LIBRARY

OF THE

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DATE DUE ]

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SB
354
M234
1892

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Maine State Pomological Society,

FOR THE YEAR 1892.

INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING
HELD IN AUGUSTA, JANUARY 17th AND 18th, 1893.

EDITED BV THE SECBETARY,

D. H. KNOWLTON.

AUGUSTA :

BURLEIGH & FLYNT, PRINTERS TO THE STATE.
1893.

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AMHERST, m^.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Tkaksactioxs for the Year 1892-3 3

Report of the Secretary : 3

The World's Fair 6

List of Maine Apples for 6

Wax Models of Maine Apples 10

Officers for 1893 ^2

Members of the Society 13

Treasurer's Report 15

Report of Annual Exhibition 1"

List of Premiums awarded 21

B[ !*iNESs Transactions 30

Annual Meeting; 30

Winter Meeting 31

Jtleetings of Executive Committee 34

PiBLic Meetings 37

During the Fair 39

Union Winter Meetings 39

Programme 40

Organized Horticulture in the State of Maine, by D. H.

Knowltou 4'^

Benefit Derived ' by Top-Grafting the Baldwin, by Frank

Bowman 48

The Reverse of the Picture, by S. T. Cannon 52

The Present Status of the Russian Apple Question, by W. A.

Taylor 56

Cranberry Cultuie, by Rev. N. H. Chamberlain 61

Spraying Experiments in 1892, by Prof. W. M- Munson 67

Agriculture and Horticulture in the Schools 73

Study of Plant Life in the Schools, by Miss H. M. Merrill 73

The Apple in Cookery, by Miss Anna Barrows 78

Floriculture, bj' Mrs. Alonzo Towle 86

Bulbs for the Window Garden, by Mrs. B. T Townseud 92

More Education in Floriculture Necessary to Profitable Enjoy-
ment Therein, by Edward H. Goddard 9-4

The Growing of Plants, by Charles S. Walker 101

Orchards aud Orchardists in Maine 109

In Memoriam :

Elijah Low 115

James Nutting 118

/

MAINE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Transactions for the Year 1892-93.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

A YEAR IN POMOLOGY.

For various reasons that I am unable to explain, it has not been
the custom in our society for the secretary to offer any formal
report at the annual winter meeting As we are meeting this year
in the city where the society twenty years ago held its first meeting
and perfected its organization, it seems bi st to depai't from the
custom of recent years. This is the only apology I have for
offering this paper, which aims at giving a hasty review of the
work accomplished in ihe State the past year.

It is gratifying to note that our own people are beginning to
realize that here in Maine we have the most favorable conditions
for successful fruit culture. While it seems to be a hard lesson for
the State as a whole to learn, year after year the facts of successful
fruit culture accumulate, and bear tangible evidence to him who
will read them that year after year the fruit growers are making
profitable gains from their orchards and small fruits. The sur-
prising thing to sharp business men is that the farmers do not more
quickly "catch on" to these facts and devote more time and intel-
ligence to fruit culture. When Florida oranges can be profitably
grown and retailed in towns several hundred miles from Boston for a
cent and a quarter each, there can be no doubt about the profit of
growing apples in this State that will retail for more money than
these oranges. But there has been a steady gain from year to year
though it sometimes seems to be very slow. So that there are now
more fruit-bearing trees in the State than ever before.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For several years past the fruit crop of the State has been large,
and of these crops the last one harvested is probably the largest and in
quality ranks as one of the best. Of the extent of this crop we will
quote the following frona a recent issue of the Maine Farmer:

"Never before were so many apples harvested in the State in a
sino-le year. This conclusion can be relied on, without question,
for growers have actually got the apples to prove it. From all the
principal fruit growing sections of the State the reports are the

sj^iue 'more apples than ever before raised in this vicinity.' This

increase over past years is not due to extraordinary bearing. Many
times before the trees have fruited as bountifully as this year.
While trees generally bore a full crop, there are many young trees
comino- into bearing each successive year, and these are adding
greatly to the crop. Maine has undoubtedly doubled her crop of
winter apples in the last ten years, and if no killing winter inter-
feres, will double it again in the next decade. This great crop i&
chiefly winter fruit. It is of good size, unusually high colored, and
very free from worms. All in all it has been a great harvest of

fruit."

To give some idea of the extent of fruit culture in individual
instances we will refer to a few orchards in the State. President
Pope from his orchard this year harvested nearly 2000 barrels
of apples, mostly Baldwins. A. C. Carr of Winthrop gathered 500
barrels from his orchard, the Longfellows in the same town had 600
barrels, mostly of russets. Phineas Whittier of Chesterville has a
crop that will reach 2000 barrels, largely Baldwins. The Pickers
of Turner had nearly as many. There are others quite as large,
and hundreds of farmers have gathered from 50 to 500 barrels of
apples each, making in the aggregate one of the largest and most
profitable of farm crops daring the season.

Two years ago a Massachusetts dealer in apples who cares for
nothing but the best fruit for his own marktt came to Franklin
county and bought several car-loads of apples. The apples were
of excellent quality, and this season he began to look around for
fruit. He came to the county for the second time and began first
of all to seek fruit of those of whom he had bought two years
before. AVhtn he found fruit tliat suited him, he bought it if he
could. In some cases he paid fifty cents more than the local buyers
would offer because he wanted the fruit. His coming annoyed
other buyers, but he bought what fruit he needed. The circum-

/

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5

stance suggested two lessons, that good fruit sold this year not only
brings a good price but recommends the fruit of the locality for
years after, the other lesson is the importance of producing and
offering for sale only the best fruit.

The markets in which our fruit has found a sale are also deserving
of some notice as well as the improved facilities that are being
afforded for forwarding the fruit. The crop in the West and South-
west was very light, and thousands of barrels of Maine apples have
been sent to Chicago, Minneapolis, Cincinnati, Omaha, and to
other points West and South. It may be well to note that on one
occasion an entire train loaded with apples was sent from the city
of Portland to the West. We regret to learn that much complaint
has been made of the quality of these apples, for it takes a long
time in trade as well as morals to overcome the ill odor that hovers
about a bad name. The foreign markets have been largely supplied
w^ith Canadian fruit, and most of the season prices have ruled low,
so low in fact that buyers have found the market in the states as
good or better. Several ocean steamers have provided artificial
ventilation for the apartments in which the fruit is stored. The
fruit stands up much better and reaches the foreign market in much
better condition. This suggests that there may be more satisfactory
methods of packing our fruit, especially such as sell for the dessert.
When this class of fruit is worth as much as oranges in the markets
of the world we are quite confident that fruit growers should take
as much pains in sorting and packing as do the orange growers of
Florida and California.

As a pleasing incident in connection with our fru't interests it
gives us pleasure to call attention to the exhibit made by Mr. C. A.
Arnold, a member of our society from Arnold, at the Brockton,
Mass., fair which occurred shortly after ours. The officers of that
society were so well pleased with this exhibition, that although it
was missent and arrived late, a liberal gratuity was awarded Mr.
Arnold. We approve of making exhibits at other fairs and believe
it would pay for our fruit growers to follow it up. From this
particular exhibit we learned through several private sources,
satisfying us that Mr. Arnold deserves our thanks for making the
exhibit.

There have been only two special meetings of the Executive Com-
mittee. Other meetings were held the day following our winter
meeting at Cornish and during the exhibition in Lewiston. It has

6 STATE POMOLOGICAI- SOCIETT.

been the purpose of the officers to have as few meetings as possible
on account of the expense connected with them. At the first
meeting the premium list was revised. At the annual autumn
meeting the accounts of the fair were examined and approved, and
arrangements were entered into between the Executive Committee
and the Executive Commissioner of the World's Columbian Fair,
and in November the committee were again called together on
account of matters connected with the World's Fair.

The Executive Committee were not inclined to have anything to
do with the World's Fair, as they did not think at so late a date it
would be possible to make a creditable exhibition of Maine fruits
and their products. Just btfore the time of our fair we were noti-
fied by the Executive Commissioner that he was ready to make a
contract with our society to make a fruit exhibiticn at the World's
Fair, and that for that purpose the sum of 81 000 had been placed
at his disposal. The matter was refened to our annual meeting,
and the executive officers were authorized to take such action as
their judgment might dictate. They were in doubt as to the best
course to pursue, but many members urged the officers to undertake
the collection of the fruit exhibit and do all the means at the disposal
of the society would permit, it was not, however, until the 30th
day of September that arrangements were finally determined. At
this time the committee appointed H. W. Brown and A. E. Andrews
to have '-charge of collecting, preserving and preparing fruit for
the exhibition of fruit at the World's Fair." Later having com-
pleted the collection and placed it in cold storage, the Executive
Committee contracted wiih Mr. Willis A. Luce to forward the fruit
at the pioper time and install the exhibition. Some fifty varieties
of fruit were collected, some of which were contributed, and others
purchased. The following is the list of fruits contributed by the
members of our society and others.

Alexander — Miss Grace M. Sleeper. Lewiston, specimens.

American Beauty — Benson W. Brown, East Wilton, "

American Golden Russet — Alonzo Butler, L'nion, "

American Golden Pippin — •' " " "

Bailey Sweet — Mellen Hayes, Farmington, "

.J. B. Knowlton, Strong. "

Baldwin — C. C. Cushman, Farmington, "

I. C. Dudley. Readfield, *'

Miss Mary Addle, Readfield, "

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Baldwin — Miss H. Del'a Porter, Readfield, specimens.
J. E. McCormick, " "

Elina Royal, " "

J. T. Sherburne, " '»

G. K. Staples, Temple, one barrel.
J. W. True, New Gloucester, one barrel.
E. K. Whitney, Hartford,
Charles S. Pope, Manchester, "
Charles I. Parley, Vassalboro, "

B. M. Titcomb, Farmington, one bushel.
Ben Davis — T. M. Merrill, West Gloucester, one barrel.

H. A. P. Kyes, Industry, specimens.
Black Oxford — Alonzo Butler, Union, "

Blue Pearmain — John Knowlton, Farmington, specimens.
John F. Norton, "

Alonzo Butler, Union,
Boardman — E. F. Purington, West Farmington,
Boston Baldwin — Miss Emma A. Glidden, Readfield,
Canada Red — B. M. Titcomb, Farmington,

Wm. H. Hunter, Strong,
Carver — Miss Emma A. Glidden, Readfield,

Miss Mary Addle, "

Chenango Strawberry — M. P. Tufts, Farmington,
Crab-apples — Miss Minnie A. Dudley, Readfield,
Deane (Nine Ounce) — M. P. Tufts, Farmington,
Dudley's Winter (seedling) — J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill, specimens.
Ewart — C. C. Cushman, Farmington, specimens.
Fallawater — Alonzo Butler, Union, "

C. M. Knowlton, Belfast, one barrel.
J. S. Hoxie, Fairfield, "

Fall Harvey — John S. Gay, Farmington, specimens.
E. W. Gould, Jay,
B. W. Brown, East Wilton,
Fall Pippin — D. H. Knowlton, Farmington,
Fameuse — John S. Gay, Farmington,
Alonzo Butler, Union,

C. C. Cushman, Farmington,
R. H. Smith, '*

Fameuse Sucre — C. C. Cushman, "

Fletcher Sweet — Alonzo Butler, Union,

Furbush Sweet (seedling) — A. W. Furbush, E. Wilton, specimens.

8

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Garden Royal — E. Lord, Farmington, specimens.
Gilliflower — John S . Gay , ' '

Wm H. Hunter, Strong,
J. E. McCormick, Readfleld,
Golden Ball — A. F. Hardy, Farmington,

Herman Corbett, "
Granite Beauty — C. C. Cushman, "
Gravenstein — Charles S. Pope, Manchester,

S. F. Knowlton, Strong,
Grimes' Golden — Alonzo Butler, Union,
Hurlbut — A. N. Goodridge, Industry,
Jewett's Fine Red(Nodhead) — R. H. Smith, Farmington, specimens.

Alonzo Butler, Union, "

King of Tompkins — J. F. Norton, Farmington, specimens.

Alonzo Butler, Union, "

King Sweet — Dennis H. Smith, Farmington, "

Lord Russet (seedling) — E. Lord, " "

Mann— A. F. Hardy, " "

Mcintosh Red — C. C. Cushman, Farmington, specimens.

Phineas Whittier, Chesterville, "
Mother — Alonzo Butler, Union, "

Miss Amy A. Dudley, Readfleld, "

Mt. Vernon Red — Hiram Gilman, " "

Northern Spy — David Dudley, " "

E. A. Lapham, Pittston, one barrel.
Hall C. Burleigh, Vassalboro, one barrel.
Elina Royal, Readfleld, specimens.
Miss H. Delia Porter, Readfleld, specimens.
Olive (seedling) — Albert W. Furbush, Farmington,
Oxford — S. A. Dudley, Readfleld,
Peck's Pleasant — S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Cen.,
Pennock's Red Winter — Alonzo Butler, Union,
Porter — S. F. Knowlton, Strong,
Poughkeepsie Russet — Alonzo Butler, Union,
Pound Sweet — B. W. Brown, Wdton,
Pumpkin Sweet — Dennis H. Smith, Farmington,
Rambo — Alonzo Butler, Union,

Rhode Island Greenings— C. S. Phinney, Standish, one barrel.

David Dudley, Readfleld, specimens.
J. T. Sherburne, " "

Roxbury Russets — G. W. Waugh, Winthrop, one barrel.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9

Rubicon — E. Lord, Farmington, specimens.
Russian Crabs — S. A. Dudley, Readfield, specimens.
Sally (seedling) —A. W. Furbush, E. Wilton, "
Sarah— B. W. Brown,

Seedling (unnamed) — J. B. Knowlton, Strong, "
Seek No Further— Wm. H. Hunter, " "

Specimens — M. V. Dudley, Readfield Depot, one barrel.
L. H. Blossom, Turner, "

S. H. Dawes, Harrison, "■

S. C. Harlow, Bangor, "

James Nutting, E. Perham, one box.
W. S. Phinney, Standish, "

J. A. Wellman, Brooks, "

, Waldoboro, "

David Morrill, Cornish, one box.
S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Center, one box.
A. A. Eastman, Dexter, "

S. R. Carleton, Cedar Grove, "

D. J. Br^ggs, So. Turner, "

Spitzenburg — John F. Norton, Farmington, specimens.

S. Frank Knowlton, Strong, "

Stark— J. Libby, Gray, "

St. Lawrence — Alonzo Butler, Union, "•'

Twenty Ounce — A. B. Jennings, Farmington, "
Unnamed Varieties — John Knowlton, " "

(^4) — Alonzo Butler, Union, "
Wagener — Benson W. Brown, E. Wilton, "

Wealthy— H. L. Foot, Wilton, "

Winthrop Greening — A. F. Hardy, Farmington, "
Yellow Bellflower — R. H. Gardiner, Gardiner, one barrel.

Miss Emma A. Glidden, Readfield, specimens.
Wm. R. Wharff, Gardiner, one barrel.
A. E. Andrews, " "

Yellow Favorite — Alonzo Butler, Union, specimens.
York Russet — A. F. Hardy, Farmington, "
Pears — S. C. Harlow, Bangor, one box.

M. V. Dudley, Readfield, specimens.
Alonzo Butler, Union, "

Cranberries — A. C. Green) eaf, Farmington, one box.

L. H. Blossom, Turner, ''

Barberries — Mrs. Fitzsimmons, Moscow "

10 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

The apples cred ted in the list to Alonzo Butler, Union, include
his own contributions and apples contributed by R. B. Robbins,
A. J. Young, G. W. Butler, Union; Hon. N. A, Farwell, Rock-
land; E. D. Gushee, A. F. Gushee, V C Kellar, Dr. Frank A.
Gushee, Appleton.

Experiments were undertaken to preserve more or less of the
fruit so as to show in glass, but they were not successful and the
fruit was destroyed.

At first we suppossed it was reasonably certain just what we
could do, but as the collection of fruit was progressing we found
there were many uncertainties about the whole matter and some
of them even unsettled up to the last moment. We expected one
of our special committee would be able to visit Chicago and study
the situation, but in this we were disappointed and were obliged to
await the slow process of correspondence. As it is uncertain
how well our fruit may hold up for the purpose of exhibi-
tion, it was our intention to show as many varieties as possible
along with our green fruits, in some preserving fluid, but it
took a long while to get the consent of the Chief of the Horti-
cultural Department to do so. It is the purpose of the Execu-
tive Committee to make the best showing possible with the money
placed at their disposal. Many fruit growers have generously con-
tributed fruit already and it is hoped that we may be able before
the time comes to make arrangements for showing more varieties of
green fruit to good advantage next fall. As soon as arrangements
are perfected they will be announced, and it is hoped that ihe fruit
growers of the State will lend a hand in making up the supply of
suitable specimens for exhibition. Should another year be as good
as the past year we are confident that we can make a good showing
of single varieties in competition with other states. We believe,
moreover, that the fruit growers of the State owe it to themselves
to take advantage of any favorable opportunity that may offer itself
in this direction.

Prof. Van Deman has always been ready to aid us in our work,
and he and his assistants have the best wishes of our members.
As illustrative of the work the Division of Pomology is doing, we
were informed by Mr. Taylor that the department would exhibit at
the World's Fair hand-painted models in wax of the following
varieties of apples from this State :

Alexander, Bailey Sweet, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearmain,
Black Oxford, Bullock, Dudley's Winter, Fallawater, Fameuse,

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. H

Granite Beauty, Garden Sweet, Hubbarclston, Mary, Minister,
Mcintosh Red, Mother, Nodhead, Naked Limb Greening, Northern
Spy, Porter, Pewawkee. Peek's Pleasant, Pound Sweet, Rhode
Island Greening. Roxbury Russet, St. Lawrence, Salina (seedling
from Aroostook county), Stark, Starkey, Swaar, Tolman Sweet,
Tompkins King, Twenty Ounce, Wagener, Wealthy, Yellow
Bellflower.

Reference is also made to the business transactions of the execu-
tive committee and the society to be found in another part of this
volume. Further mention is also made of ihe soc ety's transactions
under the reports co%'eriug the annual exhibition and the public
meetings. To the general reader we commend the papers and dis-
cussions presented at our public meetings. In another pait of
these transactions these papers, etc., in condensed form, may be
found. The class exercise, conducted by Miss Wilson, illustrative
of agriculture and horticulture in the schools, may be found in the
report of the secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

In this conneclion it is a pleasure to state that I am under obliga-
tion in many ways to Secretary McKeen, who has shown himself
an active factor in promoting the interests of agriculture in Maine.
At all times he has cordially aided us, and his assistance has been
of the most efficient nature.

D. H. KNOWLTON, Secretary.

OFFICERS FOR 1893.

President.

C'lIAKLES S. POPE, Manchester.

Vice Preside )its.

S. H. DAWES, Ilanisou.

D. P. TRUE, Leeds Centre.

Secretary.

D. II. KNOWI/rOX, Farniington.

Treasurer.

CHARLES E. WHEELER, Chesterville.

Execntive Committee.

The President and Secretary, ex-o:Sicio\ H. W. Brown, Xewbiirg; A. E.
Andrews, Gardiner, resigned at winter meeting and Willis A. Luce, South
Union, elected to his place ; J. W. True, Xew Gloucester.

Trustees.
Androscoggin County, I. T. Waterman, East Auburn.

Aroostook " J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill.

Cumberland " S. R. Sweetser, Cumberland Centre.

Franklin " M. C. Ilobbs, West Farniington.

Hancock " F. H. Moses. Bucksport.

Kennebec " E. A. Lapam, Pittston.

Knox " Alonzo Butler, Union.

Lincoln '• H. .7. A. Simmons, Waldoboro".

Oxford " C. H. George, Hebron.

Penobscot " C. A. Arnold, Arnold.

Piscataquis " A. W. Gilman, Foxcroft.

Sagadahoc " A. P. Ring, Richmond.

Somerset " James S. Hoxie, North Fairfield.

Waldo " D. B. Johnson, Freedom.

Washington " M. S. Springer, Danforth.

York " John C. Small, Cornish.

3fember of Experiment Station Council.
D. H. Knowlton, Farraingtou.
Committee on Nomenclature.
Z. A. Gilbert, Xorth Greene; D. P. True, Leeds Centre; C. M.Weston,
Belgi"ade.

Committee on New Fruits.
Willis A. Luce, South Union; T. M. Merrill, West Gloucester; J. W.
True, New Gloucester.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

XoTE.— Any errors or changes of residence should be promptly reported to the
Secretary. Members will also confer a favor by furnishing the Secretary with
their full Christian names where initials only are given.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Andrews, A. Emery Gardiner

Andrews, Charles E Auburn

*Atherton, H. X Hallowell

Atherton, Wm. P Hallowell

Atkins, Charles G Bucksport

Atwood, Fred A\interport

A verill, David C Temple

Bennoch, John E Orono

Boardman, Sainuel L Augusta

Briggs, D. .J South Turner

Briggs, .John Turner

Burr, -John Freeport

Butler, Alonzo Uniqn

*Carter, Otis L Etna

Chase, Henry M., 14 Quincy St., Portland

Chase, Martin V. B Augusta

*Clark, Eliphalet Portland

Cole, Horatio G Boston, Mass

Crafts, Moses A uburn

*Crosby, William C Bangor

Dana, Woodbiiry S Portland

Dawes, S. H Harrison

DeRocher, Peter Bradentown, Fla

Dirwanger, Joseph A Poi-tland

Dunham, W. W Xorth Paris

Dyer, Milton Cape Elizabeth

*Emerson, Albert Bangor

Emerson, Charles L South Turner

Farnsworth, B. B Portland

Frost, Oscar F Monmouth

♦Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner

Gardiner, Robert H Boston, ^Fass

George, C. H Hebron

Gilbert, Z. A North Greene

*Godfery, John E Bangor

Gurney, Lemuel Hebron

Hackett, E. C West Gloucester

Hanscom, John Saco

*Decease<l.

Harlow, S. C Bangor

*Harrls, X. C Auburn

Harris, X. W Auburn

Harris, William M A ubvirn

Harvey, F. L Orono

*Hersey, T. C Portland

Hobbs, M. Curtis West Farmington

Hoff ses, Elraas Warren

Hoxie, James S North Fairfield

Hoyt, Mrs. Francis Winthrop

Ingalls, Henry Wiscasset

Jackson, F. A Winthrop

*Jewett, George Portland

Johnson, Isaac A Auburn

Jordan, Francis C Brunswick

Kenniston, E. H Arnold

Knowlton, D. H Farmington

Lapham, E. A Pittston

Lombard, Tliurston ^{ Auburn

*Low, Elijah Bangor

*Low, S. S Bangor

McLaughlin, Henry Bangor

Merrill, T. M West Gloucester

*Metcalf, M. J Monmouth

Moody, Charles H Turner

Moore, William G Monmouth

Moor, F. A Waterville

Morton, J. A Bethel

Morton, William E Portland

*Xoyes, Albert Bangor

Perley, Chas. I... Seward's (Vassalboro')

Pope, Chas. S Manchester

Pulsifer, D. W Poland

Purington, E. F West Farmington

*Richards, F. G Gardiner

Richards, John T Gardiner

*Richardson, J. M Gardiner

Ricker, A. S Turner

14

STA.TE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIFE MEMBERS— Concluded.

Roak, George M Auburn

Robinson, Henry A Foxcrof t

Rolf e, Samuel Portland

Sawyer, Andrew S Cape Elizabeth

Sawyer, George B Wiscasset

*Sliaw, Stillman W West Auburn

Simmons, H. J. A "Waldoboi-o'

*Smitb, Alfred Monmouth

Smith, Henry S .' Monmouth

Starrett, L. F AVarren

Stetson, Henry Auburn

*Stetson, Isaiah Bangor

Stilphen, Asbury C Gardiner

Stanley, Charles Winthrop

Stanley, O. E AVinthrop

Staples, G. K Temple

Strout, S. F West Falmouth

Strattard, Mrs. A. B Monroe

Sweetser, S. R Cumberland Center

*Taylor, Joseph Belgrade

Taylor, Miss L. L., (Lakeside) Belgrade

Thomas, William W., Jr Portland

Thomas, D. J North Auburn

Tilton, William S Boston, Mass

True, Davis P Leeds Center

True , John W New Gloucester

Varney, James A The Dalles Oregon

Vickery, James Portland

Vickery, John Auburn

Wade, Patrick Portland

Walker, Charles S Peru

Waterman, Willard H East Auburn

*Weston, James C Bangor

Wharff , Charles S Gardiner

Whitney, Edward K Harrison

Woodard, Mrs. S. M Gardiner

Woodman, George W Portland

ANNUAL MEMBERS, 1892.

Abbott, L. F Lewiston Leech, H. T East Monmouth

Allen, W. II Augusta Luce, Willis A South Union

Arnold, C. A Arnold Mansur, A. M East Dixmont

Bailey, W. G Freeport Merrow, J. H South Sniithlield

Bartlett, B. W East Dixmont Munson, W. M Orono

Bickf ord, James Carmel Nelson, O. C Upper Gloucester

Brown, Henry W Newburg Nutting, James Perham

Chandler, Lucy A Freeport Osgood, Mrs. A. J. . .Cumberland Centei

Cook, Elijah Manchester Peacock, J. R Gardiner

Doyle, Mamie E Woodfords Penley, H. E Auburn

Dunbar, E. W Damariscotta Perkins, C. S Cross Hill

Dunton, John Lewiston Plaisted, R. C Gardiner

Eastman, A. A Dexter Pulsifer, H. A Auburn

Goddard, Calvin S Woodfords Sleeper, Grace N Lewiston

Goddard, Edward H Woodfords Sleeper, L. D. N LeAviston

Grant, Mrs. Benson Lewiston Small, John C Cornish

Harlow, F. L Turner Townsend, Mrs. B. T Freeport

Hawkins, M. P Auburn Weston, C. M Belgrade

High School Orono Wharff, W. R Gardiner

Keith, ^V'alter I<: Winthrop Wlieeler, Charles E Chest erville

King, Mrs. Louisa South Etna VVriglit, Fred Bath

Larrabee, P. P North Sebago Wright, L. E Woolwich

AXNLAL MEMBERS, 1893.

Allen, \V. H Augusta Nelson, O. C Upper Gloucester

Dudley, J. W Castle Hill Wheeler, Joseph B Corinth

Munson, W. M Orono

Annual Statement of the Maine State Pomological
Society for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 1892.

RECEIPTS.

Cash received State bounty, 1891 S500 00

State Agricultural Society 500 00

Manufacturers' National Bank notes 400 00

life members 20 00

annual members 43 00

Wiscasset Savings Bank 19 63

Interest Fariuington National Bank stock 12 00

Merchants' National Bank stock 6 00

Dr. T witchell 10 00

Balance due Treasurer Dec. 31, 1892 .30 31

EXPENDITURES.

Cash paid Secretary's sah\ry §125 00

clerk 12 00

expenses 65 30

C.S.Pope's " 3155

A.E.Andrews'" 24 70

J.W.True's " 14 00

H.W.Brown's " 35 60

A. S. Ricker's " 17 25

Manufacturers' National Banknotes 300 00

interest Manufacturers' National Bank notes 1 54

two sliares jNIerchants' National Bank stock in favor

permanent fund 207 60

dividend \Viscasset Savings Bank 2 37

Manufacturers' National Bank note 10 77

Knowlton, McLearj' & Co 3(> 10

sundries 40 09

premiums 613 50

overpaid by Treasurer, 1891 3 .57

81, .540 94

81,540 <t4
I

Financial Condition of Society December 31, 1892.

ASSETS.

Due from State Treasurer, bounty for 1892 8500 00

Property owned by the Society, estimated 1.50 00

Permanent fund, Farmington National Bank stock 400 00

Merchants' National Bank stock 200 00

Wiscasset Savings Bank .. 113 09

81,365 09

LIABILITIES.

Due Manufacturers' National Bank §,'5,50 00

Treasurer (overpaid) 30 31

8380 31

16 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1'ermanent Fund.

CREDIT.

By fees of 109 life members to December 31, 1892 SI, 090 00 $1,090 00

DEBIT.

To tleposit in Wiscasset Savings Bank §11,5 09

Farmington National Bank stock 400 00

Mercliants' National Bank stock, Gardiner 200 00

balance due permanent fnnd 374 91

§1,090 00

A. S. RICKER, Treasurer.
Turner, January 2, 1893.

Maine State Pomological Society.

Report of the Twentieth Annual Exhibition held in
Lewiston, September 6, 7, 8 and 9, 1892.

Our annual exhibition was held in Lewiston September 6-9, 1892.
It was held in connection with the annual show and fair of the
Maine State Agricultural Society, and upon the same terms as in
former j^ears. There is, perhaps, only one criticism that can be
justly passed upon this arrangement, and that is the early date at
which the fair is held. Many of our best fruits cannot be shown to
advantage, as they are immature, poorly colored, and only partially
grown at that time. To show these fruits to the best advantage
the exhibition should be held not earlier than the fifteenth of
October. It would not be practicable to hold a separate exhibition,
and we see no way in which the present plan can be very much
improved. There is one advantage, however, the earliness of the
fair secures a large exhibition of open-air flowers and plants that
could not be shown after the frosts.

The entire third floor of the hall was given to our Society, and
the officers of the Agricultural Society expressed themselves as
well pleased with the manner in which the hall was filled. For the
purpose of making the hall as attractive as possible, the flowers
were scattered about the hall. There were some disadvantages in
this arrangement, as the specimens could not be so readily com-
pared by the judges. As a matter of convenience it may be better
to have one or two of the wings devoted to plants and flowers.
The exhibition of fruit was very large, and among those who were
present to examine them were several buyers who have since bought
large quantities of Maine fruit for their customers. As already
2

18 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

hinted at, the late winter varieties were too green to be shown at their
best, but the autumn fruits were large, well colored and handsome.
One thin<y was verj' noticeable in the exhibition of fruit and that is
the increased interest in the winter varieties.

A new and attractive feature of the exhibition was the display

of plants made by school children of Lewiston and Auburn. The

plants were arranged around the elevator shaft and the stairway

leading to the cupola. By request of Mr. Gilbert, the secretary

prepared the following summary of the window garden department

for publication in the Maine Farmer. This summary is as follows :

Origin. As a part of a horticultural exhibition, or horticultural

work, the plan originated, we think, with Mrs. H. L. T. Walcott,

of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The committee in

that society who have had special charge of the work were Mrs.

Walcott and Mr. M. B. Faxon. It has outgrown the limits to

which it was first confined, and now several hundred dollars are

expended in this work and several exhibitions held. Secretary

Knowlton of the Pomological Society first called the attention of

the society to the subject of window gardening for the children.

Interest was shown in the matter, which was finally referred by

the executive committee to President Pope and Secretary Knowlton

to work up for the fair.

Object. Too little atteniioQ is given to the study of plant life,
and it is believed that the care of a plant for a few months by a
child will teach the child something of iuterest about the plant, and
he will learn something about the plant, how it grows and what
makes it grow. A few things learned of one plant will encourage
the child to study other plants, and in the end interest him in all
that grows on the farm or in the garden.

Meditim. Dr. Twitchell gave tlie society $10 to be used for
premiums. L. F. Abbott gave for the same purpose ten annual
subscriptions to Vick's Magazine, and D. H. Knowlton & Co. for
the same purpose presented twenty annual subscriptions to their
school papers. President Pope and L. F. Abbott also presented
potted plants, and other plants were purchased and distributed to
the children, who were expected to care for the plants, etc. To all
who returned their plants, free tickets were furnished by the Agri-
cultural Society, admitting to the park one day, Thursday. The
children carried their plants to one of the school houses at the
appointed time, received their tickets, and the plants were taken to

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

the fair groimcls, placed on exhibition, and later returned to the
school building.

Results. About 350 plants were exhibited at the fair. They
were arranged on receding shelves on three sides of the elevator
shaft, and about the stairway leading to the observatory. About
350 out of 450 plants were placed on exhibition by the children,
and they formed a ver}' attractive feature in the floral display, and
were admired by the public. The children showed a deep interest
in the plants, and many of them were enthusiastic over their suc-
cess in cultivating. They have also learned some things they^ will
never forget ; better still, this care of the plants has taught them to
learn much of other plants. The general plan has proved so
successful it is hoped the society may be able to continue this line
of work in the future. It is also hoped that other societies may
give some features of this work a fair trial in the future. Pre-
miums were awarded the best plants injeach class.

It is hoped the executive committee may see (the way clear to
continue the department next year, but there is considerable ex-
pense connected with it. The scope of the work should be ex-
tended, so that the plants should all be named before they are
given out to the children, with the idea in view that the child
will learn more about the plant if it is some particular species than
if it is simplj' a geranium without name. A few more plants
should be furnished by some one, and the premiums should be paid
to the children at once, as delay with them is a cause of much
anxiety.

It is a cause of regret to the writer thaf so little interest is
shown in competing for the botanical premiums offered by the
society. For the premium offered to high schools there was only
one competitor, and that was the Orouo HighjSchool. It is grati-
fying, however, to note that this collection was an excellent one,
and we take pleasure in making a public recognition of its merit.
With the increased interest in introducing the study of agriculture
in the schools we are disappointed in not having the efforts of the
society in this direction more generally appreciated.

The officers have been aiming at a closer following of the rules,
believing that the interests of all will be best subserved thereb}'.
There are several rules that ought to be changed or enforced,
and it is the intention of the committee to follow them this year.

20 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It is pleasant to note that there were uo complaints made after the
premiums were publicly announced.
Premiums were awarded as follows :

For Apples— Collections $190 50

Specials 41 00

Single plates 55 00

$286 50

For Peais— Collections . . $23 00

Specials 10 00

Single plates 25 50

58 50

For Plums— Collections $10 00

Single plates ... 23 00

33 00

For Grapes... 5 00

For miscellaneous articles 43 50

For Flowers /. . . 187 00

Total premiums awarded . . $613 50

List of Premiums Awarded at tlie Twentieth
Auuual Exliibitiou. 1892.

APPLES — General Collections.

Best general exhibition of apples grown by the exhibitor in anj'
part of the State : S. H. Dawes, Harrison, $15 ; Miss L L. Tay-
lor, Lakeside, $10.

Best exhibition of apples grown by exhibitor, to consist entirely
of varieties not named in the society's premium list : Alonzo But-
ler, Union, $5 ; C. H. George, Hebron, $3.

COUNTY EXHIBITIONS.

Best general exhibition of apples grown by the exhibitor in
Androscoggin county: John Dunton, Lewiston, $8 ; D. J. Briggs,
South Turner, $6.

For same in Aroostook county: James Nutting, Perham, $S.

For same in Cumberland county: S. H. Dawes, S8 ; J. W.
True, New Gloucester, $6.

For same in Franklin county: E. F. Purington, West Faiming-
ton, SB ; M. C. Hobbs, West Farmington, S6.

For same in Kennebec county : C. I. Perley, Cross Hill, 88 ; W.
R. Wharff, Gardiner, §6.

For same in Knox county : Alonzo Butler, Union, $8 ; W^illis
A. Luce, South Union, S6.

For same from Lincoln county : E. W. Dunhar, Damariscotta, $8.

For same from Oxford county : C. H. George, $8 ; Lemuel
Ourney, Hebron, $6.

For same from Penobscot county : C. A. Arnold, Arnold, 88 ;
E. H. Kenniston, Arnold, S6.

For same from Sagadahoc county ; Fred Wright, Bath, $8 ; L.
E. Wright, Woolwich, 36.

22 STATK POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For same from Somerset county : J. IS. Hoxie, North Fairfield,
$8; J. H. Merrow, South Smithfield, $6.

For same from Waldo county : B. W. Bartlett, East Dixmont,
$8 ; A. M. Mansur, East Dixmont^ $6.

CRAB APPLES.

For best collection crab apples : C. A. Arnold, Si ; E. H. Ken-
nistou, 50c.

SPECIAL PREMIUMS.

For best dish of Baldwins : S. H. Dawes, 85 ; C. I. Perley, $'d.

Gravenstein : A. S. Ricker, Turner, $3 ; Chas. S. Pope, Man-
chester, $2.

Northern Spy: S. H. Dawes, >$o ; 8. R Sweetser, Cunaberland
Centa-, $2.

Rhode Island Greenings : A. R. King, North Monmouth, S5 ;
Lemuel Gurney, S3.

Roxbuiy Russets: C. I. Peiley, §3; Miss Louisa King, South
Etna, $2.

Tompkins King : H. G. Fairbanks, North Monmouth, $3 ;
Alonzo Butler, S2.

Yellow Belltlower : R. H. Gardiner, Gardiner, $3 ; James Bick-
ford, C arm el, $2.

SINGLE VARIETIES.

Alexander: Grace M. Sleeper, Lewiston, Si ; D. S. Thomas,
North Auburn, 50c.

American Golden Russet: Walter E. Keith, Winthrop, $1 ;
A. P. Ring, Richmond Corner, 50c.

Ben Davis : S. R. Sweetser, $1 ; C. I. Perley, 50c.

Deane : Simeon L. Farwell, Cumberland Center, $1 ; E. F
Purington, oOc.

Duchess of Oldenburg : S. H. Dawes, Si ; Walter E. Keith, 50c.

Early Harvest: J. S. Hoxie, $1 ; Mrs. A. J. Osgood, Cumber-
land Center, 50c.

Fall aw ate r : J. S. H«xie, $1 ; Charles S. Pope, 50c.

Fall Harvey : C. H. George, $1 ; M. C. Hobbs, 50c.

Fameuse : C. H. George, Si ; E. F. Purington, 50c.

Garden Royal : S. H. Dawes, 31 ; Walter E. Keith, 50c.

Hubbardston Nonsuch: T. M. Lombard, Auburn, $1 ; H. T.
Leech, E. Monmouth, 50c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

Jewett's Fine Red: T. M. Lombard, -gl ; S. H. Dawesy oOc.
King Sweeting: E. F. Purington, §1 ; C. I. Peiiey, oOc.
Large Yellow Bough : S. H. Dawes, SI ; Grace 3L Sleeper, 50c.
Mcintosh Red : C. H. Gtorge, Si ; J. S. Hoxie, 50c.
Milding: C. I. Perley, 81.

Mother: Miss L. L. Tajdor, 81 ; Mrs. A. J. Osgood, 50c.
Munson Sweet: E. F. Purington, $1 ; S. R Sweetser, 50c.
Peck's Pleasant: Mrs. A. J. Osgood, -Si ; R. H. Gardiner, 50c.
Pomme Royale : Charles S. Pope, Si ; C. H. George, 50c.
Porter : E. F. Purington, 81 ; Willis A. Luce, 50c.
Pound Sweet: S. H. Dawes, 81 ; C. I. Perley, 50c.
Primate: J. S. Hoxie, Si ; E. F. Purington, 50c.
Pumpkin Sweet: E. F. Purington, 81.

Red Astrachan : Herman Corbett, Farmingtou, $1; H. T.
Leech, 50c.

Red Canada: A. R. King, §1 ; H. G. Fairbanks, 50c.

Rolfe : S. R. Sweetser, $1 ; A. A. Eastman, Dexter, 50c.

Russell : D. C. Averill, Temple, $1 ; Herman Corbett, 50c.

Somerset : C. M. Weston, Belgrade, 81 ; Miss L. L. Taylor, 50c.

Starkey : C. I. Perley, $1 ; J. S. Hoxie, 50c.

Talman's Sweet: D. S. Thomas, 81 ; E. F. Purington, 50c.

•Tetofsky : 3L C. Hobbs, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, 50c.

Wagener : T. M. Lombard, 81 ; J. S. Hoxie, 50c.

Wealthy : S. R. Sweetser, 81 ; J. W. True, 50c.

William's Favorite : Miss L. L. Taylor, $1 ; E. F Purington, 50c.

Winthrop Greening: A. R. King, 81 ; H. G. Fairbanks, 50c.

Yellow Transparent: M. C. Hobbs, $1 ; C. I. Perley, 50c.

PEARS— General Exhibitions.
For best general exhibition of pears : S. H. Dawes, SIO ; C. I.
Perley, 88 ; D. P. True, Leeds Center, $5.

SINGLE VARIETIES.

Clapp's Favorite: A. S. Ricker, 83 ; D. J. Briggs, $2.

Bartlett: S. H. Dawes, S3 ; Walter E. Keith, 82.

Belle Lucrative: J. S. Hoxie, Si ; Alonzo Butler, 50c.

Beurre d'Anjou : Thurston M. Lombard, $1 ; C. I. Perley, JoOc.

Beurre Hardy : R. H. Gardiner, Sl.

Beurre Superfin : S. H. Dawes, 81 ; D. P. True, 50c.

24 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Beurre Clavigeau : G. N. Prescott, E. Monmouth, $1; CM.
Weston, 50c.

Beurre Diel : C. M. Weston, $1.

Buffum : D. P. True, $1 ; Walter E. Keith, oOc.

Doyenne Boussock : S. H. Da^res, $1 ;• C. I. Perley, 50c.

Duchesse d'Angouleme : S. H. Dawes, $1 ; Alonzo Butler, 50c.

Eastern Belle : J. S. Hoxie, $1.

Glout Morceau : D. J. Briggs, $1 ; C. I. Perley, 50c.

Goodale : C M. Weston, $1 ; C. I. Perley. 50c.

Howell: C. I. Perley, $1 ; J. S. Hoxle, 50c.

Lawrence : I. V. McKinney, Auburn, $1 ; Walter E. Keith, 50c.

Louise Bonne de Jersey: C. H. George, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, 50c.

Nickerson : Miss L. L. Taylor, $1 ; C. M. Weston, 50c.

Seckel : D. J. Briggs, $1 ; C. I. Perley, 50c.

Sheldon : Walter E. Keith, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, 50c.

GRAPES — General Exhibitions.
For best collection of air-grown grapes: S. H. Dawes,
Charles S. Perkins, Cross Hill, $2.

PLUMS— General Exhibitions.

For best general exhibition plums : S. H. Dawes, $6 ; Willis A.
Luce, $4.

SINGLE VARIETIES.

Bavay'sGreen'Gage : AVillis A. Luce, 81 ; E. F. Purington, 850c.
Bradshaw : Lemuel Gurney, $1 ; T. M. Lombard, 50c.
Coe's Golden Drop: S. H. Dawes, $1 ; C. H. George, 50c.
Green Gage : D. H. Knowlton, Farmington, $1 ; M. P. Haw-
kins, Auburn, 50c.

Prince's Imperial Gage : T. M. Lombard, SI ; D. P. True, 50c.

Red Gage : E. F. Purington, $1 ; R. H. Gardiner, 50c.

Guii: '>E. W. Dunbar, $1 ; M. P. Hawkins, 50c.

Jefferson: J. W. True, $1.

Lawrence : C. H. George, $1 ; E. F. Purington, 50c.

Lombard: J. S. Hoxie, $1 ; S. H. Dawes, 50c.

Magnum Bonum : John Dunton, $1 ; M. P. Hawkins, 50c.

McLaughlin: R. H. Gardiner, $\ ; Willis A. Luce, 50c.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

Moore's Arctic: H. T. Leech, $1 ; J. S. Hoxie, 50c.

Niagara: S. H. Dawes, Si.

Smith's Orleans : T. M. Lombard, 61.

Yellow Egg : J. W. True, $1 ; John Duutou, 50c.

Purple Damson (Gratuity) : J. W. True, 50c.

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES— Canned Fruits,
Preserves, etc.

Peaches : S H. Dawes, $2.

Peck Cultivated Cranberries : L T. "Waterman & Son, East
Auburn, $2.

Orange tree in fruit : H. E. Penley, Auburn, Si.

Banana: H E. Penley, Auburn, $\ ;

Collection Canned Fruits, etc: Mrs. Annie S. Corbett, Farm-
ington, $8 ; Mrs. Benson Grant, Lewiston, So.

Canned Blackberries : Mrs. Annie S. Corbett, 50c. ; Mrs. Frank
P. Carr, Top?ham, 25c.

Canned Blueberries : Mrs. Frank P. Carr, 50c. ; Mrs. Francis
Hoyt, Winthrop, 25c.

Canned Cherries : Mrs. E. F, Purington, WestFarmington, 50c.

Canned Gooseberries: A. A. Eastman, 50c.; Mrs. Annie S.
Corbett, 25c.

Canned Peaches : Mrs. Benson Grant, 50c. ; Mrs. Francis
Hoyt, 25c.

Canned Pears : M. Lela Averill, Temple, 50c. ; Mrs. Frank P.
Carr, 25c.

Canned Plums : A. A. Eastman, 50c. ; Mrs. Benson Grant, 25c.

Canned Quinces : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c. ; Mrs. Benson Grant,
25c.

Canned Raspberries: A. A. Eastman, 50c.; Mrs. Francis
Hoyt, 25c.

Canned Strawberries: Mrs. Annie S. Corbett, 50c. ; Mrs. Fran-
cis Hoyt, 25c.

Canned Tomatoes : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.

Preserved App!es : Mrs. E. F. Purington, 50c.; Miss E. B.
Butler, Union, 25c.

Preserved Currants : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; Mrs. Annie S.
Corbett, 25c.

26 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Preserved Cherries : Miss E. B. Butler, 50c. ; Mrs. Francis
Hoyt, 25c.

Preserved Pears: Mrs. D. S. Thomas, North Auburn, 50c. ;^
Mrs. Annie S. Corbett, 25c.

Preserved Plums: Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c,; Mrs. Annie S.
Corbett, 25c.

Preserved Quinces : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.; Mrs. Annie S.
Corbett, 25c.

Preserved Eaepberries : Miss E. B. Butler, 50c. ; Mrs. Francis
Hoyt, 25c.

Preserved Strawberries: Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c. ; Mrs. Annie
S. Corbett, 25c.

Assorted Pickles : Mabel E. Grover, Bean's Corner, 50c. ; Mrs.
Benson Grant, 25c.

Tomato Catsup : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.

Best Collection Apple Jellies : Mrs. Benson Grant, $2 ; Mrs. D.
S. Thomas, $1.

Apple Jelly : Mrs. D. S. Thomas, 50c.; Mrs. Francis Hoyt,
25c.

Cui rant Jelly : Mrs. L. F. Abbott, Levviston, 50c; Mrs. Benson
Grant, 25c.

Grape Jelly : Miss E. B. Butler, 50c ; Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 25c.

Quince Jelly : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c. ; Mrs. Benson Grant, 25c.

Raspberry Jelly : Mrs. Benson Grant, 50c. ; Mrs. Francis Hoyt,
25c.

Rhubarb .Jelly : Mrs. L. F. Abbott, 50c. ; Mrs. Francis Hoyt,
25c.

Strawberry Jelly : Mrs. L. F. Abbott, 50c. ; Mrs. Annie S. Cor-
bett, 25c.

Maple Syrup : Charles Fletcher, Augusta, 50c. ; Lemuel Gur-
ney, 25c.

Maple Sugar (gratuity) : Lemuel Gurney, 50c.

CUT FLOWERS.

For best display of cut flowers : Mrs. Charles Stanley, Wintbrop,
$10; Mrs. B. T. Townsend, Freeport, $8; Charles S. Walker,
Peru, $5.

Exhibition of Roses : John Burr, Freeport, $5.

Dahlias : Nellie A. Day, South Turner, $2 ; Mrs. Charles
Stanley, $1.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27

Chinese Pinks: Mrs. B. T. Townsend, $1 ; Mrs. Charles Stan-
ley, 50c.

Asters: Charles S. Walker, $1 ; Mrs. B. T. Townsend, 50c.

Pansies : Charles S. Walker, $1 ; Mrs. D. H. Knowlton, Farra-
ingtou, 50c.

Zinnias: Mrs. Francis Hoyt, $1 ; Mrs. Charles Stanley, 50c.

Phlox Drummondii : Mrs. Charles Stanley, $1; Mrs. G. K.
Staples, Temple, 50c.

Stocks: Mrs. G. K. Staples, Si.

Balsams : Mrs. Charles Stanley, Si ; Mrs. Francis Hoyt, 50c.

Petunias : Mrs. Charles Stanley, Si ; Mrs. D. H. Knowlton, 50c.

Gladioli : Lucy A. Chandler, Freeport, 82 ; W. G. Bailey,
Freeport, $1.

Veibenas : Mrs. Francis Hoyt, Si ; Mrs. Charles Stanley, 50c.

Calendulas (gratuity) : E. C. Pope, Manchester, 50c.

Vase of cut flowers (amateur) : Mrs. Annie S. Corbett, $3 ;
Mrs. Francis Hoyt. $2; Mrs. Charles Stanley, Si.

Best twelve button-hole bouquets: .John Burr, S2 ; Mrs. G.
A. Keist, 335 Minot avenue. Auburn, $1.

Floral design (professional) : C. S. Goddard & Son, Wood-
fords, S8.

Floral design (amateur) : Mrs. Charles Stanley, So ; Mrs. Liz-
zie M. Walker, Ptru, S3.

Floral wreath : C. S. Goddard & Son, 82 ; Lucy B. Burr, Free-
port, Si.

Dish of cut flowers: Mrs. Francis Hoyt, S2 ; Mrs. Anthony
Cummings, Auburn, $1.

Basket of cut flowers : C. S. Goddard & Son, S2 ; Mrs. Francis
Hoyt, $1.

Artistic Exhibition of everlasting flowers : Mrs. Charles Stan-
ley, $1.

GREENHOUSE AND POT PLANTS.

Exhibition greenhouse plants : W. G. Bailey, S15 ; C. S. God-
dard & Son, $10 ; John Burr, $8 ; Charles S. Walker, $8.

Exhibition pot plants : Lucy A. Chandler, $10 ; Mrs. Anthony
Cummings, $8.

Ferns: John Burr, $3.

Geraniums : John Burr, S2.

Begonias : W. G. Bailey, $2 ; John Burr, $1.

28 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETr.

Coleus : Charles S. Walker, $2 ; Joha Burr, $1.

Gloxinias: Charles S. Walker, $2.

Dracaena : W. G. Bailey, 50c; John Burr, 2oc.

Double Geranium : Mrs. Anthony Cummings, 50c.

Single Geranium : Linnie Varnum, Auburn, 50c.; Lizzie Dag-
neau, Auburn, 25c.

Salvia Splendens : John Burr, 50c.

Foliage Begonia : John Burr, 50c. ; W. G. Bailey, 25c.

Flowering Begonia: W. G. Bailey, 50c. ; Charles S. Walker,
25c.

Coleus : S. H. Dawes, 50c. ; Charles S. Walker, 25c.

Fuchsia: W. G. Bailey, 50c.

Carnation : Lucy A. Chandler, 50c. ; W. G. Bailey, 25c.

Ever-Blooming Rose: Mrs. Anthony Cummings, |1.

Single pot plant: S. H. Dawes, $1.

Climbing plant on trellis : John Burr, $2 ; Mrs. Anthony Cum-
mings, $1.

SPECIAL PREMIUMS.

Cut wild flowers : Mrs. C. E. Waterman, East Auburn, $3.
Pressed wild flowers : Mamie E. Doyle, Woodfords, $2.
Pressed wild flowers collected by High School : Orono High
School, Orono, Household Microscope, costing $6.

WINDOW GARDEN DEPARTMENT.

First premiums of 35 cents each were awarded to the following
children for geraniums : Winuifred Thompson, Eddie Plummer,
Grace Woods, Emma Armstrong, Charles Eldredge, Irwin Norcross,
Harry Goss, Arthur Hayes, Lena Jones, Cochraine Cartwright,
Herbert LaRoe, Lola IVIcQuestion, Willie Whittum, Florence
Whittum, Marion Ames, Lewiston ; Ethel Payson, Paul Preble,
Percy Haskell, Blanche Crafts, Letitia Frost, Auburn.

Coleus: Louise Bradstreet, Earnest Gould, Lewiston; Charles
Carter, Donald Garcelon, Harold Davis, Fred Dormau, Arthur
Thompson, Auburn.

Fuchsias : Carrie Fickett, Violet Reynolds, Marion Owen,
Lswiston.

Vick's Magazine was sent for one year as a premium to each of
the following, for geraniums :

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. '29

Gracie Mills, Shirley White, Lewiston ; Maud Preble, Guy Fitz,
Inez O. Decker, Josie Pratt, Auburn.

For Fuchsias : Clara Pingree, Hattie Dresser, Lewiston.

For Coleus : Maggie Doyle, Lewiston ; Mary Roak, Bertha
Cushman, Auburn.

The School World was sent for one year as a premium to each
of the following :

For geraniums : Emma Re'chel, Grace Evan?, Ida Epstein,
Lillian Soule, Arthur McGibbon, Ida Andrews, Florence Cash,
William Davis, Lewiston; Fannie Harlow, Annie Mullary, George
Tainter, Alice Chase, Eva Larrabee, Theisa Joidan, Ar^nie Curtis,
Cora Gould, Auburn.

For Fuchsias : Daisy Young, Auburn.

For Coleus : Madge Lane, Harold Reynolds, Arthur Sherman,
Lewiston ; Bertha Woodbury, Auburn.

For the premiums in the Window Garden Department, $10 was
contributed by Dr. Geo. M. Twitchell, Vick's M( gazhie was pre-
sented by L. F. Abbo-t, of the Leitiston Journal, and the School
Worlds, by D. H. Knowlton & Co., publishers, Farmington.

Business Transactions.

Annual Meeting.

September 7, 1892. Meeting of the society lield in Park Hall,
Lewiston, at 6.30 o'clock P. M. Officers for 1893 were elected.
See page 12. The committee, to whom was referred the resolution
of Mr. "Wheeler, presented at the last winter meeting, was granted
further time, to report at winter meeting.

The Secretary read the following letter :

"Office of ExECuriVE Commissioner, ]
Portland, August 27, 1892. )

Mr. D. H. Knowlton,

Secretary Maine State Pomological Society.

Dear Sir: — Our Board finally appropriated $1,000.00 to be
expended upon the pomological exhibit. Of course some of the
appropriations may lapse and thus increase this one ; but the sum
of $1,000.00 is all we are sore of. I write to ask if your Society
will undertake to get up an exhibit, or, in other words, get up as
good an exhibit as you can with this money, and if so, upon what
terms? Very truly yours,

C. P. Mattocks (P.)"

On motion of Mr. Briggs, of Turner, the matter was referred to
the Executive Committee for such action as the interests of the
Society may require.

Winter Meeting, January ITtli and IStli, 1893.

By previous arrangemeut with Hon. B. Walker McKeeu, Secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture, a programme for a union
meeting was prepared and agreed upon.

Assembled in Meonian Hall, Tuesday, January, 17th. at 10
o'clock, A. M. The temperature of the hall was so low that no
meetings were held there during the session. The forenoou meet-
ing was adjourned to Hotel North, and the other meetings were
held in the hall of Highland Lodge, A. O. U. W. who kindly
tendered our Society the use of the same. At Hotel North Presi-
dent Pope called the meeting to order.

In the absence of A. S. Ricker, treasurer for 1892, his report
was presented by Charles E. Wheeler, the treasurer-elect for the
year 1893. The report was accepted.

Secretary Knowltou, in behalf of the committee "to consider the
advisability of petitioning the next [present] Legislature for an
increased appropriation for the society," reported that "in view of
the facts presented your committee are convinced that it is advis-
able at this time to ask the Legislature to increase the annual
appropriation for the society."

The committee recommend that the Legislature be asked to
amend the act of incorporation by changing the words "five hun-
dred dollars" to "one thousand dollars," in Section 2 of said act of
incorporation, so that said section, when amended, shall read as
follows :

Sec. 2. Said Society shall have all the rights, privileges, and
powers conferred by the laws of this State upon county and local
agricultural societies, and shall be subject to all liabilities imposed
by existing laws upon societies, so far as the same are applicable to
the objects of this Society ; but the bounty to be paid by the State to
said Society shall not exceed the sum of one thousand dollars in one
year.

32 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Voted, That the committee who have been investigating the
advisability of asking the legislature for additional appropriation
for the uses of this Society be instructed to present the matter to
the legislature in any form that their judgment may determine ; that
to this end they confer with the State Board of Agriculture and
solicit their co-operation in gaining the desired result.

[Memorandum. Before leaving Augusta the committee con-
ferred with the Board of Agriculture, put the matter in proper
form and placed the papers in the hands of the Hon. P^dward
Wiggin, chairman of the committee on agriculture, the Board of
Agriculture co-operating Some time later a favorable report was
made on the matter, and the bill was passed by the Legislature
without dissent, and was approved by the Governor.]

The Secretary reported the resignation of Mr. A. E. Andrews as
a member of the executive committee. It was voted to accept the
same and to proceed to the election of his successor.

Balloted and made choice of Willis A. Luce of South Union.

The president appointed the following committee to examine the
fruit and flowers on exhibition : Charles E. Wheeler, W. A. Luce
and S. H. Dawes.

The committee reported as follows :

"Mr. President : — The committee which you appointed to report
on the exhibit of fruit have attended to that duty and report, with
much pride, that the exhibit this year we believe to be the best
for many years and it may be the best that has been shown at any
of the winter meetings. We find in all 100 plates, shown by
thirteen exhibitors.

From the State College forcing- house. Prof. Munson shows
results of the work being done there.

Fiom the orchardis's that are attracting especial attention is
Dudley's Winter, an apple originating from a Duchess seed fertil-
ized by a Hyslop Crab. Mr. J. AY. Dudley, Castle Hill, is the
exhibitor.

The Stark, which has brought out some notes and letters, of late,
in the Maine Farmer, is found on the tables in fine form from the
orchard of J. Libby, Grey.

Three plates of King are shown, and from those of J. W. True
and J. Pope & Son your committee do not desire the honor of
deciding which is best.

Especial mention is called to the plates of Fallawater, Baldwin,
Minister, Mother and Nodhead exhibited by J. Pope & Son.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

Among J. W. True's exhibit is an extra fine dozen of Beurre
d'Anjou pears. The Ben Davis, R. I. Greening and Nodhead
are line specimens of their kinds.

D. P. True shows Lawrence pears and Angers Quince.

Peck's Pleasant, from 8. R. Sweetser are extra fine. E. A.
Lapham, Pittston, fourteen plates ; J. Pope & Son, Manchester,
twelve plates; 8. R. Sweetser, Cumberland, eight plates; J. W.
True, New Gloucester, six plates ; 8. R. Lapham, Pittston, five
plates ; D. P. True. Leeds, two plates ; S. R. Clark, China, two
plates ; James Nutting, Perham, two plates.

Flowers from different florists do much to make the tables pleas-
ing to the eye, and we trust that in the 3 ears to come this part of
our work may receive far greater attention.

Your executive committee having in charge the World's Fair
exhib t shows some fine fruit -taken from the collection which is
now in cold storage awaiting the opening of the Columbian Ex-
position."

The following resolutions were presen'ed and passed by unani-
mous vote :

Whereas. There exist between the executive committee of the
ISLaiue State Pomological Society and the State Boaid of Agricul-
ture very pleasant relations and a mutual desire to help forward
the kindred work of every branch of agriculture,

Resoloed, That we tender to that Board our thanks and pledge
them our support.

Resolved^ That we further extend our thanks to B. Walker
McKeen, Secretary of the Board, for his aid at this meeting.

Resolved^ That this Society hereby acknowledges the courtesies
extended by the railroad and hotels to its members, and to the
Maine Ceutial Railroad extends its thanks for excursion rates,
and to Hotel North and Con}^ House for reduced rates of enter-
tainment.

Resolved, That the thanks of this society be and hereby are
extended to the newspapers for the publication of our notices and
for the excellent reports of our meetings.

In connection with ihe making of awards at the World's Fair,
after discussion, the following resolve was passed :

That it is the judgment of Maine fruit growers that the late-
keeping fruits grown in the northern belt should be examined near
the opening of the Fair, as it is at this season only that these varie-

3

34 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ties can be shown in their greatest perfection, and that for this
purpose 1802 apples should be shown ; that the secretary be
instructed to submit this resolve to the consideration of the proper
authoiities.

Meetings of Executive Committee

February 19, 1892. The committee met at the West End Hotel,
Portland, as per adjournment, and proceeded to business. President
Pope in the chair.

The premium list for the next fair was di-cussed and revised.

The expediency of giving plants to children, and offering premiums
for the best ones shown at our fair, was discussed and referred to
President Pope and the Secretary. The Agricultural Society co-
operating, plants were distributed among the children of Lewiston
and Auburn, and premiums were offered. [See list of premiums
awarded.]

April 11. The txeQutive committee authorized and instructed
the Treasurer to purchase two shares ($100 each) of the Merchants'
National Bank of Gardiner, at a cost of 8207.60. The same to be
held to the credit of the permanent fund.

September 9, the committee met at Lewiston. In the Wo Id's
Fair matter, Messrs Knowlton, Andrews and Brown were author-
ized to confer with the executive commissioner and take such action
as their judgment might determine.

The committee chosen for the purjjose thereupon took the train
for Portland where, by previous arrangement. Gen. Mattocks was
expected to meet them. The executive commissioner did not appear,
but under date of Sep'.embtr 12, 1892, the following was received
from Gen. Mattocks :

"While away Friday ni}' clerk tried to reach me b}^ wire but
was unable to as 1 was out of reach of telegraph, although my
clerk supposed I was within reach, and nevt r knew to the contrary
until after Friday night, so I was in utter ignorance of your move-
ments as well as the telegram. Now I am exceedingly sorry I failed
to st-e yuu, but hope we may have a favorable response as to your
society's taking hold of the Chicago matter.

Very truly yours,

C. P. Mattocks,
Executive Commissioner.

Portland, September 30. In response to the call of the Secre-
tary, each member of tlie executive committee was present. The
meeting being called to order, the Secretary read the following

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

from C. p. Mattocks, Executive Commissioner, under date of
September 22 :

Dear Sir: — I inclose copy of vote of our executive committee.
I am ready to contract witli anyone you may designate to collect
the pomological exhibit, with the understanding that we are to use
but $1,000. However, if you think advisable, I think I am safe
in saying that our Board will do what we can. with your help, to
get an additional S500 from the Legislature. Of course, if I con-
tract with a man he will be supposed to come under the reasonable
discipline of an employee, but we look to you to help guide him in
his work. Yours very truly,

C. P. Mattocks,
Executive Commissioner..

The Secretary stated that he had invited General Mattocks to be
present and with Mr. Fassett he was presented to the committee.
Aftf r discussing the matter the following vote was taken :

That the executive committee, in behalf of the Society, accept
the proposition of the executive commissioner.

Later a contract was executed between the parties on the terms
proposed.

Voted, That Messrs. Brown and Andrews of the committee be
placed in charge of collecting, preserving and preparing fruit for
the exhibition of fruit at the World's Fair.

At this meeting the schedule of premiums awarded was presented
and the Treasurer was directed to pay the same.

The Treasurer was authorized to make a loan, not exceeding
four hundred dollars, to pay premiums and bills, for a time not to
exceed six months.

November 18th. The committee met at Gardiner. Matters con-
nected with the winter meeting were discussed, but no formal
action was taken.

Matters connected with the World's Fair were considered and
action taken to place in storage the fruit collected, &c.

Later the Executive Committee perfected arrangements for hold-
ing the annual winter meeting in Augusta, January 17th and 18th,
1893.

I>UBLIC MEKTINOS

OF THE

Maine State Pomological Society.

Papers, Discussious, Reports, Etc.

J^ n n \T. a 1 ]M! eeting, Lewiston,
September 8, 1892.

UNION WINTER MEETING, AUGUSTA,

January 17 and 18, 1893.

Public Meetings.

Thursday evening, September Hth, in Park Hall, Lewistou, a
convention of Maine fruit growers followed the election of officers.
There was a good attendance, though the hall and its surroundings
are ill-adapted to such gatherings. We have the idea that the time
has now arrived that the people of Maine would be rejoiced to
know that the scope of the agricultural fair was extended so as to
return, if you please, to the custom of former days, so that along
with sight-seeing, the horse trot and the meeting of friends, there
may be an intellectual feast in waiting for those who maj'^ wish to
enjoy it. With this in view and a suitable place in which to gather,
meetings for the discussion of rural and domestic affairs, would be
largely attended. A few popular speakers under the auspices of
the various agricultural organizations would attract to the ground
many visitors who now stay at home. Let us inroduce among our
attractions all the intellectual and moral elements possible. In this
way we may hope to purify all the surroundings of the fair, and
win to our support many who are now indifferent. We would hold
these meetings during the day as well as evening, and by making
them attractive manj' would be glad to attend them.

The general subject for this meeting was '-Small Fruits in
Maine." It was introduced by President Pope with a talk on iheir
culture, and followed up by Willis A. Luce of South Union on
their profits, and by S. H. Dawes of Harrison, on the difficulties of
small fruit culture. Discussions followed, in which many joined.
Messrs. Smiley of Skowhegan, and G. Parker of Newport furnished
excellent music for the occasion.

Just twenty years ago the first meeting of our society gathered
in the city of Augusta, since which time more of our winter meet-
ings have been held there ; a. fine collection of winter apples were
in readiness for exhibition by Messrs. Brown and Andrews, the
best ever shown in the State ; it was determined to ask the legis-

40 STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

lature for a larger annual stipend ; several florists expressed a
willingness to exhibit plants and flowers. Under these conditions
it was determined to hold our winter meeting in Augusta Secre-
tary McKeen of the Board of Agriculture was in full accord, and a
union winter meeting was accordingly arranged. The exercises
were of a very high order and the programme was well carried out.
It was a special pleasure to our members to meet with Mr. W. A.
Taylor of the agricultural department. Besides the papers he read
to us, in many ways he was able to render a service to our society
that will long be remembered. Ii will be seen by the programme
which follows, that several new topics are presented, among which
we may mention "Cranberry Culture," "Plant Breeding," "Study
of Plant Life," "Agriculture and Horticulture in the Schools" and
"The Apple in Cookery."

PROGRAMME.

Mr. W. A. Taylor, Assistant Pomologist, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, will be present during the meetings.

TUESDAY FORENOON, 10 O'CLOCK.

Report of the Treasurer.

Report of Committee to consider the advisability of asking the

Legislature to increase the stipend to our Societj^
Report of Secretary — A Year in Pomology, D. H. Knowlton.

Anniversary Address — The Society's Record in Pomology,

President Chas. S. Pope.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 2 o'CLOCK.

Results of Spraying Experiments in 1892,

Prof. W. M. Munson, Agricultural Experiment Station.
Benefit Derived from Top. Grafting the Baldwin,

Frank Bowman, Eureka.
The Reverse of the Picture, S. T. Cannon, Augusta.

TUESDAY EVENING, 7.30 o'CLOCK.

More Education in Floriculture Necessary to Profitable Enjoyment

Therein, Edward H. Goddard, Woodfords.

Floriculture, Mrs. Alonzo Towle, Freedom, N. H.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V ^ ^ 4l '

WEDNESDAY FORENOON, 10 o'CLOCK.

Flowering and Vegetable Plants for the Home Garden,

Charles S. Walker, Peru.
Cranberr}' Culture,

Rev. N. H. Chamberlain, Monument Beach, Mass.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 2 o'CLOCK.

Plant Breeding,

Prof. W. H. Munsou, Agricultural Experiment Station.
Study of Plant Life in Schools,

Miss H. M. Merrill, First Lady Assistant, Farmington Normal
School.
Agriculture and Horticulture in the Schools,

Practical exercises -svith a class of pupils from the Auburn
Schools, conducted by Miss M. L. Wilson, Auburn.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, 7.30 o'CLOCK.

Report of Committees.
The Apple in Cookery,

Miss Anna Barrows, Principal of the School of Domestic Sci-
ence, Boston.

>/.

42 STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

OKGAXIZED IIOirnCULTUlJE IX THE STATE OF :S1AIXE.

By 1). II. Kxowi.TOX, Fanniagtou.

The beginning of things is not easil}' determined. We may
trace the development step by step, but like the m'rage on the
desert waste, the nearer we approach it the farther it seeuQs to be
from us, and at the moment when our search seems to be rewarded
the whole disappears from our view. This is as true in pomology
as in other things, and here in Maine we are able to marlt its pro-
gress, while its origin goes back into the dim history of other
states and countries. The early settlers in the interior of the
state were a hardy, independent class of people, who with their
own hands produced their homes and provided them with all the
necessaries of life, which now and then were supplemented with
some luxuries. The first effort was in the direction of home mak-
ing and support of the family. At the same time it is narrated
that many of the early settlers coming from localities where fruit
was grown brought with them seeds of apples and pears. Those
were planted and watched over with a sort of paternal interest until
the trees bore fruit to reward the planter for his care, and for long
years after brought forth fruit to cheer and invigorate succeeding
generations. Pear and apple trees, that have outlived a century's
winters, mark the site of many an early home.

It may be asked what relation these venerable and sadly neglected
trees have to the present condition of fruit culture in the state ?
Our reply is, they have very much to do with it, for tbey were the
pioneers of fruit culture, the spies if you please that were to gain a
knowledge of the newly settled land. Their roots ran deep down
into the soil, and their branches floated in the breezes, and in this
way they soon bore evidence that soil and climate were favora-
ble for tbe production of luscious fruits. They tell us as we
behold them that nature has provided all the conditions neces-
sary, and that successful fruit growing in Maine only needs the skill-
ful hand of the intelligent husbandman to yield bountiful returns for
his labor and care.

THE FIRST ORGANIZATION.

The first attempt at an organization of fruit growers in Maine
was made in 1847, when the Maine Pumological and Horticultural

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43

Society began its important career. It was chartered iu 1854 aucl
had, as Mr. Sawyer in his first report of the Maine State Ponio-
loo-ical Society says, for a "time a direct and powerful influence
upon the business of fruit culture in the State. Among its mem-
bers, or contributors to its exhibitions, were many of the men whose
names are recognized as among the most successful fruit growers
of the present day, and many equallj'^ well known who have
deceased. In 1855 it made an exhibition at Gardiner, a most !?uc-
cessfnl and varied exhibition of fruits. It is doubtful if a better
show of apples and pears has since been made in the State, or
could be at the present day."

THE PRESENT ORGANIZATION.

For some reason unknown to the writer this society gnve up its
organization shortly after the Gardiner exhibition referred to, and
until several years after the close of the war no .State organization
specially interested in pomology existed in Maine. The State
Board of Agriculture recognizing the importance to the State of
some organization of the kind, frequently had the matter unrler
consideration, and largely through its influence the present Fomo-
logical Society was organized in 187;!. The expediency of attempt-
ing to effect such an organization was considered by the Board at
its meeting in Skowhegan the year before. An "Address to the
Fruit Growers of Maine" was prepared by a committee, consisting
of Messrs. Z. A. Gilbert, J. A. Varney and A. L. S'mps( n, and
published in the newspapers. In accordance with this address a
prov s onal organization was effected at a subsequent meeting of
the Board held in Wiuthrop, January 17, 1873. The officers there
designated were as follows : President, Z. A. Gilbert ; Vice Presi-
dents, Geo. W. Woodman and A. L. Sampson; Secretary, George
B Sawyer; Corresponding Secretary, J. C. West n ; Treasurer,
Chas. S. Pope ; Executive Committee with President and Secretary,
Samuel Rolfe, James A. Varney and Albert Noyes, with one
trustee from each county.

Another committee was chosen to procure an act of incorpora-
tion of the Legislature, which was then in sess'on. The Legisla-
ture passed the act, and the corporators met in Augusta, March
27, 1873, accepted the act of incorporation and elected as ufflcers
of the soc ety those proposed at the Winthrop meeting of the

44 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Board of Agriculture. Thus as an offspring of the Board of Agri-
culture, the society was first organized, and to its fostering care
since, the society owes all the gratitude a child can bestow upon a
parent. Co-laborers in the great field of agriculture, they have
readily walked shoulder to shoulder, and the work of each has
been carried on with the most cordial good wishes of the other.

EXHIBITIONS OF FKUIT AND FLOWERS.

The first exhibition of the society was held the following Sep-
tember, in City Hall, Bangor. ,The Bangor Horticultural Society
gave the society a very cordial welcome, and the exhibition was
said to have been one of the best ever held in the State. Some
fifteen hundred dishes of fruits were show'n. The second annual
exhibition was held in City Hall, Portland, by invitation of the
Portland Horticultural Society. Among the pleasing features of
this exhibition were an address by the Hon. W. W. Thomas, Jr.,
and a fruil supper under the auspices of the Portland Horticultural
Society. The next year the society joined with the Sta'e Agricul-
tural Society, and held an exhibition in City Hall, Portland. Two
years the S'^ciety held exhibitions with the Kennebec Agricultural
Society in Waterville. Another year in City Hall, Lewiston, and
since then in connection with the State Agricultural Society in
their exhibition hall in Lewiston. Of these exhibitions many
pleasant things were said by the newspapers of the state. It
may also be said of these exhibitions that it has been the object
of the officers to make them attractive to visitors, educational
to the students of pomology, and helpful to exhibitors. Objec-
tionable features have been rigidly excluded and the popularity
of the exhibitions has steadily increased. For several years the
society w^as obliged to scale down its premiums rather than bur-
den itself with debt, but in recent years all premiums have been
paid in full.

It may be added here that many advantages have followed from
holding joint exhibitions, the mo^t important of these is the fact
that more people are in attendance than could be expected if we
held our exhibitions by ourselves. The fairs are popular and
thousands of people from all parts of the State are in attendance
daily.

At the first exhibition of the society held in Bangor and at sev-
eral subsequent exhibitions there were addresses and discussions

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

upon fruit topics. The first address was by the Hon. Z. A. Gil-
bert, who was then president of the society, and we think a mem-
ber of the Board of^griculture For several yfars past we have
held a public meeting one evening of the fair, at which papers
were read and discussions were part cipated in by those in attend-
ance.

The first winter meeting of the society was held in Augusta the
year following the organization of the society. After calling the
meeting to order President Gilbert introduced the Hon. S L.
Goodale, who delivered an address on the question, "Shall the
State of Maine grow her own fruit trees, or buy ihem from other
states?" It is proper to remark at this point that Mr. Goodale was
a zealous friend of the farmer, and in fruit matters as well as other
agricultural atfairs was sound to the core. Discussions followed
and other papers were read, and if we may believe the report,
which was ably edited by Geo. B. Sawyer, Esq., the first and
ablest secretary the society has ever had, the meeting was of a
high order and compares favorably with other meetings held by the
Society since. Each year siice a winter meeting has been held in
some part of the State. A two days' programme (and in several
instances more than two days) has been carried out, and in each
instance, so far as the writer knows, the paeetings have awakened
great interest in pomological affairs. The programmes at these
meetings consisted of papers and discussions upon fruit maters.
Some of the papers are of a high order, and as reported in our
transactions are not excelled by those given before similar organi-
zations in other states.

A fruit exhibit has formed an attractive feature of these
gatherings, and has been closely examined and much enjoyed.

With the exception of two or three years, when the wisdom of
the legislature withheld funds, or rather denied the farmers of the
State the advantages of an agricultural report, the transactions of
this Society have been carefully edited and published for distribu-
tion in the State.

SPECIAL MENTION.

Of the original members of the Society it is a pleasure to mention
some whose devotion to its interests has had very much to do with
establi:hing it on a firm foundation. Its first president, the Hon. Z.
A. Gilbert, of Greene, was at the time of his election a prosperous
farmer and a member of the State Board of Agriculture. Later he

46 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

became one of the most efficient secretaries the Board ever had,
acting in that capacity until the winter of 1892. He has been a
firm friend of the Society, and in his official capacity as secretary
of the Board, in many ways reudered valuable assistance to the
Society and largely increased its usefulness as one of the organized
industries of the State.

Of those who have been identified with the Society's work, none,
have done more or displayed greater fitness and ability than its
first secretary, George B. Sawyer, Esq , of Wiscasset. The trans-
actions of the Society during his official term are edited in the most
scholai'ly manner These volumes show how carefully he gathered
facts bearing upon the industry of fruit culture in Maine. In
carrying out the purposes for which the Society was organized, he
unde took many tasks hat involved great labor and many sacri-
fices. The fruit growers of Maine OA^e him a debt of gratitude,
which we fear this generation may never be able to recompense,
but the transactions of the Society will bear witness to succeeding
generations of the excellence of the service he rendered.

The Honorable Henry Ingalls of Wiscasset was at one time
president of the Society, and though in recent years he has not
been permitted to meet with us, he has in many ways activelj'
encouraged the cause. He is a member of the Horticultural Com-
mittee of the "World's Fair Managers, and has actively aided us in
bringing before the Board the importance of the fruit industry in
the State.

For several years the Hon. Robert H. Gardiner of Gardiner was
president of the Society. He was an active member and an exhib-
itor of some of the finest fruit grown in the State. In September,
1886, having arranged to exhibit his fruit at the fair as usual, but
before his fruit was in place, the messenger of death had sealed his
lips. A beautiful floral tribute, in the midst of his fruit, with
emblems of mourning told the visitors of his death while his remains
were being borne to their last resting place. At the winter meeting
following, the Hon. Samuel L. Boardman, who was then the efli-
cient secretar}' of the Society, read a finely written memorial
sketch, — a graceful and beautiful tribute from a personal friend.
This sketch was published in the Societ^^'s Transactions for that
year.

There are others whose names are deserving of special mention
in this connection, but space and time will not permit ; but in clos-

STATE PwMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

ing this hastily written sketch the writer wishes to call attention to
the character of the early work done by the Society. It was above
all a work of love for fruit growing, of devotion and loyal iy to the
State. By fruit growers it had been determined that conditions in
Maine were favorable for profitable fiuit culture. The first o-ieat
work was to spread this knowledge before the people. The medi-
ums were well chosen, for at the exhibitions of fruit all could see
the real proiuct itself in the most attractive form, and real object
lessons the exhibitions have proved, bearing indisputable evidence
of the great importance of the fruit industry to the State. The
other medium was the public meeting for teaching the hoic of profit-
able fruit culture. The papers and discussions at these meetings
were reported in the pre^s and published in the Transactions of the
Society, and thousands have studied the theory and science of fruit
culture from them. To do thi> great work there was enthusiasm
enough, but the funds were always short, and even to the present
time the only comp?n a' ion paid to the officers has been a meagre
sala-y to the secretary. The time has been cheerfully given, and
the Society has only paid the actual travelling expenses. Nor does
this tell all the story, for often the early members when the Society
was struggl ng to pa}^ its bills rather than contract a debt, contrib-
uted from their own pockets. They preferred this to having their
Society burdened in its youth with a debt. The extent of this aid
we shall never know, as there is no complete record of the aid they
gave. Rarely in the history of organizations are there such
instances of loyalty to the cause.

The extension of fruit culture has been the chief object of the
Society. First, it is and has been one o( the cardinal principles of
the Society tha: everj' family that controls an acre of land or even
a garden spot should produce an abundance of fruit for home use ;
and second, that as a profitable industry none in the State paj's
better. That fruit growing in the State has now become so general
is a most gratifying result, but the end is not yet, for there is now
constant demand for more knowledge of fruits, how to raise them,
how to sell them, and last but by no means least, how to use them
to increase the health and happiness of our people.

The Pomological Society has ever been true to the principles on
which it was organized and has steadily labored to promote the
industry of fruit growing iu_the State. It has no rivals, but has
found friends among kindred societies in the State. *This is espe-

48 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cially true of the Bangor Horticultural Society and the Portland
Horticultural Society, organizations that have been active factors-
in promoting the culture of fruits and flowers. Many from these
organizations have been identified with the Pomological Society.
Dr. James C. "Weston of Bangor was the Society's first correspond-
ing secretary. There were others from the Queen City who bore
an active part in the early history of the society. Dr. Weston in
the Transactions for 1876 contributed a memorial sketch of Albert
Noyes and on the pages immediately following was a memorial of
himself written by Mr, Sawyer.

THE BENEFIT DEllIVED BY TOP-GIJAFTIXG THE BALDWIN.

By Fkaxk Bowman, Eureka.

The Baldwin is the most popular apple grown in Maine, and in
commercial importance it h- ads the list. The tree is wonderful for
its productiveness. It is al?o possessed of a most excellent feature
in having a rich, heavy and healthy foliage, which insures a crop
of fruit free from scab or rust Although but half-hardy, the
Baldwin tree is tenacious of life. Its thick bark protects the sap-
wood and preserves the dormant buds, for these are observed to
spring out and form bearing limbs when there is but little woody
substance to build on, thus renewing and prolonging the usefulness
of the, tree.

The weak point in a Baldwin tree is its soft and spongy wood,
the cells of which are ruptured and destroyed by severe freezing.
There are in consequence very severe losses in some localities
among newly planted Baldwin orchards. The stem or trunk of the
young Baldwin tree until of two or three inches in diameter is the
first part to show its half-hardy nature.

Now, we cannot change the nature of the tree, but we can in a
great measure remedy this most discouraging feature simph' by
setting hardier sorts and changing them into Baldwins when of su t-
able size. Of the hardy sorts of stock to graft the Baldwin on the
seedling is the best. The seediing tree at 10 or 12 years of age
will be possessed of more of the elements of substantial durability
than the grafted tree. The limbs are more firmly attached to the
body. The i'oots have extended to a greater distance. This fact

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

is abundantly substantiated in our nursery practice where we Lave
dug hundreds of large trees, both grafted and seedling, and have
observed uniformly a larger and better developed root on the seed-
ling. In explanation of this phenomenon it should be remembered
that the growth of the roots of a tree depends upon the character
of the top. Some varieties in the nursery, all the conditions of
growth, age, fertility, soil, culture, etc., being the same, are always
found to have heavier roots than others, and it is observed that this
peculiarity is due entirely to the peculiarities in the growth of the
tops of those sorts. If the whole top of a tree be removed the
roots cease growing entirely. Now, there is a dist nctive feature
of the seedling tree when young, which we find in the case of the
apple, plum and pear, viz : The production of thorns and spurs in
profusion. This feature belongs exclusively to the young seedling,
and its use is to stimulate the production of roots in the youno-
tree. But with the increased age and size of the tree this feature
disappears, for it belongs to a particular period of the tree's life,
and when that period is past, the phenomenon cannot be Droduced
again.

A most convincing illustration of the superior hardiness and
vigor of the young seedling is seen in nursery rows where the very
hardiest grafted varieties are grown side by side with seedlings. It
wiil be found that the seedling suffers the least damage from all
those extremes of change so destructive to young trees. Now out
of 100 of those seedlings when arrived at maturity not 12 will be
found to be any more than ordinarily hardy trees. If, now, scions
from the hardiest of those seedlings when they have become mature
be used to propagate young trees of their sort, it will be found that
the peculiar features of the originals i. e. of the young seedlings,
have departed, viz. : The super-abundance of spurs, thorns and
the corrt sponding development of roots. The reason is apparent.
We have transferred the assimilative organs of maturity to take
the place of those of youth.

Hence nature has bestowed such gifts on the young seedling tree
that at eight or ten years of age we have the most perfect tree as
regards its makeup for durability that can be produced.

The next important step is the grafting. By grafting on the
trunk or splice-grafiing on the limbs when small we are depriving
ourselves of those gifts that nature has bestowed on the seedling

50 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETT.

tree. Grafting out on the limbs will secure early fruitfulness. Seed-
ling apple trees shouM be allowed to grow until the limbs are large
enough to cleft-graft about two feet from the body. Of course,
attention should have been paid to shaping the tops a year or two
in advance. Now, good, healthy trees will stand grafting the
whole of the top at one time, that is, if the limbs are cut one and
one-half to two feet from the trunk. The greater part of the
suckers should be allowed to grow, as this will give a better ripened
scion and spare the tree a too severe shock.

In regard to bearing fruit, the question is often asked : Is there
not a loss of time in setting the seedling and top-grafting? I
answer that from my observation and experience with both, the
top-grafted Seedling comes in ahead.

In conclusion, I would say that the benefits to be derived from
top-grafting the Baldwin ara : With seedlings we can start an
orchard at a great deal less expense and we shall have far more
and better trees at eight or ten years of age, which is, perhaps,
about the best age to top-graft ; the limbs are less liable to split
down, and the trunk less defective ; the roots .are better developed ;
thus securing trees possessing more of the elements of durability
and productiveness than are to be found in the root-grafted
Baldwin.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Taylor : Whether it is not the custom to plant seed-
lings as they come in the nursery row, or to select seedlings that
have been tested for hardiness? Whether it is the custom to
select seed from the trees to start seedlings from?

I think it is a matter of considerable importance in this connec-
tion, whether you are breeding hardy stock, or simply taking seed
from standard varieties, some of which may produce hardy seed-
lings and some 'may not, as they vary in character of hardiness as
well as in character of fruit.

I would like to know to what extent Maine orchards are on seed-
ling trunks.

Mr. BoWxMAN : I would say here, that the practice in growing
nursery trees is to grow one year's seedlings and take these trees up
in the fall or in the spring and put thera in nursery rows. Those
not good, inferior in growth or diseased, we remove as fast as we
notice a tree that is defective. In this way we get the best trees
to put upon the market.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51

The}" are not all of equal hardiaess. We gi'ow them four or five
years in the nursery.

Mr. T. : Do you select seed from s edlings known to be hardy,
or do you sow your seed selected miscellaneously? Most of us
understand just how they are raistd in the nursery from seed
planted, but is that seed selected from trees known to be hardy, or
from a miscellaneous lot?

Mr. B. : We usually select our seed from our natural fruit.
We consider that the seeds are better fiom natural fruit than from
grafted trees. We select the very best apples. When we carry a
lot of the best natural fruit to tha cider mill, we select the best and
smoothest natural fruit.

Ques. What proportion of the trees come up to be of market-
able size ; how much are th°y thinned out?

A71S. Perhaps we lose twenty or twenty-five per cent. They
vary one year with another, some years we lose more than others ;
perhaps twenty-five per cent the average loss in the trees.

Mr. T. I would like to ask to what extent has been tried the
practice of double working of the same varieties, as those that will
not stand winters always, on trees that have been grown for ihe
purpose of forming a hardy trunk on a seedling root? That prac-
tice has become quite prevalent in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The
stock they ai-e using is the Siberian and Virginia crab ; they unite
readily with the apple. That has become a valuable stock. They
take common nursery seedlings grown from their hardiest varieties
of apples and root graft with the Virginia or Concord crab and
grow them vigorously three or four years, then set them out and
top-graft immediately. It has been practiced in Western Minne-
sota and is apparently successful. This is double working to
secure a uniform plant ; establish hardy trunks. It sends out roots
above the union of the scions. 1 would like to know if that has
been tried in Maine?

Ans. We have never made a practice of doing that enough to
make a test of the matter. I do not see any benefit in doing so,
because I think the seedling tree is better than any grafted tree for
the first two years, and the root is improved. The top of the tree
affects the root, but the root does not affect the top.

Mr. T. : It secures a uniformity of growth of the orchard. The
Concord trunk has been produced by using the root to start with,
then grafting the trunk so it sends out roots from the scion and

52 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

secures a uniform s'em. A hardy sredling stalk is -without doubt
the best stalk that can be secured.

Mr. Pope: I will say that we have not tested any length of
time this double working. It has been our practice to set seed-
lings until within a few years. We find, no matter where we get
them, they are not uniform. Frequently ihe tree does not have
that vigor it should. We always remove it and put in a better
one. A few years ago we tried in place of setting seedlings to set
a good hardy tree and top work it. The trees were set in rows ;
one row of Taliman's and one row of Bellflowers and one row of
seedlings. Every Bellflower looks nice ; grand, good, vigorous
trees. In the se^ dling row th^y were beautiful trees ; the next
one has no growth and we are obliged to put in another row.
We have uniformity with the Bellflowers. The Talbnan will stand
our winters, — we are not sure of it in the seedlings.

THE T.EYEKSE OF THE PICTUEE.
By S. T. Cannon, August;!.

A very incorrect or at least superficial idea of many is, that tree
agents are a lazy, indolent set, uneducated and unrefined, with
plenty of brass and some conceit in their makeup, who cannot earn
a living at home, and so make it in their way to travel over the
country invading the peaceful habitations of the would-be-let-alone
kind, much to their annoyance and discomfort, living an easy life
with a soft job in their possession. I am like the minister who was
caught in Portland one Sunday, with only one sermon with him,
and made to preach to a then, for that day, pastorless congregation.
Of course he had to preach the only sermon he had,- which gave
them a real lively ''dressing down," as we would say, and then at
the conclusion added that the sermon was not written for tliat
congregation, but for ' the miserable sinners out to Saccarrappa,"and
so begged their excuses. So I beg your excuse to-day, as I have
but this one paper to reud, and I do not want to spoil your pro-
gramme.

Those pi^rsons to which allusion has been made are full or their
stories adverse io the tree solicitor.

JNIr. A. ordered a Clingstone peach because he thought it would
be more durable in his family, than a Freestone, and when it came

STATE P05IOLOGICAL fcOCIETY. 53

to bear it bore Rhode Island Greenings. Mr. B., another, ordered a
grape vine that was to be three feet and tbirty-six inches long when
delivtred. And when it reached him only the root and two shoots
came, with about eight or ten inches of wood on each, much to his
disappointment. Mr. C. ordered trees that were to be every way
superior to those growing in his neighbor's yard, with roots by the
bushel. When ihey came th re were roots, but to use his own
language, there were no '-vipers" on them, and he believed that all
tree agents were cheats and swindlers. Another man, who lives in
Massachusetts, ordered some shrubs that were to be delivered early
in October, and when they came, it was the first of November, when,
in his opinion, everything in Massachusetts is frozen solid, except
the cheek of the tree drummer, which is always intact.

There are between 4,000 and 5,000 nurseries in the Uuited
States, giving employment to some fifty thousand persons,
and Laving an invested capital of over fift}^ millions of dollars.
The area covered by these nurseries is said to be something like
173,000 acres. This business has within the last tenor fiftten
years grown enormously, and is now one of the largest euterpiises
in the country, with every indication of still greater expansion and
ramification in years to come. The reasons for this conclusion are
apparent to any who will take the pains fo look into its history, and
the causes that have made the industry whit it is to-day. The
large, unoccupied territory in the West, the increased demand for
fruit, the growmg interest in out-door adornment, with the fact that
much of the nursery stock that is sold never matures, are some of
the reasons adduced for its still greater future growth.

But as to present results, — those who own homes, whether modest
ones in villages, large farms in the country, or attractive estates in
town or city, have become deeply interested in the cultivation of
trees and plants, — fruit trees taking a large share of their atten-
tion. That this is valuable to any state or territory, goes without
the saying. Thousands of farms to-day depend upon their orchards
for their principal year's income, where ten or fifteen 3'ears ago
the yield was scarcely sufficient for home uses. Take a drive
through town or country — beautiful lawns with shrubs and roses
meet your gaze. You notice here and there the large flowering
clematis, in various shades of color, climbing the trellis of the
veranda, or covering some bare fence or wall, — charming in i:s
masses of flowers. Then aiaiu the lawn will be smooth and vacant

54 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETl'.

in the center (as it should be), with a few blooming shrubs in the
corners, and perhaps a border by the roadway or front walk. And
although there are a good many yards still needing combing out,
great progress has been made in this direction. Men, as well as
women are sensibly taking pride in matters of horticulture, as well
as pomology. Pear and plum trees are noticed in gardens once
barren of these necessities, and small frui's demanding more than
your passing notice.

Now, while it is admitted this has not all come about through
travelling salesmen, it has very largely. Were it not for the means
thus used, the nursery interests would be nothing like what they
are now. Business in these days is largely done through repre-
sentatives of the business. Thus, the dry goods house, the gro-
cerv and the hardware trade, and other mercantile branches, have
each found that their interests a-e better served, and their trade
held more securely, by sending out their commercial drummers, —
and nurserymen do the same way. Why not? The only differ-
ence is, while the goods of the former reaches the consumer through
the retail trade, the latter deals directly with the planter. It is
true, errors are sometimes made So ihere are in all kinds of
business, and there is no reason why a man who buys fifty apple
trees of a tree agent stands any greater chance of loss by errors,
than the man who buys fifty pounds of sugar, or a ready-made
overcoat.

Tree agents come from all the walks of life. A large per cent
are farmers and farmers' sous. Then there are mechanics, teachers,
students, and so on. And for the most part they are men not only
of respectability, but men of education. They are not dudes, it is
true, but men of sense and good judgment, — men you and I would
like as neighbor.-'.

Follow such an agent over his rounds, through cold or heat, rain
or shine, as the case may be, meeting with all the rebuffs named,
and many more during h s year's toil. When his day's work is
done he is ready for rest, but often it is nine o'clock before his
day's work is done. You will agree with me that he has earned his
money.

Friends, where would many of the profitable fruit orchards, the
gardens of small fruit, the outside ornamentations of homes be
to-day, had the much distrusted and ever under-rated tree man never
called at your door ?

STATE POIIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55

After all that has been said, please do not misunderstand me. I
do not say that all tree agents are what they should be, but I do
say that a good, high-minded one, who is clear-headed and who
understands his business, is a misswiiary in his line of labor, and
ever}'^ fruit-grower should encourage him.

Did the buyer study his own wants closer, learn to discriminate
between what is real and true from what is false and harmful,
encourage the earnest and honest endeavor wherever found, it would
be very helpful in each direction. The doctrine of brotherly love
is working its way along, but the country is still in need of it in
many places. The doctrine of universal chirit}' has not yet
extended to all the recesses of our nature s. Let us not forget that
in humanity, all are friends, all are brothers.

As has before bee i stated, men in buying trees, do not always
get what they order, and oftener do not take care of what they do
get. Why, I have known bundl s of trees after proper and accepted
delivery, lay a week in the bundle unattended to, aud then the
owner complained of the stock Many, ignorant themselves of the
care aud culture of trees do the best they can, however, sometimes
even employing the services of a professional gardener, who like
some religious sectarian, professes too much, — and this gardener
goes aud puts unsuitable dressing around the roots of the weeping
birches, and when the proprietor comes to look at his trees, as the
time draws near for them to be in leaf, — he weeps himself, for the
money he has paid to that miserable tree-man for nothing : and
too, after he has employed the services of a professional.

Well, we who love the study of Pomology and Horticulture, will,
bye and bye become better acquainted with the culture of trees and
plants, as well as the way in which to procure them ; for whoever
has a bit of sunshine in his heart, loves such care, next to the care
of his family, and needy humanity.

56 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE PKESEXT STATUS OF TOE KUSSIAX APPLE QUESTIOX

[X THE XORTHWEST.

By W. A. Taylor of the Depaitmeiit at ^^'ashiug•toIl.

The report of the adaptation of Russian and other fruits to the
extreme northern parts of the United States, issued b}' the Depart-
ment of Agriculture in 1888, marked a distinct step in the progress
of hardy fruit testing in this country. Though it dealt to some
extpnt with all the leading fruits grown in the colder sections lying
north of latitude 40°, more than half of the report was devoted to
the apple, which as our mo-t important fruit, both for home use
and market, was deserving of special attention.

The searcii for varieties of good quality that would stand our
northern winters, part cularly in the northwest, had been carried on
for years by private experiinenlers and in some cases had been
aided by the states.

Concerning the decision reached by Mr. Lyon, the special agent
to whom the investigation was intrusted, it must be admitted that
it was unfavorable to the claims of those txperiment rs who had
advocated the widespread planting of the Russian varieties.
Though many of them had proved sufficiently hardy to endure the
winters in the intermediate prairie district. It must be said hovs'-
ever, that at that time, not many of the later importations, from
central Russia, which were expected to furnish true winter apples
for the northwest, had been fruited sufficiently to determine their
value.

During the autumn of 18'J2 a second investigation was made by
the department ; — Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota and north-
ern Iowa having been visited by a special agent, Mr. John 8.
Harris of Minnesota. The main object was to determine the
progress made in that sectioa during the four years since the report
of 1888 was published in determining which of the many varieties
were really valuable. Of this report, which will appear in the
report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1892 the following con-
densation is made : ''The season was in many respects an unfav-
orable one, first, owing to a check in growth apparently caused by
excessive rainfall and low temperature during the blooming season,
preventing, perfect fertilization of blossoms, and second, a very

STATE POMOLCGICA.L SOCIETY. 57

wide spread attack of a blight wliicli was prevalent through all the
states visit'd but which showed its worst effect in Wisconsin,
eastern I )wa and Minnesota. This defoliated some varieties and
caused them to drop the'r fruit and checked the growth of many
others.

"It was most injurious, first, to Siberian crabs, Transcendent
being one of the worst ; second, to American varieties, such as
have originated in this countr3\ either as seedlings of European
varieties or of th? Siberian species ; these were damaged in the
following order : Fall Queen, Edgar Red Streak, Talman's Sweet,
Fameuse, Golden Russet, Ben Davis, Willow, Perry Russtt, Plumb
Cider. Bailey Sweet, St. Lawrence, Malinda, Utter, McMahon and
Wealthy. This list comprises all the American apples grown
there ; third, the Russians, including Oldenburgh and a number of
seedlings from Oldenburgh." The larger part of the fruit produced
this year in the northwest was of the Oldenburgh. Mr. Harris
estimates that two-thirds of the home grown apples marketed in the
region he visited were of that variety. AVealthy was next in quan-
tity and perhaps equul in value, because of its later ripening season
and longer keeping quality.

At the State and county fairs the Russians formed the mos*
attractive and by far the largest part of the exhibits and were
smooth and free from scab, while of the American varieties but
few were shown and those were badly affected. But few of them
are late keepers, however, and the nomenclature is very badly con-
fused ; so much so, as to prevent a full report on characteristics of
varieties until the identity is better settled. A visit to the orchard
of A. G. Tuttle at Baraboo, Wisconsin, who has about sixt}' varie-
ties of Rus-ians left, out of over 100 varieties planted, disclosed
the fact 'hat they were in much better condition than an orchard of
mixed American varieties near by.

The most valuable of the new Russians here, seemed to be Glass
■Green, Yellow and AVhite Transparent. Charlamoff, Hibernal,
Antonovka, Vargul, Red Wine, Czar Thorn, Zusoff Winter,
LongReld, Earl}' Champagne and Beautiful Arcad. Repka Ma-
leuka also appears to be a good tree and the longest keeper of
them all, but the fruit is too small to be valuable.

At Rochester, Minnesota, is the largest orchard in this State.
It consists mainly of Oldenburgh, Wealthy and Lougfield. The
crop this year was over 3,500 bushels ; 150 varieties have been

58 STATE POMOLOGICAl, SOCIETY.

tested in this orchard, but only a few have proved valuable. The
Russians promising best there, are Longfield, Ostrakoff and
Hibernal.

In Carver count}', Minnesota, in the oldest orchard of the new
Russians, about twenty varieties are doing reasonably well and are
as free from blight as Oldenburgh. The list is Borovinka, Char-
lamoff. Cross, Good Peasant, Krimskoe, Anisovka, Jungfrau, Pli-
kanoff. Hibernal, L'eby, Kluvskoe, Royal Table, Reiuette, Red
Repka and Numbers 502 and 469.

Brief notes on a few of the best of the new Russians, received
at the Division of Pomology from various sources are appended, as
follows :

Anisette. From Dr. Hoskins, similar to Oldenburgh, but two
weeks esriier.

Antonovka Medium to large; of good qualit}' ; an early win-
ter apple.

Bi.uE Anis Medium size ; conical yellow, with stripes of crim-
son. A winter apple at Baraboo, Wisconsin, and of very good
quality.

CiiAKLAMOFF. Large, handsome and of fair quality. Ripe early
in September at Dr. Hoskins' place in Veimont.

Cross of the Volga. Medium to large, clear yellow,, and keeps
till late winter at Ames, Iowa. One of the best, and a good keeper.

Longfield. Now widely known and widely giownin the North-
west. Of medium quality and a fair keeper.

LuB^K Reinettk. Handsomc, glossy white, with pink blu^h.
An early cooking apple of too delicate texture for market.

Red Queen. Size medium, conical, cavity very small and full;
color greenish yellow with faint stripes of dull red. Late winter at
Baraboo, Wisconsin.

Titovka. Large, oblong, smooth, whitish yellow wi h splashes
and stripes of bright caimine. Pearly autumn ; of fair quality.

White Russet. Large, roundish, smooth, white, with no trace
of russet Ripens with Dr. Hoskins in early September and is a
good sub-acid fall apple.

In the search for hardy varieties among Russians, the apple
growers of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin have not lost sight of
the importance of growing seedlings from the hardier old varieties
and of improving the size and quality of the native crab by hybri-
dizing it with pollen of desirable sorts.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59

Thousands of seedlings have been grown and tested and some
valuable varieties have been produced.

The work of Peter M. Gideon, the originator of the Wealthy and
a number of other varieties now quite extensively grown, is too well
known to northern apple growers to need more than a passing men-
tion. Manj' others are engaged in the sam line of work with more
or less indication of success. It is being carried on with much
activity in Iowa where the State Horticultural Society has taken it
in hand in a systematic way and is conducting some extensive
experiments in breeding and growng seedlings of the different
fruits, with a view to securirg varieties combining good quality
and a desirable season of lipening, with hardiness. In tiie case of
the apple, one line of work thus far begun has consisted in an
attempt to grotv from two or three selected wild crab tr es that
have proved perfectly hardy during a long term of years, and which
bear fruit of good size, a lot of hybrids resulting from the use cf
pollen of standard market and table varieties.

In 1891 about 10,000 hand pollinations Avere made, a large num-
ber of them on the apple. In the fall the fruit resulting fr5m these
was gathered and the seeds placed in the hands of skilled propa-
gators for growing.

This is so far as I know the most extensive and systematic effort
made by a society in this line and its outcome will he watched with
much interest.

Among the many new sorts which have proved successful and
valuable over a large pait of the intermediate prairie district, the
Maine orchardist in search of hardy varieties will probably find
some varieties that will succeed with him as well as \Yealthy.

Some of the best are the following :

McMahon. This variety, which bas now been widely testi d, is
found to be very hardy and a valuable fall app'e. Its handsome
appearance combined with fair quality have given it a wide spread
popularity in the Northwest. It originated in Richland County,
Wisconsin. It is said by its originator to be a seedhng of Alex-
ander, grown in 1860. It was named by the Richland County
Horticultural Society in 1870. Size large ; roundish oblate, coni-
cal; cavity large, regular, deep, flaring, russeted ; stem medium to
long, sometimes downy ; basin large, angular, deep, abrupt ; calyx
segments short, green ; eye medium, clostd ; surface smooth, shin-
ing, yellowish white often half covered with a beautiful carmine

60 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

blush; flesh greeuish white, rather coarse, juicy, firm, breaking;
core medium broad, closed, clasping; seeds large, long, dark
brown, numerous ; flavor sprightly sub-acid to sour, excellent for
cooking.

Northwestern Greening. This vatiety is traced to a root
sprout, from a grafted tree that had been winter killed in central
Wisconsin. It has not yet been sufflcently tested during a severe
winter to be safely recommended for planting on the cold, dry
prairies but is hardy in the county where it first came to notice,
and would probably stand almost anywhere along the northern
fringe of the Maine apple region. Though not of high quality it is
a good apple, of large size, nearly round, regular, slightly conical,
changing to yellow w.th large, dark dots as it ripens ; cavity large,
round, abrupt, russetted ; s em medium ; basin large, round, wavy,
deep ; calyx segments long, narrow, reflexed ; eye large open ;
core broad, large, closed, meeting the eye ; seeds small to medium,
plump, light brown, numerous; flesh yellowish, lather coarse,
flavor mild, sub-acid, ntarl}' sweet; season, winter, in Wisconsin.
Can be kept till late spring but the fle>h becomes dry and insipid
after its time of maturity is past.

Newell. This variety, a seedling of Perry Russet, was for
some years grown under the name Orange Winter, given it in honor
of its originator, Mr. Orange Winter of Sauk Co , W^isconsin.
It is a late fall or early winter apple of good quality. Prof. Goff
regards it as the best apple in quality that is now grown in Wis-
consin. Much confusion has been caused by the misapprehension
concerning the meaning of its former name, and to avoid that in
future, the Sauk County Horticultural Society has adopted the
name Newell. It is a large, oblate, apple ; cavity irregular, large,
deep, abrupt, corrugated ; stem medium, slender ; basin large,
deep, abrupt, regular, netted with russet; calyx segments short,
converging ; eye large, open ; surface smooth, greenish yellow with
small brown dots. Flesh yellowish white, fine grained ; core large,
broad, oval, clasping, open ; setds plump, medium size, dark
brown, numerous; flavor mild sub-acid, almost sweet, quality
good

Patten Greening. A seedling of Oldenburgh grown about 1870
by C G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa. Medium to large, oblate
conical ; cavity round, large, shallow, flaring, thinly marked with
rus et ; stem very shor , quite stout; basin round, large, abrupt.

STATE POMOLOGICAT. SOCIETY. 61

slightly augled aud downy ; calyx segments broad, converging ;
eye large, closed ; surface waxy, lustrous ; color greenish white
with numerous large dots. Fle-h white, coarse, breaking,
moderately jircy ; core conical clasping closed ; seeds medium
size, plump, brown, few ; flavor inild acid ; quality good, especially
for cooking ; season early winter.

CEAXBEREY CULTUEE.
By Eev. N. H. Chamberlain, Monument Beach, 3[:iss.

The laws of cranberry culture are ijnmutable. You obey these
laws and you mske money. You disobt-y them, you lose what you
might desire, but what you never had. There is money in it under
right conditions ; plenty of it. You know your own soil. Y'ou
have one condition in your State — plenty of good, sandy g ound ;
and wherever you find cranberries, you will find a light soil.

In the United States are three localities in which cranberry
culture is followed to a large extent ; Cape Cod, being just now
the foremost, because it was the cradle of cranberry culture. The
three are Cape Cod, New Jersey and Wiseons'n.

There are three things cranberry culture require which I will
put in the order of their value : three conditions immutable are,
water first, sand second, and soil third. But they tell me in the
State of Maine, that you have got about two or three feet of muck
in your lowlands, and clay under it. I do not care for that, if you
have soil with two feet of muck, that is all right ; because if the
muck food gave out ycu could supply, with fertilizers. Muck is
the basis of the soil The three things are water, sand and soil.
Have those onditions in your possession and you can raise cran-
berries in almost any climate.

Now let us begin with the soil. Of course, you would say, you
have got to have low land for cranberry culture, because you must
have water. With us on Cape Cod, I will observe that all the
advantage Cape Cod has is, that it has a latitude that somehow
gives certain things which distinguish it from other sections of the
country. Our berries will weigh more than your berries. I do not
know why it is, but our berries will weigh more than New Jer=ey
berries.

62 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

We have this land that uever was worth a dollar to anybody,
which has become the most valuable land on the Cape. These
swamps, we have, not ravines like }Ours with your rivers. I sup-
pose you have these swamps in Maine ; two, three, or ten acres
with a bottom of muck. They go in there wherever they can
drain their bogs. K you cannot drain your bog down to from
twelve to forty inches below th*^ surface, you cannot get the body
of water to apply to the vegetation in the cranb rry bog and it will
beat you.

I suppose you have swamps here that you can drain. I will take
this room for a cranl erry bog. If it is covered with bushes or
trees, — for they sometimes cut down whole forests, — you must dig
up the roots. You clear your bog in that way and your good sense
would show you how to make a level surface of it. If 3'ou are
going to have water you must have a dam on the stream Then
after level ing your bog j^ou dig a ditch from the upland about
three rods wide ; cut into sections of three or four rods wide,
according to the amount of drainage 3'ou want. That divides the
bog into sections.

Supposing, in these lowlands you have spi'ings in the edges of
your bogs ; you must cut off the spring water by running an upland
ditch. So far as the culture of cranberries is concerned, you must
make the bog so you can raise a crop of corn on the soil, and so
you can cover it with water for the reasons I have given you. So
much for the ditches.

It the upland has no springs, it is an open question whether an
upland ditch pays. If 3'ou do not dig up the grasses the}' will
trouble you.

The next thing is sand. You have got to cover that whole bog
with sand. Wh}'? In the first place, I do not know anything
about cranberry culture down below a certain point ; but I know
practically, you have got to have sand. It furnishes aomething to
the vines that muck does not, nor loam ; because you might go to
work and try to avoid the expense of sanding your bog ; then raise
your cranberry vines. Y'ou would find your vines grew luxuriantly,
but it would be all vines and no fruit. Sand gives warmth. Sand
keeps in condition, in due proportions the vines and berries. Sand
is to the cranberry vine, what right medicine is to the human body.
Sand 3'ou must have in cranberry growth. Then it serves as a
mulch to keep the moisture in a dry spell. Y''ou go into a side hill

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

and dig your sand and but it on the bog all the way from five to
eight inches. A bog that has eight inches of sand will last longer
than with five. You do not know what power a bedding of sand
on old vines will have on those vines the next year. They will
come up like great American families. Everywhere there will be
signs and promises of future growth and crops.

You must plant the vines. With a little wooden tool you mark
out lines, both ways, longitudinal and crosswise. Where the lines
cross it should be fourteen inches apart. When you get the vines
set out, they must be twelve or fourteen inches apart. When we
want to set out the vines we put a man on where the vines are vig-
orous and cut them off. You do not want them too short, cut
them off all the way from six to seven inches and carry them upon
the bog in a basket ; if 3'ou put your own hands to the plow, then
take an ordinary stick and make a hole down through the sand into
the muck an inch or so and take three or four of these vines and
make a little wisp of them and put them into the hole, the ends of
the vine through the sand into the muck and push the sand about it
and you have your hill planted. If you mass tbe vines t' gether
in too big a bunch, they don't do as well.

Now we have got one plant set out; we have got started. The
first year after you begin, you get a few. berries ; the next year, a
few more ; the third year a fair crop ; the fourth season is one of
the best unless you lose the crop by frost or some other cause.

There are two divis'ons of the berries. The earl}^ blacks get
ripe two or three weeks before the later berries get ripe. There
would be this advantage to your Maine people. I think that Maine
is colder than southern Massachusetts, but I am told that we are
as liable to early frosts as you are here ; for twice on that Cape,
all have lost a large portion of our crop on the 13th of June. You
can judge whether Nature is worse with us than With you. It is a
fine looking berry and comes one or tvs^o weeks earlier 'than the
late berry.

The largest berries are not as valuable, because they rot easily ;
more liable to indentation; because every time you handle cran-
berries with your hands they lose a certain value. \;The cranberry
vine is a great mixture of eccentricities. The cranberry vine seems
to have life like the life of a cat, but you take a wisp of hay and
throw it down cm a mat of cranberries, the chances] are that it will
kill your vines underneath.

64 STA.TE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

One thing I want to say. You cannot raise cranberries in the
shade of grass or shrubs. We sometimes raise 160 barrels to the
acre ; that is business. Then if you undertake cranb' rry culture,
I advise you, if you have native vines, to plant a few of those
vines and see how they do. You might strike a fine variety. We
did that and found our native vines, grown from the beginning,
that they were prolific p oducers, but tremendously late and we did
not want them. Then there is tiiis thing. If you fail in cranberries
I do not see why 3'ou would not have a good English meadow left.
If you have seen a cranberry bog in its growing time, it is simply
a mass of mud covered entirely with vines. It is a sin in cra'iberry
culture to have a root or shrub, a leaf or tuft of grass on that brg.
You can measure your crop by the grass.

Innumerable things grow on a cranberry bog. If you know the
slink weed or punk root, I can show you and affirm that punk root
or slink weed, that grows in the water and thiows out long flexible
branches and blossoms about August, that it is the sum of vege-
table villainies. It cost us ^1000 in our bog. It goes through
everything but an iron can or stone wall You wil find it on the
edges of your bogs. It is tough and will cut you if you take a
limb. If 3'ou throw it mto the water, into the steam, it will float
down, take root and live.

An insect comes and lays eggs in the calyx of the cranberrj'
blossom. This egg is to be seen only with a powerful microscope,
right in the head where the flower is coming. Then when the egg
hatches there is a worm right in the head of the flower and it
develops with the new shoot ; so you can tell. You look for your
fire worm to come when you see the new shoots come in the spring.
This fellow comes out into his life, into the vitality of the coming
crop ; he comes and eats and weaves his web. In weaving bis web,
it draws together the 1( af of the cranberry and that causes the
lighter color on the under part of the leaf.

Now comes the matter of war. When you find he is there, shut
down thj flume boaids and put the water on. Give him uine hours
under water and your enemy is dead ; dead like the pests of the
Egyptians. But there are two crops of these fellows. Tlie first
crop is small. When the first crop comes, then you must kill your
enemy, because, if you do not, wh' n he passes into the miller con-
dition he goes about multiplying himsdf, lays his eggs, then comes
a second crop ; and in three days after that second crop comes if

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

you don't destroy the first, the cranberry plants look brown, red
and dead as a door nail. The deadest thing I ever saw was a cran-
berry^ bog after the fire worm had been over it. Put the water back
and you kill him.

The other great enemy of the cranberry is what is called the
meadow worm. It is not fat?l ; it rarely destroys more than one-
sixth of the crop, but it is no good to the cultivator.

The berry worm comes, and as the berry grows he grows inside
of it and he eats the very heart of the berry and he eats himself to
death there or crawls out to go into another berry. He disappears ;
then they have a variety of new worms coming. The Lord knows
what they are sent for. The fire worm is the worst. If you under-
take to kill the fire worm, the second crop of them, you see your
flowers are open, you would wash the pollen out of them ; you can-
not put the water over the pollen. You must take the fellow when
he begins ; then if you can cover the bog with water you can kill
him.

I consider that the bog that you can flow in six hours with water
is worth 150 per cent more than one you cannot flow. Ton can
fight the very heavens and earth, the frost, the worms ; you can
protect your crop. When you have early frosts you can flow your
bog and save your crop ; and your berries will bring more than if
the market wa5 flooded.

We can raise cranberrif s as cheaply as they can be raised on the
face of the globe. We are going to get the English and French
markets, and we have a big market at home. You cannot over-
produce. The limitations are such ; the climate and soil do not
go to stupidity ; it cannot be overdone. It will cost you S3 a bar-
rel, the best you can do. Anything you make over S3 a barrel
is in your pocket. The average price runs from $5.50 to S6.60. I
do not get S7 ; but suppose I get $6.50, that gives me $3.50 a
barrel. Supposing I get S8 a barrel, I make $5 a barrel. It costs
us S3 a barrel to market our cranberries. If you keep your berries
for a late market, I imagine they are worth SIO or $11.

DISCUSSION.

Ques. When is your planting season ?

Ans. It has been in the spring. Anytime in the spring until
July, when you would be liable to get too hot weather. Spring is
better than fall ; because I think they will live if you keep them

66 STATE P0M0LOGICA.L SOCIETY.

moist, if you keep the vines under water till you take them up. It
is better to plant in the spring.

If you let your vines stay out in the air through the winter, some
fine winter, you will get a winter kill on them. You lose your
vines ; or the vines are alive to a certain extent at the roots, but it
kills your crops for two years if you get a winter kill. Before the
time of freezing up you put the g ites down and flow the bog.

If you have frost coming on young berries in July, they begin to
set about the first of July, if the water covers those berries, in that
condition, nine hours it kills them, but when your crop is grown you
can throw the water on and keep it on forty-eight hours, — I ihink a
week, and it would not kill them. If the frost comes very early in
the fall and has a pretty general spread, the man who can keep his
berries will get a good price for them.

Ques. Is there any special benefit from flowing?
Ans. Only as it keeps up the temperature, no. If you keep up
the temperature, you keep the frost off. More than fifty years ago
I was a resident of the town of Barnstable. They have a tremen-
dous beach separating the margin from the upland with great sand
banks. The town ordered that the people should go there and pick
cranberries. As I remember it, it seemed as if those cranberries
were growing out of the sand. But I do not think you can get some-
thing out of nothing ; it must have been the muck that was under-
neath the sand. Now they have got all these places turned into
private cranberry bogs. They think close by the sea is better ; but
if you can control water and keep the frost away from your vines
you are all right.

Mr. Pope. You think it is necessary in winter to have flowage if
they keep the ice away from the plant. Would it do to have a foot
of ice pressing upon the vines?

Ans. I don't know as it does any particular good ; but I am
sorry to sa} , I think that is the condition of my bog at this moment.
We have had our vines in the ice a good many years and it did not
seem to hurt them ; but I do not think it would do them any good.
Mr. Knowlton. How long should the water flow over it in the
fall ? Whether you would cover as soon as the berries are off and
keep flowed until spring?

Ans. I think it is better to leave it as late as you can, because
the buds must be developing pretty late ; I should say early flowage

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

would put back the development. It should be kept flowed through
the winter. As soon as you flow jour bog you want to keep it
flowed lill spring.

SPEAYIXG EXPERIMENTS IX 1892.

At the meeting of this society which was held in Cornish, last
winter, I gave some general notes regarding the importance of
doing something to check the ravages of the Codling moth and the
apple scab, at the same time presenting a statement of the work
done b}^ the ICxperiment Station in solving some of the problems
connected with this work. It is unnecessary at the present time to
repeat the statements then made, but I have been requested to pre-
sent, so far as possible, the results obtained by ourselves and by
the leading orchardists of the State, during the past season. The
woik relative to the control of the Codling moth, which I had
planned for the past season, was only partially carried out. Con-
sequently I shall present only the reports of those orchardists who
have undertaken work in this direction.

In response to a letter sent to some twenty orchardists in differ-
ent parts of the State, eight replies giving the results of experience
were received. Several prominent fruit growers have had no experi-
ence, while others have just begun and are not ready to report, but
will spray next year.

The following notes, condensed from replies received, speak for
themselves :

S. R. Sweetser, CumberU'nd Centre: Sprayed once, June lOlh,
using one pound Paris Green to 150 gallons water. The foliage
was net injured and the fruit was better than usual, but there were
no checks for comparison. It was Mr. Sweetser's first experience
in spraying.

S. C. Harlow, Bangor : Sprayed twice, June 25tband July 2nd,
using one pound Paris Green to 360 gallons water. (Was unable
to spray earlier, because of rain.) Mr. Harlow has sprayed for
six years and is "more than satisfied with the results." The least
tendency to injury of foliage has been found to occur in a bright,
dry atmosphere, and the greatest in damp, cloudy weather.

D. J. Briggs, South Turner: Sprayed once, about June lOlh,
with London Purple, in the proportion of one pound to 150 gallons

68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

water. The cost of the application was about three cents per tree^
and the foliage was not injured. Mr. Briggs thinks "if well done^
spraying pays very well," and he will continue to spray.

Charles S. Pope, Manchester : Had such a large crop of fruit that
the worms made no showing ; so could not tell whether benefit was
derived from spraying. In such a case as this, I should consider
the codling larva a blessing rather than otherwise, for the reason
that too many orchardists can net bring themselves to do necessary
thinning of the fruit.

W. P. Atherton, Hallowell: Sprayed once, the latter part of
June, with one pound Paris Green to 250 gallons water. The
foliage was injured on some trees, from the fact that care was not
used in rinsing the barrel each time after emptying, so in some
cases the mixture was much too strong. Mr. Atherton is well
pleased with results, and was greatly disappointed in being unable
to spray but once, the past season, on account of breaking his pump.

Henry Smith, Monmouth: Spra^-ed once, using one pound Paris
Green to 160 gallons water. In 1891 be used one pound to eighty
gallons, and injured the foliage when the mixture was not con-
stantly stirred. Mr. Smith is well satisfied with the results, and
has used checks so that he has proved to his own satisfaction that
spraying is effective. H*; has sprayed for several seasons, and
when I was at his orchard in October, he informed me that spraying
had ceased to be an experiment with him, as he was perfectly
satisfied as to its value.

H. W. Brown, Newburg : Sprayed all of his trees once, and part
of them twice, using one pound of Paris Green to 250 gallons water.
The cost was about three cents per tree, and Mr. Brown expresses
himself as well satisfied with the results. He also emphasizes the
importance of using 3i Jine spray, and keeping the mixture thoi'oughly
mixed.

S. H. Daives, Harrison: Sprayed twice, June 14 and July 11,
using one pound of Paris Green to 300 gallons water, and to each
fifty gallons was added one gallon lime whitewash, to prevent injury
to foliage. The cost of spraying — including everything — was about
three and one-third cents per tree. Regarding the effectiveness of
the treatment, Mr. Dawes writes : "The ground under the row not
sprayed was covered with wormy fruit, while from the sprayed rows
on either side, scarcely a wormy apple was to be seen. Fully ninety
per cent of the fruit on the sprayed trees was peifect, and there

SPATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69

was no injar}' to the foliage when lime was used. M3' experience
during the past two seasons has fully convinced me that spraying
pays and I shall continue it as long as I continue in the fruit busi-
ness. There is no labor thai pays so well if the work is properly
done."

One correspondent, whose orchard is very productive, has not
been greath' troubled with wormy fruit. He has bought fruit from
other orchards which had been sprayed, and found it worse than his
own. This, however, is no criterion. As before noted, if the tree
is heavily loaded, the presence of the codling larva is to be desired,
unless the owner has sufficient courage to thin the fruit. It is
nature's method of preventing too great a tax on the strength of
the tree. It is also ver}' evident that the amount of wormy fruit,
though it might be actually the same in the two orchards, would
appear much less in a large lot than in a small one, and of course
the per cent of damage would be smaller.

Last winter the question as to the danger of eating fruit which
had been sprayed was discussed, and from a theoretical considera-
tion of the subject we concluded that there was absolutely no da,nger
from eating the sprayed fruit; — that the highest probab'e amount
of poison per fruit, on trees sprayed twice with Paris Green in the
proportion of one pound to 200 gallons of water, was less than
3-1000 grain.* To assure ourselves in a practical way of the sub-
stantial correctnes-s of this statement, a number of fruits were
actually immersed in a preparation of Bordeaux mixture, to which
Paris Green had been added in the proportion of one pound to 250
gallons of the mixture. The variety used was the Alexander. The
fruits were dipped in the mixture July 20th and were left till matu-
rity, when they were taken to the chemical laboratory and submitted
to analysis. Result : No trace of arsenic found. I regard this as
an important test from the fact that by immersing the fruit the
greatest possible amount of the mixture was obtained, and the P>or-
deaux mixture being much more adhesive, would remain on the fruit
much longer than would a simple mixture of Paris Green and water.
Therefore I would repeat the statement made last year : There is no
reason why fruit sprayed as directed should be unwholesome. But
I would also add the caution that care must be used in making the
application.

*Rep. Maine Pom. Soc. 18S)2, p. 7S.

70 STATK POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

APPLE SCAB.

But one of our correspondents — Mr. Henry Smith of Monmouth
- had attempted the use of an}^ of the copper compounds to check
the apple scab. Some have had little trouble from this source, and
one thought he had derived benefit from the use of London Purple.
I should question the aecurac}' of the last observation, however, as
London Purple, being an impure arsenite of lime, does not contain
the elements usually considered of value in this connection. Mr.
Smith has sprayed for two or three seasons with Bordeaux mixture
— four pounds lime, six pounds Copper Sulphate and thirty gallons
vvater — and is fully convinced of the value of the treatment. From
his former experience, Mr. Smith was so well satisfied with the
effectiveness of the spraying, that he left few checks this year. In
one orchard, however, two rows of Nodhea«ls were sprayed, afttr
bloom, with Bordeaux mixture and Paris Green. As to the result
Mr. Smith writes: ''From those two rows I gathered the finest
specimens I ever raised — large, bright and free from scab and
worms ; while two trees not sprayed were, I think, as bad as any I
ever saw — gnarly, scabby and almost worthless."

Our own work in connection with this subject was, in some
respects, less satisfactory'^ than last year ; but in a general way the
results are very encouraging. The work was conducted on the
same general lines as last year, both Mr. Pope of Manchester and
Mr. Moore of Winthrop co-operating. The season was very
unfavorable and it was difficult to find a suitable time for the work.
In neaily every instance rain fell within twenty-four hours after the
spraying was finished, and as a consequence the results were mate-
rially affected.

Mr. Moore's orchard is usually very badly attacked and would
seem to be an excellent field for work. Many of the trees bore
very heavily in 1891, however, and were not as well adapted for
our use as they otherwise would have been, as trees bearing but little
fruit are seldom attacked so badly as those which are heavily
loaded.

Two solutions were used in Mr. Moore's orchard — the ammonia-
cal solution of copper carbonate, recommended last year, and the
"improved" ammonia-copper carbonate solution suggested by
Professor Galloway.

The first of these, which we will call solution A, consisted of five
ounces carbonate of copper, three pints strong ammonia, fifty gal-

STATE POMOLOGICAI, SOCIETY. 71

Ions water. The second, solution B, consisted of three ounces car-
bonate of copper, one pound carbonate of ammonia, fifty gallons
water.

A number of trees were sprayed four times with each solution,
while others in the same vicinity were left as checks. Rain followed
soon after each application, and the results were not as striking as
might be desired. The average results, however, are slightly in
favor of the spra3-ed trees as compared with the unsprayed, while
solution A gave slightly better results than did solution B. The
percentage of fruit absolutely free from scab, was very low in
every case. In a general way, however, the work is of value in
that it confirms the results obtained in Mr. Pope's orchard.

The work carried on in the orchard belonging to our president,
Mr. Pope of Manchester, was of sufficient extent to warrant very
free conclusions, from a commercial poi..t of view. The or:!hard is
situated on a gravelly hill-side, having a northwestern exposure, and
instead of single isolated trees being given different treatment,
contiguous rows, extending down the hill- side were selected. In
this way all of the rows presented essentially the same conditions,
pait of the trees being on high land and part on low.

In addition to the two solutions used in Mr. Moore's orchard, a
third — the modified eau celeste described last year was used. The
formula for this solution was as follows : Two ponnds sulphate of
copper (''Blue Stone") ; two and one-half pounds carbonate of
soda ; one and one-half pints ammonia ; thirty gallons water.

To be doubly sure of results, duplicate series were used. In
this way we have two rows in different parts of the orchard sprayed
with each solution ; while for comparison three rows, alternately
with these, were left without treatment.

The following diagram shows the relative location of the sprayed
and unsprayed trees :

Solution

A.. ..

Check .

Solution

B ...

u

C ...

Check . .

Solution

A...

((

B....

Check .

Solution C . . .

72

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Naturally all of the trees were not equally productive, and in count-
ing the fruit only those trees which were under approximately the
same conditions were selected.

In this connection, about one barrel of fruit from each of thirt}'-
eight trees was counted, and without going into details, 1 will give,
in the accompanying table, a general summary of the results
obtained :

r— ^-^

Cj m

C <U

r^

.. 03

K

Cj

5

6

6

^^

<^ o

Solution.

p

■J}

III

Remarks.

A

559

171

347

41

30.1

93.0

Average of 8 trees.

B

583
615
628

34

32

5

305
414
239

184
169
384

6.1

5.6
0.9

71.0
73.5
41.2

c

Check

As will be observed, the average proportion of "No. 1" fruit on
unsprayed trees, considering fourteen trees in all parts of the
orchard, was only 41.2 per cent of the crop, while the average pro-
portion on the trees sprayed with the least effective solution was
seventy-one per cent, a gain of nearly thirt}' per cent. With the
most effective solution — the modified eau celeste — this difference was
much more marked, amounting to nearly fifty-two per cent.

The amount of fruit absolutely free from scab is not as large as
might be wished. The standard adopted in sorting the fruit, how-
ever, was very rigid, and much of that classed as "slightly scabbed"
was in reality better fruit than that classed as "free."

With the above figures in view, and considering the fact that the
results are in direct confirmation of those obtained last year, there
would appear to be little doubt as to the effectiveness of the treat-
ment when the work is properly conducted.

While the Experiment Station will continue its work of combat-
ing orchard pests of various descriptions, I hope that during the
coming year more of the practical orchardists of the State will take
the matter in hand, and make use of the knowledge already gained.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

AGEICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE IX THE SCHOOLS.

Under this general subject a series of exercises were given by
Miss M. L. Wilson and a class of her pupils from the East Auburn
school. The general obiect was to illustrate the interest pupils take
in the objects of nature, especially plant life, and the desirability of
introducing the study of the elements of argiculture into the schools
of the State. This school exercise is published in the Report of the
Board of Agriculture and we take pleasure in referring our readers
to it. It proved one of the most popular exercises of the meeting.

In connection with the general subject the following paper was
read by Miss H. M. Merrill of Farmington :

STUDY OF PLAXT LIFE IN SCHOOLS.

By Miss H. M. Merrill, First Lady Assistant, Faimiuoton
Xornial School.

In presenting a few points with reference to the study of plant
life, I trust to be excused from looking at the subject from the
teacher's stand- point, considering britfly what it is possible to
accomplish in the remotest cquntry school. A consideration that
cannot be ignored is the present tendency to the ovei -crowding of
school courses. Surely the period plainly intended for that of men-
tal as well as bodily development is long enough for acquiring the
essentials that will best fit the boy and girl for bis and her work in
the world. What these essentials shall be is the question that con-
tinually confronts the educator, and as new conditions shape them-
selves, the demands of the present are no longer satisfied with the
requirements of the past.

It is no longer a question under discussion, that elementary
science should have a place in the elementary schools. The teach-
ing of science has woiked its way from the high school to the
primary grades, and has there found its proper beginning. That
education is recognized as incomplete that doe* not introduce the
child to the world of nature, as well as to the world of books, and
it fails of its most practical results if the mind is not quickened to
grasp knowledge through the senses and to investigate, to some
degree, the great and silent forces that are working around him.

The child, when he enters school, is a little bundle of animated
curiosity, bristling with interrogation points and putting out feelers

74 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in all directions. Yet how often this healthy activity, which should
be the teacher's safest guide, is restrained and well-nigh paralyzed
to his incalculable loss. In this nature study, no branch presents
so wide a field as the study of plant life. But while admitting, its
unquestioned claims to a place in the school course, two questions
naturally suggest themselves :

1. What are the results to be obtained in this as in ot! er
branches of science teaching?

2. What particular subjects may be touched upon and how?
Let us consider briefly these questions in their reverse order,

finding in the answer to the second some light thrown upon the first.
As just said no broader field presents itself in elementary science
than the study of plant life. The material is ever}' where accessible,
and interest and enthusiasm cannot Jail to be aroused under the
skilful teacher. Two or three underlying principles should always
be borne in mind in the teaching. P>ery lesson should have a defi-
nite purpose, otherwise the lessons soon become vague and discon-
nected. There should be real observation on the part of the pupil,
not through the eye of the teacher, though directed and guided Vy
her. And no other study gives wider scope for careful, skilful
questioning.

The stud}' of the plant may begin at any point, but the subject
of germination naturally suggests itself among the first Pupils of
all ages, but especially children, delight to learn by doing, and
some simple experiments, such as are suggested in Prof. Goodall's
little pamphlet, "Concerning a Few Common Plants," are easily
performed and very helpful. Select a few seeds as the corn, bean
and pea, and spend a little time in their examination. Let the
pupil discover how a tiny plant with stem and leaves is folded away
in the seed coats, and compare the three, noting differences and
resemblances. In the meantime in a few deep plates or flower pots
filled with clean sand, let him plant a few seeds of each kind half
an inch deep, and others at intervals of two or three days so that
when all have started three stages of growth will be represented.
What changes have taken place in the transition from the hard, dry
seed to the plant, now in possession of all the parts of the full
grown tree? How has nourishment been supplied? Whence will
it come henceforth? What conditions have been necessary to
growth? How does the seedling ( f the corn differ from that of the
pea and the bean from both? Some seedlings may also be raised

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

in other ways. Lay upon a plate a moistened sheet of thick blotting
paper, place some seeds of each kind upon it, and over these
another sheet of paper, keeping the wh^le moist and warm. Place
a layer of cotton batting upon a tumbler of water and lay a few
seeds upon this. When a seedling has started suspend it by a
thread over some water in a glass, so that the roots dip into the
water while the seed-leaves remain above, and note in what part of
the root growth takes place, but puncturing it at regular intervals
with a needle dipped in India ink. By such means the growth of
the root may be easily traced and compared with that of the stem.
Such simple experiments all through the work add much to excite
the interest and quicken the observation.

As we pass to the parts of the plants, their peculiar forms and
their relations to each other, the facts are very numerous upon
which the skilful teacher can draw. If the children have the great
advantage of living in the country, encourage them to go'for flowers
to learn their haunts and habits. From what soil does the flower
spring? What conditions does it require as regards sun and shade,
dryness and moisture? What enables the delicate flowers of spring
to follow so closely upon the frozen footsteps of winter? The pecu-
liarities of different plants, their habits, as illustrated in the so-called
sleep of flowers and their movements, visible and invisible, as shown
in the coiling of tendrils, or the quick closing of the leaves of the
sensitive plant, suggest subjects of which space permits mention
only here.

As we come to the study of the flower, the variations of color,
form and growth, in which may still be traced the simple, wonder-
ful laws of development that are the same for the tiniest blossom as
the most brilliant, we open to a chapter of which we may well
despair of reaching the end. With certain principles the pupil
should always, of course, become familiar. To one subject only I
will call attention in this connection, the relation of insects to
plants in the work of fertilization. This is strikingly illustrated in
the little bluet or innocent that whitens the fields in early summer.
In certain clumps of flowers the long ?tamens are found with the
short pistils, in others, the long pistil but short stamens, so that the
bee in his flight from flower to flower brushes the pollen from the
long stamens of one flower to deposit it on the long pistil of another,
and vice versa. Although as yet but imperfectly understood it is a
subject too full of interest and importance to be left untouched.

76 STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

It is a great pity that so little attention is given to the subject of
fruits. The study of the plant often begun in the spring, fre-
quently touches very briefly upon it, if at all, while without it no
complete idea of plant development can be obtained. From the
less prominent kinds, the winged fruit of the maple and elm, or the
pod of the milkweed, to the apple, pear and grape the forms are
varied and the study of them no less interesting than that of any
other feature. The classification is simple aud the child soon learns
to distinguish between a dry fruit and a fleshy fruit, a stone truit or
a pome. It may be a discovery to learn that the strawberrj' is
not a berry, but the orange is ; that the raspberry and blackberry
are clusters of stone fruits ; and that the fig is a flower-stalk grown
pulpy ; and every such discovery is a healthy stimulant to further
progress. The fruits of our own State should claim the first atten-
tion. What are they? What fruits are sent from the State? What
are some -of the means of obtaining new varieties? It is interest-
ing to note in this connection how large a proportion of our fruits
belong to the Rose family.

Two suggestions in regard to ways of working may not be out of
place just here, the use of drawing and the value of school collec-
tions. Drawing should properly go hand in hand with the study of
the plant from the first lessons. What the pupil has not seen he
cannot represent, what he can express correctly by the simplest out-
line, he has made his own. No exercise serves like this to quicken
observation, to fix impressions. The chief value of collections lies
in the making. Collections of seeds, of different kinds of wood, of
pressed flowers, of different forms of leaves, represent a large
amount of knowledge that would be gained in no other way, and the
encouragement of a most excellent habit.

To our first question then, for what results may we look in such
a line of work as has been so hastily outlined, I answer :

1st. It aff'ords the best training for the observation and the forma-
tion of careful habits of investigation and thoughtful judgment.
That much is due to training is shown in the advantage that the
child from the city school often has over the country boy or girl.
Under the skilful teacher the pupil learns to observe, to compare,
to verify, and to draw conclusions. He finds he must often go
back to correct imperfect impressions and that his hasty conc'usions
must be exchanged for those resting upon a wider basis of fact.

2nd. It increases his capacity for enjoyment. Whether his
afler-woik lies in this direction or leads him far from it, he can never

STATE POAIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77

forget the iuterest once fully awakened in the green and growing
world around him. To know bj' name the flowers, shrubs and trees
of his early home, is tc feel an interest in every flower that grows
by field or road side.

3d. It puts him into possession of facts of practical value. No
true scientific knowledge ever comes amiss. He has laid a founda-
tion that wiH be directly or indirectly useful to him, in proportion as
he carries on his work in this direction.

No features in the educational progress of to-day compare in
interest with the new departures in practical and scientific training.
The cooking school has been tested and has not been found want-
ing. The manual training school has been found to fill a need
long recognized, but which no line of work until this has supplied.
But certain countries of Europe are in advance of us in this respect,
and have put the practical study of plant life on a level with man-
ual training. 1 think I am quoting correctly from a speech by Dr.
Rounds, in saying that there are 20,000 school gardens in Austria,
and that the experiment has been successfull}' tried in France.

From the study of the plant in the schoolroom to its actual care
and cultivation in the garden is certainly a step at the thought of
which we take breath. Such work requires specially trained teachers,
appliances and funds. So have cooking schools and manual train-
ing schools required all these, and in othtr states, if not in our own,
are permanent features of the school system. In the mean time a
step has been taken in advance of merely schoolroom work, or more
correctly speaking, the work has made some progress beyond the
bounds of the schoolroom. I have been interested in reading the
reports of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and of some
results secured in the direction of window gardening and the care of
plants by children. But I have been more interested in the efforts
ot this society in our own Stat« the past year in connection with the
State Fair. Prizes were offered to the pupils of high schools for
collections of pressed flowers and a window garden department was
established for the purpose of interesting children in the care of
flowers. Plants were furnished to the pupils in Auburn and Lew-
iston with directions for their care, which devolved wholly upon
the children, and on Children's Day an exhibit was made with results
that proved the plan practicable and satisfactory.

If we could realize at once the millennium in our schools we might
possibly be the better for it. But such an experience is not in store

78 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

for US, and in the meantime the day of small things is not that of
unimportant ones. Are we who are teachers enthusiastic and wide
awake to take advantage of ever}' resource that may supplement our
work? Are we interested in all lines of advance? Do we know
what can be done and is done in other schools and other states ? If
we have under-estimated the importance of this work, surely it is
worth our while to test its merits and it will be found the Book of
Revelation indeed.

THE APPLE IX COOKERY.

By Miss Anna Barroavs, Priueipal of the Cooking Department of the
School of Domestic Science, Boston.

The cooker}- of the apple is interwoven with the principles of all
cookery, therefore this subject might be expanded into a good-sized
cook- book. As this is impossible we can take but a bird's eye
view of the apple in its relation to human life. It has been truly
said, "■There is no fruit in temperate climates, so universally
esteemed and so extensively cultivated, nor is there any which is so
closely identified with the social habits of the human species as the
apple."

We shall all agree, that even if the apple had no commercial
value, it would have as good claim to existence as other ornamental
trees. The masses of white petals, shading into pink, that deck
the trees in May, make them worthy rivals of their cousins — the
June roses.

"As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my
beloved among the sons," says the song of Solomon. Its fresh
green foliage affords pleasant shade in midsummer, while the ripen-
ing fruit in autumn shows a greater variety and richness of color than
that of the maple or any merely foliage tree. Even in the winter,
when the foliage and fruit have departed, the knurled, crotched
branches, with their snowy covering, make the apple tree a pictur-
esque object in the landscape.

The apple probably boasts a more ancient lineage than any other
fruit, though it is decidedly doubtful whether it was the
"Primeval iutertlicted fruit tliat wou
Foud Eve, iu hapless hour, to taste and die."

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, , 79

The word apple is ofteu used to describe a round object, as the
apple of the eye; Dickens mentions apple-faced children. The
derivalioD of the word is uncertain, it niay signify watery fruit,
or a round bod^*.

The apple tree, Pijrus 3falus, flourishes in almost every country
within the temperate zones, therefore it is conspicuous in the fables
of every race and is the popular fruit in poems, proverbs, super-
stitions and pictures. There is much interesting literature connected
with the apple, but this paper must be devoted to its practical
aspect, its food value.

Wise was the Englishman who once said to some of his country-
men : "Had you but given to the improvement of your apples a
tenth part of the pains it cost you to naturalize those four species
of grapes, how much more substantial glory you would have won."
80 we might say, if American housekeepers had given half the
attention to the apples that they have bestowed upon fancy dishes
in which oranges, lemons and bananas figure, our country might
have gained much in health. Is it not a reflection upon our New
England orchards that oranges are often cheaper than apples even
in winter? Because the apple is so abundant in our land it is within
reach of the humblest lamily and it may appear in such varied
forms that none need ever tire of it.

True there is a large percentage of water revealed in a chemical
analysis of the apple, but it is also said to have a larger per cent
of phosphorous than any other fruit ; and there are other double
distilled essences of the sunlight and glorious air in which the fruit
has hung for months, combined with the forcegiving elements of
mother earth drawn up by the roots of the sturdy tree.

And as for water — is it not by far the larger part of our bodies?
we refuse to recognize this fact and persist in overloading them with
too solid foods^until we groan with rheumatism or some vital organ
rebels.

May not^lhe^apple be as beneficial as the much lauded grape-
cure? Some one has observed that apple lovers are usually people
with healthy livers and therefore very amiable. An old proverb
says : "It will beggar a doctor to live where orchards thrive." No
other fruit is so deserving of the cook's good opinion, in that it is to
be had at all seasons. From the early summer sweetings around
to the hardy .russet in the late spring and summer there is always
aome variety inj prime condition. A fruit which has been in con-

80 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

stant use for generations must have be^n quite thoroughly experi-
mented upon and yet there is room for new combinations to be
invented.

So many are the dishes in which the apple is a principal ingre-
dient that they must here be described in groups rather than in
detail. The cookery of the apple is dependent upon the funda-
mental laws of the art. Much depends upon our choice of apples,
the so-called '^cooking" apples cannot give the best results and are
no more to be chosen than inferior, stale eggs or rancid butter. We
have much to learn as to the varieties best suited to different
culinary purposes ; besides the flavor and degree of acidity of an
apple its general texture is also to be considered. In general, for
ordinary use it is best to select apples that are solid and heavy, not
mealy but juicy and full of sparkle, neither very large nor the
smallest in size. To attempt to use mean apples for cooking results
in a loss of time and temper, sugar and spice.

The roasted or baked apple ranks highest in popular estimation.

"The apples sputtered in a row,
And close at hand the basket stood
With uuts from brown October's wood."

The modern fireplaces give an opportunity to revive the old fashion
of hanging the apples by a string before the open fire, but this is
oftener done for a luncheon than for table use.

A baked apple is delicious if properly prepared whether sweet or
sour. Ic should be wiped, perhaps washed, the skin better not be
cut. Earthen or granite ware baking dishes should be used as tin
or iron injure the flavor of the fruit. The oven should be hot
enough to change the apple juices into steam and puflf out every
cell till it forms a frothy, pulpy mass. If there is danger of the
escaping juices burning on the baking dish, a little water should be
added. The advantage of retaining the skin is that it holds the
steam and thus really hastens the process. Sometimes, however,
the skins are imperfect and we prefer to remove them and also the
cores and to fill the centre with spiced sugar or bas'^e them with
butter and sugar which glazes the outside. Then very juicy, apples
thus prepared may be placed on round pieces of bread which absorb
the syrup and are to bo served with the fruit.

Baked apples may be canned in a thin syrup and reheated when
the jar is opened. The pulp of snowy baked apples beaten with
whites of eggs may appear as apple snow or floating island com-

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81

bined with cream or soft custard. The 'lamb's wool' mentioned by
old writers was a mixture of this frothy apple pulp with spiced ale.

Halt way between the baked apple and apple sauce stands a
simple, yet beautiful dish called by a French name, a compote.
The apples are to be cored and pared without quartering, and
cooked slowly in enough heavy sugar syrup until they are soft, but
not broken ; then drain and dry, slightly, in a moderate oven with
the door open, occasionally basting with the syrup. The spaces
where the cores were may then be filled with apple jelly and the
whole sprinkled with granulated sugar. Thus prepared the apples
may be served with any simple pudding or custard for dessert, or
as preserves for tea, or with mushes for breakfast.

Quarters of large apples look well cooked in the same way. If
well cleaned before paring, the best portions of skins and cores
should be covered with cold water and cooked until the flavor and
pink color may be strained off with the water. This is ready to use
as the foundation for the syrup for preserving, or for a pink pud-
ding sauce for the next apple pudding, or may be made into jell}'.
The skin in some form should be cooked with apples for canning,
as it adds much to the flavor and nutritive value. The skin may
be left on the fruit for mince or other pies where it is chopped or
sliced, and it is not out of place in puddings.

There is no form of sauce much better than the baked apple
sauce, where big quarters of fruit are packed in earthen jars with
brown sugar or molasses, covered closely and baked slowly in a
moderate heat like that of the old brick ovens or modern Aladdin,
until the contents of the jar have shrunk to half their original bulk
and are rich, red and luscious.

The white, pulpy apple sauce which is cooked quickly and made
smooth by frequent stirring and beating is best suited for a meat
sauce, if not too highly sweetened. An apple stuffing is excellent
with any rich, fa: meat like goose or pork; for this, the pulp of
cooked apples is mixed with a few bread crumbs and seasoned with
sage and onions. A leg of pork boned and filled with apple stuffing
is suitably garnished with baked sour apples. Veal or beef stews
are often improved by the acid flavor of the apple and it may be
added to soups or sauces. Mrs. Mary H. Abel, author of the Lamb
prize essay on "Sanitary and Economic Cooking," well says,
"Fruits seasoned with meat juices and fat instead of with sugar are
not enough known among us."

82 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A dish of fried apples is an old-time dainty too good to be allowed
to go out of fashion. The apples are cut in rings or thick slices and
fried in the fat from sweet, fat salt pork, onions may be combined
with them, a tough apple is best for this purpose. Or, the slices
may be fried in butter, sprinkled with sugar and served on toast,
or they may be broiled with beef steak or with bacon and thus
seasoned with the fat of the meat. Apple fritters are but a varia-
tion of the fried apples ; the apples should first be cored then pared
and cut in four or five slices, then they are rolled in flour, dipped in
batter and fried. They look very much like a doughnui with a hole
in the centre.

W. M. Williams says in his chemistry of cookery, "When thin
slices (of apple) are immersed in a bath of melted fat at a tem-
perature of about 300° F. the water of their juice is suddenly boiled ;
and as this water is contained in a multitude of little bladder like
cells, they burst and the whole structure is puffed out to a most
delicate lightness, far more suitable for following solid meats than
sodden fruit enveloped in heavy, indigestible pudding paste.
Another advantage is that with proper apparatus the fritters can be
prepared and cooked in about one-tenth of the time required for the
preparation and cooking of an apple pudding or pie."

There are hundreds of recipes for apple puddings to be found in
the cook-books, but we shall find that they may all be classified
under a few general formulas.

1. Apples in combination with starchy foods as rice, tapioca,
sago, macaroni, bread and cracker crumbs.

2. Apple doughs, such as dumplings, short cakes, pies, &c.

3. Apples combined with custards and creams.

These different t^'pes are also more or less united. There is a
too common idea that there is no nourishment in puddings, on the
contrary many of them are very substantial food. The pudding
shall be chosen to supplement the rest of the meal, a light, delicate
dessert with heavy meats and the richer puddings when the first
course is less "filling."

For the apple sago or tapioca puddings the apples are cored and
pared, placed in a buttered pudding dish and the centres filled with
sugar in which has been mixed a little spice and salt. Then pour
over the tapioca or sago which has already been cooked for a half
hour, with five times its bulk of boiling water. Bake until the apples
are perfectly soft, turning each one over in the tapioca when half

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83

done. Slrained apple pulp or jelly ma}- be put with tapioca cooked
in less water and the whole moulded and served cold with cream.
Cooked or chopped apples are also mixed with crumbs or slices of
bread or cooked mushes.

There are many easy combinations possible between the ordinary
quick biscuit dough^and apples. The dough may be made light
with cream of tartar and soda, or baking powder or with sour milk
and soda. A pint of fl)ur makes enough for a small family, one
tablespoonful of shortening may be used with this quantity. The
dough should be as soft as can be easily handled. Roll out till one-
half inch thick. Tnis is a suitably crust for apple dumplings, either
steamed or baked, though the latter might be made richer. ' Or the
dough may be spread]with cooked or chopped apples sprinkled with
spiced sugar and^roUed like a jelh' cake and steamed for an hour.
When the time is limited, cut the roll in inch slices, stand on end
and steam or bake for thirty minutes. The dough may be made
softer, an egg added, the cut apples stirred in and the mixture
steamed in cups or in one large pan.

Apples may be cooked in a pan with a layer of this crust over
the top ; when ready to serve, reverse on a plate so the crust will be
at the bottom.

An apple shortcake is far better than strawberry shortcake out of
season, and the same dough with a second tablespoojiful of butter
will serve for that.

A similar combination is the old-time pandowdy, where the apples,
unsweetened, were baked in deep pans lined and covered with
crust. When done, the top crust was removed, the apples spiced
and sweetened and alternate layers of crust and apples piled high
on a platter.

The shortcake"^and pandowdy are the connecting links between
the apple puddings and apple pies, of which there are many varie-
ties. There are pies with sliced apples, stewed apples, pies sweet-
ened with molasses, mince pies, Marlboro pies, turnovers and fried
pies. None^of these puddings or pies can appear at their best
unless wise heads and deft fingers have been used as well as good
materials. Much depends on attention to apparently trifling details
and too often these are ignored. A loyal American woman has
said: "During years of foreign travel I have never met a dish so
perfect as the American apple pie can be."

84 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Some of the apple custards and creams have already been referred
to. Apples preserved in syrup may be moulded with the help of
gelatine and served with cream or custard. A custard may be
poured over apples prepared as for the tapioca pudding and baked
until the apples are soft and the custard firm. The apples may be
partly steamed or baked before the custard is added.

Grated apples added to a thin frosting make an appetizing filling
for a layer cake. Apple sherbet and apple ice cream are possible
but the apples are not at their best when ices are most desirable.

While the best apples are self-flavored, if we must use crabbed
or insipid fruit it is much impioved by the addition of spices. Gin-
ger root,* whole cloves, allspice or cinnamon may be cooked with
preserved apples ; ground spice injures the appearance of the fruit.
Clove was much used in the old recipes for apple cookery ; salt is
an important flavor for most fruits ; butter is often used where a
little salt would do as well; a hint of almond always harmonizes
with apples since »he same flavor is to be found in the seeds ; lemon
juice is especially ustfui in the spring when the apples have lost
their life and sparkle.

A pleasant beverage for the invalid is made bj pouring boiling
water over raw apples cored but sliced without paring ; when the
water is cold strain, sweeten and flavor if desired. The pulp of a
wasted apple can be used in the same way and the water in which
dried apple is soaked is also agreeable. The expressed and fer-
mented juice of the apple has doubtless been the means of ruining
many orchards and their owners. Vinegar is a useful commodity
but probably if we used more fruit we should want fewer pickles.

Hitherto cider has seemed to be the only use for the refuse or
surplus of the apple crop. As the quality of the fruit is steadily
improving, and our knowledge of cookery increasing, jellies and
other delicacies will, ultimately, take the place of the fermented
product of waste fruit.

Count Rumford, one of the pioneers in scientific cookery, said :
"The number of inhabitants who may be supported in any country
upon its internal produce depends about as much upon the state of
the art of cookery as upon that of agriculture ; but if cookery be of
so much importance, it certainly should be studied with the greatest
care ; cookery and agriculture are arts of civilized nations, savages-
understand neither of them."

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85

In these dajs of concentrated or condensed foods is it not advisa-
ble to put apples in a more convenient shape for transportation and
immediate use than has jet been done? Diied apples have been
prominent in the past but are now superseded by the evaporated
fruit. In the Boston market the sales of sun-dried or string dried
apples amount to practically nothing, while 15,000 to 20,000 cases
of evaporated apples, or nearly one million pounds (1,000,000) are
sold in a single year.

The canned apples are extensively used, from 15,000 to 20,000
cans with a dozen gallon cans in each case being sold in Boston
yearly. There are but few quart cans in the market. Apples in
this shape are used chiefly in restaurants aid large establishments
not yet having found their way into private houses to any extent.
This is partially due to the careless fashion in which they are often
put up and to the large size cans.

Is it not possible that a higher grade of canned apples would be
more satisfactory to the general purchaser and more profitable to
the packer? We have also much to learn as to the best method of
developing the flavors of different varieties of apples. Some are
better suited to canning, others would make a smooth, rich marma-
lade or apple butter, and yet others would be more satisfactory' for
jelly. Why should not apples be preserved or crystallized and made
into dainty confectioqs as well as plums or pineapples?

The apple is useful as a basis for more expensive and more highly
flavored fruits. A single quince, for example, combined with half
a dozen apples will give its distinctive flavor to the whole.

Is there not an opportunity here for women to earn more than a
livelihood, provided they are equipped with suitable training and
proper utensils? Would not such an occupation be more desirable
than sale work ? An increased manufacture of home made apple
jelly, marmalade or apple butter might be a twofold benefit to this
State, providing work for its people at home and putting the apple
crop in convenient form for transportation. The State and county
agricultural societies should encourage such industries by ofl^ering
special premiums for exhibits in this work in the woman's depart-
ment.

86 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

FLORICULTURE.
By Mrs. Alonzo Towle, Freedom, N. H.

I am very sorry that your wives are not represented here b}' large
numbers, to-night. Am gratified that we have a goodly number of
brothers. Almost the first quer}' that will greet you at home will
be : What have you to tell me? What of your meeting at Augusta?
As I cannot speak to them face to face, from necessity I will talk
with them by you and your yearly report. The first section^will be
a '• special" to farmers' wives, or countrywomen. The second, to
all whom it concerns. The most unsatisfactory part of^ flower gar-
dening, as we have been accustomed to do it, has been the very
short time we have had to enjoy the fruit of our labor, ere the frost
has spoiled the beauty of our blossoms.

Only from about the middle of August u-jtil the last of September
can we reckon on their biightness, as we may always be on the
lookout for the frosts even at that early time. We have toiled and
planned all the spring and early summer to have our pleasure
snatched from us unceremoniously. To avoid this disappointment
we should plan for flowers all the season around. We can begin in
the autumn by preparing our beds. Fertilize them well with well
pulverized domestic fertilizer, rake it well into the soil. Fix one
bed exclusivel}' for spring blooming bulbs, crocus, tulips, hyacinths,
jonquils, snowdrops, etc. If we have not courage to start out with
them all, we can begin with a dozen crocuses and the same number
of tulips. If we are pleased with these we can enlarge our number
and variety the following autumn. Crocuses will cost from ten to
twenty cents per dozen. Tulips, by the dozen, from twenty-five
cents upward as far as we care to go in fine varieties. Hyacinths
range from five cents to thirty-five each. Freesias from thirty to
seventy-five cents per dozen. Jonquils from twenty-five to fifty
cents by the dozen. These would bloom in May in our climate,
unless we should have a very earl}' spring when they might come out
in April. Thus we begin the season by having our bulb bed lor
May. In June we have roses, of which every farmer's wife should
have a plenteous variety. The common, old fashioned sorts are
pretty enough for any one, — the White, Blush, Damask, Cinnamon^
Yellow and the climbers. If we have time and wish so to do, there

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87

is no reason why we should not deal with the hybrid perpetuals, as
we may without fear of failure. To keep company with the roses
and if 3'ou choose, to make a border for your rose bed, there is no
herbaceous plant that will give so much lasting satisfaction as the
Sweet William, in the variegated kinds. They grow with very little
care and preserve their flowers for weeks in a state of perfection.
The person who loves showy flowers would do well to have along
with these, a bed of peonies. Their nodding biightness is very
attractive to many.

These will hold their own very well until the pansies and petunias
begin to blossom. Now we shall have to go back a little to consider
our seedlings. The best way to get our plants is by sowing good
seed, unless we wish particu'ar varieties. If a plant has been
crossed with some other, or hybridized as we may better say, the
seed of that plant'you cannot be sure of. It may produce what you
want, so we are told by seedmen, but 3'ou can't get a Baldwin apple
tree if you plant all the seeds you can fiud. The seed partakes of
the vitalized and fertilizing qualities of the root and not of the
branch. If a general variety of pansies, verbenas, petunias, etc., is
wanted the better way is to sow good new seed each spring. Expe-
rience will teach us man3* things that we can not learn from any
other source but perhaps one person's trials and attempts may help
others over many little petty annoyances. The most of us like to
have a part of our seedlings bloom early. If we do have them ready
for blooming by the last of .June or first of Joly we must either
grow them iu a hot bed or some other place where the temperature
is kept high and they can be driven along the road to life and
activity. I have what I call my forcing shelf. A shelf put up in a
sunny window in the kitchen, up as high as it can be placed and
catch the sun's warmth. The seeds germinate quickly as the
elevated position and giving them a good draught of warm water
every morning soon do the work. They must scon after coming
up through the soil, be transferred to a place of lower temperature
as they will grow so fast they will not be able to hold their own
heads up in a short time if you do not. Pansies, petunias, zinnias,
in fact anything that we wish early can be as nicely grown there as
in a hot bed, the only precaution needful to mention is, don't try
too many. Take just enough to give a collection for one flower bed
for July. Sweet peas must be sown as soon as the snow is off. Dig
a drill eight inches deep, fill in one inch or more of well rotted fertilizer,

88 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cover this with an inch of soil, sow a dozen and a half to a foot. If they
all germinate they may be thinned out to a dozen. They need much
moisture all the season through. Good, rich soil will root them
well, as this is necessary if we have good plants. There is a class
of plants which it will be of no avail to sow early, unless they can
be kept at a high temperature. They are of tropical origin and
need that the soil shall be thoroughly heated and kept so, for them
to start at all. Last year I planted some seeds in May ; concluded
they were not good and gave up thinking about them. July's hot
sun brought them all up, thriving and brilliant. In this class we
find Portulacas, Balsams, Amaranths and Zinneas. The soil in
which anv and all seeds are sown should be light and well pulver-
ized ; cover thin to about their own depth. Boxes are better than
pots for sowing seed. After they are sown and covered, press
down lightly upon the soil in the same manner as'you would if sow-
ing vegetable seeds. This is to prevent the air from drying the
seeds. If some particular variety of a class is desired, then we
must take cuttings. For example: If we wish a Petunia of
a certain kind and no other, we must take a slip. In tak-
ing a cutting, be sure that the plant is a healihy one. If
the slip snaps off then it is all right to root readily, if it
bends and does not break, it is too old, and although it may
root it will not do as well as the younger giowth. Among the
Geraniums they recommend the Zonal as the easiest for us to
manage in our climate as a summer bloomer. For winter, we
should root new slips each spring and keep them pinched back until
we wish them to bloom. There are some troubles coming to the
flower grower in the sweet heaven sent odor of the country even.
The rose slug is a great pest, they make an attack before we are
aware of it and strip our bushes leaving them looking like so many
brown sticks. The best of all insecticides, especially for these is
powdered white hellebore, dust it over the leaves while wet.
Mildew can be well treated with sulphur. In August we begin to
pot bulbs for winter blooming. They are imported yearly. As
soon as they can be gotten let us set one pot of Hyacinths and
Chinese Lilies for Christmas. One, two, three or four bulbs can
be potted together. Leave about one quarter of the bulb uncovered.
Set them deep enough to keep them steady and firm as they root
entirely from the bottom. Hyacinths potted in this way must be
put in the cellar for three weeks to root and get started. Early

STATE rOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89

Narcissus put in pot the first of September will bloom in December,
taking nearly five months for flowering. If we pot a few bulbs
each month we shall have a succession of blooming plants the whole
winter and spring. They are litlle or no trouble as they will stand
more cold nights than any other we can deal with. The best and
most beautiful among the Hyacinths are the early semi-double white
and the rose, both of which I have at this time in January in full
blossom, while the blues and yellows are full of buds. The last
named are the Roman. I don't feel nearl}' as well pleased with
them as the former. Tulips can be treated in the same manner
and bloom for us all the long, dreary, dark winter.

If you choose you may add the Bermuda Easter lily. I have
never bad this kind of lily in blossom. In its place have had a
Lillum LoDgiflorum forced, giving three beautiful flowers and one
bud for Easter Sunday. Ttiis kind of lil}' is adapted to out door
culture, yet it is forced nicely, is more hardy and we can depend
upon it while we much doubt our ability always to manage our Ber-
muda lily. ]n all cases where the pot peems small for an}- plant
and we do not wish to retard the growth by repotting, top dress
heavily if the pot is decently large. By following this line of work
we shall have fl )wers all the year through. It takes only a few
minutes now and then, we scarcelj^ mi'SS the time, it gives us recreation
diverts our thoughts bringing a pleasant change every day to break
the monotony. The}' not only divert and please us but especially
speaking are great and efficient helpers. For those of us who have
searched diligently among nature's handiwork feel certain that we
have found no thing so minute as to be without evidence of Divine
thought, care and wisdom. So from these small teachers, the
flowers, we may gain many valuable lessons. They are eloquent
when interpreted arighc. First, and superior to all other senti-
ments, is expressed the loving care and solicitude of the Good
Father for His children's delight and comfort, for with lavish
hand has he besprinkled the whole earth with their beauty and love-
liness. No place is so poor and lowl}', none too grand and lofty, lor
them to flourish ; showing that He is not a partial Father, but one
looking with as much delight upon the poor man's simple home, as
the rich man's lordl}' palace. There are no conditions or circum-
stances where flowers seem to be out of place. They speak words
of hope and of a happy future to the young bride at the altar,
make bright halls of pleasure, are pleasant companions for the

90 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

isolated, bring comfort and cheer to the suffering and
give consolation to the mourner. But their best mission seems
to be to the poor who do not have them. They are silent messages
from truth's own hand, messages which cannot be evaded or con-
tradicted, which lift, purify and strengthen for better thinking and
living. They are gifts that do not cost a great deal. Nature fur-
nishes sunshine, dewdrops, soil and rain, a little of our time and
effort and it is done. Flowers have a mission as mementos. For
when we place one of these "green things growing," bear it in mind
that it may be for the years when we are not. Perhaps our children's
children may point them out as grandpa's roses or grandma's lilies
long after the hand that set them has crumbled to dust. They will
therefore help to keep alive a memory of us in the minds of those
who come after us. How many desolate, brown old farm houses
have been made to look perfectly beautiful by the thoughtful,
beauty-loving women of the household. How cool and delightful
that south window with the grape vine running over it. How bright
those hardy roses on either side the walk. Oh, flowers areso rest-
ful and helpful! On some warm afternoon, when our mothers
begin our seams without a knot in the thread, it woi:'t sta}' in the
needle, the scissors hide and then the spool rolls off under the
lounge, laying all aside let's go out for a visit in the garden, pull a
few weeds here, break off a discolored leaf there, admire them»
enjoy their fine coloring and tinting, then go back and we shall gen-
era ly find all the other things in regulation order. They have a mis-
sion in helping to preserve to us great moral truths. It is said in
legend, that underneath the cross at the crucifixion, all around were
blooming pure white flowers. When He said "It is finished" one
drop of blood fell upon one white flower. It instantly took on a
purple hue and all the surrounding flowers as well. They
called that one the Passion flower. Who can ever look
again upon this flower without remembering the Passion of
Christ and all it means to suffering humanity. Another beautiful
legend saj s that one day the Heather was placed in the valley
alone, and chancing to look upon the bleak and bare mountainside,
was troubled, for in the valley there was so much brightness and
none on the mountain. The Heather approached the Rose with
words of persuasion, to the end tha' it go up there; but the Rose
was too comfortable and would not ; neither would the Lily, or any
other flower. At last, in discouragement, the Heather exclaimed :

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91

" I am on]}' a pcor Heather; have no blossom or beaut}-, but will
go and do what I can.'' With the expression of this resolution,
from every leaf and branch sprang beautiful flowers, giving us
our Scottish Heather Rose. This tells us that the buds of self-
sacrifice always produce blossoms of s-weet satisfaction. FJowers
also are closely interwoven in the history of almost every
country. The Rose of England represents many years of
battle and bloodshed. The Shamrock of Ireland brings to
our minds poverty, ignorance and superstition on the one hand,
with zealous, patriotism and loyalty on the othe . The Scot-
tish thistle tells us of the self-reliant, hardy and staunch old High-
lands with their Scotch plaids and bagpipes. The fair Lily of
France is still the fair Lily, -hough reeking with blood and nourished
by the guillotine. Why should we not have a National flower? Why
not the Golden-rod, it's like many things, in its surrounding. It is
indigenous to our soil as are the everlasting hills ; it looks so fragile
with those large tufts of flowers on that slender stalk, but you try
to break it off, you wish to know how much hidden strength and
resistance there is stowed away in it. It's like the people who till
the soil out of which it grows so carelessly. Of its past we knew
but little, may it represent to us, as a whole, and to all the genera-
tions following, peace, prosperity and happiness. Dear brothers,
admonish the dear wives at home to remember.

How akin flowers are to human things, —
Emblems of our own great resurrection,
Emblems of the bright and better laud.

While they are emblematic of these future promises they are also
emblems of sorrow and of woe. And although we cannot consider
the yew and cypress without a dark and gloomy cloud for the
Instant passing before us, yet with the same glance we ma}' behold
the olive leaf of peace, the laurel wreath of victory. So it is all
the way through, pleasure closely associated with pain. Is pain
only exaggerated pleasure? Who knows? The juice of the Poppy
in minimum dotes alleviates, just beyond it means death. We
weep for joy, we do the same in sorrow.

Aud the poet, faithful and far-seeing
Sees alike in stars aud flowers, a part
Of the self-same universal being.
Which is throbbiii"' in his l)raiu aud heart.

:92 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

BULBS FOR THE WINDOW GARDEX.
By Mrs. B. T. Towxsexd, Freepoit.

Change i8 delightful to a great many people. Though they are
quick- to recognize and appreciate all forms of beaut)', they can
never be satisfied to worship at one particular shrine. I am in
sympathy with these changeful natures, for I can never content
myself with the same flowers year after year, either in the vrindow
or the open ground. Bulbous plants are among the most showy
and useful of our garden, greenhouse and window garden favorites,
and with scarcely any exception, are easily managed, sure to bloom
and require but little labor and care to enable them to produce their
charming flowers.

Perhaps a few lines in the way of the early history and culture of
the Hyacinth may be of interest. The Hyacinth was first introduced
into England in 1596. At that time we find mection of onl}' four
varieties. In an old book on gardening published in 1629 we find
there are mentioned and described eight diflerent varieties of various
colors, from pure white to deep purple. During the two hundred
and sixty years that have passed since the above book was published
there has been a steady improvement in the size form and color
of the plant until the present time. More than four thousand
varieties have been produced and catalogued but only about two
hundred of the most desirable varieties are in general cultivation.

The Hyacinth is a universal favorite in the most extended appli-
cation of the word- It is usually grown for forcing into flower dur-
ing the dull, cheerless months of winter and early spring. The
bulbs may be potted at any time during September, October or
November in rich deep soil. Use pots from four to sis inches in
diameter, fill the pot rather loosely to the brim and press the bulb
down into the soil so that only one-fourth of it appears above the
soil. Then water sufficiently to settle the soil and place in a cool
dark place where they ma}' remain for stveral weeks to encourage
a development of roots before the flower bud starts. They ma}' be
removed at any time after six weeks to a warm room in full light,
w\\en they will repay you for the little trouble with an abundance
of bloom.

Daffodils. This charming class of bulbs is becoming quite popular,
and why should it not? They are very desirable for winter bloom-
ing as they can easily be forced into bloom during winter months.
The treatment of Hyacinths will apply to the Daffodils.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

Lily of the Yalle}'. This beautiful little plant is extensively
grown for forcing in winter and early spring months. It is per-
fectly hardy, preferring a slightly shaded situation.

AMARYLLIS.

Aformosissima, Jacobean Lily. This is a bulbous plant produc-
ing dark scarlet flowers, easily forced requiring the same treatment
as hyacinths. They are natives of Guatemala and were introduced
in 1658. It is called Jacobean on account of the brilliant scarlet of
its flowers ; which the Spaniards in Peru thought resembled the
scarlet swords worn b}' the knights of the order of St. James,
(Jacobeans) and is the only described species of this genus.

AGAPAXTHUS.

From agape, love, and anthos, a flower. Linn, hexandria^
tetragynia, natural order liliacejc. Hexandria, having six stamens.
Tetragynia, having four styles. Liliacea?, a natural order of
monocotyledonous plants belonging to the sub-class Petaloidoe and
constituting the type of Lindley's lilial alliance of endogens.

The Blue African Lily, A. umhellahis, a noble plant with thicks
fleshy roots and retains its leaves all the winter. There is a variety
with striped leaves, A. alhidus, has white flowers, but it does not
differ from the common kind in any other respect. The Afiican
lilies all require a loamy soil, enriched. They should be fully
exposed to the light ; also plent}' of water when they are in a grow-
ing state. The plants are always large before they flower, and
when the flower stalks appear the plants should be in a large pot,
so that the roots may have plenty of room. They should be abund-
antly supplied with water, taking care, however, not to let any
remain in a stagnant state about the roots. Thus treated, this
plant will frequently send up a flower-stock about three feet high
crowned with twenl}- or thirty flowers, which will open in succes-
sion. It flowers in summer and forms a noble ornament to an
architectural terrace, or a fine object on a lawn.

What a desolate place would be a world without a flower I It
would be a face without a smile ; a feast without a welcome.
Flowers contain the language and sentiment of the heart, thus :
Faith is represented to us in the blue Passion Flower ; hope beams
forth from the evergreen ; peace Irom the olive branch ; the cares of
life are represented by the rosemar}' ; the fair lily is an image of
hol-y innocence ; the victory of the spirit, by the palm.

94 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETr.

MORE EDUCATIOX IN FLORICULTURE XECESSARY TO

PROFITABLE ENJ0Y3IEXT TIIEREIX.

By Edwaku II. GODDAKD, AVoodfords.

The citizens of this vState are slow about embracing new ideas
and novel fashions. We need something to quicken our pulses and
enable our eyes to see further ; and that something is a greater
desire to keep abreast of the times, and in just that degree, that we
acquire this desire in our different departments of business or social
life, shall we see that people in other states and cities than our own
are moving in advance of us. "\Ye in this age, must live intensely
to keep up with the moving throng."

The people of other places are ahead of us and in no way more so
peihaps than in respect to plants and flowers.

Styles in these are all second-hand with us ; Chicago, New York
and Boston, each must have a hand before we are awake to the fact
that we must have what they have enjoyed for a long time. Amer-
ican Beauty roses are grown extensively in other states but Maine
gets along with very few, except for those people who visit our
summer resorts.

It has been but a year or two that any interest could be drawn to
Chrysanthemums, but we are beginning to realize their worth, and
a Maine Chrysanthemum show is not far off. Orchids are grown in
many places and meet ready sales, but a dozen flowers is a large
stock for a Portland florist, and often one-half that quantity would
glut the market. But after all our dullness we are quite alive to
the fact that we must have plants and flowers.

It is now the proper thing for everybody to wear at least a soli-
tary flower if any social is to be participated in. We work longest,
without fatigue and execute better work, when in our happiest
moods, and what, may I ask, lifts us out of our sordid, rutted ways
of living and infuses inspiration, like gleams of something beautiful?
Beauty is always restful and pleasing, wherever found, and in
whatever form it may be found.

Almost every woman in our land will have plants indoors during
the long winter months ; she pets and cares for them to the best of
her ability, while she watches anxiously for a flower, and it is often
the case that a large amount of labor and love is required to pay for

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95

a few flowers. She does enjoy their company but needs to know
more about plant culture to rightly enjoy theai.

Children too, love to care for sooae plant, often displacing more
real affection in doing it, than would be thought possible. Care for
flowers tiings out the finer senses, makes loving hearts more loving
and many a lonely moment of later years is made tolerable by
tender associations brought to mind b}' some flower cherished in
childhood. Ladies and children are not alone in the cultivation of
plants ; the men are often admirers as well, but far too seldom.
The subject doesn't seem grand enough for many of them. But a
nickel or dime is spent for a chew or smoke and it's all right. In
man}' cases if the wife or child had the pennies to buy seeds, plants
or flowers, where the lord of the house spends dollars for what dulls
his senses, the home would be far happier and more attractive.

J^ow, in order to enjoy the floral world more we must know more
about it, and we are supplied with much good material for this
needed knowledge, if we would grasp it. The plant, seed and
implement catalogues that flood the country are a direct means of
very reliable information and are good reading, containing as they
do, cultural directions for nearly every variety offered for sale.
The vast amount of information given the public in this way can
never be estimated. Strictly first-class horticultural journals are
a great help and some that may be gleaned from on the subject, in
newspapers and magazines, bat in many cases with the latter, it
can be seen the writer knew very little about the subject under con-
sideration, but for pay or glory has tried to say something and has
only effected misleading statements.

Then nearly all can procure Gray's small botany ''How Plants
Grow," from this can be learned the general laws that govern plant
growth and cannot help being beneficial. "Gardening for Pleasure,"
* '•Gardening lor Profit," "Practical Floriculture," and "Hand book
of Plants," b}' the late Peter Henderson, are invaluable aids.

Fairs and exhibitions, where greenhouse products form a part, are
all aids in this line. Frequent visits to well ordered greenhouse
establishments are educational. Florists are benefited this wa}' as
well as others. Then much more can be learned by putting in
practice the ideas gained by reading. Our Agricultural Colleges,
State Agricultural societies and J^speriment Stations are all aiding
to diffuse this knowledge, and right here our Pomological Society is
the potent factor. And let me suggest that each one here expend

6 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

one dollar this y^ar to help the society (one dollar is the annual
membership fee). It can then do better work and more of it, and
you will receive the benefit.

Florists are professional men, or should be, just as much as
physicians or surgeons, some of them being specialists in growing
some particular varieties, just the same as aurists and occulists are
specialists in their line, and some institution should furnish diplomas
for the successful completion of a prescribed course in floriculture.
As I have said before, florists ought to be teachers ; but to become
successful as such, they must get entirely rid of that old idea thaf
gardeners have banded down to each other as a legacy, that theirs
is a knowledge of mystery and to tell one solitary thing the}' knew,
would simply be giving the thing away and this would soon make
an empty pocket-book and they woald lose their importiace as well.

The late Peter Henderson realized the folly of this idea and
taught the people how to cultivate plants and instead of becoming a
pauper or losing position, see the immense business and wealth he
accumulated and those who mourned his death reached from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.

While our florists may realize the fallacy of this disposition they
are at a disadvantage about overcoming it for in this State there are
no florists' organizations ; while in other states the florists' clubs are
an invaluable aid for exchange of experience, ideas and socialities,
furnishing as they do, seasons for debate, essays, lectures and exhi-
bitions. In this State all the aid we get is from the management of
State, county and town fairs. The benefit we derive is rather
indirect and comes with long intervals and we are of little benefit to
them, or at least, less by far than we would be, did we have an
organization of our own to keep our enthusiasm up the year round.

Then, too, many of us disregard botanical names, this is wrong ;
but the mother of a dozen children vs^ould be just as sensible to say
she'll raise them without names, because she can't remember what
the minister christened them, as the florist to grow his plants with-
out names.

It does very well for a pelargonium to be called Lady Mary,
Martha Washington, Lxdy Washington, Paa-iy Geranium and more
of a similar character in any certain locality, but, perhaps, outside
that particular neighborhood people would be puzzled to know what
was meant by them. Many people don't know that what we call a
geranium is a pelargonium and not a geranium at all ; geraniums

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETr. 97

being mere weeds. One, so called, geranium, is Pelargonium
Zonale and the Martha \yashingtoas are Pelargonium Grandijlora.
The PLnglish, cr French names of these are simply the different
varieties produced at different times. I have been asked the good
of learning and trying to retain these Latin names, they are all in
Latin, and Latin is yet the universallanguage, so that if in Grerman3',
Italy, France, Austria or England you call for Yiola tricolor 3^ou
would invariably get the pans}', while, perhaps, you could neither
speak the country's language or the gardener a word of yours.

Even in our own country it facilitates matters when sending away
for plants. If 30U want a palm, there is no need of going into
explicit descriptions, but ask for Areca lutesceus, if that is the
variety, and you won't get Lalania boibonica or Cocos Wt^ddeliaus.
Consequent!}- it is well to know a little Latin, so that the learning
of these names will be easier. Then again, usually the name is
descriptive of some part, so some idea of the plant can be gotten
from the Latin name. For instance, if odorata is connected with
the name, we know it is fragrant ; crassilfolia means thick-leaved,
and so on.

If there is one place where florists need better education, it is in
floral arrangements. There is much ignorance displayed here by
people supposed to know something about it, and it is wonderful
that the public tolerate such work as is in many cases put out. We
are all at fault here, and because the general public, who see com-
paratively little of greenhouse flowers, pronounce anything beautiful
that contains them, seems to be license enough to very often mangle the
whole arrangement. There are scores of emblems that would never
be recognized but for the frame on which ihey are made. The wire
workers are sometimes at fault, but uniformity of surface without
crowding, or bunching, with due regard to outline, are attainments
all of us may acquire. The artist should be particular to follow
all outlines and if the wire worker has failed to do his part, he
should be familiar enough with the form he is filling, to make up
the deficiencies of the mechanic.

The growth of floriculture in this country' during the past few
3'ears has been perfectly marvelous. About fifteen 3-ears ago, I
stood face to face with a structure that was to serve as m3' school-
house where I should learn about plant culture. That building was
16x24 feet on the ground, two-thirds span roof, covered in by
450 feet glass and we were unable to dispose of the plants in that

98 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

green house the first two years. To day 17.000 feet of glass worked
to the best of our knowledge, isn't suffcient to supply the demand
for this class of goods, on the very site of the first building. The
business in the city of Portland was then a 16x24 affair as com-
pared with the present. Now increase the knowledge of these
things and more plants will still be used and more flowers called for.
I would suggest that we interest the children in plant growth.
Once impress a child's mind with a truth and it is fast, never to be
shaken off. So I repeat, interest the children, teach them the prin-
ciples of plant life and growth and the similarity ot plants to the
human family. The}' are very striking and one hour might be
pleasantly spent discussing them. Let the little ones grow up with
plants all around them, strew their paths with roses, for they will
find the thorny bush far too soon. Let botan}^ be taught in all the
school grades, not simph' a few weeks in the whole course. Let
societies give children plants to grow, offering premiums for best
grown specimens.

Our own society took a good step last season in this way, and
although many plants returned were imperfect, still, good was done.
An interest was aroused in some of the children, that will continue
until Ihey are men and women grown.

Much can be learned, too, by experimenting, trying to produce
new varieties. We breed horses and stock, for points and records
thus gained, make prodigies of new, their brains seeming active in
no other place than where the deep furrows have been made by
pedigrees. Just so can we breed plants for points with just as
positive results. The pedigree of a variety produced by artificial
fertilization may be just as correctly written as one for a trotter.
The field is large, the work interesting, expense trifling, and the
process can be accomplished by any careful person.

Hybridization of plants is an interesting study and much valuable
information and pleasure as well may be gained by practicing the
art. Expensive tools are not necessary, nor is fancy stock neces-
sary. A pair of tweezers, a fine camel's hair brush, a tooth pick
and a clean piece of well sized white paper being all the tools there
is any need of possessing for ordinary work and all of these are not
positively demanded. While best results crown the efforts of the most
careful watcher, every one can derive pleasure and profit from it. We
take Geraniums that differ widely in respect to color, growth or habit
of bloom ; select one of them, usually the one of best style of growth,

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

as the parent or seed plant. This one we are very particular to
watch and almost before the flower bud opens we take the tweezers
and pull off the anthers ; we want the3e before the pollen is ripe so
as to prevent the plant pollenating itself; then just as soon as the
pistil shows itself to be at all guram3' we are ready with the brush,
pick up the pollen from the anthers of the other plant and place it
on the pistil of the seed plant. We usually keep this up at intervals
for several da3S ; then the plant is set by itself and we wait. As
soon as the seed ripens we plant it. Plants from this seed will be
vigorous and under favorable conditions will bloom in from four to
six months. The new plants will give many variations in color,
perhaps none so good as either of the plants selected, perhaps
nearly all will be good ones. If none are distinct enough to name,
many will be good enough to place with the general collection and
even here we have gained fresh stock. The process with the
chr3'santhemum is ver}' much the same, only we never attempt to
remove pollen parts from the seed flower, and do make use of the
paper sheet, more, because it is easier to collect the pollen on this,
and shake it into the flower, than to use the brush, on account of the
large amount of petals in the way.

The seedlings are watched, yes, even coddled, to keep them
growing finely and everyone is qui vive on the appearance of a bud,
hardl}' waiting for nature to develop the flower in the anxiet}' and
curiosity to know the color and form.

People would be more rational in their operations with plants if
the}' knew onh' a little more about them. I have been disgusted
during the plant season having so man}' ask questions similar to
these. Shall I water this every day ? How often ought I to water
this? A good answer I think is, supply water to the plant as you
take it yourself. We drink when we are dry only (i. e. if we are
temperate) and do not wait until we are nearl}' famished before we
slake our thirst. So generally water a plant when it i3 dr}- not
waiting until there is a drought like Sat ara and then imposing a
flood.

Many plants are killed by intended kindness in this way. Then,
day after day rooms aie heated hot and no air admitted to freshen
it. Plants, of course, are placed in a sunny window ; so on the
sun's return in the spring, many times we can almost hear the poor
things panting for breath and see their very tongues cling to their
mouths, they are so dr}-. Again the receptacles used for pots are

100 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

often simply ridiculous. Sizes all out of proportioa to plants, ves-
sels glazed inside and out with no vent to let surplus water escape.
The perfect pot is a vcrj' porous cup with a large hole in the bottom.
A large plant with lots of leaves may live and thrive in a tin 'can,
because it takes up all the water supplied, but in the tub the small
plant dies because the soil becomes sodden and sour, not being able
to make use of so much fluid.

In the open, nature supplies trees and plants with a porous soil.
The surplus water soaks away and the plant grows. To be the best
cultivators we must closely imitate nature, and the more nearly we
do so, the better success will crown our efforts.

Is there room for more florists and is there money to be made in
tlie business? There is plenty of room and plenty of money, but
the room and money are both at the top. Superior men are called
for. Men of excellent, general education, willing to work with
hand and brain, applying themselves 365 days every year are the
sort we want and the kind to benefit the country. The time is not
coming but is here, when there are enough men to do the menial
work ; the need is for leaders to set them to work and well trained
men in any business can do that, and ours is no exception. We
want men who not only know in theory but by actual practice, how
to build homes, heat them, and grow the plants to fill them. Such
men will be sought after in trade and in society and there will be
the closest companionship between them and their patrons. Plant
culture will be a pleasure and all because more is known about it.
More education in floriculture is what we need to enjoy it more.

STATE POMOLCGICAL SOCIETY. 101

THE GROWING OF PLANTS.

Bj- Charles. S. Walker, Peru.

Id discussing this subject I shall aim to offer suggestions for the
benefit of, and cautions to guard the success of, the modest flower
andj^vegetable gardens of the busy mechanic or tradesman who has
but an hour or two a day to devote to their care, and also the gar-
den of the farmer whose labor is so exhausting and whose leisure hours
are so few. Again I think of the little flower garden or the few
scattered flower beds of the farmer's wife or daughters which are
too often so grudgingly ''set off'' for their benefit by the head of the
family who sees beauty in nothing except in the greas}' sides of his
pigs and pocketbook.

Having a desire to economize your time which is so valuable at
such a'gathering as this where so many special interests in the wide
field of horticulture are to be served, I shall speak of vegetable and
flowering plants collectively whenever their treatment is so similar
as to admit of so doing. Hence the arrangement of matter presented
must be in a measure sacrificed to time and space. Again, as
experience teaches that a few simple suggestions in connection with
many cautions tend more certainly toward success than minute and
exhaustive directions. I shall hope to make this paper more valu-
able for its "don'ts" than otherwise.

SEEDS.

A glance at a few of the many seed and plant catalogues that
find their way to our homes each spring and fall, reveals the fact
that there is a wide range of prices in the different lists for the same
varieties of seeds and further inspection shows that a low figure is
the chief inducement held out by many dealers to gain sale for their
wares. Many undesirable species and many worthless varieties are
advertised and sold because they can be furnished at a large profit
at five cents per packet. It is safe to say that the paper packet
containing most five cent, and a good man}- ten cent seeds, costs
the seedsman more than the seeds found therein and it is equally
safe to advise that in general cheap seeds are to be treated as you
would treat an offer of an all wool suit of clothes for six dollars or
of a barrel of flour for three dollars and a half.

102 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

As an illustration of what good seeds do and ought to cost, it
may be stated that it required $3 worth of pansy seed at wholesale
prices, to produce blooms sufficient to make a creditable exhibition
and take the SI premium at the last fair held by this society.

As a rule "store seeds" are unsafe to use, the temptation being
too great to " re-issue" old shopworn seeds that ought to be "can-
celtd" and burned.

Again, handle with care the goods offered by those Barnums
among seedsmen, who advertise novelties for prices great or small,
which, judging from their descriptions, seem so perfectly suited to
act as advanc* agents of the millennium.

While it may be desirable to have seeds of some species grown as
far north as practicable, as for instance peas and perhaps some
others which require only a short season for maturity, it is a posi-
tive injury to the value of most seeds to have them grown in high
latitude, even more than to have them grown very far south. The
reasons for this are that very many species, the plants and fruit of
which we can grow with perfect success, require a much lon«er
season than ours for the full maturity of their seeds. Please note
that I am talking for the State of Maine garden now. Most reliable
seedsmen grow a comparatively few specialties in seeds suitable to
their locality which they are careful to have of high grade and this
class of seeds should be sought after for they are never too dtar at
any price. Buyers should try to fathom the dark mysteries of the
catalogue if possible to decide what are the really valuable and
trustworthy stock of that particular seedsman. A necessary con-
clusion to be reached is that if many species or varieties of seeds
are to be used, more than one grower should be patronized.

PLANTING.

We next consider the subject of planting aud in this operation
the first thing to be called for is the seed box, and for this purpose
we have no use for birch barks, tin cans, or salt boxes. We prefer
seed boxes of half and quarter inch stuff, not less than 8x10 inches
and from that size up to 12x16 inches, and for most flower seeds
they should not be over two inches deep. For tomatoes and cab-
bages, a depth of three inches is desirable. Too much earth room
about seeds planted indoors is a fruitful source of trouble. Caution
against deep planting of small seeds has been too frequently
repeated to require more than an allusion here. The earth of the

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103

seed-bed should be made very fine and well, but not very highly
enriched with thoroughlv decayed fertilizers.

TEMPERATURE.

The temperature which the seed box is to be given is an impor-
tant matter and a mistake at this point may easily ruin the whole
enterprise. As almost all seed packets have printed directions for
treatment including temperature, etc., a little at'ention to those
cannot fail to put one upon the right track in this matter. Of course
we cannot expect to be very minute in our management in regard
to temperature, but it will be sufficient to divide our seeds into two
or three classes according to the degree of warmth required for
healthy germination and then give them conditions accordingl}'.

Pansies germinate freely and vigorously only at a very moderate
temperature. The aster and pink do well at medium degrees while
the portulaca requires a very warm situation for germination. Sit-
uations favorable to each of thtse classes may be found in almost
every kitchen or sitting room.

Seeds demanding little warmth may be placed remote from the
fire and on or near the fioor, while the highest available amount of
heat may be found near the stove or register and near the ceiling.
These positions are suggested only to secure proper germination and
natuial and quick germination insures vigorous and healthy plants
from the start.

WATERING.

Many have experienced difficult^' in properly watering their seed
beds previous to germination when the seeds contained therein were
so delicate and therefore so lightly covered that they were liable to
be washed out by the most careful watering. To guard against this
danger and also to save unnecessary watering it is suggested that
p.eces of cloth be cut exactly the size of the seed box inside and
carefully laid over the earth after planting, and over this protection
water may be quite carelessly turned and allowed to soak as it may.
This serves to protect the seeds and also to check evaporation. We
find for this purpose pieces of burlap such as may be obtained by
cutting up bran sacks, just the thing for covering the boxes.

104 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

EXPOSURE.

As soon as the plants are up the question of exposure to the sun
arises, and most likely the boxes wUl require a change of location,
for of all things, the sun is a party to the transaciioa that cannot
be ignored with very good success and the same may be said of a
supply of fresh air for the seedlings. Pale, spindling or "drawn"
plants are caused by a lack of sunlight or of air, or of both, and
strict regard to these two elements must be paid, if any success is
to be realized in growing either flower or vegetable plants indoors,
for transplanting to the open ground at the proper season. Any
properly ventilated living room is all right for plants, as far as air
is concerned, provided the seedlings are not stiffled by being covered
closely by glass as we sometimes see them. But as regards sun-
light it cannot be said that every sitting room or kitchen is all that
can be desired for the growing of plants, or that even moderate
success is to be expected from the attempt to grow them under con-
ditions found in many such rooms.

An unlimited amount of sunlight and a high temperature are
indispensable for the production of good and early tomato plants, and
the rooms that furnish these to a sufficient degree are extremely few,
if indeed any are to be found. But if one is out of reach of a green-
house where such plants can be purchased, the next best thing must
be done.

TRANSPLANTING.

As soon as plants are large enough to stand being disturbed,
transplanting must be at once attended to, for plants sutler much
more by a delay of transplanting than by being handled when too
tender. In general, all plants are ready for handling as soon as
they have made from two to four leaves, beside the seed leaves.

Plants intended for pot growing should be removed from the seed
bed to small pots and here it is necessary to caution against the use
of other than small ones, i. e., from two to three inches in diame-
ter, and never use the latter size when the smaller will answer. Too
much pot room is capable of as much mischief as too little of the
same, and is much more liable to occur. Potting earth and the bed
for transplants should be richer than the seed bed.

Plants designed for the gardens should be transplanted to other
and generally deeper boxes, or to the hot bed or cold frame. P^or
the first transplanting I have in mind no kind of plant that requires

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105

a box more than three inches deep, except the cabbage, which
demands four or four and a half inches. For transplanting either
to boxes or to the open ground, a common steel table fork is a very
good tool for making holes and packing earth firmly about the roots
of the seedling. We, however, prefer a wooden dibble, which can
be easily whittled from any hard or soft wood. Take a piece of
wood six inches long and three-fourths inches square and from the
middle taper it to a point at one end, smoothing off the other half
for a handle.

HARDENING.

As the time draws near when the seedlings must be removed to
the open ground the hardening off process must be employed which
renders them capable of withstanding the vicissitudes and severities
of open air growth, — the chill of night and the burning sun and dry-
ing winds of day — and all those variations incident to our New
England climate, so well described b}- Mark Twain and which the
State of Maine realizes to a superlative degree.

This operation consists of exposing the plants to sun, wind and
cold air to as great an extent as safety to the plants will allow. A
veranda is a good place for this work as is the lee of a fence or
building. The cold frame is also a perfect place for the process.

From the first I have not expected to dwell at length on the
special culture of different varieties, but it may be deemed proper
to make an exception of celery, a luxury which is so fast finding its
way into the home gardens, and the market demand for which is so
rapidly increasing. In the first place the common error of expos-
ing the seed box to the direct rays of the sun for any considerable
portion of the day should be studiously avoided. The box may be
placed in good light but much sun is quite sure to make mischief as
the seeds must be covered with little earth and may very easily
become what Peter Henderson has designated as "killing drj'."
After sowing the seed broadcast and covering lightly, a little water
and a good deal of patience will be required of the planter, but if
good seed has been used he may expect to see at the end of three
or four weeks a good stand of half inch high celery.

As soon as these tiny plants have made three or four leaves the
first transplanting must be done and this operation will present
itself in a very unfavorable light to the bungling fingers of most
men and the probabilities are that after a few dozen plants are
pricked out the good lady of the house will have a cordial invitation

106 STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

to prove her superiority in that line of work which she can readily
do. A forty penny wire spike slightly flattened at the point is the
best tool to use in handling celery at this stage. After growing
these transplants in boxes a month it would be well to transplant
again to a cold frame or, if the weather will permit, to a bed o it
of doors, where they may be grown to stocky and well hardened
plants for their final removal to rows in the garden.

HOT BEDS AND COLD FRAMES.

The hot-bed as an accessory to the household garden is becoming^
each year more common and as it is within the reach of most people
and is perfectly available for all, it may not be amiss to give very
brief directions for its construction and management.

First, choose a location if possible on the lee side of a building
or board fence. If this cannot be done, make a wind-break on the
side of the bed toward the prevailing winds. The ground chosen
should be free from all danger of flooding by surface water in the
spring. For the bed an excavation should be made eighteen inches,
deep, six feet wide and as long as the bed is desired. For ordinary
gardens a two or three sash bed would be sufficient. Sashes are
generally three feet wide. The excavation should be lined up with
plank which should rise above the common level of the ground from
two to tour inches, and on the edges of these planks the plank
frame of the hot-bed should rest. The Irame should be made of
inch and a half pine and be well painted. The end pieces I would
cut six feet long and taper them from sixteen inches wide at one
extremity to four or six inches at the other. This would give a
pitch to the sash of ten or twelve inches. The high and low walls
of course must correspond with the wide and narrow ends of the
end pieces. The sash can probably be bought all glazed cheaper
than they could be made by any one besides a carpenter. The
heating material to be used will generally be strawy stable manure
and it should be placed in a pile and allowed to warm up thoroughly
and be forked over two or three times to secure an even heat before
it is put in the bed. Enough of this should be used so that when
it is well trodden down it will be at least twelve inches deep. On
this should be spread nicely enriched garden soil to the depth of six
or eight inches.

Afler the bed is set up it should not be planted until the fierce
heat is out which will be in about five or six days. As to wattrirg»

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107

the bed will speak for itself, but if the "fresh air fund" is not well
sustained a lot of sapp3% sickly plants will be the only reward the
owner will receive for his labor and expense.

The hot-bed, though useful in growing some flower seedlings, and
particularly in starting dahlias, is more especially profitable in for-
warding the interests of lettuce, cabbage and tomato plants, and
here allow me to remark that, aside from the greenhouse, the hot-
bed I think is the only place where really early and good tomato
plants can be grown.

The cold frame is simply the frame and sash of the hot-bed placed
over a bed prepared in the open ground and therefore has no bottom
heat. Its uses have already been indicated.

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

The ground included within the limits of my subject would not be
covered were I to omit speaking of propagation by cuttings. Special
processes of propagation requsite for special varieties of plants can
not be given at this time, for I only have time to briefly refer to the
treatment which is applicable to a number of the more common
kinds in general cultivation as pot or bedding plants.

The propagating process that I would recommend as most prac-
ticable for home use is similar to what is called the "saucer S3'stem."
To prepare for it I would obtain from the haidware dealer a sheet
iron pan made abcut like an ordinary baking pan, only have it made
water tight of galvanized iron if possible and about two and a half
inches deep. To facilitate handling this pan which will be quite
heavy when filled, it would be well to place it in a shallow box just
large enough to hold it. The pan may then be filled nearly full of
clear sand, fine, medium or coarse it does not matter which, and then
thoroughly wet. In this sand you will stand your cuttings or "slips'*
always keeping the propagating pan as much in the the sun as possible
and in a warm s-ituation. Never let the sand be otherwise than filled
with water, no matter if water stands on it some of the time. Per-
fect success in root cuttings demands that the cutting should be in
the proper stage of growth when taken off and this must be learned
by experience with different species : The only direction of much
value that I have ever noted was, that the cutting should be taken
when it will snap off readily and not bend or split. The time
required for rooting varies greatly with different kinds of plants, but
as soon as they have fairly struck root they should be potted or

108 STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY.

planted out in boxes. It is a mistake to let the roots get two or
three inches long before planting ; a half inch or less is better.
This method ma}' be successful!} employed with Abutilons, Coleus,
Geraniums, Carnations, Begonias, Petunias and Verbenas, and
probably, to a greater or less degree, with some others.

GARDEN LITERATURE

I will close b\' referring to the fact that every branch of business
or art has its literature which is almost indispensable to its success
or proper and highest enjoyment, and floriculture and gardening are
not exceptions. I am sorry to say that floral literature like some
other is of two classes — good and bad. In general I would char-
acterize as worthless those magazines and papers, so called, pub-
lished by seedsmen, for they, as a rule, are on)}' catalogues or
advertising sheets with just enough reading matter of a cheap grade
in them to enable the publisher to evade the postal laws and get
them carried over the country lor two cents per pound instead of
sixteen cents. They contain too much of what it would be better
to remain ignorant. In regard to them Josh Billings' remark is
quite applicable, "that it is better not to know quite so much than
to know so many things that hain't so." But aside from this class
there are enough good floral and garden publications, and I will
mention that the best coming to my notice is the American Garden-
ing', published by the Rural Publishing Companj', New York.

And now having occupied much more of your time than I intended
when I commenced this paper, I will close with the earnest hope
that among the many simple and common-place suggestions made
here, some may serve to contribute to the success of those who
realize and try to obtain the benefits and pleasures to be deiived
from horticultural pursuits.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109

OECHAKDS AND ORCHARDISTS IX MAINE.

Compiled from the Secretary's Correspondence.

Mr, Geo. A. Longfellow of Winthrop now has about 1200 trees,
mostly Roxbury Russets. About two-thirds of the trees are in
bearing. In 1891 he sold 318 barrels of apples for $600. In 1892
he raised about 600 barrels of apples. Mr. Longfellow reports
that good orchard land in his town can be bought for SlO to 815
per acre.

There are several large orchards in Turner, the Rickers of that
town having one of the largest in the State. The past year (L'<92)
they had a large crop, and it was reported that the fruit was sold
in the fall for S3, 000. There are several other orchards of large
extent in Turner — one of these being that own?d by ihe late Hon.
Rufus Prince. Mr D. J. Briggs has an orchard containing 800
trees, of which some 300 are in bearing. In 1891 be reports that
he marketed fruit to the value of $4:15 and the following year $375.
Mr. Briggs writes that it would be a positive gain to fruit growers
in Maine -'not to sell any but No. 1 apples."

Mr. S. R. Sweetser of Cumberland Centre has 300 trees rin his
farm and about one-half of them are in bearing condition. He
writes that his orchard is worth double the price per acre of his
farm. He also states that his orchard pays him forty per cent on
the investment above actual cost of cultivation, etc.

A short distance from the Kennebec and near the Bodwell gran-
ite quarries in Hallowell is one of the best orchards in the State.
It is owned by W. P. Atherton and contains 1200 trees with about
800 in bearing. The orchard is very largely Baldwins. The 1891
crop was 600 barrels and sold for nearly $850. The last crop was
525 barrels. Mr. Atherton in the winter of 1892 sent some of his
apples direct to Liverpool. He has generally soil in Boston, but
does not feel fully satisfied with the manner in which our Maine
fruit is generally sold. He believes that the publication and distri-
bution of practical experience in orcharding would be of great
value to fruit growers.

In recent years T. M. Merrill of New Gloucester has handled
large quantities of Maine fruit. He also is an extensive orchardist,
having nearly a thousand apple trees on his own farm. About one-

110 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETr.

half of these are in bearing condition and in 1892 bore 300 barrels
of fruit. He writes :

"If the value of the land is fifty dollars before set to trees,
the first yesiv after being planted, the value is increased the cost
of the trees and setting, from a business stand point. We will
now estimate the value of that land five years hence. If it has
been properly cared for, it is worth $300 ; but if it has had no care
for the five years (quite a per cent of our Maine orchards do suffer
from neglect) the land will decrease from its cost before planting,
from the fact that it costs something to pull the shrubs up, so that
the next practical orchard man can have a good start. I have
some acres that I value at $1,000, — trees set out fifteen years ago.

"We should advise from our own experience. I think for the
past fifteen years there have been more of my trees neglected than
taken care of properly. We must first impress upon the minds of
the amateur pomologist that to grow up a good orchard, so as to
make it a profitable investment, it means a great deal of work and
considerable money. We know that men who are now realizing
good profits from their orchards have had the above experience.

"We must exercise good judgment where to hold our winter
meetings. Maine is becoming a great fruit growing State, piinci-
pally apples. The receipts are into the hundreds of thousands of
dollars, and the magnitude of the orchards, with proper care, is
sufficitnt to reach into the millions. The unoccupied land, well
adapted to apple trees, is almost unlimited.

"It is important, I think, to hold our meetings in apple-growing
sections, not in cities, and hold them for the special interest of
fruit growing, not to accommodate some board of agriculture, and
have the most of the time devoted to some impracticable papers,
entirely foreign from our work. There was a time we were able to
go alone, and now we think we must be lead by some other society.

"I well know that we have had help from the Board of Agriculture
financially in holding our conventions, however, I think we had
better come down to hard pan and hold our meetings in rural dis-
tricts, and depend more upon home experience and talent, (although
I regret very much that I have not the ability to aid the society as
I recommend). The two or three days that are assigned to the
feeble apple grower of Maine should be carefully considered and
planned by the executive board, and plenty of time given for dis-
cussion after each paper.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

"Many au orchard man in this country who is possessor of thou-
sands of fruit trees, has received valuable information from others
who have only one tree, therefore it is important to have time for
discussion so as to swap experience."

David C. Averill in the town of Wilton, on the high land over-
looking a beautiful valley, has an orchard of 800 trees, about 500
of which are in bearing condition, though a large part of the trees
are young. For the 1891 crop he realized $250 and for the 1892
crop 6340. He regards his orchard as the most profitable part of
his farm.

Phineas Whittier of Chesterville has, we think, the largest orchard
in Maine. He reports that he has about 6000 trees, with not far
from two-thirds of them of bearing age. But of these many are
young trees. He is still setting more trees. At la&t accounts he
was unable to give the receipts of his orchard, as the inferior
apples for 1891 and 1892 were evaporated and canned and sales
had not been made. His green fruit is handled entirely by Hall
& Cole of Boston, and he says they always do well by him.

S. H. Dawes of Harrison has a young orchaid of 700 trees,
about one-half coming into bearing. In 1891 he sold his apples
for $263 and in 1892 for 8450. He writes that his orchard pays
him a net profit of fifty per cent on his investment. He also writes
that more effort should be made to induce the fruit growers in the
State to join our society, participate in our meetings and our fairs,
so that the premiums will be more generally diffused then they are
now.

Nestling among the hills in Carthage is an orchard containing
1800 young trees, about three-fourths of which are in bearing. It
is owned by one of the oldest fruit growers in Maine. A ne'ghbor-
ing farm on which the buildings cost $1500 is in the market for
$1000, and this farm has quite an orchard, too. The price of this
farm may mislead, if we do not state that Mr. Towle sold his
apples in 1891 for $818 and in 1892 for $1060. He thinks our
society should encourage the planting of nurseries. He writes that
putting up his fruit costs him, for barrel thirty cents, picking, sort-
ing and putting up, twenty-five cents, delivering at depot, fifteen
cents. He adds, "If apples sell well it leaves a fair margin, other-
wise the margin is small. If I should undertake to show you the
profit of raising stock or farm produce I fear that the cost would

112 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

more than equal the income. I am satisfied that there is nothing
we can raise on our farms in this part of the State that will pay as
well as apples."

D. P. True, Leeds Centre, has 1,000 apple trees on his farm,
and about three-fourths of them are bearing fruit. He states that
his trees pay him 100 per cent profit, and we would not be surprised
if he told the truth, for in 1891 he received $250 for his apples and
in 1892, $5o0. He believes it would be an advantage to hold two
winter meetings instead of one.

Fred Wright of Bath has an orchard of 200 trees in which he
finds pleasure and profit in cultivating.

M. W. Libby of North Gorham has a young orchard of 500
trets. Only about one third of the trees have begun to bear, but
he reports a good crop and has shown nice fruit at our fairs.

F. E. Nowell, Fairfield, reports that hia King and Spy apples
sold for S4.50 per barrel ; Fameuse, $4 ; Nodhead, $».50 ; Bald-
win, S3. He has 500 trees set, and 400 bearing. He estimates
his orchard seventy-five per cent higher than the rest of his farm.

E. H. Keniston, Arnold, bought his farm five years ago. The
trees were mostly natural fruit, and very wisely he has been work-
ing these over to better varieties. Farms containing good orchards
may be bought for a low price.

Joseph H. Smiley, Vassalboro, writes that he has two hundred
app'e trees on two and one-half acres of land ; seven-eighths are
in bearing; 18P9, 272 barrels, cash receipts $648.10; 1890, 218
barrels, $741.12; 1891, 232 barrels, $313.95; 1892, 260 barrels,
$529 32. Land is worth from twenty-five to fifty dollars per acre
and first-class trevs in bearing from $500 to $800 per acre. I
receive more net income from the orchard than I do from the
remainder of the farm, which contains fortj'-two acres. The
Society can do good work by encouraging the fruit growers to take
better care of their trees and not to set more than they can keep
in a high state of cultivation.

Vj. H. Cook of the samf town has 1500 trees and about half of
them are in bearing condition. The past two years the receipts
from this orchard have been $300 and $450 respectively. Mr.
Cook wiites : "Orchard land in this town is worth $20 an acre. I

&TATE rOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113

think an orchard just set is worth $50 to $80, a bearing orchard
$200 to $700. The great range depending on varieties and condi-
tion of trees. Some orchards yield nearly nothing on account of
treatment. I know of one orchard of three acres, which has
paid $15,000 in cash in the last thirty years. With interest, total
amount in work to credit of this three acres of apple trees is
$20,000. The Society should teach fruit growers how to market
their own apples."

A. E. Andrews, Gardiner, has 300 trees and one-half are in
bearing. '*The Society should not recommend so many varieties,"
he writes.

M. C. Hobbs, West Farmington, has about 1,000 trees now set.
Not more than 100 of them are in bearing. His last crop was 125
barrels, which he sold for $230.

J. M. Pike of Wayne writes: "I have 2,200 apple trees in all,
about twenty acres, (all Baldwins and Northern Spy), three acres
of them are twenty-five or thirty years old and the rest of them I
have set within ten years ; all New York trees, they produced last
year about fifty barrels of very nice fruit. My three acres of
bearing trees will have paid for the last ten years interest and
taxes on $2,000. I have six acres set ten years in one lot that I
would not sell for $3,000 Twelve years ago it was an old sheep
pasture worth al)out $6 per acre, every tree Baldwins true to name.
I have had very good success with fruit trees and am much
interested in fruit culture."

Charles I. Perley of Cross Hill in the town of Vassalboro has a
thrifty orchard of 600 trees. He enjoys his orchard and is sure it
is paying him well for labor and capital.

J. B. Wheeler of Corinth tells an interesting story of fruit cul-
ture in the following words which need no comment :

*' I now have four hundred apple trees, about half in bearing.
Fifty of them I bought with my farm in 1850, and that year they
bore about a peck of grafted fruit. About fifty that are seventy-
five years old I have since bought with adjoining farms and think
I did not pay a dollar more for the farms than I should had there
been no apple trees on them. The other three hundred trees I
raised and set myself during the last forty-three years and have

8

114 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETV.

no knowledge of what they C3st me, but they kept me out of idle-
ness, while some others were smoking their pipes ; so I did not
acquire the tobacco habit, which I consider quite an item saved. I
make general farming my business and feed more apples to my
horses, colts, cattle and shoep than I sell. I can raise good hogs
with apples, the milk from my dairy and a little meal.

"Every creature on the farm likes apples, even the hens and the
crows will steal my best apples with apparently as good taste and
as much skill as the veteran apple-buyer. About all of my apples
of good quality are sold by commission merchants in Boston, and
if I have but a few barrels to sell I often divide them equally and
send them to two men, they paying the freight from Bangor
(twenty cents per barrel by boat) and taking out their commissions.
I got net for them delivered in Bangor in 1891, $199.33 for 120
barrels, and I think it cost $60 to handle them and for barrels,
leaving me net $59.33. In 1892 I sold 135 barrels in the same
5vay for $311.55, and it cost $65 for barrels, and to handle them,
leaving me net S246.55 for them delivered in Bangor. 1 think the
apples used in the family, fed to stock and given away more than
paid six per cent on the investment, taxes, labor, taking care of
the trees, fertilizers, etc., so I cannot see but the above figures
show the net income.

"From the foregoing I have on an average the two last years
$102.94 from four acres of land being half my orchard which is
$25.73 per acre, which is much more than any other four acres of
my 340 acre farm averages. Good orchard land sells for $10 per
acre, more or less as to locality, but good farms with much of the
land fit for an orchard may be bought for the cost of the buildings.
By a liberal supply of the Transactions of your Society showing the
boys and young men just how to take care of the old apple trees
and how to raise others you will do a great work. Inclosed is one
dollar to constitute me a member of your Society the coming year."

E. A. Lapham of Pittston, one of our members and exhibitors,
is an active orchardist and has 200 trees, from which he receives
a good income, though many of the trees are young. He thinks the
net profit is twenty-five per cent. His first trees were set twenty-
three years ago and he thinks these pay him mox'e profit than any-
thing on his farm. He writes: "I am going to set some more
trees this year. It is no use to set out trees unless they are looked
after every year. Lots of people make mistakes here and set out

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115

more trees than they care for and the consequence is the orchard
doesn't pay them "

Nathan W. Harris, Auburn, has about 600 trees in bearing,
though the trees are young. As yet he has not received much profit.
Last year his apples sold for S267.19. He believes the Society can
help fruit growing interests by "keeping at it." "For precept must
be upon precept, precept upon precept, line upon line ; here a little
and th re a little."

IN MEMORIAM.

" Wisdom is the gray hair unto men, and an unpotted life is old age."

It may have been my own father's gray hairs that eaily taught
me to respect the aged. There was more than respect in my senti-
ments, for when I looked upon his whitened locks and watch. d
over him in the declining years of a long and useful life, many
thoughts would come to me of the long life his old age represented.
I never meet an old person but there arises within me a desiie to
know something of the life that has been crowned with age. The
joys of childhood and the fickleness of youth have disappeared,
and the stern realities] of life have developed both stability and
character. Idle^fancies have long since passed away and the prac-
tical judgment of age has given settled convictions in morals, in
religion, in politics, in business, yea, in all the affairs of life the
aged are confirmed in practice, positive in opinion and sound in
judgment.

The-se and similar thoughts ran through the writer's mind at our
Bangor meeting in 1890, as he looked upon the venerable form of
Elijah Low. It had^ notj been our privilege to meet before, and
through] the j^efforts of Mr. B. A. Burr of Bangor, whose death
occurred only a few weeks after our meeting, Mr. Low's name was
placed upon our programme for a paper on "Plum Culture." It
was a special pleasure to meet him, for of the many who had
courageously undertaken the culture of plums in the eastern part
of the State, he was about the only one who had been successful.
Only a few weeks before his beloved wife had fallen sick and
passed to the laud beyond. While he did not look like an old man.

116 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

he did appear, in many ways, to show the sorrows he bore. As he
read his paper he was dignified in manner, and his words were
terse, yet explicit and positive. There was not a particle of doubt
in what he said. At the close of his paper, some one in the
audience, who had evidently been beaten by the black-knot and
curculio, called in question the possibility of vanquishing these
foes of plum-culture. With the greatest composure and a repressed
smile upon his face Captain Low said, "Come to my garden on
Centre street, and I will show you healthy trees without black-knot"

His paper on plum culture had but one fault, and that was its
brevity. But after listening to its reading in Bangor, and referring
to it frequently since, I am very sure that it fully covers the sub-
ject. It is not embellished with unnecessary words, and there was
no apparent effort either to elaborate his own knowledge or experi-
ence, and yet the plain facts of successful plum culture were
clearly presented in this excellent paper. It was published in full
in our Transactions for that year, and we commend it to the
perusal of all who are interested in the subject or expect to make
the culture of plums a success.

Only once since did I have the pleasure of meeting Captain Low.
At our 1891 exhibition in Lewiston, he was present with an exhi-
bition of the fruit grown on the trees of whose culture he had pre-
viously told us. His collection was the best and most complete
of any we have seen at our fairs. It bore indisputable evidence
of his success in plum culture. The same year he exhibited a col-
lection of plums at an exhibition of the INIassachusetts Horticultural
Society in Boston. They were the wonder and envy of Massachu-
setts fruit growers, and that society awarded Captain Low a medal
for his collection of plums. The following year he was intending
to exhibit with us once more, but just before our fair he was stricken
with apoplexy, and after an illness of only four days passed away
August 18th, at the advanced age of eighty years.

Elijah Low was born in Bath, October 15, 1812. He was one of
nine children and the last survivor of the family. The family
removed to Bangor in 1831, and this city became the home of Mr.
Low. He learned the carpenter's trade and in 1834 took part in
building the Bangor House. A few years later he engaged with
his father and brother in moving buildings of various kinds. He
followed this business most successfully until a few days before his
death. Mr. John O'Connell of Bangor, one of his employees, has

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117

worked for Mr. Low over fifty years. After the father's death, the
two sons continued the business. This brother was S. S. Low,
whose name appears among the life members of our Society.

Captain Low was a man of patriotic impulses, and in the settle-
ment of the boundary questions involved in the Aroostook War,
was an orderly sergeant of the o'd Bangor Rifle Corps. In 1863
he was appointed provost-marshal by President Lincoln, his district
containing Penobscot, Piscataquis and Aroostook counties.

Captain Low was a good citizen. He was one of the original
members of the fire department in Bangor, and for a long time was
chief engineer. In this capacity he was very popular and has tbe
credit of introducing several rrforms that largely increased the
efficiency of the department.

At the age of twelve years he became a member of the Baptist
church in Bath and from that time on he was identified with church
and Sunday-school affairs. At the time of his death he was a
deacon of the First Baptist Church in Bangor and a teacher in the
Sunday-school.

Mr. Low was one of the earlier members of our Society. So far
as age goes, we have the impression that he was the oldest man
among our members, at any rate not more than one or two exceeded
his age. He was an enthusiastic plum grower. About the time
when he became a member of our Society, Bangor and vicinity were
growing plums and pears the most successfully of any portion of
our State. Through the infiut nee of the Bangor Horticultural
Society, great interest was developed in fruit culture. It is much
to be regretted that the society, for reasons with which we are not
familiar, has permitted its former activity to languish in recent
years. But the black-knot came, and the curculio came also, and
one by one fruit growers were obliged to succumb. But Mr. Low
intelligently cared for his trees and persistently fought the enem'es
of plum culture. He overcame them and had the pleasure of pro-
ducing an abundance of this most luscious fruit. This tribute to
his memory as a man and citizen also bears evidence that intelligent
perseverance ovt rcomes all difficulties in fruit culture.

D. H. K.

118 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

JAMES XUTTING.

After having sewed three years in the War of the Rebellion,
James Nutting, in I860, settled in the wilds of Aroostook. Here he
cleared the land and made his home in the town of Perham.
Before the people of Aroostook supposed they could raise their
own apples Mr. Nutting was planting his orchards. Guided by
good judgment he selected varieties that were hardy, and then by
growing seedlings he succeeded in growing probably the best
orchard in northern Aroo-took. This was not all, for he believed
in fruit growing, and wherever he went he talked fruit growing to
his neighbors and friends, he showed them the fruit he raised and
the trees that bore it. Inspired by his example, others planted
trees, and largely through his influence there are now many apple
trees growing in the county. Mr. Nutting several times exhibited
apples at our fairs and winter meetings, and it has been exceed-
ingly gratifying to the members of our society to note the progress
made, for we have claimed from the first that Aroostook ought and
could raise her own fruit.

In order to determine the value of varieties for Aroostook,
under the direction of Prof. Munson of the State Experiment
Station, Mr. Nutting was in charge of experimental woi'k for that
part of the State, his special work being with apples and plums.
Prof. Munson was fortunate io having the work so well placed.

Mr. Nutting was present at our winter meeting in Augusta in
January last, apparently in his usual health. Shortly after our
meeting we were shocked to learn of h s death of Bright's disease
at his home February 20th. Fro n the Maine Farmer we abridge
the following :

Mr. Nutting was fifty-four years of age, dying on his birthday.
He was born in Bethel, and attended the common school ; was
apprentice at the printing business to the late Wm. H. Waldron,
in the Lewiston Journal ofHce, in 1857, and afterward in the Dem-
ocratic Advocate office. Auburn. In 1859 was publi.-her of the
Courier at Bethel. Enlisted in the lOth Maine Infantry in August,
1862, discharged in 1865, at close of war Irom the 29th Maine, to
which he had been tran-f erred. In 1872 purchased the North Star
newspaper, which be sold after one and a half years, and has since
attended exclusively to farming and fruit raising, with good success.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119

Census enumerator in 1880 and 1890, public administrator, justice
of the peace, assessor, treasurer, S S. committee of plantation.
He was a member of the House of Representatives in 1885, and
of the Senate in 1891. He was a brave soldier, a loving husband
und father, a noble-hearted friend, and one of the county's best
and most highly respected citizens. The deceased leaves a widow
and two children, together with other relatives, and an unusually
large circle of friends to mourn his loss. With a pure and stain-
less character, genial in his ways, he was such a man as Aroostook
people delighted to honor, and whooQ the people of the State
delighted to meet.

INDEX.

PAGE.

Agapanthus 93

Agriculture aud horticulture iu tlie schools 73

Amaryllis 93

Apple, the, iu cookery 78

scab 70

Baldwiu, beuefit derived from top graftiug AS

Apples, Russian iu the Northwest 56

for the World's Fair 6

wax models 10

Barrows, Miss Anna, paper by 78

Bowman, Frank, paper by 48

Bulbs for the window garden 92

Business transactions 30

Cannon, S. T. paper by 52

Chamberlain, Rev. N. II., address by 61

Ci anberry culture 61

Executive Committee, meetings of 34

Exhibition, annual 17

list of premiums awarded 21

Floriculture 86

More education necessary to profitable enjoyment iu, 94

Fruits and flowers at winter meeting 32

Fruit Growei s" Convention 39

Goddard, Edward II., paper by 94

Growing of plants and flowers :

Exposure 104

Garden literature 108

Hardening 105

Hot beds and cold frames 106

Planting 102

Propagation by cuttings 107

Seeds 101

Temperatui'e 103

Transplanting 104

Watering 103

122 INDEX.

PAGE.

IvxoAVLTOX, D. II., paper by 42

Low, Elijah, iu memoiiam 11^

Meetixcjs of the Society :

Annual meeting 30

Winter meeting 31

Members of the Society :

Annual for 1892 14

1893 14

Life 13

Merrill, Miss H. M., paper by 73

Muusou, W. 31., paper by 67

XuTTiNG, .James, in meraoriam 118

Officers for 1893 12

Orchards and Orchardists in Maine :

Andrews, A. E 113

Atherton, ^^.P 109

Averill, D. C Ill

Cook, E. H 112

Dawes, S. H Ill

Harris, X. W 115

Hobbs, M. C 113

Keniston, E. II 112

Lapham, E. A lU

Libby, M. W 112

Longfellow, George A 109

:^[errill, T. M 109

Xowell, F. E 112

Perley, C. I 113

Pike, J. M 113

Smiley, J. II 112

Sweetser, S. K 109

Towle, J. J Ill

True, D. P 112

Turner orchards 109

Wheeler, J. B 113

AVright, Fred 112

Organized Horticulture in Maine 42

Eepokts of Secretary 3

Treasurer 15

Committee on Legislation 31

Resolutions 33

Reverse, the, of the Picture 52

INDEX. 123

PAGE.

Sprayixg exporimeuts in 1S92 ref)oi-ted by W. M. Muusou 67

Atheitou, ^y. P 68

Briggs, D. J 67

Browu, H. W 68

Dawes, S. H 68

Harlow, S. C 67

Pope, Charles S 68

Smith, Harry 60

Sweetser, S. R 67

Study of Plant Life in Schools 73

Taylor, AV. A., paper by .56

Towle, Mrs. Alonzo, paper by 86

Townsend, Mrs. B. T., paper by 92

Walker, Charles S., paper by 101

Wax Models of Maine Apples 10

Window gardening 18, 28, 77, 95

bulbs for 92

Winter meeting 31

fruits and flowers at 32

jprogramme for 40

World's Columbian Fair 6

apples, &c, for 6

correspondence and contract with Execu-
tive Commissioner 30, 34. 35