North College, 36,000 00 College Hall, 30,000 00 South Boarding-house, 8,000 00 North Boarding-house, 8,000 00 Durfee Plant-house, 12,000 00 Botanic Museum, 5,000 00 ' South Barn, 14,500 00 Farm-house, : 4,000 00 Four Dwellings and Berns fchadcd Wilk the ecole, : 9,000 00 eee $200,000 00 Value of Live-stock, . $11,560 00 of Vehicles and Teiaements, 2,840 00 of Produce on hand, 5,736 00 $20,136 00 Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, 1875, credit for labor performed in grading, etc., and receipts from sales of live-stock and produce, 24,553 00 ’ Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, 1875, and all expenditures for live-stock, labor, imple- ments, repairs, seeds, fertilizers, etc., 24,286 60 126 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar. FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE, IN CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. Agricultural College Fund. Cash balance on hand, January 1, 1875, ; : i . $10,000 00 Present investments :— City of Salem bonds, . ; ; : ‘ $55,000 00 of Lynn bonds, : , ‘ ; : 25,000 00 of Chelsea notes, . ; . 5 : 25,000 00 of Fall River notes, P : : 50,000 00 Town of Milford bonds, . ; ; ; 14,200 00 of Plymouth notes, ; : ‘ . 6,724 65 of Brighton notes, : ; Ai ee 10,000 00 of West Roxbury notes, : ; : 70,000 00 of Westborough notes, : : 12,000 00 of Lee notes, , ; ; : ; 4,142 75 County of Hampden notes, . ; ‘ : 50,000 00 * ————_ 322,067 40 Massachusetts Troy & Greenfield Railroad bonds, . ‘ : ; ; : : : $8,000 00 Massachusetts Bounty Loan bonds, : : 16,000 00 —— 24,000 00 State of Maine bonds, . : : : : : : ‘ 4,000 00 Total Fund, . 5 i : ‘ : : : . $360,067 40 Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the treasurer of the College, and one-third to the treasurer of the Institute of Tech- nology. The Hills Fund of $10,000, for the maintenance of the Botanic Garden, is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present yields an income of $500. To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, amounting to $100 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the products of the farm and garden. 127 “Lopnpny ‘LTOO AUNDTH f *sdoqonoa 1odo1d oy} Aq poruvduooov puv pojvjs A]JOIII0D WO} PUY pUv syUNODO® s.1o1NsvdL], 94} POULMIBxXE DAVY JT er ‘dainspa4y, “AAATAGC NVHLVN is ‘poqqrurqns AT]nyqoodsoy 3S Z = 09 gtg‘ee$ 7 09 ergecs eg = 98 E2L'¢ : . : : : : ‘souvreq Aq | ‘Tg ‘00q || 00 Aen : : > ‘grqeded s][Iq wrosF 7, L¥ GFS‘8 : e ‘pred ‘e728T Jo ssoupoyqopuy 0% 67S : : : * “JoUNpIVX) WOT ie) 00 000‘T j : ‘poySOAUl ‘pun 9ZIIg UIPe[O Fo JOPT : ‘quepuejurredng WI] UOT MN 00 LST 2 : - ‘uNno0D08 9ZTIg GO OI8‘8 : , : ‘s}U9pn3g WOLF Syd1a09I 60 FrV : 5 * “qun0dd® 489.10} UT 00 000T : : : * “UIPe[O WITT AA “COR TE COGN. : : : ‘qunoOo0® ULV TT 00 06 : : : ' “bs ‘qOMSUIB A ‘Cl ‘TL 96 SLY 5. = ullonou [Loney Og 00 000'T |° ° * ‘uosurqoy Arey Jo ysonbog IZ O62 ‘ - ‘qunod0¥ qu19.8 U1} U0) : 00 O00'ST | ° : : : ‘uoyviidoiddy 94%39 TO 609 3 : : : ‘puny SI[IE[ sosuodxgq Ge OG ; eons FUOTIMOPU 9FBIS L6 108’ ; : 3 : TIONS ie prvod 00 009 ‘ : : ou STITH euoouy g8 ¢6s‘0c$ | * : : : wi sae ‘SOLIB[’S Ag 90 18° ; : : ° * ‘gouvreq oF, | “T ‘uer al “ELST "PLSL 10> ~~ ae "ag "dainspaly, ‘AaIMAC NVHLVNT YM JUNO0IY UWL ADNATIOD TVYOLINOIWSY SLLASAHOVSSV]L ‘ad . ut SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS For the Year 1874, TAKEN AT AMHERST, MASS., By Professor EH. S SNELL, LL.D., of Amherst College. Latitude, 42° 22’ 17'’. Longitude, 72° 34’ 30’'’. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet. tq ‘[Mar. ’75. Th €Z | OOL G8a° | €20° | 996° €91°6% L08°83 €SF'0E OL &% LI 0g 0g "9S OP6'° LP IZ'9F | O'S- | 0°86 69 LE | OOL GCL | PZ0" | ZLB" €F8°6Z 698°6G GLE0E g IZ tL 09 0¢ 0? 89L'T 62°62 | 0°0 0°67 a OL GZ | OOL LST’ | $G0° | 888° ZZ8'6S 108°8Z LES"0s g &% CT LS &P GL 9Ec"°S 1Z°9E | 0°9L | 0°09 és) G) 8s | OOL G96" | G&L" | Ghr F08'6Z S163 LPS 0S 8 IZ 81 &¢ cP = CPs’ 09° LF | G°8Z | 0°99 iS 6h LE | OOL LEP" | SIZ" | [69° 618 °63 910°63 910°08 8 oe ial 9F 0S = 818° €0°Z9 | 0°68 | 8°S8 = 19 %E | OOL 6p" | 88%" | $Z8° OPL' 63 LGS"6% GZ0°0€ 9T 9¢ ° SL 9¢ 9§ = 689°% 85°99 | SOF | 0'F8 = 6L GP | OOL 08s" | sis" | 688° PSL" 6% 96762 €16°6Z OL IF 1G GG 67 = 619° TL 9T°L9 | 0°89 | 0°06 | PL vs | 66 I6h° | FIZ" | 996° GL9°6S GPS 6S €86'6Z 0G ZG 81 OP 8g = 650° 81°99 | SIS | 0&6 £ $9 GZ | 86 vos’ | L60° | 8ZL" 969°6Z 83°63 C0608 L oS L I? 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UVa ‘19qu900q £19 QUO AO KT ‘19d O4oO ‘roquiaydeg “snsny ‘AqOEL Sune ‘Kew qudy qo1e yl ‘Aveniq2,7 ‘Arenue ‘“SHINOW WHortrrood WUuoLmMomMsav SLILASOHDVSSVM sf A 17 ~ ¥ poral = SD y ay ly ZA hhh ( x p "y " L 4 —— SSS = —— SENATE...... sitdinan NOL | ADs THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MAssacnuserts AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. aralat e January, 1876. % ili BOSTON : ? WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 79 MitK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL). 1876. fm Commonwealth of Massachusetts. AMHERST, Jan. 13, 1876. To His Excellency ALEXANDER H. RICE. Srr :—I have the honor herewith to present to Your Excel- lency and the Honorable Council the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, W. S. CLARK. 4 a Reid iT} bODY Oe t vy , a . aa 1 0 ae z 0 474. ; ‘ I: alee ee Om Res ‘ ry ‘eg IN, 1) Wi oe - Page Historical Statement, : : z Cueto emia: Vos ° Sao Wi an shite Gy What the College has oor pialied: 6 : “ “ . “ : < 9 Botanical Department, . . : . . 5 . ° ai es Work of Officers and Students in 1875, ° - : . - : f ake REIMER MERCISCSM NCTM esi! 6 e Wel des os we ee wy a AE PacgressOh Eresident Warren,. . . 1s 6 +s Seb hee. aye ish cs tran LO, Address of Governor Gaston, . : : : : 4 29) 28 Report on Experiments in Feeding Plants, by Professor Stockbridge, ; Pn 745 Report on Work of Chemical Department, by Professor Goessmann, . : soe Report on Military Department, by Professor Totten, . 4 2 : 5 - 66 Report of Farm Superintendent Dillon, . - ° 2 4G Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs and Plants received fan Renold Aone ea, < . 82 Officers and Students of 1875, . : - “ - 2 5 : : - 88 Course of Study and Training, : : aie Se ies WN ga on ce ive PAM an Mite Catalogue of Text-Books, : 5 : ° : : : 3 rhe 6 RE Calendar for 1876, . - - - 6 - : 5 : “ 2 ot OS Terms of Admission, “| : or: ae : . - - : - -| 98 Expenses, . - - : - c d eee - o.oo Remarks on Course of Me ction « 5 , s : 2 : A - 99 Boston University, . { - dj : : : : : . - . oe College Regulations, . - : C : 5 : é : : : : - 102 Library, Apparatus, and Museums, . - 5 - 2 A ; : . - 103 Prizes, 3 s 5 i ¢ 5 E 3 i : : : - - 104 Scholarships, . : : 6 - - “ “ : : é : - 105 Financial Statement, . - . : p F : c “ - “ : - 106 Report of Treasurer, . 3 . - - . : ° : - - 112 Meteorological Observations for 1875, a) TA Beeb Noid Giller alk mall eulhon ui'aens eh wy, Lee ' iy . BAF i) wy ava in ee ee , 3 i ia ¥ t ‘ rey r 5 | “f 4 ” ¢ we ; Ff ene , ‘ ‘ iv ap { i ¢ Rey | et 9: OCCA TL Me Lady . - a ° . ava rie Pa Piey ; ‘ q i * ’ * o * , * ~ ° (se + * * a . L * i . ‘ « ‘ i hes teh a FP id Lay ; 4 ; 7 POST il es toe tM 7 “ ks . ‘ > : Li + ‘ p 4 L. a . vis Bott tts Huiiiet Pen S hid . aur ‘ Cc} be 3 ae * ; . Nigh: “a j ae § Sted os ' r: a, t ‘ — ) }* f¥ 2 . hI ay” pry OAC} ‘d : i: ; x ‘ ae be See ee ‘ c PELs A132 Wis - ANNUAL REPORT. To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council: The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, in accordance with the requirements of the statutes of the Commonwealth, respectfully offer the following Report con- cerning the Institution under their charge. | As no appropriation was granted by the legislature, and no gifts of considerable value were received during the year 1875, no important improvements to the estate nor additions to the buildings or means of instruction have been made. The income from the fund and the receipts from tuition charges have been barely sufficient to pay the salaries of the officers, so that the necessary expense of insurance, repairs, sweeping, lighting and heating, as well as keeping roads, grounds and water-works in good order, has been met, as in years past, by borrowing. The accumulated debt of the College now amounts to $20,000, and must increase at the rate of several thousand dollars per annum so long as the present course of instruction is continued without adequate provision for the payment of current expenses. That the system of study and training now in operation is in most respects the best possible for an agricultural college of the first class, such as Massachusetts ought to maintain, is generally conceded. It is, however, obviously impracticable for the Trustees to preserve the Institution in its present form without the required funds. In order that the absolute necessity of immediate and efficient action, as well as the magnitude of the interests involved, may be clearly compre- hended and fully appreciated, it seems proper to give a complete account of the amount of money which has been 8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. devoted to this grand and reasonably successful enterprise, and to name the sources from which the funds have been derived, and the objects for which they have been expended. HIsToORICAL STATEMENT. The Massachusetts Agricultural College was incorporated as a State Institution in 1863, and endowed with funds received from the United States. In accepting the gift of 360,000 acres of land by the Act of April 18, 1863, the State contracted to maintain forever at least one college, “ where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.” On the 25th of May, 1864, the Trustees by a unani- mous vote located the College in Amherst, the town hay- ing pledged itself to pay the sum of $75,000 for the erection of buildings, and to furnish for a reasonable price a satisfactory tract of land for the uses of the Institution. In the October following, the present estate of the College was purchased from six different parties. The cost of the land and buildings at that time amounted to about $48,000, the total area being 3834 acres. The State has further contracted with the United States, that “No portion of the fund derived from the land grant, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied directly norindirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any building or buildings.” The total expenditure for the erection of new buildings has been more than $150,000, and in this respect the College is well furnished. The total cost of the real estate, including buildings and permanent improvements, and excluding insur- ance and repairs, has been not less than $225,000. The personal property, consisting of books, specimens, apparatus and furniture, may be moderately valued at $30,000, and the farm-stock, vehicles, implements and produce, at $10,000 more. Thus the total property of the College may be fairly estimated as worth for its purposes the sum of $265,000. 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. : 9 The cash funds for all objects and from all sources now amount to $253,500. This magnificent sum of $518,500, therefore, represents the present value for educational uses of the Massachusetts Agricultural College to the Commonwealth. In order to furnish all the information which might seem desirable in regard to the receipts and expenditures from 1863 to 1876, the assistant treasurer, George Montague, Esq., has been requested to transcribe them from the books of the treasurer, and arrange them in a convenient form for reference. These tables will be found appended to this Report. The accounts of the College are kept with great exactness, and carefully audited. ; WHAT THE COLLEGE HAS ACCOMPLISHED. Eight years is a brief period in the life of an institution, and especially of one which, from its novel and peculiar character, has been forced to struggle for its very existence against the prejudices of the ignorant and the jealousy of the educated among its opponents, and has often in times of need found its nominal friends greatly lacking in hopefulness, courage and enthusiasm. Another practical difficulty in the way of the rapid development of such a college, lies in the impossibility of educating the people to a correct apprehension of the real objects and methods of the course of instruction, so long as the newspapers continually scatter broadcast disparaging and false statements concerning it. Again, there are many stu- dents who are prevented from attendance by erroneous ideas regarding the compulsory manual labor and military drill which are wisely required by the laws of both the State and the national government. But nothing has so severely checked the growth of the Massachusetts College as the high rate of tuition and the total want of means so abundantly provided in other colleges for the pecuniary assistance of worthy but indigent students. Is it not surprising that Mas- sachusetts, with all her renown for wealth, intelligence and liberality, should stand alone among all the States of the Union in the bad preéminence of refusing free education to those of her youth who. desire to enjoy the privileges of her Agricultural College? If the Institution could be more intimately connected with the educational system of the 2 10 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. Commonwealth by the establishment of a free scholarship in every representative district which should be open to competi- tion among the best scholars in all the public schools, then the people would feel its influence for good, and the State would enjoy a most ample return for the money expended in its establishment and maintenance. Is it better that the half- million dollars already invested in the College should educate two hundred students in continuous succession, or that its organization be destroyed and its educational power reduced to insignificance for the want of a few thousand dollars of annual income? This is the question which the legislature should answer by their action in this centennial year. The work of the College, however, has not been, even in the years of its infancy, without some importance, nor is the reputation it has achieved by honest effort discreditable to its Massachusetts name. The total number of students admitted on examination is 398, of whom 95 have completed the four years’ course, and received the degree of bachelor of science. It is a noteworthy fact, that nearly all who enter the College become desirous of graduation. There is also a steadily increasing tendency to return after obtaining a degree, for post-graduate study. The number of post-graduates in attendance the past term was six, all of whom devoted themselves to chemistry, four of them pursuing botany in addition, and one, veterinary science. At this point, every reader wishes an immediate and defi- nite reply to the question, “How many of your graduates are farmers?” This may be answered fairly in several ways. It can be said, for instance, that there are as many as intended to be farmers when they entered college, which proves that they have not been educated away from farm life. Again, it is true, that nearly all would prefer agricult- ure as a business, provided they could command the requisite capital with which to buy, stock and run a good farm, which shows that those who engage in some other occupation, where they can earn more than they can as mere farm laborers, are men of sound judgment. Several have returned to the old homestead, and are working with their fathers, bringing light and comfort to the families favored with their presence. 1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 11 Some are managing farms for others, which is a most difficult thing for a young graduate without business experience to do in a manner satisfactory to his employer, especially when the latter is a man who has made a fortune in some other occu- pation, and has small knowledge himself of practical agri- culture. Others are engaged in the cultivation of fruits, or flowers, or in the manufacture or sale. of fertilizers, or in editing agricultural papers, or as agricultural engineers, or architects, or landscape gardeners. About one-half the entire number of alumni are believed to be occupied more or less directly with agriculture, as above stated. But the remainder are by no means to be regarded as hav- ing been educated in vain at the Agricultural College. Their light cannot be hid, and their influence will be felt for good to agriculture wherever they reside. They are intelligently interested in all that pertains to progress in farming and gar- dening; and when they are sent to the general court, as many of them are sure to be, they will stand up and vindi- cate the claims of their alma mater, to the respect and sup- port of the Commonwealth. Among the occupations by which they propose to earn an honest living, may be enu- merated the law, medicine, the veterinary art, pharmacy, teaching, civil engineering, trade, transportation, and various mechanic arts. | All those individuals who have insisted that the College was a fuilure because any of its graduates ever thought of engaging, even temporarily, in any other business than farm- ing, are requested to read and remember that clause of its charter which is quoted on a préceding page, and which declares the object of its foundation to be, not solely nor chiefly the education of farmers, notwithstanding the agri- cultural part of its name, but “to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.” While large demands are necessarily made upon the time and strength of the College officers, in consequence of the limited number of the faculty and the practical character of the instruction, yet they have accomplished every year since their organization, an amount of useful labor for the advance- ment of science, the improvement of agriculture, and the 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. enlightenment of the public which is by no means insignifi- cant, and compares favorably with what has been done in a similar direction at any other institution. It has indeed been asserted by very high authorities, that the results of the investigations at the College upon the cultivation of the sugar-beet as a profitable farm crop in Massachusetts, upon the agricultural and commercial value of fertilizers and the proper regulation of their manufacture, upon the circulation of sap and other phenomena of plant life, and upon the eco- nomical and certain production of crops by the use of definite prescribed quantities of plant food, were in each case suffi- ciently valuable to the State to justify the foundation and liberal support of the Institution. THe BorTanicAL DEPARTMENT. The interest in the study and collection of plants under the direction of President Clark, has been very decided. This has resulted in part from the stimulating effect of the investi- gations concerning the phenomena of plant life which have been going on during the last three years, and in part from the publication of a catalogue of plants growing within thirty miles of the College, as well as from the meetings of the Botanical Association of the Connecticut Valley. Prof. E. Tuckerman, LL. D., of Amherst, prepared this catalogue, with the aid of Mr. C. C. Frost, of Brattleboro’, Ytz, and generously printed it at his own expense. It contains the names and, in the case of rare species, the localities of all the flowering and flowerless plants of this region, so far as known, with the exception of the fresh-water Alge. The competition for the Hills prizes by the class of 1876 was more spirited than ever before, and the number of spe- cies collected and mounted was, in some cases, remarkably large, while the individual specimens were often nearly per- fect. The committee of award consisted of Prof. C. 8S. Sar- gent, of Brookline, and Rev. H. G. Jesup, of Amherst, and after a careful examination of the best three herbaria, they decided to give the first prize of fifteen dollats to Joseph Mather Hawley, of Salem, N. Y., and the second prize of ten dollars to George Hewins Mann, of Sharon, Mass. The prize of five dollars for the best collection of specimens of 1876.1] SENATE—No. 45. 13 wood, was awarded to George Lowell Parker, of Boston, who collected during the year 1875, eighty-five species of wood, and prepared a fine herbarium, containing seven hun- dred and forty-four species of plants, including about eighty ‘species of Lichenes. He also had the good fortune to discover on the perpendicular cliffs of Rattlesnake Gutter, in Leverett, a locality of Umbilicaria Dillenti of very unusual size and fertility. One specimen measured fourteen inches by eleven, and was attached to the rock by a single slender stalk, a peculiarity from which the generic name is derived. Some of the specimens were of most venerable appearance, and covered over with perfect fruit, which is exceedingly rare on this species. Four graduates have continued their botanical studies at the College, using as a text-book the admirable treatise of Professor Julius Sachs upon the morphology and physiology of plants. Mr. D. P. Penhallow has made a great number of interest- ing observations upon the habits of growing plants, and done some excellent work upon the Knowlton herbarium. In this connection, it may not be improper to mention the fact, that the extended account of the investigations in this department, published in the last volume of the “ Agriculture of Massachusetts,” was deemed of sufficient interest to warrant the republication of six thousand copies for gratuitous dis- tribution by the State Pomological Society of Michigan. The Durfee Plant House and the adjoining grounds have been well kept during the year, under the faithful and intelligent supervision of Prof. S. T. Maynard. He reports that the house now contains between seven and eight thousand plants, of fifteen hundred species and varieties, of which twenty-three hundred are either growing in the ground or in pots or boxes more than five inches in diameter. Twenty thousand bedding plants were propagated last season, and of these, fifteen thousand were set in the beds and borders of the College estate, and elicited much commendation from the numerous visitors who saw them. The sales of flowers and plants during the year amounted to $758.32, and about one-third of the grapes from the vineyard were sold for $265.16, the remainder having been destroyed by frost. 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. There are now standing in the nursery more than six thou- sand fruit and ornamental trees, embracing a large number of species. The vineyard contains about two thousand vines of thirty-two different sorts. In the orchard are thrifty trees of the best varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries and peaches. Considerable progress has been made in preparing the ground for the garden of Massachusetts plants, and a very tasteful arrangement of beds for hardy herbaceous perennials has been laid out and planted north of the propagating pits. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, has manifested great interest in the advancement of this department of the College, and has furnished without any charge some thousands of specimens, including several hundred species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, many of which were not obtainable elsewhere. Appended to this Report is a list of his gifts. _ A portion of the income of the Hills fund has been expended in the purchase of specimens for the Botanic museum, and of valuable books adapted to the wants of the department. The President is still hopefully waiting for the fund of $50,000 for the endowment of the botanic garden, and for the graperies and the orchard and propagating houses, which are indispensable to a proper system of horticultural education and training at the College. OFFICERS AND STUDENTS. : The conduct of the students has been most exemplary, and their attention to duty worthy of high praise. Cases of discipline have been of rare occurrence, and in every instance during the past year reproof and punishment haye resulted in the improvement of those who received them. About twenty, mostly in the upper classes, have matriculated in the Boston University, and will thus »become on graduation alumni of both Institutions. The desire for a higher course of study is quite manifest, and several seniors are pursuing Latin with the intention of obtaining by examination the degree of bachelor of philosophy from the University. Professor Stockbridge has given the theoretical and practical instruction in agriculture, and his classes have taken 1876.1 SENATE—No. 45. 15 a lively interest in his numerous experiments, upon which they have performed a portion of their manual labor. _Appended to this Report is the Professor’s statement concern- ing his discoveries in regard to the most economical mode of feeding plants. These experiments, continued through several years, have awakened a new interest in the subject of growing remunerative crops upon worn-out soils, especially in localities where barn-yard manure is not obtainable. - It appears also to be demonstrated, that chemical manures may be very profitably used to supply deficiencies in the quantity or quality of stable-manure, the value which varies so greatly according to the nature and the food of the animals producing it, and the subsequent treatment to which it is subjected. If one-half of the apparent results shall be substantiated by the future’ experience of the farmers of the country, then the money expended upon the College will yield a larger rate of interest than any other investment which the State has ever made. For the continuation of his investigations, the Profes- sor ought to have $1,000 per annum for ten years. The annual paper from Professor Goessmann is herewith presented, and will be found full of instruction. There can be no doubt that the excellent law regulating the sale of com- mercial fertilizers, under the official inspection of the Professor, has already accomplished most valuable results, and quite revolutionized the mode of their manufacture. As all packages are now required to have the guaranteed composition attached to them, it has become necessary for manufacturers, not only to use some intelligent skill in their processes, but also to sell their articles for a price approximating at least their real commercial value. The principle of the law has compelled the agents of the Peruvian government to rectify their guano, and prepare it of a uniform standard. So that now a rectified - guano is sold at sixty dollars per ton, which by the guaranteed analysis is worth seventy, and is doubtless a better article than the average of the crude guano which has heretofore been furnished for eighty dollars per ton. Is it too much to ask, that some credit be allowed the College for its work in this direction? To assert that the present law will actually add to the agricultural products of the State a net value of more than $100,000 per annum, is 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [ Jan. but a moderate estimate of its beneficent effects. Under its influence the farmer will purchase more and better fertilizers, and his crops will be of higher quality, more abundant, and more profitable. Yet there are those who seem to prefer “je@norance, our common curse,” to accurate knowledge, and declare the College to be an “elephant” for which the State has no use. The importance to the Commonwealth of utilizing the salt marshes along the coast for agricultural purposes, as has been done so successfully in many other countries, is too obvious to require comment. The valuable reports upon the com- position of the soil and beach sand at Marshfield, and the chemical changes occurring as the result of diking, which have been prepared by Dr. Goessmann for the Board of Agriculture, will undoubtedly result in the reclamation within a short time of large tracts of a similar character with those under experiment at Green Harbor. Some useful information upon this matter will be found in the Professor’s paper appended to this Report. Following this is a brief statement of some inquiries con- cerning the physiological effect of special chemical fertilizers upon the quality of fruits. This investigation is one of great promise, and may enable us to modify at will the relative proportions of acid, sugar and ether in our apples, pears and grapes, and thereby, not only to produce practically new varieties of superior quality and market value, but possibly to cultivate with great advantage many sorts which, though highly esteemed in other countries, have not hitherto succeeded with us. The only change among officers of instruction the past year occurred in the military department by the expiration of the three years for which Lieut. A. H. Merrill was detailed, and the consequent appointment by President Grant of Lieut. C. A. L. Totten, as professor of military science and tactics. The battalion of cadets was left by Prof. Merrill in an admirable condition as to drill and discipline, and his urgent recommendation in favor of a complete dress uniform was adopted by the College immediately after his departure in March. The work of the department was undertaken with hearty enthusiasm by Prof. Totten, and his success has 1876. ] SENATE—WNo. 45. ) 17 been remarkable. If the State will furnish the means required to educate two hundred students continuously, without any charge for tuition, there will graduate from the College every year a large class of young men thoroughly educated and trained to serve as officers or soldiers in the militia. No intelligent person who will read the report of the Professor on this department, and then come and see what he is really accomplishing, will hesitate to admit that it is impossible for the State to apply money for the promotion of military training more wisely than to furnish annually the small sum necessary to the support of the College in its present form and efficiency. Professor Cressy has maintained a good degree of interest in the veterinary department, and has lectured on topics of great importance to farmers and the general public in many towns of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire. The most urgent want of this department, is money for the | purchase of materials for preserving specimens, especially of morbid anatomy, and for the preparation and exhibition of a collection of comparative osteology. Professors Goodell, Parker and Graves, and Farm Super- intendent Dillon, have discharged, with fidelity and success, the duties of their respective departments. The report of the latter shows what crops have been cultivated, and the general character of his work. The farm is in the main well stocked and equipped, and must hereafter cease to be a burden upon the treasury. ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES. The public exercises of the fifth anniversary week began on Monday, June 21, with the examinations of the three lower classes in the studies of the term. The examin- ing committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture, con- sisted of Professor C. S. Sargent, of Brookline; Hon. E. H. Bennett, LL. D., of Taunton, and H. 8. Goodale, Esq., of Mt. Washington. All of these gentlemen manifested much interest in the performance of their duties as Visitors of the College throughout the year, and their report, presented to the Board of Agriculture at its annual meeting, will be found 3 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. in the “ Agriculture of Massachusetts” for 1875, by Secretary Flint. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations occurred on Monday evening, and were honored by the presence, for the first time, of the founder, Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston. The successful competitors for the gold medals were Atherton Clark, of Amherst, from the sophomore class, and Charles Francis Coburn, of Lowell, from the freshman class. The silver medals were awarded to David Henry Benson, of Bridgewater, from the sophomore class, and David Erastus Baker, of Franklin, from the freshman class. The following gentlemen kindly served as judges on the occasion; viz., Professor H. H. Neill, of Amherst College; Rev. J. L. Jenkins, of Amherst, and Rev. E. P. Dyer, of Shrewsbury. The examination before the Board of Agriculture for the Grinnell prizes, founded by Hon. William Claflin, of Newton, was held Tuesday forenoon, June 22. Col. Eli- phalet Stone, of Dedham, Major Jonathan Ladd, of Lowell, and Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, constituted the committee of award. There were fourteen competitors, and the exercises were of an instructive and interesting character. Printed lists of twenty-three agricultural topics, were placed in the hands of the committee and each student was allowed seven minutes in which to discuss the one assigned him, and to answer such pertinent inquiries as any person present might make. JBesides this oral examination, a written one had been previously held, the papers from which were also submitted to the committee of award. The first prize of fifty dollars in money was given to Jabez William Clay, of Westminster, Vt., and the second prize of thirty dollars to Andre Arnold Southwick, of Mendon, Mass. While the committee were quite unanimous in their deci- sions, still they felt that many of the unsuccessful competitors had done exceedingly well, and deeply regretted their in- ability to do more than to express their great satisfaction at the evidence given by all the young men of thorough training in the theory and practice of agriculture. They were, how- ever, entirely relieved of their trouble when the large-hearted chairman, Col. Stone, handed sixty dollars to Prof. Stock- bridge, with the request that it be divided equally among the Ch SENATE—No. 45. 19 twelve for whom there were no other prizes. The effect of the Grinnell prizes in stimulating the graduating class to review their course in agriculture with thoroughness and enthusiasm, has been very marked ever since their establish- ment. . Tuesday afternoon was devoted to the literary exercises before the Social Union, consisting of an address by President W. F. Warren, D.D., LL. D., of Boston University, and a humorous agricultural poem by H. 8. Goodale, Esq., of Mt. - Washington, Mass. ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARREN. After some pleasant allusions to the years of his early life, which were passed on a farm within sight of the College, he announced as his theme, “Weather Probabilities of American Agriculture.” Two conditions of society were declared to be unfavorable to a prosperous agriculture, both of which are usually encoun- | tered by the farming population in the history of every peo- ple. The first of these conditions exists where other forms of industry are so undeveloped or depressed, that the tillers of the soil are the only class rightfully possessing, as the sole producers of wealth, abundant and unfailing supplies. All other classes must subsist on this property of the farmers, and having nothing to give in exchange for it, they seize it by force. This state of anarchy and violence leads to feudal- ism, when the farmer submits to the exactions of his chieftain for the sake of protection from indiscriminate robbery. In the enjoyment of this security, improvement in agriculture becomes possible. The second unfavorable condition occurs later in the life of nations, and is seen where the farming community is regarded as less respectable or less fortunate than the other classes of society. In the progress of civilization there comes a time when the plain countryman looks with envy upon the comfort and elegance of city homes. As he walks through the marts’ of trade, and sees the products of every clime, the fruits of every industry, the triumphs of every art, his own simple, monotonous life in the hills seems meagre, poverty-stricken, unsatisfying in every respect. How can he resist the tempta- 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. tion to send his boy down to the city to get an education, or a trade, or some business position, that will make him in due time a happy citizen, if not a millionaire? Referring to American agriculture, the orator said it had never experienced the untoward influence of the first unfavor- able condition, because the early colonists came from civilized communities, bringing with them not only plows, hoes, and sickles, but also the lathe, the loom and the printing-press. The various occupations and professions of our people thus developed simultaneously with mutual benefit to all. Having thus escaped the first danger to the interests of our agriculture, have we any reason to hope we may be delivered from the second? Are the deep, strong, unconscious drifts of American life tending to diminish the desirableness of the farmer’s calling as compared with other industrial pursuits? If they are, and if no corrective agencies can be brought in, American agriculture has seen its best day. It is doomed to become more and more servile and ignoble, and not all the eulogies which anniversary orators and poets can lavish upon it can save it! In our American society, we may discover some peculiar characteristics which inspire hope concerning the maintenance and the improvement of our rural life. Let us glance at a few of them for the reassurance of our faith in a better future. First, we may consider the ennobling effect upon the indi- vidual among the masses of the people of the American system of church polity. Whoever would have religious privileges, knows the State will not, as in other countries, provide them. Whoever wishes his children brought up in a Christian way, and with Christian associates, must put his hand in his own pocket and summon his neighbors to do the same, that the church may be built and the ordinances of religion provided for. The members of all classes in society must be ready to give time and money and thought and prayer to keep up the Christian life and organization. Never have the agricultural communities of the Old World enjoyed such uplifting stimulation as this, and the broadening, liberal- izing influence exerted upon our people by this religious responsibility and work is beyond all computation. A second great defence of our farmers against the belittling 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 21 tendency of the division of labor and the depressing influence of caste, may be found in the political freedom and power of every American citizen, however humble his occupation or limited his abilities. The universal ballot necessitates intel- ligence, quickens ambition, calls out discussion, grinds all class distinctions to powder. Wherever it exists, the progress of industrial organization can never wholly mechanize men. Another defence lies in the unprecedented mobility of our population. It is very common to deplore the restlessness with which the young men of New England yearn to see the ereat world; but you cannot lessen it without imbruting their active minds, and deadening their quick imaginations. The impulse cannot be suppressed ; true wisdom will teach us to train and utilize it. The reason why this passion for roving in search of knowledge, wealth and power, hitherto unat- tainable on the farm, is so strong in our young men as com- pared with farmers’ sons of history, is found in part at least in our system of general: education. The true remedy for this unrest consists, not in lessening the intelligence which has given it birth, but must be sought in a direction exactly opposite. The magnet which draws away from farm life can be made to draw with equal strength towards it. This is the grand experiment which our age is trying. One hundred years ago, this very year, it began in Kurope; with us it dates back hardly a generation. ‘The experiment-is higher agricultural education; its highest organ and instrument the nationally endowed agricultural college. The benefits of this new educational movement are already great, and are destined to be greater. Apart from the direct improvements which it has wrought in practical agriculture, it has wonderfully diversified the resources and opportunities of the calling. It has opened up new and honorable careers to youthful ambition, thus retaining in sympathy and active cooperation with the profession thousands who otherwise must have been lost to it. Time was when the young man whom genius and taste predestined to a teacher’s career, was neces- sarily carried away from living fellowship with his old friends and kindred on the farm. Now he can follow the bent of his aptitude, and still identify himself more closely with country life and agricultural progress than had he followed the plow 22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. life-long upon his native hillsides. Once the youth born for eminence as an original investigator of nature found no posi- tion, where the call and pressure would be constant to utilize the fruits of his experiments and studies in the elevation and improvement of the earth-tilling art: now how great the need of just such men to ground the art on scientific methods, and train the new generation of farmers! Once the grand career of authorship carried its aspirants, of necessity, to spheres of life and thought removed by long intervals from agricultural sympathy ; now no field of literature offers more tempting tasks or compensations than the agricultural. So in the direction of mechanical invention and appliance, in the direction of biological investigation, in the direction of breed- studies and breed-improvement, in the direction of new forms of agricultural manufacture and agricultural commerce, numberless new opportunities and employments have been opened which all go to diversify, to enrich, and to render attractive the farm life once so monotonous. And one grand, beneficent function of the Agricultural College is the introduction of its students to all these inviting and useful careers before exposure to diverting or competing influences. Let us, then, be thankful that education no longer consigns a man to one of the trinity of the so-called learned professions. The world has come to see that if trained intellect has elevated and ennobled three callings, it can elevate and ennoble all callings, notably that one which seems funda- mental to every other. Altogether, then, the “ Weather Probabilities of American ee are far from discouraging. The law of Old World society is not the law of ours. With a free church to arouse and develop spiritual manhood; a universal ballot, training all to statesmanship ; a mobile population, precluding all local and vocational crystallization; and last of all, an educational system, adapted so to broaden and heighten the calling as to make room in it for the kingliest of men,—there seems no reason to doubt that in America the farmer’s vocation is destined to steady improvement and increased honor. 1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 23 GRADUATION Day. The forenoon of Wednesday, June 23, was devoted to the inspection of the farm, stock and buildings, and the review of the battalion of Agricultural Cadets by His Excel- lency Governor Gaston. The usual artillery salute upon his arrival brought together on the parade-ground a large ° number of distinguished visitors, including His Honor H. G. Knight, members of the Executive Council, the Legis- lature, and Board of Agriculture, as well as a multitude of other friends and patrons of the College. The appearance and evolutions of the cadets, under the command of Professor Totten, U. S. A., elicited much praise from the spectators. The new West Point uniforms were especially admired, and imparted to the battalion a fine military style. At the annual meeting of the Associate Alumni, Mr. W. H. Bowker, of Boston, was elected president, and Prof. S. T. Maynard, of Amherst, corresponding secretary. In the afternoon the usual graduating exercises were attended in the military hall by a numerous audience. Eight theses were pronounced by members of the senior class, the valedictory addresses being delivered by William Penn Brooks, of South Scituate. The public exercises of the anniversary were concluded by the presentation of the diplomas to those candidates for the degree of bachelor of science who had been recommended by the faculty and approved by the Trustees. His Excellency William Gaston, President of the College Corporation, conferred the degrees and made the following address :— ~ » Gentlemen of the Graduating Class : Your labors in these academic halls are now completed; the labors of preparation are over, and the real and earnest duties and ‘work of life have begun. You are now about stepping on the threshold of active life to meet its cares and its toils, its struggles and its responsibilities. No man’s life can be a series of continued triumphs. In all your struggles, with the use of your best energies, you must meet with alternating success and defeat, and every well- ‘met struggle will give you strength for future conflicts; and if you 24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. meet all the difficulties which surround your paths in the spirit of generous and earnest manhood, ultimate success must await you all. Gentlemen, you have especially been taught the science of agriculture; the farms of New England have for more than two centuries, under the providence of God, yielded to the severe labors of man the fruits of the earth. But these have not been the best results of New England farming; these homes, surrounded by the influences of the church and school-house, have sent forth men who have been leaders in the armies of civilization and peace. Of these men I trust you will become worthy and equal successors. I trust that you will carry the banners which they have borne in triumph into the fields that are yet to be subdued by the forces of religion, of learning and of civilization. Permit me, gentlemen, in the language of another, to bid you ‘‘oo forth fearlessly and resolutely to the warfare of life, and may the blessings of Providence guide you aright amidst its various perils. ‘Temptations will assail you; shake them off like dewdrops from the lion’s mane. Dangers will beset you; encounter them without dismay.” And finally, gentlemen, when the fight waxes hottest, when the whole head is sick and the whole heart faint, and all things else shall seem to fail, then raise your eyes aloft and behold emblazoned on the azure field of the firmament that wondrous banner which the first Christian emperor saw, or thought he saw, in the midst of battle beaming gloriously upon him through the surrounding clouds, the banner of religion, and read upon it, as he did, in letters as bright as the flashes of the forked lightning, the assurance of success: ‘‘ By this, conquer.” Respectfully submitted, By order of the Trustees, W.S. CLARK, President. AMBERST, January, 1876. ny r ER REPORT peritia ts ON. _ By Pror. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. ; . - \ x iy b ’ jae 4 wk dy MENTS IN FEEDING PLANTS. . 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. EXPERIMENTS IN FEEDING PLANTS. In my last annual report I called attention to a series of experiments in feeding plants which had been carried on for some years by me, and to the results and teachings of the same. Those experiments have been continued during the year 1875, and much time and labor expended to verify and correct our opinion, if need be, of the law of natural propor- tions between the different parts or organs of plants, that we might be guided by exact data in our attempts to apply the law of plant nutrition. The publication of that report attracted so much attention, and elicited such extended inquiry concerning this whole matter, as to its facts, principles and practice, that it is deemed necessary to give in the present report a detailed statement, not only of the experiments, but of the law of plant nutrition, our mode of applying it in practice, and its indication of the correct system and rules of producing crops in general agriculture. Such statement I shall attempt to make in the following pages, avoiding a repe- tition of my former report, except where it is necessary to make the present intelligible. EXPERIMENTS OF 1875. We have tried experiments the past year with Indian corn, potatoes, oats, grass, field beans, turnips, garden crops, and tobacco. The results throughout the series are nearly identi- cal with those of 1874 and 1873. The plots of land planted to potatoes and oats, manured and unmanured, were the same used for that purpose in 1874. With oats, a sufficient quantity of my compound for oats was applied to produce 50 bushels of grain per acre and its natural proportion of straw more than the yield of the soil without manure, and the grain sown the 28th of April. The crop was harvested the 25th of 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 27 August, and, after drying, was threshed and weighed, and the aiela of grain found to be, on the unmanured plot, 15 bushels per acre, and on the manured plot 60 bushels, or five bushels less than the anticipated quantity. A sufficient amount of my mixture for potatoes was applied to one plot to make 100 bushels of tubers and their natural proportion of stalks per acre more than the natural product of the land. Peerless potatoes were planted the twenty-fifth day of May, and harvested the 9th of October. The yield on the unmanured plot was 128 bushels per acre ; of these, 40 bushels were good marketable potatoes, and 80 bushels were small, unripe, and not fit for table use. The manured plot yielded 2894 bushels, of which 59 bushels were smail, and 230 bushels fit for the table. The increased yield on the manured plot was 1514 bushels, or 51g bushels more than the anticipated quantity. I applied a sufficient quantity of the materials for corn to produce 50 bushels of grain per acre and its natural propor- tion of.stover more than the yield of the soil unmanured, and planted the plot the 24th of May, with a variety known locally as the Comins corn. It was harvested the 25th of October, and, after being dried, the yield was found to be, on the unmanured plot, 254 bushels per acre of inferior, poorly filled corn. The manured plot yielded 74 bushels of fully _ developed, perfect corn, or 18 bushels less than the antici- . pated quantity. The experiment with the hay crop was tried on a piece of old and badly bound turf, and the fertilizer was applied in the spring. A supposed sufficient quantity was used to produce one ton of hay per acre more than the natural yield of the land. The grass was cut twice, first on the 10th of July and again on the 12th of September. The yields of both crops on the unmanured plot was 1,800 pounds per acre. The manured plot yielded 3,750 pounds per acre, or 1,950 more than the manured, it being 50 pounds less than the expected amount. In the Fee rimorit with field beans, the proper quantity of the mixture for beans was used to produce 20 bushels per acre and the natural proportion of straw more than the yield of the soil without manure. The variety planted was the 28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. comnion white oblong bean. The crop was planted the 20th of May, and harvested the 1st of September. The yield on the unmanured plot was four bushels per acre. On the ma- nured plot it was 25 bushels per acre, or one bushel more than the quantity stated. Experiments by Others. In the above experiments, the soil used was the same kind described in my last report, and was in plots of one-eighth or one-fourth of an acre. But to obviate any objections which might be urged against the practical value of experiments tried on such small areas, and with so much care and atten- _ tion, two pieces of comparatively waste land were secured outside the college farm to experiment with corn on a larger scale and in a more indefinite way. One of the plots contained 154 square rods, and the other 193 rods. To these plots, which were in bad physical condition, I applied the proper material for corn sufficient to produce 50 bushels of grain and the natural proportion of stover per acre, disregarding the natural yield of the land, and with no unmanured plots. The smaller plot yielded 94 bushels of corn, or 98 bushels per acre. The larger one gave 90 bushels of corn, or within a fraction of 75 bushels per acre. ‘Thus the result of using this material as a manure in the method of ordinary agricultural operations, varies little, if at all, from the results in the more carefully conducted experiments. If. however, the above given case does not substantiate the fact, there are other evi- dences in abundance of its truth. The publication of my first report on these experiments produced great inquiry for detailed practical information respecting them, for the purpose of trying or of adopting this method of manuring. The information sought was given, and during the season I have found, partly by observation, but principally by general report, that many farmers in this and other States had been induced by the information to procure the fertilizer and apply it to their crops. In the aggregate, several hundred acres must have been treated in this way. I have had opportunity to see but few of the crops grown, yet thinking it important to know something of the results obtained, as it was in fact a part of this series of experiments, I communicated with several gen- 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 29 tlemen in different sections, and asked for the favor of a report. Many such have been received, and below, in as succinct a manner as possible, I give a few of them, which are practically like all the rest. Mr. H. C. Comins, President of the Hampshire County Agricultural Society, and a resident of Hadley, states, that, according to directions, he procured enough of materials to make 50 bushels of corn, and applied it to a measured acre of very good land, but which had not been manured or ploughed for six years. No other manure was used.. He harvested 93 bushels of corn from the acre. Hon. A. C. Parsons, of Northfield, writes that he procured $30 worth of the articles recommended for corn, and applied them to an acre of land that was little better than a sand-bank, and had previously borne nothing. Through the season the corn on this land looked and grew better than the corn on his best land where he ploughed in a heavy green sward and applied 40 bushels of unleached ashes per acre. The yield was 103 bushels of ears. FP. J. Stockbridge, of the same town, replies as follows: He procured in New York, as directed, the materials for one acre of tobacco, at 1,500 pounds per acre; for three acres of corn, at 50 bushels per acre; and for one-half an acre of po- tatoes, at 100 bushels per acre ; intending in each case to pro- duce that quantity more than the natural yield of the soil. Having thoroughly pulverized and mixed the substances on his barn floor, he applied that for tobacco on average land. The crop on it was better through the season, and worth more at harvest time, than the rest of his crop which grew beside it and was well manured with yard-manure. The crop was on _ the poles, and not weighed at the time of the report. The materials for corn were used on poor, plain land, that would not bear anything without manure. The yield on the three acres was 167 bushels of corn, or about 55 bushels per acre. The compound for potatoes was used on poorer land (if pos- sible) than that for corn, but the half-acre produced 65 bushels of large, smooth, excellent potatoes. Mr. H. L. Phelps, of Southampton, replies that he pro- cured and applied the materials recommended for grass. The land had not been ploughed for 20 years, or manured for 30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. three years. He used enough to make two tons of hay per acre more than the natural yield, and he harvested 33, tons. Hon. Hinsdale Smith, of Springfield, writes that he pur- chased in New York, as directed, the substances in sufficient quantity to grow 50 bushels of corn per acre on 20 acres. It was all used, one-half of the land being stiff clay and quite rough, and the remainder good corn land. The crop on the clay was light, on the other land very heavy. He harvested 45 bushels per acre for the 20 acres. He thinks the experi- ment a success, and has ploughed 30 acres of better land this fall on which to repeat the trial next year. Mr. kk. F. Bowditch, of Framingham, says he procured and applied the materials for corn to produce 75 bushels per acre on 12 acres. The committee who examined the field, and tested portions of it, estimated the yield at 115 bushels per acre. His own estimate was 90 bushels per acre, at a cost of 40 cents per bushel, and he intends to plant 30 acres in the same manner next year. Mr. EK. H. Judd, of South Hadley, obtained the materials and compounded them: for potatoes, but by mistake used muriate instead of sulphate of potassa. The land was sandy loam, in fine condition. The yield was large, not less than 400 bushels per acre of fine-appearing potatoes, but their cooking quality was quite inferior. Failures. So far as direct reports have been received, or as rumor tells, farmers trying this method of feeding plants have been more than pleased with the results obtained, except in two cases, which they consider absolute failures. As these cases are suggestive and instructive, I report them. The experiments were in the towns of South Hadley and Westfield, and as the facts in all their general and minute details are exactly alike, the report of one is that of both. C. F. Fowler, Esq., of Westfield, says he procured the materials and compounded them for potatoes, in quantity suf- ficient for 100 bushels per acre in addition to the natural yield of the land. The application was made to one acre of land, the soil of which was coarse sand with an open gravelly subsoil. The potatoes started finely and made a good growth of tops early 1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 31 in the season, but at harvest time few tubers were found, and only 40 bushels were taken from the acre. To these two experiments I shal] again allude before closing this report, but passing over these for the present, if does not appear extravagant to say that the entire series on the college farm, on adjoining lands, and in the various localities named, are identical in result, and that there is nothing in this method of feeding plants so intricate, or requiring so much intelligence and skill, that it cannot be successfully practised by the aver- age farmer. These experiments were not originated for the purpose of substantiating any previously conceived notions or theories of plant nutrition, or method of feeding plants, but in the earnest hope of discovering some method by which the supposed laws of nutrition could be made practically beneficial in the production of crops, supply in a measure the great deficiency of barn-yard manure, and restore fertility to our worn-out fields, with other substances than ¢hat as the leading material. They have now been continued for seven consecu- tive years, and I trust are not without practical and valuable results, some of which I did not anticipate at the outset, and would hardly have believed to be within the range of possi- bility. In order that these or similar results may be attained by all the farmers of the State, it is now necessary that a more complete elucidation should be made of the general facts and principles, as well as of the minute practical details, of this method of feeding plants. But the experiments are by no means completed. There are many directions in which inves- tigation should yet be made, but more particularly in search of economical results, and it is my intention to continue them in the future. Data BY WHICH THE FORMULAS HAVE BEEN PREPARED. To prepare a formula containing the natural nutritive ele- ments of a given variety of plant, it is absolutely necessary to know the substances which have entered into the composi- ~ tion of that plant when it is perfectly mature, healthy, having been supplied with its natural food in sufficient quantity ; and not only this, but to know the composition of its different _ parts or organs, for they are very unlike during growth and - in maturity. That this composition may be intelligible to 32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. practical men, the technical terms of chemical analysis must be changed to those they understand ; as, for instance, a certain number of bushels of wheat contain so many pounds of potash or lime, and the relative proportions between the different parts or organs of mature, well-fed plants, must be known. I have secured the former by taking an average of all reliable chemical analyses of our farm crops, and changing them to the form indicated, and the latter by averaging the results of many trials, of selected plants which gave indication of being in the above required condition. Below I give these ascertained proportions between the tops and roots or tubers of our root crops, and the roots, straw and grain of our cereal crops. 100 bushs. of potatoes, at 60 Ibs. ‘P bush., require 360 tbs. tops, air-dried. 100°" > ot -oniong, at 52 ibs. BS 4: 153 Tbs. sh 100 ‘ of Swede turnips, at 60 tbs. ¥ 175 tbs.“ 5 20 ‘ ° of field beans, at 60 Ibs. s 725 ibs. straw, “ Bor“ » Ofoats, at 32 Ibs. cS <6 6 AOO tae fe 25 “ of buckwheat, at 48 Ibs. < Lpe0tba ee f 20, “of winter Tye; at 56 Ibs. 3 ‘¢ 2,300 Tbs.“ 1 25.“ «of avheat, at 60 Tbs. eS ¢ 3,400 Thane “ ¢ 50 ‘ of Indian corn, at 56 Ibs. a “« 4,100 tbs.of roots, stalks and cob, air-dried. 100 “ of flat or English turnips, at 60 tbs. bush., require 600 Tbs. of tops, air-dried. The formulas on which the materials found in the composi- tion of plants have been compounded for the experiments, are based on the above indicated analyses and proportions, and are given below. But their striking peculiarity of ex- pression, which must have been apparent in the record of the experiments, I will explain before closing this report. Potatoes. To produce 100 bushels of potatoes per acre and their nat- ural proportion of tops more than the natural product of the land, and for other quantities in like proportion, use— Nitrogen, 21 Ibs. a iat Sulph. ammonia, 24 @ ct. dry salt, 105 Tbs. Potash, 34 ibs. f e «potash 35 P, ct. dry salt, 225 Tbs. Phosphoric acid, 11 ibs. oe Superphosphate, 13 9 c. soluble acid, 85 ibs. Field Beans. To produce 20 bushels of field beans and their natural proportion of straw, pods, etc., more than the natural 1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 33 product of the land, and for other quantities in like pro- portion, use Nitrogen, 53 Ibs. NER, Sulph. ammonia, 24 7, ct. dry salt, 265 ibs. Potash, 33 Ibs. nen “potash, 35 @ ct. dry salt, 198 Ibs. Phosphoric acid, 20 Ibs. Bria: Superphosphate, 13 7, ct. sol. acid, 160 Tbs. Buckwheat. To produce 25 bushels of buckwheat and its natural pro- portion of straw per acre more than the natural yield of the land, and for other quantities in like proportion, use Nitrogen, 37 Ibs. Aare Sulph. ammonia, 24 P, ct. dry salt, 185 Tbs. Potash, 50 tbs. ici : Muriate potash, 80 @ ct. dry salt, 100 tbs. Phosphoric acid, 15 ibs. ee Superphosphate, 13 ® ct. sol. acid, 105 Ibs. Mixed Hay. To produce one ton of hay more than the natural produce of the land per acre, and in like proportion for other quanti- ties, use Nitrogen, 36 ibs. cheae sees Sulph. ammonia, 24 7, ct. dry salt, 180 ibs. Potash, 31 ibs. rina 3 Muriate potash, 80 7, ct. dry salt, 70 tbs. Phosphoric acid, 12 ibs. y Superphosphate, 13 7, ct. sol. acid, 95 ibs. Red Clover. To produce one ton of clover per acre more than the nat- ural yield of the soil, use Nitrogen, 43 Ibs. A eho Sulph. ammonia, 24 ~ ct. dry salt, 215 tbs. Potash, 40 ibs. f , Muriate potash, 80 # ct. dry salt, 80 ibs. Phosphoric acid, 11 ibs. vg be Superphosphate, 13 7 ct. sol. acid, 85 Ibs. Timothy Hay. To produce one ton of timothy hay per acre more than the natural yield of the land, use Nitrogen, 24 tbs. a eat Sulph. ammonia, 24 ® ct. dry salt, 120 Tbs. Potash, 27 Ibs. f :) Muriate potash, 80 #, ct. dry salt, 54 ibs. Phosphoric acid, 10 tbs. rae © Superphosphate, 13 }, ct. sol. acid, 80 ibs. Fodder Corn. To produce Indian corn fodder, two tons per acre more than the natural yield of the soil, and in like proportion for other quantities, use 5 a4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Nitrogen, 20 Tbs. ey eh Sulph. ammonia, 24 #, et. dry salt, 100 tbs. Potash, 66 ibs. 8 ; " Muriate potash, 80 % ct. dry salt, 132 tbs. Phosphoric acid, 16 tbs. AEN Superphosphate, 13 @ ct. sol. acid, 128 tbs. Oats. To produce 25 bushels of oats and the natural proportion of straw per acre more than the natural yield of the land, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 23 Ibs. eee Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 115 tbs. Potash, 20 tbs. fom i: Muriate potash, 80 ® ct. dry salt, 40 ibs. Phosphoric acid, 12 tbs. Superphosphate, 13 P, ct. sol. acid, 90 Tbs. | Winter Rye. To produce 20 bushels of winter rye and the natural pro- portion of straw per acre more than the natural product of the soil, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 25 Ibs. res has Sulph. ammonia, 24 @ ct. dry salt, 125 ibs. ° Potash, 24 tbs. . :) Muriate potash, 80 % ct. dry salt, 48 ibs. Phosphoric acid, 16 ibs. aii Superphosphate, 13 7, ct. sol. acid, 128 tbs. tye Straw. To produce rye straw as a market crop, without the grain, and to obtain two tons per acre more than the natural yield of the land, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 10 tbs. pre Sulph. ammonia, 24 PB ct. dry salt, 50 Ibs. Potash, 31 Tbs. f } Muriate potash, 80 9 ct. dry salt, 62 tbs. Phosphoricacid, 8 Ibs. cae Superphosphate, 13 ~ ct. sol. acid, 64 ibs. Beets. To produce 100 bushels of beets and their tops on a given area of land more than its natural yield, use Nitrogen, 11 tbs. saan Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 55 ibs. Potash, 25 ibs. pe s “potash, 35 7 ct. dry salt, 155 ibs. Phosphoricacid, 6 tbs. apart Superphosphate, 13 @ ct. sol. acid, 50 ibs. Cabbage. To produce one ton of green cabbage on a given area of land more than its natural yield, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 28 Ibs. nisin ol Sulph. ammonia, 24 #@ ct. dry salt, 140 ibs. Potash, 12 Ibs. f 3 “« potash, 35 — ct. dry salt, 75 Ibs. Phosphoricacid, 4 lbs. aa Superphosphate, 13 % ct. sol. acid, 32 ibs. ‘ 1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 35 The yield of cabbage on well manured land averages not far from 35,000 pounds per acre. Indian Corn. To produce 50 bushels of the grain and its natural propor- tion of stover to the acre more than the natural yield of the soil, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 64 Ibs. she Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 320 Ibs. Potash, 77 tbs. f % Muriate potash, 80 7 ct. dry salt, 154 ibs. Phosphoric acid, 31 tbs. eae Superphosphate, 13 @ ct. sol. acid, 248 Ibs. Wheat. To produce 25 bushels of wheat and the natural proportion of straw per acre more than the natural yield of the land, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 41 ibs. ners Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 205 Ibs. Potash, 24 Ibs. f f Muriate potash, 80 # ct. dry salt, 48 Ibs. Phosphoric acid, 20 tbs. eae Superphosphate, 13 7 ct. sol. acid, 160 tbs. Swede Turnips, or Ruta-bagas. To produce 100 bushels of turnips and their tops more than the natural yield of a given area of land, and in like propor- tion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, © 11 tbs. He ens Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 55 tbs. Potash, » 18 tbs. f 3 “* potash, 35 # ct. dry salt, 118 tbs. Phosphoricacid, 8tbs. ) a Superphosphate, 13 # ct. sol. acid, 63 Ibs. Onions. To produce 100 bushels of onions and their natural propor- tion of tops on a given area of land more than its natural yield, and in like proportion for other quantities, use Nitrogen, 11 tbs. a ene Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 55 ibs. Potash, 9 Ibs. f 5 “potash, 35 9 ct. dry salt, 54 Ibs. eae Superphosphate, 13 ~ ct. sol. acid, 32 tbs. Phosphoricacid, 4 tbs. Tobacco. _ To produce 1,500 pounds of the dried leaf of Connecticut seed-leaf tobacco, with its natural proportion of stalks, more than the natural yield of the land, use 86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. Nitrogen, 119 ibs. ) Sulph. ammonia, 24 Pct. drysalt, 595 Tbs. Potash, 172 Tbs. | : ve potash, 35 #P, ct. dry salt, 1,075 tbs. | Phosphoric acid, 16 tbs. + ih ail Superphosphate, 13 , ct.sol. acid, 125 Tbs. Lime, 160 tbs, | form of | Sulphate lime, 79 ® ct. dry salt, 500 ths. Magnesia, 38 Ibs. ( “ magnesia, 16 2 ct.drysalt, 475 ibs. The above formulas differ slightly from the one adapted to the tobacco of the South. 7 ForM IN WHICH TO OBTAIN THE MATERIALS. I have generally used the substances named in the form seen in the formulas, but this is not strictly essential. If ~ used in the form of a salt, as above, it must be neutral. The nitrogen may be obtained from any substance containing it in ready availability and known quantity. The cheapest form in which suitable potash can be obtained is probably that of the muriate, and in this form it is adapted to the grass and grain crops, especially on moist, retentive land. But itis not suitable for tobacco, beans, and the root crops, injuring the burning qualities of the former, and the starch content of the latter, as will be seen by referring to the experiment of E. H. Judd, of South Hadley, as given in this report, where by mistake it was used, producing a very large yield of pota- toes of inferior quality for table use. For these crops it should be in the form of sulphate. The per cents. of the elements in the compounds used in preparing the formulas as above, may not always be easily ascertained. But this is immaterial. The quantity of superphosphate to be used is based solely on its content of soluble acid, no regard being paid to any insoluble which it may contain, and all the com- pounds are better in a soluble state and immediately availa- ble. But care should be taken to avoid the mistake of Mr. Fowler, of Westfield, whose experiment with potatoes was a total failure, because, being in a soluble condition and applied to * a coarse sand with a gravel subsoil,” the rains washed the elements away before they could afford the crop much nutri- ment. If Mr. Fowler had composted his materials with loam, he would probably have secured a crop. How To PREPARE THE MATERIALS. The combining of the materials for use is simply a mechani- cal mixture. The lumps in them may be crushed on a floor 1876.) SENATE—No. 45. 37 or some other convenient place, and the whole intimately and thoroughly mixed with a shovel. But a much better and more efficient method is to have them ground together in a suitable mill. MANNER OF APPLYING. As a rule, this, like all other easily decomposed manures, should be thoroughly mingled with the surface-soil on tillage land. All that is to be applied to a given plot may be put on at one sowing, before the crop is planted, and then cultivated or harrowed in; or one-half may be applied at that time and the remainder later in the season, and cultivated and hoed in. I use the former method, but in either case due care should be taken that the substance does not come in contact with any planted seed, or the foliage of plants. When small quanti- ties are used for hoed crops, the rows may be furrowed and the materials strewed in the furrow, but in no case should they be “dropped in the hill,” even if deeply covered before the crop is planted. -For lands permanently in grass, it should be sown on the surface as evenly as possible, and in the fail, before the ground is frozen.’ But very satisfactory results follow when applied in the spring, or for a second crop imme- diately after the first has been cut. YIELD OF CROP CORRESPONDING WITH THE QUANTITY APPLIED. Allusion has already been made to the curious form of statement of the formulas. It is similar to one which might be made by a mechanic, that to cover the side of a building 30 feet long and 15 feet high it will require 450 square feet of boards. It would perhaps be preposterous to say, from our limited data, that the statement of the formulas in results can compare in exactness with that of the mechanic; but a few facts in the form of figures will show that in a few years it might approximate it very closely. In presenting this, I leave out of the account the reports of experiments tried by others, where they have generally given results in excess,— because in most of them there is an element of uncertainty about the natural yield of their land,—and take only my own trials, where the yield of equal plots, manured and unmanured, 38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. and the quantity and condition of the elements, are positively known. I take only such as have been tried more than one year. Indian Corn. PLOT. | Excess. Deficiency. Bushels. Bushels. 1873. Plot No. 1, 4.9 - Her Nip ® 5.0 - se NOL Bale 15.0 - ot adh 6 ee 4.1 ~ 1874, Plot No. 1,.. : ; A ' ~ : - 0.75 ky UNO. 2): ; : é : : 4 - «= 4.00 1875; “Plot No. 4,°. ‘ ; : : F : - 1.10 SING, Fa 3 : ‘ P ; ; 5.0 - Result of three years, . 4 : . : 34 0.85 Potatoes. 18 Fo. b lot No, hs 3. : ; : ‘ : : 10 - 18742 Plot) Novas ‘ : : ; : : - a 1875. Plot No-!, . d é : : 7 : 51 ~ eI: Oe 5 é ‘ : : ; : 5 - Result of three years, . : : : 5 66 7 Oats. i874. Plot No. 4). : : : ; : : - 10 SUING os : ; 4 : ; ; ~ 8 1875. - PlotyNo. 1, . 5 : : . : : ~ 5 Result of two years, : : - : é - 23 The table shows that during three years, and on fifteen differ- ent plots, with three crops where all the elements of success have been supposed to be secured, the excesses of the statement of expected results have been 100 bushels, and the deficiencies 35.85 bushels, or the excesses exceed the deficiencies by 64.15 | | 1876.] SENATE—No, 45. 39 bushels. A discrepancy exists, though, on the right side for the farmer, but its cause can be determined with certainty only by continued experiment and investigation. In the case of the mechanic, if he, by mistake in calculation, procured 500 feet of boards to side the given building, instead of 450 feet, he would have a surplus for other work of the same kind ; or if his careless or ignorant workmen did not have due regard to the manner of cutting and putting on the boards, there would be a deficiency in the covering. And this ele- ment of uncertain results operates with us in precisely the same way and to a greater extent. Supplying the plant with food is one thing; preparation and tillage of the soil, so that its organs can freely perform their functions, is a very different one, but all-important in the result. RESULT OF PHYSICAL CONDITION OF SOIL. The physical condition of the soil, important as it is, may be considered as under the perfect control of the farmer, and should be first attended to, for unless it is, an experiment in feeding plants cannot be relied on to prove or disprove a fact in this direction. The experiment of Hon. Hinsdale Smith, of Springfield, is a case in point; on his ten acres of rough clay land “the crop was light”; on the soil in good condition, “very heavy.” So far as the nutrition of the crop was con- cerned, there was no reason why that on the former should not have been as good as on the latter, and it probably would have been had it been dried and brought into a good pulverulent condition. Proper physical state of soil is therefore essential, — in order that a fertilizer may have its due effect, and that there be no loss on either manure or labor. INFLUENCE OF THE VARIABILITY OF SEASONS ON CROPS. Farmers quite generally, if not universally, entertain the — opinion (and act in accordance therewith) that whatever may be their method of manuring, or the liberality with which they supply manure, yet there is no certainty, or approximate cer- tainty, of results. In their opinion, the “weather” overrules and controls all else. Not those sudden and great elemental changes which bring the untimely, killing frost, or the destroy- ing drought, but those ordinary variations of seasons, which, 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - (Jan. by some supposed mysterious influence, augment or depre- ciate the average yield of crops. To acknowledge this as a fact is to admit that success in agriculture is controlled by the element of chance and accident, and not of principle and law, and that it is therefore a business in which no wise man would engage. Ina recent lecture before the State Board of Agriculture, Rev. W. H. H. Murray expressed the opinion that “as a commercial business, that business is a failure which cannot with certainty predict its results.” The expres- sion has in it the elements of truth, and applies with as much force to the making of crops as to any other pursuit. But before concluding that chance and uncertainty are inseparably connected with agriculture, or control its results, it would be well to know the elemental influences which retard or acceler- ate the production of plant-nutriment, and whether we can ameliorate or control that influence when it is adverse to our interests. Plants are not nourished by the soil or the manures we mingle with it as such, but by certain substances contained in soils and manures after they have been freed from those compounds by chemical change. On an undecomposed soil, in the presence of undecomposed manures, the plant waits or starves for nutrition until the “ weather” develops it. If now the season is cold and wet, and the interspaces of the soil closed with water, so that the air, with its warming influence to give vigor to roots; with its carbonic acid, ammonia, oxygen and ozone to hasten decomposition, cannot penetrate it; or if by severe drought, water in sufficient quantity for the same pur- pose is not present, we have just the condition of weather and results of which the farmers complain, though it is such that if absolute plant-food were present, the plant would grow on unimpeded by the influence. Cannot the farmer to a great extent manure his lands with plant-food, rather than the raw, coarse, undecomposed compounds more generally used? If he can and does not, he should cease complaining, and acknowl- edge that his ordinary “weather” crops are the result of his omission. His course of action should be controlled by the rule that only decomposed fertilizers, whether stable- manures or the substances used in these experiments, feed plants. ne Ll = 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. Al EFFECT OF THESE MANURES ON SUCCEEDING CROPS. But admitting that the use of the substances named as ma- nures may very largely increase the crop to which they are applied, admitting that their use materially removes the ele- ment of chance, the cultivator propounds the questions: “Is not this done at the expense of the soil? Will not that be left sterile?” Thus far our experiments answer these questions decidedly in the negative, or rather they show that the soil is left in better condition than it was before being crupped by this method. : A plot manured in 1873 produced 85 bushels of corn per acre; without any other application it produced a large crop of oats in 1874, and a good crop of clover in 1875. " 2 > mi oy 7 cp Ppa ion Ree ae ape oe Py ee att fits nee te ik eee: 4 \ a REPORT ORK IN CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. ‘Pror. C. A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D. ‘ ( 7 : ; 7 5 4 y i ' ) A P . , ) i ‘ } Mi % i 2 j : i iF ry i V4 rf i ti 52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. REPORT OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. Besides various analytical incidental inquiries, the following subjects have engaged my particular attention during the past year :— | 1. The extent and nature of some of our resources of ma- terial suitable for the manufacture of fertilizers; and the quality of the latter offered in our markets for sale. 2. Some of the chemical changes going on at present in the soil of the reclaimed marshes at Marshfield, Plymouth County, Mass. 3. The effect of some special articles of plant-food on the fruit of various cultivated and wild grape-vines. In the following pages, I take the liberty of presenting a brief statement of the ideas which have guided me in my Inquiries, and also some of the results obtained, leaving the details to future special reports. I. CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. The past year has been an eventful one in the history of the trade in fertilizers ; much progress has been made towards the adoption of a sounder and more uniform basis in its busi- ness transactions. The sale by chemical analysis has been more generally introduced, whilst the prices of many leading brands have been reduced from 20 to 25 per cent. and more. A commendable effort on the part of many manufacturers could be noticed, to learn the particular wants of the farmers, and to improve the quality of their articles in order to satisfy the increasingly intelligent demands of their customers. Many farmers have adopted a more judicious course in select- ing their fertilizers. The cheapness of the various brands of standard fertilizers is already more generally determined, as | } ileal.) AN gs ast ies gel i Be _——_ Oe a a ee ee ee ——S— 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 58 it ought to be, not merely by their relative price per ton, but by the peculiar condition and the relative amount of phos- phoric acid, potassa and nitrogen they contain. The recognition of a proper distinction between the agricultural and the com- mercial value of any materials used for manuring purposes, has secured better chances to obtain them at their real market value, and has thus advanced a more satisfactory relation between dealers and consumers. In making these remarks, I do not intend to state that there are no inferior articles now offered for sale; for they will be sold as long as farmers will rather listen to the indorsements of irresponsible parties regarding the results they obtained, instead of considering carefully their own situation and wants, and of rendering themselves as far as practicable familiar with the properties of a good quality of the particular fertilizer they propose to use. It has been the aim of the writer to treat upon these points in his official annual reports as State inspector of fertilizers as far as circumstances allowed. He felt quite confident, when urging the propriety of adopting some judicious law for the regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers (January, 1873), that a proper supervision of this important branch of industry, accompanied by a periodical official discussion of the mutual relations and interests both of the manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers and _ the farmers, would also furnish a very efficient means of communi- cating to the former the wants of the latter. At the same time he believed a numerous class of practical farmers might be induced to listen to the exposition of the rational principles of modern agriculture, by introducing practical illustrations which demonstrate their bearing on the pecuniary interests involved in farming, who scarcely would feel disposed to appreciate a concise yet abstract enumeration of the principles which control the success of their industry. It is gratifying to be able, even at this early date, to assert, judging from the numerous communications received, and from the character of the inquiries made, that the fertilizer law will prove indirectly a valuable promoter of higher agricultural education, especially among those farmers who for obvious reasons cannot enjoy the advantages of agricultural educational institutions and scien- tific agricultural literature. 54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. During the past year from fifty to sixty chemical analyses of various kinds of fertilizers have been made, partly in reference to certain resources of fertilizers, and partly in connection with the inspection of fertilizers offered for sale. Potash Fertilizers. The supply of the better grades of these salts has been less than the demand, though the general character of the qualities sold has been more satisfactory than in previous years. There is a fair prospect that with the coming spring a direct agency from the Douglas-Hall mines, in Prussia, will be established in New York City, which proposes to sell only in large lots and at factory rates to dealers. Parties con- nected with the enterprise have asked my opinion regarding the particular qualities desirable for our wants. Iam informed that only high grades, both of sulphate and muriate of potash, will be imported. I have taken occasion to analyze a sample of the crude material, carnallite, which serves mainly for the manufacture of the Stassfurt potash fertilizers, and found it an excellent article of its kind. Prof. F. Bischoff, of Prussia, one of the most noted investigators and historians of the mining enterprise at the Stassfurt saline deposits, speaks highly of the quality of potash compounds found at the Doug- las mines at Western Egeln. It seems but reasonable to assume that by ordinary care valuable potash fertilizers may be expected from these new mines and factories. Peruvian Guano. The trade in this fertilizer has at last been based on a chemical analysis, with a guaranty of the represented compo- sition. The New York general consignees of the Peruvian government have adopted the course recommended in my last year’s report. A rectified soluble Peruvian guano, with a guaranty of ten per cent. of soluble phosphoric acid, ten per cent. of ammonia (actual and potential), and two per cent. of potassium oxide, at a price of $60 per ton of 2,000 pounds, has been put into the market. The chemical composition, and the valuable form of the essential constituents, cannot fail to secure a liberal patronage for this new fertilizer, which is also one of the cheapest at present offered forsale. There will be, 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. BD henceforth, two distinct forms of genuine Peruvian guanos in our markets; namely, raw genuine Peruvian guano, and rectified genuine Peruvian guano. The latter is expected to replace the former in a very satisfactory way. The raw Peruvian guano is offered at a reduced price,—2,240 pounds gross weight, at the depot, at $60 instead of $80, the price per ton in former years. The well-deserved universal indorse- ment of good Peruvian guano, and the quite reasonable charge per ton of both the raw and the rectified soluble guano, with guaranty of definite composition, with abundant resources to supply an increased demand, cannot but exert a beneficial influence on the entire fertilizer trade, by stimulating exertion on the part of dealers in ammoniated superphosphates to meet with success a more exacting competition. The days of the successful manufacture of old-fashioned low-grade superphos- phates seem about to terminate. How soon this may be brought about depends, however, largely on the judicious selection of fertilizers on the part of the farmer. Fish Fertilizers. The commercial value of these articles depends largely on their relative percentage of moisture. There is a remarkable variation, not unfrequently sufficient to affect their general char- acter seriously. Their mechanical condition, as a general rule, is more or less objectionable, being quite frequently so coarse as to prevent their speedy action. The rendering process Is but little studied in reference to its peculiar effect on the fish refuse, particularly as far as it affects the amount of nitrogen left behind, and seems in all its main features to be somewhat primitive. A more. general practice to manufacture a fish guano of a definite composition and a fine mechanical condi- tion, is still a matter quite desirable in the interests of the future prosperity. of this business. I have visited some of the chief localities of the fish-rendering industry during the past year, to study the current modes of operation, and collect suitable material for chemical examinations, in order to learn from experiment on reliable material what composition might be expected from a good fish guano obtained from the refuse of our menhaden fish-rendering works under their present management. I found by analysis, ten per cent. of moisture, 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. from eight to eight and five-tenths per cent. of nitrogen, and from eight to eight and five-tenths per cent. of phosphoric acid. An article of this kind, well ground, would be worth in our markets, even at the present reduced prices, from $40 to $45 per ton. A well-prepared fish guano is one of our most valuable home-made fertilizers, being fully equal to the best animal dust, and is one of the very best substitutes for Peru- vian guano. Our resources are apparently but slightly taxed, for the main bulk of fish refuse turned to account is still derived from one branch of fisheries,—the menhaden fish-ren- dering works. The refuse of the cod-fisheries and whale- fisheries of Northern Europe send tens of thousands of tons of superior fish guano into the markets of Central Europe. May we not ask why our resources of a similar character are permitted to go to waste? II. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SOILS OF THE RECLAIMED SALT MARSHES OF GREEN HARBOR. The history and description of these marsh lands in connec- tion with a short sketch of some successful attempts to culti- vate the reclaimed salt marshes of Europe, have already been given in a previous report to the State Board of Agriculture, under whose direction my investigation has been made. For the past two years my attention has been directed towards the following important points :— First. The general character of the soil in the above-men- tioned locality, with reference to its physical and chemical properties, and its available sources of plant-food for future cultivation. Secondly. The influence of a gradual removal of the strong saline water of the ocean, and its replacement by the fresh water from a creek, which passes through the diked lands on the spontaneous local vegetation, as well as on various crops which, as first attempts of a systematic cultivation, have been tried of late in different sections of the reclaimed marsh lands. To ascertain the amount of available mineral plant-food in the soil, several samples of the latter were taken from differ- ent sections of the marshes, by cutting slices of it, three inches wide and six inches long, to a depth of two feet. Each sam- 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. - 57 ple was thoroughly mixed, then slightly calcined, and subse- quently for several days treated at ordinary temperature with diluted hydrochloric acid, having a specific gravity of from 1.10 to 1.12. From 1,000 parts of the calcined soil were thus subtracted the following number of parts of the sub- stances named :— Phosphoric acid, . é . : : ‘ 3.900 3.700 Potassium oxide, . : : j : ; 9.463 11.500 Calcium oxide, : . , . ; : 6.588 8.200 Magnesium oxide, . : apsetit ) ‘ ‘ 0.080 3.200 Sesquioxide of iron, : : ; : : 20.000 67.000 Alumina, 5 : ; é ; F : 62.200 86.000 Sodium oxide,. ‘ ; Sy SY de 3 ‘ 24.200 29.150 Sample I. was taken in the upper portion of the marshes, and Sample II. from the central or middle section. Tests for chlorine and sulphuric acid were not made, on account of the worthless results in the case of a calcined material like the above. The composition of the soil left no doubt about the fact that its latent resources are well qualified, under suitable condition, to support, in case of a judicious selection of crops, a remunerative farm industry. Consider- ing it of interest to know whether the accumulated beach- sand in the vicinity of the reclaimed lands might profitably serve as suitable material for filling in, leveling, etc., if needed during their preparation fcr cultivation, I tested a sample, and found it yielding readily from one to two per cent. of lime and magnesia. A more detailed analysis of the beach-sand in that locality will be made as soon as time permits, for to know its entire composition is of particular interest, as it has entered largely into the formation of the soil in the marshes. Extensive ditching during the past year has confirmed my last year’s predictions, that future observation would show that the level surface of the meadows is due more to the accumulation of vegetable residual matter of successive periods of growth, | than to a uniform level of the soil, and also that the latter will be found to vary in regard to its chemical and physical condition 8 - 58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. in different sections of the marshes, as well as in its various layers. The materials of the several strata of the soil were observed to vary, here and there, in the same locality, in size and color; quite prominent appeared the occasional local accu- mulations of oxide of iron. The more or less permeable nature of the successive soil deposits has evidently largely controlled the removal of the saline waters, and is one of the principal causes of sudden changes in the character of the vegetation within a limited area. : As the quality of the water which permeates the soil affects most decidedly the quality of the vegetation it produces, tests have been made from time to time to ascertain the solu- ble constituents of the drainage waters of the marshes. The following results regarding the percentage of chlorine give some approximate idea of the amount of change which has taken place since the diking of the meadows. The amount of chlorine in 100 parts of water tested was found to be as fol- lows, viz. :— 2.3195 0.1386 | 0.8282 No. I. represents the amount of chlorine contained in 100 parts of water of the Atlantic Ocean (Kerl). No. II. refers to a sample of water taken from a hole dug for that purpose, from three to four feet deep, in the month of June, 1874. No. III. refers to a sample taken in June, 1874, from the lower section of the marshes, showing unmistakable signs of stagnation, and thus increased concentration of the saline water of the soil. No. IV. refers to water taken July, 1875, from a drain- ditch in the central portion of the marshes. No. V. refers to water taken from the creek soon after some damage had been done to the sluice-gate, allowing an access of salt water. 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 59 These results need no further comment; they show that the freshening process is going on steadily, and that nothing but local stagnation can hereafter render success uncertain as long as the dike with its sluice-gate is kept in satisfactory working order. The changes which the natural or spontaneous local vegeta- tion has exhibited, wherever good drainage has been secured, is quite remarkable. Sedges and rushes have continually receded, and a variety of more valuable plants have taken their place. Sea spear-grass (Glycerta maritima, Wahl.) has spontaneously taken the place of samphire (Salicornia herbacea). Timothy (Phleum pratense, L.) and redtop (Agrostis vulgaris, With.) have since been successfully raised. Many other farm crops have been tried and gave satisfactory results. The experience of the past year, although some- what marred by the ravages of grasshoppers, has only encour- aged confidence in the ultimate success of the enterprise. To improve the chances of a speedy consummation of that result, it is desirable that a good general system of drainage for the entire area of the reclaimed marshes should be soon decided upon; and that the plow should be effectually used wherever the accumulated vegetable matter beneath the old sod becomes spongy in consequence of its present rapid decay, a condition which tends to destroy that uniform compactness of the soil which is so essential for the profitable cultivation of all farm crops. II. On tHe PrysiotocgicaL EFFects OF SOME SPECIAL ARTICLES OF PLANT-FOOD ON THE QUALITY OF THE Fruit oF CrrtTaAiIn WILD AND CULTIVATED GRAPE- VINES. The subsequent communication, being for obvious reasons of a merely preliminary character, consists mainly of a series of analytical results regarding the ash constituents of different parts of the Concord grape-vine during various stages of its growth. The investigation has been going on for several years, as far as its preparatory work is concerned, and is still confined to an inquiry into the normal relative amounts and the peculiar distribution of the mineral constituents in the important organs of this variety of grape-vine during differ- 60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. ent periods of its annual development. The information thereby obtained is designed to serve as a basis for experi- ments, which are to some extent already inaugurated, to ascer- tain in case allerations in regard to the quality of the fruit should be noticed in consequence of a treatment of the vines with certain special articles of plant-food, whether they are really due to the introduction or increase of any particular mineral element or combination of mineral elements, or must be ascribed to season, location, etc. It is a well-known fact that the absolute amount of the mineral constituents of plants of the same variety of one and the same species may differ widely, yet as a rule this does not necessarily alter the general character of the plants; whilst a change in the relative pro- portions of their various ash constituents rarely has been noticed without having affected the quantity of some of their organic constituents, as starch, sugar, ete. Successful cultivation of some of our most important indus- trial crops furnishes unmistakable illustrations pointing towards the existence of influences like those proposed for a strictly analytical inquiry. Although I might cite in support of my proposition many well-indorsed observations of others, I prefer for the present to refer to my own experiments upon the College farm, in 1873, regarding the effect of different fer- tilizers upon plants raised from the same seed on the same piece of land. The amount of sugar in the beet-roots raised from my own seed under the influence of different fertilizing agents, was noticed to differ from 9.42 to 14.32 per cent. To produce similar results on our various cultivated fruits is no doubt a subject worthy of serious attention. The circum- stances which favor ordinarily the increase of sugar in the fruits, improve frequently also the formation of the aromatic principles peculiar to the species. I have selected the grape-vine for my observations because it furnishes an abundance of material for examination; and among our cultivated grape-vines I have chosen the Concord grape as being a hardy, not overcultivated variety, and thus in all probability more inclined to respond to a special treat- ment. Besides the Concord grape-vine, a few wild vines (Vitis Labrusca, L.and Vitis riparia, Michaux) are on trial. The experimental field is at the upper end of the College 1876.) SENATE—No. 45. 61 vineyard, and is divided into two plots by several rows of grape-vines, which are left without any fertilizer. One divi- sion is treated with a composition of superphosphate of lime and potash saltpetre, and the other with high grade sulphate of potassa and kieserite or oxide sulphate of magnesia; this treatment has been continued for two seasons, beginning in the spring of 1874. Mr. D. P. Penhallow, a graduate of the College, being peculiarly well qualified for the task, at my solicitation, has observed closely with me all the noticeable changes. He presented the following report at the end of the last season, which I add here without any comment :— *¢ During the entire season the growth of the vines was so uniform, and the changes in their development so gradual, that at no time when observations were taken could anything more than ordinary vigorous development be noticed. All the vines exhibit a strong and healthy growth, for which the season was particularly favorable. During the early part of August mildew made its appearance on a few vines, but did not spread to any extent, the affection seeming to be strictly local, remaining in that part of the vineyard which was farthest from the shelter of the woods on the north. The vines under special treatment did not suffer at all from any form of fungus, though the season, especially in August, was warm and damp, and particularly favorable for the growth of all kinds of fungi. Three of the wild grape-vines produced fruit for the first time, though only a small quantity. Two resembled the Concord in all external characteristics, though the pulp was much more solid, and quite acid in taste (Vitis Labrusca, L.) The third bearing vine resembled the Delaware ; the size of the fruit, however, was much larger, and it had a strong aromatic taste. (Vitis riparia, Michaux.) The berries were sweet, the pulp firm, the skin quite thin. The fruit of the Concord grape-vine which had been treated with special fertilizers had a remarkably thin skin, the pulp was less firm than usual, aud the entire berry had apparently a more delicate taste. At the close of the season the effect of the fertilizers was quite apparent in the comparative growth of the vines. The branches were longer, the leaves were larger and of a deep green color as compared with the unfertilized vines. Many of these were very seriously affected at that period by phylloxera, which spread quite generally when the change of season began to destroy the leaves. The following analytical results are stated here for future reference :— “I. One-year-old wood of Concord grape-vine, air-dry, contained in 100 parts, 2.069 per cent. of ash. (Penhallow.) 62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. ‘‘TI. Older wood of the same plant, air-dry, contained in 100 parts, 2.419 per cent. of ash. (Penhallow.) ‘‘OQne hundred parts of these ashes contained the following relative amounts of the substances named :— Silica, ; ; ‘ ; : ; ‘ 23.840— 22.285 Sesquioxide of iron, : ; ‘ : : 8.530— 6.415 Oxide of potassium, , ’ . E : 22.565— 15.210 of sodium, . : ‘ : ‘ : P P of caleium, . : : : : : 9.740— 6.765 of magnesium, . : : : : 4,280 4.546 Phosphoric acid, . : : ; : : 14.065 5.226 ‘‘TIT. One hundred parts of air-dry seeds of the Concord grape left 3.07 parts of ash constituents, which contained (C. A. Goess- mann) ,— Silica, ; : , : : ; : ; ‘ ; ‘ . 0.009 Oxide of calcium, . : : : ; ' : ; : Ones of magnesium, ; : : . : F : ; «, Moe of potassium, . ; : 5 : : ‘ 4 . 0.206 of sodium, . : . é : : : ; ; ; P Phosphoric acid, . / : : : : ‘ : ' » 0.528 “TV. One hundred parts of air-dry stems of the Concord grape left 4.688 parts ash, which contained (C. A. Goessmann) ,— Silica, E d ‘ : : F ‘ 4 ; F : . 0.098 Oxide of calcium, . d : ‘ ‘ ; : : wo: Spe of magnesium, . : : : . : . ° . 0.396 of potassium, : : : ; . ; - : . 0.980 ‘of sodium, . ; ; : ‘ 3 4 : ; 3 P Phosphoric acid, _.. : : ; : ° : > : - 0.832 ‘““V. One hundred parts of the ash of air-dry skins of the Concord grape contained (C. A. Goessmann),— Silica, : ; 3 ; ; : ; : : ; ; . 0.012 Oxide of iron, . : : e : 4 ‘ ; : : . 0.008 of calcium, . : ; : : ‘ : : : . 0.574 of masnesitimy 9 °° 00 TPL RI 9 08 Sa er of potassium, : i : ; . 5 : : . OOF Phosphoric acid, . : : : ‘ : : : ‘ . 0.245 SENATE—No. 45. 63 ie, ae Me % ‘VIL One hundred parts of ashes of fermented grape-juice of Ee a DAT )xide of potassium, Mo nie Mie Mee aoe. oe shi ¢8 OBO mer sodium, °. : é : A : ; P ; haa 8: of calcium, . ; ‘ : : ‘ : , j . 6,849 of magnesium, . ; ee ; 2 . : . 6.238 of iron, . : , ; : : : : é a ». > 0.569 eGEareI ene i Re ys 9,169 Penhallow, B. S.) :— Sept. 14. Wild grape No. 2, : : Oop 9.65 per cent. 14. Wild grape No. 3, : - : area Ws 15. Wild grape No. 4, 5 “eer Po age 24. Concord grape (not fertilized), . on 10-0 ss 24 Delaware grape, . Pome Run eee ete base Gna « : j oa y ' 1 Wee 7 . « cn rs te ea ; Me Fiabe Bes SLAY 1 iF sy is ' =} ; " " “i ‘a ss t 4 } ! aa ‘ in hy f 4 1 \ ' ae : Sire) nt i ’ ' y a! v ry ; ; a ¥ a < 7 ; Pa ke PORT eas hace |. ON: mist 1 "ARY DEPARTMENT. 7 ’ F ‘ i at : \ . ; i ‘ Wy y ¥ fh } | ; : j . ry i utr t } parse ‘, > - Mw Pear 4 A bg , ; vi ory ’ a] | 7 i MA * . : f Jee.) ‘ 1 it \ 4 : \ ! — 7 De ‘am bee ) Py to | p : iat ihe i @3 "i : i. r a i vc Me are f A Ate 66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. MILITARY DEPARTMENT. President W. S. CLARK. Srr :—I have the honor to submit the following Report :— On the 11th of March, 1875, I was ordered to relieve Ist Lieut. A. H. Merrill, U. S. Army, who was on detached duty as professor of military science and tactics at this Insti- tution. At the beginning of the summer term, March 25, I entered upon my present duties, receiving at his hands the battalion of cadets in a state of excellent drill and discipline, and the last senior class well grounded in the principles of field fortification. Since then the military duties have been actively carried out, both upon the drill-ground and in the recitation-room, and, I am gratified to state, with a marked show of growing interest, evincing a general and real appre- ciation of the true object of the military department. It is especially pleasing to make a satisfactory report of work accomplished, because it has been my constant aim to impress upon the students that it was not only a patriotic duty in return for government patronage, but a matter of education particularly important to the farming community as the final owners and protectors of the soil. Our country is not war- like in the aggressive sense, and our “ peace military policy ” is barely sufficient to keep the art of war alive within our borders. The colleges endowed by the land grant of 1862 are a part of this policy, and as such are peculiarly responsi- ble for the honest fulfillment of the military requirements of that Act. The real value of a military education is a fact of history, and sooner or later has been recognized by every great nation. Congress has appreciated this, and has still further increased the facilities for such an education, by estab- lishing certain free military professorships, one of which this 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 67 Institution enjoys. That a college, by an honest and deter- mined policy, may do much towards the furtherance of military education, is certainly exemplified here. The time consumed by drills and tactical instruction is not only no loss to other departments, but does not much exceed that devoted by our neighbor, Amherst College, to gymnastics. Nor does it inter- fere with student-life so much as militia duties do with ordi- nary avocations. | The past year has been an important one to the military department in very many respects. The students have been kept quite busy, and by working with a will, have accomplished most satisfactory results. They have been called upon to appear in public several times as a military organization ; once they were reviewed by His Excellency the Governor ; they have once acted as an escort of honor, and twice they have had their tactical proficiency severely tested at special drills, before boards of visitors and military men of note; nor have they failed at these ordeals to acquit themselves with well-merited honor. The aid rendered by a very efficient senior class in the transmission of elementary military knowledge to under- classes, has been very great. All of the responsible and important offices of the battalion are held by seniors, and the self-discipline and experience thence naturally derived is not only a means of realizing the object of the department, but as a matter of individual education is equally valuable. Four members of this class have been appointed to staff positions as assistant instructors in ordnance, signalling, artillery and infantry, respectively, thereby considerably lightening the labor of the professor, and enabling double the quantity of work to be accomplished. The importance of adopting a complete uniform was clearly set forth in the last report of my predecessor. By authority of the trustees, choice was made of one similar in all respects to that worn by cadets at West Point, and, as predicted, its neat military appearance has increased tenfold the former interest in the tactical branch of the department, Not alone, however, in the matters of organization, drill, and mere uniform, has the interest of the department been studied, but even more carefully in the higher branch of mili- 68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ee ey tary science. An advanced course has been instituted, and confined exclusively to the senior class. This class is not only most fitted for its reception, but the least calculated to underrate its real importance. The instruction is carried on by text-books, lectures, familiar conversations and readings, and original essays from the students, and has for its object fully to cover the salients of the art of war in its modern aspects. The time allotted is regarded as ample, and the hearty codperation of the two senior classes that have come under my charge fully justifies its being set aside for this purpose. In addition to the regular course, gratuitous instruction is offered by the department to such student or students as de-- sire to pursue any special military study, or to go deeper into any subject than the limited course will allow. Taking advan- tage of this privilege, a class is now forming to commence fencing during the winter term. Under the same privilege a volunteer class of some thirty was formed during the past term to study military signalling, and has now become quite proficient therein. A very full set of all the necessary equipments has been kindly furnished from Washington by the signal department, and it is hoped, during the summer term, to take advantage of the proximity of Mounts Tom, Hol- yoke and Toby for establishing temporary practice stations. In order to give a more comprehensive idea of the method and scope of the instruction imparted, I append herewith a full schedule of the regular course of military science and tactics. It should not be regarded as merely a proposed plan, but one actually working, and at all times open to thorough examination and inspection. It is the object and intention of this department to send out with confidence every year young men well fitted to receive commissions either from the State or general government,—men who for four years have been carefully drilled in all military ceremonies and tactical manceu- vres, have passed consecutively through the various grades of company and regimental formation, who have been subjected to discipline and understand the art of command, and who, moreover, are well instructed in all the main features of higher military science. During the past year, through the kindness of the chiefs of the various branches of the war and navy 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 69 departments, some very valuable military books, papers and reports have been procured, forming the nucleus of a military library. The College is likewise indebted to Major Mordecai, professor of ordnance and gunnery at West Point, for very full and carefully arranged collections of samples of gun- powder and its various ingredients, and of fuses. The institution stands greatly in need of a suitable military cabinet. The substantial aid with which instruction would be thereby supplemented, is as self-evident as its present lack is annoy- ing. id 6 ~ é , i . we PSR i a alti SHORTHORNS. Bulls.—“ Baron of Grass Hill,” ‘‘ Bashaw,” ‘‘ Beauclere.” Cows. —‘ Yarico, 57th,” ‘“Bella Donna,’ ‘‘ Peachbud, 8th,” ‘‘ Aurora, — Ath,” *‘ Emma, 3d,” “ Wistaria,” ‘ Lilian,” ‘‘ Bella Wilfer,” ‘* Yu- 7 catan,” ‘‘ Estella,” ‘“‘ Mabel,” ‘ Isabelle,” ‘“* Yucatilla,” ‘* Beatrice,” ‘Red Star,” ‘ Lilac,” and ‘‘ Blossom.” | The pedigrees of all these animals are recorded in the ‘‘ American — Shorthorn Herd-book.” | : itil ee et gee aT ee oh aN, Pris ioe SENATE No. ie ; WOeEG i | AYRSHIRES. - Bulls. —“‘ Lord Ronald,” “Roy. of Aldivalloch,” and “Pict. of - Picts.” Cows.— Lulie” (1,500), ‘‘ Rosa” (1,780), ‘ Emily, 4th,” Seeeobeauty, 12th,” ‘“Leilah,” ‘Little Emily,” «“ Beauty, 13th,” ‘Beauty, 14th,” ‘“‘ Emmeline,” ‘ Jennie,” ‘ Amelia,” ‘‘ Lydia,” * Beauty, 15th.” , These animals have all perfect pedigrees, and are recorded, or will be recorded, in the ‘‘ Ayrshire Herd-book.” _ | JERSEYS. : Bull.—“ Reformer.” -Cows.—“ Hattie” (977), “Lady Essex” (1,059), “Success” (1,254). _ The cows are all recorded in the “‘ American Jersey Herd-book,” and the bull is eligible for record in the A. J. C. C. Herd Record. BRITTANIES. Bulls.—*‘ Merlin,” “* Arthur.” Seu ~66 Pauline.” Dortcu, or Hotsterns. Bulls.—“* Fourth Highland Chief” and a bull-calf. Cow.—“ Mid- _ would, 19th.” SHEEP. One Cotswold ram, four Cotswold ewes, three Cotswold buck ambs, three Cotswold ewe lambs. SWINE. Three mpariestiives, four Berkshires, one Essex, one Chester White, eighteen grades. ) POULTRY. ae Pi, g Twenty Games; ten Cochins; twelve White Leghorns; four j Gray Dorkings; eighteen Bronze Turkeys; sixty Pigeons; viz.,. Carriers, Pouters, Tumblers, Fantails, Jacobins, Nuns, Archangels, a _ Turbits, Trumpeters, Quakers, and Blue-rocks. jim CATALOGUE : iS, SHRUBS AND. HERBACEOUS PLANTS _ RECEIVED FROM . F.C. S. SARGENT, Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Mass. Gat , vy b , = Aol hes His y a ‘ , lek “i i ‘i TREES AND SHRUBS. Abies Douglasii. Abies Englemanni. Abies Menziesii. Abies Mertensiana. ‘ Abies Nordmanniana. Acer glabrum. Acer rubrum. Aisculus flava. AXsculus flava, var. purpurascens. Aisculus glabra. Akebia quinata. Alnus glutinosa. F Alnus incana. Alnus serrulata. Ampelopsis Vietchii. Asimena triloba. Berberis Canadensis. Berberis petiolaris. Berberis Sinensis. Berberis vulgaris, var. purpurea. Betula alba, var. populifolia. Betula lenta. Biota orientalis. Caragana frutescens. Carpinus Americana. Carya alba. Carya macrocarpa. Carya porcina. Carya tomentosa. Cedrus Atlanticus. Celtis australis, var. crassulifolia. Celtis occidentalis. Cephalanthus occidentalis. Colutea arborea. ‘ Colutea arborescens. Colutea arborescens, var. involuta. Colutea cruenta. Cornus florida. Cornus paniculata. Cornus stolonifera. Cratzgus coccinea. Cratzegus melanocarpa. Cratzegus Oxycanthus, var. sticta. Crategus pyracantha. Crategus pyrifolia. Crategus tomentosa, var. mollis. Cupressus macrocarpa. Cytisus alpina. Cytisus capitata. Euonymus atropurpureus. Fraxinus Americana. Gleditschia ferox. Gleditschia triacantha. Gymuocladus Canadensis. Hydrangea arborescens. Hypericum proliferum. Ilex verticillata. Jamesia Americana. Koelreuteria paniculata. Laburnum alpinum. Laburnum alpinum, var. fragrans. Laburnum vulgare, var. Adami. Laburnum vulgare, var. involutum. Larix leptolepis. Libocedrus decurrens. Liquidamber styracifolia. Lonicera ccerulea. Lonicera flava. Magnolia glauca. Negundo aceroides. Philadelphus Gordonianus. Philadelphus grandiflorus. Pinus hirta. Pinus inops. | Pinus monticola. Pinus ponderosa. Pinus resinosa. Pinus rigida. Pinus Teeda. Prunus Americana. Prunus Virginiana. - Ptelea trifoliata. Pterocarpus fraxinifolius. 4 Pyrus coronaria. q - Pyrus floribunda. » Pyrus parviflora. Quercus alba. Quercus aquatica. Quercus bicolor. — Quercus cinerea. . Quercus coccinea. ___ Quereus coccinea, var. tinctoria. Quercus ilicifolia. Quercus macrocarpa. Quercus palustris. Quercus pendula. Quercus Prinos. Quercus Rober, var. pedunculata. Quercus rubra. Rhamuus catharticus. Rhamnus Frangula. Abutilon Indicum. Aconitum lycoctonum. tum. Adenostoma fasciculata. Agave Virginiana. Agrostemma cceli-rosa. Agrostemma coronaria. . Amarantus hypochondriacus. _ Anagallis platyphylla. Anemone Japonica, fl. alba. Anthemis Triumfelti. Aquilegia chrysantha. . Aquilegia hybrida. Aquilegia viscosa. Arabis turrita. Arbutus Menziesii. Arenaria foeniculata. _ Arenaria graminifolia. _Arenaria plantaginea. __ Aster tardiflora. Astinella grandiflora. Astragalus bicolor. Astragalus galegiformis. Bt Astragalus uliginosus. _ Atriplex hastata. ~ PL ie ok ye Quercus macrocarpa, var. hybrida. Aconitum lycoctonum, var. ochran- Aconitum lycoctonum, var. pallidum. Aquilegia glandulosa, var. bicolor. TE a es aa é hs ¥ + . SENATE—No. 45. Rhus excisa. Rubus deliciosus. Sambucus nigra, var. virescens. Sambucus pubens. Spirea ariefolia. Spirea Aruncus. Spirea Ballardi. Spirea carpinzefolia. Spirea grandiflora. Spirea Indica, Spirea Nobleana. Spirea opulifolia. Spirea salicifolia. Spirea triloba. Staphylea trifolia. Ulmus montana. Ulmus racemosa. Viburnum Opulus. Vitis cordifolia, var. riparia. Xanthoxylum Americanum. Yucca filamentosa. Harpy HERBACEOUS AND ANNUAL PLANTS. Atriplex hortensis. Atropa Belladonna. Audibertia coronaria. Avena Ludoviciana. Avena occidentalis. Baptisia australis. Bellis annua. Betonica grandiflora. Bidens leucantha. Boltonia latisquama. Calliandra compressa. Campanula latifolia. Campanula media. Campanula persicefolia. Campanula persiceefolia, fl. pl. Campanula thyrsoides. Ceanothus rigidus. Cheiranthus Cheiri. Cirsium eryophorum. Cleome spinosa. Cnicus Pareyi. Collinsia bicolor. . Collinsia grandiflora. Coreopsis Drummondi. Crambe Hispanica. Cuphea lanceolata. Cuphea purpurea. Cuphea viscosissima. 84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Dactylis Hispanica. Datura atroviolacea. Delphinium cheilanthum. Delphinium grandiflorum, var. Sin- ense. Delphinium nudicaule. Delphinium triste. Desmodium Canadense. Dianthus deltoides. Digitalis purpurea. Diplacus glutinosus. Draba Aizoon. Draba frigida. Draba tridentata. Epilobium alpinum. Eriogonum racemosum. Eriogonum umbellatum. Erodium ciculanum. Fedia corniculata. Ferula Tingitana. - Festuca gigantea. Fragaria Indica. Gaura biennis. Gaura grandiflora. Genista tinctoria. Geranium affine. Geranium dissectum. Geranium macrorhizum. Gilia aggregata. Gilia floccosa. Helianthus petiolaris. Helianthus rubescens. Henckelia cylindrica. Hibiscus tiliaefolia. Hieracium aurantiacum. Hordeum hexastichon. Hordeum jubatum. Horkelia Californica. Iris aurea. Iris Goldenstadtii, var. coerulescens. Tris levigata. Tris setosa. Tris Siberica, var. hermatophylla. Iris stenopetala. Ivisia Pickeringii. Lathyrus hirsuta. Lathyrus maritima. Lavatera plebeia. Leonotis ovata. — Lewisia rediviva. Lilium tenuifolium. Lilium tigrinum, fl. pl. . Lilium tigrinum, var. splendens. Limnanthes Douglasii. Linum grandiflorum. Linum perenne. Lotus edulis. Lupinus arboreus. Lychnis alpina. Lychnis chalcedonica. Lychnis fulgens. Lychnis splendens. Malva fragrans. Malva moschata. Matricaria inodora, Melananthera hastata. Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme. Mesembryanthemum aureum. Mesembryanthemum candens. Mesembryanthemum caulescens. Mesembryanthemum cordifolium. Mesembryanthemum depressum. Mesembryanthemum edule. Mesembryanthemum emarginatum. Mesembryanthemum felinum. Mesembryanthemum glaucum. Mesembryanthemum heteropetalum. Mesembryanthemum incarnatum. Mesembryanthemum multiflorum. Mesembryanthemum muricatum. Mesembryanthemum musculinum. Mesembryanthemum pomerideanum. Mesembryanthemum rhomboideum. — Mesembryanthemum serrulatum.. Mesembryanthemum spectabile. Mesembryanthemum tenuifolium. Mesembryanthemum umbelliferum. Mesembryanthemum uncinatum. Mikania scandens. Mirabilis Jalapa. Mirabilis longiflora. Mulgedium plumosum. Myosotis sylvatica, fl. pl. Nicotiana acuminata. Nicotiana cerinthoides. Nicotiana paniculata. Nicotiana rustica. Nigella Damascena. (Enothera triloba. Onopordon Arabicum. Orobus tuberosus. Orobus tuberosus, var. tenuifolius. Panicum colonum. Panicum Crus-Galli. Panicum glaucum. Papaver alpinum. . a Papaver bracteatum. __ Papayer nudicanle. -__- Papaver orientale. -_- Papayer somniferum. Paronychia Baldwini. Pentstemon breviformis. Pentstemon ccerulea. Pentstemon confertus. Pentstemon cordifolius. Pentstemon cyananthus. Pentstemon deustus. Pentstemon heterophyllus. | Pentstemon Palmeri. Pentstemon spectabilis. Petunia nyctaginiflora. Plantago acanthophylla. Polanisia graveolens. _ - Polemonium cceruleum. Portulaca mucronata. Primula Japonica. Primula villosa. ___ Reseda inodora. Reseda undata. _ Rhagadiolus stellatus. a Rumex orientalis. __Rumex Patientia. _ Rumex sanguisorbifolius. 3 - Rumex Wrightii. Salsola fragrans. ‘Salvia acaulis. _ Salvia carnea. Salvia Horminum. _ Salvia lanata. Salvia officinalis. Salvia pratensis. _ Saxifraga flagellaris. i . ; 7 r _ Scabiosa alpina. _ Schivereckia podolica. _ Schizanthus pinnatus. _ Serophularia peregrina. ; _ Seutellaria Bolanderi. _ Acacia juniperiana. _ Adenocarpus Telonensis. ~ Aloe ferox, var. minor. E Aise retusa. _ Aloe rubro-lineata. Anemone picta. Anemone Pulsatilla. a pe tiemnie nobilis. 4 _ Saxifraga rotundifolia, var. hastata. SENATE—No. 45. : 85 Sedum Aizoon. Sedum Kamtschaticum. Sempervivum tectorum. Silene compacta, var. orientalis. Silene fruticosa. Silene muscipula. Soja gracilis. ‘Solanum aculeatissimum. Solanum /2thiopicum. Solanum gracile. Solanum multiflorum. Solanum ricinifolium. Solanum Warscewiczii. Spirea digitata, var. tomentosa. Statice Tormentilla. Streptanthus cordatus. ° Symphyandra pendula. Tagetes erecta. Thermopsis fabacea. Thermopsis mollis. Trifolium Pannonicum. Tritoma MacOweni. Tritoma Uvaria. Umbilicus Sewizena. Valeriana eriocarpa. Verbascum phlemoides. Verbena officinalis. Verbena venosa. Veronica fruticosa. Veronica gentianoides. Veronica saxatilis. Veronica urticefolia. Veronica Virginiana. Veronica Virginiana, var. Japonica. Vesicaria utriculosa. Vicia villosa. Viola Altaica. Viola lutea. Viola Nuttalli. ea Viola pedata, var. bicolor. Yucca Whipplei. Zinnia verticillata. GREENHOUSE PLANTS. Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. Arecarubra. ~ . Asclepias speciosa. Aster alpina. Benthamia fragifera. Bignonia Capensis. Bignonia capreolata. Calycotoma spinosa. 86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Cassia corymbosa. Celsia betonicefolia. Cereus gigantea. Cestrum elegans. Cestrum Parqui. Chamepeuce Casabone. Chameerops hystrix. Chilopsis linearis. Chlorophytum Sternbergianum. Cistus albidus. Cistus laxus. Cistus Monspeliensis. Cistus salvizefolius. Coronilla glauca. Corypha australis. Cotyledon bracteata. Cotyledon Californica. Cotyledon coccinea. Cotyledon farinacea. | Cotyledon fulgens. Cotyledon orbiculata. Cotyledon stolonifera. Dioscorea Batatas. Echeveria atropurpurea. Echeveria bybrida. Echeveria metallica. Echeveria nuda. Kcheveria retusa, var. splendens. Eucalyptus concolor. Eucalyptus coriacea. Eucalyptus globulus. Eucalyptus goniocalyx. Eucalyptus stricta. Goldfussia Parryi. Graptophyllum hortense. Hardenbergia Comptoniana. Helenium grandiflorum. Hemerocallis graminea. Hemerocaliis Middendorffiana. Hibiscus tricolor. [Jan.’76. Howarthia expansa. Impatiens Hookeri. Indigofera Anil. Indigofera coronillifolia. Ipomopsis rosea. Ipomopsis superba. Jasminum revolutum. Jatropha Cureas. Jubaea spectabilis. Kalanchoe crenata. Lespedeza violacea. Lilium pulchellum. Linum flavum. Lophospermum grandiflorum. Mamumillaria Brockii. Manihot utilissima. Mesembryanthemum brevicaule. Mesembryanthemum intonsum. Mesembryanthemum Salmii. Mesembryanthemum vaginatum. Musa superba. Orobus atropurpureus. Pandanus Javanicus. Phenix dactylifera. Phenix sylvestris. Pimpinella Anisum. Pistacia Lentiscus. Plumbago rosea. Pyrethrum speciosum. Rhyncospermum jasminoides. Rochea falcata. , Rudbeckia Californica. Sabal Mexicana. Sabal Palmetto. Stenosiphonium virgatum. Strobilanthes reticulata. Symphyandra Warreni. Thladiantha dubia. Vinca rosea alba. CATALOGUE * OF . ’ j OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. wn 88 TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. | BOARD OF TRUSTEES. MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. His EXcELLENcY WILLIAM GASTON. Cot. WILLIAM 8. CLARK, LL. D., President of College. Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL. D., Secretary of Board of Education. Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. _ MEMBERS BY ELECTION. Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . BOSTON. Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . PLYMOUTH. NATHAN DURFEE, M.D., . FALL RIVER. HENRY COLT, Esq, . : PITTSFIELD. Rev. CHARLES C. SEWALL, MEDFIELD, PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq., . CHICOPEE. Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, HAMILTON. Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, . NEW BEDFORD. Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, GREENFIELD. Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, CAMBRIDGE. HENRY F. HILLS, Esq, . AMHERST, Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM, . GROTON. WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esq., UPTON. Hon. JOHN CUMMINGS, WOBURN. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE. WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esa. HENRY COLT, Esa. PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esa. SECRETARY. Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, oF Boston. AUDITOR. HENRY COLT, Esq., oF PITTSFIELD. TREASURER. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, OF FALL RIVER. ASSISTANT TREASURER. GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq., oF AMHERST. SENATE—No. 45. | 89° BOARD OF OVERSEERS. THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS. _ Prot, CHARLES §. SARGENT, . . . . oF BROOKLINE. _ Hon. EDMUND H. BENNETT, LL.D. . . . OF TAUNTON. | HENRY S. GOODALE, Ese, . . . . . OF Mr. Wasnrneton. MEMBERS OF FACULTY. WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. D., LL. D., President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Professor of Agriculture. HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A,, Professor of Modern Languages. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., | State Inspector of Fertilizers and Chemist to the Board of Aicathice Professor of Chemistry. HENRY W. ‘PARKER, M. A., . Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science. - NOAH CRESSY, M. D., Professor of Veterinary Science. WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M. A., a heesO% 7 Physics and Civil Ghitheering. Be Linu. ORDA L. TOTTEN, 4TH ced cee, U., 8. A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics. A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D., _ State Entomologist, and Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, JR. Pils Lecturer on Rural Law. GEORGE MONTAGUE, Eso., Instructor in Book-keeping. SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. S., Gardener, and Assistant Professor of Horticulture. Ruy? JOHN C. DILLON, Esq., Farm SUPERINTENDENT. . i? Bie an 90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. GRADUATES OF 1875.* Barrett, Joseph Francis, . Barri, John Atherton, Bragg, Everett Burt, Brooks, William Penn, Bunker, Madison, Callender, Thomas Russell, Campbell, Frederick George, Clay, Jabez William, Dodge, George Rufus, Hague, Henry, Harwood, Peter Mirick, Knapp, Walter Haydn, Lee, Lauren Kellogg, Miles, George Melville, Otis, Harry Preston, Rice, Frank Henry, . Southwick, Andre Arnold, Winchester, John Frost, . Total, Barre. Cambridgeport. Amherst. South Scituate. - Nantucket. Northfield. [Jan. West Westminster, Vt. Westminster, Vt. Hamilton. Lonsdale, R. I. Barre. Boston. Shrewsbury. Westminster. Northampton. Barre. Mendon. Peabody. 18. SENIOR CLASS. Bagley, David Appleton, . Bellamy, John, Winchendon. Boston. Chickering, Darius Otis (Boston University), Enfield. Deuel, Charles Frederick (Boston Univ. ; Guild, George William May, . : Hawley, Joseph Mather (Boston Univ. ‘i Kendall, Hiram, Ladd, Thomas Henry (Boston nie $. Mann, George Hewins (Boston Univ.), Martin, William Edson, McConnel, Charles Washington, Amherst. New York City. Salem, N. Y. Watertown. Watertown. Sharon. Hadley, Lonsdale, R. I. McLeod, William Alexander (Boston Univ. », Lonsdale, R. I. Parker, George Amos (Boston Univ.), Gardner. * The annual report being made in January necessarily includes parts of two academic years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1875. 1876.] SENATE—No. 45. Parker, George Lowell (Boston Univ.), . Dorchester. Phelps, Charles Herbert (Boston Univ. ¥ South Framingham. Porter, William Henry, . 4 Hatfield. Potter, William Stiles, . . La Fayette, Ind. Root, Joseph Edward (Boston are ‘ . Barre. Sears, John Milton (Boston Univ.), . Ashfield. Smith, Thomas Edwin, . . Chesterfield. Taft, Cyrus Appleton (Boston nite ‘ . Whitinsville. Urner, George Peter, ‘ Elizabeth, N. J. Wetmore, Howard Graham ae Univ: ‘a New York City. Williams, John aaa a Univ. is . South Amherst. Total, . : : ; . 24. JUNIOR CLASS. _ Benson, David Henry, . : : . Bridgewater. } Brewer, Charles, . ‘ . Pelham. Clark, Atherton (Boston Einivensity), . Ambherst. Dickinson, Walter Mason, . Ambherst. Hibbard, Joseph Robinson (Boston Univ.), Chester, Vt. Nye, George Everett, . : . Sandwich. Paige, Harrie Cruse, : : : . Tarrytown, N. Y. Parker, Henry Fitch, ' é . . Ambherst. a Porto, Raymundo, . ‘ . Para, Brazil. i Southmayd, John Edwards (ieston Gre ), Middletown, Conn. ; Urner, Frank Gordon, . : . Elizabeth, N. J. ie Wuyesugi, Tall Katuyoshi (Boston Univ.), Tokeio, Japan. st Wyman, Joseph, . : : . Arlington. Potal,- . : ‘ : . : ' ‘ . &8. SOPHOMORE CLASS. Baker, David Erastus, . : : . Franklin. Boutwell, Willie Levi, . shige ag . Leverett. Brigham, Arthur Amber, . Maan: . Marlborough. _ Choate, Edward Carlile, . ; : . Cambridge. Coburn, Charles Francis, . E ; . Lowell. Cooley, Silas Rose, . : : : . North Hadley. Foot, Sandford Dwight, . : : . Springfield. Hall, Josiah Newhall, . : ; . Revere. Howe, Charles Sumner, . _. : . Ayer Junction. Hubbard, Henry Francis, : . . New Rochelle, N.Y. 92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Humphrey, George Eddy, : : - Rochester. Hunt, John Franklin, . - Sunderland. Koch, Henry Gustave Heath ( ee Univ.), New York City. Lovell, Charles Otto a Univ.), . Amherst. Morey, Guy, . : : ; - Lowell. Nimms, Luther, : : erties - Woodlawn, N. C. Spofford, Amos Little, . : : . Georgetown. Stockbridge, Horace Edward, . J . Amherst. Tuckerman, Frederick, . : : - Boston. Washburn, Hosea, . . : 5 . Bridgewater. Total, : : : : : ; : : . 20. FRESHMAN CLASS. Baker, Martin, : : : : . Marshfield. Bass, Edward Little, : : : . West Randolph, Vt. Campbell, Charles Henry, : : . West Westminster, Vt. Chittenden, Edgar Davis, 3 ; . Sunderland. Cook, Roland Chittenden, : : . Guilford, Conn. Dickinson, Richard Storrs, ; ; . Amherst. Green, Samuel Bowdlear,. : . Boston. Howard, Joseph Clark, . : : . West Bridgewater. Hunt, Elisha Hubbard, . : : . Sunderland. Lincoln, Joseph Gardner, i : . Woburn. Lyman, Charles Elihu, . : , . Middlefield, Conn. Osgood, Frederick Huntington, : . Cambridge. Palmer, Coddington Billings, . : . Easthampton. Sherman, Walter Alden, . : : .- Lowell. Smith, George Parmenter, : fe . sunderland. Swan, Roscoe Willard, . : : . Framingham. Wadley, George Dole, . : - Bolingbroke, Ga. Waldron, Hiram Edmund Baylies : - Rochester. Total, . : : . : : : : ces ae SELECT CLASS. Auger, Charles Parmelee, : : - Middlefield, Conn. Carey, Charles Brown, .. : - .. Cincinnati, Ohio. Carneiro, Manuel Dias, . : : - Riode Janeiro, Brazil. Carvallo, William, . { : : . Santiago, Chili. Collum, George Newell, . 5 z . Hartford, Conn. Damon, William Frederick, . : - Honolulu, S. I. 1876. | SENATE—No. 45. Goss, Frank Washington, : : . Lancaster. Gunn, Willie Bradford, . : : . Sunderland. Howe, Waldo Vernon, . } : . Framingham. Loomis, Francis Eugene, . : - North Amherst. Mills, James Kelloge (Boston Univer Springfield. Thurston, Louise Mellicent, ; ° . Lynn. Total, Raa tas ‘ ; : : ; 3 el Ze RESIDENT GRADUATES. Bragg, B.S., Everett Burt, . ‘ . Ambherst. Brooks, B. S., William Penn, . ; - South Scituate. Libby, B.S., Edgar Howard (Boston Univ.), Amherst. Penhallow, B. S., David Pearce, . . Portsmouth, N. H. Wellington, B. S., Charles, . : . Amherst. Winchester, B. S., John Frost, : . Peabody. Total, Bd ‘ : H : : : a Oe SUMMARY. Graduates of 1875, . ; : 4 ; : ay als: Resident Graduates, . Z ; : ; ; Ul) Seniors, . : : . : ; : : GRA Juniors, . i é ‘ : : : ‘ x lid Sophomores, . ; . ’ : BN ee aa20) Freshmen, . § ‘ : : : : ¢ aie Select, . : ; ; ; : F : Bn lly Total, Manhecae : B , : 5 meals! 93 94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. FRESHMAN YEAR. First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week; Human An- atomy, Physiology and Hygiene, 3.-hours; Algebra, 5 hours; Eng- lish, 2 hours; Agriculture, 8 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Free- hand Drawing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 4 hours; Animal Physiol- ogy, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; English, 2 hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geom- etry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SOPHOMORE YEAR. First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours each week; Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agri- culture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trig- onometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours: Agriculture, 4 hours; Decla- mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agricult- ure, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. JUNIOR YEAR. First Term.—German, 5 hours each week; Mechanics, 5 hours; Entomology and Zoology, 3 hours; Market Gardening, 2 hours; Levelling and Drawing, 5 hours; ey Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Floriculture, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural De- bate, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Botany, 4 1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 95 hours ; Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy Farm- ing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 3 hours. SENIOR YEAR. First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads and Railroads, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original Decla- mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour; Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours ; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Geology, 3 hours; Landscape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Agricult- ural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. LIST OF BOOKS. Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises, but the following text-books are recommended for recitation or ref- erence :— Botany AND HorrTicuLturReE. Gray’s Lessons, Manual, and Botanical Text-book. Sachs’ Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological. Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany. Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany. Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi. Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations. Flint’s Grasses and Forage Plants. Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. Thomas’s American Fruit Culturist. Hoope’s Book of Evergreens. Strong’s Grape Culture. Henderson’s Practical Floriculture. Fuller’s Forest Tree Culturist. Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Helmsley’s Hand-book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening. Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany. Kemp’s Landscape Gardening. Downing’s Landscape Gardening. 4 96. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.. AGRICULTURE. Johnson’s How Crops Grow. Johnson’s How Crops Feed. -Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture. Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture. Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry. French’s Farm Drainage. Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming. Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow — Ayrshire. Waring’s Handy-book of Husbandry. Henderson’s Gardening for Profit. Donaldson’s British Agriculture. Morton’s Cyclopeedia of Agriculture. Low’s Domesticated Animals. Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. Agricultural Gazette and Gardeners’ Chronicle, London. CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY. Watt’s Fownes’ Manual of Elementary Chemistry. Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry. Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis. Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis. Will’s Analytical Chemistry. Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen. i Wolff’s Landwirthschaftliche Analyse. Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie. Watt’s Chemical Dictionary. Dana’s Mineralogy. Hitchcock’s Geology. Dana’s Text-book and Manual of Geology. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY. Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated Animals. .Dalton’s Human Physiology. Cleland’s Animal Physiology. _ Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery. Principles of Veterinary Medicine. Gamgee’s On Horseshoeing and Lameness. On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease. Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor. SENATE—No. 45. 97 . Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals. -_ Blaine’s Veterinary Art. _ Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy. Wood and Bache’s United States Dispensatory. Harbison’s Elementary Zoology. i Lankester’s Advanced Zoology. ; Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects. ! Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation. _____Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects. P Baird’s Mammals of North America. | Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals. Samuels’ Birds of New England. -__ Cobbold’s Entozoa. ___ Denney’s Parasitic Insects. ' Moquin-Tondon’s Manual of Medical Feeley Maruematics, Poysics anp Crvit ENGINEERING. Olney’s Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry. Gillespie’s Surveying. Roads and Railroads. _ Everett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy. _ Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics. ___-Peabody’s Astronomy. Loomis’ Meteorology. ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN. Hart’s Composition. _ Fowler’s English Grammar. Shaw’s Complete Manval of English Literature. Chambers’s Cyclopedia of English Literature. Morley’s English Writers. | Taine’s History of English Literature. Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar. Spier and Surenne’s French Dictionary. _ Glaubensklee’s German Grammar. _ Adler’s German Dictionary. _ The French and German books for translation are changed every year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific pub- ications. | Menta, Morar anp Soctan ScCrence. Haven’s Mental Science. Hickok’s Empirical Psychology. _ Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science. 13 98 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jams Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy. Haven’s Moral Philosophy. Hickok’s Moral Science. Hopkins’s Law of Love and Love as Law. Chadbourne’s Natural Theology. Walker’s Science of Wealth. Perry’s Political Economy. Carey’s Principles of Social Science. Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy. CALENDAR FOR 1876. } . The third term of the collegiate year begins March 23d, and continues till June 21st. The first term begins August 24th, and continues till the Wednes- day before Thanksgiving. The second term begins December 14th, and continues till March 14th, 1877. There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. m., Tuesday, June 20th, — and also on Thursday, August 24th. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening, . . June 19th. a The public examihation of the graduating class for the Grinnell prize for excellence in Agriculture, and the examination of the other classes in the studies of the tem, will take place on Tuesday forenoon, June 20th. : The Address before the Literary Societies will be delivered Tues: E day afternoon. ' The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 21st. 4 ictal ae Yai Dea ADMISSION. q Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, 4 orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- — mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, — and the History of the United States. E: Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire ad- — mission. No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of _ age, and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good ~ 1876.) SENATE—No. 45. 99 character, from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance, at the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term. The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock a. m., on Tuesday, June 20th, and on Thurs- day, August 24th; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. | Further information may be obtained of President W. S. Clark, Amherst, Mass. EXPENSES. Tuition, : - BG he . ; . $25 00 per term. Room-rent, . : Mp : . $5 00to10 00 * Board, . : d Acie a da 3 50 per week. Expenses of Ghemnicnd bea feustocy to Stu- | dents of Practical Chemistry, . “ . 10 00 per term. Public and private damages, including value _ __ of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, . at cost. _ Annual expenses, including books, . ; . $300 00 to 350 00 REMARKS. The regular course of study occupies four years, and those who complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. The trustees of the College have entered into the ae agreement with the corporation of Boston University, viz. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE TRUSTEES OF THE MAssaA- CHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE TRUSTEES OF Boston UNIVERSITY. I. The College on its part agrees :— 1. -That matriculants in Boston University desiring to pursue any regular or special course of study presented in the Massachu- setts Agricultural College, shall be at liberty to do so on the same terms and conditions as other persons, and on completing the course _ to the satisfaction of the authorities of both Institutions, shall be s 100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [oan entitled to take their appropriate degrees, either at the hands of the College, or from the University, or both, as they may prefer. IJ. The University on its part agrees :— 1. That so long as this agreement may be found satisfactory, it will refrain from organizing an independent College of Agriculture, and will give its cordial support and influence to the building up of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 2. It will, by its annual circulars and official correspondence, publicly and privately, recommend those seeking an agricultural education to resort for it to the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and will publish in connection with its annual catalogue such state- ments of the advantages of the College as may be agreed upon by the Presidents of the two Institutions. III. Both parties further agree :— 1. That to promote’a good understanding, each corporation, whenever it may desire, shall have the privilege of representing its interests by a duly accredited officer or committee in the business meetings of the other. 2. That either party to this agreement shall have power to terminate it, at the close of any scholastic year, by giving notice of such desire and intent one year previously. Under this arrangement, all students who desire it, may become members of the University and receive its diploma in addition to that of the College. The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad- uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate German and French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. | The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu- setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is discussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. The amount of re- quired work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do addi- tional work, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. All labor is paid at the rate of ten cents per hour. SENATE—No. 45. 101 Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer about the College and farm buildings or in the field, but it is hardly pos- sible for one to earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum besides performing other duties. So far as is consistent with circum- stances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons desire to engage in. The State Board of Agriculture unanimously voted at their an- nual meeting in 1875, that every agricultural society receiving the bounty of the Commonwealth be urged to maintain at least one scholarship at the College, and to secure the attendance of one or more students. The Trustees have also voted to authorize the ex- ecutive committee to remit the tuition of such worthy students as were unable to pay it. Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, vet- erinary science, agriculture or horticulture, may make private — arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments. An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furni- ture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. At the beginning of the seeond term of attendance, each student is required to provide himself with the full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets, the cost of which is about $30. On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel service and Bible-class, which are conducted by the Professor of Moral Science. While the Bible is made the basis of all religious instruc- _ tion, everything of a denominational character is, as far as. practica- ble, avoided. it Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guard- _ ians, be excused from these exercises to attend services in one of _ the churches of the town, but, for obvious reasons, it is very unde- a sirable that such requests be made. POST-GRADUATE COURSE. _ Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- _ dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy, | from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies under the direction of President Clark in Botany, Professor Goess- _ mann in Chemistry, or other members of the faculty in their respect- ive departments. Pi aes bane + 102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. REGULATIONS. 1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known regulation of the College. 2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be employed, and students who do not answer to their names shall-be marked absent, provided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardi- nesses shall be reckoned as one absence. 3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the officer in charge of the same, but permission to be absent from several exercises must’ be obtained from the general excusing officer or from the president. In such cases, the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises occurring within the time specified. | 4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be excused by any member of the faculty except on the presentation of a satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form. Excuses must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise from which the student was absent; except that when the absence may include two or more days, the excuse may be rendered to the president, whose approval shall be deemed sufficient for all ab- sences specified therein. Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no. officer will be expected to receive an excuse after one week has elapsed from the end of the absence; if there has been an opportu- nity for presentation. Hxcuses deemed satisfactory will be returned to the student with the indorsement of the approving officer. Ex- cuses deemed insufficient, will be retained and referred to the faculty for their decision. , 5. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or, if offered, shall be deemed insufficient by the faculty. the absentee shall be charged with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s ac- counts, and no student may enter upon the duties of a term, or receive an honorable discharge, certificate of attendance, or diploma, until all fines previously incurred are paid. . 6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all departments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be in- formed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his ——— le ‘ . ad SENATE—No. 45. 103 delinquency ; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his connection wiih the College may be terminated. 7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the regular examinations; to give up any study without per- mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build- ings. -. 8. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be © carefully kept, and whenever the average rank of a student for any term falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission to the College and promotion from class to class, as well as to gradua- tion, are granted only by vote of the faculty. 9. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to conduct themselves with propriety. 10. Students will not be excused from regular duty to engage in boating. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among them are several valuable sets of cyclopeedias, magazines and newspapers, reports of the agricultural societies and state boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticulture. There are many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying and drawing. The larger part of the books has been presented to the Institution by private individuals. The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from the excellent library of Amherst College; which contains over 30,000 volumes. } The state cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. The Knowlton herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The botanic museum is supplied with many interesting and useful specimens of seeds, woods and fruit models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, including _ about 3,000 figures. - RAE hehe Sr og A ooh id Loy AE Ae ‘ann ws ‘ ; Sia Re yaiate mise ames)’ t 104 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. About 1,500 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the Durfee Plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to students of both Colleges. The very extensive and, in some respects, unsurpassed collections in geology, mineralogy, natural history, ethnology and art, belonging to Amherst College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. The chemical, engineering and military departments of the Agricultural College are well furnished. The class in microscopy have the use of seven of Tolles’ best compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. PRIZES. FARNSWORTH RuETORICAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a fund of $1,500, which is to be used for the purchase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the College faculty, for excellence in declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin, of Boston, has given the sum of $1,000 for the endowment of a first prize of $50, and a second prize of $30, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. ‘These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the — best oral and written examination in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture. >’ ; Hitxts BoranicaL PRIZEs. For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of 1877, a prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best, a prize of $10; also a prize of $5 for the best collection of woods. TotTren MiILiraAry PRIZE. For the best essay by a member of the senior class on such topic as may be assigned, a prize of $25. Subject for 1876, ‘The Military Future of America.” 105 HAMPSHIRE PRIZES. The Hampshire Agricultural Society offers two prizes of $30 and $20 each to those two students from within the limits of the society ___ who shall make the greatest improvement in scholarship during their Freshman year. SCHOLARSHIPS. Miss Mary Robinson, of Medfield, Mass., has given a fund of $1,000 to endow the Robinson scholarship, the i income of which is q - _ assigned upon the recommendation of the faculty to the aid of one 3 _ worthy indigent student. _ The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agri- culture pay annually the sum of $300, which is assigned by the faculty to the payment of the tuition of four worthy indigent — { students who intend to Lge in agricultural pursuits after sali The Essex et datearal Society. pays $50 per annum to one Brindent from within its limits. _ The Harvest Club of the Connecticut Valley pays) the tuition of | one oe selected by them. 3 14 106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. as FINANCIAL: STATE JANUARY 1, 1876. REAL ESTATE. College Farm and oth NY 38 Tt ney .. T . eeie500)" 00 North College, . : : ; : : 5 d ; . 36,000 00 South College, . 4 3 as : , : , ; 5 . 36,000 00 College Hall, . 4 : : , : : f : : . 30,000 00 South Boarding-house, . : : 5 : : Baa rs . ,_ 8,000 00 North Boarding-house, . : 5 5 : 5 3 : .) 7 B5000"-00 Durfee Plant-house, . : : : : : ? 5 ; - 12,000 00 Botanic Museum, . : : 3 5 : ; A 5 , 5,000 00 South Barn, : ; : : : 5 : : : . - 14,500 00 Farm-house, : R 7 4,000 00 Four Dwellings and Bande diechasea Siti ihe Estate, : . 9,000 00 Total Real Estate, . é : Site : ; ; . $200,000 00 \ FARM STATEMENT. Value of Live-stock, s : , 5 : ‘ ; . $12,500 00 of Vehicles and Tanplemonta: ; : 5 ; : : 2,840. 00 Produce on hand, . : f : : , : 5 : 5,300 00 $20,640 00 Total credits of farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, 1876, credit for labor performed in grading, etc., and receipts from sales of live-stock and produce, . é : : : - 26,623 60 Total debits of farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, 1875, and all expenditures for live-stock, labor, implements, repairs, seeds, fertilizers, etc., . : : : : . . - 26,317 54 he slats iy rey } 08 vj owt ue t bh u I - SENATE—No. 45. 107 a FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE, je In CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. | a Agricultural College Fund. Cash balance on hand January 1, 1876, AGAR Ts Can da ae $10,000 00 3 & Present investments :— _ City Siwoglem bonds, 40°. 0 : . $55,000 00 Lynn bonds, . : : : : . : 25,000 00. a Chelsea note, ° ; 5 : : ; 25,000 00 a . Peetoll River note, ). . |. Ae ane 150.000: 00 - Town of Milford bonds, . ‘ ; 5 ; : 14,200 00 7 fe Plymouth note, . : asda : : 6,724 65 e ES GOMINOLC HK ye sl, - sts,» 10,000 00 a Wiest hoxbury notes,. .- . . . 60,000 00 4 ‘F Westborough notes, . : 3 : j 12,000 00 Lee note, . : : - - ; - 4,142 75 ‘e R@MeESOHMOLG, 9). 7s. 4) oi ie ea’? 10,000 00 _ County of Hampden note, —_.. : : : . 50,000 00 a 322,067 40 - Massachusetts, Troy and Greenfield Railroad re $8,000 00 Massachusetts Bounty Loan bonds, . ; Q TY NG,000 00) 7 meet 24,000 00 State of Maine bonds, . ‘ 4 é é é : j S 4,000 00 Meter Fund $860,067 40 Pe , Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the treasurer of ihe College, and one-third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. The Hills Fund of $10,000, for the maintenance of the Botanic Garden, is n charge of the College treasurer, and at present yields an income of $500. To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, amount- | ng to $100 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the _ products of the farm and garden, ort ISLA et Ce adi A- gs 4 . y ~ 108 Summary Statement of all Appropriations and Donations in money to the Massachusetts Agricultural College, not including the Endow- ment Fund. ~ $10,000 00 10,000 00 75,000 00 ~ 10,000 00 10,000 00 50,000 00 50,000 00 25,000. 00 2,000 00 500 00 50,009 00 3,751 00 1,000 00 1,500 00 1,000 00 18,000 00 $317,751 00 From State, for aid in founding College. ‘é ii 3 6é 66 From town of Amherst and Friends, to erect the first build- ings. From Dr. Nathan Durfee, a donation for the erection of the plant-house. From L. M. and H. F. Hills, a fund, the income to be used for botanical department. From State, for building and expenses. From William Knowlton, Esq., for herbarium in Botanic Museum. From Hon. Albert Fearing, for books. From State, for building and expenses. From Agricultural Societies and Individuals, for scholar- ships to aid indigent students. From Hon. William Claflin, for the Grinnell Agricultural Prize Fund. From I. D. Farnsworth, Esq., for the Farnsworth Rhetorical Prize Fund. From Miss Mary Robinson, bequest for Scholarship Fund. From State, for current expenses of College. 109 bon) st S) = = < Za ie 7) #0 6Fe‘ees! 10 zet‘sc# 62 LIT‘seé LI 6SF°6cH) Cb 069918) 46 OSE*6ts| 90 GrO'SZH! Lo 691‘L6$) 68 OII‘Es#! 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SNELL, LL. D., of Amherst College, OA por Wie ? e, 49° 22! 1", Longitude, 72° 34’ 30’'. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet. 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Xv ¥ \ = “Ee BH | | A — = Y 1 ‘ —— ni eB t || MWh vies i |? n % = Z ~~ 3 Es a tii it \ WANS EY Ath < NN ; XX _—>_—__ —SS=>=>>" : << S>=== = 2 SSS Zs eer Sie ieee Nii | ; | : = vi) ea Oe : H | WABAUS| VAY. i i, IW aia | H ag i \ y | i ay A Catt | ly 3 SS) // i "4 bh | CMe i A u r \ e } | - ia } z Ba f I if a 4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Ni iy Wan Wai i me TENS AOC ms | Nib hi f ie Nee SN AN REN GE Gas 4% inoue } I } pa § poi oN I i if i I \ TK ie | ; ih | ‘| 38 a I h . il Mua l ! —— : | Z ia a: YS ‘Nite i nh 4 Uh, 0 ANY my i N ll 7 Tr nae MASSACHUSETTS SENATE...... : UieNG. 40. OF THE Tao iMiaull al Sf Heal aia rn paiva DUiidalaighatn EI a : == ey = oives [ar SIZ yj —— © SLEROWUUS ES poe — Tusa oie BOSTON: ALBERT J. WRIGHT, STATE PRINTER, 79 M1Lk STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL). Is) f( (le val hee | Hy Commonwealth of Massachusetts. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, SECRETARY’S ky STATE Housk, Boston, Feb. 19, 1877. Very Pee tally, | Your obedient servant, CHARLES L. FLINT, Sec’y of the Board of Trustees.’ ; Commonweaith of Massachusetts. EXECUTIVE levee Boston, February 19, 1877. the Honorable Senate : I have the honor herewith to transmit, for the information d use of the General Court, the last Annual Report of the ‘rustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, with scompanying documents. ALEXANDER H. RICE. ANNUAL REPORT To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College respectfully submit their Report for the year 1876. _ It is gratifying to be able to state that the College has paid all its expenses for the past year, and that the debt which it had at the outset has not been increased. The income for the year may be briefly stated as follows :— From State Endowment Fund, . ; ‘ eae Oh 7 St G6 Appropriation by a : 3 : : 5,000 00 Term bills, : . : , é ; 9,000 00 $25,678 66 The expenses have been,— For Salaries and instruction,» . ? : : 4) $19,052 90 _ Repairs, etc., . Sh eae : E ‘ ; 9,079 35 iserest, . °. : : Z é ‘ ‘ 822 80 $24,934 65 The income of the fund, with the addition of the high charge of $100 a year for tuition and room-rent, it will thus be seen, is inadequate te meet the necessary expenses of the institution and to maintain its efficiency. The Trustees are unable to see how the expenses can be reduced to a much lower figure than they have been during the past year, with- out seriously crippling the usefulness of the College, and they are reluctantly compelled to ask the Legislature for an appro- _priation of $5,000 to meet the deficiency of income for the present year. 8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. The salaries paid, which constitute the large item of ex- pense, are already far smaller than are usually paid in the High and Grammar Schools of our large cities. Boston, for example, pays the head masters of its High Schools $4,000 a year; the masters of its public Grammar Schools $3,200 a year, and even its sub-masters $2,600, while the salaries of our professors, men of high culture and capable of doing the best of work, are only $2,250. Any reduction of those sala- ries, it is evident, would be unjust, and would work great hardship. We could not pay less and expect to secure the services of accomplished men to fill those responsible posi- tions. The College is indeed fortunate in having secured so able a corps of instructors, when similar positions in other fields of labor command so much more liberal rewards, and in having been able to retain so thoroughly strong and able a fac- ulty on such a pittance as we are compelled to offer. They are ail men devoted to their work, and they deserve the entire confidence, codperation and sympathy of the community. It is believed to be impracticable, moreover, to reduce the teaching force.of the College below its present limits. One professorship has. been vacated by the action of the Trustees during the past year, for the express purpose of keeping the expenses within the income; but this reduction has its limits, and to carry it further would be to cripple the efficiency and injure the reputation of the institution, for it is to be consid- ered that the studies pursued must be such, in variety, in extent, and in value, as shall meet, in good faith, the require- ments of the Act of Congress, to which we are indebted for the original endowment. In accepting the grant, the State obligated itself to fulfil its conditions, and it is presumed that it meant to do it honorably, and without any mental reserva- tion of a compliance with the letter, and not with the spirit, of the gift. The spirit of the Act of Congress implies some- thing more than the maintenance of a mere manual labor school. We must give a broader and more generous culture. We must do something to educate the mind as well as the hand, and make intelligént men and good citizens of our grad- uates, who are to go out into the world where they will be compared with the graduates of other institutions, whose lead- ing idea is culture based on the classics. The fundamental idea 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 9 of the course at the Agricultural College, is based on training in the natural sciences, and it is claimed that they constitute a better preparation for the work of practical life than mere classical culture; but it is obvious that some literary training must go along parallel with the scientific course, or our grad- uates would leave us very ill prepared to meet with those whose preparation had been more elaborate. The students of most other colleges have several years of preliminary train- ing as a requisite for admission. They are required to come up to a high standard before they are allowed to enter upon their college course. Our students, on the other hand, come from the farms and the common schools, and it is obviously impossible to expect or to require so elaborate and extended a preparation as a ‘condition of admission. Hence, there is an imperative necessity for a reasonable degree of general train- ing and instruction in studies other than those directly con- nected with agricultural sciences. It is practically impossible, also, to increase the income to be derived from tuition and room-rent, except by an increase in the number of students. These items are already far too high. We know of no similar Agricultural College in the country where they are so high, and in most of them the tuition is absolutely free. It is imeredible that the State should proceed to establish an institution for the benefit of a particular class of its citizens, and then fix the cost of the enjoyment of the facilities offered at a price which practically excludes a large proportion of the very class which it was designed to instruct. The Trustees, in the management of the College, have no personal ends to subserve. They have not sought the respon- sibility which has been placed upon them. They are not paid _ for their time or their services. They have regarded them- selves as merely the agents of the Commonwealth, charged with certain duties which they desire conscientiously to fulfil, to carry out the intentions of the law under which they act, and to maintain an institution which shall be an honor and a credit to the Commonwealth and the country. They appeal, therefore, with confidence to the Legislature, to take measures which shall place the College on a stronger basis of future growth and prosperity. 2), 10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. The Trustees are of the opinion that a “Labor Fund,” or else a comprehensive system of scholarships, should be estab- lished for the benefit of the institution. Either would have _ the effect to give it a large number of students, and thus pro- vide the means for enlarging its sphere of usefulness, and render it entirely independent of the state treasury. Suppose we had a labor fund of $50,000 or $100,000, the income of which could be used to pay a fair and liberal compensation for the labor of students. We have plenty of work on the farm, in the plant-houses, and about the buildings, but little or no money to pay for it. The labor which would be, to a certain extent, educational, would, at the same time, enable the student to pay his way, preserving a certain degree of manly independence of feeling, and increasing the income of the College by the payment of a reasonable charge for tuition. The scholarships established and maintained by some of the agricultural societies have enabled several young men to avail themselves of the ample facilities for an education which the College offers, men who could not have remained there with- out this assistance. Such scholarships have thus done great good, but their number is too limited to meet the wants of the institution. How shall their number be increased? The Trustees hesitate to apply to the Legislature for a sum at all adequate to meet the case, while application to individuals would certainly be a slow and hopeless effort. There seems to be no method so just, so simple, and so little burdensome to the state treasury and to the public, as to set apart a certain percentage of the surplus of what is commonly known as the “Dog Fund.” The small fraction of fifteen per cent. of this surplus would be sufficient to establish a scholarship in every representative district in the State, or something over two hundred in all. It would infuse vitality into the College, and render it wholly independent of the state treasury. Such scholarships should be awarded on a fair competitive exami- nation, and thus they would operate as a stimulus to exertion throughout all the public schools of the State, since they would become a reward for faithfulness and proficiency in study, and secure a more direct connection of the College with our pub- lic school system. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 11 The Trustees recommend this course with all the more con- fidence from the fact that the “Dog Fund,” as it is called, had its origin in the State Board of Agriculture, without whose earnest and persistent efforts it would never have been formed. That a small percentage of the unused surplus of the fund accruing from licenses should be set apart for encouraging agricultural education, seems but just and equitable. It ought to be kept in mind that the benefits to be derived from the College, not only from the education to be imparted there, but especially from the investigations which have been undertaken and which are carried on there, will eventually acerue to every man, woman and child in the Common- wealth, and that it is for the interest of all that it should be sustained and strengthened, and that its possibilities ‘or good should be developed to the utmost. The plan suggested for establishing a labor fund, or for organizing a system of free scholarships, seems to be the most feasible, and the least bur- densome to the public, of any that can be devised. The great want of Massachusetts agriculture of the present day is a series of accurate, careful and scientific experiments, extending over a sufficient period of time to determine posi- tively and authoritatively the vast number of questions that are constantly coming up in the experience of every farmer and every gardener who cultivates the soil. There is a vague notion among the people that this is the work of the Agri- cultural College, and that it is the peculiar duty of that insti- tution to arrange and carry on a broad system of investigation and experiment, as if it had no other work to do, and with all the appliances which an adequate plan of experiment implies. The College has never refused, nor is it at all inclined to refuse, to meet the wants of the farming community in this direction. It should be borne in mind, however, that experi- ments, to be of any value, require not only great time and ability, but a liberal expenditure of money, and that the ‘Trustees have absolutely no money at their disposal for this purpose. All that has been done there, by way of experi- ment, and it is by no means inconsiderable or unimportant, _ has been the voluntary contribution of time and labor on tie part of men who are already overworked in the routine duties 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | Feb. of instruction, for which they are but too poorly paid. Neither the Trustees nor the community can have any just claim upon them for the extra time demanded, or the sleep- less vigilance required, to conduct any series of accurate experiments to a successful and satisfactory conclusion. Could the college farm, or a portion of it, be recognized and established as an experiment station, and provided with the requisite means, it would go far to meet a great and grow- ing public want, and do more real good for the agriculture of the present and the future of the Commonwealth than any other agency. Experiment stations are recognized as a necessity, and sustained as such, by the most enlightened governments in the world. A very large part of the progress and development of German agriculture, during the last , quarter of a century, is due directly to the liberal support of experiment stations. They form a conspicuous feature of the comprehensive system adopted by the government for the development of the agricultural resources of the empire. The results have abundantly justified their organization, and placed the farming of Europe in the front rank among the industries of all civilized nations. In 1851, fully a quarter of a century ago, the first experi- ment station was founded at Moeckern, in Saxony, and it soon proved to be so useful, and secured the confidence of the com- mon people to such an extent, that the idea soon spread through Germany and into other countries, till, in 1868, there were no less than 28 stations in full and successful operation, and now the number is increased to 62, sustained largely by govern- ments, but with the codperation of individuals and agricultural societies. They have proved themselves of immense service, and are rapidly increasing in number and efficiency, while at the same time the agricultural colleges and schools are more numerous and better sustained than they are in this country. But an experiment station costs money. The Trustees of the Agricultural College have not the means to organize it without the aid of the Legislature. The French government, always studious of the interests of the people and its own financial strength, sent a thoroughly competent man, M. Grandeau, to visit and study the experiment stations of Germany, and he reported to the French Minister of Agri- 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 13 culture that a useful station could be started for $6,000, and that it would cost about $3,000 a year to maintain it. The expenses of the Prussian stations vary from $800 to $4,000 a year, according to the completeness with which they are organ- ized and equipped, and the number of scientific men employed. They would cost more in this country, but the cost will depend very much upon the amount and kind of work required of them. The work of an experiment station requires not only land sufficient for field operations, but especially chemical and — physiological laboratories. Al] these appliances are at hand at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and it would involve little additional outlay on the part of the State or the College to organize a station on the most thorough basis. The quan- tity of land required for experimental purposes is not large. A portion of the college farm could be set apart for these objects without material detriment to the interests of the insti- tution, while the laboratories would furnish immediate facil ties for scientific investigation. Every farmer recognizes the fact that most field experi- ments, to be of any great general and permanent value, require to be carried on through a series of years, and that - they require great expense. But that they pay, and pay abundantly, for the outlay, is now universally recognized by farmers throughout Germany, who contribute largely and cheerfully for their support, in the form of small fees for analyses. It may be stated, also, that the work of the Ger- man stations has become thoroughly systematized by the division of labor, each one taking some special line of inves- tigation, and leaving other specialties to other stations. The station mentioned as having been first founded at Moeckern, for instance, now confines itself chiefly to studies and experi- ments in the nutrition of animals, and some of the stables on the farm are set apart for the cattle required. Other stations are confined specially to experiments in fertilizers and the nutrition of plants, to animal and vegetable chemistry and physiology. Agricultutal research, the discovery of new truth and the test of older theories, is the work of them all, to be sure; but the field is so vast that experience has dictated the economy of division of labor. And so it may be argued that ne: AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. we need numerous stations in various parts of the Common- wealth, and it is true; but we shall never have a system of such invaluable institutions unless we make a beginning in the establishment of one, and true economy would dictate its. location in connection with the Agricultural College, where the requisite scientific appliances are already at hand. Now, the practical point is, that such a labor fund as we have suggested would serve a most admirable purpose in carrying out this very object. The income of such a fund could be directed to the payment of the labor and time of students who would be capable, under competent scientific direction, of conducting experiments in a satisfactory manner, while, at the same time, their work would be educational in its character and of invaluable service to the agricultural community. The time cannot be far distant when the system of agricultural experiment stations, which has been found so valuable and so serviceable in Europe, will be recognized and adopted here. When it does come, it will do more than any- thing else to promote the rapid development of the resources of the Commonwealth. The efficiency of the College has been maintained during the past year, and instruction has been given as usual in the various classes, with the exception of the department of veteri- nary science, which was discontinued for want of funds, on the Ast of July last. It is hoped that instruction in this impor- tant branch will be furnished by way of a course of lectures at least, as soon as the College has the requisite means. The Board of Trustees: are called upon to announce the decease of Dr. Nathan Durfee of Fall River, who was identi- fied with the College from its origin, and one of its most liberal individual patrons. Dr. Durfee had given generously, not only of his means, but of his time and thought, to promote the growth and prosperity of the institution, and had served for several years as its treasurer, having resigned the office on account of bodily infirmities only a few months previous to his death. On that occasion the Board unani- mously— : Voted, That the thanks of this Board are due, and are hereby tendered, to Dr. Nathan Durfee, late Treasurer of the Massachusetts ‘ 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. me! ae Agricultural College, for his services during its existence, especially for the generous aid and interest he has ever manifested in its behalf. ANNIVERSARY WEEK. By vote of the Trustees, this has been changed from July to June, and commenced with rhetorical exercises on Monday the 20th. The Farnsworth prizes, for excellence in this department, were awarded to David E. Baker (gold medal), and Horace E. Stockbridge (silver medal), of the class of ’78 ; and to Joseph G. Lincoln (gold medal), and Lockwood Myrick (silver medal), of 79. The examination of the gradu- / ating class in agriculture, for the Grinnell prizes, occurred on Tuesday the 21st, and was largely attended by citizens interested in this department. The examination was well sustained by the class, and, in some cases, was of superior excellence. The first prize of $50 was awarded to George A. Parker, and the second prize of $20 to John M. Sears. The address before the College Literary Societies, in the afternoon of the same day, was delivered by the Rev. Dr. C. F. Allen, of the Maine State College, and was a pleasing and forcible presentation of the nature and high mission of the new educa- tion, with some pertinent suggestions concerning the benefit to be derived from certain ee to the college curric- ulum, especially from reading, and the eultivation of the social nature. The degree of Bachelor of Science was con- ferred upon twenty-four graduates by the College, and the same degree was bestowed upon twenty-one of this number by the Boston University. Two others of the class are matric- ulants of the University and candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. It is hoped that the advantages and responsibilities connected with membership in the body of the University Alumni will, in after-life, exert a stimulating and beneficial influence on all who enjoy the honor. His Excel- lency Governor Rice, in presenting the diplomas, addressed the class as follows :— ‘“‘GENTLEMEN :—I shall attempt little more than to congratulate _ you upon the successful completion of the course of study and practice prescribed by the College. The institution is peculiar, has _ Its special design, and fills a want not otherwise or not so well pro- * 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. vided for. In the division of labor consequent upon the increase of population, the discoveries of science and their application to the useful arts, special education seems to have become necessary ; and, altogether, this may seem to be required less in respect to agricult- ure than to the various branches of technical industry. Yet all the interests of society are so intimately related, that the advance- ment of one necessitates a corresponding ‘development of all the rest. As agriculture lies at the basis of civilization, it must have that measure of care which shall keep its supplies inexhaustible. And, although farming has been sometimes deemed the simplest of pursuits, experience and observation show that it is as greatly enhanced by intelligence as is any other avocation. The generous soils of the Western States, the ease with which they are worked, and the small cost of fertilization, and the grand scale upon which operations may there be conducted, present persuasive inducements to the young and the enterprising to leave the older States and go West to embark in the pursuit of agriculture under those favorable conditions. Perhaps it is in this point of view that the study and practice of our agricultural college may appear to great advantage, by teaching how to overcome natural deficiencies of soil by scientific and artificial means, and thus, also, how to preserve an approximate equilibrium of interest even in agriculture between these widely separated localities. For, while the one of them may be, and is, better adapted to some branches of this industry, and especially to those whose products look to exportation for a market, the other offers profitable remuneration for other products adapted more especially to home consumption. I am told that no branch of farm- ing has been more profitable, in proportion to the capital invested | and the labor expended, than such as is carried on in localities near our cities and large towns, which furnish a ready and constant market and immediate returns to the producer. With better knowledge of the elements and combination of soils, and of the appliances of chemical agencies and skill in their treatment, the nature of the original and sterile formations may be so changed as to become new and productive; and the use of new tools and machinery, and the judicious selection and distribution of crops admit of so wide a range, that agriculture is seen to be as progres- sive as any of the mechanic arts, and by similar means and influ- ences. Moreover, the increased and constantly cheapening facilities of communication are daily bringing every acre of the Common- wealth nearer to points of consumption, and thus it seems not ex- travagant to hope that the wealth and prosperity of the State will increase from the growth of intelligent farming, in a degree not dispro- portionate to that which flows from her manufactures or commerce. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 17 “The value of agriculture, in the moral and social influence which it is capable of giving to society, is inestimable. Standing, as it were, apart from the fret and strife of mercantile pursuits, and free from the hazards which sweep off the earnings of a life-time in a single year of disaster, ‘free from that fearful brain-wear which sends so many of our business men to early graves or to premature imbe- cility, and free, also, from that absorption in the pursuit of gain which is liable to subordinate the tenderest and noblest attributes of human nature, agriculture offers a rational and more tranquil life, a closer communion with nature in her simplicity and in her diviner revelations, and that healthy physical development which, with a cultivated mind, furnishes the brightest promise and the best condition of happiness. Nor is knowledge, in any of its depart- ments, limited in value to that specific application. Knowledge is to be regarded as a means, rather than an end—as an instrument, rather than as a consummation. Cicero says that all the arts are linked together by a common bond, and so a well-cultivated mind is an elastic force, capable of universal application. _ ‘In closing your connection with the College, young gentlemen, and turning your backs upon these familiar scenes, almost necessarily endeared to you by tender and enduring associations, let me exhort you to step into your places in the world with high aims and manly confidence. Success will depend somewhat upon opportunity, but much more upon character and determination. It is not given in the economy of Providence that all men shall become great, but all may become honorable and useful; and these qualities in the final account are of the greatest value. Be content to begin somewhere. Make your opportunity, if none is presented; utilize the gifts and advantages which this institution has bestowed upon you, and follow from these beginnings to more liberal attainments, with the assurance that every addition to your knowledge will increase your . facilities and ensure your success. “One of the wisest of counsellors has said: ‘If any young man has embarked his life in the pursuit of knowledge, let him love her with a vehement love, with a love coeval with his life; let him not be intimidated by her cheerless beginnings, by the darkness out of which she springs, by the difficulties which hover about her, by the wretched habitation in which she dwells, by the want and sorrow which sometimes journey in her train. But let him follow her as an angel that will guard him, as the genius of his life. * She will bring him out at last into the light of day, and exhibit him to the world, comprehensive in acquirements, fertile in resources, rich in imagina- tion, strong in reasoning, prudent and capable above his fellows in all the relations and all the affairs of life.’ Commending the hope 3 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. and encouragement which these sentences contain to your cordial reception, I bid you God-speed in the new career which this day opens before you. Add to your intellectual culture, industry, sobriety, purity, and godliness, and, whatever else you may find in your experience, you will find that wisdom’s ways are indeed the ways of pleasantness, and that all her paths are peace.” For the details of the work upon the farm and in the sey- eral departments of instruction, reference is respectfully made to the statements of the various professors which accompany this Report. By order of the Board of Trustees, CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary. Boston, February 19, 1877. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 19 AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. To the Trustees of the Agricultural College. GENTLEMEN :— It affords me pleasure to be able to report of the agricultural department of the institution, that though meagrely equipped, and in want of many things required for its greatest usefulness and final success, yet, during the past year, the system of instruction and assigned routine of duty have been successfully maintained, and with the cheer- ful codperation of the students. The reduction in the price paid to students for their labor, from fifteen to ten cents per hour, and the employment of them as little as possible beyond _ their regular required labor, though it has saved the College some expense, has had a discouraging influence upon those who were largely dependent on this labor for support while remaining at the College. It has made it very difficult for them to continue their course, and, in many instances, has prevented such students from entering the institution. In its extremity the College is undoubtedly employing all the labor it can pay for, and at as high a rate of wages as it can or would be justified in paying. But that the institution, or its agricultural department, may accomplish the design of its organization, it appears to be imperative that at a very early day some scheme should be devised and put in operation, which will give students abundant labor at remunerative wages, or that the cost of tuition and room-rent should be materially diminished. The series of experiments in feeding plants with chemical substances, of which a detailed account was given in the last report, has been continued the past season, and a new series upon sixteen different plots of land has been instituted, to see if the gathering of nitrogen by the plant is governed by natural law, and can be reduced toa rule of practice. The results of the experiments have been recorded, but they are not (especially the latter) sufficiently decisive to justify report at this date. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Professor of Agriculture. 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. BOTANIC DEPARTMENT. To the Board of Trustees of Massachusetts Agricultural College. GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor of reporting the following upon the condition of the Botanic Department. During the winter of 1876 the senior class received instruc- tion in the study and use of the microscope, as directed. The junior class was instructed in the various branches of horticulture, by lectures, during this term, and in the summer and fall terms by the practical application of the principles laid down. in the lectures, at class-work. Since the departure of President Clark, exercises in botany have been conducted according to directions, finishing the summer term with instruction to both the senior and junior classes in structural and systematic botany and plant analysis. During the fall term the senior class received instruction in systematic botany and analysis. The collection of plants in the Durfee plant-house has been kept in good condition, and many additions made. Owing to the growth of many of the specimen plants, the house has become so crowded as to necessitate the removal or destruc- tion of some of the more common ones, to make room for the more valuable. This increased growth must limit, more and more each year, the amount of space that can be devoted to the growth of plants for the trade. The house is very much in need of repairs, and, unless painted, the woodwork will decay very rapidly. The stock of bedding-plants on hand was never as large at this season of the year as at present. The nursery is well stocked with ornamental trees and shrubs, many of which are now in the best condition for transplanting. A large number of fruit-tree seedlings has been grown the® past season, of which a fine lot of peach seedlings were success- fully budded about the first of September. Many more seeds of fruit and ornamental trees were planted before the freezing of the ground in the fall. 1877.]. SENATE—No. 45. 21 The fruit-trees in the young orchard have made a good growth, and many varieties have been added the past season. The vineyard has not made as good growth as could be desired, owing to the drought and the want of fertilizer. The vines have been very free from disease, but the phylloxera, or grape-vine aphis, so destructive to the vineyards of Europe, has made its appearance. Upon careful examination the root form was found upon the roots of every variety (about thirty) in the vineyard. The leaf form was found upon the foliage of but three or four varieties, such as the Clinton, Agawam, ete. Of the small fruits, a few, plants of a large number of varieties were purchased in the spring, which will be prop- agated for sale and experiment. 7 The amount received from the sale of plants the past season, notwithstanding the hard times, has been somewhat larger than ever before, and if it be deemed advisable for this department to compete with the trade, it can be still fur- ther increased by the use of more hot-beds and cold frames. We are laboring under a great disadvantage in the trade department, in that our markets are so far away, and there being no direct railroad communication with any of them. We need, very much, one horse at least, independent of the farm teams, to carry our plants to the adjoining towns during the spring trade. I desire to call attention to the fact that we are cultivating a large number of species and varieties of fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, small fruits, and herbaceous plants for experi- ment and future use, and bedding-plants for the decoration of the grounds around the green-house, farm-house, and other college buildings, from which no return whatever is received, and which require a liberal use of manure for their successful growth. No provision is made for this expense, except that the farm furnishes the fertilizing material, which is paid for from the funds of the botanic department. I would therefore respect- fully ask that one hundred and fifty dollars ($150) be allowed the department the coming year for fertilizers. ‘Very respectfully submitted. S. T. MAYNARD. AMHERST, January 18, 1877. 22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. MENTAL, MORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT. Lo the Secretary of the Board of Trustees. Sime :—-The Department of Mental and Moral Science regards the Agricultural College as designed not so much to “make men farmers,” as to make farmers men, in every sense; or, — more precisely, to raise up a highly educated class in all pur- suits of the productive sort. But the physical sciences crowd so hard in such an institution, that only one term, namely, in the senior year, can be given to mental and moral philosophy. My labor has been, therefore, chiefly in other departments, not otherwise provided for,—for the most part in that of rhetoric and elocution. I have had charge of the exercises in English composition and in declamation, which are required of all the classes every term, except during a portion of the junior year; and I have also had the seniors one term in a text-book of rhetoric. The teaching of elocution has been largely by the method of private drill; and this, with the special drill for public occasions, as well as the painstaking criticism of essays, has consumed much uncounted time. The system adopted and carried out more fully the past year, has shown its results in the degree of excellence that marked our speakers on two occasions of the last commencement week. Besides these studies, I have had one term each in geology {twenty-four lectures), physical geography, and physiology ; also one term in the theory of landscape gardening, as a system involving the study of nature and of art. | The chaplaincy, formerly attached to my duties, was given up at the close of the last summer term, in consideration of increased work, as above indicated. In respect to the stu- dents, who now attend whatever village church each may select, it is hoped that Sunday services will be less a college task, and will have a more inspiring social] element. Respectfully submitted. — H. W. PARKER. '1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 23 REPORT OF FARM SUPERINTENDENT. Sir :—I have the honor of submitting the following report: My duties as farm superintendent at the Massachusetts Agricultural College commenced April 1, 1876. My appoint- ment to this department took place about three weeks prior to this date, consequently time for perfecting plans for the coming season’s work was very limited; but with the kind assistance of the executive committee and Professor Stock- bridge, the work has been accomplished in quite as satisfac- tory a manner as could be expected. I believe, without an exception, every crop was put in at the proper time. Crops Grown.—In every instance I am unable to give the exact number of acres devoted to each crop, as I did not have time to make a survey before winter closed in. Of corn, there was about sixteen acres, and the yield was 1,800 _ baskets of ears. ‘The crop of potatoes was small, on account of the excessive drought, and upon two acres a little over 200 bushels, marketable size, were harvested. Five acres were devoted to turnips, and instead of 4,000 bushels, which the land would have produced easily but for the dry weather, only 2,500 bushels were harvested. About twelve acres were devoted to oats, and 450 bushels of very nice grain were har- vested. A small piece of early cabbage paid a very handsome: profit, and, were it not for our distance from market, I: can but believe this crop would be very remunerative. The late cabbages furnished many tons of excellent fodder, but were otherwise an unprofitable crop. The hay crop, which, in my opinion, is by far the most profitable for us to grow here, amounted to 115 tons; and the same area which pro- duced this amount could easily be made to produce more than 350 tons of first-class English hay. Some improvements have been’ made upon the land. A large amount of grading each side of the brook, near the ravine, was accomplished in August. A ditch, ‘eight feet 24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ___[Feb. wide and three feet deep, was dug previous to the grading, to allow of the free passage of water. Two of my men and myself dug this in about three days’ time, much to my aston- ishment and gratification, as I thought it would be a long job before we commenced. A large amount of excellent material for manure was obtained from this source. Another improve- ment was the ploughing and partial underdraining of the piece south-west from the old farm-house. The oldest farmers about here say it has never been ploughed before within their recollection. From some cause unknown to myself, the land, the founda- tion of all our success in agriculture, shows only too plainly the great lack of manure, cultivation, and underdraining. I have used every available means for the increase of the manure-supply, and think that by April 1st there must be 1,000 loads of excellent manure in the barn cellar. Since June 20th none has been removed, and an average of fifty loads of loam a month has bee i used ever since in the stables. I trust that hereafter not a piece will be seeded without first receiving a liberal dressing of some good fertilizer. A matter which may seem of minor importance, I beg leave to mention at this point, and it is in regard to the teamsters, ‘teams, machines, and implements. Whoever superintends the farm must labor under a great disadvantage as long as the present arrangement exists. During the busiest part of the season, there was not a morning for six weeks that I did not go to the buildings at the north end of the farm before seven o’clock to inform my teamsters of their work for the day, thus saving them and thei#heavy teams the trouble of coming ’ to me for their orders. From April 1 to December 1, not once did the teamsters drive to my house to know what they were to do for the day, and the result has been a greater saving of time, say nothing of the wear of the teams, than one can imagine. I am obliged to hire most of my help at a disadvantage, on account of not being able to board them, and this is more clearly shown during vacation than at any other time. It is well known that there is a large number of cows to be milked at all seasons of the year, and during vacation, this work, 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 25 which can be economically done by students in term time, must be attended to by others. The past season I have done a good share of this work myself, but many times I found it practically impossible to attend to it. To come to the point, the head teamster should have a house, connected with which should be a good convenient horse-barn and room for tools and machines, near the residence of the superintendent. This arrangement would enable one to give directions with ease at any minute; machines and implements could then be easily looked after, and, best of all, help could be hired in sucha way that their services would be available morning and even- ing, when they are needed as much as at any time during. the day. The old barns at the north end could be economically used for storing hay. A much-needed addition is a suitable team for use at the plant-house during the busy time in the spring. Many times I have neglected the business of the farm for the sake of accommodating this department with a team, and as the busi- ness is rapidly increasing, much more team-work will be required. The amount of butter made since April 1st is 1,600 pounds, a trifling amount, to be sure, when compared with what might be produced could the cows have the best of feed the year round. | The stock, as a rule, has been very thrifty, and disease has not troubled in any form. ‘The herd consists of the following animals :— Shorthorns.—Bulls: Baron of Grass Hill, and Roger. Cows and heifers: Belladonna and calf, Estella and calf, Peach Bud, 8th, Aurora, 4th, and calf, Isabella and calf, Yucatan and calf, Mabel, Yucatella, Bella Wilfer, Fairy Belle, 3d, Rosa Belle, Geraldine, Zenobia, Belle Amie, Bar- bara. Total, 21. Ayrshires.—Bulls: Pict of Picts, Earl of Windham. Cows and heifers: Flora and cal*, Prudence, Lulie, Jennie, Rosa, Beauty, 12th, Leilah and calf, Amelia, Little Emily, Emeline, Beauty, 13th, Cora, Hortense, Sarah Alice, Gene- vieve. Total, 20. 4 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. The calf Geraldine, dropped April 27, 1876, weighed, January 22, 1877, 652 pounds. This, of course, is not a remarkable weight for an animal that has been crowded, but for common fare [ call it extra. She is a fine animal, to say the least. Some of the cows show well as milkers. Bella- donna, Aurora, 4th, and Isabella have given, respectively, 23, 20, and 17 quarts perday. These are Shorthorns. Leilah and Jennie, two months after calving, Flora and Beauty, 13th, eight months after calving, are giving, respectively, 20, 17, 18, and 10 quarts per day. These are Ayrshires. Dutch.—One cow, one bull. Total, 2. Brittany.—One cow, one bull, and calf. Total, 3. Jerseys.—One bull, one cow, two yearlings. ‘Total, 4. Total number of herd, 50. Swine.—One Berkshire boar, one Berkshire sow, and five Berkshire pigs—7. One Yorkshire boar, two sows, grades. -Qne Chester boar, one Chester sow, and three Chester pigs— 5. Hight grades for fattening. Total, 23. Horses, 6; sheep, 8. Light Brahmas, Plymouth Rocks, Partridge Cochins, White Tleonren and a variety of mixed fowls make up the poling department. The Executive Committee, ever ready to furnish means for . reasonable improvements, ordered the erection of a building for the better accommodation of the dairy, and this has been most successfully completed. It contains a set of empire pans, four in number, each being large enough for the milk of fifty cows. The interior arrangement was most admirably completed by Mr. Lee, of the firm of Dickinson & Lee, Amherst, Mass. A new engine-house has tide erected, and a fine new engine, the oift of Hon. William Knowlton of Upton, Mass., furnishes power for cutting fodder, roots, and steam for cook- ing. A most desirable addition would be a grist mill and threshing-machine. It will cost $150 this year to do the grinding. Water has been introduced into the barn. The farm buildings have received a good coat of paint, and, by the generosity of Mr. Knowlton, the barn received a second coat. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 27 It would be an injustice to close this Report without allud- ing to the promptness and good behavior of my help, and especially the teamsters, who have been ever ready, early and late ; also, my brother, who has conducted the dairy in a most satisfactory manner. The students have rendered valuable assistance in the various departments. I am indebted to John C. Dillon, Esq., my predecessor, for valuable assistance. ; _ Respectfully submitted. A. A. SOUTHWICK. 28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. PHYSICS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT. To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. GENTLEMEN :—During the past year instruction has been given in the various branches of mathematics, as prescribed — in the curriculum of study, with a single exception. By special order of the President, the subject of surveying is” deferred to the third term of the present year. In astronomy, the class has made use of the opportunities afforded by the Amherst College observatory. The subject of physics has been taught by text-book and experimental lectures com- bined. The interest exhibited by the students has been commenda- ble, and their progress unusually good. Could the standard for admission to college be raised, a more extended and satis- factory course in both pure and applied mathematics would be possible. It would be better if the subjects attended to during freshman year were mastered in the lower schools. The department of engineering is well furnished. That of physics is less fortunate. Its equipment stands quite in con- trast with all the other departments of the College. The apparatus which we have covers the subjects of mechanics, electricity, and magnetism. But it is not com- plete as far as it goes. The most expensive instruments have been purchased, and hence a small sum of money would be sufficient to make it complete. There is no apparatus to illustrate the principles of sownd and light. I would, therefore; recommend that one hun- dred dollars ($100) per annum be appropriated for the purpose of keeping in repair the apparatus which we have and purchasing such instruments as are needed to supply deficiencies. ‘ 1877.]_ SENATE—No. 45. 29 I would also urge the importance of an early considera- tion of the question of completing the equipment of the department. The present condition of the apparatus renders it very difficult to give a systematic and well-rounded course of instruction in physics. , It should also be borne in mind that after the appropria- tion is made and the orders given, at least two years must elapse before the orders will be filled. This for the reason that most of the apparatus must be purchased abroad, and that manufacturers aré never in a hurry. Respectfully submitted. WM. B. GRAVES. AMHERST, January 17, 1877. 30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Feb. THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. The regular instruction in the various branches of theo- retical and experimental chemistry, as prescribed in the course of studies for the freshman and the sophomore classes, have been given during the past year as in previous ones. The attendance of both classes has been regular, and their progress, on the whole, satisfactory. Several students of the advanced classes, besides five graduates of the College, have availed themselves of the opportunities offered by me to continue their studies in practical agricultural chemistry. Besides my regular class duties, considerable time and attention have been devoted to analytical inquiries of various descriptions, which in part already have been published in a leading agricultural paper of this State. Among those not yet presented are the following investigations of a more gen- eral interest to agriculturists :— 1. The chemical examination of from sixty to seventy substances used for fertilizing purposes ; particular pains have been taken to study the character of waste products of various branches of home industry, with reference to their commercial and agricultural value. 2. Observations regarding the progress of the productive- ness of the reclaimed salt-marshes at Marshfield. 3. Analytical inquiries into certain prominent alterations in the chemical composition, during their growth, of grapes, apples, and pears. Each of these subjects will be duly reported in detail shortly, as a mere abstract of the work must fail to convey a satisfactory idea regarding the results thus far obtained. Submitted very respectfully. C. A. GOESSMANN, Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. AMHERST, January 16, 1877. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45: 31 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. _ To the Secretary of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Sir :—I have the honor to submit the following report :— _ The progress in the military department during the past year has been satisfactory. The small number of students now in College naturally limits this department in its endeavor to realize all its possibilities ; but the scope of instruction, as published last year, has been increased rather than curtailed (and this without the employment of any extra time), and the students seem to realize more fully the importance of the training placed in their reach by the government. | The armament of the College has been considerably aug- mented during the past year. In the spring term (1876) two 8-inch mortars, with their platforms and equipments, and some forty 8-inch mortar shells were received from the Ordnance Department. Mortar drill and firing practice has thus been added to the ee course, and assigned to the junior class. During the fall term (1876), with the assistance of the senior class, the plan of a mortar battery, to be called “The Centennial Battery,” was laid out upon the site granted for that purpose by the Trustees, and the work of its erection heartily undertaken by the entire College. Considerable assistance was afforded by the farm superintendent with ploughs, scoops, and horses, and the work pushed to half completion before the arrival of winter caused it to be sus- pended. It will be resumed early in the spring, and made ready for the reception of its armament as soon as possible. The College also stands indebted to the Ordnance Department for a eet idersible supply of ammunition for the 12-pound battery and small arms. It is earnestly recommended that the Trustees appropriate the small sum of fifty dollars ($50) ik 32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. for the erection of a suitable magazine, of small capacity, to contain such stock of ammunition as may from time to time be received and accumulate on hand. The cabinet referred to in my last report has received some additions during the year. It is a fair beginning towards a military museum, and may be made one of the most practical as well as interesting collections at the College. The military library has also increased somewhat in size through the gratuity of various bureaus of the War Department at Washington. This department has for some time had in view a special diploma, to be given to such graduating students as have shown marked proficiency and interest in military matters. The plans are now complete, the designs being a suitable combination of those found upon the state and regular com- missions, and it is expected to strike them off in time for the present seniors. The attainment of such a certificate will not only be an additional incentive to earnest application.on the part of the student, but the possession of such a paper is certainly the right of each deserving one, as an evidence of special fitness, entitling him to more than ordinary considera- tion should his services be needed by his State or country. During the fall term, there was held at Chester, Penn., the first congress of army officers serving as professors of military science and tactics at American colleges. The Massachusetts Agricultural College was duly represented, and the subject of military education earnestly canvassed. The convention elicited considerable interest, and is to be followed in time by others. The thirty infant military schools now included in this association have an important future, and it is gratifying to see that military journals, which a year ago first noticed them, are growing more and more earnest in their support. Our government cannot afford to overlook the thirty-five hundred young men that are now yearly fitting to officer her future armies. | The introduction of military essays into the senior course has been very successful, and has increased very much the scope of the instruction. The prize essay of the last class, on the subject of “The Military Future of America,” was written by Cadet William A. McLeod of Lonsdale, R. 1. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. | 33 The subject for the present senior class is “The Military Resources of America.” The department still continues to have charge of the instruc- tion in the subjects of roads and railroads, and drawing. These subjects are military as well as agricultural, and fittingly come under its care. The seniors are now receiving instruc- tion in topographical drawing, with a special view to farm and military maps; the juniors and sophomores are engaged in instrumental drawing, while the freshman course is in freehand and sketching. A good-sized volunteer class is being instructed in the fencing exercise, and all the classes will be drilled in target practice during the year over the college range. Two very interesting series of experiments have been con- ducted by this department during the year. The one has had for its study a new artillery powder, manufactured on the accelerating and compensating principle; the other has resulted in the invention of a new shell for signal purposes and ornamental fireworks, and which has received the name of the “ Coilege case,” in honor of this institution. I reserve for some future communication the discussion of these two subjects. I am, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, Cr. TOTLENGUs> A. Professor of Military Science and Tactics. + a! re ws ; J ee . * af r i s t ar! ° " ' — ' . ‘i teal act) Oe id ¥ oe i ? ¥ t FY ‘ ay f ‘ ‘Gta ‘ 5 ‘ j ’ ] > 9 i tr ' ra i * 5 i -~ i : 7, ‘ a \ ‘ ‘ mF cn | ep OY hi pil LF ¢ iS te Aa y ; z ris ‘ bad ( «lb Sie siaiuledalael wane et eae eae { : 2 \ e. A “gee L 3 . - ' i ‘ si? ' \ Wy , ju, ‘e mas : i i " 1 rf ey . ; P - : r. q ‘ 7 f * : ; a) ps Ys rH vn i é T ie F : > ‘ ‘ hs : ; te Gees >. tA . ye j Mee PM LY L 7 rf a ° 5 , ? ¢ ae 4 ee ; ce ¥ = 7 ral i} a ‘ : = \ i \ ; a 7 4 r 2 5 i ’ 5 4 1 ‘ , : ; f hai cok tak PD CATALOGUE 36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ +f Bebt TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. His EXCELLENCY ALEXANDER H. RICE. WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL. D., President of the College. _ JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. MEMBERS BY ELECTION. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . i ‘ : , . BOSTON. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . : : ; ; : . PLYMOUTH. HENRY COLT, . , ; ; ‘ 5 ; . Prrrshiery, CHARLES C. SEWALL, : ; . : ; . MEDFIELD. PHINEAS STEDMAN, . : ; : ' . CHICOPEE. ALLEN W. DODGE, . , : : : é . HAMILTON. GEORGE MARSTON, . : : : : : . NEw BEDFORD. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN,. 5 J me) . GREENFIELD. HENRY L. WHITING,. A ; q : ‘ . CAMBRIDGE. HENRY F. HILLS, ‘ ; : : ‘ ; . AMHERST. DANIEL NEEDHAM, . : ; : : : . GROTON. WILLIAM KNOWLTON, .° . . . « | Gueijempne JOHN CUMMINGS, : : : ‘ : : . WOBURN. RICHARD GOODMAN,. . : ; : ; . LENOX. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. WILLIAM S. CLARK. WM. B. WASHBURN. HENRY COLT. WILLIAM KNOWLTON. PHINEAS STEDMAN. SECRETARY. CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston. AUDITOR. HENRY COLT oF PITTSFIELD. TREASURER. GEORGE MONTAGUE or AMHERST. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 37 BOARD OF OVERSEERS. THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS. O. B. HADWEN . , : : ; : A of Worcester. eaeeOORM 2 -. . . . . of Concord. PAUL A. CHADBOURNE . : s : : of Williamstown. CHARLES S. SARGENT : j : ; of Brookline. ooN: BAGG . : : : : : : : of W. Springfield. MEMBERS OF FACULTY. WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. D., LL. D., President and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Professor of Agriculture. HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., Professor of Modern Languages. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., Professor of Chemistry. HENRY W. PARKER, M. A., Professor of Mental, Moral, and Social Science. WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M. A., Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. First Lizut. C. A. L. TOTTEN, Fourtu ArtTILxieEry, U. S. A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics. A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST), Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jr., Lecturer on Rural Law. GEORGE MONTAGUE, Instructor in Book-keeping. SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. S., Gardener and Assistant Professor of Horticulture. A. A. SOUTHWICK, B. S., FArmM SUPERINTENDENT, 38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. GRADUATES OF 1876. Bagley, David Appleton, . Bellamy, John, Chickering, Darius Otis (Boston Wnty. ve : Deuel, Charles Frederick (Boston Univ.), Guild, George William May (Boston Univ.), Hawley, Joseph Mather (Boston Univ.), . Kendall, Hiram (Boston University), Ladd, Thomas Henry (Boston Univ.), Mann, George Hewins (Boston Univ.), Martin, William Edson (Boston Univ.), McConnel, Charles Washington (Boston University), . McLeod, William Alrandise University),. . Parker, George Amos (Bastar mane : Parker, George Lowell (Boston Univ.), Phelps, Charles Herbert (Boston Univ.), . Porter, William Henry (Boston Univ:), Potter, William Stiles (Boston Univ.), Root, Joseph Edward (Boston Univ.), Sears, John Milton (Boston University), . Smith, Thomas Edwin, Taft, Cyrus Appleton (Boston Univ. " Urner, George Peter (Boston Univ.), Wetmore, Howard Graham (Boston Uni- versity), Williams, John Elgin Boston ane : Total, : (Boston Winchendon. Boston. Enfield. Auherst. New York City. ° Salem, N. Y. Watertown. Watertown. Sharon. Hadley. Lonsdale, R. I. Lonsdale, R. I. Gardner. Dorchester. South Framingham. Hatfield. . LaFayette, Ind. Barre. Ashfield. Chesterfield. Whitinsville. Elizabeth, N. J. New York City. South Amherst. - . 24. SENIOR CLASS. Benson, David Henry (Boston Univ.), Brewer, Charles (Boston University), . Clark, Atherton (Boston University), Bridgewater. Pelham. Amherst. * The annual report being made in January necessarily includes part of two academic years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1876. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 39 Hibbard, Joseph Robinson (Boston Uni- versity ), : . Vergennes, Vt. Howe, Waldo Wertion (Boston nie y. . Framingham. Nye, George Everett, : : : . Sandwich. Paige, Harrie Cruse, : ‘ : . Tarrytown, N. Y. Parker, Henry Fitch, ‘ ‘ , . Amherst. Porto, Raymundo Martins da Silva, . . Para, Brazil. Southmayd, John Edwards (Boston Uni- versity), : ; . Middletown, Ct. Wuyesugi, Tall Katuy éshi (Boston Univ.), Tokeio, Japan. Wyman, Joseph (Boston ha eh . Arlington. Total, . : | : : : : : . 12. JUNIOR CLASS. Baker, David Erastus, . ; 3 . Franklin. Boutwell, Willie Levi, . ; 2 . Leverett. Brigham, Arthur Amber, . . ; . Marlborough. Choate, Edward Carlisle (Boston Univ.),. Cambridge. Coburn, Charles Francis, . 3 . Lowell. Foote, Sandford Dwight (Boston Univ. ),. Springfield. Hall, Josiah Newhall, . : . Revere. Hubbard, Henry Francis (Boston Univer ), New Rochelle, N.Y. Humphrey, George Eddy, : : . Rochester. Hunt, John Franklin, : . Amherst. Koch, Henry Gustave Heath (Boston Uni- , versity), . : . New York City. - Lovell, Charles Otto (Boston Daiversity’) Amherst. Morey, Guy, . : : ‘ ; - Lowell. Spofford, Amos Little, . ; . Georgetown. Stockbridge, Horace Edward (Basted Uni- versity), . ; ; : . Amherst. Tuckerman, Frederick (Boston ened Py - Boston. Washburn, John Hosea, . : : _ Bridgewater. Mota, . : : ‘ : ; ; ‘ 5 palit SOPHOMORE CLASS. Baker Martin,* ; ; : - Marshfield. Campbell, Charles Elekiry,, : . |. West Westminster, Vt. Dickinson, Richard Storrs, : ; . Amherst. * Died March 10, 1876, 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. item Green, Samuel Bowdler, . Howard, Joseph Clark, Hunt, Elisha Hubbard, Knox, Reuben, Lincoln, Joseph Cartas Myrick, Lockwood, . Osgood, Frederick Ehiitineton: Palmer, Coddington Billings, Sherman, Walter Alden, . Smith, George Parmenter, Swan, Roscoe Westley, Waldron, Hiram Edmund Baylies, Total, ; - Chelsea. West Bridgewater. Sunderland. New York City. Woburn. Concord. Cambridge. Easthampton. Lowell. Sunderland. Framingham. Rochester. iad Ds FRESHMAN CLASS. Atwood, Horace Ward (Boston Univ. ‘a Bristol, Edwin Frank, Carey, Willis Washburn, . Endicott, George, Fowler, Alvan Luther, Hall, Alfred Sigourney, Mattocks, Euao Edward, McQueen, Charles Manjie, Parker, William Colverd, . Pease, Charles Truman, Ripley, George Arms, Stewart, William Clark, Stone, Almon Humphrey, Townsley, Herbert Milton, Warner, William Edward, Wing, Edgar Russell, Wood, Lewis, . Zabriskie, Frank Fhnten’: : Total, . : : Orange. Harwinton, Ct. Fishkill, N. Y. New York City. Westfield. , Revere. Lyndon Centre, Vt. Longmeadow. Wakefield. Bridgeton, Me. Worcester. Stillwater, Minn. Phillipston. De Kalb, N. Y. Newton. Needham. West Upton. New York City. : - : sw SELECT CLASS. Augur, Charles Parmelee, Bass, Edward Little, Carey, Charles Brown, Middlefield, Ct. West Randolph, Vt. Cincinnati, O. 1877.] Carneiro, Manuel Dias, Carvallo, William, Chittenden, Edgar Davis, Collum, George Newell, Cook, Rolland Chittenden, Damon, William Frederick, Goodale, Edwin Titus, Heighway, Sheridan @altecison; Howe, Charles Sumner, j Lyman, Charles Elihu, Mills, James Kellogg (Boston Eniver. sine Pierce, William Arthur, Plaza, Enguerrando, Richardson, Benjamin Parker, . Wadley, George Dole, Total, SENATE—No. 45. Al Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Santiago, Chili. Sunderland. Hartford, Ct. Guilford, Ct. Honolulu, S. I. Boston. Cincinnati, O. Ayer Junction. Middlefield, Ct. RESIDENT GRADUATES. Bragg, B. S., Everett Burt, Brooks, B. S., William Penn, Kendall, B. S., Hiram, Libby, B. S., Beer Howard (Boston nu versity), . ; Penhallow, B. S., David eearoe. Winchester, B. S., John Frost, . Total, SUIMMARY. Graduates of 1876, Resident graduates, Seniors, . Juniors, . Sophomores, Freshmen, ‘ : : : ; Select, Total, Springfield. Boston. Arauco, Chili. Boston. Bolingbrook, Ga. > Ge Amherst. South Scituate. Watertown. Boston. Portsmouth, N. H. Peabody. ‘ é 4 hOe 24 é 6 12 Are aleve 15 : 5 . 18 18 4 - 110 [ Feb. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 42 ““oppny “TTIOO AUNAH *stoqonoa 1odoid oy} Aq poruvdurodov pure ‘poyvjs A[JOOTAI0D UMOYY Puy pu ‘s}UNODOV S.JoInsBoL], 94} POULUIEXO DAVY T ‘vainspalyT, “TNOVINOW AOWOLO “‘poytonqns ATpnyj00dseyy FO 69S TSS FO 698° TS$ GT GOL i . : 3 : ; * ‘gourleqg IE ‘90. || GF 06906 | ° ‘ ‘etqeed ST[Iq WUo.4f 00 000°0% | ° : : ; * ‘pred ssoupajqopuy LF 680'L : : * ‘TeuUEplVy WOT 68 ZeGbt (= : ‘yaunoooe A107;R.10qe'T 79 Z62'T | ° “quepuojutrodng WB] WOT 00 OLT : ; . * “‘QunoooR OZ 9% 986'9 : y ‘sjuepnjs wort s}d1900%7 08 6c8 : : * — ‘YaINODNB 4Sa10JUT 00 08 . * ‘puny eZlig [[OUULI 9¢ ZOLS . ; P * ‘QunodoR UIe 00 OOT : * ‘puny oziiq yAOMsSuIe | 68 G16 " + + 4unoooR [RolURIOg Quy COG ae ‘romerdoidde aye4¢ COnOLOR. |=: ‘yunoo0B juesunuop 99 SLI'°¢ |* — * ‘puny uouLmopury 07%IS SP IIF ; : ; : ‘pang, SILLH sosuodxg] 00 00S : ‘ , ‘puny SIH ewoouy O¢ ZS0°61$ | ° : : : ; Panes Ag G9 TéL$ : ‘ ; : ; ‘oouR[vg OF, | T ‘“uee "OL81 9281 "10 ‘ADATION IVYALTINOINOY SLLASQHOVSSVIN YZ JUWN0I0D U2 ‘HAUNSVANL, ‘AAOVINO|W ANULOAYD ‘mq 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 43 COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. FRESHMAN YEAR. First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week ; Human Anat- omy, Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; Eng- lish, 2 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Free- hand Drawing, 2 hours ; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 4 hours; Animal Physiol- ogy, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; English, 2 hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geom- etry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SOPHOMORE YEAR. First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours each week; Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agri- culture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour ; Military Drill, 4 hours ; . Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trig- onometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; Decla- mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agricult- ure, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. JUNIOR YEAR. First Term.—German, 5 hours each week; Mechanics, 5 hours ; Entomology and Zodlogy, 3 hours; Market Gardening, 2 hours; Levelling and Drawing, 5 hours; Military Drill, 8 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Floriculture, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural De- bate, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—German, 4 hours ; Astronomy, 4 hours ; Botany, 4 44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. hours; Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy Farm- ing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 3 hours. SENIOR YEAR. First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2 hours; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours ; Roads and Railroads, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original-Decla- mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour; Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Military a pes hours ; Microscopy, 4 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Military Suieace: 2 hours; Geology, 3 hours; Landscape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Agricult- ural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. LIST OF BOOKS. Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises, but the following text-books are recommended for recitation or ref- erence :— Botany AND HorrticULTURE. Gray’s Lessons, Manual, and Botanical Text-book. Sache’ Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological. Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany. Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany. Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi. Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations. Flint’s Grasses and Forage Plants. Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. Thomas’s American Fruit Culturist. Hoope’s Book of Evergreens. Strong’s Grape Culture. Henderson’s Practical Floriculture. Fuller’s Forest Tree Culturist. Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Helmsley’s Hand-book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopeedia of Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening. Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany. Kemp’s Landscape Gardening. Downing’s Landscape Gardening. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 45 AGRICULTURE. Johnson’s How Crops Grow. Johnson’s How Crops Feed. Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture. Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture. Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry. French’s Farm Drainage. Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming. Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow — Ayrshire. Waring’s Handy-book of Husbandry. Henderson’s Gardening for Profit. Donaldson’s British Agriculture. Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture. Low’s Domesticated Animals. Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. Agricultural Gazette and Gardeners’ Chronicle, London. CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY. Watt’s Fownes’ Manual of Elementary Chemistry. Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry. Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis. Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis. Will’s Analytical Chemistry. Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen. Wolff’s Landwirthschaftliche Analyse. Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie. Watt’s Chemical Dictionary. Dana’s Mineralogy. Hitchcock’s Geology. Dana’s Text-book and Manual of Geology. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY. Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated Animals. Dalton’s Human Physiology. Cleland’s Animal Physiology. Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery. Principles of Veterinary Medicine. Gamgee’s On Horseshoeing and Lameness. On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease. Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor. 46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals. Blaine’s Veterinary Art. Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy. Wood and Bache’s United States Dispensatory. Harbison’s Elementary Zoology. Lankester’s Advanced Zodlogy. Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects. Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation. Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects. Baird’s Mammals of North America. Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals. Samuels’ Birds of New England. Cobbold’s Entozoa. Denney’s Parasitic Insects. Moquin-Tondon’s Manual of Medical Zoélogy. Matuematics, Puysics AND CrviL ENGINEERING. Olney’s Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry. -Gillespie’s Surveying. Roads and Railroads. Everett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy. Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics. Peabody’s Astronomy. Loomis’ Meteorology. ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN. Hart’s Composition. Fowler’s English Grammar. Shaw’s Complete Manual of English Literature. Chambers’s Cyclopzedia of English Literature. Morley’s English Writers. Taine’s History of English Literature. Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar. Spiers and Surenne’s French Dictionary. Glaubensklee’s German Grammar. Adler’s German Dictionary. The French and German books for translation are changed every year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific pub- lications. MeEntTAL, Morar AnD SocraL SCIENCE. Haven’s Mental Science. Hickok’s Empirical Psychology. Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 47 Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy. Haven’s Moral Philosophy. Hickok’s Moral Science. Hopkins’s Law of Love and Love as Law. Chadbourne’s Natural Theology. Walker’s Science of Wealth. Perry’s Political Economy. Carey’s Principles of Social Science. Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy. CALENDAR FOR 1877. The third term of the collegiate year begins March 22d, and continues till June 20th. The first term begins August 23d, and continues till the Wednes- day before Thanksgiving. The second term begins December 13th, and continues till March 13th, 1878. There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. m., Tuesday, June 19th, and also on Thursday, August 23d. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening June 18th. The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell prize for excellence in agriculture, and the examination of the other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tuesday forenoon, June 19th. The Address before the Literary Societies will be delivered Tues- day afternoon. The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 20th. ADMISSION. Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, and the History of the United States. Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire ad- mission. No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age, and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good 48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. character, from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance, at the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term. The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock, a. m., on Tuesday, June 19th, and on Thurs- day, August 23d; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. Further information may be obtained of President W. S. Clark, Amherst, Mass. EXPENSES. Tuition, : : ; : : ; - $25 00 per term. Room-rent, . 5 ‘ : : . $5 00 to 10 00 Board, . ; : 5 : 5 3 50 per week. Expenses of Chemical Laboratory to Stu- dents of Practical Chemistry, . : : 10 00 per term. Public and private damages, including value of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, . at cost. Annual expenses, including books, ; - $3800 00 to 350 00 REMARKS. The regular course of study occupies four years, and those who complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. POST-GRADUATE COURSE. Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies under the direction of President Clark in Botany, Professor Goess- mann in Chemistry, or other members of the faculty in their respect- ive departments. REGULATIONS. 1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose of exempting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known regulation of the College. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 49 2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be employed, and students who do not answer to their names shall be marked absent, provided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardi- nesses shall be reckoned as one absence. 3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the officer in charge of the same, but permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained from the general excusing officer or from the president. In such cases, the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises occurring within the time specified. 3 4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be excused by any member of the faculty except on the presentation of a satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form. Excuses must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise from which the student was absent; except that when the absence may include two or more days, the excuse may be rendered to the president, whose approval shall be deemed sufficient for all ab- sences specified therein. Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no officer will be expected to receive an excuse after one week has elapsed from the end of the absence, if there has been an opportu- nity for presentation. Excuses deemed satisfactory will be returned to the student with the indorsement of the approving officer. Ex- -cuses deemed insufficient will be retained and referred to the faculty for their decision. , 5. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or, if offered, shall be deemed insufficient to the faculty, the absentee shall be charged with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s ac- counts, and no student may enter upon the duties of a term, or receive an honorable discharge, certificate of attendance, or diploma, until all fines previously incurred are paid. 6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all departments reaches five, the student so disqualified shall be in- formed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his delinquency ; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his connection with the College may be terminated. 7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the regular examinations; to give up any study without per- mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another 7 50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build- ings. 8. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be carefully kept, and whenever the average rank of a student for any term falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission to the College and promotion from class to class, as well as to gradua- tion are granted only by vote of the faculty. 9. Students are required to abstain from anything injurious to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to conduct themselves with propriety. 10. Students will not be excused from regular ty to engage in boating. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among them are several valuable sets of cyclopsdias, magazines and newspapers, reports of the agricultural societies and state boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticulture. There are many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying and drawing. The larger part of the books has been presented to the institution by private individuals. The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which contains over 30,000 volumes. The state cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. The Knowlton herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The botanic museum is supplied with many interesting and useful specimens of seeds, woods and fruit models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, including about 3,000 figures. About 1,500 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the Durfee Plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to students of both Colleges. The very extensive and, in some respects, unsurpassed collections in geology, mineralogy, natural history, ethnology and art, belonging to Amherst College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. 1877.] SENATE—No. 45. | 51 The chemical, engineering and military departments of the Agricultural College are well furnished. The class in microscopy have the use of seven of Tolles’ best compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. PRIZES. FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston has generously provided a fund of $1,500, which is to be used for the purchase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the College faculty, for excellence in declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of $1,000 for the endowment of a first prize of $50, and a second prize of $30, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examination in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture. Hitts Boranicat Prizes. For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of 1877, a prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best, a prize of $10; also a prize of $5 for the best collection of woods. Torren Minirary PRIze. . For the best essay by a member of the senior class on such topic as may be assigned, a prize of $25. Subject for 1877, ‘The Military Resources of America.” Ss os pea Le Oar 3 Te AD bheevot eS * sg / e) ih ee ae stich) fey 1G yi ae ee b -' nes Giese Feed he f 3 ' i bs ’ { | CaN - ri em Pete &: Hii) hn Liv Hotiaite mi 4 : | + Tarertiters thie nl miele Ti ee tay Wi) ied a ak - : . F dy . fn whend i ft ue : : cark> bette a bead {96 ray FEF ; , it Wye mar ath) hoki £ ee \ up E wit : ie r ET a } ‘ ints shay “yt v $F ‘ Pye eR Ae a + \ 7. U od i i ss, a ooh mie ay oa Wad Wel (ae ’ is Pew’) Bereta ' v Qelig! ya sta LAR | beiy i hae 7 pyrpe ley 4 hs * *) : tk ae Amat: aie sry] “hare . ie. rt (ay he iveetar | A EEA tL Bate eats “fA ee del ae i! re iy RASTA ke + x é # i : : y > é a : } ‘ aes, ; > iy md a y oy i F F ; . . ~~ fe 5 ) é io . . ' , i . Xcel yin 7“ AIL EN a i ie: va | Tea HH} } j j | | |, : y= one Ne | I | ee oe PEAT i 3 = = = ! ality _ ea ; | = (eae 1a D< XT Waele i | IL Hl | | I] Ji i | 4 - SPAASSEACHC UMASS ( . * | by ZA \ P e -_—- ae’ ° * itn ‘ ' efi ie ; is Lyy Gat ; 13 age a sae a SOAGTON Ean Skis . : p: i") Af fi pirat Fe » OR Led eden de vital RRR Mie MES INE = : aa hl Cate a 7 Y oe ~ Sauponie Gnd: He a tee ay % r : Me a gk Av « tlh, > . 2 - A ‘ ee ee. £ es . Commonwealth of Massachusetts. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, Feb. 7, 1878. To the Honorable the Senate: — I have the honor herewith to present, for the consideration of the General Court, the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. ALEXANDER H. RICE. IN. —D a xX. Financial Condition and Claims Sapporo Agricultural College . Agricultural Improvement in Japan New Plants from Japan . Wants of the College © Experiment Station Sugar from the Beet and from Sorghum . New Building for Library, Cabinets, &c. Anniversary Exercises Report of Military Department Report of Horticultural Department Report of Farm Superintendent Report on Experiments with Fertilizers . ; Catalogue of Officers and Students of 1877. Course of Instruction Calendar for 1878 ‘ Admission, Expenses, and Remarks “ Post-graduate Course Prizes : College Be lations: Scholarships Property and Funds Treasurer’s Report . f Meteorological Observations for 1876 and 1877 o 7 + ~- -_—* v-—'Pr? t eta PN UAL PRR PORT. To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : — THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College respectfully submit their Fifteenth Annual Report : — _ The experience of the year 1877 has not differed materially from that of preceding years. The objects for which the College was established have been kept steadily in view by the officers in charge, and such improvements made as the means at their disposal would allow. The appropriation of the last legislature was barely sufficient to defray ordinary expenses; and it has been only through the liberality of an individual member of the Board that certain indispensable repairs have been made, and a new propagating house for the botanical department built, without increasing the indebted- ness of the corporation. The same generous friend, Hon. William Knowlton, has also kindly indorsed the notes of the _ treasurer during the past three years, and thus enabled him to maintain the credit of the College. Justice demands that this debt of twenty thousand dollars, which has gradually accumulated through the failure of suc- cessive legislatures to provide the necessary funds for the current expenses of the institution, should be paid at once by an appropriation. : It is also necessary, unless radical changes of management are adopted, that the sum of five thousand dollars be provided to meet the deficit in the income for the ensuing year. ‘The plan of organization, the course of instruction, and the method of agricultural experiments and scientific investiga- _ tions which are now in operation at the College, are the 2 10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. experience. ‘They are also, in the main, quite satisfactory to all intelligent persons who are acquainted with them; and the principal objection to the College arises from the fact that money is required for its proper maintenance. Again and again have different legislatures visited the beautiful estate in Amherst belonging to the Commonwealth; and after seeing the facuity and students, with their books, specimens, and apparatus, the costly and commodious buildings, the fine live-stock in the barns, and the interesting contents of the plant-house, they have always voted the indispensable funds. But it is a very difficult and expensive undertaking to ex- hibit thus the whole Institution to the legislature, to explain in detail all its arrangements, and to answer fully all the misstatements and captious criticisms of those who, for any reason, choose to oppose the needed appropriations. This annual education of the great majority of the general court. is rendered still moie arduous by the fact that the people of Massachusetts are chiefly engaged in other occupations than agriculture, and therefore feel but little interest in its ad- vancement; while the farmers,-as a class, are so conservative as to have but a very moderate appreciation of the advan- tages to be derived from their College. On the other hand, there are many reasons for encourage- ment. The possible utility of agricultural education is no longer questioned, and the importance of technical schools is now generally admitted; many honest opponents of such institutions having been converted, within a few years, into sincere and helpful friends. It is easy to demonstrate that the College, with its scien- tific professors, its excellent farm, live-stock, and machines, its museums, library, laboratories, and plant-houses, may not only furnish a thorough scientific and practical education to such as desire it, but may also accomplish a vast amount of good by the careful trial of new implements, seeds, fertilizers, and methods, and by original investigations upon the great problems of agriculture and horticulture. The analysis and inspection of fertilizers which is constantly going on under the direction of Professor Goessmann is worth more to the farmers of the State than the entire expense of carrying on the College ; and the experiments of Professor Stockbridge, upon the use of chemical fertilizers where stable-manure 1878. | SENATE — No. 100. 11 cannot be advantageously applied on account of the cost, have shown how the agricultural products of Massachusetts may be very largely increased, with a fair prospect of a rea- sonable profit. As every improvement in agriculture adds directly to the welfare of the people, not only in our own State, but wherever it may be adopted; and as the question for consideration by the legislature is, not whether there shall be a State College at Amherst, but whether the Massachu- setts Agricultural College shall be so maintained as to accom- plish worthily the objects of its establishment, — there seems to be no sufficient ground for the refusal of the small annual appro- priation required. Is it wise for the legislature to break up the successful system of instruction and training which is now in operation as the result of fifteen years of experiment? Can the Commonwealth afford to lose a large part of the benefits which should be derived from an investment of more than half a million dollars in an institution for scientific and practical education, by neglecting to defray its necessary current expenses? If the very moderate sum of five thou- sand dollars per annum be furnished, the College can go on with its four-years’ course of instruction, and, while receiving students of rather limited attainments, may send forth grad- uates deserving the name of educated men. It can also perform a great amount of most important work as an experi- mental station, and gradually bring its farm and gardens into such a condition of excellence as to be models for the imita- tion of both its students and the public generally. The only way in which the cost of carrying on the College can be reduced materially is to shorten the course to three years, and raise the standard of admission to a point which would make it necessary for students to spend a year or two in some preparatory school of a high grade. By this change, the services of one professor might be dispensed with: but the diminution in the number of students would probably reduce the income from tuition to a considerable extent; so that the net gain would be slight. As the salaries of the officers are now ten per cent less than those paid by Am- herst College, it is not practicable to economize largely in _ this direction. The obligation of the State to sustain the College is very clear, and the pecuniary advantage of doing so is equally 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. obvious. The Trustees, therefore, earnestly appeal to the legislature for that material aid which the best interests of the Institution under their charge, and the good name of Massachusetts, seem to them to demand. SAPPORO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. At the beginning of the year 1876 the Trustees were called to perform a most unexpected, but most important, duty in connection with agricultural education. The Japan- ese Government having determined to establish an agricul- tural college, and having selected the Massachusetts College as a model, very naturally looked to its faculty and gradu- ates for advice and assistance. His Excellency Yoshida Kiyonari, Japanese minister at Washington, was especially desirous of procuring the services of President Clark, if only for a single year, to aid in locating, organizing, and starting the new institution. Accordingly, the Trustees, by a unani- © mous vote, granted him leave of absence from May 15, 1876, to Sept. 1, 1877; at which time he resumed his duties at Amherst. The first professors selected for the Japanese college were - William Wheeler of the class of 1871, David P. Penhallow of the class of 1873, and William P. Brooks, valedictorian in 1875. These gentlemen have proved themselves eminently qualified for the duties assigned them, and have given entire satisfaction to both the officers of the governnent and their . Japanese pupils. The college is located at Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido, in latitude 43° N., in the valley of the great river Ishcari. The soil of the college farm is a fine black loam, underlaid - with beds of yellow loam and gravel, and is admirably suited for tillage. The climate here is delightful, and especially favorable for vegetation. The ground is rarely frozen in winter, but covered with abundance of snow during four or five months. The summers are bright and warm, with plenti- ful rains; and autumnal frosts hardly appear before the snow. The following crops were successfully cultivated on the farm in 1876 ; viz., rice, wheat, barley, maize, oats, millet, Timothy, clover, beans, pease, Chinese indigo, hemp, flax, potatoes, sweet-potatoes, beets, turnips, field-radishes, carrots, cabbages, tomatoes, egg-plant, ginseng, white and paper mulberries, and 1878.] , SENATE—No. 100. : 13 a great variety of American and foreign fruit-trees and use- ful and ornamental plants. The farming of the past season has produced very satisfactory results. Professor Brooks reports that he has raised, among other things, two thousand bushels of excellent corn, two thousand -bushels of Early Rose potatoes, one hundred and twenty tons of hay, and more sugar-beets, turnips, and carrots than he can store in his root cellar. | The college farm consists of two hundred and fifty acres, one hundred of which are devoted to pasture, and fifty to tim- ber. The barn is one hundred by fifty feet, with one L sixty by thirty feet, and another forty by thirty feet, and a cellar one hundred by fifty feet, and ten feet deep. The farm is supplied with imported stock, and agricultural machines and implements of all sorts. At Sapporo excellent labor costs twenty cents per day, and the annual allowance for ordinary. farm expenses is $15,350; while Massachusetts often fails to make any provision for the working-expenses of her College farm of nearly four hundred acres, though labor here costs five times as much. It is a very interesting fact, that, in 1876, there were three model and experimental farms in Japan, under the charge of Japanese officers who had been educated at the Massachu- setts College. One of these farms, near sblalanlite: contains five thousand acres, and is under the direction of Mr. Youchi, who has under him eleven officers, and nearly one hundred permanent laborers. He is allowed forty thousand dollars annually for his ordinary expenses, and gives away to the farmers of the provinee, or sells to them at a nominal price, a large part of the products of his farm. He raises annually ten thousand grafted fruit-trees and a million or more forest-trees for planting. He has an admirable plantation of Chinese mul- berries, containing one hundred thousand trees for growing silk, and about one thousand sheep for the production of wool. Fine horses, neat-cattle, and swine also receive care- ful attention, many valuable animals having been imported from the United States. The government farms for the improvement of agriculture in the province of Hokkaido, with a population of less than two hundred thousand, are sustained at an annual cost of 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. more than a hundred thousand dollars, besides the main- tenance of the new agricultural college, which requires thirty thousand dollars per annum. Is it too much for Massachu- setts to appropriate five thousand dollars a year for the sup-- port of her single College and its farm ? The Japanese Government has contracted with a Gaon. nian of large experience to introduce eighty thousand sheep into one district on the island of Nippon, and has already enclosed six thousand acres of land for a stock farm. The wild prairie soil is being broken up, and cultivated grasses and forage plants being introduced, while suitable barns, sheds, and offices are in process of construction. During the year 1877 the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars was expended in Kentucky and California in the purchase of Thoroughbred and Norman horses, well-bred asses, and Shorthorn and Jersey cattle, for this single farm. This establishment is designed not only to increase the supply, and improve the quality, of the valuable domestic animals of the empire, but also to serve as a practical school of agriculture for a large number of young men who perform the necessary labor, under the direction and instruction of American superintendents. Among the many interesting and valuable results to be achieved by the Massachusetts professors at Hokkaido is the discovery of new and useful plants, and their introduction into the United States. Seeds of about thirty species of desirable trees, shrubs, woody climbers, and herbaceous plants, were collected in the autumn of 1877, and forwarded by President Clark to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, where they are now growing. Among these are two specially worthy of notice,—the one for its fine foliage and flowers, and the other for its vigorous growth, its beautiful leaves and blos- soms, and its excellent fruit. The first is called Schizo- phragma hydrangeoides, and is a woody climber, attaching itself to the trunks and branches of trees by aerial rootlets, and often clothing them from the ground to their tops with a mass of verdure, upon the outside of which, in midsummer, appear large cymes of white flowers. The main stem of this species is often found with a diameter of six inches, and doubtless frequently attains the age of more than one hun- dred years, as specimens have been collected which had a 1878. ] SENATE — No. 100. 15 diameter of more than eleven inches. The largest stems are almost always hollow; and the entire bark is separated from the wood every year by a thin layer of cork, as in the grape- vine. All persons who are familiar with the admirable qualities of the Hydrangea paniculata, which is abundant in the same forests on the island of Yezo, will be interested to know that this closely-allied climber has been introduced into our country. The second species is called Actinidia polygama, and be- longs to the same family with the tea and the camellia. It is a twining plant, sending out shoots from ten to twenty feet in length in a single season, and rapidly reaching the summits of the highest trees. The stem grows to a great size, and assumes the most grotesque forms. Sometimes a single vine will coil itself with surprising regularity about the trunk of a forest-tree, like a huge anaconda; and, again, two or more branches will twist about each other, forming an immense living cable, ten or twelve inches in diameter, and often rising from the earth to branches fifty feet above it without any apparent aid. The wood of this species is remarkably soft and porous, resembling that of the grape, and is often used by the Ainos for the manufacture of shal- low dishes, which are usually ornamented with sculptur- ings. The large ducts of this wood are filled with innumer- able microscopic needles of calcium oxalate. The younger vines and branches form an excellent substitute for ropes, especially when steamed in their own sap, and twisted while hot. ‘This is ingeniously done by the Japanese by coiling the vines, and laying them upon fires of wood so arranged as to heat without burning them. The inflorescence and foliage are handsome; the flowers being white, and arranged in loose racemes several inches long. The fruit, however, is worthy of special attention, it being edible, and highly esteemed by both bears and men. The clusters of ripe berries resemble somewhat those of the ‘ Malaga grape in size, form, and color; but the seeds are luckily very minute, though numerous. The flavor of the kokuwa, as the Japanese call it, is quite peculiar, but agree- able to most persons, especially after it has been slightly touched by the frost. The pulp is soft, juicy, and sweet, with a slight astringency, but scarcely any acidity, when 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [ Feb. fully ripe. It is very healthy; and large quantities are eaten by the people, both in the fresh state, and preserved in sugar. In passing through the forests, the bark of the large trees whose tops are covered with this vine is frequently seen to be scratched by the sharp claws of the bears, which are very fond of this as of other sweet fruits. If this species should prove to be hardy in Massachusetts, of which there can be little doubt, it. will not only be a most valuable ornamental plant, but the fruit will be worth culti- . vation even in its present wild state: If, however, it should prove as susceptible of improvement as our native grape has done, it will certainly become a most delicious addition to our list of fruits for the dessert and for cooking. An attempt has been made at Sapporo to manufacture kokuwa-wine; but it is hardly likely to prove a formidable rival to that from the grape. In Japan, however, it. has only to compete with saki, or rice-wine, which it may easily surpass in every respect. The wild grape of: Yezo is a most luxuriant vine, attaining a diameter of ten to twelve inches; but the fruit is utterly worthless, being very sour, and consisting chiefly of seeds. The enterprise of the Japanese is well illustrated in the fact that thirty thousand Concord vines and one hundred thousand American fruit-trees of all sorts were: planted at and around Sapporo in the spring of 1877, all of which had been grown from imported stock on a government farm seven hundred miles distant. WANTS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE. The apparent indifference of recent legislatures, as well as of wealthy citizens of the State, in reference to the welfare of its Agricultural College, contrasts strangely with the en- thusiastic and enterprising spirit of the ‘* Yankees of the East.”’ Nevertheless, the Trustees are unable and unwilling to believe that the present condition of affairs can long con- tinue, and confidently expect that the funds will soon be furnished from some source, not only to render the College . very useful in its present form and condition, but also to greatly enlarge and improve it. The farm during the past year has been ‘inde the charge of Superintendent Southwick, whose report is appended to this, and shows what he has accomplished. Though he has 1878. | SENATE —No. 100. Et had no money for carrying on a farm of nearly four hundred acres, except in’ the form of temporary loans, and though even a portion of his moderate salary has been the gift of a member of the Executive Committee, he has labored coura- geously and faithfully. He has raised some good crops, made some permanent improvements, and kept the estate in fair condition. It is, however, most unfortunate, both for his own reputation and that of the College, that he should be com- pelled to work with such limited means. It is also a great defect in the equipment of the agricul- tural department, that a much larger number of sheep, dairy | cows, ox and horse teams, and machines for economizing labor, are not provided as means for instructing the students in practical farming. While the idea that the farm ought to pay expenses seems very plausible, yet it cannot be put into practice without ignoring, to a very large extent, the special objects for which the College was established, and for which the farm has, by act of the legislature, been connected with it. Hitherto, the theoretical instruction in agriculture and horticulture in the lecture-room has been tolerably satisfac- tory, notwithstanding the great want of diagrams, models, specimens, implements, and machines for illustration. Those students who have been brought up on well-managed farms, and have acquired skill in manual labor, have been able to improve their time in the culture and discipline of their minds, and in the getting of valuable scientific and agricul- tural information. But the opportunities afforded to: young men who have seen nothing of farm-life before entering Col- lege have never yet been what they ought to be. A large part of the operations on the College farm should be for purposes of experiment and instruction, without any special reference to immediate profit; and, until suitable provision is made for such management, the Institution cannot properly | accomplish its mission. The horticultural department has been well managed the _ past year by Professor Maynard, whose report will give the details of his efforts and the results achieved. There is much reason to expect great improvement in the practical instruction and profitable working of this department under the new arrangements which have recently been made. Mr. John W. Clark, a graduate of the College, after spend- 3 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. ing some years in extensive nurseries in the West, has returned, and associated himself with Professor Maynard in such a way as will largely increase the business of the depart- ment in raising and selling seeds, bedding, vegetable, and hardy herbaceous plants, and fruit and ornamental shrubs and trees.. The erection of a new propagating-house will enable instructive and profitable work to be carried on in winter, and do much to render the department self-sustaining. The Hills Fund of ten thousand dollars, which was gener- ously subscribed some years ago by Messrs. L. M. and H. F. Hills, for the promotion of botanical science, has, during the year, been paid into the treasury. It is hoped this may be so invested as to produce a somewhat larger income than heretofore, and that important practical results may be attained by the investigations which may be prosecuted under the stimulus and assistance afforded by it. Similar funds would prove exceedingly valuable in connection with the departments of agriculture and chemistry. Mr. J. B. Lawes of Rothamsted in England, after maintaining and conducting in the most admirable manner an experimental station at his own expense for more than thirty years, has recently given the establishment, with a cash endowment of five hundred thousand dollars, into the charge of trustees, to be carried on in perpetuity. Who will imitate his noble example so far as to enable a similar work to be successfully inaugurated at | Ambherst ? A generous friend, who evidently appreciates the impor- tance of such a station, has communicated to the Trustees, through Professor Stockbridge, his willingness to pay into the College treasury the sum of one thousand dollars to defray the expenses of agricultural experiments to be carried on upon the College farm during the year 1878. Though one year is a very limited period in which to accomplish results of the most valuable sort, yet it affords ample time and opportunity to begin operations, and demonstrate the necessity of a permanent fund for this purpose. The Trus- tees have, therefore, gladly accepted the proffered money, and appointed a committee, with full power to determine what shall be undertaken, to see that the work is properly done, and to report upon the results of their investigations. This committee consists of President Clark, Professors Goess- 1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 19 mann and Stockbridge, Hon. Richard Goodman, and Secre- tary Flint. It has been decided to plant two acres of land, near the north-east corner of the College estate, with forest-trees the coming spring. Among the species which have been tried, the European larch and the Scotch pine have seemed to be the most promising. The white-ash and hickory have not been tested, but are deemed specially worthy of trial. The recent extraordinary development of the beet-sugar industry in Europe urges with renewed force upon our atten- tion the probable advantages of its introduction into Massa- chusetts. The farmers of the Connecticut Valley, since the successful experiments with the sugar-beet were made at the College in the years 1870 and 1871, have found the tobacco- crop becoming less and less profitable, and would now gladly engage in some new agricultural enterprise. During the past year Professor Goessmann procured seed from Germany, and furnished it to several parties who desired to raise an experimental crop; and he has kindly determined for them the percentage of sugar in the different lots of beets. Nothing new has been discovered by these experiments ; but the extreme differences of size and quality show, that, for the best results, the well-established rules of culture must be observed. The only practical obstacle in the way of produ- cing all our sugar upon our own soil lies in the first cost of a factory. For the most economical working of the beet-roots, it is necessary to use not less than fifty tons per diem ; and, as the sugar must be refined in the process of manufacture, the requisite apparatus is costly. A well-equipped beet-sugar factory would require for the plant and the working capital about one hundred thousand dollars, but, under judicious management, would, in all probability, prove a good invest- ment. It is proposed to raise on the College farm the ensuing season an acre of a new sorghum, which ripens well in Minne- sota, two hundred miles north of Amherst. It is called the “ Karly Amber Cane,” and produces one hundred and sixty gallons of excellent syrup per acre. From the syrup a good quality of sugar may be obtained, a gallon yielding from five to seven pounds. As the cane simply requires crushing between iron rollers, and the juice may be evaporated in open 20 » AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. pans, just like maple-sap, no costly factory is neeaed. It seems, therefore, altogether likely that a beginning may be made in the home-production of sugar from sorghum of this new northern variety. ‘The transition from this crop to the more profitable sugar-beet will then be comparatively easy. Mr. Seth H. Kenney of Morristown, Rice County, Minn., a former resident of Amherst, has kindly furnished much valuable information upon this subject, and has generously given the College seed sufficient to plant an experimental acre. So promising does this new variety of sorghum appear, that the commissioner of agriculture at Washington has bought five thousand pounds of the seed for gratuitous dis- tribution. The chemical department of the College has been skilfully and economically managed by Dr. Goessmann, who has not only given the usual instruction, but also done a large amount of important work as State inspector of fertilizers, and chemist to the Board of Agriculture. The results of his official labors will be found in the Report of Secretary Flint. It will be seen, by reference to the course of study, that a long-desired change has been made, by which the time as- signed to practical chemistry has been somewhat increased, and transferred from freshman and sophomore years to junior and senior years. Appended to this Report will be found a valuable paper by Professor Goessmann, giving the results of his experiments upon the relation of the ash constituents of plants to the growth of the organs of vegetation, and the quality and ripening of fruits. In the department of physics there is great need of addi- tional apparatus; and it is very desirable to have a laboratory _ where students can learn by practice the structure and use of the apparatus and machines by which the great forces of nature are measured, observed, and illustrated. Formerly the extensive and costly apparatus of Amherst College was available for the instruction of the agricultural students; but, since the decease of Professor Snell, it has not been practica- ble to continue this plan. It has become, therefore, very important for the College to procure as soon as possible at least three thousand dollars’ worth of apparatus for the illus- tration especially of electricity, optics, and acoustics. 1878. ] | SENATE—No. 100. 21 It would contribute immensely to the proper development of the College, if a suitable building were erected to accom- modate the departments of physics and civil engineering, agriculture and natural history. Such an edifice, for which an admirable plan has been prepared, should contain a large room for the agricultural museum, and a lecture-room ad- joining; a large room for the State collections in natural his- tory, which are now in danger of destruction by fire in the south dormitory; and a lecture-room and laboratory for the professor of physics, with ample accommodations for appara- tus. In the upper portion of the same building should be apartments for the College library and reading-room, and a spacious hall for public exercises. Money is also greatly needed for the constant increase of the collections, and especially for the enlargement of the library. While, within suitable restrictions, the College can, doubtless, always enjoy the benefits of the valuable library and collections of Amherst College, it must be obvious to all, that for the books, specimens, and apparatus which are required for daily use, it should be independently furnished. The foregoing statement of the deficiencies of the College is made, not with the expectation that they will at once be supplied either by individual, legislative, or congressional munificence, but in the hope that a knowledge of them may awaken sympathy in some quarters, and induce the friends of the Institution to rally with unwonted enthusiasm for its help. Professor Totten’s Report states clearly what has been attempted and accomplished in the military department during the past year. Considering the difficulties which have been experienced in other colleges in the maintenance of a thor- ough system of discipline and instruction in this department, his complete success and decided popularity are quite remark- able. As he has shown very decided ability as an officer and teacher during his detail at the College, it would be very agreeable to have him again assigned to duty at Amherst, A course of lectures upon veterinary science and practice has been provided for the present senior class, and it is hoped the funds of the College may allow instruction upon this very important subject to be given every year. The lecturer for the class of 1878 is Dr. Charles P. Lyman of Springfield, _ Mass. 99 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —__ [Feb. ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES. The first public exercise of anniversary week occurred on Monday evening, June 18, and consisted of the Farnsworth Prize Declamations, which were honored by the presence of the founder. The judges were Hon. C. L. Flint of Boston, and Messrs. G. L. Smith and E. E. Webster of Amherst. The gold medals were awarded to Lockwood Myrick of the sophomore class, and Edgar R. Wing of the freshman class; and the silver medals to Roscoe W. Swan, sophomore, and Alvan L. Fowler, freshman. The examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell Prizes, for excellence in agriculture, occurred in the forenoon of Tuesday, June 19; and the committee were President P. A. Chadbourne of Williams College, and Messrs. E. A. Ells- worth of Barre, and H. C. Comins of Hadley. The success- ful competitors were David H. Benson and John E. South- mayd, between whom the first prize, of fifty dollars, was divided, and Atherton Clark, who received the second “prep, of thirty dollars. The committee of award for the Hills Prizes, for the best collection of dried plants, were Professors H. G. Jesup of Dartmouth College, Edward Hitchcock of Amherst College, and 8. T. Maynard of the Agricultural College. The first prize, of fifteen dollars, was given to Atherton Clark, whose herbarium was the largest ever collected by a student in the College, and contained eleven hundred and twenty-five species admirably mounted, named, and catalogued. The second prize, of ten dollars, was awarded to John E. Southmayd. The Totten Military Prize, of twenty-five dollars, was be- stowed upon David H. Benson for the best essay upon the subject assigned ; viz., ‘“* The Military Resources of America.” The military parade in the forenoon of Graduation Day, June 20, was largely attended, and very interesting and sat- isfactory. In the absence of his Excellency the Governor, the battalion was reviewed by Ex-Goy. William B. Washburn. The diplomas for special excellence in this department were bestowed upon Atherton Clark, John E. Southmayd, David H. Benson, James K. Mills, Joseph Wyman, and George E.~ Nye. The theses of the graduating class were delivered in the 1878. | SENATE —No. 100. 23 afternoon, in Amherst-College Hall; and the valedictory ad- dresses were given by David H. Benson, who also had the honor of representing the College at the commencement exercises of Boston University. The diplomas of the University, in the absence of President Warren, were presented to matriculants by Secretary Flint. His Honor Lieut.-Gov. Knight closed the exercises with appropriate remarks, and bestowed upon each member of the graduating class the diploma of the College, in the name of the Commonwealth. ; Respectfully submitted by order of the Trustees, W. 9S. CLARK, President. AMHERST, January, 1878. 24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. MILITARY DEPARTMENT. Presipent W. S. CLARK. Sir, —I have the honor to submit the following Report :— The work upon the centennial battery has been pushed, until it is now very near completion. It has been turfed and graded upon the inside, and one wing is already finished. It received its armament in time for the commencement exer- cises last June; and “the actual throwing of shell upon that occasion, from real mortars in a regular earthwork,” added great interest to the military exercises of the day. This bat- tery now constitutes one of the most noticeable features upon the College-grounds, has afforded eminently practical instruc- tion in earthwork to the students who built it, will greatly facilitate the instruction of future classes, and, as a lasting monument of genuine enthusiasm, will certainly elicit the admiration of all who visit it. The grading of the drill-ground early in the autumn has greatly improved its general appearance, and fitness for tacti- cal manceuvre, and has thrown into greater relief the battery situated just beyond. Through the kindness of the Adjutant-General of the State, large additions have been lately made to the collection in the military museum, and one hundred and sixty knap- sacks furnished for purposes of camping and instruction. The usual supply of service ammunition for the twelve- pounders and small-arms was received at the beginning of the year from the ordnance department at Washington; and an additional supply of friction primers, and ammunition for the eight-inch mortars, has since been promised from the same source. This large amount of ammunition is now stored in the new and substantial service magazine built during the year from the appropriation of the Trustees for that purpose. This magazine is situated just in rear of the mortar battery, and is connected with it by a suitable trench, which serves both as a covered way and a drain. 1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 25 Since the last report, several important changes have been effected in the uniform of the College. The West-Point cadet suit is still the regulation for full dress, but is now obtained from the contractors, Devlin & Co., at the very noticeable reduction of some seven dollars from the original cost. At the instance of a petition, originated, and signed almost unanimously, by the students, a neat blouse has been adopted for undress purposes. It is made of cadet gray, to match the pants and cap; and is modelled upon the blouse lately worn by regular army officers, with braid and slashes. This blouse has been contracted for by Devlin & Co., and already furnished to-about forty cadets, at the low price of eleven dollars and fifty cents. Made out of a material so famous for its iron wear, it will certainly effect a great saving to the students, while, from its neat military appearance, it cannot fail to strengthen their esprit de corps. While adopt- ing the blouse, the regular cadet overcoat “and fatigue-cap ornament were also recognized “‘as uniform” by the depart- ment, and will be furnished by Devlin & Co. at twenty-one dollars and one dollar respectively. Of course it is not made obligatory upon cadets to procure any but the regular full- dress uniform, though the prospects are, that, in a few years, the blouse and cap ornament will be almost universally adopted. | The special military diploma, for some time contemplated by the department, was struck off from appropriate plates in time for issue to the last graduating class. The undertaking was entirely a private one; but no expense was spared to make a handsome document. It is surmounted by the de- sign found upon the state-militia commission, has for its foot- piece one very similar to that found upon that of the regular army, reads somewhat like the West-Point diploma, and recommends its holder to a commissioned rank in the regular army of the United States, or in the militia of any of the several States. Though offered to and within the reach of all, it is to be given, under the official control of the profess- or of military science and tactics, only to such as attain to genuine military merit. It is intended for a prize, and as an incentive to military proficiency, and is already recog- nized by the students as having a decided intrinsic value. Six members of the class of ’77 received the distinction ; and, 4 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. in order to extend the benefit to previous classes, the former heads of this department were communicated with, and from them six members of each of these classes also received proper recommendations. Two-thirds of those thus recom- mended have since apphed for the paper, and now hold it as valuable evidence of special fitness to serve their country in the future. The expenses of engraving, printing, &e., have now been fully cleared; and, as all future sales will be a source of net income, I have the honor to present the plates and surplus diplomas now on hand to the College, for the purpose of perpetuating the prize known as the * Totten Military Prize.” This prize is open to all members of the graduating class, and to such specials in their last year as may pursue the course in military science, and give satisfactory evidence of their tactical proficiency. The military essay for which this prize is offered has now become a feature in the course, and two classes ‘have already competed for it. The prize essay of the last class, on the subject of “The Military Resources of America,’ was written by cadet First Lieut. and Adjutant D. H. Benson of Bridgewater. The subject for the present senior class is “The American Military Prob- lem.” | The usual excursion was made during the year to the national armory at Springfield, when opportunity was also afforded to visit the large pistol factory of Smith and Wesson, situated at the same place. During the summer vacation an excursion was made to West Point with such members of the present senior class as found it convenient to attend. Parts of three days were enjoyably spent in examining the matters of interest collected at this famous institution; and every facility was courteously afforded by the commandant, Gen. Niel, to investigate and study the system of discipline and administration of the corps of cadets. This excursion, besides being very instruc- tive and entertaining, enabled the department to take an entirely novel step in the instruction of new cadets. Upon the beginning of the present year the West-Point method was adopted; and three seniors, two of whom had seen the system in actual work, were detailed out over the new class, and not relieved from their entire charge until they were ready to be admitted to the battalion. This event occurred 1878. ] SENATE —No. 100. 27 fully a month earlier than ever before, and has, in every respect, justified the innovation. Three days in October were devoted by the faculty to an excursion for scientific purposes, and the enterprise placed under the charge of this department as to discipline and organization. It was organized, therefore, as a military expe- dition, and was entered into enthusiastically by the students, by whom all the arrangements were carried out, and without any drawbacks to their full realization. The thanks of the department are due to Mr. Bentley, superintendent of the N. L. N. Railroad, and to Mr. John H. Graves of Springfield, for the use of the depot, grounds, and picnic conveniences at Mount Toby station; all of which greatly added to the suc- cess of the encampment. It will be impossible to describe the expedition at length. But camp life and routine in all their details were grasped and put into actual practice by men who had never before experienced it, and this in an astonishingly short time. Discipline was perfect, interest unflagging, health excellent; and the battalion never before marched back to its quarters more conscious of the military possibilities that lie within its system of instruction than it did from Camp William Knowlton. It is the general desire of the students, and earnestly indorsed by this department, that such an encampment become a permanent feature in the College curriculum. It was intended to inaugurate during the present year in this department a series of experiments in clearing land of stumps and rocks by means of the higher explosives. ‘This important undertaking has been unavoidably delayed; but such steps have already been taken as will enable my suc- cessor to easily prosecute it. It is a subject that promises valuable results to the farming community, and nowhere could it be more properly studied than at this Institution. The experiments carried on last year by this department in explosives have since been fully described and published in pamphlet form. These experiments had for their object _ the determination of the chemical, mechanical, and practical feasibility of “building up” grains, cakes, or masses out of two or more explosives, or out of the same explosive in varying conditions, in such a manner that these explosives should be successively ignited, but only by the actual combustion of the 28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. several layers down to them. A most important possibility is thus held out of utilizing even the fiercest of modern ex- plosives for artillery purposes, —an undertaking but lately given up in despair by almost the whole world, but only after the expenditure of millions by both Austria and England. This new method, however, proposes to protect large grains of gun-cotton, picrate, or other explosive, by enveloping them in exterior jackets of ordinary gunpowder, and thus to retard their explosion until the powder, by its regular combustion down to them, has performed its important task of starting the inert projectile into rapid velocity. An accelerating powder of unlimited force is thus within the range of prom- ise, and one which from its scientific construction will exert only a minimum strain upon the arm in which it is used. Considerable interest in the matter has now been excited in military circles; and the Franklin Institute, representing a high class of scientific thinkers, almost immediately repub- lished, by permission, the entire article in its journal. It will, therefore, be unnecessary to discuss these experiments in this report. From the very nature, however, of such a subject, it is clear that vast means, delicate instruments, and special students, are necessary to carry to their legitimate ends experiments of so much importance. Such facilities are possessed only by governments; and, as the matter is of special value only for war-purposes, it ought certainly to enlist their attention. | The department continues in charge of the instruction in topography, levelling, road maintenance and construction, and drawing. These are all important studies for the scientific farmer, and, it is trusted, will some day receive enough con- sideration to constitute, with kindred subjects, a separate de- partment of “ Practical Agricultural Engineering.” A few hundred dollars could hardly be spent more judiciously than in procuring specimens of the various road-coverings, models, drawings, and specifications of the different orders of city, town, and country roads, bridges, &c., and in establishing a suitable cabinet in connection with a class-room particularly devoted to these topics. Before another catalogue is published, the detail of the present incumbent will have expired: he therefore takes the present occasion to acknowledge officially the firm and honest 1878. ] SENATE—No. 100. 29 support that this department has always received at the hands of yourself and the faculty. The few cases of discipline that have arisen during his term of office have all received prompt notice; and such of them as have been of an aggravated character have been specialized with such summary consider- ation as should always characterize a military administration. The College, to a recognized extent, is a military one by the requirements both of the state and the national statutes; and its policy in regard to this department is considered to be both generous and just. This is especially true in view of the glaring shortcomings of many other institutions, which, though similarly bound to support a military department, are utterly devoid of even the principles of its inception. So long as discipline remains intact, drills and uniforms compul- sory, military rank a matter of merit, and a course in mili- tary science forms a part of the regular curriculum, so long will this College be specially deserving of the highest esteem of military authorities, and a detail to its chair of military science and tactics be an honor to the officer fortunate enough to obtain it. Words can scarcely be found in which fairly to appreciate the important part taken by the students themselves in build- ing up a department whose promises are yet so distaft. The record of the past three years is their best reward at present, while perhaps the future may have higher ones in store. Their interest has steadily increased, and thus achievements have been possible, that, without it, would never have been even conceived. America is just beginning to realize the absolute value of more general military education. It is the least expensive preparation for the future she can make, but one whose ulti- mate value is to be computed only in wunspilt blood, — treasure far more priceless than all the other vast expenditures of peaceful preparation for possible war. Very respectfully your obedient servant, C. A. L. Torren, Ist Lieut. 4th Art., U. S. A. 30. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. PRESIDENT W. S. CLARK. Sir, —I have the honor of making the following Report upon the condition of the Horticultural Department : — It will be seen by the Treasurer’s Report that the income from this department has been larger this season than ever before. The orchard has been kept in a good state of cultivation, and many of the pear-trees give promise of fruit another year. The peach-trees have made a good growth, are free from disease, and have produced this season about twenty- five bushels of fine peaches. The trees have, each year, been pruned back to keep them in a compact form, and all borers have been carefully destroyed. The varieties found most valuable are Crawford’s Early, Crawford’s Late, Old Mixon, Stump the World, and Morris’s White. | The vineyard has yielded a good crop of grapes of fine quality; but the bunches were small, owing, in part, to exhaustion of the soil, and in part to the injury done by the phylloxera, which has been found upon the roots of every variety. The experiments made during the summer, of girdling the vines to hasten the ripening of the fruit, promise to be of some value, and will be continued. From the hot-beds and cold-frames have been sold, the past season, seventy-five thousand cabbage-plants, lettuce, cucum- bers, and tomatoes, to the value of a hundred and fifteen dol- lars, besides small plants of various kinds. Upon half an acre of land west of the peach-orchard were grown about two tons of fine Hubbard squashes; and from half an acre north of the Botanic Museum were grown over fifty bushels of ears of pop-corn. A little over an acre and a half of land was planted with 1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 81 strawberries last spring, which have done well, except in some places where injured by the larvee of the May beetle. Should the next season be favorable, we hope for quite an increase in our income from this source. Arrangements have been made for the establishment of a trade nursery in connection with this department. Mr. J. W. Clark, a graduate of the College, who will have charge of this work, has made a beginning by putting in about twelve thousand cuttings of the more choice varieties of evergreen trees, and planting seeds of apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, and many ornamental and timber trees, such as ash, maple, beech, hickory, &c. Also a large lot of green cuttings of the most desirable hardy shrubs were rooted early in the season, and placed in boxes for the winter. About two acres of land north of the plant-house, and the same amount on the south, have been ploughed and subsoiled to fit it for planting with trees. The extra expense attending the estab- lishment of this department has rendered it necessary for us to exceed our income to a small amount. This, we feel con- fident, we can cancel by our increased sales the coming spring. / To facilitate work, and extend our operations, a new glass. house has been built, one hundred feet long by seventeen feet wide. The funds for the purchase of material were generously loaned us by Hon. William Knowlton. All the | work, with the exception of putting in the water-pipes and _ making and putting up the smoke-pipe, has been done with- out the aid of mechanics. Many of the students have assisted us in this work, having done nearly all of the paint- ing, and all the glazing. The Durfee Plant House has been painted outside with ~ two coats of paint, put on by students, which adds very much to its beauty. The new boiler, put in last winter by the liberality of Hon. William Knowlton, has worked admi- rably, with a saving of much labor, and nearly ten tons of coal per annum. Many species and varieties of tender plants have been added to the collection by purchase or exchange ; and many new sorts of hardy trees and shrubs have been procured in the same way, or grown from seeds. Around the orchard and vineyard has been planted a hedge of blackberries of the Kittatinny variety, to prevent tres- 32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. passers from passing through when grapes and other fruits are ripening. It is hoped, that, by good cultivation, we may be able to make an impeuetrable hedge, and get fruit enough from it to pay the cost. Among the trees in the pear-orchard have been planted many of the leading varieties of black- berries and raspberries, which will give some fruit the coming season. | To the orchard and vineyard has been applied a chemical fertilizer, containing, with every hundred pounds of potash, fifty pounds of phosphoric acid, and twenty-five pounds of nitrogen. For the success of the plans made for the work of this department, the sale of the plants grown, and the proper cul- tivation of the crops, it seems absolutely necessary for us to have the use of a good horse and express-wagon in addition to what may be done by the farm-teams. The students who have been under my charge the past sea- son have been very faithful in the discharge of their duties both in the class-room and at manual labor. | The success of our plant trade the past season has been largely due to Mr. Charles H. Maynard, who was chiefly responsible for it. Respectfully submitted, S. T. MAYNARD, Gardener, and Ass’t Prof. of Horticulture. 1878.] SENATE—No. 100. _ 83 FARM DEPARTMENT. PRESIDENT W. S. CLARK. Sir, —I have the honor to submit this my Second Annual Report as superintendent of the College farm. Prosperity has accompanied the management another year. The farm account shows a good increase of revenue. It is also gratifying to know that more cash has been paid into the treasury than in any previous year since the establishment of the Institution. I have to thank the Executive Committee and officers of the College for their hearty support. CROPS. Sixteen acres of corn produced between two and three thousand baskets of ears; three acres of potatoes, about three hundred bushels of marketable size; one acre of rutabagas, eight hundred bushels; two acres of sugar-beets, twelve hun- dred bushels; one acre of carrots, ten tons; fouracres of spring wheat, one hundred bushels; two acres of rye, thirty-seven bushels ; and ninety acres of mowing, one hundred and twen- ty-five tons of hay. The corn-crop was excellent, and, but for the heavy rains of early summer, would have been much heavier. One field was so muddy at harvest-time, that it was actually unsafe to go upon it with horse-teams. The potato-crop was, every thing considered, very good. The turnips grew upon land that I mentioned in my last report as lying south-west from the old farm-house, and which was never before ploughed. This piece was manured with the “ odds and ends;” in other words, with any fertilizing material that could be scraped to- gether about the place. The crop suffered from excess of water while growing, and we fairly had to wade while har- vesting it. The beet-crop was good, the roots being of fair size and excellent quality. This crop suffered also from ex- 5 84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Feb. cess of water while growing. The carrots were reasonably satisfactory, though the dry weather of August and Bes a ber seemed to entirely stop their growth. The wheat-crop was a grand success, the grain being un- usually plump, and weighing, at the present time, sixty-one pounds to the bushel. One grain-dealer says it is seldom that such a lot of wheat can be found in the market. It is selling readily for a dollar and a half per bushel. It was manured with Stockbridge fertilizer; and a better catch of grass I never saw. I would advise sowing a much larger piece the coming season. The rye-crop would have been much heavier but for the poor seed sown. During the past fall I was fortunate enough to put in fif- teen acres of rye, my object being to get grain enough from this crop to feed the hogs. Our conveniences for securing grain-crops are very meagre, to say the least, the old-fashioned grain-cradle being employed in harvesting; whereas a good reaping-machine should be used, for the twofold purpose of securing our crops quickly, and also to show the students, and especially visitors from abroad, that we propose to be foremost in the use of all mod- ern appliances in our agriculture. We also greatly need a threshing-machine and a grist-mill, as we have an engine in the barn that would furnish ample power for running the same. : ; STOCK. The stock consists of forty head of cattle, of which seven- teen are Shorthorns, seventeen Ayrshires, four Jerseys, and two Brittanies. The horses are six in number. SWINE. Of swine there are seven Berkshire sows, two Chester sows, eleven pigs for fattening, two fat hogs, and one small boar. My sales of pigs and hogs amount to six hundred and sixty-seven dollars, and my outlay for additions to the stock has been forty-three dollars. The Berkshire swine of the College are of very superior quality. I am rather pleased to say that not an animal has been lost by sickness or accident thus far, although this is my second: year. Iam experimenting, to some extent, to determine practi- cally the cost of keeping, and the produce of, the various 1878.] SENATE — No. 100. 35 breeds of cattle; the results of which will be published at an early day. I have purchased, at my own expense, a “ Cooley creamer,” for use in the dairy; and, thus far, very satisfactory results have been obtained. No grain has been bought the past year for the cattle; but three hundred bushels of corn have been purchased for the horses and hogs. During the fall we succeeded in breaking up about fifteen acres of the pasture-land; and, for the purpose of thoroughly eradicating the brush, it is proposed to plant it for a year or two. We also ploughed and seeded about five acres in front of the old farm-house; but this is so covered with water, that I have fears for the success of the operation. ‘There remains now only one piece near this latter, which is in sight of the public travel, that has never been ploughed; and, although ié is a sort of mud-hole, I would advise ploughing and seeding it the coming season, as even this will improve the general appearance much. Two new model Buckeye mowers and an improved Ameri- ean tedder have been added to the list of machines to take the place of old ones worn out. Considerable work has been done for the botanical depart- ment in the way of grading, ploughing, and subsoiling ; and the public roads on the estate have been kept in repair. During the fall I built a corn-crib of old rails and boards, fifty-four feet long, ten feet high, and four feet wide. I did all the work myself: so there was no expense, except for nails. The corn keeps perfectly in this rude receptacle. The coming year I advise the growing of clover for the pasturage of swine. | : Very respectfully submitted, A. A. SOUTHWICK, Farm Sup’t. 36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 78. CATALOGUE OF THOROUGHBRED STOCK. Shorthorns. Baron of Grass Hill, 18,965. Estella. Mabel. Belle Amie. Belladonna. Yucatella. Barbara. Aurora, 4th. Bella Wilfer. Gertrude. ° Isabella. Rosabelle. Lucille. Yucatan. Geraldine. Gwendolyn. Zenobia. Ayrshires. Earl of Windham. Flora. Leilah. Dorothea. Lydia. Amelia. Clytie. Lulie. Cora. Myra. Beauty 13th. Maid of Lorn. Psyche. Jennie. Sarah Alice. 2 bull calves. Jerseys. Bull, Gift of O. B. Hadwen, Esq. Dolly. Dove. Daisy. Dimple. 3 Brittanies. Pauline. Mysie. CONTRIBUTION CHEMISTRY OF THE AMERICAN GRAPE-VINE. ‘ Proressor C. A. GOESSMANN. CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF THE AMERICAN GRAPE-VINE. By Proressor C. A. GOESSMANN. Tue question, whether a systematic and rational manuring of our fruit-bearing plants is essential for the continued production of good crops, engages of late, deservedly, our increased attention. It seems but reasonable to assume, that the same practice which has been recognized as indispensable for success in general agricul- ture ought to apply with equal force to the operations in fruit- culture, and horticulture in general. Modern rational agriculture bases its claim of superior progress, as compared with preceding periods, on the recognition and application of the principle, that it is essential for the continued success of its industry to return to the soil those substances which the crops abstract. It has been one of the principal occupations of numerous scientific investiga- tors of agricultural problems, during the past thirty years, to prove the existence of these relations, and to study how to comply best with their requirements in an economical manner. Most of our common farm-crops have received, from the beginning, an undi-. vided and careful attention: their composition has been ascertained, and their action on the soil thereby established. In many, instances their peculiar mode of growth has been studied, to learn in what form the various manures are best applied in cases of different kinds of soil. Nobody familiar with the results of the investiga- tions of late years can fail to notice their extraordinary influence on the progress of agricultural practice. The same statement cannot be made with reference to fruit-culture and horticulture. Experiment-stations for the benefit of these branches of agriculture are but few, and these, in the majority of instances, of a very recent date. Superior skill and intelligence have heen largely engaged in _ the promotion of their interests from an exclusively botanical Stand-point ; while the peculiar intricacy of the subject, the growing of plants with a view of producing crops with reference to a certain quality rather than to mere quantity, may account, to some extent 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. at least, for the comparatively limited practical interest, which, until of late, most horticulturists have manifested in trying chem- istry as an assistant in their industry. There is no scarcity of valuable observations regarding an ex- ceptionally good success in producing fruits by the aid of various kinds of fertilizers ; yet it is no less well recognized, that but little satisfactory explanation can be given as to the particular relations which exist between the composition or the quality of the fruit, and certain constituents and the condition of the fertilizer used. The chemical composition of the majority of fruits is but imper- fectly known. The question, whether the ash-constituents of the fruit bear more than a mere incidental relation to the quality, is still largely a matter of conjecture, which derives its main support from the fact, that the ash-constituents of a few of our cultivated varieties — for instance, in the case of the strawberry — have been found widely differing, in regard to quantity and to quality, from those found in the wild forms from which they have originated. No important inferences have thus far been drawn from these ob- servations. Numerous careful inquiries into the composition of many of our farm-crops have shown that the total amount of the mineral or ash-constituents of one and the same variety of plant may vary widely in different specimens, when raised upon different soils, or under otherwise varying conditions of cultivation. Experimental observation has thus far failed to prove the exist- ence of any definite numericalerelation between the total quantity of the essential mineral or ash-constituents, and of the entire dry organic matter of plants. We have learned that certain, and, comparatively speaking, but a few mineral elements are essential for the complete development of plants; yet we have only very vague notions regarding their peculiar mode of action in the process of vegetable growth. While we are ignorant, thus, of the peculiar mode in which these mineral constituents assist in the formation of organic matter, we have noticed, in the case of some of our most important industrial farm-crops, that a more or less liberal supply of certain essential articles of plant-food, as potassa, nitrogen, &c., quite frequently exerts a remarkable influence on the general character of the quality of the crops resulting, as far as the rela- tive proportion of some of their proximate organie constituents, — as albuminoids, starch, or sugar, is concerned. Even the pecu- liar form in which potassa, &c., have been applied, is known to exert, in many instances, a decided influence on the larger or smaller production of one or the other organic constituents of plants. The recent history concerning the safest modes of rais- 1878. ] SENATE —No. 100. 41 ing industrial crops of a superior quality for the purpose they shall serve, deserves, in my opinion, the serious attention of fruit- culturists in particular. Judging from our past experience in general farm-management, it seems proper to assume that much benefit may be secured to fruit-culture and horticulture by studying the relations which exist between the composition of the soil and the ash-constituents of the fruits grown upon it. A rational system of manuring the fruit-bearing plants requires that kind of information for its foundation. It is quite certain that the practice of restoring to the soil, in suitable form and in due time, those constituents which the fruits abstract, cannot but contribute towards large crops by stimulating a vigorous condition of the entire plant. Ko) Gis! 4S BS A f a ey fy oe iS os so oo = C) ° ® ° snd ° uy ; BS a3 gos osSs ae 728 S22e8 Bo. | 28 | =F8 | Sos | we8 Sos |Sucgaa ON S &p © | & Ss .! & a Pim Sn s 338 6a Date. og 2 ree aos =a = sed ei ds) Evia Bea pee SES | SPES iSes | S56 |2848 3 (ob) . $ so oO 22 ie) SeO |8d80] 54 RES Boaa8 M i= i Ay Ay Ay Girdled Branch. pee | 1.065 NOS S232 LA Tea 12.500) F2576 |. 100 Wilder. (Branch not girdled.) Sept. 3 | 1.055 19° | 84.59 15.41 10.42 67.62 108.2 Girdled Branch. tad | 1.075 | 19° 82.76 | 17.24 14.70 85.26 88.4. 7 50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. Delaware. (Branch not girdled.) re. | os] tees) 3 Bd Ed ne Si tole Slee ae > Be nero Fico 258 ot iss asas aS eas |8oasd Date. Sos S op Po & SS co Bp Sf Sr S |+sooRnm é ee Se Ess ahos — 22 exh |S ;S52 ere | BS | 228 | 8238 | 8 2 eee. 232 EO Bao Roo Bb reo |S82eA8 MD = = Ay 4 a <4 Sept. 4 | 1.065 19° 84.25 15.75 11.76 74.66 101.2 Girdled Branch. 6 4 «| «1.075 19° | 80.86 19.14 | LS.15 eye aia 94.4 Agawam. (Branch not girdled.) Sept. 4 | 1.060 | 19°] 83.40 | 16.60 | 11.37 | 68.48 | 128.2 | Girdled Branch. Ge ORD 19° | 81:55 | 18.45 | 16.13° )"Si2e2 see Jona. (Not girdled.) Sept. 6 | 1.0625 22° 80.37 19.63 i3.0L 68.31 131.4 Girdled Branch. 6c 6 | 1.085 22° 78.52 | 21.48 15.63 72.76 125.6 Concord. (Branch not girdled.) Sept. 6 | 1.045 220 86.54 13.46 7.46 55.42 182.4 Girdled Branch. BSG 070 22° | 82.47 17.53 | 13.88 |7 79.18) aG2rs Branch not girdled. 17.63. | 18.70 |. 78.27 86 Girdled Branch. S26 | 2.08025 92290) iaeas 6 20) SL068 22°) | Ve2zzon 24.47 | 19.61 | 80.13 76.8 Branch not girdled. Metro 4 LOrs 12° | 79:08.-| 20.92 | 17.86) ) a8aies 42 Girdled Branch. ee cou. 1 085 12° | 17 50 54 1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 51 \ On tHe Minerat Constituents OF THE CONCORD AND THE WILD PurrPLeE GRAPE-VINES. In a previous report (1876) I have already stated the ash-analy- ses of several parts of the Concord grape; namely, that of the seeds, of the stems, and of the skins of the grapes, of the young and old woods, besides that of the fresh and fermented grape- juice. In the present communication I propose to add the follow- - ing analytical results : — I.— Analysis of the young branches, with their tendrils and blossoms, of the Concord vine. II. — Analyses of the berries, without their stems, of the Concord vine, in different stages of their growth. III. — Analyses of the berries of the Concord grape raised with the assistance of a special fertilizer, and of those raised without any fertilizer, upon the same field. IV. — Analyses of the berries of the Wild Purple grape, without | stems, grown in the woods near Adams’s Pond, and of those transplanted from that locality to the College vine- yard, and there treated with the same fertilizer as the Concord grape-vine mentioned above in No. 3. - As the investigation is still going on, it is thought best to defer a detailed discussion of these quite interesting results to a future occasion, when the work pointed out in the introduction may be considered more satisfactorily accomplished. As the peculiarity of the season must, quite naturally, be considered an important agency in controlling the results of growth, it is most desirable that certain tests should be repeated for several years, to impart more reliability to the conclusion drawn from all facts and circum- stances which bear on the question under discussion. Thus far, the results obtained with one fertilizer only have been examined. This fertilizer, which I have called No. 1 in my experiments, contains one pound of nitrogen in the form of nitric acid to three pounds and a half of potassium oxide in the form of potassium nitrate, and two pounds and a quarter of soluble phosphoric acid prepared from bone-black waste. ‘The amount per acre is compounded*of one hundred and eighty pounds of potash nitre, and four hundred and fifty pounds of a super- phosphate containing twelve per cent of soluble phosphoric acid. In the analysis to obtain a material of exact comparative value, I converted the carefully prepared ash-constituents into sulphates, subsequently determined the sulphuric acid, and calculated in the remaining saline matter the various constituents for one hundred , 52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. parts. The silicic acid has not yet, in every case, been controlled by a re-solution, and is therefore included with the incidental insoluble matter under that name. I. — Young branches, with tendrils and blossoms, of the Concord grape-vine, collected on the 15th of June, 1876 : — Moisture lost at 100°-110° Centigrade . : : - 80.80 per cent. Dry matter. : : : 2 : : . ~ LoeczOe One hundred parts of their ash contained — Potassium oxide . : : : : : - 24,7102 per cent. Sodium oxide . A J : : : ! P 9442 ¢ Calcium oxide . : , fe : ; : : 40.5302 ¢ Magnesium oxide . eh) (aa ce : - : » sb o Ferric oxide . : : : ‘ 4 , : L.O%d3 ess Phosphoric acid : . wee ieee eee Matter insoluble in ates ibedrae teins acid : ° 4.9160 5 100.0000 II. — Berries of Concord, without stems, and not fertilized : — (a) Berries collected on the 17th of July, 1876. (®) Berries collected on the 18th of August, 1876. (c) Berries collected on the 13th of September, 1876. | (a) | (b) | (e) Potassium oxide . 3 ; 47.34 51.14 57.15 Sodium oxide. : . : 1.18 3.19 4.17 Calcium oxide : : : 24.21 16.20 11.380 Magnesium oxide . ; - 4.76 6.38 3-10 Ferric oxide . ok he : ay 65 40 Phosphoric acid . . : 21.38 20.77 12.47 Insoluble matter . q 5 43 1-67. 11.41 v III. — Berries of the Concord grape, without stems, raised upon the ground, fertilized as stated above, and collected on the 3d of October, 1877: — 1878. ] SENATE —No., 100. 53 Potassium oxide . ° ; ; : ; ; . 64.65 per cent. Sodium oxide . : ‘ , ; : : ; #142.) Calcium oxide ‘ : : A : é ; Pye Oe 3 aad, Magnesium oxide . : : ‘ - é : om, ge Ferric oxide . ; See's . : ° : wade its Phosphoric acid . ‘ : , s - : . 14.87 Insoluble matter . - ° : : : é . 5.80 IV.— Berries, without stems, of the Wild Purple grape : — (a) Berries collected on the 18th of September, 1876, from a wild vine near Adams’s Pond. (®) Berries collected on the 20th of September, 1876, pub lentes to the icy grounds, and fertilized as stated above. <— Potassium oxide . - A : - : 50.93 Sodium oxide . : : : : : 15 Calcium oxide . - : : ; ‘ 22.23 Magnesium oxide ° : 5 ; x 5.59 Ferric oxide : : peed. : : t9 Phosphoric acid . - : : : : 17.40 Insoluble matter . ‘ : ; : ; 2.93 (b) 62.65 85 14.24 3.92 0d 13.18 4.62 a: OF CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION ON THE COMPOSITION ; OF Some WILD VARITIEES OF GRAPES. Analyses of Wild White and Purple grapes : — (a) Berries of Wild White grape, without stems, from near Adams’s Pond, collected on the 20th of September, 1877. (Dead ripe.) (b) Berries of Wild White grape, without stems, from College vineyard, treated with fertilizer No. 1. Collected 20th of September, 1877. (Dead ripe.) (c) Berries, without stems, of Wild Purple grape, from Adams’s Pond. Collected 20th of September, 1877. (Dead ripe.) (d) Berries, without stems, of Wild Purple grape, treated with the above stated fertilizer. Collected 20th of September, 1877. (Dead ripe.) 54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Feb.’78. ps geg bBeeg | Bag | tag | does Eneciie ae) eh | 2a08 | See | Bee | Sueae Oa ae Beg | S822 | e282 | Ga2 | eee BS a0 || Seo) 866 See see B a A = a < (a) 1.060 16° | 79.98 |- 20.02 | 10 49.95 | 180 | (b) 78.85. |. 21.65.-} 14.29 4) 665 65 (e) 1.045 16° | 83.31 | 16.69 | 8.22 | 49.95 | 104 (d) 1.065 16° | 80.45 | 19.55 | 18.67 | 69.92 | 1216 These analyses show very decidedly the influence of mere culti- vation on wild varieties. Further investigations in this direction are in progress. Secor A LOG UE OF TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS. lige arial g 4 : fe 5 » - * * aNe re ‘ 4 4 a . . . . 4 ; : 7 2 ~ . 3 1 4 pene < : 4! : — Sle a HA “0 a nt x is = a} > — : 4 a oh OLAS Ree a | , + Dag a > par rere ¥ rs r ‘. ta ayy GEA TOE ee Ate Aa eid i Rae et - hfs aan ah 4 ng a A i 2 - ’ . ; * ae ee = aN eget wy 24 tena Ld \ { : _ ; y " TRUSTEES,. OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS, Board of Trustees. MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. His Excettency ALEXANDER H. RICE. WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL.D., President of the College. JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. MEMBERS BY ELECTION. MARSHALL P. WILDER CHARLES G. DAVIS HENRY COLT . PHINEAS STEDMAN ALLEN W. DODGE. GEORGE MARSTON WILLIAM B. WASHBURN HENRY L. WHITING HENRY F. HILLS DANIEL NEEDHAM WILLIAM KNOWLTON . JOHN CUMMINGS RICHARD GOODMAN Executive Committee. WILLIAM S. CLARK. WILLIAM KNOWLTON. Secretary. CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston. Auditor. HENRY COLT or PItTTsFrre.p. WM. B. WASHBURN. . Boston. . PLYMOUTH. . PITTSFIELD. . CHICOPEE. . HAMILTON. . New BrEpFrorp. . GREENFIELD. . CAMBRIDGE. . AMHERST. . GROTON. . Urron. . Wosurn. . LENox. HENRY COLT. PHINEAS STEDMAN. 58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Treasurer. GEORGE MONTAGUE or Amurerst. Board of Overseers. THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. eS Examining Committee of Overseers. O. B. HADWEN . : : ‘ : : . of Worcester. JOHN B. MOORE s : : B ; . of Concord. PAUL A. CHADBOURNE . : : : . of Williamstown. CHARLES S. SARGENT . ‘ ‘ ‘ . of Brookline. J. N. BAGG : 3 ; : ; : . of West Springfield. Members of Faculty. WILLIAM S. CLARK, (PxiD,, (Ripe President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Professor of Agriculture. HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., Professor of Modern Languages. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D., Professor of Chemistry. HENRY W. PARKER, M.A., Professor of Mental, Moral, and Social Science. WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M.A., Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. First Lizut. C. A. L. TOTTEN, Fourts Artiniery, U.S.A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics. A. S. PACKARD, Jun., M.D. (State Entomo.oeist), Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jun., Lecturer on Rural Law. CHARLES P. LYMAN, V.S. Eprn., Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice. GEORGE MONTAGUE, Instructor in Book-keeping. SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S., Gardener, and Assistant Professor of Horticulture. A. A. SOUTHWICK, B.S., FArmM SUPERINTENDENT. 1878. ] SENATE — No. 100. 59 Graduates of 187'7. Benson, David Henry (Boston Univ.) . Bridgewater. Brewer, Charles (Boston University) . Pelham. Clark, Atherton (Boston University) |. Amherst. Hibbard, Joseph Robinson (Boston Uni- versity) . . Vergennes, Vt. Howe, Waldo Vernon Aioston Univ. ) . Framingham. Nye, George Everett . : . Sandwich. Parker, Henry Fiteh . : : : Amherst. Porto, Raymundo, Martins da Silva (Boston University) . . Para, Brazil. Southmayd, John Edwards cae Uae -versity) . . Middletown, Conn. Wyman Joseph (Boston rieiorsity) . Arlington. Total . : : : : ‘ : : - 10 Senior Class. _ Baker. aed Erastus . i . Franklin. Boutwell, Willie Levi (Boston Unies . Leverett. Brigham, Arthur Amber on Marlborough. Choate, Edward Carlisle (Boston Bie ) Cambridge. Coburn, Charles Francis (Boston Univ.) Lowell. Foote, Sandford Dwight (Boston Univ.) Springfield. Hall, Josiah Newhall (Boston Univ.) . Revere. Howe, Charles Sumner (Boston Univ.) . Boston. Hubbard Henry Francis (Boston Univ.) New Rochelle, N.Y. Hunt, John Franklin. Amherst. Koch, Henry Gustave Heath iBosion Uni- versity) . : . New-York City. Lovell, Charles Otto (Ecaion Usiv: a . Amherst. Lyman, Charles Elihu (Boston Univ.) . Middlefield, Conn. Myrick, Lockwood 5 : Concord. Osgood, Frederick Huntington (Boater University ) ‘ . Cambridge. Spofford, Amos Little (Boston aie ) . Georgetown. Stockbridge Horace Edward (Boston University) : ; : : . Amherst. _ 1 The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1877. i ‘ s rt ia 60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Tuckerman, Frederick (Boston Univ.) . Boston. Washburn, John Hosea (Boston Univ.) . Bridgewater. Woodbury, Rufus Putnam . ‘ . Norwalk, Conn. Total . r “ ‘ : , : i ‘ 20 Junior Class. Campbell, Charles Henry ; : . West Westminster, Vt. Dickinson, Richard Storrs. : . Ambherst. Green, Samuel Bowdler. : . ° 3 “Cheliseae Howard, Joseph Clark . j ; . West Bridgewater. Hunt, Elisha Hubbard . ; : . Sunderland. Knox, Reuben Z ; 3 . New-York City. *Lincoln, Joseph Caner: : : . Woburn. Sherman, Walter Alden _. : . Lowell. Smith, George Parmenter . . Sunderland. Swan, Roscoe Westley . : ; ., Framingham. Vaill, William Henry . } . Enfield. Waldron, Hiram Edmund ee lies . -.. Rochester. - Total . : : : : : ; : : 12 Sophomore Class. Atwood, Horace Ward (Boston Univ.) . Orange. Endicott, George . ; : : . New-York City. Fowler, Alvan Luther . : j . Westfield. Hall, Alfred Sigourney . ‘ : . Hevyere: McQueen, Charles Manjie . Longmeadow. Parker, William Colverd ; ; . Wakefield. Pease, Charles Truman . ; : . Bridgeton, Me. Ripley, George Arms . ; : . Worcester. Stewart, William Clark . : : . Stillwater, Minn. Stone, Almon Humphrey : E . Phillipston. Wing, Edgar Russell. 2 , . Needham. Wood, Lewis ; : . West Upton. Total . : : : . ‘ . : : 12 Freshman Class. Brooks, William Cummings . : . Boston. Clark, Wallace Valentine si heatas . Amherst. * Died Jan. 22, 1877 7 1878.] Courtney, Matthew Fairfield, Frank Hamilton Flint, Charles Lewis, jun., Gladwin, Frederick Eugene ‘Hall, Albert Oliver Hills, Joseph Lawrence . Hobbs, John Folsom Howe, Elmer Dwight Howe, Winslow Brigham Lee, William Gilbert McKenna, James Peter . Perry, Alfred Dwight Peters, Austin Rudolph, Charles . Sattler, Herman Charles Smith, Benjamin Salter . Smith, John Leland Whitaker, Arthur . Wilcox, Henry | Wood, Wilbur 2 Young, Charles Elisha . Total . Select Class. Bissell, Charles Humphrey Bristol, Frank Edwin -~Buoncore, Lewis Carneiro, Manuel Dias . Chittenden, Edgar Davis Cook, Rolland Chittenden Goodale, Edwin Titus Hawley, Amasa Stetson . Heighway, Sheridan Culbertson Kenfield, Charles Robert Mattocks, Euao Edward Mills, James Kellogg (Boston Unie ) Pierce William Arthur . 5 Richardson, Benjamin Parker Townsley, Herbert Milton Warner, William Edward Zabriskie Frank Hunter . Total . @ SENATE —No. 100. 61 Amherst. Waltham. Boston. East Haddam, Conn. Chelsea. Boston. North Hampton, N.H. Marlborough. Marlborough. Amherst. Amherst. Worcester. Boston. Amherst. Baltimore, Md. New-York City. Barre. Needham. Honolulu, S.I. West Upton. Amherst. 28 East Windsor, Conn. Harwinton, Conn. Wayland. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sunderland. Guilford, Conn. Boston. Hadley. Cincinnati, O. Aubherst. Lyndon Centre, Vt. Springfield. Boston. Boston. De Kalb, N.Y. Newton. New-York City. 62 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Resident Graduates. Benson, B. §., David Henry (Boston University) : : : - Bridgewater. Bragg, B. S., Everett Baek ; : . Ambherst. Lovell, B. A., Henry Lyman . : Ambherst. Porto B. S., pelydinge Martins da Silva (Boston University) . : : ~ * Ratag Brazil. Total . Summary. Graduates of 1877 Resident Graduates Seniors Juniors Sophomores . Freshmen Select . Total . [ Feb. 1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 63 GRADUATES. Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Leavenworth, Kan., Agent, Adams Ex. Co. Bagley, David A., ’76, Winchendon, Medical Student. Barrett, Joseph F., ’75, Boston, Dealer in Fertilizers. Barri, John A., ’7 5. Northfield, Farmer. Bassett, Andrew L.,’71, New-York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R.R. & Steamship Co. Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, Bakersfield, Cal., Druggist. Bellamy, John, ’76, Brookline, Farmer. Benedict, John M., ’74, Springfield, Dealer in Produce. Benson, David H., ’77, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agr. College. Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Conductor on Railroad. Bowker, William H., ’71, Boston, Manufacturer and Importer of Fertilizers. Blanchard, William H., ’74, Putney, Vt., Farmer. . Bragg, Everett B., °75, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agr. College. Brett, William F., ’72, Fall River, Merchant. Brewer, Charles, ’77, Pelham, Farmer. Brooks, William P., 775, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agricul- ture, and Farm Superintendent, Agricultural College. Bunker, Madison, ’75, New-York City, Dealer in Fertilizers. Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Athol, Horticulturist. Campbell, Frederick G., ’75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer. Caswell, Lilley B., ’71, Athol, Civil Engineer. Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Abilene, Kan., Farmer. Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, Farmer. Clark, Atherton, ’77, Amherst, Farmer. Clark, John W., ’72, Amherst, Nurseryman, Agricultural College , Clark, Xenos Y., ’78, San Francisco, Cal., Teacher. Clay, Jabez W., 775, Westminster, Vt., Farmer. Cowles, Frank C., ’72, Hadley, Farmer. Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Amherst, Farmer. Curtis, Wolfred F., ’74, Westminster, Farmer. Cutter, John C., ’72, Warren, Physician. Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist. Dodge, George R., ’75, Boston, Dealer in Fertilizers. 64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Dyer, Edward N., ?72, North Weymouth, Teacher. Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer. Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, New-York City, Insurance Agent. Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, Northampton, Farmer. Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, Clerk, Fitchburg R.R. Fisk, Edward R., ’72, Philadelphia, Penn., Salesman. Flage, Charles O., ?72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer. Fuller, George E., ’72, Greenfield, Civil Engineer. Grover, Richard B., ?72, Andover, Theological Student. Guild, George W. M., ’76, Lawrence, Merchant. Hague, Henry, ’75, Lonsdale, R.I., Minister. Harwood, Peter N.,°75, Barre, Farmer. Hawley, Frank W., ’71, Springfield, Butcher. Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., Banking Clerk. Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71, Methuen, Farmer. Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77, Chester, Vt., Farmer. Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, Merchant. Hobbs, John A., ’74, Bloomington, Neb., Farmer. Holmes, Lemuel LeB., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer. Howe, Waldo V., ’77, Framingham, Manufacturer. Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R.I., Chemist. Kimball, Francis E., ’72, Worcester, Clerk, W. B. & G. R.R. Knapp, Walter H., ’75 South Orange, Horticulturist. Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, Boston, Student of Mechanics. Lee, Lauren K., ’75, Perth, N.Y., Farmer. Leland, Walter S., ’73, Sherborn, Farmer. Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, Lawyer. Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Boston, Editor Scientific Farmer. Livermore, Russell W., ’72, Toledo, O., Lawyer. Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Westhampton, Physician. Lyman, Henry, ’74, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer. Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Northampton, Civil Engineer. Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, Physician. Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Manufacturer. . Martin, William E., ’76, Ann Arbor, Mich., Law Student. Maynard, Samuel T., ’72, Amherst, Assistant Professor Horticul- ture, Agricultural College. McConnell, Charles W., ’76, Philadelphia, Penn., Student, Dental College. McLeod, William A.,’76, Boston, Law Student, Boston University. Miles, George M., ’75, Tongue River, Mont., Chief Clerk, United- States Army, Quartermaster’s Department. Mills, George W., ’73,. Medford, Physician. Minor, John B.,.’73, New Britain, Conn., Clerk, Union Mfg. Co. 1878. | SENATE — No. 100. 65 Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer. Morey, Herbert E., ’73, Europe, Travelling. Morse, James H., ’71, Salem, Civil Engineer. Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, Chelsea, Civil Engineer. Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Farmer. Nye, George E., ’77, Sandwich, Farmer. Otis, Harry P., ’75, Leeds, Manufacturer. Page, Joel B., ’71, Conway, Farmer. Parker, Henry F., ’77, Whitinsville, Machinist. Parker, George A., ’76, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Gardener, Vassar: College. Parker, George L., ’76, Boston, Florist. Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kan., General Agent, A. T. &S. F. R.R. | Penhallow, David P., ’73, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Chemistry and Botany, Agricultural College. Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, Farmer. Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Southampton, Farmer. Porter, William H., ’76, Hatfield, Farmer. Porto, Raymundo M. daS., ’77, Para, Brazil, Planter. Potter, William S., 76, La Fayette, Ind., Grain Broker. Renshaw, James B., ’73, Oberlin, O., Theological Student. - Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Boston, Professor of Penmanship, French’s Business College. Rice, Frank H., ’75, Chicago, Ill, Farmer. Root, Joseph E., ’76, Barre, Teacher. Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Chemist. Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Diamond Fields, South Africa, Clerk. Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, Teacher. Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Chicopee, Gardener. Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer. Smead, Edwin, ’71, Baltimore, Md., Coal Merchant. Smith, Frank S., ’74, Springfield, Lumber Dealer. Smith, Thomas E., ’76, Kendallville, Ind., Professor of Elocution. Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster} Farmer. Somers, Frederick M., ’72, Kansas City, Mo., Editor. Southmayd, John E., ’77, Cottonsham, Ga., Farmer. Southwick, Andre A., ’75, Axbherst, Farm Superintendent, Agr. Coll. Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, Boston, Chemist. Strickland, George P., ’71, Amesbury, Civil Engineer. Taft, Cyrus A., ’76, Whitinsville, Machinist. Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, Brockton, Druggist. Thompson, Samuel C., ’72, Natick, Civil Engineer. 9 66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Tucker, George H., ’71, West Springfield, Penn., Civil Engineer. Urner, George ee 76 Woodbridge, N.J., Farmer. Wakefield, Albert T., ’73, Peoria, Ill, Physician. Ware, Willard C., ’71, Boston, Clothier. Warner, Seth S., ’78, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers. Webb, James H., ’73, New Haven, Conn., Attorney-at-Law. Wellington, Charles, ’73, Wash., D.C., Chemist, U. S. Ag. Dept. Wells, Henry, ’72, Rochester, N.Y., Clerk. Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, New-York City, Student of Medicine. Wheeler, William, ’71, Sapporo, Japan, Prof. of Math., Agr. Coll. Whitney, Frank Le P., ’71, Boston, Florist. Whitney, William C., ?72, Boston, Architect. Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor. Winchester, John F., ’75, New-York City, Student of Veterinary, A. V. College. Wood, Frank W., ’73, Providence, R.I., Civil Engineer. Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Jersey City, N.J., Florist. Wyman, Joseph, ’77, Arlington, Farmer. Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Farmer. Total : : S 3 ‘ . : ; : 130 1878. | SENATE—No. 100. 67 COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. FRESHMAN YEAR. First Term. — Chemistry, 5 hours each week ; Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.— Inorganic Chemistry, 2 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; English, 2 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. | Third Term.— Systematic Botany, 4 hours; Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SOPHOMORE YEAR. First Term. — Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week; Geome- try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.— Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla- mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term. —Zodlogy, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri- culture, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Level- ling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. JUNIOR YEAR. First Term. — German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours; Entomology, 2 hours; Market-Gardening, 2 hours; Horticulture, 2 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term. — German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Practical Chemistry, 9 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1 hour; Declamation, 1 hour ; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term. —German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Practi- cal Chemistry, 9 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and Dairy Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. SENIOR YEAR. First Term. — English Literature, 4 hours each week; Practical Chemistry, 7 hours ; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads and Railroads, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original Declamation, 1 hour ; Military Drill, 3 hours. Second Term. — English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour; Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Sci- ence, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. 7 Third Term. — Veterinary Science, 2 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Botany, 3 hours ; Landscape-Gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Theses, 1 hour; Agricultural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. LIST OF BOOKS. Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises ; but the following text-books are recommended for recitation or reference : — BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE. Gray’s Lessons, Manual and Botanical Text-Book. Sachs’ Text-Book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological. Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany. Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany. Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi. Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations. Flint’s Grasses and Forage-Plants. Downing’s Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America. Thomas’s American Fruit-Culturist. Hoope’s Book of Evergreens. Strong’s Grape-Culture. Henderson’s Practical Floriculture. Fuller’s Forest-Tree Culturist. | Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Helmsley’s Hand-Book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Plants. Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening. Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany. Kemp’s Landscape-Gardening. Downing’s Landscape-Gardening. Mert: oe 1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 69 AGRICULTURE. Johnson’s How Crops Grow. Johnson’s How Crops Feed. Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture. Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture. Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry. French’s Farm Drainage. Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming. Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow, — Ayrshire. Waring’s Handy-Book of Husbandry. Henderson’s Gardening for Profit. Donaldson’s British Agriculture. Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture. Low’s Domesticated Animals. Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. Agricultural Gazette and Gardener’s Chronicle, London. CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY. Watt’s Fownes’s Manual of Elementary Chemistry. Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry. Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis. Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis. Will’s Analytical Chemistry. Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen. Wolff's Landwirthschaftliche Analyse. Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie. Watt’s Chemical Dictionary. Dana’s Mineralogy. Hitchcock’s Geology. Dana’s Text-Book and Manual of Geology. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY. Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated Animals. Dalton’s Human Physiology. Cleland’s Animal Physiology. _ Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery. Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Medicine. Gamgee’s On Horse-shoeing and Lameness. Gamgee’s On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease. Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor. Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals. 70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Blaine’s Veterinary Art. Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy. Wood and Bache’s United-States Dispensatory. Harbison’s Elementary Zodélogy. Lankester’s Advanced Zodlogy. Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects. Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation. Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects. Baird’s Mammals of North America. Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals. Samuels’s Birds of New England. Cobbold’s Entozoa. Denney’s Parasitic Insects. Moquin-Tandon’s Manual of Medical Zoology. MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, AND CIVIL ENGINEERING. Murray’s Algebra. Loomis’s Geometry and Trigonometry. Gillespie’s Surveying. Gilmore’s Roads and Railroads. Hill’s Stewart’s Natural Philosophy. Everett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy. Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics. Peabody’s Astronomy. Loomis’s Meteorology. ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN. Hart’s Composition. Fowler’s English Grammar. Shaw’s Complete Manual of English Literature. Chambers’s Cyclopedia of English Literature. Morley’s English Writers. Taine’s History of English Literature. Languiller and Monsanto’s French Grammar. Spiers and Surenne’s French Dictionary. Glaubensklee’s German Grammar. Adler’s German Dictionary. The French and German books for translation are changed every year, selections being made from recent literary and scien- tific publications. MENTAL, MORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. Haven’s Mental Science. Hickok’s Empirical Psychology. 1878. ] SENATE — No. 100. 71 Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science. Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy. Hickok’s Moral Science. Haven’s Moral Philosophy. Hopkins’s Law of Love, and Love as Law. -Chadbourne’s Natural Theology. Walker’s Science of Wealth. Perry’s Political Kconomy. Carey’s Principles of Social Science. Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy. MILITARY SCIENCE. Lippitt’s Tactical Use of the Three Arms. Lippitt’s Treatise on Intrenchments. Lippitt’s Field Service in Time of War. Lippitt’s Special Operations of War. Welcker’s- Military Lessons. Upton’s Infantry Tactics. United-States Artillery Tactics. - Kent’s Commentaries. Benet’s Courts-Martial. ~ Holt’s Digest of Opinions. Halleck’s International Law. Regulations of United-States Army. United-States Ordnance Manual. General and State Militia and Volunteer Laws. Scott’s Military History. Histories of Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Re- bellion. Public Documents, and Reports of Naval and Military Depart- ments. CALENDAR FOR 1878. The third term of the collegiate year begins March 28, and con- tinues till June 26. The first term begins Aug. 29, and continues till Nov. 26. The second term begins Dec. 12, and continues till March 12, 1879. : There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the College, at the Botanic Museum, at nine a.m., Tuesday, June 25, and also on Thursday, Aug. 29. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening, June 24. 72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __—[Feb. The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell prize for excellence in agriculture, and the examination of the other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tues- day forenoon, June 25. The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 26. ADMISSION. Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, and the History of the United States. Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in the studies ous) over by the class to which they may desire admission. No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, &c., at the end of every term. The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine o’clock, a.m., Tuesday, June 25, and on Thursday, Aug. 29; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. Further information may be obtained of President W.S. Clark, Amherst, Mass. EXPENSES. Tuition : : : ‘ : : : $25 00 per term. Room-rent . ‘ : : . . $5 00 to 10 Ohya Board : : : 3 50 per week. Expenses of chemical a biwre to tients of practical chemistry : : ; 4 10 00 per term. Public and private damages, including value of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, at cost. Annual expenses, including books d - $300 00 to 350 00 REMARKS. The regular course of study occupies four yéars; and those who complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. 1878.] SENATE — No. 100. 73 Regular students of the College may also, on application, become members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its diploma in addition to that of the College, thereby becoming entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad- uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate German and French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough and practical as possible; and every science is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu- setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is dis- cussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant- house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. ‘The amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional work, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. All labor is paid at the rate of twelve and one-half cents per hour. Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer about the College and farm buildings, or in the field; but it is hardly possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hundred dol- lars per annum besides performing other duties. So far as is con- sistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons desire to engage in. Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veteri- nary science, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private ar- rangements with the officers having charge of these departments. An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro- vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term. of attendance each student is required to provide himself with the full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets, the cost of which is about thirty dollars. On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore- noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in the afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of attend- ance from among the churches in the town, of the following denom- inations ; viz., Baptist, Congregational, Episcopalian, Methodist, and Roman-Catholic. ey 10 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. POST-GRADUATE COURSE. Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philoso- phy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies under the direction of President Clark in botany, Pro- fessor Goessmann in chemistry, or other members of the Faculty in their respective departments. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The Library of the College contains about fifteen hundred vol- umes. Among them are several valuable sets of cyclopzdias, magazines and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies and state boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agricul- ture and horticulture. There are also many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing. The larger part of the books has been presented to the Institution by private indi- viduals. The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con- tains over thirty thousand volumes. The State Cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interest- ing and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, including about three thousand figures. About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti- vated in the Durfee Plant House, affording much pleasure and information to students of both colleges. The very extensive, and in some respects unsurpassed, collec- tions in geology, mineralogy and natural history, ethnology and art, belonging to Amherst College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. The chemical, engineering, and military departments of the Agricultural College are well furnished. The class in microscopy have the use of seven of Tolles’s best compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one- eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. 1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 15 PRIZES. FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston has generously provided a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, which is to be used for the pur- chase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the _ direction of the College Faculty, for excellence in Declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thousand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agricul- tural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examina- tion in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture. HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES. For the best Herbarium collected by a member of the class of 1878, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best, a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- lection of Woods. TOTTEN MILITARY PRIZE. For the best Essay by a member of the Senior class on such topic as may be assigned, a prize of twenty-five dollars is offered. Subject for 1878, ‘* The American Military Problem.”’ REGULATIONS. I. —Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known regulation of the College. II. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be employed; and students who do not answer to their names shall be marked absent, provided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence. Ill. — Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand; but permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president. 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE [ Feb. In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises occurring within the time specified. IV. — Excuses for all absences, whether with permission obtained beforehand or not, must be submitted to the excusing committee. They must be rendered promptly within one week from the date of absence; and those deemed unsatisfactory will be returned to the student with the indorsement of the committee. V.— Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all departments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be informed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his delinquency; and, when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his connection with the College may be terminated. VI. —Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study without per- mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build- ings; and no student shall be permitted to make such change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a written statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order. VII. —Students shall be required to attend the church of their selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they at- tended or not. VII. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance, will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a student falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission to the College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to graduation, are granted only by vote of the Faculty. IX. — Students are required to abstain from any thing injurious to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to conduct themselves with propriety. SIZE OF ROOMS. For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the following measurements are given. In the south dormitory the main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen 1878.] SENATE —No. 100. TT by fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. ; SCHOLARSHIPS. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture pays annually into the treasury of the College the sum of three hundred dollars, which is assigned by the Faculty to the payment of the tuition of four worthy indigent students who intend to engage in agricultural pursuits after graduation. The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy. The Trustees voted, in January, 1878, to establish one free scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vig- orous constitution ; and should enter College with the intention of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the cash value of a scholarship is three hundred dollars. 78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. FINANCIAL STATEMENT, Jan. 1, 1878. REAL ESTATE. College Farm and Quarry : “ : : - $37,500 00 North College i : : ‘ ‘ : . 386,000 00 South College : : : : ; : - . 86,000.00 College Hall . ; . : : . oa) SRSORDOO 00 South Boarding-House . : : ; - : 8,000 00 North Boarding-Ilouse . : : : : : 8,000 00 Durfee Plant-House , : : : : oi. »,,12,000) 00 Botanic Museum . _ ; : : : : 5,000 00 South Barn . ‘ - . : : : , 14,500 00 Farm-House . : 4,000 00 Four Dwellings and Barns purchased with the Estate, 9,000 00 Total Real Estate é 4 : . - $200,000 00 FARM STATEMENT. Value of Live-Stock ; : ; ; : : $5,872 00 Vehicles and Implements : : : : : 1,243 55 Produce on Hand . H A ” j : é 1,921 00 FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE,.IN CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. Agricultural College Fund. Cash balance on hand Jan. 5, 1878 , : - $10,000 00 Present investments : — City of Cambridge Note . s+. o%5,000T00 Lynn Bonds . 3 : : 25,000 00 Chelsea Note .°. 5. | . 25,000 08 Fall-River Note. ; : 50,000 00 Town of Milford Bonds . : . 14,200 00 Plymouth Note . 5 : 6,724 65 Brighton Note . : - 10,000 00 os Amounts carried forward . . $205,924 65 $10,000 00 1878.] SENATE — No. 100. Tg Amounts brought forward . - $205,924 65 $10,000 00 West-Roxbury Notes . - 40,000 00 Westborough Notes. tet eb. O00, 00 Lee Note . : : : Anlae va Somerset Note . A é 10,000 00 County of Hampden Note . : fi Red O WOOO OO. BE 399.067 40 Massachusetts, Troy, and Greenfield Railroad bonds ~~. ‘ . $8,000 00 Massachusetts Bounty Loan Bonds . 16,000 00 —— 24,000 00 State of Maine Bonds 5 : ‘ 4,000 00 Total Fund . - . . 5 : $360,067 40 Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the Treasurer of the College, and one-third to the Treasurer of the Institute of Technology. The Hills Fund of ten thousand dollars, for the maintenance of the Botanic Garden, is in charge of the College Treasurer. To this sum should be added the receipts for tuition and room- rent, amounting to one hundred dollars per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the products of the farm and garden. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 78. 80 “Lopprny “LIOO AUNDH ‘szaqonoa redoad ey} £q poruvduroooe pur ‘poyeys A[}09I1100 UIST} Puy pue “syUNOdD" S JOINSVOLT, OY} POUlUIVxXs OAVT T ‘ladnsne4y “TQOOVINOW ANXOXD ‘payturqns ATny{00dsexy 8c F6L‘0c$ 8G F6L‘0S$ 00 000‘T eA Mars MAST NL 00 000'06 < : yur, 9¢ JeT'T ° : . . . * gouv[eq 1*Te -00q sSuravg pleyucery ye ogonr ‘opqeded strg 06 G9L'T : i : : : * puny GO 990°S qyunoooe [eoruvjyod UWLOAT : soar al wor pred ‘sT[iq .sjyuepnyg 92 &10‘'S _ mepuerarreding ULIV T ULOTT 00 000'0¢ | ° > pred ojou ‘orqeded STILT SF G10‘ ° sjuepnys Woz sydreoeyy G) OOF > qgunoooe A10;¥10qGe'T 00 OST . ° spun ozug 00 OLT 5 FUNOIO’ OZ . 06 ¢99‘8 PE 9E9'T | ° * FUNOdOe 4s0107UT O6S9T'T * LOqeT_,s}uepnys 08 699‘E : - - qunod0® Ue 7, Ioj uoryeridordde 09%4g OP Nera Ne qunoooe [vortuvyog 00°00¢‘c * uoreridosdde 09%4g 19 616°G | ° JuUNOoDoR yuesuTyUOD LP GS6‘FT : 2 eee FUSOUIMOPUY 9FB4S 16 OFZ ° unoooe pung SIH yo sosuedxy G8 GOT : pon S[[LE] Jo owmoouy 00 OGs‘9T#! ° * soriveg Ag GL GOLS ‘ ‘ * goueleq OF, "LAST "ag ‘HOUTION IVANLINOIMSY SLIASAHOVSSV]L YjIm JunoDOp Ww ‘ATMASVaNT, ‘TNOVINOW TOUOTH ‘aq SUMMARY METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE YEARS ; 1876 anp 1877, TAKEN AT AMHERST, Mass., BY Miss SaBra C. SNELL. LATITUDE, 42° 22’17’’. LonerrupEz, 72° 34’ 30’... ELEVATION ABOVE THE SrA LEVEL, 267 FEET. 11 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 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F6L | 999 | * soqums0yy 18 | 9€ | OOT || GIG’ | P80" | O8LZ" || P9L°6S | F9SC'6G | SLT'OE || HL | SE | AT | PE || O'S — | 986°9 || OG°0E | $96 | re | - LIQOPO = LL | && | OOT || PE’ | LET’ | OLL" || G6L°6S | SEP Ge | SIO'0E || -S NG NOG AS IE Cae — | 6160}; Te°S9 | 0°68 | 2°¢g | ° roquteydeg = 18) |- Bo -66 FI9" | TLE | 8E6" || 999°6S | SHF'6G | G96'6G || 2 0€ | &¢ | OF || 6F — 1 062.G |S PaaS |e qsnony Ss 64 | 8&8 | 66 LLG’ | SES" | 618" || PL9'6G | TIV'6% | G96'°6G || 9 Ge | 9G. | SG=i\ 0's = OL Oe eG ba SG Stee Aap a 91 | OG | OOT || LEV | O6T" | 092" || 802°66 | O18’ 6>E 60°08 € ee OG | OG see = LOG he Ore poral Oe Sera * oun? a +o) OSE |. 66 GOS" | G60" | SF9" || $99°6S | ZLL'6G | FE0'0E || 8 Vi Vee omy eG — 1660 1 0S Se | 0 0F | G78 * AVI — 1G | GT | 66 €ST° | TL0° | 6LZh° || GOL'6G | 606G'6G | GET '0E || F Se | G 8g || og = | GGreé || OB LP | G'Ge | eer | * * Tuady = 69 | S€ | OOT || HFT | S¥O° | SLE" || G89°6G | SE8'8G | LOTOE || 2 AY \-Si S89 || 81S 09) _1-S26:9 | 0588.\-0 0F | -e:6e 4) = Yoreyl r =¢9 | ze | 6 || 9II' | seo" | 91" || gTZ'6s | 90e°6z | ezt-08 || 6 | 02 | TL | 09 || Fe |¢-0 | 09870 || g2°0¢| ee | 00g |: Axensqag ” 9 | a | oot || gg0° | sto" | 212° || ee2'62 | 968°8a | e008 || ¢ | at | oz | 79 |) ee |e-6 | 21¢°c || co-0c| o-e- | over | Arenuee uve) “uN | “xeye |) ‘uvent | ‘un | ‘xem || ‘uven “Ul ‘xen || "aN | “O'S |S [LAN 5 a op h uven | ‘ur | “XUN | ‘AOU z a S Z ae : ‘ALIGUNOH || “OVA JO TOUOT ‘CHLAMOUV £ any Beis aout aad EE ee ea a - “L181 UVadA AHL WOA SNOILVAYHSAO TVOINOTONUORULANW AO AUYVAWOAS = i aeeow oa eee me % a gt : ; e | s 7 ae: | - ~ | . l | ‘ i . t \t . | | | | ‘ ‘ + 2 | - ? ie- : ' | | | > 4 | | SS : - | ¥ TELE | | ae | | | | te et, 3 | | = = : / : : | = | : é eS = 29 | x : 2 if i : : as any | As aH - * sues : ‘ ‘ Silence — | : : ote he ue ? \ ae ‘uithy sia i uly, Halu, alll nv apenas Ay | 2a MUNG! NL : Mil | me : , il) | ~ yo TS of . A LG ek y Sith we ne WG ) Z ANSSA-SMSES hh \\ ah { ) UA WRK Sea S TOs | i aN 1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 25 shall be rendered incapable, by age or otherwise, of discharging the duties of his office, or shall neglect or refuse to perform the same ; and, whenever vacancies shall occur in the Board of Trustees, the Legislature shall fill the same: provided, nevertheless, that the number of members shall never be greater than fourteen, exclusive of the Governor of the Commonwealth, the Secretary of the Board of Education, the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, and the President of the Faculty, each of whom shall be, ex officio, a member of said corporation. Sect. 2. The said corporation shall have full power and authority to determine at what times and places their meetings shall be holden, and the manner of notifying the trustees to convene at such meetings; and also, from time to time, to elect a president of said college, and such professors, tutors, instructors, and other officers of said college, as they shall judge most for the interest thereof, and to determine the duties, salaries, emoluments, responsiblities, and tenures of their several offices. And the said corporation are further empowered to purchase or erect, and keep in repair, such houses and other buildings as they shall judge neces- sary for the said college ; and also to make and ordain, as occasion may require, reasonable rules, orders, and by-laws not repugnant to the Con- stitution and laws of this Commonwealth, with reasonable penalties, for the good government of the said college and for the regulation of their own body, and also to determine and regulate the course of instruction in said college, and to confer such appropriate degrees as they may determine and prescribe; provided, nevertheless, that no corporate business shall be trans- acted at any meeting unless one-half at least of the trustees are present. Sect 38. ‘The said corporation: may have a common seal, which they may alter or renew at their pleasure; and all deeds sealed with the seal of said corporation, and signed by their order, shall, when made in their corporate name, be considered in law as the deeds of said corporation; and said corporation may sue and be sued in all actions, real, personal, or mixed, and may prosecute the same to final judgment and execution, by the name of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; and said corporation shall be capable of taking and holding in fee simple, or any less estate, by gift, grant, bequest, devise, or otherwise, any lands, tenements, or other estate, real or personal: provided that the clear annual income of the same shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars. Seor. 4. The clear rents and profits of all the estate, real and person- al, of which the said corporation shall be seized and possessed, shall be appropriated to the uses of said college in such manner as shall most effec- tually promote the objects declared in the first section of this act, and as may be recommended from time to time by the said corporation, they conforming to the will of any donor or donors in the application of any estate which may be given, devised, or bequeathed, for any particular object connected with the college. Secor. 5. The Legislature of this Commonwealth may grant any further powers to, or alter, limit, annul, or restrain, any of the powers vested by this act in, the said corporation, as shall be found necessary to promote the best interests of the said college; and more especially may appoint and establish overseers or visitors of the said college, with all necessary 4 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.’79. powers for the better aid, preservation, and government thereof. The said corporation shall make an annual report of its condition, financial and otherwise, to the Legislature at the commencement of its session. Sect. 6. The Board of Trustees shall determine the location of said college in some suitable place within the limits of this Commonwealth, and shall purchase, or obtain by gift, grant, or otherwise, in connection therewith, a tract of land containing at least one hundred acres, to be used as an experimental farm, or otherwise, so as best to promote the objects of the institution; and, in establishing the by-laws and regu- lations of said college, they shall make such provision for the manual labor of the students on said farm as they may deem just and reasonable. The location, plan of organization, government, and course of study, prescribed for the college, shall be subject to the approval of the Legislature. Sect. 7. One-tenth part of all the moneys which may be received by the State treasurer from the sale of land-scrip, by virtue of the provisions of the one hundred and thirtieth chapter of the acts of the thirty-seventh Congress, at the second session thereof, approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and of the laws of this Commonwealth, shall be paid to said college, and appropriated towards the purchase of said site or farm, provided, nevertheless, that the said college shall first secure, by valid subscriptions or otherwise, the further sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, for the purpose of erecting suitable buildings thereon; and, upon satisfactory evidence that this proviso has been complied with, the gov- ernor is authorized from time to time to draw his warrants therefor. Sect. 8. When the said college shall have been duly organized, located, and established, as and for the purposes specified in this act, there shall be appropriated and paid to its treasurer each year, on the warrant of the governor, two-thirds of the annual interest or income which may be received from the fund created under and by virtue of the act of Congress named in the seventh section of this act and the laws of this Commonwealth, accepting the provisions thereof, and relating to the same. Sect. 9. In the event of a dissolution of said corporation by its vol- untary act at any time, the real and personal property belonging to the corporation shall revert and belong to the Commonwealth, to be held by the same, and be disposed of as it may see fit, in the advancement of education in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Legislature shall have authority at any time to withhold the portion of the interest or income from said fund provided in this act, whenever the corporation shall cease or fail to maintain a college within the provisions and spirit of this act and the before-mentioned act of Congress, or for any cause which they deem sufficient. Approved April 29, 1863. REPORT TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENTAL STATION, BY Proressor C. A. GOESSMANN. Sorenum-Mitt, M. A. C., 1878. C, C, Sheet-iron Pans. D, D, D, Strain- F, Water-Tank. B, Cook’s Evaporator. A, Victor Crushing-Mill. ng Juice from Mill to Pan. ers. E, Metallic Pipe conducti se =e | lee REPORT ON EARLY AMBER CANE. THE unusual interest which of late the Minnesota Early Amber Cane has awakened in some of the Western States, as a plant qualified for the production of sirup and sugar for the general market, induced President Clark to make ar- rangements for the purpose of ascertaining the value of this particular kind of sorghum upon the soil of Massachusetts. The seeds which served for the trial were secured through the department of agriculture at Washington, D.C., to obtain the genuine article. Somewhat more than twenty acres were planted in our vicinity during the past season, from one-fourth of an acre to one acre of cane being raised by each party. The experimental field upon the College- grounds contained just one acre. The apparatus used for erushing and pressing the cane, and the pan for evaporating the juice, were the same as those extensively used in Minne- sota, —a Victor Mill and a Cook’s Evaporator, both of the size recommended by the patentees for the working of the produce from twenty acres of cane. The entire management of the practical part of the experiment was, for obvious reasons, confined to the selection of such modes of operation as could be carried on by any intelligent farmer with a moderate outlay of money. The kind information received from Mr. 8. H. Kinney of Morristown, Rice County, Minn., one of the foremost successful experimenters with the Early Amber Cane, regarding the current practice among his ac- quaintances, served as a guide in the cultivation of the cane and the working of its juice. To the writer was assigned the task of studying the changes which the cane undergoes during the later period of its growth, in order to learn the time when the sugar becomes more prominent in its juice, to ascertain the rate at which its percentage increases, 30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. and to determine the particular point in the ripening process of the plant when the largest amount of sugar is present, and to notice, finally, the changes which the cane subsequently suffers in regard to the quantity and quality of its saccharine matter. Having studied in previous years, soon after its first introduction into the agricultural inter- ests of the country, the Chinese sugar-cane for a similar pur- pose,! I propose to introduce into the following discussion such facts established on that occcasion as may aid in a due understanding of the questions involved. The origin of the Early Amber Cane on trial is described by the commissioner of statistics of Minnesota, in his report for 1877, p. 88, in the following words: ‘“ After the close of the war two men, strangers to each other, whose homes were twenty miles apart (Messrs. Seth H. Kinney of Morris- town, and Charles F. Miller of Dundas, Rice County), in the heart of that immense forest known as the ‘ Big Woods’ of Minnesota, struggled, with a tenacity and persistence that excited the mournful pity of their neighbors, to successfully manufacture molasses from the sorghum, or Chinese sugar- ‘cane. One of these men (Miller) chanced upon the seed of a hybrid, an acclimated species of the cane, known as the ‘Minnesota Early Amber,’ which, by some inspiration, he was induced to send to a friend in Missouri, with directions to plant it there, and return to him the ripened seed. From the first crop produced by that seed he was able to manufac- ture a sirup.that was so immeasurably superior to his former productions, that he was assured of complete success. After that, the difficulties were of detail, some of them almost insurmountable from lack of means, and others were equally so from the very simplicity of them, and their remedies. Either of these men might have succeeded alone; but when they came together, as they did at last, and combined their experience, and their resources of skill and invention, a new industry was born, and a new factor in the wealth and the commerce of this State will very soon command public atten- tion.” In connection with these introductory remarks are also published letters of Messrs. Miller and Kinney to the 1 See Transactions of the New-York State Agricultural Society of 1861, vol. xxi. pp. 787-811: Contribution to the Knowledge of the Nature of the Chinese Sugar-cane, Sorghum saccharatum (W.), by C. A. Goessmann. 1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 31 commissioner, containing an interesting and somewhat de- tailed account of their mode of cultivating and harvesting the cane, and of securing and working its juice into sirup and sugar, besides a description of the actual results obtained, as well as the prospects held out for future enterprise by the introduction of improved systems of tréatment, based on a better knowledge of the subject in its scientific and indus- trial relations. As the Early Amber Cane raised upon the College-grounds has furnished almost exclusively the material for my investi- gation, previous to the harvesting of the cane from the ex- perimental fields on other farms in the Connecticut Valley, I begin my report with a short statement from Professor Stockbridge, concerning the course pursued in the cultiva- tion of the field under his immediate charge. .The land engaged in the experiment was one acre in extent, and con- sisted of a heavy sandy loam. Part of it had been used previously for the raising of garden-vegetables. It was fer- tilized at an early date in the spring with chemicals at a cost of fifteen dollars. The fertilizer contained potash, phos- phoric acid, and nitrogen, in proportions favorable for the formation of sugarin the crop. The seed was planted on the 18th of May, in drills three feet and a half apart, with | the plants about five inches distant from each other in the drill. The field was four times cultivated, and the harvest- ing began on the 14th of September, and closed on the 22d. The crop when fully grown was from eleven to twelve feet high, with canes unusually vigorous and handsome, resem- bling in general appearance rather those of the broom-corn than those of the sorghum of an earlier day. The examination of the cane was carried out in the follow- ing manner. On the dates specified the stalks were cut off six inches above the ground; and two feet in length of the tops, and all the leaves, were removed. The remaining part of the cane was subsequently crushed and pressed to secure its juice. The latter —after being tested for its specific gravity by Brix’s saccharometer, and for its relative amount of free acid at boiling heat by means of a solution of car- bonate of soda, containing one gramme of sodium carbonate anhydride in a hundred ce. of distilled water — was treated without delay with a solution of basic acetate of lead to secure 32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. a good defecation, in the same manner as is usual in the case of the juice of the sugar-beet root. ‘The filtered juice was subsequently divided, in every instance, into two portions, one of which was tested directly in the usual manner, with _ Fehling’s solution, for grape-sugar; and the other, after being treated in the customary way with hydrochloric acid at a moderate heat, to convert the cane-sugar present into glucose, was treated like the former portion for the total amount of sugar. The difference noticed between the two tests was calculated, according to well-known rules, as cane-sugar. It has been the aim during the entire investigation to secure in all cases, not otherwise specified, a comparative value to the various analytical statements. I.— EXAMINATION OF THE EARLY AMBER CANE RAISED UPON THE COLLEGE FARM. te 1878. Aug. 15.—Juice obtained from plants jive feet high; no flower-stalks in sight. Specific gravity, 4.2° Brix, at 27° C. tempera- ture. Grape-sugar present, 2.48 per cent. Cane-sugar present, none. Standard soda solution required, 6.8 cc. The microscope revealed the presence of many granules of starch. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 92.07 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 7.93 per cent solid matter. 2, Aug. 16. — Juice obtained from plants ten feet high; no flower-stalks in sight. Specific gravity, 5.8° Brix, at 24° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 4.06 per cent. Cane-sugar present, none. Soda solution required, 9 cc.. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 88.90 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 11.10 per cent solid matter. 5. Aug. 20.-— Juice obtained from plants with the lower leaves of the canes turned reddish; flower-stalks well developed; flowers, how- ever, not yet open. Specific gravity, 7.9° Brix, at 24° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.47 per cent. Cane- sugar present, 2.15 per cent. Soda solution required, 7 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 87 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° te 110° €., 13 per cent solid matter. 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 33 4, Aug. 24.— Juice from plants bearing flower-stalks with fully developed open flowers. Specific gravity, 8.7° Brix, at 23° C. tem- perature. Grape-sugar present, 3.7 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 3,per cent. Soda solution required, 4 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 85.93 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 14.07 per cent solid matter. 5. Aug. 27. — Juice from canes of plants in full blossom. Specific gravity, 10.0° Brix, at 25° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.65 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 4.13 per cent. Soda solution required, 10 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 84.52 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 15.48 per cent solid matter. 6. Aug. 30.— Juice from canes of plants with the formation of the seed fairly begun. Specific gravity, 9.50° Brix, at 30° C. tem- perature. Grape-sugar present, 4 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 3.81 per cent. Soda solution required, 9.5 ce. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 83.86 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 16.14 per cent solid matter. le Sept. 2.—Juice from canes of plants with seeds in the milk, i.e., seeds of full size, yet still soft. Specific gravity, 10.70° Brix, at 27° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.85 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 4.41 per cent. Soda solution required, 9.5cce. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 84.15 per cent moist- ure. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 15.85 per cent solid matter. 8. Sept. 9.— Juice from canes of plants with seeds still soft. Specific : gravity, 12.10° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.21 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 6.86 per cent. Soda solution required, 9.5 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 73.87 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 26.13 per cent solid matter. 9. Sept. 9.—Juice from canes of plants from which, on the 2d of Sep- tember, the leaves and the tops had been removed, without disturbing them otherwise. Specific gravity, 12.8° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.77 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 6.81 percent. Soda solution required, 9.5 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 73.25 per cent moist- ure. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 26.75 per cent solid matter. 5 e o4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 10. Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants left upon the field without any alteration regarding leaves or tops. Specific gravity, 13.2° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.57 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 7.65 per cent. INI Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants from which only the tops had been removed, leaving the remaining portion undisturbed in the soil. Specific gravity, 13.8° Brix, at 22° C. temper- ature. Grape-sugar present, 3.16 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 8.49 per cent. 12. Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants from which the tops and all the leaves had been removed on the 9th of September, whilst the remaining portion was not disturbed in- the soil until cut on the 18th of September. Specific gravity, 11.5° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.16 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 5.85 per cent. 13. Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants which were cut off on the 9th of September, had their tops removed as usual, yet their leaves left on, and subsequently left upon the field for nine days, before the sample tested was secured by pressing. Specific gravity, 12.8° Brix, at 22 C. temperature. Grape- sugar present, 10 per cent. Cane-sugar present, .60 per cent. 14. Sept. 21.— The juice secured from the cane of No. 13 on the 21st of September showed specific gravity, 13° Brix, at 21° C. temperature, and, when taken still two days later, its spe- cific gravity was equal to 15° Brix, at 18° C. temperature. — — eee ee From the previously-stated observations we may safely — deduce the following conclusions regarding the questions above specified, at least, as far as the conditions of our soil and climate bear on the growth and development of the Minnesota Early Amber Cane as a sugar-producing plant: — 1. The grape-sugar appears in the cane at an early stage of its growth (Nos. 1 and 2), and increases slowly to from three to four per cent before cane-sugar is formed. 2. The cane-sugar is first noticeable at the time when the flower-stalks become visible above the leaves; and its amount me 1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 35 increases steadily until the seeds are of full size, yet still soft (Nos. 3-8). 3. The relative proportion of grape-sugar to cane-sugar did not exceed, at any time before the hardening of the seeds, 3.16 per cent of the former to 8.49 per cent of the latter: in the majority of cases it was about three to seven. 4. The cane loses a considerable amount of its moisture during the period of the development of the seeds, from ten to twelve per cent (see Nos. 7 and 8), aiding thereby in increasing the density of the juice: the better quality of the latter during later periods in the life of the plant has, for this reason, to be ascribed largely to that cause, and not to the continued formation of sugar. The quality of the juice is improved at that stage, largely, therefore, if not entirely, at the expense of its quantity. 5. The increase in the density of the juice of the cane after the seeds are full grown may be somewhat retarded by taking off the leaves, without disturbing the remaining plant in the soil (No. 12). 6. The cane-sugar of the plants changes gradually yet steadily into grape-sugar, after they are once cut off. The degree of that change varies widely, and depends largely on their exposure, being more serious during moist and warm than in dry and cold weather. | 7. The safest way to secure the full benefit of the Early Amber Cane crop for sirup and sugar manufacture is to begin cutting the canes when the seed is full grown, yet still soft (in our case between the 10th and 15th of September), and to grind them without delay. Bead The grinding of the cane raised upon the College farm began on the 15th of September. As quite a difference of Opinion prevailed among the cultivators of the Early Amber Cane, according to advice received from well-informed parties in Minnesota, regarding the most appropriate time for cutting the cane, —some maintaining that it should not be cut until the mill was ready to grind it without delay; while others claimed to have obtained the best results after keeping the cut cane for a week or more spread upon the ground, before carrying it to the mill.for grinding,—a part of our cane, after being cut, was left upon the field for about ten days (see experiments Nos. 10-13) before being ground and pressed : 36 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. the remainder was cut, and without delay sent to the mill. The examination of the juice obtained from both of these lots of cane gave the results which are stated above in experi- ments Nos. 10-13. They admit of no other explanation, but that the best course to pursue consists in grinding the matured cane as soon as it is cut. The juice coming from the mill was carried through an iron pipe to a metal sieve to remove the suspended particles of cane, and thence into a sheet-iron pan of seventy to eighty gallons’ capacity, for defecation. Following the practice of Messrs. Kinney and Miller, for some time nothing was added to the juice to assist in the defecation. Towards the close of the season, when the coagulation of the albuminoids was less thorough, a small amount of slaked lime was added, avoiding, however, an excess of lime; for the re-action of the latter on the grape-sugar present would tend to increase the color, and to affect at the same time the taste unpleasantly. The efficient use of boneblack filters for the removal of both objectionable results was, for economical reasons, out of the question. The copious scum produced by the heating of the fresh juice to from 85° to 95° C. in the defecating pan was removed as much as possible by skimming, and subsequent filtering through a woollen cloth filter on its passage into a second iron pan, where the heating was continued. From this second pan the hot, defecated juice was drawn, as re- quired, into a Cook’s evaporator, constructed of copper, where the skimming process was continued until the sirup had reached the desired density, which, as a general rule, was equal to 75° of Brix’s saccharometer when hot. The color of the sirup thus produced from recently-cut cane was yellowish; its taste, as might be expected without the use of boneblack, was somewhat peculiar, yet pleasant, and quite generally liked. ‘The average yield amounted to from a hundred and sixty to a hundred and seventy gallons per acre. To study the effect of the mode of manufacture pursued, on the composition of the sirup, the following’ experiment was instituted. The juice of a healthy, fresh-cut cane was tested before it passed into the defecator, and also, subsequently, the sirup obtained from it. Sept. 29.— Juice, 14.7° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.61 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 8.16 per cent. 1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 37 The sirup obtained from the previously-stated juice contained Grape-sugar, 37.87 per cent; cane-sugar, 37.48 per cent. A glance at these results shows that the relative proportion of the cane-sugar and the grape-sugar, as found in the juice, is seriously altered in the course adopted for its manufacture into sirup. In sight of these facts, it will be quite generally conceded that the sugar-production from sirup like the above must remain a mere incidental feature in the Amber Cane industry in our section of the country, as long as the cost of separating the sugar does not offer more substantial advantages. | , I].—EXAMINATION OF THE EARLY AMBER CANE RAISED BY FARMERS IN THE VICINITY OF THE COLLEGE. As soon as the crop of the College had been disposed of, the canes from outside experimental fields were treated in a like manner. The interest in our experiments taken by farmers generally began soon to make itself felt at the mill by the arrivals of lots of cane from all sides, rendering it necessary to increase the working force. The mill, being worked by three horses, was run day and night, and the evaporators were thus supplied with juice without any serious interruption, except the short time required for cleaning. The management of the mill, and the manufacture of the sirup during the entire season (from the 15th of September to the 25th of October), were very efficiently superintended by Messrs. Atherton Clark and H. E. Stockbridge, both graduates of the College, and special students of chemistry in the post-graduate course. Mr. E. B. Bragg of the class of 1875 also rendered valuable assistance in the chemical exami- nation of the juices. Some of the cane sent on was ground soon after it had been cut: other lots had been cut weeks before their turn in the mill came round. In some instances the yield of sirup per acre exceeded two hundred gallons, — one instance being reported where it amounted to two hundred and fifty-four gallons per acre, — in others, it fell behind the average, on ac- count of the exposure the canes had suffered before being ground. No systematic examination of the juice of the cane coming from outside fields was attempted, partly on account 38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. of the absence of such facts as impart special value to the tests caried out, partly on account of want of time to follow up each case in a satisfactory manner. A general examination of the juice worked on each day was, however, continued ; and, as the results obtained in this connection are not entirely without interest regarding some points involved in our in- quiry, I enter them on record. ‘ Sept. 25. — The cane, after being cut, left for three weeks upon the field, during dry warm weather. Juice, 19.8° Brix, at 21 C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 11.91 per cent. Cane- sugar present, 6.27 per cent. Sept. 26. —Juice, 14.7° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Sept. 28. — Juice; 17.8° Brix, at 12° C. temperature. Grape-sugar pres- ent, 16.6 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Oct. 1.— Juice, 17.5° Brix, at 19° C. temperature. Oct. 3.—Juice, 15° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Oct. 4.—Juice, 16.1° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 8.62 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 6.16 per cent. Soda solution required, 12 ce. Oct. 7.— Cane cut just before grinding, and sent with its leaves through ‘the mill. Juice, 16.7° Brix, at 20° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 4.16 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 9.94 per cent. Soda solution required, 6.8 cc. Oct. 8.—Cane cut fresh the day before grinding; the leaves had, how- ever, been taken off the canes two weeks before cutting them. Juice, 12.8° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape- sugar present, 5.16 per cent. Cane-sugar, present, 5.27 per cent. Soda solution required, 7 cc. Oct. 9.— Juice, 18.4° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 7.57 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Soda _ solution required, 10.6 cc. Oct. 10.— Cane cut five days before grinding. Juice, 15.2° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Oct. 11. —Cane having been kept two weeks at ans mill, Juice, 17.1° Brix, at 16° C. temperature. Oct. 14. —Cane several weeks old when ground. Juice, 18.2° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 10.42 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Sodasolution required, 104 cer 3 Oct. 15. —Juice, 15.2° Brix, at 18° C. temperature. Oct. 16. — Juice, 17.8° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Oct. 17. — Juice, 18° Brix, at 20° C. temperature. | Oct. 18. —Juice, 15.1° Brix, at 23° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 7.57 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Oct. 19. — Juice, 15.5° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar pres- ent, 9.22 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Soda solution required, 13.6 ce. 1879.) | SENATE — No. 100. 39 Oct. 20. — Juice, 17.3° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Oct. 22. — Juice, 16.2° Brix, at 16° C, temperature. Grape-sugar present, 8.3 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Oct. 23. —Juice, 18.3° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 11.8 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 5.5 per cent. Soda solution required, 14 cc. Oct. 24. — Juice, 16.6° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar pres- ent, 8.63 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Soda solution required, 9 cc. The above-stated observations lead, on the whole, to the same conclusions as those arrived at in connection with the examination of the cane from the College-field. The relative proportion between grape-sugar and cane-sugar noticed in the cane from the College-grounds has in no instance been changed for the better. The injurious changes which the cane undergoes after being once cut off are rendered quite conspicuous. A trial to decide whether it would be better economy to grind the cane after its leaves have been removed, as has been the rule, or to send it with its leaves through the mill, demonstrated the fact that the saving of labor in the field by omitting the stripping does not compensate for the loss suffered in the clogging of the mill, and the waste of juice, which occurs when the leaves are left on. III. — VALUATION OF THE CROP RAISED ON THE COL- LEGE-GROUNDS. The expenses incurred in the cultivation and harvesting of one acre of the Early Amber Cane upon the College-grounds have been as follows : — Cost of chemicals used as fertilizers . : : : ‘ . $15 00 tillage . ‘ ‘ : : : : 19 00 cutting cane, stripping leaves, cutting tops, and carting to mill . ; : . : : , ; - 16 00 $00 00 The crop produced has yielded one hundred and sixty-four gallons of a good sirup, about forty bushels of seed of a middling quality, besides from four to five tons of moist bagasse, and from one ton to one ton and a half of semi-dry leaves. The sirup has been partly sold in retail, at fifty 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. cents per gallon, to visitors at the sugar-mill. The seed has been estimated by Professor Stockbridge to be equal to about forty bushels, and is considered worth, for feeding purposes, thirty-five cents per bushel, or fourteen dollars for the entire yield. The bagasse is known to be suitable for paper manufacture, and is supposed to bring about five dol- lars; whilst the leaves, even for fertilizing purposes, cannot be considered worth less than from three to four dollars. The manufacturing expenses of the sirup have been higher than they would have been in case of .a more permanent arrangement for manufacturing purposes, where steam or water power would be used as motive power instead of horses. Judging from the results obtained under similar conditions elsewhere, it seems quite safe to assume that the cost would not exceed from twelve to thirteen cents per gal- lon, or about one-half of what it actually amounted to in our experiments. Comparing, on the basis of the previously- adopted values, the expenses and the returns per acre of our trial with the Early Amber Cane, we find, — Expenses equal to . : ; 3 ;: y F : . $70 00 Returns equalto . : 3 5 : - : : ..- £05°00 Leaving thus a surplus of . : ; ae : - $385 00 I need not, however, to add that. these results may be ma- terially improved by a larger yield of sirup, which is fully within reach ; for in two instances it rose up to two hundred and forty gallons per acre. Every additional fifty gallons of sirup would be equal to from six to seven dollars increased cash return. The Western cultivators of the Early Amber Cane claim for it in two important points a superiority over the Chinese sorghum of twenty years ago :— 1. It ripens earlier, and offers thereby a better chance to raise it on an extensive scale, with less risk of having the crop partly destroyed by frost. 2. Its juice furnishes a better sirup, which proves its better fitness for that purpose. It remains a matter of regret that no systematic chemical examination into the changes which this variety of cane undergoes during its growth and its period of ripening in Minnesota has been made; since the exact period of the 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 41 maturity of a plant, as well as the particular amount of its constituents, as sugar, starch, &c., are known to be not un- frequently greatly affected by climate, and by the condition and peculiar adaptation of the soil turned to account for its cultivation. It remains for me merely to state that our results are not as satisfactory as we hoped for when entering on the experi- ment. By pursuing a course of treatment based on strictly scientific principles, without reference to cost, I succeeded many years ago in securing between eight and nine per cent of cane-sugar from the juice of the Chinese sorghum: others have since obtained similar results. The presence of a large amount of grape-sugar in all the later stages of the Early Amber, as well as of all other varie- ties of this species, is a serious feature in the composition of the juice, impairing greatly the chances for a copious separa- tion of the cane-sugar by simple modes of treatment. The necessity of applying more costly apparatus, and engaging skilled labor to secure the larger portion of the cane-sugar, if once conceded, places the production of dry sugar from sor- ghum beyond the scope of general farm enterprise. 6 Lae agi Rhee try Chae a! i liv é - Se ee A ae Se ‘s asia v4 isn ‘ fan Avia Lp dae Bey hee sesh LOL ia PEARS hia i Le 5tp ied weer ee etre ee phase JED). SEB eke O4a8* PED, f a Pe ius t ‘pal 7 BORA TATA BNE TOT | Glee eae 4 + Kate Z : ERP Ss eee gis iY it ' VU AMES cur Re 8 4 ge tked De pth ae aair ee Oe as Me ar) ¥ ' ‘ ; ws } - 4 >, hn. ted * te j (FUEL Li hnee 2 ae eke? ek iy igor rds aL ae id itegiale h ie oh TAGS Pate vi. iy 2 SOAR HOA eee bh 8) —— a ut aut 2 \ . ofa igieir ] ‘ j ae Recess 10 Eaters =~ k ES | hee ni : ee ri , bet ssf i gth-len Lage SE Age De a Sa iy noltequiag $00 ah nis) aie) i ai , ¥ “7 ) ‘ Ps ‘ 4 tiie Sana lele SY arse Ae Usaos i.e ‘ ¢ ’ ” ‘ ; acai | Joo eeed, 2 seo Be fe vi ‘ry jhe ae OF, ; tT cs ePPiya. ot eds vei eiy) Wen AT hs © ' i eerth ae OED Tue OL) 1gik ee, orth ag + LFS tide PS ARS ic fs) ae $14 haha Foee t} took Veep > * . 4 < - La * ‘ ) , $ oe ee hee: ({ ; ei err fae’! Yah. sis Seen “/ . | ; ‘ ‘ ° an . / f: ’ ‘ nae . y ’ i ha r i i ¢ : Hh Ae REPORT TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENTAL STATION. BY PROFESSOR LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. REPORT. THE undersigned, upon whom, by your vote, was devolved the duty of conducting experiments on the deportment of soils towards water and various manures by the use of the lysimeter, has performed that duty with as much care and _ accuracy as the time and means at his disposal would allow, and is able to submit the following results : — METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING THE LYSIMETER. Though not found in dictionaries or encyclopedias, the word “lysimeter ”’ means simply an instrument for measuring the natural percolation of rain falling upon the soil. At the time the experiment was instituted, it was quite difficult to obtain definite information as to its proper mode of con- struction and use. There was but one such instrument in America, and that not thoroughly constructed nor fully equipped. The instrument, such as it was, was on the farm of the Sturtevant Brothers of South Framingham, Mass., who had kept a record of its operations for two years. A visit was made those gentlemen, who kindly showed me the instrument, and its method of operation ; and from one of them, Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, a paper was received making invaluable suggestions in relation to the details of construc- tion and equipment, and the direction of investigations con- sidered of the greatest importance. From the information here obtained, and in view of the small appropriation for the purpose, it was deemed advisable to confine the experiments to one variety of soil, and to a medium depth; and the ly- simeter was accordingly constructed as follows: A box was made of two-inch chestnut plank, three feet deep, 45.726 inches square on the inside, and which would enclose =,,7 3000 of an acre of land to the depth of the box. The planks on 46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. the sides were grooved and tongued, dovetailed at the cor- ners, and firmly spiked together. The box was painted in- side and out with coal-tar, and lined on the inside with sheet-copper, which was doubled over the upper and lower edges of the box, and securely tacked on the outside. The bottom was made of the same material, put together in the same manner, painted and lined with the same, but was made six inches larger than the square of the box. One end of the bottom was scarfed to an edge to facilitate its passage through the soil when driven under the box, and in the other two one-inch holes were bored in the centre of the end of the plank diagonally upward to and through the copper lining of the box. Into these holes, copper tubes were in- serted, which on the inside were soldered water-tight to the lining of the bottom, and which protruded one inch and a_ half from the end of the plank to carry off the percolating water. The soil selected to experiment upon was a drift which had been in grass nine years without manure. The first ten inches on the surface was a chocolate-colored sandy loam, in which were many pebbles and small round stones; the next fourteen inches consisted of a light yellow gravelly loam, and the fourteen inches at the bottom was made up of smooth round stones from pebble-size to six inches in diameter, the interspaces being filled with sand and gravel. The whole depth was thirty-eight inches, and it would be called a very “‘leachy” soil. The box was filled with this earth, without materially disturbing it, by placing it, with- out the bottom, on the turf, and digging a wide space on the outside, to the depth of a few inches below the edge, and then driving it down with a heavy timber. Care was taken not to dig under its edge, but to make it cut its way as it was driven, and thus to fill perfectly. In this manner it was settled to the required depth, or until its upper edge was even with the surrounding turf. Owing to the nature of the subsoil, the putting under of the bottom was attended with the greatest difficulty, but was accomplished by making a strong timber frame, square, but two inches larger on the inside than the box. This was dropped down over it to the gravel, into which it was sunk until its upper surface was two inches below the lower edge of the box. The scarfed end of the bottom was then placed on this frame under the 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 4T box, and then, with two jack-screws on the back side to hold the box and its contained earth in place, and two in front operating against the end of the bottom, it was forced into its proper position. The copper lining of the bottom, and that of the box which turned under the lower edge, was then soldered together, so that there could be no escape of water. The whole apparatus was set withan incline of one inch to the front to carry the water to the percolating tubes, and to hold which a glass jar was procured containing one gallon, but scaled on its side in ounces and pints. To pre- vent evaporation from this jar, it was fitted with a large stopper, through which were two orifices, into which were inserted rubber pipes connected with the copper tubes as conductors of the percolating water. It was finished by throwing. back and tamping in the earth which had been ex- cavated on three sides, and building walls on the fourth, from the bottom to the surface of the ground, and enclosing sufficient space for the collecting jar and a flight of stairs for the accommodation of the attendant, which was covered with a frame and door for the protection of the jar and tubes, but with an incline to carry rain from the space. A rain-gauge of the same dimensions and scale as that used at the Smithsonian Institution was placed by the side of the lysimeter, the size of the latter being such that one inch of rainfall deposited in it 9.05 gallons of water, which would be equivalent to 27,150 gallons or 848.43 barrels per acre. For recording the temperature two Fahrenheit thermometers were used having corresponding scales. ‘The one for record- ing the air temperature was hung on a scalloped board, with the bulb two inches above the soil, its stem, but not its bulb, receiving the direct rays of the sun. The one in the soil had a bulb one inch in length, which through the season was kept buried one-half an inch below the surface, and its lower end was generally or always in moist soil; and in the follow- ing records this depth is the point indicated in temperature of surface soil. After all the appliances were completed, the soil within the box was turned over to the depth of seven inches, and it has been hoed and kept clear of vegetation through the season, which fact should be borne in mind, as affecting its temperature by day and night as well as the percolation. ‘The record of the rainfall and percolation was 48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. commenced May 1, and will be continued through the year, but, for the purposes of this report, is brought only to Nov. 80. Owing to delay caused by difficulty in obtaining cor- rect and Ss thermometers, the record of temperature ; ae ti aiid ni % a ee Tey peat A lp) \ MS \ ‘i AT A SAIN: at = = j i = —~ SSS eee eS i AW NANI MH i | if ‘i a NG rou Ih} fy i a a Coe A, Soil in Deaieree: B, Soil Thermometer. C, Air Thermometer. D, Air Thermometer. E, Rain Gauge. F, Front of Lysimeter Box. G. Rubber Pipes to conduct Water from Tubes to Jar. H, Water Jar. could not be commenced until May 28, and was closed for the year Nov. 30. Plate No. 1 represents the lysimeter with the door of the jar-room open, and with its different appliances and instru- ments. 49 SENATE — No. 100. 1879.] ‘o10e 10d ‘sjorreq cG'Oel'Zs 10 ‘suOT[VS GG),.169 03 [enbe sem TOA ‘SUO]T[VS ege'zzz SVM SYJUOUL USAOS OY} Ul POATOOII IOYVM [VJOT, “LOJOUTISAT OY} Ul 109VA JO SUOT[YS COG poyIsodep [[Vjurer Jo Your youY "qour OL" ez) wo. SOqOUL ZG} [BJOT, | Soqour ge'z|] 10, | SoqoUL GO'Z| [BIOL | SOUL GHP] [eJ07, | Seqour Zerg] [IO], | SoyOUL ggrc| [eIOY, | Soqoul FI'Z| 1230. eco anise Ge! ERRAND Seon ea Ves AONE mee ed Bresene feamessceet Mer ee Oe ores pw SM ee ee ne = - - - - - - = ~ = = ~ gn BE | Lo 45 3 = - - - - - - = = » I |G3 » ~ = See spheteg || Gz 259 = = = = = - - = #3. 60". 10% 5s a-6L> PIS 4 » 6LL [08 » 9 GO" |S 4 - = = = » 80° | 8B >» = cm » OF | I 9 3 Ges Lbs GEL MG ele one Bce EG 25 st Vila b letG ” » FOS | “AON| 55 SHL | LB 9s sx. 80". | TE » » Sf |8l » » 93 |9L »» » GOT [16 » SarLy Lope oss 3 62 -| 08 9 » 88'S JOO}. a. Tha (Sh. 5 » TS’ | 08 » ie hs eal oeear i SL AG sh 4h oe Ot SE ie Oley tank 3 os TE 19% ” » 60% | “3dog| 5 Go |S sus OF | 8% 95 eit tees) Chee re » 99> | Tl OL FG oy ale ae OGs TBE ys 1 9G4 || IG 9 » SFP | “B0V!] -» FB |S » in OG 186 4 9 PE Gt “Nee PRE Gnas AY! LOT ag) | ave MIT “yy ons HE » o's | Ame} - 55-80 |'0e- »» 9 6B | 6L 45 Fn (eV ae Samm sreaSGal aid eas OG EG. 3 » 60° |OL » » ¢s* | OL ” » 889 | ounf| »,-LFS (SL » Tf 16 i Ceo ace as 3 862 10 4s a GO" Si <3 GOL | 4 SmGLe |G ” “Woul FL Avy | “Wourst’ | sE°AoN| ‘yourgo". | 2 ‘O | 4oures | L3deg|-gourszT | T “sny|-yqourgo” | AIne|‘qourzo’ | FouNL|‘gourFLT =| F AeW "[Teyurey =| -qqu0oW;w . *soqouy “AVeqg *soqoUuy NY @ f “goqouy keg “soqouy . “keq “‘gaqouy “Avg “ ‘goOUT Led *soyouy NTE § Urs = pue ul pue Ur “pure yest 00 le ~ pue comme et ~ pue ; ul pus UL pue ec eselichs| Treyareyy | QUOP_ | eyurey «| Guo | TeyUrey «| GUOW | Weyurey | QUO | Teyuley | qUOW | Treyurey | quo) Tresarey wo iad —:smopof sv asam “porad aujqua oy? sof pun ‘yquow yone tof 10703 ay ‘yof ipop ayt ‘omj-hjxis som T -oaq pup T hopy uaamyaq jjaf urs yorym uo shop fo saqunu ay], — “TIVANIVY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 50 ¢ Cie | corqon | Po Cee |e sO 10 1 TOE Ree | Teton | en re e107, |e | gor | TOL | at} Ie | mor - - - S18 6 > |- | - - - |- - - |- - 8 » |- Io - eee = pee 185 gf i= T= - - |- = - /|- 0G 9) | | = - = = 0) NP SAG ta al sistas lr - |[- |- le [> [= - - - = @ 9 GB » |- |= - - |- - p |0 Gon [a |= * P T2E | 19QUIPAON | 0 | PL 176 » |- | - - - |- - 0 |8 BE yor [see | = = 0 0 1990999 |0 | 7 |S » |- |- - - |- - 0 |8 Sine | ses |= = 9 IL |tequmaydeg)/ 0 | 9F (36 » |- | - - - |- ~ 8s |g So cpp yi We = al 19 ASD VE OVS eee) LG) maa ue = ot nem - 0 |8 ZL wet OL | tT tL os 0 0 Ane} 8 | 2} 6 » |- |- - OF an OF oy 0 as Eieesailige (4a 6 » g 90 eunel py (Ol -16L 2 | = |= - 0/38 be ay IPO: “18 OI) osmehOe: | Flee Oe mas SI 1G AvW | 0 | 8 SI “AON |] 0 | 0 J9q0~O|0 |g 9 ‘ydeg!} oO | OL 6 eunf]} oO | g Avy WMO @ @ @ wz Gd 8 z eq @ a da e a d e a dad @ a da ‘NOILVIOON HA “ joensen fest pa | pue |” pue |” pue |“ pue | * pue "NOLLV TOGIAY OGY sasha Cae SROs ape MOGnn en SR rey bate ates aaa ies ps aa om eaoorad an —smopof sp asam ‘porwad aujua ay) sof pun ‘yzuow yon sof 70202 ay? ‘yjuow ay) fo shop ayy, *wanas -Ajsvyy som sol ayy fo burhidwa ay, auinbas 07 quawi—{ns som wouynjoovad ay) ynym uw shop fo saqunu ayj, — ‘NOILVI00NNg 1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 51 The percolation for the entire period, reduced to gallons, was 46,548, or 4,432.88 barrels per acre; the rainfall for the same time, as previously given, amounted to 22,150.95 barrels. The average daily evaporation from this soil for seven days, from June 27 to July 4, was 164 barrels per acre. This must be considerable more than the daily aver- age for the season; but it may be safe to say, that, deducting the sixty-two days on which rain fell, the evaporation was a hundred barrels daily, or 15,100 barrels for the season. The percolation and evaporation, then, amounted to 19,532.38 barrels, showing that on Dec. 1 this surface-soil, to the depth of three feet, was holding 2,618.57 barrels of water per acre. REPORT ON THE PERCOLATED WATERS OF THE LYSIMETER. BY PROFESSOR C. A. GOESSMANN. ‘The samples of water received from the lysimeter at different times amounted, in most instances, to from twelve to fourteen pounds of the liquid. An equal volume of the percolated water was used in the various tests, to impart to them an approximate comparative value. The examination was of a qualitative character, as directed, and, as a gen- eral rule, only with reference to the presence or absence of the chemicals previously applied to the soil. In no case was a new application of chemicals made until the percola- tion of the water of the previous rainfall had ceased. The sample of water which passed through the lysimeter (May 12, 1878) soon after its construction, and before any chem- icals were applied, contained the usual constituents of drainage-waters coming from an unfertilized drift-soil char- acteristic of our section of the State; viz., a considerable amount of carbonate of lime, smaller portions of the carbon- ates of iron and magnesia, besides not unfrequently traces of potassium oxide and nitric acid. The entire amount of the mineral constituents, and of the carbonate of lime in par- ticular, was somewhat larger than may be noticed in ordinary cases. The exceptional condition of the first sample of drainage is most likely due to an unavoidable partial dis- turbance of the soil in the lysimeter, incidental to its con- struction, which, in turn, must have favored the disintegrating atmospheric agencies. 52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. I.— The soil of the lysimeter was dressed in the customary way with muriate of potash, containing eighty per cent of chloride of potassium, at the rate of two hundred and fifty pounds per acre. This operation was carried out on the 17th of May: the percolation of rain-water began on the 9th of June. The percolated water contained .0076 per cent of chlorine, and but .00017 per cent of potassium oxide. Allowing .000128 of the chlorine for the formation of potassium chloride, there remains .00747 per cent of the chlorine in excess, which proved to be present in com- bination with lime as chloride of calcium. Taking into calculation that the first sample of water which passed through the original soil contained a noticeable amount of potassium oxide, it is quite safe to assume that the soil retained practically the entire amount of potassium which had been added to it in the form of muriate of potash, whilst the chlorine thereby liberated, after entering into combination with an equivalent amount of lime in the soil, appears in the percolated water as chloride of calcium. The results obtained in this experiment correspond well with those of earlier investigations regarding the action of the chloride of potassium on soils containing lime and magnesia ; they furnish also a good illustration of the fact that both the removal of crops and the peculiar forms of the fertilizing materials used for their growth may modify, independent of each other, more or less seriously, the composition of the soil left behind. II.— The soil was dressed on the 20th of June with six hundred pounds of sulphate of ammonia per acre, the salt containing twenty-four per cent ammonia. The water began to flow on the 23d of June. One part of it was acidulated with sulphuric acid before. being carefully evaporated to dry- ness, to retain the ammonia, if present. A careful test estab- lished the absence of ammonia in the residue. The second half of the water was rendered alkaline by means of carbon- ate of soda, previous to its evaporation, to prevent the loss of nitric acid in particular. The saline matter thus secured contained a trace of nitric acid. Whether the presence of this acid under existing circumstances can be ascribed to an oxidation of some of the ammonia applied is somewhat doubtful, considering the short time of exposure; yet it is by 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 53 no means impossible, judging from the observations of Tuttle and others. III. —Superphosphate of lime, at the rate of two hundred and fifty pounds per acre, and containing fifteen per cent of soluble phosphoric acid, was incorporated into the soil of the lysimeter on the 6th of July. The percolation of the rain- water began Aug. 7. From thirteen to fourteen pounds of that liquid were evaporated to dryness. The saline matter left behind was dissolved in some diluted nitric acid, and sub- sequently tested for phosphoric acid, by means of molybdate of ammonia: no trace of that acid could be discovered. The soil had retained the entire amount of phosphoric acid used in the experiment. IV.— Nitrate of soda, containing sixteen per cent of nitro- gen, was applied as a final dressing of the lysimeter soil on the 24th of August, at the rate of six hundred pounds per acre. The percolated water was secured the first week of September. The residue left after its careful evaporation contained a considerable quantity, comparatively speaking, of nitric acid as nitrate of lime, and also gave a decided re-action of phosphoric acid. ‘These results coincide with previous observations under similar circumstances. ‘The nitric acid, in its well-known downward course, had ex- changed its soda for the lime of the soil, and at the same time earried some of the phosphoric acid of the previous dressing into the subsoil, and ultimately into the drainage-water. The facts disclosed by Professor Goessmann’s analysis of the water which percolated from the lysimeter after its soil had been dressed with chemicals, though perhaps previously known to chemical experts, are worthy the careful attention and study of practical men. It should be remembered that twenty-eight of the thirty-eight inches in soil depth was little better than open gravel, that it was hoed and kept clear of vegetation during the season, and that the chemicals applied were largely in excess of ordinary manuring. Yet in no case did the drainage-water contain more than the slightest traces of any thing which had been applied. It is also apparent that the power of soils to’ take and hold salines is not merely a physical one, but may be most essentially modified and increased by chemical action, and in this case caused the 54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Feb. retention of the potassium oxide, the soda, and the ammonia. At the same time, the application of such large quantities of nitric acid and chlorine as were contained in the nitrate of soda and the chloride of potassium, caused the filtration — of lime and phosphoric acid. TEMPERATURE. The following tables show the monthly averages of the temperature of the soil in the lysimeter, and of the air, day and night; it being taken daily at the warmest time of the day and the coldest time at night, but the time by clock varying as the length of the days increased and decreased. TEMPERATURE OF AIR. TEMPERATURE OF SoIt. MONTH. Day. Night. Day. Night. Average for May . | die? 53.10° 62.10° 54.55° for June . | %9.63° 58.66° 82.63° 64.43° for July . -| 88.32° 62.68° 90.68° 67.39° for August .| 80.48° 56.90° 82.10° 62.52° for September .| 80.60° 49 40° 79.20° 58.80° for October .| 63.61° 40.48° 65.19° 49.62° for November .| 46.83° 26.43° 42.53° 5 The table shows that the average temperature of the air by day, for the season, was 72.940°, and that of the soil, 72.061°. The average temperature of the air at night was 49.664°, and that of the soil, 56.370°. As the night temperature was taken at its supposed lowest point, it was possible that it did not give what might be called the average difference for the entire night between the soil and the air, and that if, instead of taking it just before daylight in the morning, it should be taken the previous evening, a very different result might be obtained. Observations were therefore made every night in the month of June, at ten P.M. The average temperature as found at that time was, for the air, 58.300°, and the soil, 1879. | SENATE — No. 100. 5d 64:430°. It will be noticed that the average difference is almost identical; that of the former showing the soil to be 6.706° warmer than the air, and the latter 6.130°. TEMPERATURE OF THE GENERAL SOIL. As the recorded temperature of the air and soil at night, from the 22d of May, showed the soil in the lysimeter to be warmer than the air, a series of somewhat random investiga- tions was made over the surrounding country, within two miles of the College, to ascertain whether this comparative _ temperature was in accord with the general fact; and the fol- lowing are the recorded results. June 11, four a.m. — Garden- soil, 50°; air, 49°. Grassland recently mown, soil 54; air, 49°. Grassland covered with heavy crop, soil 54°; air, 49°. June 12, four a.m. — Garden-soil, 48°; air, 44°. Grassland recently mown, soil, 54°; air, 44°. Grassland covered with heavy crop, soil, 54°; air, 44°. Peat-swamp, wet, but cov- ered with grass, soil, 53°; air, 48°. Peat-swamp, wet, but without grass, soil, 51°; air, 42°. June 16, four A.M. — Garden-soil, 60°; air, 58°. Grassland recently mown, soil, .62°; air, 58°. Grassland covered with heavy crop, soil, 62°; air, 098°. Gravelly knoll tilled, soil, 60°; air, 58°. Gravelly knoll in grass, soil, 64°; air, 58°. June 19, four a.m. — Gar- den-soil, 57°; air, 50°. Sandy loam soil, ploughed and har- rowed the previous day, soil, 52°; air, 50°. Cornfield, light sandy loam, soil 54°; air, 50°. Field covered with heavy clover, land very moist, soil, 59°; air, 50°. Under trees in grassland orchard, soil wet, soil, 59°; air, 50°. Same soil, but not under trees, soil, 58°; air, 50°. Same, but soil dry, soil, 60°; air, 50°. Gravelly knoll in grass, soil, 60°; air, 51°. June 28, four A.M.— Garden-soil, 62°; air, 60°. Grassland north of building where sun’s rays do not strike between nine A.M. and five P.M., soil, 64°; air, 60°. Clay-plot, very wet, soil, 63°; air, 60°. At brookside, mud, 62°; air, 59°. July 1, at half-past two A.M.— Wet grassland near Mill River, soil, 11°; air, 66°. Sandy knoll covered with growing grain, soil, 10°; air, 66°. Sandy loam grain-field, soil, 68°; air, 66°. Sandy knoll without grass, soil, 69°; air, 66°. Tobacco-field near Connecticut River, soil, 68°; air, 66°. Grassland on river-bank, soil, 70°; air, 65°. Centre of large forest, soil, 66°; air, 67°. Turf-land outside of woods, soil, 70°; air, 66° 06 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. Woodland on hill, soil, 66°; air, 66°. The average night temperature of the soil as found by these investigations was 66.18°, and of the air 60.75°, showing that the general soil of the vicinity had a higher average temperature than that con- tained in the lysimeter. Of the whole series, but one record was made of air temperature higher than the soil, and that was in the centre of a dense forest, and on a night succeeding a day when the thermometer indicated 102° at half-past two pP.M., and the air of the night was remarkably still. These investigations were made at odd times snatched from other duties or from sleep, and were thought not to be so methodi- cal in relation to dates and varieties of soils as the importance of the subject demanded. Another series was therefore insti- tuted, the investigations to be made the 5th, 16th, and 26th of every month, in forest-land, cultivated land dry and wet, grassland dry and wet, and at the surface of the soil, and at a depth of five inches. By dry land, land which had moisture on the surface of its particles is meant, and by wet land, that which had water standing between its particles, and, in most cases, that in which the impression left when the thermometer was withdrawn would fill with the liquid. The following is » the record of the monthly averages : — SENATE — No. 100. 1879.] o€8 TF '000°0F |068'8e 098°C oLG'FE |o98'SP 00°09 0886S |o$F0¢ 0869 |o€G'°G9 [009° LG ‘deep $e “Your ¢ T10S ‘10S eovying “Ilog Lsaaog “ITV ‘N'Y oL9'OF |o0G LE |o0G'0G 000°SE |006'ES |006 GP oL9°09 |oL9°LG [009° GP of L°99 |000°F9 |o66'FS g 2 Ss oO =. 2) ia a o Pag ao = © Fe Oo le) geo 8 co ‘aNVISSVUD LEM o0G°8E jo8E°9E |oF6' 61 oG6°S9 |oPL'PS |oG0' EP olG’G9 |o0E 8G |o0E FF 09°99 |o8T'89 /oB1'GS ee) eee. ec | Be | - ga: | =" er ‘aNVISSVUD AUC WV F 000'66 |oSE"GE |000°0G o86 PG joGL'TS \oGL'GP 009°9G |00G'OF |o0G°SE 000°99 |000°G9 |008°SS “(oul ¢ [IOs "IIOS GQHLIVAILTAD LOM of LSE |o98'EE joSV 1G 009°PE |009°GE |000'9F o€1'8S |000°SS |of9'9P 066'99 joL9'T9 |oSE° LG > —- TOQUIBAON : > TEqowo ° — raquieydeg qasnsny “Your ¢ [IOS ‘IIOG GHLVAILTIAD AUC HOA ADVAGAY 58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. The stations of the foregoing observations were long dis- tances apart, on different kinds of soils, and in different ex- posure; and it is believed they show with accuracy the night temperature of the soil of the country, for the period they cover, in this latitude. The average night temperature of the air for the entire period was 41.036°; the surface of dry, cultivated soil, 50.282°, and, at five inches deep, 53.665°. Wet cultivated soil averaged at the surface 48.895°, and, at a depth of five inches, 58.937°. Dry land in grass averaged 53.150° at the surface, and 55.755° at a depth of five inches. Wet land in grass averaged 53.092° at the surface, and 55.762° at a depth of five inches. Forest-land averaged 54.050° at the surface, and 55.235° at a depth of five inches. The average temperature of the soil to the depth of five inches, as found by the whole investigation from Aug. 1 to Dec. 1, was 53.881°, or 12.345° warmer than the air at night for the same period. It has ever been taught that wet soils, as compared with dry, are cold, from which assumed fact many important conclusions have been drawn; but, if no mistake in observation has been made, this is an error. The average temperature of all the dry soils examined, and to the depth of five inches, was 53.3881°; that of the wet soils to the same depth was 52.921°, or 460° colder. Practically the temper- ature is the same. The temperature of dry soils by day is_ higher than that of wet, and the diurnal variation greater ; but the equality of temperature at night indicates pretty clearly that temperature is by no means the only factor to be considered in discussing the condition and improvement of wet lands. The result of the investigations to ascertain the compara- tive temperature of the soil and air during the night, and in natural conditions, made it more than doubtful if the general belief respecting the comportment of soils to the vapor of water in the air is in agreement with the fact. If I am not mistaken, it is believed and taught, that at night the soil obtains water from the air, and in such considerable quanti- ties as to be of the “ utmost agricultural value,” and, that in time of scarcity of rain, it invigorates and sustains plants, which, but for this supply, would wither and die. ‘This, we are taught, is the result of the operation of three causes, each of which is worthy of examination and careful analysis. The mis: : 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 59 first cause is the “ hygroscopic property of soils.” Water, in both the lquid and vapor forms, seeks an equilibrium. When the substances containing unequal quantities of water are brought in contact, the element passes from the wet to the dry, or from the moist to the less moist substance. It is assumed that the soil is the dry, and the air the moist object, and during the night there is a movement of water from the latter to the former. This is accepted as a proved fact by the experiments of Schubler, Davy, and others. But all those experiments were tried under such perfectly unnatural and distorted conditions, that it is more than doubtful if they illustrate the natural fact in the case. In those investiga- tions the soils experimented with were first carefully and thoroughly dried by heating to 212° F., and were then con- fined over water in saturated air. ‘They absorbed the vapor of the water, and increased their weight. But that is not singular. A plate of burnished steel or flint-glass would have done the same thing, — would have absorbed moisture after heating to 212°, even in the atmosphere of a warm room; and the experiments do not show any peculiar property of soils in this respect, nor prove, that, in natural position in the field and in free air, they would absorb vapor. That soils are hygroscopic there is no doubt; but such investigations do not reach the case. By an examination of the soil of a culti- vated field in time of drought, or in average summer con- dition, the following facts will be found: first, a thin layer of soil on the surface fully exposed to the air, and which, if not in absolute hygroscopic equilibrium with it, is simply air- dry: it must contain more rather than less water than the air in contact with it, and it lies on, and is intimately con- nected with, a lower layer of soil, which contains not only hygroscopic water, but moving capillary water, which is con- stantly passing upward to it, and through it into the air; and both the lower and upper layers have a higher tempera- ture at night than the air. ‘These being the facts respecting the condition of the soil and air, it is hardly possible that the film of water found on the surface of the upper layer of soil on a summer morning could have been received from the air; but it would be very natural and reasonable that it should be moisture which arose from the lower layer, and was condensed on the surface by the colder air of the night. 60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. The second influence which causes absorption of water by the soil from the vapor of the air is stated as follows: Dur- ing the day the soil absorbs the heat created by the sun’s rays, and becomes very warm. At night this heat is radiated, and the soil cools rapidly, becoming colder than the air at or near its surface. It thus cools and condenses the vapor it contains, which is deposited upon and absorbed by the soil. To this theory'there are some objections, and many natural facts it is difficult to explain by it. For example: a cock of hay standing on a dry gravel-knoll during the night will always be found in the morning quite moist entirely through at the bottom. The mower drops his scythe-stone on the ground just at nightfall: in the morning he finds it dry on the top, and covered with water below. A board is thrown upon the ground at night: in the morning it is dry on the top; but the bottom is wet. Now, it is a fact, that all soils are warmed, and evaporate watery vapor, during the day; and it may be said that in these and similar cases, as the soil is covered at night, its heat is not radiated, and evaporation continues, which would be checked but for the covering, and this causes the local moisture beneath. ‘This is undoubtedly true to a certain extent. But allow the hay, the board, or the stone, to lie on the ground during the following day, or many days, so that the soil cannot be warmed by the heat of the day, and it will become comparatively cold; yet every night moisture will accumulate beneath. But,if no mistake has been made in relation to the comparative temperature of the soil and air at night, this theory cannot be true. If the aver- age night temperature of our general soils is 12.345° warmer than that of the air, there can be no condensation of watery vapor caused by the soil, there is no absorption by it of water from the air; but the natural phenomenon of evapora- tion from the soil is continued through the night, though less rapidly than in the daytime. The last natural influence given as conveying water from vapor to the soil is called ‘“ dew-fall,”’ and is almost identical in principle and result with that just considered as condensa- tion and absorption. The principle is fully and clearly illus- trated by the phenomenon of the “ice-pitcher.” The vessel filled with iced water during a warm day, when the air has a high per cent of humidity, soon has its outside covered with 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 61 a. perceptible film of moisture, which rapidly increases ; and soon liquid water is trickling down its side. ‘This is water condensed, and taken from the air; and the belief is, that at night the soil is in the same relation to the air as the pitcher during the day, and in like manner receives water. ‘This whole matter is one vastly too important to be left unde- termined except by speculation; and an extensive series of investigations was instituted to ascertain the precise facts. And, first, does the soil stand in the same relation to the air as the “ice-pitcher”’ in the illustration given? If so, then the pitcher filled with soil directly from the field would be soon covered with moisture. pe. if; ys wig Ph iy Ae (MM hi uf il WAAL i a at a i HH oe i rid ia UT at ie Wi Wy) yin § y: if ne ae ee Vie Witce pel A Ml fe # Mes (ef Fig. 2. The box containing soil, with the lid on, but no dew on the outside. Fig. 3, A. The box with the lid raised, showing the water on the under side. Fig. 3, B. Soil in the box. a Vi = WH 2S EXPERIMENT 1.— A can of thin tin was prepared, which was three inches square, five inches deep, and without top or bottom. At eight o’clock of the evening of July 20, it was filled with soil from a cultivated field, in the same manner as the soil is taken into a lysimeter. It was placed on a grass- plot, and there remained until the morning of the 21st, and, though the surrounding grass was loaded with dew, there was not the slightest trace of it on the box. At four A.M. of 62 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. the 21st the temperature of the soil in the box was 66°; that of the air was 60°. The experiment was repeated many times, with identical results. The soil does not bear the same relation to the air as the “ice-pitcher.” On the night of July 25 a loose cover was placed on the top of the box: on the succeeding morning the top of this cover was dry; but the under side, next to the soil, was thickly studded with drops of water. Plate II., Figs. 2 and 3, represent this device. The principle illustrated by the “‘ice-pitcher” is a natural: one; but it does not apply to the soil: in this case the soil becomes the warm, moist substance, performing the office of the air, and the air the cold substance, condensing its evapo- rating water. If the soil of the field gathers water from the air at night, then a given portion of it in natural position will be heavier in the morning than at night; if it evapo- rates water, it will be lighter. EXPERIMENT 2.— Two boxes were prepared with capacity of a cubic foot. They were filled with soil in the same man- ner that soil is taken into a lysimeter, and without disturbing its particles, or disarranging its strata. One was filled with absorbent, retentive loam, the other with peat; and these soils were taken, because it was supposed that evaporation from them would be less rapid than from gravel or sand. Tight bottoms were nailed upon them, and they were placed in a trench in the open field, level with the surrounding ground, and exposed to all the vicissitudes of the weather. The experiment commenced the 1st of June, and was con- tinued through the month, except when interrupted by rain or fog, the boxes being weighed night and morning. It will be noticed that the increase and decrease of the weight was not uniform, which was due to varying amounts of rainfall; but the results were as follbws : — 1879.] | SENATE — No. 100. 68 DATE. LOAM, Ped) CRORE od) r0se,)) AIRING) | MORMINGH |oaxm,| nab. June, 5 ; Ibs. 02. Ibs. 0%. | OZ | OZ, Ibs. 0Z. Ibs. OZ. | OZ | OZ. 1 Moe a | Loe | 0) 38 eee Oy LEE) By) OF 2 Pees domes | OF OOO) 2) 110 | 0) QO) 2 3 DUO eco O°! 1) 10am) 12) 108 | 12; 0 | 0 4 PO ede Os 0 | Ov lym 6) 107.) 7) 1 | 0 5 BOT i | OG ko. | O..| 2 Met | 105; 2) 1) 90 6 HG) G) MGGa a) 0) |. 1 108 | 138} 1038 | 10) 0] 38 7 Piet | eOsr ieada ON! aide 5 | 102 | 1) 0| 4 9 ioe oe) Miho) 0) 13d) 1 MOam) O | 108 | 13) 0) 8 14 Pilea 0) ai Oem 4 i. 109 | 0}. 0 1 4 15 Peon pene Ol Le Ome. 9 | 107 | 8) .0 7} 1 17 113 |} 18 | 118 |; 18; 0]; O | 106 | 9) 106+) 7) 0} 2 19 eee eee) 0) |) 2) )) Oe aN tOf! 2) 0] 2 20 LOD es LOS i 3) 0. | 1 10s lee te | 12) 0 |. 2 21 DO eee) | 0 | O | LORete, Ol |:12; 0 | 1 23 Deemer an) Os Teer | 107.) 6 | O | 1 28 Pye tees oe Or) 2 1061s) 106) 14 | 0. | 0 29 Bean eee Oo) 20 LOS TOOR EL | 0.1 This experiment, though not conclusive, indicates that the soil at night evaporates water, and that it is possible that the little moisture we find on the surface of a field in the morn- ing may have been received from deeper soil rather than from the air. But the experiment was crude, the weights taken large, and the danger of mistake in exact fine weighing im- minent: therefore the fact was sought by a different method. EXPERIMENT 35.— A tin cup or can was prepared, seven inches in diameter and eight inches high, and holding 308.67 cubic inches of air. ‘The sides were made double, but with ~ the tin plates an inch and a half apart to contain water to reduce the temperature within the can to the same degree as the air outside: it was without bottom, but had a top through which was an orifice made. tight by a cork, but in which was an aperture to insert a thermometer. It was well soldered ; so that when it was put down upon, and its lower edge cut into, the soil, it was practically air-tight. For the purpose of absorbing moisture a piece of fine sponge was taken of twenty grams’ weight. The sponge was placed under the can on a pine pin two inches above the ground or board, on which the cup was alternately placed, and was weighed night and morning. It was assumed, that, if the water 64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. absorbed by the sponge came from the air, there would be a marked uniformity in the weight of the sponge, whether the can stood on the board or the ground; but, if it came res dif Mens netize ge La yail Helle DN iY. Lys UE fi Ue Gy (yey (Fi, psy Hl V/, He ts Fig. 4. The can as used on aboard. from the soil, its weight would be greatest when the board was removed. When the can stood on the board, the outside hea a vs Ni) Lily i} : J, lee Nf y te Os ath hi Ma an Tae yy we Lys a ia i ( ; Mia A ‘ici Wi Gh pl we OG GERM il MNT SE i, ep ig. 5. A vertical section of the cup. A, space for water; B, inner space; C, thermometer. ig. 6. The sponge on the pin as covered by the can. a F air was excluded by banking around the bottom with dry soil. Plate III., Figs. 4, 5, and 6, represent this device. The following table exhibits the result of the trial: — 65 SENATE — No. 100. ] 1879. ‘qstoum Ar90A pue ‘paog ysnf punory ‘HIRI 1ejjJv pooy you punory "JOM [tos puv ‘ep snoradid urey "SAAVAAY ohh 069 oG9 099 099 oL9 o0L oV9 oV9 oG9 oG9 o89 009 o$G oGG o9G 089 “IOS Jo 9inyered ure J, 99 99 99 99 99 29 99 9 99 Ol's GEG SUIVIS 00'S ‘esuo0dg uo dIN4sloyT ‘dNOOUD NO dnQ|‘auvog No ang 29 99 99 99 99 99 ‘SUIBLS 0&0" T&v" ‘asu0dg UO 9IN4SLOPT "91njvIeduray, OpIsuo oG9 069 obG o6G o8G oGG 06S oGG 009 o8G o8G oGG o8G o0G olG ofG obG ‘eI VIBACUIdT, epIsuy 96 c6 18 18 68 OL 88 OL PL 69 88 oh 88 - 88 66 98 L9 “ayy Uf Ayprumny yo queo 19g LV 6G 93 8G » GG 66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Feb. Rapidity of evaporation from any object is supposed to be according to its temperature and the amount of water it contains, modified by the motion of the air, its temperature, and its per cent of humidity. But the table does not show by the amount of water collected over the ground or board, any special uniformity in this respect. It is noticeable that when the air under the can was comparatively dry, as on the nights of the 16th, 17th, 19th, and 21st, the least water was collected; but no attempt was made to ascertain, if, during that time, its humidity was increased by the soil evaporation, or decreased by sponge absorption on the nights of the 10th, 20th, 28th, and 29th, when it had a high per cent of moisture, and sponge contained the most water. It is quite possible, however, that, when the humidity of the air was near the point of saturation, the sponge received all the © water evaporated by the soil, making its quantity large, and, on the other hand, when the air was dry, that received and held a portion of the evaporation, making the sponge collec- tion small. Asarule, the amount of moisture taken by the sponge was largest immediately after rain, when the soil was wet, and at a high temperature. The result, as a whole, cor- roborates the conclusions drawn from the second experiment. The amount of water collected, though small, must have been received principally from soil evaporation ; but it does not de- termine what the maximum evaporation would be if the soil had not been covered by the can; for, as the contained air approached saturation, the sponge would not fully relieve it, and there must be a diminution in the soil evaporation. Therefore the more completely to eliminate the whole truth, the investigations were continued in the following manner. EXPERIMENT 4.— A double vessel of thin tin was prepared, which within would cover one square foot of soil, and contain half a cubic foot of air, and of the’same holding-capacity in the outside receptacle. On the inside, one inch above the bottom edge, a gutter was soldered on the four sides, slightly inclining to one point, and connected with a tube which passed through the side of the vessel; a tight-fitting rubber-hose was drawn over this, and its outer end inserted in a phial. When in use, the lower edge of the vessel was cut into the soil to the depth of one inch, or as deep as the gutter - would allow, to exclude the external air, and the outside re- 1879. | SENATE — No. 100. 67 ceptacle was filled with ice and water to act as a condenser of the water-vapor within. The can is represented by Plate IV. ni if | | , pp i WM MY ee LN Mla ted i Na Mi el fl idle MH Wi "i Ae WIE a LA ENG TN MMW y Cit Re a Any ( fi, = ZA Pl uh a oe i i Mi fe a er OF | a Fie 8 A weg \ Apes GEE The results of its use on cultivated and sod-land, and on a board, were as follows : — AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 68 ‘@pis}o ssvid UO 9[9}I] ynq ‘Mop | of ; ee wae UTA pepeoy yr zapun see od 09 CPL F9 9T9G'LT O8h LI P89T'0 98 9 » pue ‘puvlssvls uO [ESSA ; : : ‘pu, Apuvs Arp uo Jesse obL o89 POE SP Gr68s'cl 0SO'ST Gast 0 G8 : Ye aap “pteogd @ UO TESSeA |, obL o0L 8180 S81I¢'0 a 1966'0 G6 j TL oa “Avp SNOTA me ; : on Ieee 7 -erd urer Savoy £q yom prog | { 264 09d, 91S ‘Gol PISL SS o9o'se | 9822°0 c6 OT » ‘pooy Syuoo jt, ae ae je ee esas nik -O1 [tos uep1esd Uo [esse A. 5 fo} o9L TV ya CGI6 ST 0GG 61 CPOE » 6 yy) ‘aqny oy} Je YVol VW oGh 00) 0968 GT6E'G 0G¢'G GccT'0 G8 : * 9. Sing *s[od1vq ‘SUIVIS *SUIvIS *SUIvIS JO JUSIN CRE ROT he pve 1 yo [OV 12d pauteyao Pest aha “poute}qo ‘pesopoue my | iets ee ein} vi1gdUas I, seamen IajB@M JO JUMOUTY eet IOWVAA [enjoy | Ul 19jvV AA [eNIOV ree Eee f } 1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 69 The water collected in this experiment was the evaporation from a square foot of surface, and, though so small as to be hardly appreciable for that area, yet in nature it is a vast movement, as can be seen by noticing the collection of the night of July 10, when it was at the rate of more than a hundred and twenty-two barrels per acre. This may or may not be the maximum of soil evaporation at night; but it conclusively proves that the law of evaporation is not sus- pended or contravened, but is in active operation, at night, modified, of course, in degree by those influences which affect it during the day. The drift of the four separate in- vestigations is clearly in one direction, and teaches, that in the open field, with soil and air in natural condition, — the general soil, the upper stratum or film of air-dry soil, — lifeless substances lying on the ground or near it do not absorb water from the comparatively cold, dry air, but obtain it directly from the water which is being evaporated by the warmer and more moist soil. On this principle, and this alone, can the phenomena to which allusion has been made be understood or explained, or that more striking natural appearance commonly known as “ground fog.” This is seen during the night, when there is no perceptible motion to the - air, as a compact sheet of mist of one or two feet in thickness, and resembling a covering of snow, and always over water or very wet land. The surface-soil beneath the fog is many degrees warmer than the air, and contains hundreds of times more water in an equal space. Its abundance and warmth cause rapid evaporation, which is immediately condensed and made visible by the colder air. The principle which these observations appear to establish as governing the natural relations which exist between the soil and water in both the | liquid and vapor forms, and its movement thence to the-air, may have a more extended influence and application than has now been given it, and exhibit the cause and process of “ dew- fall” in the case of the living plant; which phase of the sub- ject should here receive our careful examination. Allusion has already been made to the principle of “ dew- fall”’ as illustrated by the “‘ice-pitcher ;”’ and dew is described as ‘¢*moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies on their surfaces at night. With the principle and the fact as stated, the belief appears to be and is in harmony, if no 70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. mistake is made in the application. It is, however, pertinent to inquire if this universally-accepted and time-honored theory of “ dew-fall”’ is consistent with many well-established laws of plant-life and many well-known natural phenomena. And, first, the plant is endowed with a most wonderful and elaborate system of roots, extending deep, far, and wide in the soil, which has a temperature at night many degrees warmer than the air, and saturated with water of its own temperature. The most important function of this root-system is to gather soil-water, and force it upward, through every part of the structure of the plant, to the leaves. Their power is so great, that when the plant is in rapid growth, and there is a full water-supply in the soil, it is subjected to great pressure. The root-force of plants has been frequently investigated, but never more completely, or with a clearer or more decided - record, than by the experiments at the Agricultural College, under the direction of President Clark, in the years 1874 and 1875. It is recorded in those experiments that the pressure exerted by a birch-root severed from its connection with the tree was equal to a column of water 85 feet in height; and that of a squash-plant eight weeks old, soft, open in its texture, and very tender, exerted a force equal to a column of water 45.5 feet high. Such plants as corn, tobacco, and the dahlia, exhibited a similar power. The leaves, acting in conjunction with the roots, pass nearly all the water thus forced into their tissues, through their stomata, into the air. A rapidly-growing calla in the College conservatory has been noticed to exude water from its leaf-pores in such quantity as to stand upon the surface or fall to the ground in large drops. An Indian-corn plant, during its season of growth, has been found to evaporate thirty-six times its own weight of water. It has been stated, after careful investigation, that the leaves on an average acre of forest exhale many thousand tons of water during their summer growth, and a sunflower- plant has evaporated three pounds in twenty-four hours. There is no natural reason why this evaporation should not be constant during growth, modified only in quantity by the supply of water in the soil, its temperature as affecting the activity of the roots, the rapidity of the motion of the air, and its content of water. Second, young, succulent, rapidly- growing plants standing in the field by the side of those nearly Paints 1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. T1 ripe and comparatively dry always exhibit much the most dew. Third, other things being equal, those leaves and plants nearest to the ground “collect” the most dew. Fourth, other things being equal, plants growing on soils fully supplied with water show more dew than those on dry land. The Colorado wheat-grower, producing his crop by irrigation, determines when his lands are dry, and need water- ing, not by examining the soil, but by viewing the growing erop early in the morning. If this is well covered with water, he knows the soil is moist; if it has little or none upon it, it is the reverse, and the irrigating-sluices are at once opened. Fifth, some plants, at certain stages of their existence, have Ta ? a) | Me RAAAA\\\ hy, ve dif Wah i | i i at willy “lf df Aaah A a 7 NA —_\ He ey 1 oe 3 VY, i eA 221012 Fea FO le ee SN GEM, MY AG aie Wid & LM Se any dew upon them, if the direct rays of the sun do not strike them, although it is several hours above the horizon, and the temperature several degrees above the “dew-point.” These phenomena may not prove that plants do not receive their dew from the air; but they give occasion for serious doubts, and indicate the possibility that it may come from the plant _ itself, or be a deposit of moisture rising from the soil as in the case of the “ground fog.” ds ee " yunoooy WIE = = s a 19 9CT‘09 - : ; : : SpucolIy puv ysr3eyuy Jo UMOT, =) - = = = 00 000‘0T = ee i ee eH Eo ea aN ae S a a eS = = OF 812'6S : : : : * driog puvry 4! 107 peatoooy 2 00 000'0S ~—|:00 000‘ | 00 0000S | 00 000'0S a 00 onus | > tt tt stoudomddy ayeng ct 6 «GS FNS'SIG | GS GE8'FS | GE GEo'6s | OL 8006's 00 0g6‘ors = | PUT S810) (BINA ely ULoas ano < a = = &8 CSP tS = = cacao - + gouereq ‘LLST ‘OLST "6981 "S9SI ‘LOST ‘99-981 "GZ8ST ‘I “Une 02 SegsST wm uoijnsod -woouyt spr wotf -abayog pounynowbp syasnyoosspyy ayz fo Juno.Pp Uo sjdiaoeyy pun awmoour yo fo juawanig hunwungy 108 109 SENATE — No. 100. 1879.] 80 OFD‘Zes. 09 FF0'Le8 | TO 6SP'Gcs | FO GFS'cEs | TO GET‘cck | 6S LIT‘SES | LL 6cP'6ck | ° : ; ; 3 = (elon, 00 ¢ | - = = - - - : : * pung oztig Areqyiyy uo], 00 0S 00 08 00 08 00 08 . 00 OOT = = : : ; * puny TeuurLrg euroouy = = = a 00 000‘T, cs = ‘ js . 2 puny oeziig [jeuulsy 00 OOT 00 OOT 00 OOT 00 00T 00 06 = = ; : "puny oZLIg Y}IOMSUIV | 00 ¢¢ = = = 00 000‘T = = : : ; ee Arey 7 = oa = ae = eg 10¢‘T © O : : 2 oouvINSUT = - = 00 OFT = 00 068 : ; : " - sptsodeq, Uo 4sea0} Uy €¢ 60F FL 199 ZB LE TS 6 09 O6T 6¢ 06 = : : : " puny juesutyu0g 6¢ FF9'T | ZO 990'G If 680°T 08 Ec6 0G 6FS 6G 08g G6 Pal ; : : " qguoujredeg [voruejog CG OFI'S. | 88 G9B‘L 90 OGO'IT | 8G LOT'ET | G6 G6S‘6 Tg ¢68°6 GO) OSG OT ps ee ee 00 000'9 | 00 00c‘t% | GF 069‘'0G | 00 000'F 00 00¢‘g 00 O9F‘OT = z ; : : : grqvdAvg stig 00 00¢ 00 00g 00 00¢ 00 00S 00 00¢ 00 00 00 00g : : , * puny sity Jo emoouy = — == = — = 2 - Spire pue 8.09][09 9S.10Y OY 7 BPE T -| SAe20°¢ +9 CG I GI L19‘T FG SPT 69 LOT'S 0¢ 18 ; : ° gunoooy ULIey = . ° spuelig pue ysieyury jo uMOs, ax a x » sm as = : * PSNOF]-JULTY 10} sez.ing *N Aq - - ee = : : - dig puey 5+ 107 poatoooy OT F&E‘T | 06 G99‘e 00 000‘¢ - 00 000‘ST - = : : : ; suomeridorddy 8784S 8G F90° SIS) LF SS6'FI# | 99 SLT‘GTS | 00 GEF'GI& | G2 ToL‘ST# | 16 GS6‘FI# | 20 Sso'eIs Pana oe) eae woIF otTUIOOUT ; : 3 * QoUR[eg ‘SLSI “LLST “OLST “SLST “PLST “SLST “SLST ‘popnpuog — “6zST ‘T ‘vv 07 ‘eggT us uorn.sod ~Loatey sy wolf ‘abayog jnunynniby syasnyonssnyy ay? fo qunooop uo sjdiaoaay pun awooug yo fo quawmanig hinwung [Feb. 86 9F6‘T9S | G6 F90‘sGR | 96 OTS‘csk | LL FIF‘csk | e¢ OFF‘ TER | 92 FGPR‘THR - - - - ~ _ ; : : : : : * pred ssoupoyqopuy = == — = = = 2 a 2 rie SOZIIG. 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Se NE Boater ks eat Py 2 St. hbase S t P 7 ; a, - Sm s E > r ‘ 8 Ss t s ia Ee pier: 2 y ; 4 > i a eae = Ss 5 1 } S , 4 * tly qe i? > 7 ; a. ¥ Rh | + Se ce ’ = ‘e “<4 ¥ Rass ox . . . ~ Gm p ae an: east en 5 a " 2 ieeny : iy z ae rol Sapa vf em 4 r 4 s : 4 3 ry. ia P wha: sb ed acing De uc de PE Ce GPE eo pe) ee eS. 4 Ses BPs * eet Sa . ; 3 * a z , , . 4 i. a . Pa z a. ‘ r , 5 * i, s - = : ’ ‘ L. *~ . i Pant : - = es, * F ; le : pe: ea. S a. i Sk ae oes ; . & 4 af G aes - . MA , ’ ; 5 : : ; Ses f . ae ‘ - j - x £ oy Se b . a’ * . bd ime we « ~ aro es P, - a ~ > > ¢ = e 4 ' 4 : | . -,. ons y x f ? ‘ae aoa é : , I » * 4 by ae + +6 @ > ¢ -. be we 3 : ; a : agate < ; : . \ . 4 7 A i 5 5 = a 3 . “ ‘1 ¥ =4 . : : | ; my ba - re ; : f . : \ . MS F . : Sete o ; K . " , ° . fy = : F ‘ = © 7 " ir SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1878. TAKEN AT AMHERST, MAss., BY Miss SaBRA C. SNELL. LATITUDE, 42° 22’ 17’’. LoNnGITuDE, 72° 34’ 30”. ELEVATION ABOVE THE SrA LEVEL, 267 FEET. ‘Uy ‘ i . ‘ re ‘ ‘ " ‘ 5 ‘ a ; \ i , 5 F \ o ‘ ‘ 245 os ui — o- oe eo) . ” cel ies - ~e aw, pe ey Tar one F . f zy 2 : , are : pie a ee oe 6 writs avis le . . - i peng th Le Bb eGal= O2)Ge\| ces [ludy G'6E1 cE HELCUOY gee Oley FL 121 oe- | fog | ° Ateniqa7 66°¢%| @GI-| FH | * Avenuee “UBOL UNIT “XBIT "HINOW ‘aIY NUdO NI ULLANWOKTIAL "SLOT 40f suoinasesqC jombopo.oajayy fo hunwungy Se ee ee | | \ SSS SS —S SSS ———— = ———— ic, == ———— . = —— ———————— SSS akin il ee eccrine gg (iit | ee MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS. a _ ee SENATE. No. 125. SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Massachusetts Agricultural College. j 7 : JANUARY, 1880. ie (Gla me RNS RAYNER ASS ? BOSTON : Band, Aberv, & Co:, Printers to the Commonwealth, 117 FRANKLIN STREET. 1880. Le ee eee ee Commonwealth of sM#assachusetts. StatTE Houses, Boston, Feb. 12, 1880. To his Excellency, Joun D. Lone: — Str, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Excel- lency and the Honorable Council the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Very respectfully your obedient servant, CHARLES L. FLINT, President. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, BOSTON, Feb. 12, 1880. To the Honorable the Senate: — I have the honor herewith to transmit for the consideration of the General Court the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College JOHN D. LONG. HN: (DB Xe Prosperity of the College . : ‘ : : _ Financial Status of the oo College Facilities . . : : Subjects Investigated . . . Opinions of Experts. : - : - - othe Pecan OOS Se Anniversary Exercises .. : : : Agricultural Act of Congress Act for the Reception of a Grant of Cue &e. Charter of College . : : : Catalogue of Officers, Students, and Gain Course of Study and Training . - : : Calendar for 1880 . : - . : : Terms of Admission . ; A Expenses . : : s - - - ‘Post-Graduate Course : Be elt, ve : : Prizes 4 : é : : ‘ : 3 Regulations . : ; Scholarships. : ‘ : : : “a (iessrerseAccountb. . . . «. « wa? , . * . ° ) ; ¥ ie wy ’ 2 * . ‘ & ote Ve as WwW oe \ © ” o <) Ws , ¥ apn rete -— « Aiwt te we a are : 4 5 ae ' ’ , “ary ¥ , ~, =" F « u d eet ‘ ws F . ‘ " ~ : - 74 — Fa 7 , } -t aes 4 a ee ms vine « £ 5 Ty - ™ P. ye i he i a ES 3 3 a F fs ‘ £ Bs a * b ¥ 4 \ - + = + ae yy re ; om % =e » ote 3 a ee ; ; 7 bet 1 3k ve Lame i: ahs =o - nok oy iy se ae = S 44.55 Py A H , J ‘yh *% { - ae vata re Sted Ne net Oe NN ‘ os. ty oe et Se ne ioe Ur oe * 4 © 4 gear race a Dee aa 4 ae, ? hes ee o Sats = ini et a Pay tT St 4 A et Nes A ; 7 Fi 5 19 y 34 . f H , p ° ," ¥ ‘ a x A HOUSE DOCUMENT. | No. 35. NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. JANUARY, 1882. BOSTON: Rand, Avery, & Co., Printers to the Commonwealth, 117 FRANKLIN STREET, 1882. Commonwealth of SHassachusetts. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, Jan. 28, 1882. To the Honorable the House of Representatives. I HAVE the honor herewith to transmit for the information and use of the General Court the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. JOHN D. LONG. Ps f Fo ote ms Saree = a tober ae } nt ; Age SEP iL SER ot See Ae : 4 ; in et 5 ‘ A ’ b y ‘ ‘ Commonwealth of Massachusetts. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MAss., Jan. 27, 1882. To his Excellency Joun D. Lona. DEAR Sir, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Excellency and the Honorable Council the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. I am, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President. ones ~ ~ \ AA ——— v PRUE OA. SORE ARS Ree Ree) ~ 2 Be AAR oo Mee sare NRA eae ee ¥ Teh eee ea PT a Lat — : Sy . “ ’ = 1 m rs $4 ‘ 4 Se JIN De Xe. Wants of the Institution . Chemical Department Report of the Botanic Department Statement of Horticultural Department Department of Physics and Civil Engineering . Report on the Military Department . ° Catalogue of Officers, Students, and Gxanhates Course of Study and Training . Calendar for 1882. ; : - Terms of Admission . Expenses . Remarks . Post-Graduate es Books, or and Sadtienend in N sera Ector Prizes - : : Regulations : Size of Rooms . : é : Scholarships Statement of Cash Beceists ind Payments PAGE 14 22 24 27 28 29 35 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 57 58 ae ANNUAL REPORT. To his Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council. THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, in compliance with the provisions of law, herewith present their annual report. During the year, they and their College officers have made the most strenuous efforts to continue and maintain the established system in all departments, and, considering the difficulties of the present situation, with a good degree of success. By assigning extra work to the pro- fessors, and keeping their salaries at the lowest point possible without losing their services, by refusing all appropriations for investigations and improvements on the estate, by con- fining all our operations to those of imperative necessity, and the practice of rigid economy in these, we have succeeded in keeping our expenses within our income, and making sundry needed repairs on the buildings. The work of the farm has been directed to ordinary crop operations, with the exception of ploughing and reseeding some portions of the pasture for the purpose of increasing the quantity and improving the quality of its grasses. The area in tillage was forty-seven acres; viz., Indian corn, twenty acres, yielding eighteen hun- dred bushels of ears and forty-five tons of fodder; rye, twelve acres, yielding a hundred and eighty bushels of grain and fifteen tons of straw; oats, eight acres, yielding four hun- dred bushels of grain and fourteen tons of straw; potatoes, four acres, yielding five hundred bushels; turnips, one acre, yielding four hundred bushels; and two acres in cabbage and other garden vegetables. Seventy-five acres were in grass, yielding a hundred and sixty tons of hay. Twelve acres 2 10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. have been ploughed and sown with winter rye for next year’s crop, and forty acres were ploughed in the fall to be cropped next year. The neat stock at the present time is forty-three head, included in which are two pairs of large oxen, being stall fed, and nineteen cows. There are ninety swine of the Berkshire breed. The herd of cattle has nearly doubled since its reduction in 1879, and is in good condition, with many choice animals. It has not been sufficiently large, since the time named, to consume the hay and fodder product of the farm, quite a large part of which has been sold, and a portion of the proceeds expended in purchasing stable ma- nure at the village, or commercial fertilizers. The receipts and expenditures for the farm, including the payment for student-labor, show a small balance in its favor. Mr. D. H. Tillson as farm-foreman has discharged his diffi- cult and responsible duties with great fidelity, and made unwearied efforts to command success. As usual, the horti- cultural department has been ably conducted by Professor Maynard. Its business is enlarging and becoming more im- portant every year. The sale of flowers, bedding and potted plants, shrubs, ornamental trees, fruit-trees, and fruits, is quite large, aggregating during the last season about four thousand dollars. What may be called the business of this department is carried on at a profit, and would show a de- cided balance in its favor; but this balance is more than con- sumed in the support of the Durfee Plant-House, which is little but a show-house, returning small revenue, though of much interest to the public, and very valuable for study and instruction. For further information of this department, reference is made to the annexed report of Professor May- nard. During the past year there have been the following changes in our corps of instructors: Professor William B. Graves, who for six years occupied the chair of physics and mathematics, and discharged its duties with fidelity and suc- cess, resigned his position in August to take a situation at Phillips Academy in Andover; and the place has been tem- porarily filled by the employment of Professor Charles L.. Harrington, whose course here has fully sustained his repu- tation as a successful and enthusiastic teacher. ‘The detail period of three years of Lieut. Charles Morris, as instructor of military science and tactics, expired the 1st of September; 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 11 and he returned to his regiment. The United States Govern- ment detailed Lieut. Victor H. Bridgman to the place, and he has entered upon his duties in such a manner as to give bright promise of the greatest efficiency and success. These hew men have apparently imbibed to the full of the Agricul- tural College enterprise, have harmonized perfectly with the previous members of the faculty, giving their sympathy and co-operation in all their trials and successes. Annexed is a report from each on the present condition and wants of their respective departments. The other members — Profess- ors Goodell, Goessmann, and Maynard — have as usual put forth every effort to maintain the efficiency of their depart- ments, the general morale of the College, and a high standard as an educational institution. Though the duties of the per- manent members have been increased to a dangerous point since 1879, they have found it impossible to give instruction in all the branches required by the curriculum; and it has been necessary to employ specialists to take the courses in geology, zodlogy, and veterinary. ‘There has been no mate- rial diminution in the number of students. At the opening of the college year nineteen were received to the freshman class in the regular course, one as a special, and five for the post-graduate course. ‘The students as a whole have availed themselves of their privileges, and performed their required duties with cheerfulness and alacrity, have respected the regulations of the College, been earnest in contributing to maintain its high character, and enthusiastic in supporting its distinctive features. The present winter they have origi- nated and carried into successful operation a course of weekly evening lectures from specialists in the science and practice of agriculture, which the public are invited to attend, and which cannot fail of being highly beneficial. The anniversary exercises were of a superior order. They were attended by his Excellency the Governor and staff, by the members of the Board of Agriculture, the friends of the College and graduates, many of the Alumni, and more generally than usual by the public. It is evident that these exercises are yearly attract- ing more and more attention, that the circle of their influence is enlarging, and that the agricultural portion of the commu- nity are coming to consider the commencement exercises of the College an occasion of great import. The Farnsworth 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. prizes for excellence in declamation were awarded, — the gold medals to Charles T. Conger of New York, of the sopho- more class, and George Cutler, jun., of Amherst, of the fresh- man class; the silver medals to Homer J. Wheeler of Boston, of the sophomore class, and Elisha A. Jones of Rockville, Mass., of the freshman class. The Grinnell prizes to the graduating class for the best written and oral examinations in agriculture were awarded, the first, of fifty dollars, to Henry W. Wilcox of Nawiliwili, S.I., and the second, of thirty dollars, to Austin Peters of Boston. The graduating class numbered nineteen, who, having completed the required course of study and examinations, received the degree of Bachelor of Science; and seven of the number who were matriculants of the Boston University received the diplomas of that institution. A valuable addition has been recently made to the natural-history cabinet of the College, by a dona- tion from Winfred A. Stearns, a young naturalist of Amherst. It consists of many thousand specimens in the departments of mineralogy, entomology, and conchology, and a large col- lection of the nests and eggs of the birds of New England. Want of room and cases have seriously interfered with its arrangement in suitable order for exhibition and study, but yet it is a great acquisition to this department. For want of means the improvements of the year on the land or buildings have been few, and those more in the direction of preserv- ing what we have from unavoidable decay and deterioration rather than of changes for permanent improvement. On the farm, work, in gradually developing the arranged system of drainage, and breaking up and subduing the uncultivated land near the western boundary, was discontinued in the fall of 1879, and has not been renewed; but, as already stated, fourteen acres of the pasture, which was becoming infested with small shrubs and coarse grasses, have been ploughed and reseeded; and there has been much grading and reseeding done near the L. D. Cowles homestead. The Durfee Plant- House, which was getting seriously out of repair by the set- tling of the arches of the roof, and the decay of the sills, the floors, and benches, has been repaired by lifting the arches, and supporting them with iron standards, putting down new floors, benches, and shelves, and painting the entire structure inside and out, the whole cost of which has been more than | 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 13 six hundred dollars. At an early day it will require further repairs on the foundations, sills, and walls of the propagating pits. By act of the last Legislature, the Massachusetts Cen- tral Railroad was granted the right of way to cross the Col- lege farm ; and the surveys have been made, and the permanent line definitely located. The line runs from the south farm- bound in a north-west direction on a long curve, through the full width of the estate, about thirty rods west of the College buildings and farm-barn, and between the latter and the pas- tures. The road does not come at grade with the surface to any extent, but consists of cuts and fills, and will be a serious disarrangement of our system of field-plotting, will cause no little inconvenience in the management and care of the farm- stock, and the general operations of carrying on the west half of the farm. ‘The land-damages have not been adjusted, though propositions have been made by both parties. It is believed that a settlement will soon be made, reasonable compensation given, direct and indirect, in money and privi- leges; but it must result in a lasting injury to the estate. When the Commonwealth received the endowment-fund of the College from the United States, it was stipulated in the compact that the State should provide all the buildings needed by the institution, and keep them in repair, without — using any of the fund, or the income thereof, for that purpose. In 1867 and 1868 funds were provided by the State and the town of Amherst for the erection of such structures as were deemed necessary. Some of them were built rapidly, to meet existing emergencies ; and thirteen years’ use, and perhaps, in some cases, the original employment of improper material and poor workmanship, has caused much deterioration and need of repair. The State having made no provision for such ° necessities, the Trustees, to prevent serious losses, have deemed it their duty, during the last two years, to expend sixteen hundred dollars for this purpose from their general income. The money thus expended was greatly needed vy the different educational departments, and nothing but the imperative necessities of the case could justify its employment in this manner. Similar work is still needed; and we respectfully suggest to the consideration of the Legislature whether the spirit or letter of the compact with the General Government can be complied with, only by the State assuming this obliga- 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. tion, and employing the income exclusively for educational purposes. WANTS OF THE INSTITUTION. As the law required military tactics and drill to be taught in the College, it was deemed best, that, so far as possible, this instruction should be given in the winter months, when the students could not have full employment on the farm; and, as winter drill in the field was impracticable, a drill-hall was provided in the third or attic story of the laboratory build-. ing. But the marching and evolutions of the battalion, continued for ten years, have so strained and weakened the structure, as to create serious apprehension of its complete ruin: therefore, for three years, its use for this purpose has been discontinued ; and the winter drill, so important in the general system, has been practically abandoned. Estimates were made by a practical builder of the cost of such repairs and supports as were considered necessary to make the structure secure and safe to the battalion; but it has been beyond our power to make the necessary repairs and improve- ments. The agricultural department has always suffered for want of proper accommodations and applances, and for appa- ratus and objects for lecture instruction. To make it thor- oughly effective and useful, the professor should have an ample lecture-room, with cabinet-rooms adjoining, where specimen crops, tools, implements, and farm machines and appliances in all its departments could be collected and arranged for use before his classes, and for private study. Such a cabinet would cost no money, but would be of incalculable advan- tage to the students, and a place of resort and instruction to the farmers of the State. A suitable building could be erected for fifteen thousand dollars; and on the earth in its basement — a military drill-room could be provided, for winter and stormy weather, which would be convenient, and beyond the possi- bility of injury by the marching and evolutions of the cadets. By this method the expense of repairs on the present hall would be avoided ; and it could be used for other college pur- poses, and the suffering want of the agricultural department supplied. Repairs and refitting are needed at the boarding- house ; and the kitchen and dining-room furniture, which has been in constant use fourteen years, should be replaced by we 1882.) HOUSE — No. 35. 15 new. ‘The library is far from being what is needed, either in the number of its volumes or its departments; and it is thus, not because the Trustees do not appreciate the great value of books to both instructors and students, but because of their inability to replenish it from year to year with new and standard works for culture, reference, and instruction. When the College was opened, the trustees of Amherst College kindly offered the use of their extensive and valuable library to our students and Faculty on the same conditions as to their own. This generous offer has been availed of quite freely, and its advantages highly prized; but there is an extensive line of works specially needed, and adapted to the wants of the students of the Agricultural College, which are not found there: and its distance is such as to make its use a great in- convenience. Some means should be provided for making regular additions to the College library, and a suitable room for its keeping; and the College will be far from having its necessary equipment until this is done. We thus express our views of the wants of the institution committed to our care, with the feeling that it is doubtful if the general public, or even the Legislature, fully appreciate the magnitude of the enterprise, or the skill, intelligence, and means necessary to carry it forward successfully, or in a manner creditable to the State. As was intended by its founders, the College is an educational institution, with its distinct departments, apparatus, cabinets, and instructors like other New England colleges, but with the addition of technical courses relating to the theory and practice of agriculture, and other industrial arts, to make which efficient and useful, requires of its Trus- tees the same executive care and oversight in all details, the same financial provisions, and the same responsibilities in kind and extent as are required of the trustees of other colleges. The farm is a very large one, with its buildings, stock, tools, teams, crops, and business operations of all kinds, like other large farms, and, owing to the peculiar circum- stances of its connections and objects, requires more than ordinary care, foresight, and responsibility. The horticultural department, with its conservatories, nurseries, fruiteries, and landscape gardening areas, is a business operation of no small magnitude. ach of these divisions of the enterprise is indis- pensable as a part of the general system of the institution; 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. and each, from a business stand-point, is of sufficient size and importance to monopolize the time and thought of an able board of direction, the skill and energy of the best executive talent; and the whole and each is enlarged and complicated by the necessity of making each contribute to the technical education of the students. In addition to this, there is a somewhat pronounced public opinion that constant effort should be made, and expenses incurred, for the benefit of the general agriculture of the State, by carrying forward investi- gations to demonstrate and establish principles of practical importance. If the entire institution consisted of the College proper, with the indispensable professorships supplied with the necessary appliances and apparatus to make the instruc- tion what it should be, the present income of the College would be inadequate to its proper support; and, as the farm and horticultural departments must be used to a greater or less extent to give technical education to students, they can- not be relied upon to contribute to this purpose. Our efforts the last two years to bring the College to the highest effi- ciency having convinced us of its impossibility with only its present income, it was thought desirable to institute measures to increase the endowment-fund to such an amount as is required to yield an ample and reliable revenue. Therefore a joint convention to consider the subject, consisting of his Excellency the Governor and Executive Council, the Board of Trustees, and the Board of Agriculture, was held at the College on: the 22d of last June. Gov. Long acted as president of the convention, and called upon Hon. Daniel Needham of the Board of Trustees to make statements showing the condition and wants of the College, and the reasons for calling the convention. In re- sponse Col. Needham passed in rapid review the history of the agricultural colleges of Europe, and the great benefit resulting therefrom; the early efforts to establish them in this country, alluding in particular to the commission given by the State of Massachusetts in 1851 to Dr. Hitchcock, to examine the agricultural schools of England, France, and Germany, and his report thereon to the Legislature. He traced, with some detail, the subsequent efforts to establish agricultural schools in several of the States, and the gradual and decided change in. public opinion in their favor until about 1860, when the — | 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 385. It ‘¢ Hon. Justin S. Morrill of Vermont, then a member of the House of Representatives, brought the matter again before Congress. It was dis- eussed from time to time, — now prostrated by defeat, and again bidding fair promise of success, until 1862, when the Act upon which the present Agricultural College is based was passed by both Houses of Congress, received the signature of the President, and became a law. ‘« As is well known, the law provided grants of lands proportioned to the population in the several States, as a fund for the support of agri- cultural colleges. Among the provisions of the Act, was one that military tactics should be taught in the College. I think this has been one of the most difficult obstacles we have had to overcome. ‘The people have found it difficult to see the connection between agriculture and military tactics. Many a severe jest has been made, based upon the provisions of this requirement. But the provision is in the law, and we eannot go back of it. It is no fault of the State that it is there; it is no fault of the trustees that it is there: and perhaps, as we are a nation of citizen soldiers, keeping no standing army, and forever dependent upon the citizens, in case of rebellion or invasion from a foreign foe, it is well that the requirement is made; for, without a soldier’s education, the American citizen cannot perform the full duties of citizenship. ‘¢ In 1863 the Massachusetts Legislature considered the Act providing for the establishmert of colleges in the several States. It was discussed in committee, and reported favorably; it was discussed in the House and Senate, — discussed carefully in detail; every objection was considered and weighed and overcome; and the bill making provision for the Mas- sachusetts Agricultural College was passed by both Houses of the Legis- lature, received the signature of the Governor, and became the law of the State. The bill fully, unequivocally, and unreservedly accepted the national bounty and the terms of the congressional Act. The State accepted the contract. If it was a mistake, it is now too late to rectify it. The Legislature and the executive head of the State entered into a solemn and deliberate contract with the nation. That responsibility once accepted was accepted for all time. Massachusetts will not go back of her contracts, —she is no repudiator. She cannot shift this College off to other shoulders. She cannot make it a part of another institution. It is an independent organization, — chartered and created for independ- ent work; and the time to regret it has long since passed. “Jn the bill accepting the grant, a Board of Trustees was elected by both branches of the Legislature. The gentlemen elected were carefully selected, and were elected without their request or solicitation. They accepted the responsibility, —it was a great one, for an Agricultural College was a new thing, an experiment in Massachusetts: it had older and richer institutions to compete with, it had prejudice from the people to combat, it had a plan to make and shape for which it had no precedent. ‘The agricultural colleges established by despotic govern- ments were no model for the College in the republic of America. So they felt their way —slowly— little by littlek—in great doubt, uncer- tainty, and darkness —seldom with great confidence except in the fact na we ft 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. that the principle was sound, the object good, and that in the end the College would justify the act of its founders. ‘‘ The town of Amherst, in its recognition of the value of the institu- tion, invited the Trustees to locate it within its borders, and, as an induce- ment, offered seventy-five thousand dollars. After great deliberation the offer was accepted. In this liberal offer the people of Amherst had the right to expect that the College would be well maintained, and that both State and Trustees would see that no stone would be left unturned to secure success. ‘¢The College was not richly endowed, and the number of students was not large. For this reason poverty met the Trustees at every turn, — in the compensation of professors, in the management of the farm, in the erection of houses for the Faculty; but this poverty was no fault of the Trustees, — they had not agreed, neither could it be expected, that they would furnish money from their own pockets to make good deficits that might occur. So from time to time appeals were made to the Legis- lature to which every year a full report of the management and condition was made by the Trustees. ‘¢ By and by legislators grew weary of these annual or bi-annnal calls. The press took up the complaint. Denunciations of the College were in every-day editorials, and at times the public press seemed to be striving to see which could get the lead in its abusive attempts to set forth the uselessness of the State Agricultural College. ‘‘In 1870 or thereabout, the Legislature made a change in the election of the members of the Board of Trustees. heretofore elected by the Legislature, it was now provided that the Board should be self-perpetuat- ing, and in this way brought into harmony with all educational boards that had been chartered by the State. It was thought, too, that this change would relieve the State of the burden of the College, and that the new Act would shift responsibility. ‘¢ The Trustees made no interference with the new action of the tee lature. They had not asked it; they did not oppose it: but, knowing the history of the College, they knew that State responsibility could not be thrown off. Acts might be passed, the statute-book might be cov- ered with resolutions, but this great fact would remain the same. It was too late — too late. By solemn obligation and deliberation the responsi- bility had been assumed, the lands granted by the government had been sold, the gift of the town of Amherst had been accepted, and there was nothing to be done except for the State to fulfil its part of the contract. ‘¢ The Trustees under the new Act of legislation continued to strug- gle on. The press was against them, and many of the leading farmers of the State preferred to make them and the College the basis of a joke rather than give a word of encouragement. ‘¢ At last, determining to test the popular will, free scholarships were offered. That was three years since, and to their delight the College for the first time was filled. Then it was discovered that the people were beginning to appreciate the College, and that prejudice was giving way. But in another year it was found that the finances of the College would 1882. | HOUSE — No. 35. 19 not justify free scholarships, and with deep regret the Trustees were obliged to renew the former policy. The College classes relapsed into their former small numbers, and the taunt of a want of appreciation or absolute uselessness was revived by the press. ‘¢ But was it the fault of the Trustees that the College was poor? Had it been for once only that they would be called upon to bridge over a deficit, or even twice, and then they could have assurance that the College would move on with ease and certainty, they would have gladly put their hands in their pockets, and made good the needed funds. But if free scholarships were to be given the public, there would be no end to this demand; and therefore necessity compelled the change which was most reluctantly made. ‘¢ But one thing is now established, and established beyond questions. The farming public have yielded their prejudices, and the Agricultura] College is recognized as one of the great means demanded by our advan- cing civilization. The only impediment now is our poverty. With means we can again offer free scholarships, and with free scholarships our College will be filled. ‘¢ As a means, then, for meeting our great want, and removing the only remaining obstacle in the pathway of the State Agricultural College, I present the following resolution: — ‘© Whereas, The opportunity afforded for free tuition three years since fully demonstrated that the Agricultural College was appreciated by a large proportion of our farming population, by the increased numbers who sought and secured membership; and ‘¢ Whereas, The increasing necessities of our civilization demand free scholarships of all our young men who are ambitious to secure practical education, and whose circumstances do not favor the expenses of tuition ; and ‘¢ Whereas, The only remaining obstacle in the development and pros- perity of the Agricultural College is found in the small means at its dis- posal, thereby preventing the Trustees from continuing the liberal policy of free scholarships so successfully inaugurated three years since; there- fore, ‘« Resolved, That a committee be appointed to consider the perfect means for the establishment of a large permanent fund for the College, in addition to its present endowment, that its usefulness shall be made commensurate with the designs of its originators, and its scholarships brought within the reach of all the youth of the Commonwealth.’’ The resolutions were unanimously adopted after full and free discussion. The following gentlemen were appointed as a committee to consider the entire subject, and to submit a plan at a subsequent meeting of the College Trustees: Hon. Daniel Needham of Groton, Hon. William Knowlton of Upton, Hon. George Taylor of Chicopee, Lieut.-Gov. Weston of Dalton, and Hon. C. L. Flint of Boston. By the sug- 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. gestion of Gov. Long, the following resolution was passed, and the convention adjourned : — Resolved, ‘‘ That the State Board of Agriculture be requested to re- quire all agricultural societies in this State receiving bounties to support at an expense not less than $75 one student residing within its limits at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and that, in case no student is so supported, such amount shall be withheld in the payment of the agricultural bounty to said society, and applied to the general uses of the College.’’ The committee attended to their assigned duties; and at the annual meeting, by their chairman, Hon. Daniel Need- ham, reported the following plan : — ‘¢' That a fund of one hundred thousand dollars be raised by subscrip- tions of one thousand dollars each, payable in ten instalments of one hun- dred dollars a year, with interest at four per centum on all unpaid bal- ances, until the entire sum is paid; and that, whenever said one hundred thousand dollars shall be paid, it shall be handed over by the committee to the treasurer of the College as a permanent fund, the income of which shall be used under the direction of the Board of Trustees. ‘¢ That the conditions upon which this fund shall be bound, shall be as follows: 1st, The present system of electing trustees for filling vacan- cies shall not be changed. 2d, That the committee shall be perpetuated by the filling of vacancies by the Board of Trustees during the period of ten years during the time which the subscription shall be open.’’ The report was accepted, and laid on the table; and it was voted that the plan should be considered in detail, and meas- ures perfected at an adjourned meeting for its execution. The Trustees of the College, though a legal “ body corpo- rate,” are simply the agents of the State, with duties and powers clearly defined by law. In the statute of Congress the great aims and purposes for which the College endowment was provided, and the obligations assumed by the State in accepting it, are fully set forth; and in the statute of the State the details of administration by which it is proposed to realize those aims are defined, even to the course of study to be pursued, and the proportion of time to be given to each. The responsibility of the Trustees is confined to an economical expenditure of the funds committed to them for purposes expressly defined, and a faithful adherence to the established system. If this is incapable of producing the 1882.] | HOUSE — No. 35. 21 designed result, or if the income from funds is inadequate to sustain and develop the system, the responsibility must belong to the State. The experience of fourteen years has demonstrated that the plan of organization is no more exten- sive, its grade is no higher, than was contemplated by the donors of the endowment, or than is essential to the attain- ment of the ends sought. Therefore as it exists, in all these respects, it should be supported and maintained. Respectfully submitted by order of the Trustees. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, Jan. 27, 1882. 22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. REPORT BY PROFESSOR CHARLES A. GOESSMANN. THE instructions in theoretical and practical chemistry have been given during the past year in conformity with the prescribed general course of studies. The freshman class has attended lectures with recitations on elementary chemistry, the junior class on analytical and organic chemistry, and the senior class on industrial and agricultural chemistry. The senior and the junior classes have also devoted the usual time assigned for practical chemical analysis. ‘The substances tested by the students in the laboratory were selected with reference to their interest in every-day life as well as to their special relation to various branches of chemical agricultural industry, and to practical agriculture in particular. Both classes have manifested during the entire year a gratifying interest in these exercises. Five graduates have returned to continue their studies in practical chemistry for a more or less extended period. The number of students attending the exercises in the laboratory during the main part of the year amounted to from forty to forty-five. Aside from the regular class instruction, the usual amount of analytical work has been carried out in the interest of the farming com- munity, which will be reported in the official report of the inspector of commercial fertilizers to the State Board of Agri- culture. The investigations regarding the special action of _ particular articles of plant-food on the character of the plant and on the composition of the fruits has been continued, and some of the results will soon be ready for publication. The finances of the chemical department are, in conse- quence of a rigid economy and a large attendance of the practical exercises in the laboratory, in a very satisfactory condition, as may be noticed from the detailed statement of the financial agent of the College, which accompanies this report. The sum credited to the department on the Ist of January, 1882, after deducting all expenses previously 1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 23 incurred, amounts to eight hundred and twelve dollars. The interest of the College, as well as of the chemical depart- ment, render it desirable that permission should be granted to devote at least two-thirds of the above-stated surplus, as soon as convenient, to the increase of collections, and of appa- ratus for the illustration of lectures in chemistry, and of the practical instruction in the chemical laboratory. 24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. {Jan. REPORT OF THE BOTANIC DEPARTMENT. BY PROFESSOR SAMUEL T. MAYNARD. DuRInG the past season the “ Durfee Plant-House”’ has been thoroughly repaired and painted. This work required the expenditure of the entire appropriation ; besides, a large amount of work has been done by students, and others in our regular employ. The plants in these houses, although somewhat injured in the process of repairs, are again presenting a fair condition. The orchards are in better condition than ever before, having received better cultivation than in any previous year. The peach-trees have again yielded a moderate crop of fruit, which, owing to the cool summer, was of rather poor quality. Some of these trees, from ten to fourteen years old, and which have, apparently, passed through all the stages of the disease known as the “yellows,” are now in perfect health, and bore some fine fruit the past season. The vineyard has done remarkably well the past season, considering the care it has received. The income from the sales of fruit amounted to $259.69, although nearly one ton of unripe fruit was destroyed by the frosts. ‘The vines are all trained in a natural fan system, as requiring the least care. The vines planted in the experimental plots, it is designed to train according to four or five of the leading systems, for illustration. The small fruits, aside from the grapes, consist of about two acres of strawberries, which are in fine condition; the raspberries and blackberries planted in and around the or- chards, and one and one-half acres of the same planted this fall, with the more lately introduced and promising varieties. The varieties of strawberries grown are, for the main crop, Charles Downing, Crescent Seedling, Wilson’s Albany, Sharp- less, Glendale, Forest Rose, with smaller lots of these new and promising kinds; viz., Bidwell, Crystal City, Triple Crown, Oliver Goldsmith, Duchesse, Miner’s Prolific, Hervey wD 1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 25 Davis, Pioneer, Champion, Golden Defiance, and Manches- ter. The latter varieties have been planted in widely vary- ing soil and with several kinds of fertilizers, to enable us to test their real merits for general cultivation. The varieties of raspberries grown are the Turner, Cuth- bert, Caroline, Henrietta, Herstine, and Highland Hardy ; with the two most common black-caps, Doolittle and Mam- moth Cluster. Of the blackberries we have the Kittatinny, Wilson’s Early, Dorchester, Wachusett, Snyder, Taylor’s Prolific, and Sable Queen. IMPROVEMENTS. The two unsightly gravel-pits on the land, under the direc- tion of this department, have been graded off, compost carted on, and seeded to grass. Upon the hillside, near the reservoir, about six hundred feet of tile have been laid, to take away the water from sev- eral surface springs, the underbrush and a few of the useless trees removed, and the whole thoroughly ploughed. A walk has been constructed from the plant-house door to the south boundary of the farm along the side of the road. In its construction about seventy-five loads of stone, taken from the land in the orchard, were used to fill in along the roadside opposite the house ou by President Stock- bridge. The land to be esd next spring has all been ploughed, and much done to help along the work in the spring. Ma- nure has been carted around the fruit-trees, grape-vines, rasp- berries, blackberries, and the ornamental trees and shrubs, more liberally than ever before. EXPERIMENTS. Besides the experimental plots of fruit under the direction of Dr. Goessmann, which have been cared for, several experi- ments have been carried on ; but limited space will permit of the mention of only one. In July twelve rows of grape-vines were selected ; and all surplus canes, 1e., those not needed for the formation of the next season’s fruit-spurs, having good bunches of fruit upon them, were girdled by taking out a ving of bark one-fourth of an inch wide just below the fruit. Account of the cost of this labor, which extended 4. 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. from July 10 to Aug. 1, was kept, and the sales of fruit from the girdled branches, before the main crop ripened. The cost of labor was $18.75 (about one-half more than it ought to have been), and the fruit sold for $36.18 above the price for the same amount of fruit from the main crop. No injury to the vine has ever been noticed from this practice. INSTRUCTION. Aside from the duties directly connected with the Botanic Department, —i.e., the teaching of Botany and Horticulture, the direction of the business and care of the grounds, — extra work has been done in teaching Microscopy, Freehand Draw- ing, and Landscape Gardening. SUGGESTIONS. I would again urge that the course of study be so changed that botany be taught during the summer and fall terms, and not, as is now done, during the winter term, when very few illustrations can be had. I would also ask that more time be allowed me for the instruction of botany and horticul- ture, and that it be more evenly distributed through the four years’ course of study. To this I have appended a detailed statement of the accounts of the department, as far as my books can show, together with a statement of the amounts received from the sale of each crop. To this might be added the crop of hay, oats, and corn, which is sufficient for the keeping of two horses, besides exchanging several tons of hay for stable manure. 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 385. STATEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL | MENT. Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1881 Total cash paid Treasurer from — sales of plants, fruits, etc. . ° from sales of nursery . . : paid for labor, materials, sit siitldits: ‘ on hand Jan. 1,1882 . Total Cash sales of the Botanic Department Plants turned to balance bills — for labor, materials, etc. trees, etc., for College grounds and fora Outstanding bills due ; Trees exchanged for nursery stock . Bills of College paid by fruit . Total sales of Botanic Department . SALES IN DETAIL. Plants . : : : ; : : 4 Flowers . é : : ; : § Apples . : - : : : Pears; i: ‘ . S : é . , : , Peaches . 4 ‘ 3 A ‘ ‘ Grapes . . ‘ - : : ‘ Strawberries . 3 5 A : ‘ 4 Blackberries . d - ; : . : Raspberries . ‘ : Cabbages : F : : : : ‘ Cabbage-plants . - : : : Strawberry-plants . : , : Pease . : A : : . Squashes ° : : : : Beans (green), : ; ° : : Sweet corn. - Potatoes . : : « : 5 ‘ : : é Celery . ; . : : : : : j s Beets. : “ : : : : : : a Turnips . a ‘ : : : : : ; . Cucumbers. : : : : Tomatoes : F : d : : < Sundries ; : : : : : : ° . Total sales of nursery . . : : Total sales of Botanic Department . : 5 : 27 DEPART- $2 59 1,566 26 875 82 . 792 56 100 56 ae . $3,337 79 $125 25 103 45 209 84 47 60 21 71 . $3,845 64 $825 46 421 10 : 16 61 41 40 117 42 - 259 69 265 53 : 13 75 . 25 54 100 91 : 210 40 ° 28 10 55 09 45 00 20 34 31 21 30 72 15 00 16 05 5 95 5 42 : 6 09 37 64 leon a2 . $3,845 64 28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND CIVIL ENGI- NEERING. REPORT BY PROFESSOR CHARLES L. HARRINGTON. THE work in this department is progressing favorably. The science of physics is growing of more importance, as new discoveries are made in electricity and chemistry ; and, while it is not advisable to make this branch of study as prominent as some others, it is advisable to make it corre- spond to the needs of the College. ‘To this end I have, so far as practicable, introduced the lecture method of giving instruction ; and I find that the students have a better under- standing of the matter under discussion, take more inter- est in their work, and accomplish double the work in the same time as under the method formerly in vogue. To fully carry out my plan, the apparatus should be repaired and increased. Mechanics and electricity are well provided for ; but sound, heat, and light are wholly deficient. Four thou- sand dollars is the amount required to place the physical cabi- net in even respectable condition for a college in the position of our Agricultural College. As soon as your Board are in a condition to make the additions and changes you so much desire, this matter should be thoroughly examined and acted upon. The cabinet in its present position is unsafe; and, whenever a new building is erected, I would recommend that a change be made to a more safe position. If these sugges- tions result according to my desire, I cannot but believe that you will be fully repaid by the increased interest of the stu- dents in their study. The time allotted for mathematics is used to the best advantage. I would like your Board to consider whether it would not be advisable to raise the standard of admission so as to include one or perhaps two books of geometry. The change would enable us to accomplish that for which now we have no time, and which is necessary to a full under- standing of some other branches of study. Your Board have reason to be congratulated on the pres- ent condition of the department, and any change for the better will be heartily welcomed by those most interested in the success of the College. . 1882.] HOUSE — No. 85. 29 REPORT ON THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. BY PROFESSOR VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, LIEUTENANT SECOND UNITED STATES ARTILLERY. I HAVE the honor to submit the following as a brief report of the military department, and my observations and sugges- tions concerning same. It has been under my charge during the past four months. On Aug. 27, 1881, I received orders from the War Depart- ment, Washington, to report to you, relieving Lieut. Charles Morris, Fifth Artillery, as professor of military science and tactics at this institution. Before my arrival he had been necessarily called away; so that, unacquainted with the re- quirements of the position, and with no defined order of instruction to be followed, I found some temporary embarrass- ment in the satisfactory execution of my office. This was greatly diminished by the kindness of Lieut. Morris, who had left some general instructions for my guidance. The necessity of a carefully defined course of instruction being thus presented, it has met my early attention; and the re- quest that each class, commencing as freshmen, should be called to the section-room, has resulted therefrom. Previously seniors alone have had theoretical instruction, and with these results: The studies which naturally first engage their attention are tactical. Satisfactorily pursued with the time allotted, —two hours each week, — they must engage their attention one-half of their senior year, leaving too little time for military science. Upon entering their final year, it has become the recognized plan of the department to place all seniors by detail in active charge of practical work on the drill-ground, both to familiarize them in the actual requirements of such duties, teaching them to com- mand, and as a necessary aid to the military professor, who can only take a supervisory charge when, as is ordinarily the. case, two or three distinct drills are being carried on at the same time in different parts of the drill-ground by different 30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. | classes. It is obvious that a system which perfected instruct- ors only after half of the time in which they were to instruct had elapsed is faulty. Tactical accuracy is especially neces- sary, and any imperfect instruction creates faults hard to eradicate. Again, junior classes, as they advance in succes- sive years, will take a more decided interest in drills while acquiring them for the first time than months after, when exercised therein more to keep them up to a proper standard than to acquire what, at least, is generally known. Each class in the section-room for from six to eight weeks, two hours each week, the latter half of their first term of succes- sive school years, called upon to explain theoretically what they are there learning practically for the first time, will be accurately taught; and, the time being brief, the lessons do not become a burden. In this way seniors will take their places well prepared to perform such duties as devolve upon them, and their entire year can be devoted to scientific and other profitable study. Hereto appended is the modified course of theoretical and practical instruction of this depart- ment; and I earnestly recommend that it may be incorporated into the curriculum of the institution entire, thereby intro- ducing the desired changes. The time asked for each junior class does not exceed sixteen hours in the section-room for an entire year; and, from the experience I am now having, the advantage of this course will be invaluable. Much detri- ment to the proper continuance of practical instruction dur- ing the winter months and in inclement weather is caused by the insecurity of the drill-hall. Its location in the upper story of a not over-strong building is unfortunate. At pres- ent the hall can with safety be used but little for the purposes designed. The winter months are particularly useful for such preliminary drills as lay the basis to extended exercises; and, as these are thus greatly restricted, the effect is to partially defeat the purposes of this instruction. I recommend that immediate steps be taken to repair this hall, and would sug- gest that the most expedient method would be the erection of a new building, the lower story to be used for military purposes. The present uniform, while neat and military in appearance, does not fulfil the requirements of all the drills. A jacket allowing more freedom for the upper portion of the body at mortar and artillery drills is desirable. This can be 1882. | HOUSE — No. 35. 31 introduced, still keeping within the prescribed cost of the military outfit; and it would be generally worn at all times. A suitable military cabinet would be of material aid in the section-room, and could be obtained from the State without much expense. The department is in serious need of a small permanent fund to be used for the gradual formation of a military library. The necessity for this is self-evident, and its lack is especially felt in the more advanced studies. It seems proper to call the attention of the honorable Board of Trustees to the excellent military condition of the school. The time devoted to all drills does not exceed four hours per week, scarcely more than students at other colleges, for healthful purposes, devote to prescribed physical exer- cises. ‘To-day it may safely be asserted, that, on short notice, the corps could creditably appear on company, skirmish, bat- talion, mortar, and artillery drills; and that the majority of the present senior class will graduate, prepared, if an emer- gency should require it, to immediately perform efficient ser- vice, at least, as company officers. The purposes of the endowment of 1862 on the part of the General Govern- ment —the quasi-military education of the students, that they shall be enabled to impart that instruction, and, when needed, be capable of exercising subordinate military offices —seems to be successfully carried out at this institution.. This is largely due to the interest manifested by the students, who, as a class, respond cheerfully to the performance of all duties. Additional means should be taken to encourage them to more zealous efforts. The inducement held out by the State or General Government to some official position for excellence seems the most natural means of effecting this. This department is at all times prepared to practically ex- plain its utility to visitors; and more frequent visits from the honorable Board of Trustees, collectively or individually, as well as from others, would induce additional exertion. I am convinced that a more generat knowledge of the interior workings of the department would result markedly to its advantage. Promptness of conception and execution must follow the proper execution of the drills. Self-command and self-disci- pline must obtain to the individual who efficiently commands the same; all of which, in their natural order, falls to the lot 32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Jam of the student at this College. While the avowed purpose of the United States, in endowing this and similar institutions, was to diffuse a limited military instruction, the result is directly beneficial to the individual student in any life-avoca- tion he may select. To this may be added the advanced course which is given to seniors, embracing, as it always will, a variety of useful and interesting subjects. | THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. All students, unless disqualified physically, are required to attend prescribed military exercises, those who pursue spe- cial or partial courses at the College not being exempt so long as they remain at the institution. By the commence- ment of their second term, students are required to provide themselves with a full uniform, the cost of which is less than thirty dollars. Correctness of deportment and discipline is required of all, the routine of the West Point Academy being followed as closely as circumstances will permit. To insure a proper sanitary condition of the College, the commandant makes. careful inspections of all rooms and College buildings each Saturday morning, during which all students in uniform are required to be in their rooms, for the proper police of which they are held to a strict accountability. At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments as they will require are made to all students. They will be charged for all injury, loss, and for any neglect in the care of the same. For practical instruction the following public property is in the hands of the College authorities : — One platoon of light Napoleons (dismounted). One six-pounder with limber and equipments. Seventy-five sabres and belts. One hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles (Cadet model). Several accurate target rifles. Two 8-inch siege mortars with complete equipments. For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank car- tridges for all guns, and ball cartridges for rifle target prac- tice, which is encouraged by the department. Fall term, freshman year. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School of the BL) tee oe ie so a 1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 83 soldier. School of the company. Skirmish drill. Two hours per week for eight weeks. Fall term, sophomore year. Recitations in United States artillery tactics. School of the soldier (dismounted), sabre exercise, manual of the piece and mechanical manceuvres, bayonet exercise (infantry tactics). Ammunition, equipment of carriages. Modified service of 8-inch mortars. Two hours per week for six weeks. | Fall term, junior year.. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School of the battalion. Ceremonies. Camping and field service.. Two hours per week for eight weeks. Spring term, junior year. A general review of all tactical studies two hours per week: for six weeks. | Drills amounting to about four hours per week as fol- lows: — Infantry tactics; the schools of the soldier, company, and battalion; manual of arms. and sword; bayonet exercise, skirmish drill, target practice ; ceremonies, marches, and field service. Artillery, tactics: the schools of the soldier, detachment, and. battery (dismounted). Mortar drill, sabre exercise, pointing, and field service. MILITARY SCIENCE. This instruction is given to seniors, extending through the entire college year, two hours per week. It will include, in the form of lectures and recitations from selected text-books, the following subjects : — Ordnance and gunnery; constitutional and military law and history; campaigns and battles; systems of warfare, present and past; an elementary course in strategy and en- gineering. It will be modified by such additions and changes as shall seem desirable. Two essays are required from each senior on military sub- jects during the course. Those of the first set are read before the entire college during the winter term. The sec- ond set, all upon the same subject, are written for prizes. The award of same is left to a board of army officers, and the 5 354 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. ’82. successful competitors read their productions at the gradu- ating exercises. Subject for class of 1882, The Military Problem of the United States.” BATTALION ORGANIZATION. For instruction in infantry tactics and discipline, the ca- dets are organized into a battalion of two or more companies under the commandant. ‘The officers, commissioned and non- commissioned, are selected from those cadets who are best instructed and most soldier-like in the discharge of their duties. As arule, the commissioned officers are taken from the seniors, the sergeants from the juniors, and the corporals from the sophomores. All seniors are detailed to act as commissioned officers. Commissioned Staff. J. E. WiLpeER, Capt. and Adjutant. S.C. Damon, Lieut. and Quarter- master. Captains. B. A. KInNEY. A: H,. TAYLOR: Lieutenants. F. S. May. W. H. Bisnop. D. GooDALE. A. F. SuiveErRick: C. D. Hitiman. J. S. WILLIAMS. W. H. TuurstTon. Non-commissioned Staff. A. A. Hevia, Sergeant-Major. D. O. Nourse, Q. AZ. Sergeant. Sergeants. H. J. WHEELER. C. W. MInNoTT. F. H. FLETCHER. S. C. BAGEERY, Corporals. G. CUTLER. H. E. V. GorEssMANN. C. HERMEs. E. A. JONES. W. A. Mayo. See bALOGUE oF TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS, 1882. —. y - — A \ TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS. | Board of Trustees. MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. His Excertency JOHN D. LONG, Governor of the Commonwealth. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President of the College. JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education. JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. MEMBERS BY ELECTION. MARSHALL P. WILDER . e : i: ; Boston. CHARLES G. DAVIS. |. ; 5 : . PLYMOUTH. HENRY COLT . : : é c : : PITTSFIELD. PHINEAS STEDMAN . ‘ . F é ‘ CHICOPEE. HENRY L. WHITING ‘ 3 ‘ . CAMBRIDGE. DANIEL NEEDHAM . : 3 : “Sua hiae GROTON. WILLIAM KNOWLTON. - a - ; Upton. TORIC WMNMNGS 4. . wt ys | Wopurn. JAMES S. GRINNELL j 8 ‘ 5 GREENFIELD. BENJAMIN P. WARE - 3 : : 3 MARBLEHEAD. O. B. HADWEN . ‘ : : Ee : ‘ WORCESTER. GEORGE NOYES. ‘ E ‘ F : : Boston. J. H. DEMOND . 5 A : : ; é NORTHAMPTON. WILLIAM WHEELER . ° : : ; Concorp. Executive Committee. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. J. H. DEMOND. WILLIAM KNOWLTON. PHINEAS STEDMAN. JOHN E. RUSSELL. Secretary. CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston. Auditor.’ HENRY GOUL OF PE EREELD. 38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Treasurer. JOHN CUMMINGS or Wosurn. Board of Overseers. THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Hxamining Committee of Overseers. GEORGE JEWETT . : : : . of Fitchburg. AVERY P. SLADE . . . . . of Somerset. E. F. BOWDITCH : . . : ° of Framingham. JOHN P. LYNDE. : ° > “ : of Athol. MERRITT I. WHEELER . . . . __ of Great Barrington. Members of Faculty. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President and Professor of Agriculture. HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., Professor of Modern Lanquages. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Puz.D., Professor of Chemistry. SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S., Professor of Botany and Horticulture. CHARLES L. HARRINGTON, M.A., Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. SECOND LIEUT. VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, Second Artillery, U.S.A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics. JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D.V.S., Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice. BENJAMIN K. EMERSON, Pa.D., Lecturer on Geology. JOHN M. TYLER, M.A., Lecturer on Zoblogy and Entomology. JOHN W. CLARK, B.S., Superintendent of Nurseries. 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. Graduates of 1881.* Bowman, Charles Abel (Boston Univ.) . Boynton, Charles Enoch 3 Carr, Walter Frank ‘ ‘ Chapin, Henry Edgerton Fairfield, Frank Hamilton Pa paicudicin ), Flint, Charles Louis, jun. (Boston Univ.), Hashiguchi, Boonzo (Boston Univ.) Hills, Joseph Lawrence (Boston Univ.) . Howe, Elmer Dwight : Peters, Austin (Boston Univ.) . Rawson, Edward Briggs : : : Smith, Hiram Fred Markley . : . Spalding, Abel Walter (Boston Univ.) . Taylor, Frederic Patterson (Bost. Univ.), Warner, Clarence Duane : : ‘ Whittaker, Arthur 5 : B Wilcox, Henry Harrison ‘ : . otal. i a Senior Class. Allen, Francis Sherwin . ; ; ; Aplmeceorse Thomas. .- . . Beach, Charles Edward . ; ? F Bingham, Eugene Percival . ° Bishop, William Herbert . : Brodt, Harry Snowden . ° - Chandler, Everett Sawyer . Cooper, James Willard . : Cutter, John Ashburton 5 ‘ Damon, Samuel Chester : : : Floyd, Charles Walter Goodale, David . : : Hillman, Charles Wecies F Howard, Joseph Henry . : Howe, George Dickinson ; Jones, Frank Waldo . ° - : Joyner, Frank Hall : ° ° . Kingman, Morris Bird . ° ; . Billerica. Groveland. Clinton. Springfield. Waltham. Boston. Tokio, Japan. Boston. Marlborough. Boston. Brooklyn, N.Y. North Hadley. Billerica. Boston. Granby. Needham. Nawiliwili, S.I. Medfield. East Putney, Vt. Hartford, Conn. Fitchburg. Diamond Hill, R.I. Dansville, N.Y. Coldwater, Mich. East Bridgewater. New York City. Lancaster. Boston. Marlborough. Hardwick. Hyannis. North Hadley. South Scituate. North Egremont. Amherst. 39 17 * The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1881. 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Kinney, Burton Arial May, Frederick Goddard Morse, William Austin . Myrick, Herbert Paige, James Breckenridge Perkins, Dana Edson Plumb, Charles Sumner. Shiverick, Asa Frank Stone, Winthrop Ellsworth Taft, Levi Rawson Taylor, Alfred Howland Thurston, Wilbur Herbert Wheeler, Henry Lewis . Wilder, John Emery Williams, James Stoddard “Wilmarth, Frederick Augustus Windsor, Joseph Libbey Total ‘ Junior Class. Bagley, Sydney Currier . Bishop, Edgar Allen Braune, Domingos Henrique . Conger, Charles Thompson Fletcher, Frank Howard Hevia, Alfred Armand . Holman, Samuel Morey Lindsey, Joseph Bridgeo Minott, Charles Walter . Nourse, David Oliver Preston, Charles Henry . Selden, John Lincoln Wheeler, Homer Jay Total Lowell. Boston. Boston. Concord. Prescott. Wakefield. Westfield. Woods Holl. Amherst. Mendon. Yarmouthport. Upton. Great Barrington. Lancaster. Glastonbury, Conn. Upton. Grafton. » 8d Boston. Diamond Hill, R.I. Nova Friburgo, Brazil. New York City. Townsend. Havana, Cuba. Attleborough. Marblehead. Westminster. Bolton. Danvers. Ashfield. Bolton. Sophomore Class. Brown, Henry Clinton. . Dickinson, Howard Wilmot Dwight, Edwin Wells Goessmann, Henry Edward actos Herms, Charles: ... ... -. Pittsfield. .. Amherst. Pittsfield. Ambherst..: .. Louisville; Ky. 1882. ] HOUSE — No. Holland, Harry Dickinson Jones, Elisha Adams Lublin, Alfred William . Mayo, Walter Parker Redding, Merton Jay Smith, Llewellyn Smith, William Henderson Smith, William Ratliffe . Total ‘ Freshman Class. Allen, Edwin West Almeida, Luciano José de Barber, George Holcomb Brooks, Paul Cuff Phelps Browne, Charles William __. Buffington, Charles Owen Cutter, Charles Sumner . Day, William Lyman Dickinson, John Francis Howell, Hezekiah . E : March, Wilbur Marriam : F Nichols, Andrew, jun. Phelps, Charles Shepard Putnam, George Herbert Spaulding, Charles Plumb Spaulding, George Edwin Tekirian, Benon Onnig . 2 Whittemore, Joseph Sidney . , Woodhull, George Gouge Total .. : : : : Select Class. Cutler, George, jun. Davis, Arthur Emmons . Fish, Charles Sumner : : Kendall, Charles Irving ‘ : : Kenfield, Charles Robert : : Owen, Henry Willard . ; : 5 Total. «.. : A Z x ‘ 36. 41 Amherst. Rockville. New York City. Wellesley. Amherst. Amherst. Amherst. Amherst. file Amherst. ve Sao Paulo, Brazil. Glastonbury, Conn. Boston. Salem. Ware. Arlington. Warren. Amherst. Blooming Grove, N.Y. Millbury. Danvers. Florence. Millbury. Amherst. Billerica. Yozgad, Turkey. Leicester. Blooming Grove, N.Y. : s i A Amherst. Amherst. Boston. Amherst. Amherst. Amherst. é . : Re Ae, 42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Post-Graduates. Fairfield, B.S., Frank Hamilton (Boston Univ.) : Waltham. Green, B.S., Sami Bom ‘lear ciaeton Univ.) F Chelsea. Hills, B.S., J Seon eae (Boston . Univ.) ‘ ‘ i : : . Boston. Lovell, M.A., Henry Lyman Sse ses College) . . Amherst. Smith, B.S., fvatn Fr ed niaeitey . North Hadley. Sisek niles, B.S., Horace Edward (Bos- ton Uniy.) : : . Amherst. Stone, B.S., Almon Fisnipne ; Phillipston. Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston | Univ.) : : s : . . Bridgewater. Total , . ; i ' 5 is ; ; # 7 a Specials in Chemistry. Cardoso, Peleusia . ‘ ; P . Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Jaqueth, Isaac Samuel . y ° . Liverpool, N.Y. Total . ; : ‘ ; , ‘ ° : aa 4 Summary. Specials in Chemistry . , : : ‘ : ‘ Pe Post-Graduates . ; ; : g ; . . eure Graduates of 1881 : : : 4 : * A ae Senior Class . , é : : - ; : ; » OO Junior Class . F 3 : ; : 7 ; : . 18 Sophomore Class . : : ‘ ; ; ‘ ; (ae Freshman Class . : : : : ; ; , gone Select Class . : : : ; 2 : ; Beef Total . : : P ‘ - : x F . 113 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 43 GRADUATES. Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kan., Agent, Wells, Fargo, & Co.’s Express. Bagley, David A., ?76, Winchendon, Farmer. Baker, David E., ’78, Franklin, Student, Harvard Medical School. Barrett, Joseph F., ’75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Travelling Salesman, Boe ker Fertilizer Co. ’ Barri, John A., ’75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Office Clerk, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Bassett, Andrew L., ’71, New York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R.R. & Steamship Co. Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, corner 16th and Howard Streets, San Francisco, Cal., Druggist and Chemist. Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bel- lamy, & Co., Hardware and Cutlery. Benedict, John M., ’74, 138 Second Avenue, New York City, Stu- dent of Medicine. Benson, David H., ’77, South Weymouth, Superintendent of Acid Works, Hvadley Fertilizer Co. Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Salesman, Birnie Paper Co. Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt., Farm Laborer. Boutwell, Willie L., ’?78, Leverett, Farmer. Bowker, William H., ’71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, President, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Bowman, Charles A., ’81, Billerica, Farmer. Boynton, Charles E., ’81, Great Falls, N.H., Student, law-office of Copeland & Edgley. 7 Brage, Everett B., *75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Buying Agent, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Brett, William F., ’72, Brockton, Clerk, B. H. White & Co., Boston. Brewer, Charles, ’77, 88 Worthington St., Spey Assistant Book-keeper, prey Laundry. , Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, Farmer. Brooks, William P., ’75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agricul- ture and Farm Superintendent, Japan Agricultural College. 44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. Bunker, Madison, ’75, 141 West 54th St., New York City, House Surgeon, American Veterinary College. Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Grantville, Florist. Campbell, Frederick G., ’75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer. Carr, Walter F., ’81, Boston, Student, Massachusetts Institute Technology. ‘ Caswell, Lilley B., ’?71, Athol, Civil Engineer and Farmer. Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Abilene, Kan., Farmer. Chapin, Henry E., ’81, Boylston, Teacher. Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, Farmer. Choate, Edward C., ’78, Southborough, Farmer. Clark, Atherton, 77, Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Cal., Assistant Manager, Menlo Gold Quartz Co. Clark, John W.,’72, Amherst, Superintendent of Nurseries, Agri- cultural College. : Clark, Xenos Y., ’78, Oakland, Cal., Scientist. *Clay, Jabez W., 775. Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, Teller, Five Cents Saving Bank, and Paragrapher, ‘* Daily Citizen.”’ Cowles, Frank C., ’72, Amherst, Farmer. Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Hadley, Farmer. t Curtis, Wolfred F., 774. Cutter, John C., ’72, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Natural Sci- ence, Japan Agricultural College. Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist. Dickinson, Richard 8., ’79, Kankakee, Ill., Contractor, grading of railroads. Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Shipping Clerk, Bowker Fertil- izer Co. ) Dyer, Edward N., ’72, Kohala, S.I., Teacher. Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer. Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, 119 Chambers St., New York City, Salesman, Wilson Bros. Toy Co. Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, Holyoke, Architect, Civil and Mechan- ical Engineer with D. H. & A. B. Tower. Fairfield, Frank H., ’81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College. ; Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, Local Freight Agent, Fitchburg Railroad. , | Fiske, Edward R., ’72, 625 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Penn., ~ Merchant, Folwell, Bro., & Co. Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer. _* Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New York City. ft Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster. 1882.} HOUSE — No. 35. 45 Flint, Charles L., jun., ’81, 29 Newbury St., Boston, no business. Foote, Sanford D., ’78, Springfield, Hampden Watch Co. Fowler, Alvan L., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Superintendent, Wo¢ ronoco Mining Co. Fuller, George E., ’71. Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Superintendent. Green, Samuel B., ’79, Chelsea, no business. Grover, Richard B., ’72, Ludlow, Vt., Clergyman. Guild, George W. M., ’76 Hague, Henry, ’75, Manville, R.I., Clergyman. Hall, Josiah N., ’78, City Hospital, Boston, House Physician. Harwood, Peter M., ’75, Barre, Farmer. Hashiguchi, Boonzo, ’81, Tokio, Ja; an, Department of Agri- culture. | we Hawley, Frank W., ’71, Fayetteville, Ark., with S. A. Brown & Co., Lumber Dealers, Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., Banker, C. A. Mather & _ Co. | Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71, Methuen, Farmer. Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77, Stoughton, Wis., Farmer. Hills, Joseph L., ’81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural Col- lege. 5 Hitcheock, < oar G., 74, Warren, Agent American Express Co. Hobbs, John A., ’74, Etogndna ton, Neb., Farmer. Holmes, Teel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer. Howe, Charles S., ’78, Prescott, Arizona, Mining Expert. Howe, Elmer D., ’81, ‘Marlborough, Farmer. Howe, Waldo v., 77, Framingham, Agent, Framingham Brick Co. Hubbard, Henry F., ’78, 94 Front St., New York City, with Jno. H. Catherwood & Co. Hunt, John F., ’78, Guerrero, Mexico, Care E. R. Larroche, Surveyor. Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R.I., Chemist and Superintend- ent, Kendall Manufacturing Co. Kimball, Francis E., ’72, 15 Union St., Worcester, Book-keeper, E. W. Vaill. Knapp, Walter H., ’75, Grantville, Florist. Koch, Henry G. H., ’78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, New York City, H. C. F. Koch & Son. Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, care Wm. Dadmun, Watertown, no busi- ness. Lee, Lauren K., ’75, Des’ Moines, Ia.; Manager, Buffalo Linseed, Oil Works. — 46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Lee, William G., ’80, Grass Valley, Nev. Co., Cal., Miner. Leland, Walter S., ’73, Concord, Officer, State Prison. Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, Lawyer. Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Chicago, Ill., Editor, ‘‘ Farmer’s Review.’’ Livermore, Russell W., ’72, 9 and 11 Chamber of Commerce, To- ledo, O., Attorney-at-Law. Lovell, Charles O., ’78, 178 Washington St., Boston, General Agent for James H. Earle, Publisher. Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., Druggist and Book- seller. Lyman, Charles E., ’78, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer. * Lyman, Henry, ’74. Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Belchertown, Lawyer. Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, Physician. Macleod, William A., ’76, 60 Devonshire St., Boston, Patent Lawyer. Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Manufacturer. Martin, William E.,’76, Excelsior, Minn., Clerk in Post-Office. Maynard, Samuel T., *72, Amherst, Professor of Botany and Horticulture, Massachusetts Agricultural College. McConnel, Charles W., ’76, 14 North Pearl St., Albany, N.Y., Dentist. McQueen, Charles M., ’80, Springfield, W. G. Medlicott & Co. Miles, George M.,’75, Miles City, Montana, Hardware Merchant and Real-Estate Dealer. Mills, George W., ’73, Medford, Physician. Minor, John B., ’73, New Britain, Conn., Clerk, Russell & Erwin Manufacturing Co. Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer. Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill St., Boston, Merchant, Mo- rey, Smith, & Co. Morse, James H., ’71, 251 Essex St., Salem, Civil Engineer. Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Tremont Bank Building, State St., Bos- ton, Chemical Clerk, Pacific Guano Co. Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, San Diego, Cal., Civil Engineer. Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Postmaster. Nye, George E., ’77, 70 Exchange Building, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Il., Book-keeper, G. F. Swift & Co. Osgood, Frederick H., ’78, Springfield, Veterinary Surgeon. Otis, Harry P., ’75, Leeds, Superintendent, Northampton Emery Wheel Co. Page, Joel B., ’*71, Conway, Farmer. ...™ Died Jan, 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn. 1882.] HOUSE — No. 85. AT Parker, George A.,’76, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Bailiff of ‘* Cliffdale.”’ Parker, George L., ’76, Dorchester, Florist. Parker, Henry F., ’77, 229 Broadway, New York City, Briesen & Betts. Student of Law at University of City of New York. Parker, William C., ’80, Wakefield, Farmer. Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kan., General Agent, lies son, Topeka, & Santa Fé Railroad. Penhallow, David P., ’73, 85 Brattle St., Cambridge, Lecturer on Botany. Peters, Austin, ’81, 141 West 54th St., New York City, Student, American Veterinary College. Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, Florist. Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers. Porter, William H., ’76, Hatfield, Farmer. Porto, Raymundo M. da S., ’77, Para, Brazil, Planter. Potter, William S., ’76, Lafayette, Ind., Lawyer. Rawson, Edward B., ’81, Wilcox, Elk Co., Penn., Civil Engineer. Renshaw, James B., ’73, Hutchinson, Minn., Clergyman. Rice, Frank H., ’75, Aurora, Nev., Trader in Cattle. Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Altoona, Orange Co., Fla., Planter. Ripley, George A., 780, 5 Franklin St., Worcester, Dealer in Grain.» Root, Joseph E., °76, Barre, Student of Medicine, New York City. Rudolph, Charles, 779, New York City, Student, Columbia Law School. Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Montague Paper Com- pany. Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Kimberley Diamond Fields, South Af- rica, Trader. Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, Farmer. Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Holyoke, Florist. Sherman, Walter A., ’79, Long Island College, Brooklyn, N.Y., Student of Medicine. Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer. Smead, Edwin, 771, 223 North Cary St., Wiitimors, Md., Dealer in Scrap Iron. Smith, Frank S., ’74, Hampden, Woollen Manufacturer. Smith, George P., ’79, Sunderland, Farmer. Smith, Hiram F. M., ’81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College. Smith, Thomas E., ’76, West Chesterfield, Manufacturer. Snow, George H., 772, Leominster, Farmer. 48 AGRICULTURAL: COLLEGE. [Jams Somers, Frederick M., ’72, San Francisco, Cal., Newspaper Cor- respondent. | 7 * Southmayd, John E., ’77. Southwick, Andre A., ’75, Talladega, Ala., Instructor in Agri- culture, Talletees College. Spalding, Abel W., ’81, 907 North Main St., St. Louis, Mo., with Ripley & Kimball. Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, Chemist, Bow- ker Fertilizer Co. Spofford, Amos L., ’78, Georgetown, Shoe-cutter. Stockbridge, Horace E., ’78, Germany, Student. Stone, Almon H., 780, Phillipston, Farmer. Strickland, George P., ’71, Stillwater, Minn., Machinist, Sey- mour, Sabin, & Co. | Swan, Roscoe W., ’79, Framingham, Student, Harvard Medieal School. Taft, Cyrus A., ’76, Whitinsville, Machinist. Taylor, TCHor P., ’81, Hartford, Conn., Foreman, Vine Hill Farm. Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, East Weymouth, Teacher. Thompson, Samuel.C., ’72, Natick, Civil Engineer. Tucker, George H., ’71, Fargo, Dakota, Civil Engineer. Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Hotel Brunswick, Boston, Student, Harvard Medical School. Urner, George P., ’76, 116 Franklin Street, New York City, Super- intendent, Magic Ruffie Co. Wakefield, Albert T., 73, Peoria, Ill., Physician. Waldron, Hiram E. B., ’79, North Rochester, Farmer. Ware, Willard C., ’71, 255 Middle Street, Portland, Me., Man- ager, Boston & Portland Clothing Co. Warner, Clarence D., ’81, Providence, R.I., Teacher, Rhode . Island State Reform School. Warner, Seth S., ’73, 48 Chatham Street, Boston, Travelling Salesman, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Washburn, John H., ’78, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College. Webb, James H., ’73, 20 Exchange Building, New Haven, Conn., Attorney-at-Law. Wellington, Charles, ’73, Germany, Student. Wells, Henry, ’72, Rochester, N.Y., Clerk, ‘‘ Blue Line,’’ Fast-. Freight Office. Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, 3 East 17th Street, New York City, Physician. | * Died Dec. 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn. : ij 4 A J d 1882.] HOUSE — No. 365. 49 Wheeler, William, ’71, 70 Kilby Street, Boston, President, Wheeler Reflector Co. Whitney, Frank Le P., ’71. Whitney, William C., ’72, Minneapolis, Minn., Architect. Whittaker, Arthur, ’81, Needham, Farmer. Wilcox, Henry H., ’81, Nawiliwili, S.I., Sugar industry. Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor, ‘‘ Record.’’ Winchester, John F., ’75, Lawrence, Veterinary Surgeon and Lec- turer, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Wood, Frank W., ’73, Providence, R.I., Civil Engineer. Woodbury, Rufus P., ’78, Kansas City, Mo., News and Telegraph Editor of ‘‘ Kansas City Daily Times.”’ Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, Florist, E. & C. Woodman. Wyman, Joseph, ’77, 68 Belmont Ave., Boston, Produce Dealer. Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Student of Teleg- raphy. 50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. FRESHMAN YEAR. First Term. — Chemistry, 3 hours each week ; Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Recitation in Tactics, 1 hour; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.— Inorganic Chemistry, 3 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; English, 2 hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term. — Systematic Botany, 4 hours ; Geometry, 4 hours ; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Mili- tary Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SOPHOMORE YEAR. First Term. — Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week; Geome- try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Recita- tion in Tactics, 1 hour; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term.— Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla- mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term. — Zodlogy, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri- culture, 2 hours; Lectures in History, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Levelling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. . JUNIOR YEAR. First Term. — German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours ; Entomology, 2 hours; Market-Gardening, 2 hours; Horticulture, 2 hours; Military Drill, 8 hours; Recitation in Tactics, 1 hour; Manual Labor, 6 hours. Second Term. — German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Practical Chemistry, 9 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1 hour ; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Third Term. — German, 4 hours; Roads and Railroads, 4 hours ; 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 51 Practical Chemistry, 9 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and Dairy Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. SENIOR YEAR. First Term. — Lectures in History, 4 hours each week ; Practical ' Chemistry, 7 hours ; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Astronomy, 3 hours ; Military Science, 2 hours ; Original Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours. Second Term. — English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour; Mental Science, 4 hours ; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Mili- tary Drill, 3 hours. Third Term. — Veterinary Science, 2 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Landscape-Gardening, 3 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; English Literature, 3 hours; Agricultural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. CALENDAR FOR 1882. The third term of the collegiate year begins March 23, and con- tinues till June 21. : The first term begins Aug. 24, and continues till Nov. 22. The second term begins Dec. 7, and continues till March 7, 1883. | There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 20, and also on Thursday, Aug. 24. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening, June 19. The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell Prize for excellence in agriculture, and the examination of the other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tues- day forenoon, June 20. The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 21. ADMISSION. Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, and the History of the United States. Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term. The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., Tuesday, June 21, and on Thursday, Aug. 25; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. | EXPENSES. Tuition i : ; i. : ; $12 00 per term. Room-rent . ; : , ; . $5 00 to 10700 ae Board : ; ‘ ‘ . 2 50to 3 50 per week. Expenses of chemical iebatmeey to eae of practical chemistry . f : . © 10 00 pertena. Public and private damages, ieolnne value of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured. At cost. Annual expenses, including books : . $250 00 to $350 00 REMARKS. The regular course of study occupies four years; and those who complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. Regular students of the College may also, on application, become members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its diplomas in addition to that of the College, thereby becoming entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the graduates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. | The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massa- 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 385. d3 chusetts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is discussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant- house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. ‘The amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional work for wages, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. Indigent students are altowed to do such work as may offer about the College or farm buildings, or in the field; but it is hardly possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one Siundred dollars per annum, besides performing other duties. So far as is consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they may, for special reasons, desire to engage in. Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary science, agriculture. or horticulture, may make private arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments. An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro- vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of attendance each student is required to provide himself with the full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets, the cost of which is about thirty dollars. On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore- noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in the afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of attend- ance from among the churches in the town, of the following de- nominations: viz., Baptist, Congregational, Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, and Roman Catholic. POST-GRADUATE COURSE. Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other members of the Faculty in their respective departments. ee” ‘54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The library of the College contains about two thousand volumes. Among them are several sets of cyclopsedias, magazines, and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies, and State boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticul- ture. There are also many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing. The Faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con- tains over thirty thousand volumes. The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. _ The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many inter- esting and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and system- atic botany, including about three thousand figures. About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti- vated in the Durfee Plant-House, affording much pleasure and in- ful mation to students and visitors. - The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’ s best compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one- eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. PRIZES. FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, which is to be used for the pur- chase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the College Faculty, for excellence in declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, — and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. ‘These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members 1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 55 of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examination in theoretical and practical agriculture. HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES. For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 1880, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best, a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried plants from the College Farm. | REGULATIONS. I. — Students are forbidden to combine for the purpose of ab- senting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known regulation of the College. II. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be employed; and students who do not answer to their names will be marked absent, provided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence. IlI. — Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand ; but permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president. In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence > from all exercises occurring within the time specified. IV. — Excuse for absence from a College exercise must be ob- tained before the same occurs ; and no excuse will be granted after- wards, unless the student shows the cause of the absence to be one of imperative neccssity, and which could not be foreseen or prevented. Permission to be absent from several consecutive exercises must be obtained from the excusing officer or the president; but excuse for absence from a single exercise must be obtained of the officer in charge of the same. Permission for absence by the excusing officer or president will be given in the form of a certificate, the recipient of which must exhibit the same to each officer from whose exercise it gives leave of absence, as soon as the first exercise of the officer at which he is thereafter present; and his failure to do so will annul his right to excuse from the exercise of such officer. 56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. A record of all tardinesses will be rigidly kept; and, unless excused by the officer with whom they occur, two such will be entered on the record as an unexcused absence. Each unexcused absence will be considered disobedience to College rule; and, if the aggregate number of such absences in all departments reaches two, the student so delinquent shall be in- formed of the fact. If the number of such absences reaches four, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his delinquencies; and, if five such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his connection with the College may be termi- nated. V.—Students are forbidden to absent themselves without ex- cuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study without permission from the president, or to remove from one room to another without authority from the officer in charge of the dor- mitory buildings; and no student shall be permitted to make such change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a written statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order. VI. —Students shall be required to attend the church of their selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended or not. VII. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a stu- dent falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the College, except by a special vote of the Faculty. Admission to the College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to graduation, are granted only by vote of the Faculty. VIII. — Students are required to abstain from any thing inju- rious to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to conduct themselves with propriety. IX.— Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate with the Faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students upon every appointed exercise of the College. X.— Military drill must be continued to graduation; and any student who neglects this exercise any part of graduation week, will not be entitled to a recommendation for a College diploma. SIZE OF ROOMS. - For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the following measurements are given: In the south dormitory the main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoin- tara Se. 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 57 ing bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are four- teen by fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. SCHOLARSHIPS. The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy. The Trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the - State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous constitution, and should enter Co:lege with the inten- tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars. 8 | fas} lm) Loy AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 58 Che ‘toe F9GG 18¢‘ec# Tg : : * g0uvleq 62 2 MET ZB EMME) 8& ‘puny ozlig YAOMsSuIE 00 : : : eoltellys) 00 : qunoooe A107%.10qv'T 00 ; i Se OSS Er 00 : * gunodov ssuedxq 69 g * gunoooe [[Iq-WI9 J, GI : " gunoooe [voLuRyog 1g : °- gunodoR UIE] SI — ‘sosuedxq || [0 ‘squawhod ChS Fak 8a I$ - qgunoooe A10ze10Ge] WOIT ‘ ; PUD ee EA Ont " puny 4o0.4g SUIQTY AA ‘ "puny ozlig [[euutsy ° pung ozlig yomsurey puny uosurqoy Arey, wort Asos.nu pue esnoy-juvyd woz , * gonpoid-wi1ey wWoIT : : * S[[Iq-WI1e4 UOT * —- punj-JueUMOPUS WOIF oUODUT : ; - puvy uo souvleg “sydiaaaay “1ISst "T8981 40ax ay) sof sjuawhog pup sjdiaoay yspg fo quawmawiy 1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 59 SunprRiEs Dr. To MAssacHusETTs AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, JAN. l, 1882. Real estate . : : g ; s - $200,000 00 Live-stock account .« A : ‘ ‘ ‘ 5,182 00 Implements and vehicles account . ; 3 1,842 00 Farm account for produce on hand . : : 3,240 00 —— $210,264 00 q HOUSE...... sreee NO LORD; ’ TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT >. ja, OF THE MASSACHUSETTS GRICULTURAL COLLEGE, es Ne UA Rx eB 3. i tata ala alata st iii are BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Posr OFFICE SQUARE, 1883. ———ss > = == == = SS eS SS SSS == = 5 S42 5 FS FS EE == = - EEE SE Zz SSS = SS SSS = = SSS SS —= == =——s “ B,; —<—=— SS = ee 4 ae) o SQW EN Hp \ \ am ———— = => ~ = S— SS ——: —— => ——— —= —— ——— S SS = se —S=S ———— —S SS —J ——= : —— —————— ———— —— ——= == h I iD WN al \\\ ~ y = =—— Fi a = SS55 SSS : ——S = = =—<—— cy — — ? Commonwealth of Massachusetts. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, February 23, 1883. To the Honorable the House of Representatives : I have the honor to transmit herewith the twentieth annual report of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College, and in so doing I take leave to more than make a formal transmission of that document to the House. I especially call attention to its contents, and submit that in the opinion of the Executive it would be for the benefit of the people of the Commonwealth, that a very considerable number of copies of it should be printed and widely distrib- uted. I am convinced, both from the state of my own knowledge heretofore, of the Agricultural College, and from conversa- tion with several gentlemen of intelligence, that that institu- tion is entirely misunderstood as to its purposes, its meth- ods of instruction and the scope of its educational power. A too commonly received opinion seems to be that at that college only some information is imparted to the pupil con- cerning soils, the methods of treating them, and the practi- cal work of the farm, and therefore that only sons of farm- ers, or those who are intending to devote their lives to farm- ing, should seek to obtain an education therein. While it is true that these things are taught and well taught therein, they are by no means the limit of the educational course. For practical instruction, to every branch of professional life except perhaps theology, the eurriculum, and the meth- ods of imparting knowledge to the pupil, are as beneficial as those of any other institution of learning. In addition, the 7 2..G 4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. elements of military science, so far’ as the ‘‘school of the soldier,” and the officer of the battalion are concerned, are imparted to the pupil, and he is fitted, if attentive and apt, to take a commission in any regiment, practically quite as well in so far as if from West Point. The instruction in the order of business, in neatness and care of the person, in habits of cleanliness in the care of apartments wherein men live, which are the embodied results of the experience of all armies, are as useful to the civilian who shall have the care of others, especially if dependents, as they are to the officer in the care of his men. From ex- perimental knowledge I testify to the value of this branch of instruction. From the economy which can well be practised by the stu- dent at the Agricultural College, because of the cheapness of living, the absence of those inducements to extraordinary expenses by the pupil which render a college course so bur- densome to men of moderate means, the sons of such men will be enabled either by their own exertions, or the support of their parents, to obtain at a cost within their reach a good practical education, as good in my judgment as anywhere else to fit them for the business of life. © I commend, therefore, this institution, founded both by en- dowment by the United States and the State, to the atten- tion of the legislature, and ask for it such appropriations as may meet its very economical needs. BENJ. F. BUTLER. , 1883. | HOUSE —No. 325: ) Commonwealth of Massachusetts. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, Jan. 30, 1883. To His Excellency BENJAMIN F. BUTLER: _ Sir, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Ex- cellency and the Honorable Council the Twentieth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. | I am, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, P. A. CHADBOURNE, President. . — ; . rey wee i re a ' 4 . i: vit ‘ ‘ 4 a \ i ne Wii ig ’ ‘ \ : = t - sie ni $ ii 7 s PZ os b BN DER X. Educational Plan of the College, Repairs, . ; : : : a Improvements, . Wants of the College, Report of D. H. Tillson, . Botanic Department, . Mathematics and Physics, Report of the Military Depar (mene Catalogue of Trustees, Overseers, Faculty and Bandents Course of Study and Training, Practical Agriculture, Report of the Department of English ond the MedeeH areucnes Calendar for 1883, Admission, — Expenses, . Extra Expenses, Size of Rooms, . Scholarship, Post-Graduate Course, é Books, Apparatus, and Bhetinens in pNataenl History : Prizes, : Regulations, Treasurer’s Account, . 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To His Hxcellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : Since the last report was made, important changes have occurred among the officers of government and instruction in the college. Edward C. Chcate of Southborough has been elected trustee in place of William Wheeler, resigned. Both of these gentlemen are graduates of the college. The resignation: of the Hon. Levi Stockbridge, as presi- dent, has removed from the college one who has been iden- tified with it from the beginning, and who, by his long and successful labors here, has won for himself a high position among the agriculturists and educators of the country. His place was filled by the election of P. A. Chadbourne, late president of Williams College and formerly president of this institution. Mr. A. B. Bassett has been elected to the chair of mathematics and physics, and is performing his work with marked skill and success. The chair of agricul- ture, left vacant by the resignation of President Stockbridge, has been temporarily filled in a very acceptable manner by Mr. John W. Clark. Dr. Manly Miles, formerly of the Michigan Agricultural College, has been elected to this chair and commences his instruction the present ‘term. Mr. Clark will continue as associate instructor in agriculture, having care of the class work in the field. Robert W. Lyman, Esq., of Belchertown, a graduate of the college, has given instruction in rural law, and Dr. Edward Hitchcock, Jr., in 10 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. elocution. The president has given instruction in general zoology, entomology, and mental philosophy. In the pres- ent year he is also to give instruction in“geology. He also conducts religious worship on the Sabbath in the college chapel. ‘The other departments of instruction remain as they were at the time of the last report. The course of study has been so far modified as to intro- duce more instruction in the structure of the English Jan- guage, rhetoric and history. The study of French and Ger- man heretofore required has been made optional, and the time of recitations so arranged that each student ean study both languages if he so elects. : ‘The work of the college has been most efficiently done. The improvement of the students in their studies and in that good order and gentlemanly deportment so desirable in col- lege, has been highly satisfactory. While we could use to great advantage much larger means than we have, and should have the assistance of specialists in different departments of science, which our limited means do not warrant us now in securing, we should be false to the best interests of the college, as well as ungrateful towards the nation and Commonwealth, if we did not fairly recognize what they have already done in making this college an effi- cient agency in the work of practical, liberal education. In seeking for more which is needful, we have perhaps too much lost sight of, or kept from the public view, what we now have. It is plainly evident that the people of the State, as a whole, have not understood the provisions here made for the education of the young men of Massachusetts. When com- mittees from the legislature and others have visited the insti- tution and become acquainted with its organization, its means of instruction, and its actual work, the college has proved its own best advocate. To make the college and its work better known to all the people of the State, we ask a careful consideration of the course of study and of the reports of various departments. Wealso feel justified in once more calling the attention of the legislature and the people of the State to the founding and organization of this institution as well as to its present condition. : * 1883. | HOUSK—No. 325. 1] ‘The grant of land and land-scrip for founding agricultural colleges was made by the general government in 1862. The civil war had brought out with great clearness the elements of national strength, — varied production in agriculture and the mechanic arts, and a citizen soldiery well trained in the art of war. To secure all these in their greatest perfection, was the aim of the bill for establishing «‘ Industrial Colleges” in the various loyal States. Whatever mistakes may have been made in the organization and management of these in- stitutions, no fault can be charged home to the original bill. It was eminently a wise measure, and suggested an outline of organization and management that has not as yet been improved upon. Its significant words are as follows: ‘* The endowment, support and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.” No branch of learning peculiar to the old colleges was to be necessarily excluded ; but the new colleges were to push on to the prac- tical application of the sciences they taught, and they were to train all their students as defenders of their country against domestic rebellion or foreign invasion. In a word, they were to educate their students as men and as American citizens. ‘The rank of the education given is ‘* liberal,” the term applied to the education given by the highest institu- tions then known. It was to be so broad as to fit men for the ‘* several pursuits and professions of life.” The object of these colleges was to obliterate the supposed superiority of the so-called ‘‘ learned professions,” by securing a ‘é lib- eral,” that is, the highest education, for those who chose in- dustrial pursuits, thus lifting agriculture and the mechanic arts from the plane of mere routine labor to the dignity of learned professions, founded upon scientific knowledge and allied to, or connected with, those branches of learning es- sential for a broad and generous culture of the whole man. Many who have attempted the management of these col- 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. leges, as well as many who have criticised them, have appar- ently overlooked the broad and generous plan upon which | they were founded. It is doubtful if they will ever accom- plish the great work for which they were intended, until their original purpose is so fully and constantly recognized and carried out by judicious, painstaking work, that the cur- rents of education shall be once fairly turned toward these new channels. When once fairly turned, that they will con- tinue to flow can no more be doubted than we can donbt the success of any natural process when not artificially ob- structed. An education that ‘‘ gives boys what they need to daily use when they become men,” commends itself as rational and practical. All true education should aim at this. And this certainly is the idea that is embodied in the bill founding the industrial colleges of the several States. The provisions of this bill were accepted by Massachusetts. One-third of the funds received from the United States was given to the Institute of Technology in Boston for the pro- motion of the mechanic arts, and two-thirds were devoted to founding a college at Amherst for the special work of agri- culture. By the gift to the Institute of Technology, the Agricultural College has been freed from much labor in building up a mechanical department, — a fact that has been lost sight of by some, — and is left free to carry out the idea of a college making agriculture the leading idea, while it secures rigid training in military tactics and provides such arange of studies in science, literature and philosophy, as shall, in the words of the bill, promote ‘‘ liberal education.” The college now has 3833 acres of land for farm, gardens, nurseries, etc. It has college buildings, laboratory, botanic museum, plant-houses, gardens and nurseries, so that provi- sion is made for teaching all the sciences that relate to the cultivation of the soil, and these sciences are practically applied to all the work of the farm, garden, vineyard and orchard. The Durfee plant-house and propagating houses afford practical instruction the year round. | The course of study aims to do what the original bill declared should be done,— give a practical knowledge of agriculture and horticulture, and at the same time so educate the man, that the students from the Agricultural College 1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 13 shall not be mere artisans, having learned a trade or business and nothing more, but be liberally educated, so that, as farmers, they shall rank in intellectual training with those who chose what have heretofore been called the ‘ learned professions.” It is plain that farming will never take its true place, nor farmers have that influence in the government of our land which they ought to have, until they take their place with those in other professions, not only as men of power and practical ability, but as men of learning and cul- ture. Those who claim that the farmer’s life forbids this result, have never yet fully appreciated the farm as a place for study and thought, as well as a place for labor. The course of study in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, at the present time, embraces the following topics :— vig SB annahes on Health and Habits of study, and general plan of the college work. These lectures are now given by the president. The student, as he begins his college work, is instructed as to the best means of preserving health, the best methods of study and of recitation to secure knowledge, and the best mental training at the same time. He has laid before him the studies of the whole course, so far as he then is able to understand them, that he may in the beginning have some just idea of the value of the different studies, may understand why they come in the order they do, and how they make a complete educational whole to secure the purpose for which the college exists. 2. Botany — structural and systematic — special applica- tion to cultivated plants — Microscopy. 3. Zodlogy — systematic, with special studies in Ento- mology. 4, Agriculture — extending éitoth the entire course of four years — study of soils — mettiods of working — fertili- zers — draining — farm implements — special crops, etc. Stock and Dairy Farming, with lectures on Veterinary Science. Work on the Farm under direction of the Professor of Agriculture, six hours a week, when such work can be supplied. 5. Horticulture. Market Gardening—Arboriculture, Care of Nurseries— Landscape Gardening. Work in nurseries, © 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. propagating houses and vineyard done under direction of Professor of Horticulture. 6. Chemisiry. Theoretical and practical. Work in Laboratory, Junior and Senior years, under direction of the - Professor of Chemistry. 7. Geology and Mineralogy, with special reference to Agriculture. The origin of soils, location of Artesian wells, etic. 8. Military Science and Military Drill continued through the whole course under direction of officers of the Reeu- lar Army, detailed by the United States Government for this special service. This includes weekly inspection of all halls and rooms in college buildings, thus securing neatness and proper sanitary conditions. The students of the college when graduated are competent, in their military knowledge, to receive commissions in the Regular Army. 9. Mathematics — Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and its application, Mechanics, Physics and Astronomy. 10. Hnglish Literature, History, Constitution of the United States, Elocution, Essay Writing and Debates, Book- Keeping, Drawing. | 11. Rural Law, Outlines of Mental and Moral Science. 12. French and German Languages. | This is a brief outline of studies, without any attempt at systematic arrangement, as they are given in the curriculum of terms. Other subjects are introduced as circumstances favor. To some of the subjects here named, but little time can be given, and this varies with different classes; but to those studies, like Botany, Chemistry, Agriculture and Horticulture, which are the practical studies of the course, the time and strength of the student are specially given. The course of study is so arranged that students may be absent from the college during the spring and summer, and yet go on with their classes. The studies of the first and second terms of each year make a connected course, or one which | the student can complete bya moderate amount of study while absent in the summer. Students who complete this partial course receive certificates, but not the regular degree of Bachelor of Science. 1883.) HOUSE — No. 325. 15 In addition to the college proper, the work of which henceforth will be mainly that of instruction, the State has now established an experiment station which will give to the student a constant acquaintance with the methods and re- sults of agricultural experimenting under the direction of the most competent men the board of control can employ. The college can use to advantage larger funds than it has. In many directions, increased funds are absolutely essential for carrying out the true idea of the college. The apparent income, as shown by the treasurer’s report, is quite delusive. Several of the items generally given there represent the amount of business done by the farm and department of horticulture, rather than income for support of the institution. The net income is very small, while the work of instruction in practical science is very | great, much greater than in an ordinary classical college _that has no special scientific department. Small classes require the same amount of instruction as large ones. . The farm and department of horticulture are both sub-: jected to large expense in the care of roads, grounds, plant- houses, etc., all of which must be kept in order for the credit of the institution, and as a means of instruction in practical work. This special care 2nd ornamentative of grounds 1s provided for in most institutions by special funds. Here this expense, which is very large, is charged to the depart- ments. They are thus made accountable for expense that does not properly belong to them. This gives their prod- ucts an apparent cost which misrepresents the real state of the case. An attempt will be made to separate these items of expense, so that the real working of the farm and horticul- tural department shall be more clearly seen. We feel the need of larger funds for every department of college work. We must look to private individuals as well as to the State for the aid the college must have to sustain and increase its efficiency, and make it second to none in the facilities it offers. While money is given so freely to edu- cate men away from productive pursuits, it is certainly strange that in Massachusetts not a dollar has yet been given by private benevolence for the endowment of a chair of in- struction in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, — an 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. institution founded to fit men to become intelligent producers in time of peace, and efficient defenders of the State and Union in time of war. When all the legislators and citizens understand the true state of the case, we believe that the Massachusetts Agricultural College will never lack for stu- dents or the funds needful for carrying on this institution founded by the joint action of the United States and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. | EDUCATIONAL PLAN OF THE COLLEGE. For the outline of studies and the special work in each de- yartment, we refer to the course of study, and the tabulated report of work in each department in the second part of this report. It is the aim of the trustees to keep the requirements for entrance such that every boy in the State can find facilities for fitting himself for the college, without leaving his home, er incurring any expense for schooling which the well- ordered schools of the various towns cannot afford. If boys from fifteen to twenty years of age come with a good com- mon-school education and give themselves heartily to the work here presented for them, they will, in four years’ time, be well educated to begin any practical business of life. The expense of education for four years is a serious matter for most farmers’ sons. ‘The other colleges have large funds for aiding indigent students, and a large proportion of those thus aided are as well able to pay their bills as the average farmer’s son. It should be the aim of this college, then, to reduce as much as possible the college expenses, and to fos- ter habits of economy among the students themselves. It now furnishes free scholarships, but it has no funds except a single scholarship to make good the loss of tuition. So that while the college diminishes the expense of the student, it _ diminishes its own power to do for him what ought to be done. Professors can do double work for a time, but there is a limit to their time and strength, and to their ability to properly teach so many subjects as are now required of them. : From necessity the college makes provision for the board of students, and it secures this at reduced cost by giving 1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 17 rent free the boarding-house and its furniture. The neces- sity for this provision arises from the fact that the college is so far removed from the thickly settled portion of the town ‘that boarding places are difficult to be obtained within rea- sonable distance from the college grounds. REPAIRS. The legislature of 1882 granted to the college $4,000 for repairs. This money has been expended and the bills de- . posited with the treasurer of the State. The farm buildings have been repaired and painted; the laboratory repaired and painted, and provided with cases for proper protection of\ apparatus and specimens. The botanic museum has been painted outside and in. The lecture-room repaired and provided with cases for protection of specimens and in- struments. The Durfee plant-house and propagating houses have been thoroughly repaired and painted. The heat and ‘moisture in those houses had caused more serious damage than at first appeared. The farm-house now occupied by the market gardener has been shingled and otherwise repaired. The barns connected with this house have been remod- elled and repaired for the use of the horticultural depart- ment, and the professor’s house, to be occupied by Prof. _ Miles, has been repaired, painted and papered. All of these buildings from long neglect of repairs from want of means had become in many places unsightly and hardly fit for oc- ‘cupation. They are now essentially in good order, though much more might have been done to most of them with great profit, had the appropriation allowed. As is generally the case, the work proved more formidable than, it appeared before it was begun. The carpenter in charge gave entire satisfaction, and we believe every dollar of the money has been judiciously expended. It would require at least $1,000 to complete the repairs upon the buildings, including the painting of the roofs which would be economy in the end. ‘ It was supposed by the trustees that the Cowles buildings would be taken and repaired by the board of control of the experiment station. No estimate was therefore made for their repairs. If these buildings are not taken by the experi- 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. ment station, they can be made of great service to the col- lege for the assistant professor of agriculture. It will require $2,000 to put them in proper order for college use. IMPROVEMENTS. The unsightly gravel-pit near the road has been filled at large expense, and other important improvements have been made as indicated in the farm and horticultural reports. Mr. Danforth K. Bangs has given to the college three- fourths of an acre of land at the intersection of the two roads that cross the college grounds from the south. This piece of land, rough, neglected and unsightly, was a great injury to the appearance of the college property. By this generous gift of Mr. Bangs, we have been able to transform this piece of land to a small ornamental park, so that the entrance to our grounds is now marked by the appearance of ornamenta- tion and culture, instead of roughness and neglect. The plan henceforth will be to concentrate the farm-work near the roads and farm buildings, and spend less money upon the pastures and swamps, till we have more to expend. Much of such labor gives very slow returns, and much of this kind of labor is still to be done on this farm.’ With so much land to be cared for by the work of students and by hired help, it is a very difficult problem to gain profit while trying to use the farm as a means of education. Much labor upon it has thus far been like labor in the laboratory, without any direct pecuniary profit. Now that the experiment station is to take the burden of experimenting, the farm-work should be narrowed to that limit that it can be done with profit. The position of the college, away from markets, renders the work more difficult for both the farm and garden than it would be were the institution near some large city affording a ready market for the most profitable crops. — Notwithstanding the improvements made, involving large expense, and the loss on nearly all crops in consequence of — the unprecedented drought, the expenses of the college as a whole have been kept within its income. If we add to the reported balance $1,309,12, paid on debts of 1881, and $2,045.19, income delayed on account of change in securi- ‘ties, we should show a balance of $4,098.07, as the real con- a i ills a i Sg te oe) SS eal eee a ae Soe A ee ee 2 ‘vy yer 1883.] _ HOUSE— No. 325. 19 dition of the college, January, 1883, as compared with Jan- uary, 1882. It is estimated that the bills due the college will pay its present outstanding debts. WANTS OF THE COLLEGE. While we have set forth the capabilities of the college, we have not lost sight of what it urgently needs to increase its efficiency. Its library is not adequate for our purpose, — for the wants of the students. . We have no proper library-room. There is no proper place for the cabinet, which is a valua- ble one for the purposes of instruction. It is the ‘«‘ State Collection,” enlarged and enriched by private donations. During the past year it has received valuable additions of several thousand specimens of minerals, fossils, shells, in- sects and bird’s eggs and nests, the entire private collection of Mr. Winfred A. Stearns, who presented it to the college, and personally superintended its classification and arrange-, ment. Both this and the library are in dormitory buildings, with all their inconvenience for such purposes, and exposure to fire. We have no room suitable for public college exer- cises. The hall we now use for chapel is too small for any commencement exercise, and this room is needed to enlarge the chemical department. One of our pressing needs, therefore, is a public building containing hall for public exercises, for the library and cabi- net. We trust some public-spirited man will soon give funds for such a building. The names of the Hills, of Knowlton, and Durfee remind us of what has already been generously given to the college for specific purposes, and we feel that when the work and needs of the college are known, other names will be added to the list of our benefactors. Our second need, perhaps first in importance, is a fund for payment of instructors. We should have more men, and they should be better paid. We must have men, the equals at least of those in other colleges, and they have more work to do than is ordinarily required of professors in classical col- leges. It was found to be impracticable to erect such a building as the college should have for the military department, for $5,000. The plans were cut down, but still no bid warranted 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. the trustees in making a contract. They concluded to build by the day. The work has progressed far enough to show that a large saving has been made over the lowest contract price. Still, the grant will not complete the building. It will be covered so that it can be used for drilling, but it will require from $1,000 to $1,500, to complete it for its whole work as driil-hall, armory, gymnasium and lecture room com- bined. The grant for repairs has been exhausted, and $1,500 is needed to complete those repairs, and put the old drill- hall in proper condition for a museum of agriculture. It is hoped that the Cowles buildings may be found adapted to the wants of the experiment station, in which case those buildings will be repaired from the experiment station fund. Norer. — The present condition of the several departments is set forth in the special reports hereto annexed, and the plan and work of the college, as an educational institution, are given in the second part of this report, in the curriculum of studies and the schedules of work in the several full departments of instruction. a, i. el 1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 21 REPORT OF D. H. TILLSON, FARM SUPERINTENDENT. The farm has suffered by the very severe and long-con- tinued drouth, which made crops lighter than they would have been, and almost entirely destroyed the second crop of grass. | The whole area in tillage was 63 acres. Seventeen acres planted to corn yielded 1,500 bushels of ears, and 30 tons of fodder. A part of this corn was the Longfellow variety, raised for seed corn, and was planted in such position on the farm as to keep it free from mixture with the Sturtevant variety, which constituted the bulk of the crop. Both of these varieties give good satisfaction. Four acres to pota- toes gave 500 bushels; 1{ acres fodder-corn, 6 tons; 1 acre turnips, 400 bushels: 13 acres wheat, 41 bushels; 8 acres oats, 350 bushels; 12 acres rye, 180 bushels; wheat and rye straw, 16 tons; 1 acre in garden; 60 acres in grass yielded 90 tons. The diminished amount of hay cut the present year is accounted for by the loss of the second crop through drouth, by the setting off from the farm of 12 acres highly manured land to the horticultural department, and by keep- — ing as pasture 12 acres more, that, for two years, had been highly manured for grass. Seventeen acres were seeded to rye for feed, and to rye and grass. Fall seeding. Fourteen acres to rye and grass for feed in pasture; 20 acres to rye; 5 acres to winter wheat; 25 acres to grass; 30 acres were ploughed in the fall, to be cropped next year. The swamp in front of the Cowles house has been drained; loam in brook has been carted on to the clayey knolls in front of the laboratory ; 100 loads of loam have been carted into the bain cellar, bushes cut on 4 acres of pasture, and roads on college farm and grounds kept in good repair. This, from the extent of the grounds 22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. and the nature of the roads, is an important item in our labor account. The teams have done extra work in grading drill-hall, drawing lumber, stone, coal, etc., to an amount of. $411.34. The neat stock consists of 42 head: 16 cows, 3 oxen, 6 three-year-old steers, 18 head of young cattle, and 1 bull, — all Ayrshire stock. | There are 25 pure blood Berkshire swine, and two small Yorkshires, the latter the gift to the college from Samuel Goodwin of Miller’s Falls. | A portion of the college farm is to be set off for the use of the experiment station. This will, for the coming year, further diminish the grass land belonging to the college farm — proper. But the remote parts of the farm can be cultivated only at large expense, and the directions for the coming year are to cultivate less ground, and that near the farm buildings. It is difficult to secure help that will be profit- able except under immediate supervision of the superinten- dent, and the Jabor from students is more for instruction and practice than for profit as labor on the farm. But the experiment station will relieve the farm from all special expense in experimenting, and leave it to do simple farm- work, as a means of giving the students an opportunity to have practical experience in raising crops and managing stock. ' Notg.—As Dr. Miles entered upon his duties January 1, 1883, no report from his department i is included in the present trustees’ report. For an outline of the course of instruction, proposed by Dr. Miles, reference is made to the schedules of work in the various departments of the college, as given in the second part of this report. 1883. |. HOUSE — No. 325, 23 BOTANIC DEPARTMENT. I have the honor to report the following upon the condi- tion of the botanic department. The year past has been, as a whole, a prosperous one, although nearly all of the field crops have been injured more or less by drouth. ‘The crops, although not large, have been sold at good prices, which, ina measure, will compensate for the falling off in quantity. The expenses of the department, as will be seen by the treasurer’s report, have exceeded our income; but if the cost of improvements made, and the increased value of the stock and tools be added to the income, the balance will be found on the other side. The nursery stock in general has been kept fully up to that of 1881, with an increase of 25,000 peach trees budded last fall, and 3,000 budded in 1881, the value of which will exceed -$650, and an increase in the value of teams and tools of more than $150. The Durfee plant-house and the propagating house have been put in thorough repair, but an annual expenditure of from $100 to $200 must be made to keep them in their pres- ent condition. The stock of plants has been very much improved, but if it is desirable to keep them in a ‘‘ show” condition, much more help must be employed in taking care of them. Itis hoped that we shall soon be able to have all the plants in the houses, and the trees and shrubs-on the grounds, neatly labelled for the instruction of students and visitors. | The undertaking of new work, and the employment of a man to take charge of the details of the market gardening and seed-growing business, has necessitated the expenditure 24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. of quite a large sum for fertilizers, teams and implements, and fitting the land for future work. Owing to the drouth, the income from this work has been very small compared with the expenses. We labor under a great disadvantage in carrying on busi- ness of any kind here, that our time is often taken up by other matters than of a purely business nature. The longer I am engaged in this work the more fully I am convinced that those departments devoted to business should be given up largely to the superintendence of persons who can devote their entire attention to the work; general superintendence only being needed to keep the work in harmony with the theory of instruction in each department. The special — branches of business engaged in, as seed-growing, nursery, plant and fruit-growing, require an unusualamount of intel- ligence and skill to compete successfully with those already in the field. | ; 7 + Much of the land of the botanic department is unsuited, from its location, for profitable cultivation, and I would again offer the suggestion made in my last report that such land, when properly fitted, be planted with fruit-trees, which in a few years will give more income than could be obtained from it in any other way. The cost of planting would be but trifling, and the trees are already grown in the nurseries on the grounds. It is difficult to determine how much effort should be di- rected to the purely ornamental in the. care of the green- houses and grounds; and in passing judgment upon their condition, it must be remembered that the extent of land laid out in walks and roads, and occupied by buildings, the surroundings of which must be more or less ornamented, is exceeded by the public parks of few of the cities of this Commonwealth, and that to keep them in a thoroughly neat and pleasing condition, would require the expenditure of sev- eral thousands of dollars. There are within the limits of the college grounds not far from two and one-half miles of regularly laid out and gravelled roads, the surface of which must be kept in good con- dition for a large amount of travel, and their borders so as to present a neat appearance at all times during the year. 3 : : 4 i 1883.] HOUSE —No. 325. 25 There are also not far from one and one-half miles of walks, which must be kept in passable condition during the winter, the borders kept trimmed, and the surface smooth and free from weeds during the summer. More than one thousand ornamental trees and shrubs have been planted on the grounds, requiring a great amount of care to keep them in a good growing condition. In addition to the above, all employees are liable to be interrupted at any time by visitors to whom some courtesy must be shown. It is hoped that some of the work of this department, which in years past has been experimental, will be assumed by the experiment station, thus relieving us of some expense and enabling us to do better the work we undertake. The following is a statement of the income of the botanic department for 1882 :— Total cash received from sales of plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc., : 2 ' . $2,830 28 Total cash received kom ails of iveea shite, vines, etc., 1,419 78 Total cash income, . : ; ihe ih j : . $4,250 06 Outstanding bills of nursery, : : : - o2 09 Outstanding bills of plant-house, . 308 21 360 30 Produce on hand to sell: — Cabbages, . : : 4 i : : . 75 00 Girnots: ‘ : 4 : ‘ : 20 00 Seed, carrots and Enpees, ; : : : 25 00 120 00 Increase in nursery stock : — 25,000 budded peach-trees, : . $500 00 3,000 budded peach-trees, ; ; 4 : 150 00 Increase in value of teams, tools, ete. : ‘ 150 00 | 800 00 Total income, ; : : z ; : $5,030 36 From the expenses of the department, as shown by the treasurer's report, should be deducted the following items: — ~ Expense of grading, filling, seeding and planting the gravel-pit lot, . : ae : . : ‘ : $325 00 Same on Bangs lot, : : : : : ‘ 75 00 Care of walks and roads, _ . : : 50) 00 Plants for decorating grounds of Pathe nee. does: ries, boarding-house, ING . ; . . : ‘ 22 00 26 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. Trees and shrubs for grounds, t A $35 00 Keeping horse and carriage used in part by pr cee ten Carry- | ing college mail, and care of botanic museum.,. : : 50 00 ' $057 00 The details of the work of the department have been car- ried out by Mr. L. R. Taft, in the care of the plant-houses, grounds, and sales of produce, etc.; and by Mr. David Wentzell, in the growth and care of the vegetables and other out-door crops. Both have been very faithful in the dis- charge of their various duties. | The students employed have generally been faithful in doing the work given them, and many of them have shown ~ special skill in various brauches of the work. The changes in the course of study made during the past year are such as to make the instruction in botany and horti- culture much more satisfactory than ever before. In every particular | am glad to report that this depart- ment was never in better condition for future work than at present. Very respectfully submitted, S. T. MAYNARD. 1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 27 MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS. The present report embodies no novel features of work in the mathematical department. Its scheme of studies is affected but slightly by the modifications of the curriculum. The allowance of time for mechanics, physics, levelling, and roads and railroads has been diminished, but the work of this department still bears much the same relation to the entire course of study as in previous years. The mathematics comprise the chief disciplinary studies of the course; therefore my first aim is to develop in the stu- dents the mental habit of exactness, not only indispensable for mastery of the pure mathematics, but the first requisite for successful pursuit of all branchesof natural science. My second aim is to introduce such exercises as will stimulate ingenuity and originality. My third aim is to give a practi- cal bearing to all studies, by means of experiment and illus- tration drawn from familiar fields of observation. During the past term, instruction has been given in alge- bra, geometry, mechanics and astronomy. The freshmen have made five recitations weekly in algebra. The time allotted would be sufficient for proper treatment of this sub- ject, if the students were at the outset well grounded upon the rudiments of the science. In the present instance the subject will be continued for one month. The sophomores have devoted four hours weekly to the geometry of planes and solids, and the parabola. It is desirable that in future the entire geometry of conic sections be included in the course. Wentworth’s Geometry has been introduced for the use of the freshmen who begin this study in the second term. I agree with my predecessor upon the desirability of requir- ing of candidates for admission. some preparatory work in 28 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. geometry. A newly revised edition of Peck’s Ganot’s Popu- lar Physics, is used as text-book of mechanics and physics. Recitations upon the text are supplemented with frequent use of illustrative apparatus, informal lectures, and citation of illustrations. The students have opportunity to become personally familiar with the use of such apparatus as the college possesses, but the incomplete equipment of the department, lack of time, and the policy of the institution, do not favor extensive individual work in the physical labora- tory. Special effort will be made to present clearly the sub- ject of sound, heat and light, in which our apparatus is entirely deficient. The college is without facilities for giving instruction in astronomy; and our course of mathematics does not adequately prepare the average student to pursue a demonstrative treatment of the subject. I am_ therefore convinced that the attention of the class should be chiefly directed to a descriptive view of the science. Particular emphasis seems due to the apparent and actual planetary movements, and their important practical effects, the meas- urement of time, and familiarity with prominent constella- tions and first magnitude stars. To this study are allotted three hours weekly during the first term of senior year. Five hours of recitation weekly are assigned to the sopho- mores in trigonometry, and its application to surveying, nav- igation and celestial measurements. In this connection, par- ticular attention will be given to mensuration, with reference to measurement of lumber, masonry and excavations. The work in surveying and levelling occupies five hours weekly in the third term, divided between class-room exercises and actual field practice. It is probable that additional time for field work may be secured. It is hoped that every student will become proficient in the use of the instruments com- monly employed in engineering work, and will acquire prac- tical familiarity with various methods of land measurement and division. The work in levelling anticipates the study of roads and railroads, to which is assigned three hours weekly in the third term of junior year. The policy of the college prescribes that special attention be given to the discussion of approved and economical methods of making highways. To such extent as time will allow, field’ work will be provided f 1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 29 in the experimental location of roads, side ditches, culverts and curves, and in the calculation of earthwork from notes of actual railroad surveys. I infer from recent observation that the applicants for admission to the college have for the most part no syste- matic preparatory training. As a consequence they differ widely in attainments, and in capacity for steady applica- tion. Some weeks must therefore be spent in bringing the less advanced students into line with their classmates, and in awakening a resolute scholarly spirit among them. Such time is well-nigh lost so far as the curriculum work is con- cerned. This dificulty may be partially obviated, and bet-. ter preparation secured, by increasing the requirements for admission, or by setting more rigid entrance examinations than heretofore. In my opinion such an elevation of its scholarship would promote the interests of the college. The trustees and other friends of the institution will be very welcome at the class exercises of the mathematical de- partment. Such manifestation of interest would gratify and stimulate both students and instructor. AUSTIN B. BASSETT. 30, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. REPORT ON THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. Hon. Paut A. CHADBOURNE, President of the Massachusetis Agricultural College. Str:—T have the honor to make the following report of the military department, and to append its theoretical and practical course of instruction. The fall drills, where seniors for the first time act as instructors, have been more than usually successful. Prompt- ness in efficiently performing their duties has been the rule. This, in a large degree, must be attributed to the few hours that they were assigned to the tactical section room, while juniors. From this, and from the general progress to be seen in the entire corps, which may be reasonably traced to their tactical recitations, and to the added zeal always arising from more complete success, — I am encouraged to urge that juniors be assigned to the tactical section room for one hour per week, in fall terms of succeeding years. Sixteen hours recitation for an entire year, cannot be of injury to them in other departments, and in this will produce the most satisfactory results. It is worthy of note that all the various artillery and infantry drills of the course occupy little more than three hours per week, not varying essentially in time from the calisthenics of the average college. They are of a character to give the most general exercise to the entire body, —are in the main, out of doors, and necessitate the united action of the mind and body. Upon graduation, the average student has received such instruction, that under equal circumstances, he would immediately occupy a respon- sible position alike beneficial to himself and the general gov- ernment, should circumstances make his services necessary. ReSar he HOUSE — No. 325. 31 While thus obtaining needed physical exercise, a// must secure lasting benefit, from the discipline and self-command acquired, the military etiquette, personal neatness enforced by careful inspections at all exercises and the weekly inspec- tion of dormitories, — which will follow them into any _ future position. The immediate advantages resulting from the establishment of a military library, to all seeking the information therein contained, are fully realized. A small permanent fund for its gradual increase is needed. At the least, it is hoped that an increased appropriation may be made this year for this purpose. Powder in its various forms, projectiles, fuzes, etc., with little expense could be obtained from this State, or from the United States. This would serve as the nucleus of a military cabinet, of general interest, and whose lack makes much needed instruction dif- ficult. Some changes will be considered the coming year, looking to’a rigid accountability from cadet officers, who may be assigned to the charge of sub-divisions in the col- lege dormitories. Some modified form of the system in vogue at West Point may be successfully introduced. The rifle association has been creditably conducted this year. It is entirely optional, and yet fully one-half the students have taken active part. Such rules have been adopted as make the practice as free from danger as possible. 8 tO) |S 1.50 P. M., Exercises of Junior Class. gh re Mondays, Tuesdays. English. Mechanics, Aa “3 Ts. Wed., Thurs. . Rehearsals, Foidaye: Hoteainire, Mondays, Tuesdays. Entomology, Wed., Thursdays, Fridays. : Class Work as directed. Military Drill as ordered. Exercises of Sophomore Class. English, Mondays. oon Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri. Geometry, Mon., mace ., Wed., Fri. ‘ Military Tactics, athanieie, .B Jotany, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays. i Agriculture, Thursdays, Fridays. Chemistry, Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs. : : 5 : English, Fridays. Rehearsals as directed. Class Work as directed. Militar vy Drill as ordered. Exercises of Freshman Class. Algebra. Botany. Preturas on Health, Mondays. . Agriculture, Tuesdays, Wednesdays. Rehearsals, Fridays. Military Tactics, Thursdays. Class Work as directed. Military Drill as ordered. 58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. CALENDAR FOR 1883. The third term of the collegiate: year begins April 5, and con- tinues till June 20. The first term begins Sept. 13, and continues till Dec. 18. The second term begins Jan. 10, and continues till April 4, 1884. There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the college, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 19, and also on Thursday, Sept. 13. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening June 18. The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell Prize for excellence in Agriculture, will take place on Tuesday forenoon, June 19. The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 20. ADMISSION. Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, and the History of the United States. Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his late pastor or teacher. ‘Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term. The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock, a.m., Tuesday, June 19, and on Thursday Sept. 13; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any: other time in the year. Certificates. — Students who have completed the whole work of preparation may be admitted on diplomas of high schools. All students are admitted on probation only, and if not able to go on with their classes in a satisfactory manner, they will be notified to leave. . 1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 59 EXPENSES. Tuition, : : ; $12 00 per term. Room-rent, . . : . $5 00 to 10 00 per term. Board, ; : . 2 50 to 3 50 per week. Expenses of ieibat ies atory to students of practical chemistry, . : 10 00 per term. Public and private damages, iain alte of chemical apparatus destroyed or in- jured, : ‘ : ‘ At cost. Annual expenses, including ian ; . $250 00 to $350 00 REMARKS. The regular course of study occupies four years; and those who complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of mea Se who is eens of the corporation. Regular students of the college may also, on application, become members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its diplomas in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the graduates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu- setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is dis- cussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant- house or field, where every student is obliged to labor under the direction of the professor when suitable work can be done on the ‘farm, gardens or nurseries. The amount of required work, how- ever, is limited to six hours per week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional work for wages, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. Indigent students are allowed to .do such work as may offer about the college or farm buildings, or in the field ; but it is hardly possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hundred dollars per annum, besides performing other duties, So far as it ¥ 60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they may, for special reasons, desire to engage in. | Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures. with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veter- inary science, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments. EXTRA EXPENSES. An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro- vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second hand. At the beginning of the second term of attendance each student is required to provide himself with the full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets, the cost of which is about thirty dollars. Students tax themselves for the support of a reading-room and literary societies. SIZE OF ROOMS. For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the following measurements are given: In the south dormitory the main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoin- ing bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the, bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. SCHOLARSHIPS. The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy. The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the State. Applicat ions for such scholarships should be made to the representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. 1883. | HOUSE — No. 325. 61 The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten- tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars. RELIGIOUS SERVICES. Prayers in chapel every morning at a quarter before eight o’clock. On Sundays the students, unless excused by request of their parents to attend church elsewhere, attend service in the chapel. This service is conducted by the president or such clergyman as he invites. The students are also invited to join a class for the study of the Bible. : The Young Men’s Christian Association holds weekly meetings. POST-GRADUATE COURSE. Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other members of the Faculty in their respective departments. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The library of the college contains about two thousand volumes. Among them are several sets of cyclopzedias, magazines, and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies, and State boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticul- ture. There are also many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing. | The Faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con- tains over thirty thousand volumes. The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the college, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. 62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interest- ing and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and sys- tematic botany, including about three thousand figures. About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti- vated in the Durfee Plant-House, affording much pleasure and information to students and visitors. The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’s best compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one- eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. PRIZES. FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, which is to be used for the pur- chase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the College Faculty, for excellence in declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agri- cultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examination in theoretical and practical agriculture. HILL’S BOTANICAL PRIZES. For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 1883, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best, a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried plants from the College Farm. REGULATIONS. I.—Students are forbidden to combine for the purpose of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known regulation of the college. , II. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each exercise of the college, by the officer in charge, 1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 33 unless a monitor be employed ; and students who do not answer to their names will be marked absent, provided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence. IiI.— Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or ex- cused by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand ; but permission to be absent from several exercises must be ob- tained in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president. In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certifi- cate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises occurring within the time specified. IV.— Excuse for absence from a college exercise must be obtained before the same occurs; and no excuse will be granted afterwards, unless the student shows the cause of the absence to be one of imperative necessity, and which could not be foreseen or prevented. Permission to be absent from-several consecutive exercises must be obtained from the excusing officer or the president ; but excuse for absence from a single exercise must be obtained of the officer in charge of the same. Permission for absence by the excusing officer or president will be given in the form of a certificate, the recipient of which must exhibit the same to each officer from whose exercise it gives leave of absence, as soon as the first exercise of the officer at which he is thereafter present ; and his failure to do so will annul his right to excuse from the exercise of such officer. A record of all tardiness will be rigidly kept; and, unless excused by the officer with whom they occur, two such will be entered on the record as an unexcused absence. Each unexcused absence will be considered disobedience to college rule; and, if the aggregate number of such absences in all departments reaches two, the student so delinquent shall be informed of the fact. If the number of such absences reaches. four, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his delinquencies; and, if jive such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his connection with the college may be terminated. V.—Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study with- out permission from the president, or to remove from one room to another without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory buildings ; and no student shall be permitted to make such change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a 64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. / / alge written statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order. VI. — Students shall be required to attend the church of their selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended or not. . VII. — The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a student falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the college, except by a special vote of the Faculty.” Admission to the college, and promotion from class to class, as well as to graduation, are granted only by vote of the Faculty. VIII. — Students are required to abstain from any thing -inju- rious to the buildings and other property of the college, and in all respects to conduct themselves with propriety. IX. — Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate with the Faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students upon every appointed exercise of the college. X.— Military drill must be continued to graduation; and any student who neglects this exercise any part of graduation week, will not be entitled to a recommendation for a college diploma. pon HOUSE — No. 325. 1883. | e18 PUL 93e1g OY} MOTIF 8}dleded VSL] OU,L, ‘adnsna4T, “SONTNIWNO NHOL 6¢ 1¢0°¢zs 92 FPL G8 908° F2$ 00 08 eg ¢9 Sh GPL 6 GL 9¢L I8 6FF FP OPES 19 100° Ce GG6a¢ 82 Fl19°F$ *19Q0}00 pue [Lidy UI Mou "ZQSL UL GO'FLL' TH Julese se ‘Qe'g99‘7% AjUO sum ‘Ege, “ULE PUNJ SIG} WOIJ postooat BWIOOUL oY} Sarjlinoos ul esuvgo Aq x “QOUL[C ' “pany oziig [jouutsy “pang OZ1Iq YOMSUIL *“SOLLB[By ‘ ‘qunoo0B A107R.10qv'T ‘puny s{itH : * Yunooov osuedxy : “‘qUNnOdd’ [[1Q-ULLIJ, : ‘qunoooe [volULyod “‘{UNODOV WB iT ‘spwauhog —‘sosuodxy C6G OF 08 ¢) 02 Cgg‘e 9821S 6FS‘S SSP IT $96 cH 6¢ 190 G2$ . 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See ts "on : ea - : : = ‘ ; : 7 «5 ig : “i t ~ 7 \ cy Ae by ey ney , , \ F \ ‘ . ‘ ‘< : < { 7 i ‘ ; ; , - Bsn ‘ = N bs _ _ . ‘ - : “ i H ? = - ; = - . jae rae : é } 2 ‘ SENATE. TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT . OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Janu AR yw LSet . BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post OFFICE SQuaARtE. 18845) .), ON EE as ——SS== Commontoealth of Massachusetts. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, January 11, 1884. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : I have the honor herewith to transmit, for the information and use of the General Court, the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. GEO. D. ROBINSON, Governor. BO es © ren rian .s 1 , © . m= a\ =) aT, A \ Y o ’ ; th ‘ . +i ‘ ri 7) . \ H \ ‘ et = a : ‘-) ‘ iJ oy ’ os One t 3 + 4 ri g . / A Py aa wi - f vy 4 4 ¥ ’ ; : ‘ae *, 7” Nis t ” “ > serene 4s 7 i a LAST : ta 5 iad ried * caf AUOFFLF EL 4 teehee Lh QS 43.0255 Commonwealth of Wassachusetts. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, Jan. 10, 1884. To His Excellency Gro. D. RoBINsoN: Str, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Ex-_ cellency and the Honorable Council the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. I am, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, JAMES C. GREENOUGH, President. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Tv His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : The year that has passed will doubtless prove one of the most important in the history of the college. The energy, the wisdom and the devotion of Dr. Chadbourne, aided by many friends of the college, have begun to yield fruit promising lasting benefit to every section of the State. It is seldom that an institution is subjected to so severe a loss as the college sustained in the death of its president, Paul A. Chadbourne, LL.D., Feb. 28, 1883. Speaking of his acceptance of the office early in 1882, a member of the Board of Trustees says : — ‘*¢ After due consideration, he consented to accept the proffered position, and lost no time in entering upon the duties it involved. The State College at that time needed all the energy, oversight, executive ability, ripe experience, innate enthusiasm and educa- tional resources which such a man only could supply. Rarely have a man and his work so happily met. He seemed to compre- hend the extent and peculiarity of the field on which he had entered, as it were with a single steady glance; and it at once became obvious that the college was to have the benefit of a masterly mind and charzcter.” In the obituary sketch which is found in the Alumni Record of 1883 Prof. Bassett thus speaks of him: ‘¢ During the period of his service here, President Chadbourne impressed himself upon faculty and students as a man of power and sincere purpose. All have caught in some measure his earnest, ‘o 10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan resolute spirit. He imparted an impetus to the college which has become a vigorous internal life. His plans were large, his execu- tion prompt and effectual. The erection of a commodious drill hall, the improvement of other buildings and their surroundings, and the revision of the curriculum, are evident features of his work. More valuable, even, were his services in securing to the — college the interest and confidence of the people. . .. He is mourned by associates in business interests, who found him enter- prising and sagacious; by the champions of pure legislation and civil-service reform, who will miss from their councils one whom they knew to be fair-minded in his opinions, unflinching in his con- victions, and fearless in assault upon false systems and corrupt institutions; by the people of Massachusetts, who esteemed him a trustworthy citizen, actuated by pure motives for the public weal ; by fellow-members of scientific and literary associations, who valued his scholarly labors and respected his high attainments; by the friends of truth and righteousness, nation-wide, who honor him as the foe of evil and the advocate of true religion; by hundreds of men who have caught inspiration from his teachings and wisdom from his counsels; by the trustees, faculty and students of the college to which his last strength was given. Few men have touched human life at so many points or with so firm a hand. Few have exerted influence so permanent; written records so fair; be- queathed memories more fragrant. None have been more loyal to high purposes; none more true to convictions of duty.” We cannot specifically state the good work for the college attempted by Dr. Chadbourne, but we are able to give the general outline of what he proposed, in his own words. Speaking of the act of Congress, in accordance with which our own college and those in other States were founded, he says: — - ‘* Whatever mistakes may have been made in the organization and management of these institutions, no fault can be charged home to the original bill. It was eminently a wise measure, and suggested an outline of organization and management that has not as yet been improved upon. Its significant words are as follows: ‘The endowment, support and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respect- ively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical educa- 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 11 tion of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.’ No branch of learning peculiar to the old colleges was to be necessarily excluded ; but the new colleges were to push on to the practical application of the sciences they taught, and they were to train all their students as defenders of their country against domestic rebellion or foreign invasion. In a word, they were to educate their students as men and as American citizens. The rank of the education given is ‘liberal,’ the term: applied to the educa- tion given by the highest institutions then known. It was to be so broad as to fit men for the ‘several pursuits and professions of life.’ . . . Many who have attempted the management of these colleges, as well as many who have criticised them, have appar- ently overlooked the broad and generous plan upon which they were founded. It is doubtful if they will ever accomplish the great work for which they were intended. until their original pur- pose is so fully and constantly recognized and carried out by judi- cious, painstaking work, that the currents of education shall be once fairly turned toward these new channels. When once fairly turned, that they will continue to flow can no more be doubted than we can doubt the success of any natural process when not artifi- cially obstructed. An education that ‘gives boys what they need to daily use when they become men,’ commends itself as rational and practical.” The plan as thus in general outlined secured the hearty approval of the trustees, and its execution was well begun when Dr. Chadbourne was suddenly removed by death. From the time of his death until the beginning of the present college year, the affairs of the college were wisely administered by Prof. H. H. Goodell, as acting president. As he was unwilling to assume the duties of the presidency permanently, the trustees, by a special committee, sought a successor to Dr. Chadbourne. After much inquiry and eareful deliberation, it was determined to secure the ser- vices of James C. Greenough, a graduate of Williams Col- lege, who, by his early training, was skilled in agriculture, and who, owing to his administrative ability, his acquire- ments, and his success in teaching, had already been urged to accept the presidency of a classical college in another State. Mr. Greenough refused to allow his name to be used as a candidate, but as the trustees, through their committee, persistently urged the need of his services at the college, and 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. the wide field for usefulness which it presented, he at length severed his connection with the State Normal School in Rhode Island, and entered upon his duties as president in September, 1883. CouRSE OF STUDY. After a careful study of the condition and prospects of the college, President Greenough determined to specifically work out the plan proposed by Dr. Chadbourne. The studies of the college course are now so arranged as to form two general courses of study. One is termed the Scientific and Agricultural Course, the other is termed the Scientific and Literary Course. The first provides for all the agricultural study which our facilities allow. We are increasing the . opportunities for special instruction in agriculture as fast as we can. We believe it will be for the advantage of the State to invest more in the farm as a means of agricultural train- ing. To make the farm the effective basis of a training school, considerable expenditures must be made. To secure desirable practical results, a variety of crops should be culti- vated under different conditions, as a means of instruction rather than of profit. In training to any employment so varied and complex as agriculture in its several departments, there must be loss of material. The Scientific and Literary course of study is adapted to those whose previous practical knowledge of agriculture, or whose choice of other employments than that of tilling the soil, requires that less time shall be spent in field work. The college, as now organized, offers its course of instruc- tion to any young man who is qualified to pursue it. The question may here be asked, ‘‘Do not other colleges in the State provide for the instruction of those who are not to be farmers?” The other colleges in the State require for ad- mission to their regular course from two to four years’ pre- paratory study of Latin and Greek. Many students cannot afford to give so much time to the study of these languages before entering college, and wish to pursue other branches during their college course. These students need the culture that comes by the study of language and literature, and this they must secure by the critical study of the English 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 13 language and by the study of the modern languages. Some of those who were graduated at our older colleges, and who appreciate the culture there gained, prefer for their sons the more practical course at the State College. This college, as now organized, fills a place in our general system of educa- tion that no other of our colleges can fill. It meets the wants of those who have been trained in our common schools, our high schools and our academies; but who have not pursued a course of preparatory study in Latin and Greek. It supplements the work in the English department of our high schools, as the older colleges supplement the work of the classic department. It is evident that the State College must lack that organized support which the older colleges are able to secure through their graduates. Owing to the brief period during which the college has been established, its graduates are yet young men and comparatively few in number. They have not acquired that wealth and influence which will be theirs at the close of another decade, yet they have evinced a deep interest in the welfare of the college. They have begun to contribute liberally toward the establishment of a library fund for the college. The success of the graduates in their several fields of labor, and their zeal for the welfare of the college, augur well for its future. But the college is not a private institution, and neither the alumni nor the trustees can so regard it. Its appeal must be to the people of the State, and this is just, for it is organized to meet their wants. It is not organized upon the basis of any medizval models. It is a State college, organized to serve the present interests of the people, by providing prac- tical instruction for a large and increasing number of young men. It should be so liberally sustained, and the expense of attendance should be so reduced, that every boy in the State will consider it possible for him, by industry, frugality and faithful study, to find a path through it to competence and usefulness. It must be steadily adapted to meet the wants of our young men, especially of those who are to engage in the productive industries. The question may here be put, ‘‘ By thus broadening the field and the work of the college, will it not lose its value as 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. an ‘ agricultural’ college?” In answer to this we may say, that if the institution is narrowed to the special needs of those who are to till the soil, it beeomes a mere technical school, and loses the distinctive characteristics of a college. Every college must do something more than teach the technics of any employment, or it is no longer a college. The objects of study and training are two, —to form the man and to form the workman. The work of a college is, mainly, to develop manhood. The object of an agricultural college is to form men, and also to furnish special training for those who are to till the soil, or are to direct others in tilling the soil. No narrow structure was contemplated in the broad foundation proposed by the act of Congress, under which the Massachusetts Agricultural College was estab- lished. It has ever striven to make men, though it has often suffered the misfortune of being considered a mere training school for farmers. This view is degrading to the farmers and to their employment. Technical training with- out liberal culture subordinates the man to his employment, and tends to make him something less than a man. The full course of study, as now arranged, is needed by every young man who attends the college, whatever may be his future employment. But the question may still be urged: ‘‘ How is this col- lege to aid the agricultural interests of the State?” In reply to this question, we would say that the college enables a large class of young men to prepare for wide usefulness who cannot pursue, or who do not wish to pursue, the courses of study in the older colleges. Through the intelligent labor of these graduates, agriculture and other productive indus- tries of the State will receive fresh impulse, and will be more wisely developed. The question may be asked: ‘*‘ How.does this college pro- mote the agricultural interests of the State as other institu- tions of the State do not?” We answer: — 1. By providing special opportunities for the culture and training of those engaged in agricultural pursuits, thus em- phasizing the importance of such pursuits. 2. By recognizing the value of a thorough education for those engaged in agricultural pursuits. The day is past 1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 15 when it can be said that a farmer needs little or no educa- tion beyond the ability to read, to write and to cipher. His success to-day depends upon his ability to understand the principles of physics involved in the machinery he uses. By means of the mechanical contrivances of our time, the farmer is now able to accomplish quickly with his horses what was once slowly accomplished by hand. The great advance in agricultural chemistry renders a knowledge of the principles of this science necessary to the farmer who would correctly ~ note the changes in the laboratory of nature, and read the books and papers published to aid him in his work. The progress in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables renders it needful that he understand the laws of plant life. The study of botany is becoming more and more a necessity. The laws of animal life are also indispensable to him who would intel- ligently care for the animals in his charge. But the college recognizes the fact that the farmer needs more than scientific and technical knowledge. He needs to know himself and his relations to his fellow-men. He needs to be able to wisely discharge the duties of citizenship. He needs to be a man qualified for that leadership in public affairs which in the past has secured to our land the wise counsel of her yeomanry. 3. By providing for that instruction and training in the field which is requisite to success in every department of agriculture. Agriculture is an art as well as a science, and hence it demands manual training. 4. By giving those engaged in agricultural pursuits an opportunity to gain a scientific education adapted to their needs. All the sciences taught in the college are taught in their relations to agriculture. Every scientific principle taught in a college course must be presented in some of its applications in order to be under- stood. In the State College the applications are made in the several departments of agriculture and in kindred em- ployments. We here touch one important difference between the proper work of the State College and the work of other institutions. For instance, the principles of chemistry are the same whether taught in one place or in another. The illustrations and the applications by which the principles are 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. taught and understood are not the same in every institution. In the State College the illustrations and applications relate to agriculture. The same is true of botany, and should be true of every department of science. This is the only justifiable mode of teaching sciences in an agricultural college. This mode is none the less serviceable to those who are not to be farmers. There is no better way of understanding the sciences than by the illustrations and - applications taken from the field. Those who are thus taught. whether their future employment is in the field, or shop, or office, cannot fail to be interested in agriculture, -and may be expected to co-operate with farmers in devising ‘better methods of developing the productive industries of ‘the field. But scientific training is not sufficient to form the true ‘man, nor the wise leader of others. That one may wisely forecast the future, he must study the past. History prop- erly finds its place in our curriculum. Every young man entering upon active life should know the social forces acting about him. Civil polity, political economy and kindred studies should not be disregarded in any college course. Every graduate should have knowledge of his own mental and moral powers, and the laws of their proper exercise. Hence studies that lead to this knowledge are wisely incor- porated into the course of the college. In the modern discussions respecting the value of scien- tific studies, the necessity of literary culture is too often overlooked or denied. No course of study is liberal from which is excluded that culture which is the result of the patient study of language and literature. This college ex- cludes an extended course in the study of the ancient classics, hence the greater the necessity of providing other means of literary culture. Here, if nowhere else, the English lan- guage, both in its spoken and written forms, should be thoroughly studied. Because of their aid in a knowledge of the English language, and their help in its use, Latin, to some extent, French and German, should be patiently studied. There are many other evident reasons for the study of these languages at this college which it is un- necessary to mention. The thorough work which has been 1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 17 done in the department of literature and language should be increased. Every student should be trained to accurate, effective and graceful expression, both oral and written. No one is prepared for the battle of life until he is ready to find solace, inspiration and guidance by converse, through our literature, with the great masters that have preceded us. Nor is the course, as thus partially outlined, sufficient. Man is a religious being. The college should provide means of religious culture. The brief chapel exercise of each morning, and the Sabbath services now regularly held, together with such other means of religious culture as are now provided, we believe are essential to the highest welfare of every student. GIFTS TO THE COLLEGE. Gifts to Library. From Leander Wetherell, of Boston, 1,410 bound volumes, including complete sets of Agricultural Reports of Ohio, New York, Vermont, and several hundred pamphlets. From Herbert S. Carruth, of Boston, seventy volumes of latest publications in history, science and literature. Gifts to Museum. From the United States Fish Commission, a representative collection, numbering some two hundred species of the in- vertebrates of the coast. From W. E. Rutherford, of Westhampton, a collection of one hundred and fifty specimens of birds’ eggs, containing some quite rare species. Gift to Botanical Museum. From William S. Lyon, of Los Angeles, Cal., over two hundred specimens of the flora of California, to the herbarium of the college. Gift to the College. From the United States Government, a set of weights and measures, to be kept as a standard of authority. (Joint Resolution of Congress, March 3, 1881.) 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF THE COLLEGE. 1. The North College is well-nigh unfit for occupancy. Repairs have been made from time to time, but, owing to the fact that the building was hastily and cheaply built, and has been subjected to constant wear for some fifteen years, it needs a thorough renovation. The estimated cost of the repairs and necessary improvements is $5,000. Unless this building is put in good condition, it will be impossible to accommodate the next class that enters. 2. A house on the grounds, to be occupied by the presi- dent and his family, is an admitted necessity. President Chadbourne selected a site, and the trustees were planning to build, at the time of his death. At the time of the ap- pointment of President Greenough, it was agreed to provide a house upon the grounds. A balance in the treasury of the college justified the trustees in beginning the house in Au- gust. As the funds of the college did not allow us to finish the building, nothing has been done upon it since the early days of November, when the first coat of plastering was put on. It did not seem wise to stop the work at an earlier stage. The amount expended upon the house is about $2,000. The amount needed to pay outstanding bills, and to complete the house and the grading, will be $6,000. It will be more economical for the State to complete this house than to continue the allowance for house-rent agreed to be paid to the president until it is finished. The main reason, however, for completing the house, is that the services of the president, when living on the grounds, will be of far more value to the ieee than they can be while he is obliged to live at a ee of a mile from the college. 3. The room now used as a chapel for morning ae Sab- bath services is part of the chemical building. The increased work in the chemical department of the college demands that the whole building shall at once be occupied by that department. In fact, much of the work incident to the Experiment Station is now accomplished with difficulty, be- cause of the lack of room in the chemical building. Our present chapel room must be given up to the chen department. Where, then, shall the students assemble for 1884.) SENATE — No. 5. 19. morning service, for lectures and for Sabbath services? The only way of meeting this question is by the erection of a chapel. When this building is erected, provision should be made for a library. We have noticed elsewhere the gifts of Leander Wetherell, Esq., and others to the library. We have no suitable room in which to put.these books. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder has agreed to place a set of books, which cost him upwards of $500, in the library, as his gift. These books would be of great practical value to the college; but we cannot transfer them to Amherst until the State shall provide a suitable place. During the month of December, in response to the solici- tations of the President, several thousands of dollars were pledged, as a permanent fund for a library. Most of this was pledged by certain gentlemen now on the board of trus- tees of the college. If allowed, we would gladly give the names of those who have thus provided a permanent library fund. Three thousand dollars have been collected, but all of the remainder cannot be collected, nor the income used, unless a suitable place is provided for keeping the books. The alumni of the college are also moving to secure an alumni fund for the library. It is seldom that one of our State institutions has received such gifts as are now proffered.’ _ Whether these gifts shall be available depends upon the action of the present legislature. | In the accompanying reports some of the needed appli- ances by which the work of the several departments of the college can be made more effective, are specifically noted. SCHOLARSHIPS. The elass that entered last September was, for the most part, made up of those admitted by competitive examina- tion, in the several senatorial districts, under the direction of State senators. The faithfulness of the senators in giving notice in their several districts, and in arranging for examinations, indi- cated an earnest purpose on their part to extend the useful- ness of the college. Though the measure was new, and but partially understood in many sections of the State, sixty-six of those examined reached the required rank and were 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. admitted to the college. The lack of means and other cir- cumstances have prevented some of these from attending. Upwards of fifty have been in attendance, constituting one of the best classes that was ever admitted to the college. ‘This class will be increased by others who are soon to be ad- mitted. The number admitted from Franklin County is larger than from any other county in the State. CONCLUDING REMARKS. Those who enter this college are, with few exceptions, young men who have learned by their own labor the value of money, and are disposed to make the most of their oppor- tunities for study and personal improvement. They are worthy of more liberal provisions for their wants at the college than the State has yet made. The members of the Faculty are something more than excellent instructors of classes; they care for the students individually, and the students, in turn, cordially co-operate with their instructors. As the experiment station is now separate from the college, we present, in connection with the reports of the several departments of the college, a list prepared by Dr. Goess- mann of the more important experiments carried on at the Massachusetts Agricultural College since 1870. 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 21 DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL | AGRICULTURE. President JAMES C, GREENOUGH. Sir:—The following report on the course of instruction in this department, for the year 1883, is respectfully pre- sented : — In accordance with arrangements which assigned a part of my time to work in connection with the experiment station, my duties at the college have been strictly confined to instruction in the class room. Owing to a revision of the courses of study, at the begin- ning of the year, it has been necessary to give instruction in special topics in a different order than that laid down in the regular course, to bring the standing of the several classes in agriculture in harmony with the curriculum published in the catalogue. | From the want of suitable text-books, instruction in agri- culture must be given almost entirely by lectures, and a certain amount of mental discipline, particularly in the habit of concentrated systematic attention, is required on the part of the student to enable him to derive the greatest profit from them. For this reason, it seems desirable that the course in agriculture should not begin until the last term of the freshman year. My aim has been, in all parts of the course, to give prom- inence to the practical principles of the art, which represent the accumulated experience of the best farmers. The mission of science, in its relations to agriculture, in its several departments of physics, — chemistry, biology (including animal and vegetable physiology), and political 29 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. and social economy, — is to explain the established methods of practice, interpret the more exact results obtained in experiments, and to suggest new lines of experimental in- quiry in regard to improved methods of practice. The applications of science to agriculture have, therefore, been discussed with reference to their bearing upon questions of practical importance, and particular attention has been given to the results of experiments which have been made for the improvement of the art. One of the leading objects, in the course of instruction in agriculture, is to develop in the student correct habits of observation, and give him a knowledge of the exact methods of experimentation which are required for the solution of the many problems that may present themselves in his practice. Empirical knowledge is thus brought in contact with a con- sistent interpretation of natural laws, and practice and science are thus made to go hand in hand in the class-room, as they must in the work of the farm, if the student is to receive the full benefits of an agricultural education. Theories are discussed with reference to their legitimate use as a means of investigation, and they are not presented as representing the aggregate of established truths. In the second term of the year, lectures were given to the sophomore class (two hours a week, or nineteen exercises) on the history of agriculture, tracing the development of rules of practice, — pioneer farming and mixed husbandry, -— and the properties and management of different soils. The junior class had a course of lectures on animal hus- bandry (one hour each week). The course of the senior class (two hours per week, or nineteen exercises) embraced methods of agricultural im- provement, including experiments and how to conduct them, the methods and results of high farming, and the nitrification of soils, with the practical applications indicated in the results of experiments. In the third term, lectures were given to the senior class (five hours per week, or forty-five exercises) on stock-breed- ing, mixed husbandry, drainage, and a general review of the course. In the first term, the sophomore class had twenty-six 1884. | SENATE — No. 5. 23 exercises in stock-breeding and animal motors, partly by lectures and partly with text-book. - The junior course consisted of twenty lectures on manures and crop rotations, and a course of lectures (twenty-six exercises) was also given to the senior class on stock breeding. In addition to the regular class work, a number of illus- trated lectures have been given to the students generally, and to the members of the Natural History Society, on topics relating to agriculture not embraced in the regular course. Lectures to farmers’ clubs have likewise been given in different parts of the State. A class-room is very much needed for the use of this department, and it should have connected with it a room for apparatus and for preparing experiments to illustrate the course, and an agricultural museum. The advantages of object teaching in the course of instruc- tion in agriculture are largely lost from want of a class- room, where charts, models and selected specimens can be displayed to illustrate the subjects under discussion. My large collection of stereopticon views of animal portraits and other objects, with a lantern for their exhibi- tion, are of but little use in teaching, from the want of a suitable room in which they can be exhibited. It is impossible to present to the student the detailed applications of the wide range of sciences relating to agricul- ture, in a form that will enable him to fully appreciate them, without the best possible facilities for illustrating the facts presented from so many sources. MANLY MILES, Professor of Agriculture. oa AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. REPORT OF J. W. CLARK, Farm SUPERINTENDENT. President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. ° Sir:—I have the honor to submit my report of farm operations since April lst, 1883. During the past year the farm was under the control of Mr. D. H. Tillson until April 1st, when it came under its present management. The plans for the season had been formed in part, so that little change was made in the general work of the farm; but from the first the aim has been to systematize the work so that it might be done with the least possible expense. In caring for the stock it has been insisted on that it should be done with regularity and by competent men, which shows a marked improvement in both the yield of milk and the condition of stock. A careful record of the number of pounds of milk given by each cow has been kept, and such as do not prove themselves profitable have been or will be disposed of just as soon as they do not pay for the food consumed ; this being the only way that stock can be kept with profit. The board- ing-house has been supplied with milk, and some sold to families living near the farm; the remainder has been set and the cream sent to the Amherst Creamery, which is found more profitable than making butter on the farm. _ The crops grown the past season have been: corn, twelve acres ; potatoes, four acres; fodder corn, one acre; carrots, one and one-half acres ; mangels, one acre ; Swedish turnips, one-half acre; buckwheat, six acres; wheat, two and one- half acres; rye, ten acres. The corn was so injured by the frost that not more than half a crop of sound corn was har- 1884. ] ' SENATE—No. 5. 25 vested. The buckwheat also gave promise of a large yield, but was injured by the frost. The root crops were all good. The greater portion of the land on which the rye was sown was low and wet, causing much of it to be thrown out and killed by the frost, in consequence of which the crop was light. The hay crop was below that of previous years, owing to the dry weather preventing the second crop, and the practice of selling hay and grain when it should have been fed upon the farm and the number of the stock in- creased. The crops of the farm should be fully double what they are at present. The soil of the farm is particularly adapted to grass, and the farm might be made one of the best dairy farms in the State, if the right course was taken to reclaim the wastes of the pasture and break up and re-seed some of the worn-out pieces of mowing, giving them a liberal dressing of manure and draining where it is needed. This will of necessity require considerable outlay, but it will be money well invested. A private individual could not afford to let his land remain in the condition of many acres on this farm, neither can the State afford it, and the sooner every available acre is made to produce a full crop, the sooner will the farm become a credit to the State and a paying invest- ment. A beginning has been made the past season. About fourteen acres of land in the pasture that was ploughed the year before, and left without anything being sown upon it, has been re-ploughed and sown to rye and grass-seed, to furnish _ pasturing where the past year was nothing but smartweed, positively worthless for feed. Besides this, some sixteen acres of the pasture grown up to alders, briers, etc., have been grubbed out and ploughed, a part of it for the first time. This, well fitted, and sown to oats and erass-seed in the spring, will add fully thirty acres of feed to the pasture. | | The stock of the farm consists of 27 head of Ayrshires, 3 grade cows, 2 yoke of steers, 1 yoke of cattle, 1 fine Guernsey bull, —a gift of Mr. W. A. Reed, of Hadley, Mass., —and 1 Ayrshire bull presented by Ben. P. Ware, of Marblehead, Mass.; 3 horses, 20 Berkshire swine, 3 medium Yorkshires and 1 grade hog, —all of which, with 26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. the exception of the last mentioned, are pedigree animals,— and 75 fowls. In taking the inventory of stock, I have put the value according to the worth of the animal, and what it would sell for if placed on the market. In this way the value of the stock can be compared from year to year, without the uncertainty of fancy prices, for these vary greatly differ- ent seasons, and also with different breeders, one selling an animal for $500 which another could not for $100. I include in this report the inventory of stock, hay, grain, etc., as I found it April Ist, giving credit for all stock since sold and the price received. To the value of the young stock I have added from $5 to $15 each, according to the growth and con- dition of the several animals. The increased value of the steers is the increase in weight, reckoned at five cents per pound. Comparing the value of live stock of April lst, 1883, with that of Jan. Ist, 1884, a balance is found in favor of Jan. 1st, 1884. The value of the hay, grain, roots, etc., will vary little from what it was Jan. 1st, 1883. The tools and vehicles have been taken at the value given last year, they being fully as valuable as then. Besides doing the regular farm work, the roads have been kept in order, grad- ing has been done about the Drill Hall and other college buildings, the grounds have been kept in order, the cellar dug for the president’s house and the grounds about it graded. The team-work of the experiment station has been done, the crops harvested, grading about its buildings and construction of the road upon its grounds. Besides having charge of the farm, I have given instruction in agriculture to the freshman class throughout the year, and also taken charge of class work. The first great need of the farm is to settle upon some fixed plan for the future, to decide what branch of farming shall be carried on, and then to work for that, and not be shifting from one thing to another. The buildings and soil of the farm are adapted to stock farming, and money should be furnished with which to purchase fertilizers the coming spring, that more hay, grain and roots may be grown, that more stock may be kept, and in this way to improve. the ~ 1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 27 farm by the increased amount of manure made: for the more stock kept, the more manure, and the more manure the greater will be the crops, and the larger the crops the more stock can be kept. The milk can be set and the cream taken every day by the Creamery Association, netting about 24 cents per quart for the milk set, and the skim-milk can be fed to swine and young stock; in this way returning nearly all of the valuable constituents of the food back to the farm, making it better and more productive each year. Another need of the farm is suitable shed-room for the wagons and carts where it will be convenient, that all such property may be housed when not in actual use, and not be exposed to the weather as was the case the past summer. If the shed which now extends across the south side of the barn-yard were moved so as to form a continuation of the shed on the west side of the yard, a portion of it converted into a place for storing wagons, carts, etc., much space which is now of little use could be made valuable, and the barn-yard which is now nearly ruined by this shed, shutting out the sunshine, would be made comfortable during the winter months. One end of the shed should be made into a tenement for the help, and the farm be saved the expense of hiring a tenement for the men, off the farm. The Agricul- tural Department of the college needs more money than any other branch of the institution to place it on a level with the other departments. It has always been compelled to take a secondary place in importance, but the time has come when it should rank second to none, and money should be given for a building to be known as the Agricultural Hall, where different kinds of farm produce and implements can be brought together to be used for illustrations. The other departments of the institution have their collections to aid them in explaining or applying the subjects taught, and why not the agricultural? for a more useful and interesting col- lection could not be brought together than one composed of agricultural products and implements. - The farm account from April Ist, 1883, to Jan. Ist, 1884, without giving the farm credit for the improvement made in 28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan, the pasture, which cost at the lowest estimate $175, or credit for other improvements, stands as follows : — Expenses from April Ist, 1883, to Jan. Ist, 1884, $2,872 05 Cash received since April Ist, _. : : . PSL ooo ae Bills handed in ‘“ Se HCH URGE ‘ 5 " : 1,067 96 Bills due, . : ; : ‘ : 290 16 Increased value of stock since April Ist, . : 177 25 —— 2,868 54 $3 51 Respectfully submitted, J. W. CLARK. 1884. ] SENATE —No. 5. 29 REPORT OF THE BOTANIC DHEPART- MENT. J. C. GREENOUGH, President. Thave the honor to report the following upon the condi- tion of the department under my charge. | Early in the year this department met with a great loss in the burning of the ‘‘ Durfee Plant House” and the destruc- tion of a large and very valuable collection of plants, includ- ing most of the stock for the propagation of bedding plants for the spring sales and for planting. About 8 o’clock in the evening of January 234, fire was discovered in the work-room, but it had gained such head- way that nothing could save the main building. The stu- dents were soon on the grounds, and by the use of light snow, which was abundant, the two wings —the lily and stove rooms, and the propagating pits were saved, although the plants within them were very much injured. At ne time the thermometer indicated 8° below 0°, and as soon as the flames were under control, stoves were procured, by which means, and covering the sides of the houses with mats the temperature within was kept above freezing until the boiler and pipes could be repaired, which was not until the afternoon of the 25th. The origin of the fire cannot be satisfactorily accounted for, but it undoubtedly started in a pile of wood not far from the large boiler. The wings and the pits were at once temporarily repaired, and stock plants purchased for propagation for spring sales. The two most valuable plants in the collection, the sago and fan palms, were taken up as soon as possible the next morn- ing, and although their tops were burned completely off, and they were exposed to extreme cold for more than twelve 30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. hours they are now growing vigorously and in a few years will reach their original proportions. During the summer and fall the parts of the building destroyed have been replaced by structures which are thought to be much more ornamental and are certainly more conven- ient and better adapted to the work of the department. The work-room which covers the furnace cellar is two stories high, the lower one being divided into two rooms, one for a reception or waiting and sales-room, and the other the work- room proper. In the second story two rooms have been fitted up for a study and sleeping room, while the north half is devoted to the purposes of a tool and work room. The foundation of this building was raised one foot higher than that of the one destroyed, and by removing two or three large piers and rearranging the heating pipes, more space has been obtained, and the risk from fire very greatly reduced. The sales of flowers and plants for the remainder of the winter and spring was much less than it would have been but for this accident. CRops. The crops, notwithstanding the drought, have been much better than last season. A detailed statement of the income is appended to this report. IMPROVEMENTS. Among the improvements made upon the grounds of the department are the draining of the land between the county road and the one leading by the Botanic Museum, and the springy side hill south-east from the plant houses. Nearly, 2,000 feet of tile was laid in the most thorough manner in the former, and the land, which, before scarcely produced hay enough to pay for cutting, planted with corn, cabbages, squashes and turnips. The crops upon this land were very. satisfactory, and it is now in the best possible condition for almost any farm crop. The side-hill lot was underdrained with stone-drains,—the stones being gathered from the orchard and other land on the hill east from the plant house. The drains are working perfectly and the land produced a fine crop of squashes. 1884.1 SENATE — No. 5. 31 The hot-beds, which were located west of the propagating house, have been removed to 2 more sheltered location south of the same, and the land graded and seeded and the collec- tion of some twenty-five varieties of Japanese maples planted in groups or singly. More than the usual amount of work has been done the past season in keeping the roads and walks in good condition and in the decoration of the grounds. . WANTS. One of the urgent needs of this department is a barn for keeping two horses, carriages, tools, etc., and for packing trees and shrubs during wet weather. A cellar is also needed for storing vegetables and fruit, and a portion of it for storing half-hardy trees and shrubs. The barn where the work horses and the heavy wagons and tools are now kept is fully occupied by them; the stable in the rear of the Botanic Museum will only accommodate one horse and hay enough to keep it for only three or four weeks, while the room is much needed for small tools of the department and for a work-room. ; When the president of the college becomes located in his new house on the grounds, a stable will be needed to accom- modate his horse and carriages also. These needs will require a building 40 by 60 feet, with 14 or 16 feet posts and a frost-proof cellar. For the construction of such a building timber for the frame can be easily and cheaply obtained from the chestnut grove near by, without injury to it, and pine lumber in large quantities is already on hand at the farm buildings. Another urgent need is a complete set of gardening tools, independent of those used for the ordinary business of the department, which may always be on hand for illustration or educational purposes. Sources OF INCOME For 1884. In addition to the same sources of income as the past season, we have about one acre of asparagus, one and one- half acres of raspberries and blackberries, and about three- fourths of an acre of currants, all two years from planting. Besides the above, we have about 25,000 more peach trees 32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. for sale than last year, and a much larger general nursery stock, and the orders now in indicate a very much larger sale than ever before. The land under cultivation is in a much improved condition, and having been kept quite clear from weeds for the past three years, can be cultivated at less expense. Nearly all the land to be planted next spring has been’ ploughed, which will greatly assist in the work of the spring. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. CasH Dr. Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1883, . : : 4 L : : $18 06 received for plants, . : : : , 5 : . 1,096 48 flowers, . : A 2 ; : ‘ 338 74 vegetables, . : : ‘ : : . 1,001 14 trees and shrubs, ; : : . se: FRAG SOF f ; , ‘ t , ; 573 98 sundries, . : 4 ‘ ; ; 89 95 collected by Bursar, : | aa 4 : F ‘ : 450 29 income of Hills fund, : : 6 : \ : : 675 92 on hand Dee. 3lst, . is : : i ‘ : : 7 58 Total cash income, . ‘ ‘ : , : - $5,970 21 To the above should be added credits as follows : — Outstanding bills, . ; ‘ : : ‘ . 350 65 Expense of draining side-hill ee : , . - ’ : 145 00 Expense of draining north lot, : : . : : : 215 00 Work upon roads, walks, ete., . , : ‘ : ‘ : 102 50 Planting trees along roadway,. . ONG Die 20 00 Plants for decorating grounds of farm- res ae waite . . 25 00 Increased value of produce on hand, : : : = 25 00 Increased value of grain, ; : . : : ; ; 35 00 Increased value of nursery stock, . : : ; a . 1,000 00 Value of seeds on hand, . 5 ‘ d : ‘ : ; 55 00 Total income, . : : : : é : : . $7,943 36 CasH CR. Total cash paid out, F e 5 : : : ¢ . | 6822 5 Balance, ., : : : ‘ : ‘ : ‘ . $1,120 97 S. T. MAYNARD. 1884.) SENATE — No. 5. APPENDIX. 4 List OF PLANTS DESIRED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES, TO REPLACE THOSE DESTROYED BY FIRE. Illicium religiosum, Bixa orellana, . Polygala Dalmaisiana, Camellia Japonica, . ‘¢ —s Sasanqua, . Thea Bohea, Se VETICIS, ''. Hiptage mandablota, Swietenia mahagoni, Hibiscus splendens, ‘¢ sinensis, Pistachia lentiscus, . A Acacia melanoxylon, Indigo-fera tinctoria, nf anil, Tamarindus Indicus, Myrtus communis, Lagerstroemia Indica, Eryngium eburnum, Aralia papyrifera, Coffea Arabica, Posiqueria longiflora, Montanoa hieracleifolia, - Stylidium, Azalea Indica, oe. FOULICA, Volckameria acauleata, Cobea scandens variegata, Stephanotus floribundus, Olea sativa, Mackaya bella, Laurus camphora, ‘¢ cinnamomum, Grevillea asplenifolia, Piper nigra, ‘¢ betel, *¢ cubeba, . ; Stenocarpus Cunninghamii, Arnotta. Double and single. Varieties. Black Tea. . Green Tea Mahogany. Mastic tree. Indigo. Tamarind. Myrtle. Crape Myrtle. Paper aralia. Coffee. . Tree Astor. Single and double var. Olive. Camphor tree. Cinnamon ‘ Black pepper. goetet «1 88 Cubeb ‘* 34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Manihot utilissima, . Croton pictum, Artrocarpus Indicus, Ficus elasticus, Siphonia elastica, Damara australis, Cycas cercinalis, Zamia tennifolia, Phoenix dactylifera, Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis, Areca catechu, Sagus laevis, . Caryota urens, Ceroxylon audicolor, Phytelphus macrocarpa, . Calamus Rotang, Zinziber officinalis, Maranta arundinacea, Testudinaria elephantipes, Diosperus ebenum, . Victoria regia, Papyrus antiquorum, Ny mphea cceerulea, Ouverandria fenestralis, Dicksonia antartica, Alsophylla Australis, Platycerium grande, Dendrobium nobile. [ Jan. Tapioca. Bread-fruit. India rubber. Caoutchouc. Broad leaved pine. Sayo cycad. Date palm. Cocoa-nut palm. Oil Ee Betel ¢f Sago ij Sugar tf Waza 6 Ivory $s Rattan ae Ginger. Arrow-root. Ebony tree. Amazon lily. Paper papyrus. Blue lily. Lace leaf. Tree fern. Tree fern, 6 ft. high. Stag-horn Fern. 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 35 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. J.C. Greenouan, President. The instructions in theoretical and practical chemistry during the past year have been given in conformity to the curriculum of the college. It has been the aim ot the instructor to make the instructions as practical as time and circumstances admitted. The elements were treated with reference to their importance in science and art; and the illustrations were chosen with a design to promote the special object of the institution, — to prepare the student for the -various branches of industry, and of agriculture in partic- ular. The instructions in the lecture-room are followed by practical observations in the laboratory. The characteristics of the various elements, and their most important compounds are studied by chemical analysis. Mineral substances prom- inent in the sciences and arts, as well as in agriculture are carefully tested, and their constituents ascertained. As soon as the student has become familiar by personal observation with the general qualities of many of these compounds, is competent to recognize the more common elements in their various combinations, and comprehends the working of the chemical laws in mineral matter, he receives a course of instruction in organic chemistry. Lectures in chemistry, applied in the sciences and arts, and especially in agricul- ture, finish the course of instruction. The following regular class instructions have been given | during the past year: The Sophomore class has attended one term of lectures and recitations in elementary chemistry — on metallic elements. The Junior class has received for two terms, instructions in analytical chemistry, on the modes of ascertaining the constituents of industrial products. The nee 36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Senior class has studied for one term the composition of ores, ashes, fertilizers, and soils. Besides this regular class exercise, a considerable amount of work has been carried on by special students in chemistry, and by post-graduates of the college. The rooms of the chemical department of the college which have been spacious enough during past years, will be insufficient to meet the demands of incoming larger classes, and of the experiment station. As it will be impossible to accommodate satisfactorily both institutions a year hence, it seems most desirable that action should be taken soon, to meet the growing wants of the chemical department of the college in regard to addi tional rooms and permanent assistance. C. A. GOESSMANN. a 1884. | SENATE — No. 5. 3 EXPERIMENTS CARRIED ON AT THE Massacuusetts AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SINCE 1870. The growing of sugar-beets, the manufacture of sugar from them, and trials of their value for cattle foods. This industry is soon to grow up in our midst, and to absorb large amounts of capital. The sources of supply, and the quantity and quality of our manurial agents. These careful scientific investiga- tions have been the prime means of revolutionizing the man- ufacture and trade in fertilizers, not only in ae State, but throughout the country. Laboratory and physical examinations of the South Caro- lina phosphates, and trials of their agricultural value in the raw state, and after treatment with acids. On the use and effect of common salt, on grain and root crops. , The chemical and physical condition of the salt marshes of the State, and the devising of methods by which they can be made available for agricultural purposes. Experiments with compound commercial fertilizers, to test their comparative agricultural value, and their value as com- pared with single elements. To determine what elements will make practically a com- plete manure, on our average soils. Investigations of the quality and composition of commer- cial fertilizers offered for sale, and the protection of the community by legal control and inspection from frauds in them. Observations and study of the phenomena of plant-life. 38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. yan! The circulation of sap in plants, and their expansive power during growth. To determine the proportions of different elements of nutrition in feeding substances to be used to save needless expense, and to produce the most certain results. Experiments on the continuous growth of crops, on the same soil, with chemical fertilizers alone. The influence of different kinds of fodder-plants fed to milch cows on the quality and quantity of their milk and butter. Contribution to the chemistry of American wild and culti- vated varieties of grape-vines. Investigations of dairy products, — oleo-margarine, Jer- sey, and skim-milk cheese. Examinations of animal secretions; variety of urinary calculi, etc. Examinations of various vegetables and fruits. Examinations of varieties of sugar-beets raised through- out the State of New York, Lower Canada, and the Connec- ticut River Valley. Investigations concerning the saccharine qualities of sev- eral varieties of corn and melons. Examinations and trials to test the comparative value of different methods of setting and treating milk in the butter- dairy. | | Practical trials of new implements, and a great variety of farm machinery. - Investigations as to the effect of girdling fruit-trees and plants to hasten the time of ripening, and to improve the quality of the fruits. The effect of chemical salts on the carbo-hydrate contents of plants, and the quality of the fruits. The construction and repair of common roads. The growing of early-amber cane, and the manufacture of sugar from its juice. The influence of temperature, and the vital functions of plants, and temperature of soils and air, on the changes in form of water in soils, and plants and vapor in air. Investigations in relation to the evaporation and percola- tion of water from the soil.- 1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 39 The tilling of soils of different characteristics, as affecting the loss of water by evaporation. ~The determination of the elements of plant nutrition lost from the soil by leaching, and of those it retains. Investigations in relation to the comparative temperature of the soil and air by day and by night. The establishment of true meridian lines, to regulate the practice of surveying. The comparative study of milk of different breeds of cows. Accurate investigations of the comparative nutritive and feeding value of Northern, Southern and Western varieties of Indian corn. Experiments regarding diseased peach trees, yellows, etc. Experiments regarding the influence of special manures on fruits, etc. 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS. The work of the mathematical department during the past year has been conducted upon the plan indicated in the last annual report. The only variation in the amount or order of work indicated in that schedule was the substitution of nine hours instead of five hours for instruction in surveying during the third term. Much of this time was occupied in actual field practice, making surveys by various methods, and plotting and calculating areas from the notes. The revised course increases slightly the time devoted to. mathe- matical studies, but the changes are so immaterial that the schedule presented in the present report may be referred to for an outline of the work of this department during the past as well as the present year. Some obstacles to satisfactory work in this department still present themselves. Although the average scholarship of the present freshman class is creditable, and in the case of a few individuals very gratifying, there is a greater diversity of ability and attainment than is noticeable in institutions whose students have all been subjected to a somewhat uniform course of preparatory training. As a result, there is difficulty in allotting work sufficiently rigid to properly occupy the better trained members of the class, which shall not overburden and discourage the less forward ones. This evil manifests itself especially in the study of algebra. The progress of the class during the past term has therefore been retarded by the necessity of an effort to bring the poorly trained students into line. It is impossible to entirely obviate this difficulty by increasing the require- ments for admission. The remedy lies in the hands of the teachers of high schools throughout the State, upon whom 1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 41 rests the responsibility of giving a thorough drill in the principles and operations of elementary algebra to all young men anticipating membership in this college. Another obstacle is the deficiency in the apparatus for illustrating sound, heat and light, branches of science which especially require demonstration to the senses. An ade- quate enlargement of the physical cabinet is certainly one © ’ of the most stringent needs of the institution. The mathematics comprise the chief disciplinary studies of the course; therefore my first aim is to develop in the students the mental habit of exactness, not only indispen- sable for mastery of the pure mathematics, but the first requisite for successful pursuit of all branches of science. My second aim is to introduce such exercises as will stimu- late ingenuity and originality. My third aim is to give a practical bearing to all studies, by means of experiment and illustration drawa from familiar fields of observation. The trustees and other friends of the institution will be very welcome at the class exercises of the mathematical de- partment. Such manifestation of interest would gratify and stimulate both students and instructor. AUSTIN B. BASSETT. 42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | Jan. DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND THE MODERN LANGUAGES. President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. Str :—TI have the honor to submit the following report of the department of modern languages and English liter- ature. The course as now established does not differ materially from that of preceding years. Its most essential feature is the making optional the study of French and German. The change in the time of commencing these studies, making them coincide with the opening of the college year, cannot fail to be of practical advantage to the student, allowing him three consecutive terms of work without the intervening of the long summer vacation. The method of instruction pur- sued has been the same in both languages, the object being to secure fluency and ease in translation rather than to make finished scholars. To this end the first term has been de- voted to mastering the general principles of grammar, the rules for pronunciation, and the reading of some light, easy work. In the second term, more advanced translation has been attempted, usually from some standard author in fiction or history ; while in the third, the selection has been made of a scientific work, which should combine practice in trans- lation with information in some one of the various depart- ments of agriculture. In this way have been read, among other books, Puys— Plants under Glass ; Marion — Wonders of Vegetation; Vaulx — What Constitutes a Dairy ; Schlei- den — Plant-Life ; Prosch — Breeding and Care of Cattle ; Peschel — Physical Geography. The instruction in English literature has been partly oral 1884. ] SENATE —No. 5. 43 and partly by the study of a text-book. A series of lectures on the great race epochs of English history opened the course, and the text-book has been supplemented by lectures at the close of each literary period. English history and English literature have been, as far as practicable, taught together, and it has been the constant aim to make the one the complement of the other. 44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. © [Jan. MILITARY DEPARTMENT. JAMES C. GREENOUGH, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Str:—I have the honor to submit the following brief report, and to append the theoretical and practical course of the military department, with the names and grades of those holding official places in the present battalion organization. It is a pleasure to note a general improvement in all which pertains to this department. A building enclosing recita- tion-room, office, armory and an ample drill-hall has finally been completed. Its tasteful design adds much to the appearance of the grounds, and it at once embodies and. supplies the needs which have been particularly apparent in winter, a season which inclines the student to the least exer- cise. Much of the old regalia, as hats, plumes, sashes, has been replaced by new. A small but growing military library, thoroughly interesting to all, has been established. A few samples of powder, shells, fuzes, etc., form the basis of a museum which, improved, will materially aid in giving the student proper ideas of Ordnance. ‘The interest, discipline and information of the students are constantly improving, and the present assurance of larger classes is the sure pre- cursor of still greater advancement. In considering the scope of this department, the plan thus far followed has been to take a middle course in discipline and instruction between a distinctly military institution like our National Academy, and the ordinary literary college. Due recognition is given to the claims of the United States, its purpose in founding this and similar colleges, — and to the fact that the student after graduation is not identified with, dependent upon or especially aided by the government. The tactical instruc- 1884.1] SENATE —No. 5. 45 tion has therefore been confined to the time devoted by the best colleges to calisthenics. The student acquires with his physical exercise what will be of mutual profit to his country and himself in case of need. Should our volunteer soldiery be called into active service, the average graduate of this college could not fail to secure an honorable position at once. The varied drills, mainly in the open air, besides exercising every part of the body, and under the most favorable cir- cumstances, for health, — have a purpose beyond the devel- opment of the mere physical man. The student must use his reason, his voice, his body. He must control himself as well as others. The artillery, mortar, company, skirmish and battalion drills have each their different commands, different formations and distinctive objects. They are alike only in requiring exact discipline, quick and implicit obe- dience from the instructed; from the instructors, — usually seniors, — a comprehension of their purposes and a capacity - to control and command obedience from others. To be straightened into ‘‘ the position of the soldier,” once, is to be benefited ; and no estimate can be made of the good derived by those who even reluctantly are brought to a regular methodical course of drills for four years. These matters are not sufficiently considered when boys are sent away from their homes for an advanced education. The weekly inspec- tion of the dormitories, and the daily inspection at all drills, are calculated to remedy the careless tendencies of students by the enforcement of personal neatness, which is the basis of a proper, healthful and instructed life. ‘Tactical studies are taken in regular course, but not to exceed one hour per week during the first term of each school year for each of the junior classes. The time thus employed, as it is distrib- uted is scarcely missed, and more perfected practical instruc- tion is thus permitted. The studies pursued by the seniors, amounting to two hours each week through the year, alone take appreciable time from the students. They are ar- ranged to include the elements of fortifications and ord- nance, especially useful in war, —a brief survey of Consti- tutional and military law, and much important history, by the review of prominent campaigns of ancient and modern times. Itis not desired to give exact information concerning 46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. marches, camping, field fortifications, and such other matters as would be of especial importance to field and company officers in the service; but rather to excite some taste for the future reading of military works, than to go into the _ reasons for intricate strategic movements. It is hoped that the State or general government will respond to a demand for a second platoon of field pieces, which the increasing numbers in the lower classes will soon require. It is pro- posed, commencing with the next school year, for obtaining more perfect quiet in the dormitories during study hours, to place cadet officers, under proper regulations, in control of the different entries. The best results are anticipated where interest and the confidence reposed, combine to urge a strict compliance with the requirements. I take this oppor- tunity of urging that a more intimate connection be recom- mended to His Excellency the Governor, between this corps as an organization and the State militia. Massachu- setts takes much merited pride in her present organization, and a wisdom among legislators and officials which recog- nizes the necessity of having an experienced body of State troops ever ready, — must see the desirability of giving the students of the State College, where military duties are an essential feature, an opportunity for a few weeks camp life, yearly. It seems practical that this corps should be placed on the same footing with regimental organizations of the State, transported to Framingham, and paid at the same rates as the same grades in the militia. Two weeks yearly in camp, at a convenient time in the summer, would be of the greatest advantage. The few hundreds thus expended would be an economical outlay, and some additional inter- est might be excited in the State college, and in the stu- dents who seek an education there which prepares them at once to be intelligent men in peace and valuable soldiers in war. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, VICTOR A. BRIDGMAN, Ist Lieut. 2d U.S Artillery, Prof. of Military Sctence and Tactics 1884. | SENATE — No. 5. 47 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CouURSE OF INSTRUCTION. THEORY. Fall term, Freshman year. One hour per week for the term. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School of the Soldier. School of the Company. Skirmish drill. Fall term, Sophomore year. One hour per week for the term. Recitations in U. 8. Artillery tactics. School of the Soldier (dismounted), sabre exercise, manual of the piece and mechanical manceuvres, bayonet exercise (infantry tac- tics). Ammunition, equipment of carriages. Modified ser- vice of 8-inch mortars. Fall term, Junior year. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). One hour per week for the term. School of the battalion. Ceremonies. Company and field service. MiIniraArRy SCIENCE. This instruction is given to seniors, extending thr ough the entire college year, two hours per week. It will inohide, in the form of lectures and recitations from selected text-books, the following subjects : — Ordnance and Gunnery ; constitutional and military law and history ; cam- paigns and battles; systems of warfare, present and past; an elementary course in strategy and engineering. It will be modified by such additions and changes as shall seem de- sirable. Essays are required from each senior on military subjects, when they have become sufficiently instructed to prepare them advantageously. These papers will be read in the recitation room for general note and criticism, or before the entire college. One set, all upon the same subject, are written for prizes, — the award being made by a board of army officers. The successful competitors read their produc- tions at the graduating exercises. Subject for the class of 1883, Military education as a factor of American govern- ment. The competition of the class of 1883 resulted as fol- lows : — 48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Boarp oF AWARD. First Lieutenant C. A. L. Totten, Fourth Artillery. First Lieutenant A. B. Dyer, Fourth Artillery. Lieutenant H. A. Springett, Fourth Artillery. Subject. Military Education as a Factor of American Government. Award. First prize, $25. J.B. Lindsey, Marblehead. Second prize, $15. 8. M. Holman, Jr., Attleborough. Especial Mention. S. C. Bagley, Boston, and E. A. Bishop, Diamond Hill, R. I. PRACTICE. All students, unless disqualified physically, are required to attend prescribed military exercises, those who pursue spe- cial or partial courses at the college not being exempt so long as they remain at the institution. By the commencement of their second term, students are required to provide them- selves with a full uniform, comprising coat, blouse, trowsers, cap, white gloves, etc., all of which costs about $30. Cor- rectness of deportment and discipline are required of all, the routine of the West Point Academy being followed as closely as circumstances will permit. To insure a proper sanitary condition of the college, the commandant makes careful in- spections of all rooms and college buildings each Saturday morning, during which all students in full uniform are re- quired to be in their rooms, for the proper police of which they are held to a strict accountability. At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments as they will require are made to all students. They will be charged for all injury, loss, and for any neglect in the care of the same. For practical instruction, the following public property is in the hands of the college authorities : — One platoon of light Napoleons (dismounted). One six-pounder with limber and equipments. Seventy-five sabres and belts. One hundred and fifty breech loading rifles (cadet model). 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 49 Several accurate target ritles. Two 8-inch siege mortars, with complete equipments. For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank-car tridges for all guns, and ball-cartridges for rifle practice, which is encouraged by the department. Drills, amounting to rather less than four hours per week, are as follows : — Infantry : schools of the soldier, company, and battalion ; manual of arms, and sword; bayonet exercise, skirmish drill, target practice ; ceremonies, marches, field service. Artillery : schools of the soldier, detatchment, and battery (dismounted). Mortar drill, sabre exercise, pointing, and field service. BATTALION ORGANIZATION. For instruction in infantry tactics and discipline, the ca- dets are organized into a battalion of two or more companies under the commandant. The officers, commissioned and non- commissioned, are selected from those cadets who are best instructed and most soldier-like in the discharge of their duties. As arule, the commissioned officers are taken from. the seniors, the sergeants from the juniors, and the corporals from the sophomores. All seniors are detailed to act as com- Missioned oflicers. Commissioned Staff. J. E. GOLDTHWaIT, First Lieut and Adjutant. H. D. HOLLAND, First Lieut. and Quartermaster Non-commissioned Staff. G H. BARBER, Sergeani-Major. . W. BROWNE, Quariermaster Sergeant. ‘@) Color Guard. Sergeants — E. R. FLINT, National Colors; H. HOWELL, State Colors. Corporals —G. W. WHEELER; C. W. CLapp; K. SANBORN Privates —L. J. DE ALMEIDA; J. A. NasH; E. D. WINSLOW. Captains. (. HErRMs, Co. A. E. A. JONES, Co. B. » Lieutenants. L. SMITH, Co. A. G. H. Putnam, Co. A.. E. W. ALLEN, Co. B, 50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. ’84- First Sergeants. P. C. P. BRooKs, Co. A. C. S. PHELPS, Co. B. Sergeants. - E. R. Frnt, Co. A. H. HOWELL, Co. B. C. S. CuTtTER, Co. A. B. TEKIRIAN, Co. B. Corporais. A.L Kinney, Co. A. C. W.CLApp, Co,A. K. SANBORN, Co. A. G. W. WHEELER, Co. B. C. F. W. FELT, Co. B. W. Ayrzs, Co. B. CATALOGUE TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS, 1885. CALENDAR FOR 1884. The third term of the collegiate year begins April 9th and con- tinues till June 25th. | The first term begins Wednesday, Sept. 10th, and continues till Dec. 18th. . The second term begins Jan. 7th and continues till March 31st, 1885. : There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the college, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 24th, and also on Tuesday, Sept. 9th. The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday even- ing, June 23d. The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell Prize for excellence in Agriculture, will take place on Tuesday forenoon, June 24th. The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 25th. TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Members Ex-Officiis. His EXCELLENCy GEO. D. ROBINSON, Governor of the Commonwealth, JAMES C. GREENOUGH, President of the College. JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education. JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. Members by Election. — MARSHALL P. WILDER, Bosron. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . , : ; PLYMOUTH. HENRY COLT, : ; ; ? : ; PITTSFIELD. PHINEAS STEDMAN, . : : ; CHICOPEE. HENRY L. WHITING, . _ ; ; CAMBRIDGE. DANIEL NEEDHAM, . 2 : : ; GROTON. WILLIAM KNOWLTON, . ; : : UPTON. JOHN CUMMINGS, ; ; d é : WOBURN. JAMES S. GRINNELL,. ... . GREENFIELD. BENJAMIN P. WARE, . i : 4 : MARBLEHEAD. O. B. HADWEN, . : ; , WORCESTER. GEORGE NOYES, . ‘ } i ; i Boston. J. H. DEMOND, .. : J ; A : ‘ NORTHAMPTON. EDWARD C. CHOATE, : : ; ; SOUTHBOROUGH. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. — JAMES C. GREENOUGH, JOHN E. RUSSELL, O. B. HADWEN, J. H. DEMOND, BENJAMIN P. WARE, GEORGE NOYES. SECRETARY. CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston. AUDITOR. HENRY COLT or PITTSFIELD. 54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. TREASURER. DANIEL NEEDHAM oF Groton. BOARD OF OVERSEERS, THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS. GEORGE JEWETT, . : ; , : of Fitchburg. AVERY P. SLADE, . : ; of Somerset. WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, . : RCO : f of Hampden. DANIEL E. DAMON, . : : ; of Plymouth. ATKINSON C. VARNUM, . ; of Lowell. JONATHAN BUDDINGTON, . of Leyden. a MEMBERS OF FACULTY. PAUL A. CHADBOURNE, D. D., LL. D., President.* JAMES C. GREENOUGH, M. A., President. | College Pastor and Professor of Mental and Moral Science. Provisional Instructor of Political Economy and History. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Honorary Professor of Agriculture. HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. Provisional Instructor of Rhetoric and English Composition. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., Professor of Chemistry. SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. S., Professor of Botany and Horticulture. AUSTIN B. BASSETT, A. B., Professor of Mathematics and Physics. Provisional Instructor in Elocution. MANLY MILES, M.D, Professor of Agriculture. Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Veterinary Science. * Died February 23, 1883. 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 4y5) FIRST LIEUT. VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, Second Artillery, U.S. A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics. HORACE E. STOCKBRIDGE, Pu. D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry. JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D. V.S., - Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice. ROBERT W. LYMAN, Esq., Lecturer on Rural Law. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, Jr., M. D., Special Instructor in Elocution. WINFRED A. STEARNS, A. B., Instructor in Entomology. FREDERICK TUCKERMAN, M. D., Instructor in Physiology. JOHN W. CLARK, B.S., Farm Superintendent and Instructor in Agriculture. LEVI R. TAFT, B.S Bursar and Assistant Professor in Horticulture. GRADUATES OF 1883.* Bagley, Sydney Currier, . . Boston. Bishop, Edgar Allen (Boston nee . . Diamond Hill, R. I. Braune, Domingos Henrique, : - Nova Friburgo, Brazil. Hevia, Alfred Armand (Boston Univ.), . Havana, Cuba. Holman, Samuel Morey, Jr. (Boston , Winiv.),. Attleborough. Lindsey, Joseph ean dFoston Univ), Marblehead. Minott, Charles Walter (Boston Univ.), Westminster. Nourse, David Oliver (Boston Univ.), . Bolton. Preston, Charles Henry (Boston Univ.), . Danvers. Wheeler, Homer Jay (Boston Univ.), . Bolton. Total, : ; : 10 * The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the college during any portion of the year 1883. 56. | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. SENIOR CLASS. Herms, Charles, : : . Louisville, Ky. Holland, Harry Picwinson: , . Amherst. Jones, Elisha Adams, : - : . Rockville. Owen, Henry Willard, : ; : «, Amherst. Smith, Llewellyn, . : : : . Amherst. Total, . : 5 ; : ‘ : E i : PANS JUNIOR CLASS. Allen, Edwin West, . i i . Amherst. Almeida, Luciano José de, q . Bananal, Sao Paulo, Brazil: Barber, George Holcomb, . Glastonbury, Ct. Brooks, Paul Cuff Phelps, { . Boston, Browne, Charles William, ; : . Salem. Buffington, Charles Owen, ; : . Ware Chadbourne, Albert Hopkins, . d , Ambherst. Cutter, Charles Sumner, : . Arlington. Flint, Edward Rawson, . ; : . Boston. Goldthwait, Joel Ernest, . . . Marblehead. Howell, Hezekiah, . : , : . Blooming Grove, N. Y. Leary, Lewis Calvert, : . Amberst. Nash, John Adams, . ; . Ambherst. Phelps, Charles Shepard, . : ; . West Springfield. Putnam, George Herbert, . : . Millbury. Spaulding, Charles Plumb, : i . Amherst. Taylor, Isaac Newton, Jr., , . Northampton. Tekirian, Benoni, : ; ‘ . Yozgad, Turkey. Whittemore, Joseph Sidney, . Leicester. otal... ; as : ; : : : ee SOPHOMORE CLASS. Atkins, William Holland, . f : . Westfield. Ayres, Winfield, , . Oakham. Barker, John King, . . .. . . Three Rivers. Bement, John Emery, : : : . North Amherst. Carpenter, David Frederic, : ’ . Millington. Clapp, Charles Wellington, . . Montague. Copeland, Alfred Bigelo, . ‘ . Springfield. Doucet, Walter Hobart, . : 4 . Philadelphia, Penn. Eaton, William Alfred, . : : . Piermont-on-Hudson, N. Y. Felt, Charles Frederic Wilson, . . Northborough. Fowler, John Henry, : : ‘ . Westfield. Kinney, Arno Lewis, : : . Lowell. Lang, Charles Joseph, 4 ; ; . Washington, D. C. Leland, William Edwin, . ’ 2) ib «/y), aratton, Mackintosh, Richards Bryant, . . Dedham. Palmer, Robert Manning, . Brookline. 1884. ] | SENATE—No. 5. Sanborn, Kingsbury, Smith, Walter Storm, Stone, George Edward, Stone, George Sawyer, Wheeler, George Waterbury, Winslow, Edgar Daniel, Total, FRESHMAN Allen, Frederick Cunningham, Almeida, Augusto Luis de, Ateshian, Osgan Hagope, . Avery, David Ebenezer, Ball, William Monroe, Barrett, Edward William, Bond, Richard Henry, Breen, Timothy Richard, Brown, Herbert Lewis, Caldwell, William Hudson, Carpenter, Frank Berton, Chapin, Clinton Gerdine, Chase, William Edward, Clarke, Frank Scripture, Cushman, Ralph Henry, Daniels, Joseph Frank, Davis, Fred Augustus, Duncan, Richard Francis, Felton, Truman Page, _ Fisherdick, Cyrus Webster, Fowler, Fred Homer, Hathaway, Bradford Oakman, Howe, Clinton Samuel, Kasmire, George Frank, Long, Stephen Henry, Marsh, James Morrill, Marshall, Charles Leander, Martin, Joseph, second, Meehan, Thomas Francis Benedict, Merchant, Charles Eddy, . Merritt, Walter Heston, Nourse, Silas Johnson, Osterhout, Jeremiah Clark, Paine, Ansel Wass, Rice, Thomas, second, Rideout, Henry Norman reap wiotth, Robinson, George Prescott, “Rose, Newton Augustus, Shaughnessy, John Joseph, vi Lawrence, Syracuse, N. Y. Spencer. Otter River. Deposit, N. Y. Ware. CLASS. West Newton. 22 Bananal, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sivas, Turkey. Plymouth. Amherst. Milford. Brookline. Ware. Peabody. Peterborough, N. H. . Leyden. Chicopee. Warwick. Lowell. Bernardston. Somerville. Lynn. Williamstown. Berlin. Palmer. North Hadley. New Bedford. Marlborough. New Bedford. East Shelbourne. Lynn. Lowell. Marblehead. Boston. East Weymouth. Amherst. Bolton. Lowell. Boston. Shrewsbury. Quincy. Northampton. Fitchburg. Stowe. D8 Stone, Fremont Ernest, Tolman, William Nichols, Torelly, Firmino da Silva, Tucker, Frederick Deming, ; White, Herbert Judson, : Rotaileisa: AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. Heath. Concord Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Monson. Post-GRADUATES. Brewer, B.S., Charles, * Floyd, B.S., Charles Walter (Boston Univ.), Groeger, Gustavus (ica: 18 Ae) Hills, B.S., Joseph Lawrence (Boston Univ.), Jaqueth, Isaac eUicee Kingman, B.S., Morris Bird, Lindsey, B.S., Joseph oe (Boston Univ.), Myrick, B. S., iaeernens Nourse, B.S., David Ghee: (Boston Univ.), Preston, BS., Ghanies Hence Boston Univ.), Taft, B.S., ie Renee (Boston Cae Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston Univ.), : ; Wheeler, BS., Homer Jay (Boston Univ.), Total, SUMMARY. Post-Graduates, Graduates of 1883, Senior Class, Junior Class, Sophomore Class, Freshman Class, Total, GRADUATES. Wakefield. 44 Amherst. Boston. Amherst. Boston. Liverpool, N. Y. Amherst. Marblehead. Concord. Bolton. Danvers. Amherst. Mansfield, Ct. Bolton. 13 13 10 5 19 4 44 113 Allen, Francis S., ’82, 141 West Fifty-fourth St., New York City, Student, American Veterinary College. * Died October 10, 1888, of consumption. and Surgeon. ee ies Salesman, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Barri, John A., 75, Water St. and Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport, Conn., Chittenden, Barri & Sanderson, National Fertilizer Co. Bassett, Andrew L., °71, New York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R. R. & Steamship Co. Beach, Charles E., ’82, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., Farmer. Bell, Burleigh C., 72, 16th and Howard Sts., San Francisco, Cal., Drug-- gist and Chemist. Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bellamy & Co. Hardware and Cutlery. Benedict, John M., °74, Commercial Block, Bank St., Waterbury, Conn., Physician. Benson, Davide H., 77, North Weymouth, Analytical and Consulting Chemist and Superintendent of Chemical Works, Bradley Fertilizer Co. Bingham, Eugene P., ’82, 13 Foster Wharf, Boston, Bingham & Bennison, Makers of Embalming and Disinfecting Fluids. Birnie, William P., 71, Springfield, Salesman, Birnie Paper Co. Bishop, Edgar A., ’83, Diamond Hill, R. L., Farmer. Bishop, William H., 82, Tongaloo, Miss., Superintendent of Industrial ' Department, Tongaloo University. Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt:, Farm Laborer. Boutwell, Willie L., 78, Leverett, Farmer. Bowker, William H., 71, 48 Chatham St., Boston, President Bowker | Fertilizer Co. Bowman, Charles A., ’81, Brookline, Civil Engineer. Boynton, Charles E., ’81, Groveland, Lecturer. Bragg, Everett B., ’75, Glidden & Curtis, Tremont Bank Building, Bos- ton, Chemist. Braune, Domingos H., "83, Nova Fribu rgo, Province of Rio de Janeiro Brazil, Planter. Brett, William F., 72, Brockton, Clerk, R. H. White & Co., 518 Washing- ton St., Boston. Brewer, Charies, 77, Orange, Florist. Brigham, Arthur A., 78, Marlborough, Farmer. Brodt, Harry S., ’82, Frankfort, N. Y., Surveying, North Re Construc- _ tion Co., N. Y. West Shore & Buffalo R. R. Brooks, William P., °75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agriculture, Japan Agricultural College. anieer Madison, ’75, Newton, Veterinary Surgeon, Callender, Thomas R., 75, Everett, Florist, 58 AG. Stone, Fremont Erni Tolman, William N Torelly, Firmino da Tucker, Frederick I White, Herbert Jud — Total, Brewer, B.S., Charles, * Floyd, B.S., hanes Walter Univ.), Groeger, one (Utne. of Toa), Hills, B.S., Joseph Lawrence (Reston Univ.), ; : Jaqueth, eae daa! eas Kingman, B.S., Morris Bird, : Lindsey, B.S., Joseph pant (Boston Univ.), Myrick, B. Bh he ene , David Oliver (Boston (Boston Nourse, B.S., Univ.), Preston, B. - Chawids Henny (Boston Univ.), ; Taft, B.S., ten eee (Basten Cae), Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston Univ.), Wheeler, Univ.), ; : ; Motaly ie : ; i BS., Mamett Jay (Boston SUMMARY. Post-Graduates, Graduates of 1883, Senior Class, Junior Class, Sophomore Class, Freshman Class, Total, ; GRADUATES. Allen, Francis S., °82, 141 West Fifty-fourth St., New York City, Student, American Veterinary College. * Died October 10, 1883, of consumption. Amherst. Boston. Amherst. Boston. Liverpool, N. Y. Amherst. Marblehead. Concord. Bolton. Danvers. : Amherst. - j Mansfield, Ct. eee ee Bolton. — iy) a ee ay a eee ee eee 1884.) SENATE — No. 5. 59 Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kans., Agent, Wells, Fargo & Co.’s Express. Aplin, George T., °82, East Putney, Vt., Farmer. Bagley, David A., 76. Bagley, Sydney Currier, ’83, 62 Sudbury St., Boston, Clerk and Assistant Gary Magneto-Signal Co, Baker, David E., ’78, Newton Lower Falls, Physician and Surgeon. Barrett, Joseph F., 75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Salesman, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Barri, John A., 775, Water St. and Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport, Conn., Chittenden, Barri & Sanderson, National Fertilizer Co. Bassett, Andrew L., 71, New York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R. R. & Steamship Co. Beach, Charles E., ’82, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., Farmer. Bell, Burleigh C., °72, 16th and Howard Sts., San Francisco, Cal., Drug-- gist and Chemist. Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bellamy & Co.> Hardware and Cutlery. Benedict, John M., 74, Commercial Block, Bank St., Waterbury, Conn., Physician. Benson, Davide H., 77, North Weymouth, Analytical and Consulting Chemist and Superintendent of Chemical Works, Bradley Fertilizer Co. Bingham, Eugene P., 82, 13 Foster Wharf, Boston, Bingham & Bennison, Makers of Embalming and Disinfecting Fluids. Birnie, William P., °71, Springfield, Salesman, Birnie Paper Co. Bishop, Edgar A., ’83, Diamond Hill, R. I., Farmer. Bishop, William H., 82, Tongaloo, Miss., Superintendent of Industrial Department, Tongaloo University. Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt:, Farm Laborer. Boutwell, Willie L., ’°78, Leverett, Farmer. Bowker, William H., 71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, President Bowker Fertilizer Co. Bowman, Charles A., ’81, Brookline, Civil Engineer. Boynton, Charles E., 81, Groveland, Lecturer. Bragg, Everett B., °75, Glidden & Curtis, Tremont Bank Building, Bos- ton, Chemist. Braune, Domingos H., ’83, Nova Fribu rgo, Province of Rio de Janeiro Brazil, Planter. Brett, William F., 72, Brockton, Clerk, R. H. White & Co., 518 Washing- ton St., Boston. Brewer, Charies, 77, Orange, Florist. Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, Farmer. Brodt, Harry S., ’82, Frankfort, N. Y., Surveying, North River Construc- tion Co., N. Y. West Shore & Buffalo R. R. Brooks, William P., 75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agriculture, Japan Agricultural College. . Bunker, Madison, ’75, Newton, Veterinary Surgeon. Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Everett, Florist, 60 AGRICULTURAL ‘COLLEGE. [Jan. Campbell, Frederick G., 75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer. Carr, Walter F., ’81, Boston, Student, Massachusetts Institute of Tech: nology. Caswell, Lilley B., 71, Athol, Civil Engineer and Farmer. Chandler, Edward P., °74, Andersonville, Montana, Cattle Raiser. Chandler, Everett S.,’82, 20 Orchard St., North Cambridge, Student, Har- vard Law School. Chapin, Henry E , ’81, Chicago, Ils., “‘ Farmers’ Review,” Journalist. Chickering, Darius O ,’76, Enfield, Farmer. Choate, Edward C., ’78, Southborough, Farmer. Clark, Atherton, ’77, 131 Tremont St., Boston, Clerk. Clark, John W., 72, Amherst, Farm Superintendent, Agricultural Col- lege, and Assistant Professor of Agriculture. | Clark, Xenos, Y., 78, P. O. Box, 1151, Boston, Scientist. *Clay, Jabez W.., 75. Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, Teller, Five Cents Savings Bank, and Editor ‘“* Daily Citizen.” Cooper, James W., jr., 82, East Bridgewater, Drug Clerk. Cowles, Frank C., °72, City Engineer’s Office, Worcester, Civil Engineer. Cowles, Homer L., ’°71, Amherst, Farmer. +Curtis, Wolfred F., °74. % Cutter, John A, ’82, 213 West Thirty-fourth St., New York City, Student at Albany Medical College. Cutter, John C., °72, Sapporo, Japan, Consulting Physician Sapporo Ken Hospital and Professor of Physical and Comparative Anatomy, Imperial College of Agriculture. Damon, Samue! C., ’82, Lancaster, Farmer. Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist. Dickinson, Richard S , ’°79, Columbus, Neb., Farmer. Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Superintendent of Factory, Bowker Fertilizer Co. Dyer, Edward N., 72, Kohala, S. I., Pastor Native Church. Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R. I., Farmer. Eldred, Frederick C , 73, 128 Chambers St., New York City, New York Manager of Montpelier Carriage Co. Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, 164 High St., Holyoke, Architect and Mechan- ical and Civil Engineer. Fairfield, Frank H.,’81, 30 Kilby St., Boston, Standard Fertilizer Co., Chemist. Fisher, Jabez F., 71, Fitchburg, Freight Cashier, Fitchburg R. R. Co. Fiske, Edward R.., ’72, 625 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., Folwell Bro. & Co., Merchant. Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R. I., Farmer. Flint, Charles L., jun., ’81, 29 Newbury St., Boston, no business. tFloyd, Charles W.., ’82. Foot, Sanford D.,’78, Paterson, N. J., Kearney & Foot, File Manufacturers. * Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New York City. + Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster. + Died Oct. 10, 1883, of consumption, at Boston. 1884.] SENATE — No. 5. 61 Fowler, Alvan L., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Superintendent Woronoco Mining Co. Fuller, George E., 71. Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Assayer Woronoco Min- ing Co. Goodale, David, ’82, Marlborough, Farmer. Green, Samuel B., ’79, Mountainville, Orange Co., N. Y., Superintende nt Horticultural Department, Houghton Farm. Grover, Richard B., ’72, Ludlow, Vt., Clergyman. Guild, George W. M., 76, 17 & 19 Cornhill, Boston, Wire business. Hague, Henry, ’75, South Worcester, Rector St. Mathews. Hall, Josiah N , 78, Sterling, Weld Co., Col., Physician. Harwood, Peter M., ’°75, Barre, Farmer. Hashiguchi, Boonzo, 81, Department of Commerce and Agriculture, Tokio, Japan, President Government Sugar Beet Co. *Hawley, Frank W., 71. Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., C. A. Mather & Co., Banker. +Herrick, Frederick St. C., 71. Hevia, Alfred A.,’83, 13 Fifth St., Brooklyn E. D., N. Y., with “ Universe Subscription Agency,” 150 Nassau St., New York City. Hibbard, Joseph B., 77, Stoughton, Wis., Farmer. Hillman, Charles D., ’°82, Fresno City, Cal., Nurseryman. Hills, Joseph L., 81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College. Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, Agent, American Express Co. Hobbs, John A., 74, Bloomington, Neb., Farmer. Holman, Samuel M., jun.,’83, Attleborough, Student, Harvard Medical School. Holmes, Lemuel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer. Howard, Joseph H.,’82, Springfield, Meter Inspector, Springfield Gas- Light Co. Howe, Charles S., 78, Akron, Ohio, Buchtel College, Adjunct Professor of Mathematics. Howe, Elmer D., 81, Marlborough, Farmer. Howe, George D., ’82, North Hadley, C. D. Dickinson & Son, Clerk. Howe, Waldo V., 77, Framingham, Agent, Framingham Brick Co. Hubbard, Henry F., 78, 94 Front Street, New York City, with John H. Catherwood & Co. Hunt, John F., ’78, Belmont, Civil Engineer. Kendall, Hiram, °76, Providence, R. J., Superintendent and Chemist, Kendall Manufacturing Co. Kimball, Francis E., °72, 15 Union Street, Worcester, Book-keeper, E. W. Vaill. Kingman, Morris B., ’82, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College. Kinney, Burton A., 82, United States Signal Service, Fort Myer, Va. Knapp, Walter H., 75, Wellesley Hills, Florist. Koch, Henry G. H., 78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, New York City, H. C. F. Koch & Son. * Died Oct, 28, 1883, of congestive apoplexy, at Belchertown. + Died Jan. 19, 1884, at Methnne. 62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, care Wm. Dadmun, Watertown, no business. Lee, Lauren K., 75, Valley Springs, Dak., Superintendent of Seed Farm for Kellogg & McDougall, Buffalo Linseed Oil Works. Lee, William G., ’80, Rock Point, Jackson Co., Oregon, Surveyor for Railroad. . Leland, Walter S.,’73, Concord, Officer State Prison. Leonard, George, 71, Springfield, Lawyer. Libby, Edgar H., °74, Rochester, N. Y., Journalist and Agricultural Specialist, Farm and Garden Deane of Hiram ees & Co., Seedsmen. Lindsey, Joseph B., ’83, Amherst, Assistant Chemist, Experiment Sta- tion. Livermore, Russell W., ’72. Pates Robeson Co., North Carolina, Lawyer. Lovell, Charles O., 78, Amherst, Photographer. Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., Druggist and BookbeHlin Lyman, Charles E., 78, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer. *Lyman, Henry, ’74. Lyman, Robert W., 71, Belchertown, Lawyer and Lecturer Mass. Agri- cultural College. Mackie, George, 72, Attleborough, Physician. — Macleod, William A., °76, 60 Devonshire Street, Boston, Patent Lawyer. Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Superintendent of Cotton Duck Mills. Martin, William E., ’76, Excelsior, Minn., Postmaster. . May, Frederick G., °82, Orlando (P. O. Box 192), Orange Co., Fla., Farmer. Maynard, Samuel T., 72, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Professor of Botany and Horticulture. McConnel, Charles W., ’76, 100 State Street, Albany, Dentist. McQueen, Charles M., ’80, First National Bank Building, Dearborn and Monroe Streets, Chicago, Ill., Standard Book Co., Treasurer. Miles, George M., °75, Miles City, Montana, Miles & Strevell, Jobbers of Hardware. Mills, George W., °73, Medford, Physician. Minor, John B., 73, New Britain, Conn., Russell & Erwin Manufactur- ing Co., Clerk. Minott, Charles W., 83, 2 Washington Square, Worcester, with W. H. Earle, Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer. Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill Street, Boston, Morey, Smith & Co., Merchant. +Morse, James H., °71. : Morse, William A., 82, 19 Milk Street, Boston, with Denison Manufac- turing Co. Myrick, Herbert, ’82, Springfield, Assistant Editor “ New England Homestead.” Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Boston, Pacific Guano Co., Chemist. * Died Jan. 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn. t+ Died June 21, 1883, of Bright’s disease, at Salem. 1884. ] SENATE —No. 5. 63 Nichols, Lewis A., 71, San Diequito, Mexico, via Laredo & Monteray, care Sr. Don edro del Hoyo, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Civil En- gineer. Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Postmaster. Nourse, David O., ’83, Amherst, a in Feeding Department, Experiment Gistion: Nye, George E.,’77, 70 Exchange Bidliditaes Union Stock Yards, Chicago, RUS, Gok. Swift & Co., Book-keeper. Osgood, Frederick H., 78, Springfield, Veterinary Surgeon. Otis, Harry P., 75, Leeds, Superintendent, Northampton Emery Wheel Company. Page, Joel B., 71, Conway, Farmer. Paige, James B., ’82, Prescott, F. B. Paige & Son, Mellen Valley Fruit Farm. Parker, George A., ‘76, Tunis Mills, Talbot Co., Md., Pent, “ Fairview Farm.” Parker, George L., 76, Dorchester, Florist. 1th: Parker, Henry F., 77, 5 Beekman Street and 182 Centre Street, New York City, Mechanical Engineer. | Parker, William C., ’80, Wakefield, Farmer. Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kans., General A gine Atchison, To- peka & Santa Fé Railroad. Penhallow, David P., 73, Montreal, Canada, MeGull University, Tiofedean of Botany. Perkins, Dana E., ’82, care C. M. Winchell, U. S. Survey Boat Tennessee, Mississippi fer Commission. Peters, Austin, ’81, care Peters & Parkinson, Boston, Student, Harvard Medical School. Phelps, Charles H., 76, South Framingham, Florist. Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers. Plumb, Charles S., ’82, 34 Park Row, New York City, Associate Editor “ Rural New Yorker.” Porter, William H., ’76, Watertown, Foreman S. R. Payson’s farm. Porto, Raymundo M. da S., 77, Para, Brazil, Planter. Potter, William S., 76, Lafayette, Ind., Rice & Potter, Lawyer. Preston, Charles H.,’83, Amherst, Assistant Chemist, Experiment Station. Rawson, Edward B., 81, Brockport, Elk Co., Penn., N. Y. L E. & Ww. ny R. Co., Civil Engineer. Renshaw, James B., 73, Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, Clergy- man. Rice, Frank H., 75, Hawthorne, Nev., County Recorder and ex officto Auditor of Esmeralda Co. Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Ocala, Marion Co., Fla., nee and Deputy Clerk of Great: Court. Ripley, George A., ’80,5 Franklin St., Worcester. Root, Joseph E., ’76, Hartford, Conn., Retreat for Insane, Assistant Phy- sician. Rudolph, Charles, 79, Mitchell, Dak., Lawyer. Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Montague Paper Co. 64 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. Salisbury, Frank B., 72, Kimberley Diamond Fields, South Africa, Trader. Sears, John M., ’°76, Ashfield, Farmer. Shaw, Elliot D., 72, Holyoke, Florist. Sherman, Walter A.,’79, 182 Central Street, Lowell, Veterinary Surgeon. Shiverick, Asa F.,’82, Wood’s Holl, Pacific Guano Co., Chemist. Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer. Smead, Edwin, ’71, 3 Cable St., Baltimore, Md., Clerk, Bushey, Carr & Co., Flour and Grain Commission Merchants. Smith, Frank S., ’74, Hampden, Woolen Manufacturer. Smith, George P., 79, Sunderland, Farmer. Smith, Hiram F. M., 81, 42 Austin St., Cambridgeport, Student, Harvard Medical School. Smith, Thomas E., ’°76, West Chesterfield, Manufacturer. Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster, Farmer. Somers, Frederick M.,’72, 49 Broadway, New York City, Watson & Gib- son, Brokers. * Southmayd, John E., ’77. Southwick, Andre A.,’75, Care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., Superin- tendent “ Vine Hill and Ridge Farms.” Spalding, Abel W., 81,907 North Main St., St. Louis, Mo., Ripley & Kimball, Clerk. Sparrow, Lewis A., 71, 19 South Market St., Boston, Judson & Sparrow, . Dealers in Fertilizers. Spofford, Amos L., 78, Georgetown, Shoe-cutter. ; Stockbridge, Horace E., 78, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, elect, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Stone, Almon H., ’80, Phillipston, Farmer. Stone, Winthrop E., ’82, Mountainville, Orange Co.,N Y., Experiment Department, Houghton Farm. Strickland, George P., °71, Stillwater, Minn., Seymour, Sabin & Co., Ma- chinist. Swan, Roscoe W., ’79, 32 Pleasant St., Worcester, Physician. - Taft, Cyrus A., °76, Whitinsville, Machinist. Taft, Levi R., ’82, Amherst, Bursar and Assistant Professor Horticulture, Agricultural College. Taylor, Alfred H., °82, Red Oak, Ia., Stock-raiser. Taylor, Frederick P., °81, Athens, East Tenn., Farmer. Thompson, Edgar E., °71, East Weymouth, Teacher. Thompson, Samuel C.,’72, New York City, Department Public Works, Annexed District, Assistant Engineer. Thurston, Wilbur H., 82, Upton, Farmer. Tucker, George H., ’71, Fargo, Dak., Civil Engineer, Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Amherst, Physician and Lecturer, Agricul- tural College. | Urner, George P., 76, Sweet Grass, Montana, Sheep-raiser. Wakefield, Albert T., °73, Peoria, I1]., Physician. Waldron, Hiram E. B.,°79, North Rochester, Farmer. * Died December 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn, 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 65 Ware, Willard C.,°71, 255 Middle St., Portland, Me., Manager Boston & Portland Clothing Co. Warner, Clarence D., ’81, Baltimore, Md., Student, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. Warner, Seth S.,’73, 43 Chatham St., Boston, Travelling Salesman, Bow- ker Fertilizer Co. Washburn, John H.,’78, Mansfield, Conn., Professor of General and Ag- ricultural Chemistry, Storrs Agricultural School. Webb, James H., ’73, 81 Church St., New Haven, Conn., Clark, Swan & Webb, Attorneys and Counsellors at Law. Wellington, Charles, ’73, Germany, Student. Wells, Henry, ’72,105 North 3d St., St. Louis, Mo., Contracting ieeent West-bound Freight, “ Blue Line,” Fast Freight Office. Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, 41 West 9th St., New York City, Physician. Wheeler, Homer J., 83, Amherst, Assistant Chemist, Experiment Station. Wheeler, William, ’71,70 Kilby St., Boston, President, Wheeler Reflector Co. Whitney, Frank Le P., 71, 280 Westminster St., Providence, R. 1, F. L Whitney & C. H. Kimball, Dealers in Oil Stoves and Kerosene Fixtures. Whitney, William C., 72, Minneapolis, Minn., Architect. Whittaker, Arthur, ’81, Needham, Farmer. Wilcox, Henry H., ’81, Nawiliwili, S. I., Sugar Industry. Wilder, John E., ’82, 179 Lake St., Chicago, l., Wilder & Hale, Dealers in Leather. Williams, James S., ’82, North Glastonbury, Conn., Farmer, Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor “ Record.” Winchester, John F., °75, Lawrence, Veterinary Surgeon and Lecturer, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Windsor, Joseph L., 82, St. Paul, Minn., Office North Pacific R. R. Co., Stenographer. Wood, Frank W., °73. Woodbury, Rufus P., °78, Kansas City, Mo., News and Telegraph Editor of “ Kansas City Daily Times.” Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, E. & C. Woodman, Florists. Wyman, Joseph, 77, Cambridgeport, Book-keeper at 52 to 60 Blackstone St., Boston. Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Baltimore & Ohio Telegraph Co., Manager of Commercial Office. 66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. FRESHMAN YEAR. Scientific and Literary. Ist Term.— Algebra. Botany. French. 2d Term.— Geometry. History. Botany. Lessons in Language. Free-Hand Drawing. French. 3d Term.— Geometry. Botany. French. Scientific and Agricultural. Lsi Term. — Algebra. Botany. Agriculture. 2d Term. — Geometry. History. Botany. Lessons in Language. Free-Hand Drawing. Agriculture. 3d Term. — Geometry. Botany. Agriculture. SOPHOMORE YEAR. Ist Term.—Geometry and Trigo- | Zst Term.— Geometry and Trigo- nometry. Botany. Chemistry. German. 2d Term.— Trigonometry. Chemistry. Physiology. Mechanical Drawing. German. 3d Term.—Surveying. Botany. Zoology. German. nometry. Botany. Chemistry. Agriculture. 2d Term.— Trigonometry. Chemistry. Physiology. Mechanical Drawing. Agriculture. 3d Term. — Surveying. Botany. Zoology. Agriculture. Horticulture and Mar- ket Gardening. 1884. ] |, SENATE—No. 5. 67 JUNIOR YEAR, Ist Term.— Mechanics. Ist Term.— Mechanics. English Literature. English Literature. ( Agriculture. Constitutional History. ) Entomology gy. 2d Term.—Physics. 2d Term.— Physics. English Literature. 3 English Literature. Chemistry. Chemistry. Agricultural Debate. Latin }Atoretr and Care of Nurseries. 3d Term.— Physics. 8d Term. — Physics. Chemistry. . Chemistry. Latin. - Roads and Railroads. SENIOR YEAR. Ist Term.— Book-keeping. - | Lst Term — Book-keeping. Chemistry. Cheniistry. Mental Science. Mental Science. Mineralogy. Agriculture. 2d Term. — Organic Chemistry. | 2d Term.— Organic Chemistry. Political Economy. Political Economy. Microscopy. | Agriculture. 3d Term. — Moral Science. | 3d Term.— Moral Science. Geology. ; Geology. History of Philosophy. Agriculture. In all studies, students are to be trained to accurate and ready oral and written expression, and to use drawing as language. Military tactics and military drill, as ordered throughout the course. Weekly exercises in compositions and declamations. throughout the course. ‘The instruction in agriculture and horti- — culture is both theoretical and practical. Instruction in the field and manual training is given whenever such instruction and train- ing will conduce to the progress of the student. Students are allowed to work for wages during such leisure hours as are at their command. A limited amount of work has been found to be bene- ficial, but work that withdraws the energy of the student from his studies is unprofitable to him. Students sometimes earn from fifty to one hundred dollars per annum. Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the cor- poration. i Regular students of the college may also, on application, become members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its 68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. diplomas in addition to that of the college, thereby igs entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. Ee LECTURES. In addition to the instruction given by the resident instructors, gentlemen eminent in their several vocations give lectures on sub- jects of practical value to the students. Among those who have favored us or are to favor us with lectures during the present col- lege year are: Hon. Levi Stockbridge, Amherst; Col. J. E. Rus-. sell, Secretary of Board of Agriculture; Hon. J. S. Grinnell, Greenfield; Major H. E. Alvord, Houghton Farm, Orange Co., N.Y.; B. P. Ware, Esq., Marblehead; Dr. J. R. Nichols, Haver- hill; Rev. G. S. Dickerman, Amherst. All interested in the lec- tures given at the college, or in any other general exercises, are cordially invited to be present. ADMISSION. Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined: orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, and the History of the United States. Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are requested to furnish the Examining Committee with their standing in the schools they have last attended. The previous rank of the candi- date will be considered in admitting him. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term. . EXPENSES. Tuition, : : * . $12 00 per term. Room-rent, . $5 006 to 10 00 per term. *Board, : AS 3 00 to 5 00 per week. * At the time of issuing this report, board was furnished at the State boarding house at $3.25 per week, payable in advance, at the beginning of each term. 1884.] SENATE —No. 5. ea Expenses of chemica] laboratory to students of practical chemistry, : ! - ; . $10 00 per term. Furniture, . : : 15 00 to 50 00 Uniform for the four yy course, . ! 30 00 Public and private damages, including pate of chemical apparatus destr aad or injured, . At cost. Annual expenses, including books, . : ; . $250 00 to 350 00 SIZE OF ROOMS. For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the following measurements are given: In the south dormitory the main corner rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bed- rooms eight by eight feet. SCHOLARSHIPS. The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the _ Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy. The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten- tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars. The legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — fesolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable 70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. g the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution, the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the law of the United States relating thereto. Resolved, That annually for the term of four years, eighty free scholar- ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by - the president of the college, at such time and place, as the senator then in office from each district shall designate ; and the said scholarships shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district; but if there shall be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any senatorial dis- trict, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible, but no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an examination in accordance with the rules to be established as herein before provided. In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- ship. RELIGIOUS SERVICES. Prayers in chapel every morning at a quarter after eight o’clock. On Sundays the students, unless excused by request of their parents to attend church elsewhere, attend service in the chapel. This ser- vice is conducted by the president or such clergyman as he invites. The students are also invited to join a class for the study of the Bible. The Young Men’s Christian Association holds weekly meetings. POST-GRADUATE COURSE. Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy, from the college or from the University, and pursue their studies under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other members of the Faculty in their respective departments. BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. The library of the college contains at present about three thou- sand volumes. The income of the fund raised by the alumni and others is devoted to its increase, and additions are made from time to time, as the needs of the several departments require. 1884.1 SENATE — No. 5. 11 The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the college, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. It has recently received valuable additions of several thousand speci- mens of minerals, fossils, shells, insects and birds’ eggs and nests. The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand spe- cies of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of dupli- cates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interesting and useful specimens of seeds, woods and fruit-models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, in- cluding about three thousand figures. About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti- vated in the Durfee Plant House, affording the student an invaluable opportunity of studying the most important types of the vegetable kingdom in their scientific and economic relations. The class in microscopy has the use of Tolles’s best compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. PRIZES. FarnswortH RueETorRIcAL MEDALS. Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, the income of which is to be used. as prizes, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the Col- lege Faculty, for excellence in declamation. GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agricul- tural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examina- tion in theoretical and practical ‘agriculture. Hitwu’s BoranicaL PRIzES. For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 1884, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best, a prize of ten dollars ; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried plants from the College Farm. 12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. CONDUCT. Students are expected to co-operate with their instructors and with each other in promoting the welfare of the college, in order that every student may receive the best possible results of the course of study and training. Whenever it is evident that itis not . for the good of a student to remain in the college, or that the wel- fare of the college requires that he should not remain, he will be dismissed. | LOCATION. Amherst is on the New London & Northern R.R., connecting at Palmer with the Boston & Albany R.R., and at Miller’s Falls with the Fitchburg R.R. A stage route of seven miles connects Amherst at Northampton with the Connecticut River R.R., and with the New Haven & Northampton R.R. The college buildings are on a healthful site commanding one of the finest views in New Eng- land. The large farm of three hundred and eighty-three acres with its varied surface and native forests gives the student the freedom and the quiet of a conntry home. ‘The surrounding country is very helpful to the student of natural science. The location of the build- ings prevents the student from the interruptions to study, incident on residence in a town or city,-and helps to secure all the moral as well as the intellectual advantages of a college in the country. 1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. STATEMENT 73 Or CAsH RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES OF MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FOR YEAR ENDING JAN. IST, 1884. Cash on hand Jan. Ist, 1883, Term Bill Account, Botanic Account, . Farm Account, Boarding House Account, President’s House, Laboratory Account, Hills Fund, Expense Account, John Cummings, Treasurer, Plant House Cons. Account, Drill Hall Cons. Account, Grinnell Fund, Farnsworth Fund, Salary Account, Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1884, Receipts. Payments. AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 1, 1884. $738 59 4,361 58 5,104 44 2,711 40 1,938 07 04 82 305 87 19,974 36 $34,989 08 $1,339 19 6,637 77 3,829 89 1,917 48 2,082 85 673 92 89 18 4,939 87 2,634 52 1,877 76 80 00) 65 30 8,502 92 318 48 $34,989 08 LEVI R. TAFT, Bursar. 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