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PUBLIC DOCUMENT.... ot) aed EN Ola anes

THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

JANUARY, 1896.

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 4,4.
1896.

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Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, Jan. 1, 1896.

To His Excellency FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE.

Sir :—I have the honor to transmit, herewith, to your
Excellency and the Honorable Council, the thirty-third an-
nual report of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College.

I am, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

HENRY H. GOODELL,

President.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Report of trustees, : ; : ; ; ; 4 ; ; 7-23
Attendance, . : : : ‘ : : ; ‘ : 8
Course of study, . : : : ‘ ; 8-10
Faculty, . ; WEE : 10
Expenditure of State ahoeceriaions: . . ‘ : . 11
Repairs needed, _. : : ; . : : °° 12,18
Reports, ‘ ‘ : . : : ° . : . 13-34
rarm, .. , ; : : : : P : : : 13
Gifts, |. . ! : : : : : ; : 21
Treasurer, . ; , ‘ ‘ ° ; : : 24
Secretary of eiriot: > : ; : ; : : : 29
Military department, . : ; : ; . 31
Calendar, . , ; 30
Catalogue of faculty ad eden: - ha Oe 38
Courses of study, . : : ; : : » 46-50
Four-years course, : : : . : 46
Short winter courses, . ; ; ; : F : , 9,48
Graduate course, . ; : : : : 50
Requirements for admission, ‘ : ; 52
Expenses, . : ; : : - : 60
Labor fund, . ‘ : ; : c : ; : A : 60
Rooms, . : 3 , : ; : ’ ; : ; : 60
Scholarships, , : : : : } : é é 268. 62
Equipment, . : : : : : - d . 62-73
Agricultural eee : : ; 62
Botanical department, . ‘ ; : : : : : 65
Horticultural department, . ‘ : . : : 66
Zoological department, : : : : : 68
Veterinary department, : : : : : : 69
Mathematical department, . : ; ‘ : ‘ : 70
Seer Ocpartment, 6. see ey a 71
Monograph on the Crambide, . : : . 77-165
Report on experiment department, . : : : ; . 167-353
Treasurer, . p , : , : : ‘ ‘ ; 172
Botanist, F : ; , ; ae f : ; : 173
Agriculturist, : ; : : ° : . 177
Entomologist, - : : ‘ ° . ° 209
Horticulturist, Ss , ; : : , ‘ : 213
Meteorologist, : ; , ; ; : ; : 217
Chemist (foods), , : ; : 218

Chemist Aeranery : : 277

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4

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL ' COLLEGE.

His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council.

Feb. 20, 1895, there passed away from our midst the
oldest member of our Board, one who had served contin-
uously for twenty-six years. Daniel Needham was appointed
in 1869, and from that time to the day of his death was a
faithful, conscientious worker. He never spared himself
when duty was to be performed, even, in his last illness,
rising from his bed in a vain endeavor to keep an appoint-
ment in Boston and discuss measures of importance to the
college. As chairman of the finance committee, his course
was always marked by a wise conservatism. As member of
the committee on experiment department, he helped outline
and shape the policy which has since been pursued. At the
semi-annual meeting of the trustees, held in Amherst, June
18, 1895, the following resolution, expressive of the estima-
tion in which he was held, was adopted : —

Fesolved, That in the death of Hon. Daniel Needham, for more
than a quarter of a century a trustee of our Agricultural College,
the Commonwealth has lost a most valued and respected citizen,
who had often been the recipient of honors both from the govern-
ment and the people at large. Our college has lost the oldest of
our trustees, who was exceeded by no one in his earnestness in the
welfare of the institution, and by his ready activity to promote,
by word and deed, by wise counsels and faithful attendance, the
best interests of the college.

Individually we shall miss his genial presence and his hearty
greetings at our meetings, and deeply we shall feel the loss of a
positive and reliable friendship.

8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

ATTENDANCE.

It has been frequently asserted that, in times of financial
trouble, the attendance at our colleges and universities shows
no diminution, but is, if anything, increased. Statistics
would seem to indicate that in the panics of 1873, 1884,
1890 and 1893, the numbers at Yale, Harvard, Amherst and
Williams showed no falling off. However this may be the
case with the so-called classical institutions, it is not so with
the agricultural and mechanical colleges. These respond at
once to the pressure of hard times. Their ranks are re-
cruited, for the most part, from the classes who have no
reserve capital upon which to fall back, and who are con-
sequently compelled to recall their sons and enter them at
once in the army of bread winners. The past two years
have been no exception to this rule. The college has felt
in a marked degree the stringency of the times. Another
cause operating to produce this decrease in numbers has
been the increased requirements for entrance, which went
into effect last year. Out of a total of sixty-two young men
applying for admission, six failed to present themselves for
trial, assigning as a reason their inability to pass the exami-
nations, sixteen were rejected, and, of the forty-one admitted,
only fourteen were passed without conditions. As in pre-
vious years, the greatest deficiency was noted in the common
English branches. The ignorance displayed of the very
rudiments of grammar and arithmetic would almost lead to
the conclusion that the grammar school had been suppressed
throughout the State.

COURSE OF STUDY.

Important changes have been made in the curriculum.
Latin as a requirement for entrance and as a required study
has been dropped. Four new electives are offered in the
senior year: one of engineering and one of mathematics,
under Prof. Leonard Metcalf; * and two in the department
of languages, one of Latin and one of advanced English.
Both of the latter will be under the supervision of Prof.

* See mathematical department, under head of equipment.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 9

George F. Mills. In nearly every class a few members are
found desirous of prosecuting the study of Latin. To give
these few the opportunity of so doing, without compelling
the majority to spend their time over what they do not
want, this elective is offered.

It has been deemed impracticable to longer carry on the
two-years course, and it has been discontinued. In its
place a number of short winter courses have been substi-
tuted, all optional, all free (except minor laboratory fees)
to citizens of this State, and all without limitation of en-
trance examination. As they are planned to offer the great-
est good to the greatest number in a limited period of time,
not exceeding eleven weeks, the instruction will necessarily
be more or less elementary in its character, but as thoroughly
practical as it can be made. Neither degree nor diploma
will be conferred. |

The dairy course is expected to cover such practical points
as soil and crops; dairy breeds and cattle breeding; stable
construction and sanitation; common diseases of stock;
foods and feeding; dairy book-keeping; pasteurization of
milk ; composition of milk ; milk testing ; butter making, etc.

‘In addition to the above, two courses each are offered in
agriculture, botany, chemistry and zodlogy, and three in
horticulture, the last named naturally subdividing into flori-
culture, fruit culture and market gardening. Practical
points taken up include the use and application of manures ;
growth of grains and fruits ; budding, layering and grafting ;
plant diseases and their remedies; insecticides and fungi-
cides; anatomy and physiology of the domestic animals,
and their condition and habits. In short, the whole aim in
all these courses is to present, in condensed form, within
the brief limit allowed, such practical instruction in agri-
culture and the allied sciences as will be most helpful to the
farmer. Of necessity, this arrangement of studies, as here
presented, must be more or less tentative. Experience
alone can determine what should be increased and what
eliminated. The double courses provided permit of concen-
trated attention upon a single subject in one year, or of con-
tinuous study in successive years, provided the instruction
commends itself as being profitable.

10 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

It has been our effort each year to give our students a
course of lectures on some given subject. This year the
topic was ‘* Politics,” and the subject was practically pre-
sented by Mr. Raymond L. Bridgman of Boston, for many
years legislative reporter, under the following heads : —

1. Our State government; or, the people as an organism.

2. Government by the people; or, how the organism is guided.

3. Development by legislation ; or, how the organism grows.

4. Progress by the ballot; or, how the weak parts of the
organism are strengthened.

5. Neglect of the government; or, a constant fone to the
organism.

6. Separateness and frequency of elections; or, the intensity
of the organic life.

THE FACULTY :

The resignations of Prof. Clarence D. Warner, who for
ten years held the chair of mathematics and physics, and of
A. Courtenay Washburne, the assistant professor of mathe-
matics, necessitated an entire change in that department and
a partial reorganization of the course of study. The posi-
tion, made vacant by the withdrawal of Professor Warner
was filled by the election of Leonard Metcalf, B.S., a gradu-
ate of the Institute of Technology, Boston, in 1892. An
accurate, thorough scholar, and an enthusiast in his pro-
fession, he brings to his chair a practical knowledge of his
subject, derived from a three years’ experience in the
engineering office of Wheeler & Parks, Boston. Professor
Washburne’s place was made good by the election of Philip
B. Hasbrouck, B.S., a graduate of Rutgers College, New
Jersey, in 1893. Dr. James B. Paige, professor of veteri-
nary science, having received a year’s leave of absence, for
the purpose of familiarizing himself with the latest methods
of bacteriological investigation practised abroad, left in
July. Instruction in his department has been given by Dr.
Eugene H. Lehnert, a graduate of this Pataca) in 1893 and
of the veterinary school of Magill University, Canada, in
1895,

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 81. 11

EXPENDITURE OF STATE APPROPRIATIONS.

The several amounts appropriated by the State have been
expended judiciously and for the purposes intended. Two
hundred dollars, found inadequate for the enlargement of
' the botanical laboratory, has been covered back into the
treasury of the State. An entomological laboratory, thirty-
two by thirty-six feet, containing stands and appliances for
sixteen students, was erected and immediately utilized.
This much-needed addition to our equipment allows us to
offer first-class instruction in entomology, and facilities not
to be found elsewhere.

The erection of a gun room, twenty-eight by sixty feet,
with shooting gallery for practice during the winter months,
enables us to comply with the conditions imposed by the
war department on issuing the new breech-loading steel
rifles, and with the spirit of the law requiring military
instruction at the college. The expenditure for stock is
detailed elsewhere in the report of the agricultural depart-
ment.

On the 11th of September a storm burst upon the col-
lege, surpassing in fury any heretofore recorded. <‘* With
a normal though slightly falling barometer, temperature of
84°, wind from the south-south-east, and a clear sky, sud-
denly, about three o’clock in the afternoon, there came from
the north-east a hurricane accompanied with blinding sheets
of rain, bright flashes of lightning, and terrific gusts of wind,
reinforced by a steady gale and mass of hail. For nearly
twenty minutes the storm fairly raged, but had spent itself
at the end of half an hour, when the wind ceased and the
sun shone brightly. The gale had left a record of a velocity
of ninety-three miles per hour, a sudden fall of 14° in tem-
perature, and an inch and a third of rain, fully an inch and
a quarter of which must have fallen in twenty minutes.
Several hailstones were found by one observer, measuring
two inches in length, and one at least one and one-quarter
inches in diameter.”* Trees were split and broken by the
storm, standing corn was blown down, and the fruit and

* From the September meteorological bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station.

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

vegetables so badly damaged as to be almost worthless.
Several tons of grapes were destroyed, and pears, peaches,
quinces, apples and other fruits were either blown from the
trees or so bruised as to be unsalable; over seven hundred
panes of glass in the greenhouses were cracked or broken;
the copper flashings on the roof of the chapel were rolled
up like paper, and considerable slate stripped off and scat-
tered in fragments on the parade ground. The loss footed
up to about twelve hundred dollars. This extra expense,
coming so near the close of the year, when all moneys had
been appropriated, caused not only great inconvenience, but
has compelled the college to exceed its income. It would
seem proper in this emergency to appeal to the State for
aid. Other subjects demand careful consideration.

First. —The horticultural department has outgrown its
limits, and demands more ground for orchards and nur-
series. It would seem the part of wisdom to purchase the
so-called Clark property, containing about twenty acres.
It is now in the market, and its position — lying adjacent
to the college nurseries — makes its acquisition peculiarly
desirable.

Second. —The work of the experiment station has in-
creased to such an extent that the laboratory is no longer
adequate. The rooms are overcrowded, and space cannot
be found either for the workers or the appliances used.
There is no shelf room available. Retorts, glass ware and
delicate instruments must be left on the tables, when not in
use, to their own detriment and the great inconvenience of
the chemists. An easy remedy can be provided by length-
ening the wings, each twenty to thirty feet, and connecting
the two by a covered arch. This will secure the needed
space and furnish room for storage and special work.

Third. —The mortar on the spire of the chapel-library
building has so badly weathered that sooner or later point-
ing will be required. Whenever this is undertaken, it will
involve considerable outlay for the erection of the wooden
scaffolding necessary for the workmen.

Fourth. —It seems necessary to provide a proper build-
ing for a light and power station for the electric plant. Its
present location is entirely unsuitable, presenting conditions

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 13

best fitted for spoiling the machinery, instead of keeping it
in good working order. In the report of the engineer in
charge, he says: ‘* The location of the coal bin and boiler,
in relation to the milk and other rooms of the dairy school,
is bad, for there is no possible way in which the dust and
soot from the boiler can be prevented from covering the
floors of the room. Again, the location of the engine under
the milk room and the dynamo under the barn floor renders
them liable to injury from the leakage of water every time
the floors are washed. Last, the location of the smoke
stack, with the top almost on a level with the ventilators
of the barn, and only thirty or forty feet from either, is a
constant menace to the buildings, on account of the sparks
that might be carried into them by a chance draft.”

To recapitulate briefly, it is asked that there be appro-
priated : —

For loss occasioned by hail storm, . . $1,200

For purchase of the Clark see and eon it in sKonaeae
condition, . ' , : 5,500

For extending the iebor Ror les of the a aiinient ddbartinent: 7,000

For repair at chapel spire, a sum sufficient.
For providing a suitable building for a light and power station,
a sum sufficient.

FARM REPORT.

The operations on the farm during the past year have been
attended with a fair measure of success. The culture of our
crops, however, constitutes an exception in some particulars. We
have had some poor crops, and prices are unprecedentedly low.
The most important single cause of small yields was inferior seed.
The mid-summer months, moreover, were too dry for the best
results in the field. The most important effect was a compara-
tively small yield of rowen.

The number of acres in the several crops of the year was as
follows: grass, 74; potatoes, 164; onions, 3; beets, carrots and
Swedes, 1 each; corn for the silo, 23; field corn, 164; millet, 3,
and oats and pease, 2, — a total of 141 acres. In this statement
six and one-fourth acres are counted twice, as a field of five acres
of corn for the silo followed grass cut for hay, and another field
of one and one-fourth acres was ploughed and sown to millet after
the hay was removed. Then the land which produced the oats

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

and pease and a part of the millet land bore also a crop of barley
for fodder. The total money value of the products — estimating
hay at $14 per ton, corn at 45 cents per bushel, potatoes at 25
cents per bushel, small potatoes at 124 cents per bushel, onions at
25 cents per bushel, beets at $6 per ton, carrots at $10 per ton,
Swedes at $6 per ton, silage at $4 per ton and green fodder at $4
per ton — amounts to $6,148.81, —an average of $45.80 per acre.
This is $2.35 per acre less than last year; but, had potatoes and
onions commanded the prices of last year even, — prices which
we then looked upon as very low, —the acre value of our prod-
ucts would have stood at $52.09, which is about $4 higher than
last year. On the other hand, hay is $2 per ton higher this year
than last. The net advance, therefore, on the basis of equal prices,
is only about $1 per acre. Of course this point is not brought
out to show a profit, because we cannot change price facts;
but simply that we may have a fair basis on which to judge the
results of our farming operations. On this basis we see that the
productive capacity of the farm has been-somewhat increased.

The acreage and products of the year were as below : —

Hay. — Total, 74 acres; first crop, weighed as put in, 166 tons
and 394 pounds; rowen, weighed as put in, 38 tons and 665
pounds; average, 2.69 tons per acre.

Potatoes. — Sixteen and one-half acres; merchantable tubers,
2,577 bushels; small tubers, 350 bushels. About one-fourth of
this area was the site and immediate surroundings of our old farm
buildings ; this could not be graded’and prepared until rather too
late for the best results, and the soil was not in condition to pro-
duce large crops. On about two-thirds of the remainder we used
seed of our own raising, — Beauty of Hebron, —and for some
reason that we cannot understand it did not come up well. Those
plants which came were many of them weak, and as a consequence
the yield was small. Beauty of Hebron seed from Maine, man-
, aged and planted in the same manner as the other, gave a fine
crop. There was some rot in parts of the field which were moist.
As a consequence of the various unfavorable conditions named,
our average product is the lowest for several years; viz., 156.2
bushels merchantable and 21 bushels small tubers per acre.

Field Corn. —South slope, 8 acres; shelled corn, 640 bushels ;
stover, 25 tons. North flat, 5 acres; shelled corn, 225 bushels ;
stover cut green into silo, 35,670 pounds; fodder, 2 tons. South
flat, 3 acres; shelled corn, 225 bushels; stover, 74 tons.

Corn for the Silo. — Seventeen acres; 416,425 pounds, weighed
into silo; 15 tons fodder, fed green; 40 bushels shelled corn and
4 ton stover.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 15

Corn for the Silo, following Hay. — Six acres; 109,840 pounds,
weighed into the silo.

Onions. — Three acres; 837 bushels sound onions.

Beets. —One acre; 15 tons.

Carrots. — One acre; 18 tons.

Swedes. —One acre; 7 tons. This crop was very much injured
by the great hail storm.

The manures and fertilizers applied to the several crops are
shown in the following table : — 3

Applications per Acre.

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Manure (cords), .
Nitrate of soda (pounds), . | 200 | 150

Dried blood (pounds), - | 200 -

Dry ground fish (pounds),. | 100 | 100
Cotton-seed meal (pounds), | 200 | 100

Plain superphosphate - -
(pounds).
South Carolina rock phos- | 100 | 100
phate (pounds).
Sulphate of potash (pounds), - -

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Muriate of potash (pounds), | 150 | 150

———

As we were for several months without cattle in the summer and
autumn of 1894, the amount of manure available for use upon the
farm was much smaller than it has been for many years; we have
accordingly used fertilizers to a much greater extent than in any
previous year. In making the applications indicated in the above
table, it was my aim to supply phosphoric acid and potash in larger
amounts than thé crops raised would carry away, thus accumulat-
ing a reserve store of these elements for the use of crops in future
years. In supplying nitrogen, I aimed to furnish more nearly the
amounts the crops carried away would contain; but I did not lose
sight of the fact that the decaying sod and stubble could in some
cases furnish considerable of the required nitrogen, or of the further
fact that the plants of the clover family would be able to take part
of this nitrogen from the air. In short, I figured closely on this
element, as experience shows that it is very liable to waste, since
soils cannot hold its soluble forms. In supplying nitrogen, I aimed

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

to furnish it in forms of differing degrees of availability. For ex-
ample, for onions, nitrate of soda for immediate use, then dried
blood, dry ground fish and cotton-seed meal for later use.

In the case of phosphoric acid I followed a somewhat similar
rule; superphosphate for immediate use, cotton-seed meal, fish
and South Carolina rock phosphates for later use and succeeding
seasons. ‘The less soluble phosphates are cheaper than the others.
The potash is all furnished in the form of soluble salts, but the soil
can hold potash applied in these forms, and those selected are
among the cheapest available potash fertilizers. Most of these
fertilizers were mixed just before use, spread broadcast after
ploughing, and harrowed in. For hoed crops, as a rule, some of
the more soluble materials were put in the drill.

Late Corn for the Silo. — It seems desirable to say a few words
concerning this crop. The field of six acres on the campus had
been in grass about twelve years, and Kentucky blue grass was
the prevailing species. This produces one fair crop, but very lttle
rowen. It seemed desirable to plough and re-seed with more pro-
ductive species of grass. The grass was cut about the middle of
June, and yielded two tons of hay to the acre. Ploughing was
begun June 19, and the field was planted June 24-25. It received
a light dressing of barn-yard manure and 5,600 pounds of wood
ashes, both spread after ploughing, and harrowed in. ‘Three hun-
dred pounds per acre of Bradley’s special corn fertilizer were
drilled in with the seed, — one-half bushel of Longfellow corn per
acre. The crop reached the roasting-ear stage ; almost every stalk
bore a good ear, and some of the earliest were beginning to glaze.
It was badly torn and injured by the hail and wind, and was
touched by one light frost before it was cut. The yield was
nearly 55 tons, as weighed into the silo. This fodder contained
about 334 per cent. of dry matter, having the following compo-
sition : —

Composition of Dry Matter of Late-planted Corn for the Silo.

= Wint i }
Protein Crude Fat | Cellulose Phar shawl
Sarhasist Wa iar (Per Cent.). (Per Cent.).
Longfellow corn fodder, 9.15 1.65 28.96 54.92

This is very nearly as good as the average of mature (glazed)
flint corn fodder.
The yield, rather over nine tons per acre, is of course not large,

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 17

but as a second crop it is a profitable one. It would undoubtedly
have been considerably larger but for the severe storm alluded to.
This field was sown to timothy, red top and clover early in August,
and now promises good crops of hay next season.

Field Oorn and Silage from the Same Field. — From one field
of corn of five acres we picked the ears, throwing into light wind-
rows on the ground. We then cut the stalks and immediately
hauled to the barn and cut into the silo. More labor is involved
in this system than in cutting ears with stalks into the silo. It
is, however, sometimes desirable for certain classes of stock to
have silage not containing grain. Under these circumstances this
method appears to be a good one. ‘The corn when the ears were
picked was just glazed. ‘The ears cured very well upon the ground,
but the grain is undoubtedly somewhat less plump and heavy than
under the ordinary system of stooking. They do not dry as well
as in the stook, and when hauled should be put into rather narrow
and thoroughly ventilated cribs. ‘The stalks as cut into the silo
had the composition shown below. For comparison I give the
average as stated by Jenkins and Winton.

Stalks, Longfellow corn, at glazing period: dry matter, 27.4 per cent.
Average flint corn fodder, glazed: dry matter, 22.9 per cent.

Composition of Dry Matter.

‘ Nitrogen-
Prot Crude Fat | Cellul
(Per Cent,).| (Per Cent.).| (Per Cent,).| mee bxtract
Longfellow corn stalks, , ati ig. hs ee 1.29 29.53 | 57.64
Average flint corn fodder (glazed), | 9.20 3.70 18.90 | 63.20

It will be seen that these stalks compare very favorably with
average corn fodder in composition. This would appear to be,
then, a good method of utilizing a corn crop, as there can be no
doubt that such stalks will make good silage, and in this form they
will all be eaten, while if dried in the ordinary way there is almost
inevitably considerable waste.

Live STock.

Hlorses. — There has been no sickness among our horses during
the year, and we now have the following animals: Percherons:
1 stallion, 1 mare, 2 stallion colts ; 1 three-fourths Percheron mare,
3 three-fourths Percheron colts; French coach: 1 stallion colt and
1 mare colt; 2 mares and 2 geldings; total, 14.

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Cattle. — Since my last report another car load of heifers has
been purchased in South Dakota. These are nearly all grade
Shorthorns, like the cows and heifers purchased there last year.
Some of the less desirable for dairy purposes of both importations
will be fattened. We propose to retain sixty head as a foundation
upon which to build up a dairy herd by crosses with bulls of the
dairy breeds. The animals put into our barn last year have shown
every indication of perfect health throughout the year. They are
rugged and hearty, and among those which have calved are found
a fair share of good milkers. The average yield is far less than
with our old herd, but this is only what was anticipated. We
‘looked for constitution as a basis for a profitable dairy herd and
believe we have got it.

For crossing with the Dakota cattle and for educational purposes
we have put into our barns pure-bred animals, beginning with one
male and one female of each, of the following breeds: Shorthorn,
Guernsey, Jersey, Ayrshire, Holstein-Friesian and Aberdeen-
Angus. These animals were tuberculin tested. before purchase,
and have all appeared perfectly healthy since we obtained them.
They have all been re-tested this fall, and, showing no indications
of tuberculosis, have (with the exception of the Jerseys) been put
into the new barn. The Jerseys were received later than the others,
and will be kept in quarantine somewhat longer.

Of neat cattle we now own as follows: Shorthorns: 1 bull, 1
cow, 1 heifer; Guernseys: 2 bulls, 1 cow; Jerseys, 1 bull, 1
heifer; Ayrshires: 1 bull, 1 heifer; Holstein-Friesian: 1 bull, 1
cow, 1 heifer; Aberdeen-Angus: 1 bull, 1 cow, 1 heifer; Dakota
animals: 26 cows, 52 heifers; grade Hereford: 1 heifer; total, 95.

Sheep. — Our flock has suffered from two attacks by dogs during
the year, the total number of animals lost being nine. It is true
that we receive payment for animals killed; but as these are often
among the choicest of the flock (true in this case), and those left
are seriously injured by the fright, the damage is serious and the
discouragement great. The dog law should be modified so that
sheep husbandry may not become entirely a lost art among us.

Our flock now includes the following animals, all pure-bred
Southdowns: 1 ram, 26 breeding ewes, 3 ram lambs, 8 ewe
lambs; total, 38.

Swine. —Our swine have but recently been purchased. We
have excellent animals (one male and one female) of each of the
following breeds: Berkshire, Tamworth, Cheshire, Poland-China
and Chester-White; total, 10. |

From what has been written, it will be seen that our facilities
for instruction in matters pertaining to live stock are much more

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19

extensive than ever before. I desire that it shall be recognized
that our stock has been selected with reference largely to educa-
tional value, and not with a view to profit.

Farm RECEIPTS.

The total receipts of the year for products sold and for labor
performed for other departments by farm teams and men amount
to a little more than $8,000. The leading items contributing to
this total are the following: hay, $889.27; potatoes, $1,378.73 ;
dairy products, $750.27; beef, $303.16; sheep, lambs and wool,
$413.35; corn, $581.71; wood and lumber, $2,264; and work,
$517.49.

PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS.

The work of improvement has been prosecuted as opportunity
presented itself. The most important items for the year are the
following : —

The breaking up and clearing of the two-acre stump lot just
south of our barns has been completed ; a very good crop of corn
for the silo was raised thereon, and the lot is now seeded to grass.

One hundred and twenty-five rods of new farm road, including
one substantial stone culvert, have been built. The cellars of the
old barn and farm-house have been filled, and the surroundings
graded and fitted for cultivation. The fence surrounding the old
paddock has been taken up and reset for the new inclosure. Sub-
stantially constructed yards connected with our piggery have been
built.

The grounds about the farm-house in its new location have been
graded and seeded, and planted with ornamental trees and shrubs.
The site of the old horse shed and pine grove and the old drives
about them have been cleared, graded and seeded.

The most important and extensive work has been that done in
clearing and burning, harrowing and seeding the wood lot south
of the Plainfield road. The brush on about twenty-seven acres
has been cut, the lot burned over, the remnants of branches, etc.,
piled and burned, the ground between the stumps harrowed, and
all sown with a mixture of grass and clover seeds. These made
a good start, and the lot, for which we now have purchased the
necessary fencing materials, will furnish a great deal of pasturage
another season.

It has been found necessary to repaint the steel roofs of our
new buildings. Upon the recommendation of the contractors
doing the work, the roofs were first painted with a graphite
paint made by the Dixon Crucible Company. This was an ex-

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

pensive paint, and it was expected that it would prove consider-
ably more durable than the ordinary iron oxide paints. This
expectation was disappointed. ‘The roofs began to rust within
a very few months after they were painted, and soon got into
very bad condition. They have now been rubbed with a steel
brush where badly rusted, and all covered with two coats of
boiled linseed oil and iron oxide paint. This has necessitated an
expenditure of $267, of which sum the company that originally
did the work furnished $40. The roofs now appear to be in fine

condition, and it is hoped they will need no further attention for
several years.

CONCLUSION.

The plant food account, which is kept with our several fields,

shows that the soil in almost all, as a result of the operations
of the past year, has been considerably enriched in phosphates
and potash; while, since clover finds an important place in all
our mowings, it is believed that we have added to the store of
nitrogen which will become available for future crops. It is con-
fidently anticipated, therefore, that, with the large amount of ma-
nure we are now making, the crops of another season will be
larger than ever before, —and that with a smaller expenditure
for fertilizers.
* Our fields will more and more largely be used in such a manner
as to serve educational purposes and to throw light upon some of
the many problems in the great field of agriculture. I believe,
with Professor Sanborn, in extensive intensive farming, in the
larger use of machinery and labor-saving methods; and, as our
land is gradually still further cleared, drained, graded and laid
out, we hope to illustrate such methods in a worthy manner.

Some of the Western correspondents of the agricultural papers
claim to be able to produce potatoes at from five to twelve cents
per bushel. We are fortunately so protected by freight rates that
we are not obliged to meet these men on equal terms; but, on the
other hand, we must incur an expenditure for fertilizers from
which these Western farmers are at present exempt. The actual
plant food (nitrogen, phosphate and potash) contained in one
hundred bushels of potatoes can at the present time be purchased
for less than five dollars. It is true that we must apply more to
get the one hundred bushels; but it is possible to so manage as
to recover most of the surplus in future crops, and it should be
possible also to draw some of the required nitrogen from the air
by means of the clover ‘‘ nitrogen traps.” The actual fertilizer
cost of potatoes can, I believe, be kept as low as five cents per

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21

bushel, and, since freight from most of the great centres of potato
production is more than this figure, it should be possible for our
farmers to successfully compete in the production of this crop;
but they can do this only by adopting the labor-saving methods of
their competitors. Such methods are possible only with large and
well-cleared fields, and these methods we can illustrate here, — by
the use of the sulky or gang plough, the potato planter, Breed’s
weeder, the potato digger, Leggett’s Paris Green gun, etc. The
cost of labor and seed this year with our poor crop was less than
nineteen cents per bushel. Had our seed all been good and
the entire field well suited for the crop, the labor cost would un-
doubtedly have been only about twelve cents per bushel. Last
year, on our best field, 4.6 acres, the labor cost of the crop stored
in the cellar was but little more than thirteen cents per bushel.

The potato is but one of the many crops with which such illus-
trations can be and are given here; and it is hoped that along this
line the farm is entering upon an enlarged field of usefulness to
the farming public as well as to our students.

I desire, finally, to testify to continued faithful and interested
work on the part of superintendent, foreman and laborers, as well
as to cordial support and encouragement from superiors. To all I
tender my sincere thanks. |

WituiamM P. Brooks,
Professor of Agriculture and Director of the Farm.

AMHERST, Dec. 26, 1895.

GIFTS.

From Sir Joun B. Lawes of. Rothamsted, Eng., ‘* Rothamsted
experiments over ony years; ” ‘* Feeding of geen
‘¢ Rotation of crops.’

Prof. H. B. Apams of Baltimore, Md., ‘picture of Lord
Amherst; ‘‘ Maryland’s influence in founding a national
commonwealth.”

THE MILITARY INSTRUCTORS stationed at the college, picture
of Napoleon.

E. B. Brace (M.A. C., ’75) of Cleveland, O., collection of
birds’ eggs.

JosEPH E. Ponp, Esq. , of North Attleborough, six volumes
‘¢ Bee Journals.”

J. S. Sansorn of Poland, Me., seven engravings of French
coach horses.

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. { Jan.

From J. A. Harwoop of Littleton, two portraits belted Dutch
cattle; one set ‘*‘ Herd Books,” belted Dutch cattle.
J. M. THorBurN & Co. of New York, seeds of new fodder
plant.
J. M. Sears of Boston, Jersey bull and heifer.
GENESEE SALT Company of Genesee, N. Y., samples dairy
and table salt.
GreGory & Son of Marblehead, several varieties millet seed.
JOSEPH BRECK & Sons of Boston, one variety potato.
H. D. Frearine of Amherst, one variety potato.
K. Hickox of Rose, N. Y., one variety potato. :
J. WiLey & Sons of New York, ‘‘ Agricultural calendar for
a a
MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE, ‘* In-
fectiousness of milk.” |
Mrs. W. S. Crarxk of Newton, Balch’s ‘* Mines, miners and
mining interests of the United States.”
AMERICAN HuMANE EpucatTIon Society, ‘* Vivisection.”’
Cottece Reapinc Room Assocrarion, four volumes maga-
zines.
’ Miss Ereanor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, Eng., ‘ Re-
port of observations of injurious insects, 1894.”
CarL Freicau of Dayton, O., ‘*‘ Ohio Poland-China Record.”
W. H. Catpwe.t (M. A. C. 87) of Peterboro, N. A ., sixth
volume ‘* Guernsey Herd Rapisten.’
Hon. Greorce F. Hoar of Washington, D. C., one hundred
and thirty-three volumes government publications. |
Hon. Henry C. Lopes of Washington, D. C., twenty-five
volumes government publications.
Ginn & Co. of Boston, ‘‘ Book of Elizabethan lyrics.”
Boarp of AGricutturE, England, ‘‘ Report of experiments
with potatoes and onions.”
J.B. Linpsey (M.A. C.,’83) of Amherst, ‘‘ Creamery prac-
tice ;” “* Darmstadt Agricultural Experiment Station.”
I. C. Greene (M.A.C., 94) of Fitchburg, ‘‘ American
crow.”
Hon. Joun E. Russevy of Leicester, thirty-one copies ‘* The
Monroe Doctrine.”’
InpiaAn Ricurs Association, annual reports of executive
committee, 2-12.
AMERICAN-ANGUS BREEDING ASSOCIATION, six volumes ‘* Herd
300k.”
Bureau of AMERICAN Repusuics, nineteen volumes.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 23

From A. H. Wincuert of Minneapolis, Minn., two volumes
‘¢ Geological survey of Minnesota.”
Ho.tstTeIn-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION, thirteenth volume ‘* Herd
Book.’’
Mrs. H. J. CrarK of Amherst, Clark’s ‘* Lucernarie.”’
SANDER’s PusLisH1nc Company of Chicago, IJ]., Plumb’s
‘¢ Indian Corn.”

In addition to the customary reports from the treasurer
and the military department, I have the honor, in conform-
ity to the law requiring the college in its annual report to
publish such information as may be useful to the community,
to append the annual report of the experiment department
of the college, and an illustrated monograph by Prof.
Charles H. Fernald on the ‘*‘ Crambide,” a class of insects
peculiarly destructive.

Respectfully submitted, by order of the trustees,

HENRY H. GOODELL,

President.
JAN. 1, 1896.

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Report of Groren F. Miius, Treasurer pro tem. of Massachusetts
Agricultural College, from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896.

Received. | Paid.
|

Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1895, . ; $853 18 -
Morrill fund, ; : ; ; t 1,000 00 _
Term wil; > ::, : ; : ; , 4.569 21 $956 32
Horticultural department, : - : : 5,454 78 7,491 68
Farm,” ; ‘ : ‘ ee 8,324 77 12,293: 39
Expense, : : : ; 1,223 63 8,365 17
Salary, . ; Pitas 701 05 13,772 27
Endowment fund, : : ; ; sal. 1108255 _
State scholarship ‘fund, : ; 15,000 00 -
Chemical laboratory, . : ‘ : 1,098 26 776 49
Botanical laboratory, . : : 93 50 98 95
Entomological laboratory, . : 48 00 68 06
Zoological laboratory, . 96 00 75 57
Labor fund, ; ; ; ; E 5.019 di ie bs gar Ge |
Gassett scholar ship fund, ; : 85 88 147 50
Whiting Street fund, . : ; 62 30 60 85
Grinnell prize fund, . ; , ‘ 42 50 60 00
Mary Robinson fund, ; . , 30 84 60 00
Burnham emergency fund, . 200 00 | 80 00
Hills fund, . ; ) 356 16 459 93
Extra instruction, . ; : A : 612 50
Advertising, . ; . : - 635 30
Library see 565 02 565 U2
Investment, N. Y. C. & H. R. R.R. stock, ; 4 25 -
Insurance, . 89 35 649 12
Insurance, barn, . 48 70 898 55
Insurance, vehicles, tools, ete., . P 37 25 616 26
Electric plant, ; : : 441 24 2,976 22
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1896, : , — 55 82

$06,892 69 | $56,892 69

ee ——E

This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of GronGE F. MILLs,
treasurer pro tem. of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Jan. 1, 1895, to
Jan. 1, 1896, and find the same correct, properly kept, and all disbursements vouched
for, the balance in the treasury being fifty-five and eighty-two one-hundredths dol-
lars ($55.82), which sum is shown to be in the hands of the treasurer.

CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor.
AMHERST, Dec. 27, 1895.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 25

CasH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BE-
LONGS TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS:

Burnham emergency fund, . . : . ! $00 82

- BILES RECEIVABLE JAN. 1, 1896.

Term bill, ' : ; : : ; . $1,080 74
Horticultural dpeetaant: ; : ; . , 228 55
Farm, , : : ‘ , ; i 578 65
Expense, . : ‘ tithe ; : : ‘ 149 26
Electric plant, . ay ; : , : 184 51
Chemical laboratory, . ! ; , : 341 82
ReeeeesT (a bOratam i ae ee 10 00
Zoological laboratory, . , 56 00
Entomological laboratory, . ° , : 8 00
$2,637 53
BILLS PAYABLE JAN. 1, 1896. |
Horticultural pa = : ; : $359 26
Farm, : : : ; : : : ‘ 3,005 70
Electric plant, . : : ; ; 275 53
Expense, . , ; : : : 279 06
Chemical] laboreeEnt ; ; : : , 74 98
Labor fund, . : ; . as 404 44
Insurance, barn, ‘ : , : . : 2,509 16
Insurance, vehicles, dois. etc., : 101 70
Gassett scholarship fund, , ee ; : 26 C2
Whiting Street fund, . : : : 67 51
Grinnell prize fund, ; ‘ ; ; 2U 00
Mary Robinson fund, : : ‘ : : : ' 13 08
Burnham emergency fund, . : ; ' ‘ 303° 48
Hills fund, : : : : : é' : : ‘ 43 73
Morrill fund, . ; : ; : : : ‘ 1,000 00
$8,983 60
INVENTORY — REAL ESTATE,
Land.
Cost.

College farm, . : . i , ; $37,000 00

Pelham quarry, : 500 00

Bangs place (with “ee aa he bar in . 2,525 00
—— $40,025 00

Buildings.
Cost.

Drill hall, ; ‘ ; ‘ ' $6,500 00

Powder house, . ; , ; 75 00

Gun shed, 3 : . : ; 1,600 00

Stone chapel, . : : ; ; ‘ " 31,000 00

Amounts carried forward, : $09,175 00 $40,025 00

AGRICULTURAL

Amounts brought forward,

South dormitory,

North dormitory,

Chemical laboratory,
Entomological laboratory,
Farm-house,

Horse barn,

Farm barn and dale Beal
Graves house and barn,
Boarding-house,

Botanic museum,

Botanic barn,

Botanic barn addition,

Tool house,

Durfee plant house a Beate es,

Small plant house, with vegetable cellar aad

cold grapery,
President’s house,

Dwelling-house, pur eased with fav, :

PERSONAL PROPERTY.

Electric plant, .

New York Central & Hialon cae Raileoed pee

Botanical department,
Horticultural eae
Farm,

Chemical inapeaiee y3
Botanical laboratory,
Natural history collection,
Veterinary department,
Agricultural department,
Physics department,
Library,

Fire apparatus,
Furniture, ;
Books in treasurer’s office,

SUMMARY.

Assets,

Total value of real estate, per inventory,

COLLEGE. [ Jan.
$39,175 00 $40,025 00
37,000 00
36,000 00
10,360 00

3,000 00
4,000 00
5,000 00
33,000 00
8,000 00
8,000 00
5,180 00
1,500 00
1,000 00
2,000 00
12,000 00
4,700 00
11,500 00
7,500 00

— ———_ 228,915 00

$268,940 00

$8,700 00

100 00

3,610 00

7,006 11

15,903: ‘70

2,149 00

2.056 oo

4.758 79

1,443 39

2,675 00

5,471 28

17,080 00

450 00

640 00

297 82

$72,341 62

Total value of personal property, per inventory, .

Bills receivable, per inventory,

Liabilities.

Bills payable, per inventory, .

. $268,940 00

72,341 62
2,637 53

—_—_—— —

$343,919 15

. . $8,983 60

$334,935 55

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81.

- MAINTENANCE FUNDS.

Technical educational fund, United States grant, $219,000 00
Technical educational fund, State grant, . ) LALDFO oo)

$360,575 35

Two-thirds of the income from these funds is paid to the
treasurer of the college and one-third to the Institute of
Technology. Amount received by the college treasurer
from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896,

Hills fund, the gift of Messrs. L. M. and H. F. Hills of Am-
herst, now amounts to $8,542. By conditions of the gift
the income is to be used for the maintenance of a botanic
garden. Income from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896, .

Annual State appropriation, $10,000. This sum was appro-
priated for four years by the Legislature of 1889, and con-
tinued for another four years by the Legislature of 1892,
for the endowment of additional chairs of instruction and
for general expense. Five thousand dollars of this sum
was set apart as a labor fund, to be used in payment of
labor performed by needy and worthy students. Amount
received from annual State appropriation for college
expense from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896,

Amount received as labor fund, . ‘

SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS.

State scholarship fund, $10,000. This sum was appropriated
by the Legislature in 1886, and is paid to the college treas-
urer in quarterly payments. Amount received from Jan.
1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896,

Whiting Street fund, $1,000. This onal: is a Wecuceh thou
conditions. To it was added, by vote of the trustees in
January, 1887, the interest accrued on the bequest, $260.
Amount of the fund, Jan. 1, 1896, $1,260. Income from
Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896,

Gassett scholarship fund, $1,000. This sum was een by
Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship. Income from Jan.
1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896,

Mary Robinson fund, $858. This aad was ee tea
conditions. The income from it has been appropriated
for scholarships to worthy and needy students. Income
from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896,

Amount carried forward, .

27

. $11,082 16

356 16

5,000 00
5,000 00

10,000 00

62 30

85 88

35 84

$31,622 34.

28 _ . AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Amount brought forward, . : ‘ ; : ; . $31,622 34

PRIZE FUNDS.

Grinnell prize fund, $1,000. This fund is the gift of ex-
Goy. William Claflin, and is called Grinnell fund, in honor
of his friend. Theincome from it is appropriated for two
prizes, to be given to the two members of the graduating
class who pass the best examination in agriculture. In-
come from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896, . : ; ; 42 50

MISCELLANEOUS FUNDS.

Library fund, for the benefit of the library. Amount of fund,
Dec. 31, 1895, $9,420.47.
Burnham emergency fund, $5,000. This fund is a bequest
of Mr. T. O. H. P. Burnham, late of Boston, and was made
without conditions. The trustees have voted that this
fund be kept intact, and that the income from it be used
by the trustees for such purposes as they believe to be
for the best interests of the college. Income from Jan.
1, 1895, to Jan. 1, 1896, L , : ; : , , 200 00

Income from Jan. 1, 1895, to Jan. 1,1896, . : : . $31,864 84

To this sum must be added amount of tuition and room rent, and
receipts from sales from farm and from botanic gardens. These
amounts can be learned from treasurer’s statement, tuition, laboratory
taxes and room rent being included in term bill account.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 29

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
CoLLEGE TO THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE AND THE SECRE-
TARY OF THE INTERIOR, AS REQUIRED BY ACT OF CONGRESS OF
Ave. 30, 1890, 1s Arp oF COLLEGES oF AGRICULTURE AND
THE MECHANIC ARTS.

I. Condition and Progress of the Institution, Year ended June 30,
1895.

The hard times seriously affected the prosperity of the college
during the year ending June 30, 1895, although the total attend-
ance was but slightly less than that of the preceding year. An
assistant in the chair of botany has increased the teaching force
to nineteen. The most important changes have been the sepa-
ration of the chairs of horticulture and botany, previously united
under one head, and the consolidation of the State Experiment
Station with that established by the federal government, under
the name of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, the two together forming the experiment
department of the college. This has been with a view to securing
economy of work and uniformity of result, and to simplifying
questions of administration. Under this new departure, the presi-
dent of the college becomes director of the station.

An instructive course of lectures on ‘‘ Civil Polity” was given
to the college during the year by Mr. R. L. Bridgman of Boston,
and a series of lectures by various scientific authorities was planned
and carried out under the auspices of the Natural History Society.

Under appropriation from the State, a building to be used as a
laboratory has been commenced, for the benefit of those receiving
‘instruction in economic entomology; a gun shed with practice
gallery has been erected, and important additions have been made
to the library.

IT. Receipts for and during the Year ended June 30, 1895.

1. Balance on hand July 1, 1894, . : : : : gl67 OL
2. State aid: (a) Income from endowment, 3,637 07
(6) Appropriations for building or other
special purposes, . ; : . 15,000 00
(c) Appropriations for current expenses, - 10,000 00

3. Federal aid: (a) Income from land grant, act of July 2,
1862, . 7,300 00

(6) For experiment stations, act of March
yd be oY : 15,000 00

(c) Additional endowment, act of Aug. 30,
1890, . OS Nae , ; . 13,333 33
4. Fees and all other sources, ; : F ‘ 560 00

Total receipts, . , : ; f ; : . $64,997 41

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

III. Expenditures for and during the Year ended June 30, 1895.

1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, . , . $49,997 41
2. Experiment Station, . ; : ‘ , ; ; -' 15000 ‘00
Total expenditures, . : ? ‘ ; . $64,997 41

LV. Property and Equipment, Year ended June 80, 1895.

Agricultural department : —

Value of buildings, P ; : ; ; : ; . $264,340 00
Value of other equipment, é : ; : : . $67,188 67
Total number of acres, . : ; ; : , ; 384
Acres under cultivation, . c ' ; 250
Acres used for experiments, . : ; ; 60
Value of farm lands, : ; : ; : ; . $41,000 00
Amount of all endowment funds, . ; : : . $360,575 35

V. Faculty during the Year ended June 30, 1895.

1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, collegiate

and special classes, . . ; : nee ¢, -
2. Number of staff of peony Staton . a 1
Total, counting none twice, s ; ie . 29 1
VI. Students during the Year ended June 30, 1898.
1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, collegiate and
special classes, : - ‘ ; : : ; ie ae
2. Graduate coursés, . ‘ ; i : . u 4 : 14
Total, counting none twice, ae iy de
VII. Library, Year ended June 30, 1895.
1.~ Number of bound volumes June 30, 1894, : ; .*15,440
2. Bound volumes added during year ended June 30, 1896, . Bas

Total bound volumes, ‘ ‘ , ‘ ; , . 16,383

* Pamphlets, none.

Male. Female.

—— ee ee he _

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —N6o. 31. 31

MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

AMHERST, MAss., Dec. 31, 1895.

To President H. H. GOODELL,
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Sir :—JI have the honor to submit the following report of the
military department of the college for the year ending Dec. 31,
1895. :

During the past year the military equipment has been increased
by two 3.2-inch breech-loading steel guns; these are the same as
those used in the United States Army, and represent the princi-
ples governing the construction of all field artillery used at the
present day. Facilities for military instruction have been further
increased, by the construction of a balcony across the south end of
the drill hall, and a gun shed, twenty-eight by sixty feet, west of
the drill hall, with which it is connected by an enclosed passage-
way. This gun shed is now used as a place of storage for the
field guns. On its west side a shooting gallery has been built,
where during the winter months the members of the lower classes
will receive instruction in the principles of target practice, such
instruction being of great importance before they are sent to the
target range during the summer term. The gun shed is of a size
sufficiently large to permit of its being used as the armory; the
only changes necessary would be the ceiling of the shed, to
make it warmer, and the transferring of the gun racks now in the
armory. The present armory room could then be used as a lava-
tory, shower baths especially being much needed in connection
with the gymnasium, which is in the drill hall. The outside of the
drill hall requires painting, in places the paint having commenced
to peel off; otherwise the entire building is in excellent repair.

The instruction in this department has been, as in previous years,
both practical and theoretical.

Practical. — The battalion is at present oreaned with three
companies and a band; the instruction has been in the ‘* school of

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Jan.

the soldier,” ‘* school of the company,” ‘‘ school of the battalion,”
and ‘‘extended order;” during the winter term the junior class
received instruction in ‘‘ sabre drill,” and during the fall term the
sophomore and second-year classes in ‘* bayonet exercise” and
artillery. All members of the battalion are required to attend
target practice, details being sent each drill day, when the weather
permits, under a cadet lieutenant, to the target range for that pur-
pose. The total number of shots fired during the last college year
was 2,645, 123 students participating in this practice; the arm
used was the Springfield cadet rifle. Certain members of the
senior class have received instruction in signalling, both with the
flag and heliograph.

Theoretical. — This instruction has consisted of recitations in the
‘Infantry Drill Regulations,” by the senior, freshman and first-
year classes, and of lectures given to the senior class on military
law, explosives, fortifications, art and science of war, army ad-
ministration and other kindred subjects. I consider this instruc-
tion of great importance, especially to members of the senior class
who are of sufficient age to appreciate it, and who are thus enabled
to obtain some slight knowledge of a subject seldom understood by
civilians, and which may become of great importance to them in
future years.

It has ‘been my aim, during my tour of duty here, to impress on
the students the necessity of discipline, and I have been much
pleased at the manner in which my efforts have been rewarded.
All students of the college, except post-graduates, are required to
attend drill, except those excused by the surgeon on account of
physical disability ; there are three drills each week, of one hour.
The total number of students receiving military instruction at the
present time is 101. |

A gold medal was given last winter by Mr. I. C. Greene of
Fitchburg as a prize to the student best drilled in the ‘* Manual of
Arms.” This medal was won by Cadet C. A. Norton of Lynn, a
member of the present junior class; the judge was Capt. J. 5.
Pettit, United States Army, at present military instructor at Yale
University.

The following three members of the last graduating class were
reported to the Adjutant-General of the Army and to the Adju-
tant-General of the State of Massachusetts as having shown the
greatest proficiency in the art and science of war: —

Henry A. BALLOU, ; . West Fitchburg, Mass.
EpILeE H. CLARK, . ‘ j . Spencer, Mass,
{OBERT S, JONES,. ; ; . Dover, Mass.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 33

The following is a list of the United States government prop-

erty now on hand : —
Ordnance.

2 3.2-inch breech-loading steel guns.
2 8-inch mortars, with implements.
2 gun carriages.
2 gun caissons, with spare wheels.
2 mortar beds.
147 Springfield cadet rifles.
147 infantry accoutrements, sets.
51 headless shell extractors.
100 blank cartridges for field guns.
4,000 metallic ball cartridges.
3,000 metallic biank cartridges.
350 friction primers.
2 mortar platforms.
6,000 pasters.
100 targets, paper.
35,000 cartridge primers.
25,000 round balls.
1 hand reloading tools, set.
100 small-arms powder, pounds.
2 implements and equipments for 3.2-inch breech-loading
steel guns, sets. |

Signal.
2 heliographs, complete.
6 2-foot white flags.
6 2-foot red flags.
6 canvas cases and straps.
12 joints of staff.

The battalion organization is as follows : —

Commandant.
Lieut. W. M. DICKINSON, . : ; : oy Uy Se ar nay.
Commissioned Staff.

Cadet First Lieutenant and Adjutant, : ., BR. E. DELUGE.
Cadet First Lieutenant and Quartermaster, . N. SHULTIS.
Cadet First Lieutenant and Fire Marshal, . . F.H. Reap.
Cadet First Lieutenant and Assistant Instructor

of Musketry, . R. P. NICHOLS.
Cadet First Lieutenant and volgen isteasee

in Signalling, . : : . J. L. MARSHALL.

Non-Commissioned Staff.

Cadet Sergeant-Major, ‘ . G. D. LEAVENS.
Cadet Quartermaster-Sergeant, J. L. BARTLETT.

34

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.
Color Guard.
Cadet Color Sergeant, . J. A. EMRICH
Cadet Color Corporal, . C. A. NORTON
Cadet Color Corporal, . C. A. PETERS
Band.
Cadet First Lieutenant and Band Leader, Com-
manding Band,. W. B. HARPER.

Cadet First Sergeant and Dr um Maine
Cadet Band Corporal,

Cadet Capt. P. A. LEAmy,
Cadet Capt. I. C. POOLE,
Cadet Capt. H. C. BURRINGTON,
Cadet First Lieut. A. S. KINNEY,
Cadet First Lieut. H. T. EpwarRpbs,
Cadet First Lieut. F. B. SHaw,
Cadet Second Lieut. E. W. Poors,

Cadet Second Lieut. W. L. PENTECOST,

Cadet Second Lieut. F. L. CLAPP,
Cadet First Sergeant C. A. KING,
Cadet First Sergeant J. M. Barry,

Cadet First Sergeant H. J. ARMSTRONG,

Cadet Sergeant P. H. Smits, Jr.,
Cadet Sergeant H. F. ALLEN,
Cadet Sergeant G. A. Drew,
Cadet Sergeant J. W. ALLEN,
Cadet Sergeant L. F. CLARK,
Cadet Sergeant M. E. Coox,
Cadet Corporal C. F. PALMER,
Cadet Corporal L. L. CHENEY,
Cadet Corporal A. MONTGOMERY, Jr.,
Cadet Corporal R. D. WARDEN, .
Cadet Corporal J. P. NICKERSON,
Cadet Corporal G. H. WRIGHT, .

Arrangements have recently been made for a competitive indi-
vidual drill, preceded by a review, to take place in Mechanics

Companies.

. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company B.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company B.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company B.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company B.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company B.
. assigned to Company B.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company B,
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company C.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company A.
. assigned to Company C.

C. I. GOESSMANN.
F. W. BARCLAY.

Hall, Boston, on the evening of May 15, 1896, the participants
being students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Harvard University, Brown University and this college.
to take about twenty-seven of the cadets from our battalion to

Boston on that day.

Respectfully submitted,

W. M. DICKINSON,

Lieutenant United States Army.

I desire

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 381.. 35

CALENDAR FOR 1896-97.

1896.

January 2, Thursday, winter term begins, at 8 a.m.

March 19, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.15 a.m.

April 2, Thursday, spring term begins, at 8 a.m.

June 13, Saturday, Grinnell prize examination of the senior class
in agriculture.

f Baccalaureate sermon.

{ Address before the College Young Men’s

[ Christian Association.

f Burnham prize speaking.

June 14, Sunday,

June 15, Monday, Meeting of the alumni.
Flint prize oratorical contest.
Class-day exercises.

June 16, Tuesday, Military exercises.

aa aa

Reception by the president and trustees.

June 17, Wednesday, Commencement exercises.

June 18-19, Thursday and Friday, examinations for admission, at
9 a.M., Botanic Museum, Amherst; at Jacob Sleeper Hall,
Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston ; and at Sedg-
wick Institute, Great Barrington. Two full days are required
for examination, and candidates must come prepared to stay
that length of time.

September 1-2, Tuesday and Wednesday, examinations for admis-
sion, at 9 a.m., Botanic Museum.

September 3, Thursday, fall term begins, at 8 a.m.

' December 23, Wednesday, fall term closes, at 10.15 a.m.

1897.
January 6, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8 a.m.
March 25, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.15 a.m.

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

THE CORPORATION.

HENRY S. HYDE of SprINGFIELD,

MERRITT I. WHEELER of Great Pee eon. :

JAMES S. GRINNELL of GREENFIELD,
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD of LittLeron,
WILLIAM H. BOWKER of Bosron,

J. D. W. FRENCH of Boston, ‘
J. HOWE DEMOND of Norrsampron, .
ELMER D. HOWE of Mar.zporovenu,
FRANCIS H. APPLETON of Lynnerern,
WILLIAM WHEELER of Concorp,
ELIJAH W. WOOD of West Newron,
CHARLES A. GLEASON of New BraintTreE=z,
JAMES DRAPER of WokrCESTER, .
SAMUEL C. DAMON of LancasTER,

Members Ex Officio.

[ Jan.

Term expires.

1897
1897
1898
1898
1899
1899
1900
1900
1901
1901
1902
1902
1903
1903

His ExceLttency Governor FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE,

President of the Corporation.

HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College.

FRANK A. HILL, Secretary of the Board of Education.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

JAMES S. GRINNELL of GREENFIELD,

Vice-President of the Corporation.

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS of Hamppen, Secretary.

GEORGE F. MILLS of Amuerst, Treasurer pro tempore.

CHARLES A. GLEASON of New Braintree, Auditor.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 37

Committee on Finance and Buildings.*

JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S.'HY'DE.
J. HOWE DEMOND. SAMUEL C. DAMON.
CHARLES A. GLEASON, Chairman.

Committee on Course of Study and Faculty.*

WILLIAM H. BOWKER. ELMER D. HOWE.
FRANCIS H. APPLETON. J. D. W. FRENCH.
WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman.

Committee on Farm.and Horticultural Departments,*

ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER.
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. MERRITT I. WHEELER.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman.

Committee on Experiment Department.*

CHARLES A. GLEASON. ELIJAH W. WOOD.
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman.

Board of Overseers.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Examining Committee of Overseers.

A. C. VARNUM (Chairman), tenon LAWELE,

GEORGE CRUIKSHANKS, . OF FITCHBURG.

E. A. HARWOOD, : : . OF NortH BROOKFIELD.
JOHN BURSLEY, . ; ; i OF BARNSTABLE.

A. D. RAYMOND, : : : OF ROYALSTON.

* The president of the college is ex-officio a member of each of the above com-
mittees.

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

The Faculty.

HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., President,
Professor of Modern Languages.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pua.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.Sc.,
Professor of Horticulture.

CHARLES WELLINGTON, Pu.D.,
Associate Professor of Chemistry.

CHARLES H. FERNALD, Pu.D.,
Professor of Zoology.

Rev. CHARLES S$. WALKER, Pu.D.,
Professor of Mental and Political Science.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sc.,
Professor of Agriculture.

GEORGE F. MILLS, M.A.,
Professor of English and Latin.

JAMES B. PAIGE, V.S.,*
Professor of Veterinary Science.

WALTER M. DICKINSON, Ist Lievr. 17rH Inranrtry, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

LEONARD METCALF, B.S.,
Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering.

GEORGE E. STONE, Pu.D.,
Professor of Botany.

HERMAN BABSON, B.A.,
Assistant Professor of English.

“EDWARD R. FLINT, Pu.D.,
Assistant Professor of Chemistry.

* On leave.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 39

FRED S. COOLEY, B.Sc.,
Assistant Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent.

Pion) §.' LULL, B.S8.,
Assistant Professor of Zoology.

heen i. SMITH, B.Sc.,
Instructor in German and Botany.

PHILIP B. HASBROUCK, B.S.,
Assistant Professor of Mathematics.

EUGENE H. LEHNERT, V.S.,
Instructor in Veterinary Science.

BOBLRYT W. LYMAN, EL.D.,
Lecturer on Farm Law.

HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D.,

Librarian.
Graduates of 1895.*
Ballou, Henry Arthur, West Fitchburg.
Bemis, Waldo Louis, Spencer.

Billings, George Austin ae
Univ.), .
Brown, William Clay Poston

South Deerfield.

Univ.), . Peabody.
Burgess, Albert Ppaoklin Cage

ton Univ.), Rockland.
Clark, Harry Bayard Sanson: ; : ;

boty). ; Wilbraham.
Cooley, Robert Allen Boston

Univ.), . ; South Deerfield.
Crehore, Charles Winfred (ceo

ton Univ.), . Chicopee.
Dickinson, - oarica. Marison

(Boston Univ.), . Chicago, Ill.
Fairbanks, Herbert Stockwell

(Boston Univ.),

Amherst.

* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two
academic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1895.

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.
Foley, Thomas Patrick (Boston
Unitv.);°. : : ae Natick,
Frost, Harold Lideee (Boston
Tj aie:)),, 7. : Arlington.
Hemenway, Herbert Daniel ee
ton Univ.), Williamsville.

Jones, Robert shera (Boston

Univ). < ;
Kuroda, Shiro (Bostha Univ. yeux
Lane, Clarence Bronson (Boston

iniy.),,3 : .
Marsh, Jasper, . : :
Morse, Walter Levi (Boston
Uniy.), = Fe ; : :
Potter, Daniel Charles (Boston
UJuniv.}; ; ° .
Read, Henry Blood (Boston

Univ.), . ‘

Root, Wright Asahel (ccten
my. ), ,

Smith, Arthur Bell (Bostan
liniy.),').- : :

Stevens, Clarence Liha f

Sullivan, Maurice John ree
Univ), :

Tobey, Frederick Cliiton (bon.
ton Univ.), .

Toole, Stephen Peter,

Warren, Franklin Lafayette (Bos-

ton Univ.), . °
White, Edward Albert Histon
Univ.},.. ° ° ° °
Total, .

Dover.
Yamanouchi, Kitamura, Japan.

Killingworth, Conn.
Danvers Centre.

Middleborough.
Fairhaven.
Westford.
Deerfield.

North Hadley.
Sheffield.

Amherst.

West Stockbridge.
Amherst.

Shirley.

Ashby. |
; 28

Senior Class.

3urrington, Horace Clifton,
Clapp, Frank Lemuel, . ;
Cook, Allen Bradford, ;
DeLuce, Frank Edmund,
Edwards, Harry ‘Taylor,
Fletcher, Stephen Whitcomb, |

Charlemont.
Dorchester.
Petersham.
Warren.
Chesterfield.
Rock.

1896.)

Hammar, James Fabens, .
Harper, Walter Benjamin, .
Jones, Benjamin Kent,
Kinney, Asa Stephen,
Kramer, Albin Maximilian,
Leamy, Patrick Arthur,
Marshall, James Laird,
Moore, Henry Ward, .
Nichols, Robert Parker,
Nutting, Charles Allen,
Pentecost, William Lewis, .
Poole, Erford Wilson, :
Poole, isaac Chester, .
Rawson, Herbert Warren, .
Read, Frederick Henry,
Roper, Harry Howard, :
Saito, Seijiro, :
Sastré de Verand, Pie. .
Sellew, Merle Edgar, .
Shaw, Frederic Bridgman, .
Shepard, Lucius Jerry,
Shultis, Newton,
Tsuda, George, . ,
Washburn, Frank Porter, .
Total, . °

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

Swampscott.
Wakefield.

. Middlefield.

Worcester.
Clinton.
Petersham.
South Lancaster.
Worcester.

West Norwell.

North Leominster.

Worcester.

North Dartmouth.
North Dartmouth.
Arlington.
Wilbraham.

East Hubbardston.
Nemuro, Japan.
Tabasco, Mexico.
East Longmeadow.
South Amherst.
Oakdale.

Medford.

Tokyo, Japan.
North Perry, Me.

Junior Class.

Allen, Harry Francis,
Allen, John William,
Armstrong, Herbert Julius,
Barclay, Frederick White, .
Barry, John Marshall,
Bartlett, James Lowell,
Cheney, Liberty Lyon,
Clark, Lafayette Franklin, .
Cook, Maurice Elmer,
Drew, George Albert,
Eddy, John Richmond,
Emrich, John Albert,
Goessmann, Charles Ignatius,
Howe, Herbert Frank,
King, Charles Austin,
Leavens, George Davison, .

Northborough.
Northborough.
Sunderland.
Kent, Conn.
Boston.
Salisbury.
Southbridge.

West Brattleboro’, Vt.

Shrewsbury.
Westford.

Boston.

Amherst.
Amherst.

North Cambridge.
East Taunton.

Brooklyn Heights, N. Y.

41

30

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Millard, Frank Cowperthwait,

Norton, Charles Ayer,

Palmer, Clayton Franklin, .

Peters, Charles Adams,

Sherman, Carleton Farrar, .

Smith, Jr., Philip Henry, .

Walsh, Thomas Francis, .
Total, . 4

North Egremont.
Lyno.
Stockbridge.
Worcester.
Jamaica Plain.

South Hadley Falls.

North Amherst.

Sophomore Class.

Adjemian, Avedis Garrabet,

Baxter, Charles Newcomb,

Charmbury, Thomas Herbert,

Clark, Clifford Gay, .
Eaton, Julian Stiles, .
Fisher, Willis Sikes, .
Kinsman, Willard Quincy, .

Montgomery, Jr., Alexander,

Nickerson, John Peter,

Thompson, George Harris math:

Warden, Randall Duncan, .
Wiley, Samuel William,

Wolcott, Herbert Raymond,

Wright, George ee
Total, . °

Kharpoot, Turkey.
Quincy.
Amherst.
Sunderland.
Nyack, N. Y.
Ludlow.
Ipswich.
Natick.

West Harwich.
Lancaster.
Roxbury.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Deerfield.

Freshman Class.

Armstrong, William Henry,
Beaman, Dan Ashley,
3outelle, Albert Arthur,
Chapin, William Edward,
Chapman, John Chauncey,
Dana, Herbert Warner, .
Dickinson, Carl Clifton,
Dutcher, John Remson,
Gile, Alfred Dewing,.
Hinds, Warren Elmer,
Holt, Henry Day,

Hooker, William Anson,
Hubbard, George Caleb,
Keenan, George Francis,

Maynard, Howard Eddy,

Cambridge.
Leverett.
Leominster.
Chicopee.
Amherst.
South Amherst.
South Amherst.
Nyack, N. Y.
Worcester.
‘Townsend.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Sunderland.
Boston.
Amherst.

[ Jan.

23

14

1896. ]

Pingree, Melvin Herbert, .
Smith, Samuel Eldredge, .
Turner, Frederick Harvey, .
Walker, Charles Morehouse,
Wright, Edwin Monroe,
Total, . ' , F

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43

Denmark, Me.
Middlefield.
Housatonic.
Amherst.
Manteno, Ill.
: ‘ : 20

Graduates Two-Years Course,

Bagg, Elisha Aaron, . ;
Delano, Charles Wesley, .
Dutton, Arthur Edwin,
Hooker, William Anson,
Kinsman, Ernest Eugene, .
Rice, Benjamin Willard,
Sherman, Harry Robinson,
Stearns, Harold Everett,
Sweetser, Frank Eaton,
Tisdale, Fred Alvin, .
Todd, Frederick Gage,
Wentzell, William Benjamin,
Total, .

West Springfield.
North Duxbury.
Chelmsford.
Amherst.
Heath.
Northborough.
Dartmouth.
Conway.
Danvers.

North Amherst.
Dorchester.
Amherst.

Second Year.

Alexander, Leon Rutherford,
Atkins, Harvey Robbins,
Barrett, Frederick Eugene,
Brainard, Everett Eugene, .
Capen, Elwyn Winslow, .
Coleman, Robert Parker,
Courtney, Howard Scholes,
Crook, Alfred Clifton,
Davis, John Alden,
Dickinson, Harry Porter,
Eaton, Williams,
Lincoln, Leon Emory,
Manzanilla, Lorenzo Montore,
Pasell, George Walter,
Roberts, Percy Colton, .
Rowe, Henry Simpson,
Stedman, Benjamin, .
Tisdale, Charles Ernest,
Total, .

East Northfield.
North Amherst.
Framingham.
Amherst.
Stoughton.
West Pittsfield.
Attleborough.
Portland, Me.
Kast Longmeadow.
Sunderland.
North Middleborough.
Taunton.
Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
New Bedford.
North Amherst.
South Deerfield.
Chicopee.
North Amherst.

P a hae ; ‘8

re Or AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

First Year.

Ashley, Henry Simeon, . East Longmeadow.
Blair, Claude Addison, : . Ambherst.
Burrington, John Cecil, . . Charlemont.

Canto, José Dolores Boliver, . Cansahcat, Yucatan.
Canto, Ysidro Herrera, : . Cansahcat, Yucatan.

Chapin, Warren Luther, . - Kast Amherst.
Colburn, Charles Day, : . Westford.
Dye, Willie Arius, . : - Sheffield.
Humphrey, Charles Leonard, . Amherst.
Isham, John Burt, . : . Hampden.
March, Allen Lucas, . : . Ashfield.
Merriman, Francis Evander, - Boston.

Pendleton, Charles Bemis, . . Willimansett.
Perry, Edward King, . ; - Brookline.
Sastré de Verand, César, . . Tabasco, Mexico.

Sharpe, Edward Hewett, . . Northfield.
Smith, Bernard Howard, . . Middlefield.
Smith, Carl William, . : - Melrose.
Stacy, Clifford Eli, . : . Gloucester.
Total, . : ; : ‘ : ; : : 19

Graduate Course.
For Degree of M.S.
Carpenter, Malcolm Austin (B.Sc.

eo ae . : . Leyden.
Kirkland, Archie Foe ahd (B.Sc.
1Bg4),"..% F . Norwich.

Smith, Frederic Sai (B Se.
1890), . . , ° . North Hadley.
Total, ; : ‘ ; ; ; ; , 3

Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station.
Arnold, BSc, Frank JLuman

(Boston Univ.), . . Belchertown.
Crocker, B.Sc., Charles Sian:
ton (Boston Univ.), . . Sunderland.

Haskins, B.Se., Henri Darwin
(Boston Univ.), . . . North Amherst.

1896.]

Holland, B.Sc., Edward Bertram
(Boston Gin },

Johnson, B.Se., Charles aie
(Boston Univ.),

Putnam, B.Sec., Joseph cree
(Boston Univ.),

Shepardson, B.Sce., William ie
tin (Boston Unty. );

Smith, B.Sc., Robert Hyde (Hos:
ton Univ. ),

Stone, B.Sc., Dinos: eee
(Boston Univ.),

Thomson, B.Sec., Henry iat tin
(Boston Univ.),

Todd, Frederick Gage,

White, B.Se., Edward Aihert
(Boston Univ.),

Total,

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

Amherst.
Prescott.
West Sutton.
Warwick.
Amherst.
Phillipston.

Monterey.
Dorchester.

Ashby.
: 12

Summary.

Graduate course : —
For degree of M.S.,

Four-years course : —

Graduates of 1895,
Senior class,
Junior class,
Sophomore class,
Freshman class, .

Two-years course : —
- Graduates of 1895,
Second year,
First year, .

Resident oraduates,
Total,

Entered twice, .

Total, , ‘ ; ‘

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

46

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47

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

1896. ]

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48

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

SHORT WINTER COURSES.

[ All courses optional.]

AGRICULTURE.

(Jan.

I. General Agriculture.

IT. Animal Husbandry.

1. Soils and operations upon them, 1. Introduction, . . ° . ° 1
drainage, irrigation, ete., . - 10 | 2. Location and soil, :. ; ° ° 2

2. Farm implements and machinery, . 5 | 3. Building, . . ° wt gre ° 4

3. Manures and fertilizers, . e - 10/)]| 4 Breeds of cattle,* . . * - =) ae

4. Crops of the farm, characteristics, 5. Breeds of horses, . é a - 6
management, etc.,. , 7 - 10 | 6. Grain and fodder crops,*. ° oe

5. Crop rotation, . ‘ ‘ a : 2 |} 7. Foods and feeding,* . ‘ . Peres. i 5

6. Farm book-keeping,..: . ..~: . 8 | @. oiietra, Br Sk Di Ti iets igus Ne)

7. Agricultural economics, . : » ral —

8. Farm, dairy and poultry manage- Total hours, e ° ° . 64
ment, : 4 . ; . ae. aa

Total hours, . ° : - Of
* With dairy course.
DAIRYING.
ITI. Lectures and Class-room Work. ITlf. Lectures, etc. — Concluded.

1. The soil and crops, . ; : ae 8. Composition and physical peculiari-

2. Thedairy breedsand cattle breeding, 22 ties of milk; conditions which af-

3. Stable construction and sanitation, fect creaming, churning, methods
care of cattle, : ‘ 4 a Rae of testing and preservation, . - 22

4. Common diseases of stock, their 9. Milk testing, . i . : . 6
prevention and treatment, . ee 10. Butter making, . ° 5 . Som

5. Foods and feeding, . : ; -. ae 11. Practice in aeration, pasteuriza-

6. Book-keeping for the dairy farm tion, ° ° ° ° . . 6
and butter factory, . . . “22 —

7. Pasteurization and preparation of Total hours, ° . ° - 156
milk on physicians’ prescriptions, 11 ;

HORTICULTURE.
lV. Fruit Culture. V. Floriculture — Concluded.

1. Introduction, . ; m : > 1 5. Insects and fungi which attack

2. Propagation of fruit trees by seed, greenhouse plants, : ° . 2
budding, grafting, forming the —
head, digging, planting, pruning, Total hours, * . ‘ . 3
training, cultivation,ete., . » ws

8. Insects and fungous diseases, . 3 VI. Market Gardening.

rai: 1. Introduction, equipment, tools,

Total hours, . : out Fee manures, fertilizers, etc., . pth
2. Greenhouse construction and heat-

V. Floriculture. ing, . ? j : ‘ \ : 6

1. Greenhouse construction and heat- 8. Forcing vegetables under glass, . 3
ing, .« ; ° ° ° ; “ 6 4. Seed growing by the market gar-

2. Propagation of greenhouse and dener, . , ° ° - ° 3
other plants by seed, cuttings, 5. Special treatment required by each
grafting, etc., ° ; , : 3 crop, ° ; ° . “ » 10

3. Cultivation of rose, carnation, 6. Insects and fungi, with remedies, . 2
chrysanthemum and orchids, > aa ———

4. Propagation and care of greenhouse Total hours, - . . et |

10

and bedding plants, ° . :

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 49

Botany.

Vil. Lectures on Injurious Fungi of the Vill. Lectures and Demonstrations on

Farm, Garden, Greenhouse, Or- ‘Ss How Plants Grow.’’
chard and Vineyard. 1. Introduction, . ‘ : Cae Rae
1. Introduction, . ‘ ° . ° 2 2. The parts of aplant, . : 1
2. Nature and structure of rusts, a 4 3. Structure of the cell and plant in
38. Nature and structure of smuts,. 4 general, . 4 ‘ ° 7 : 3
4. Nature and structure of mildews, . 4 4. Functions of root, stem and leaves, 3
5. Nature and structure of rots, . ° 4 5. Food of plant obtained from air, . 3
6. Beneficial fungi of roots, ° 5 2 6. Food of plant obtained from soil, 3
7. Edible mushrooms, . ‘ < : 2 7. Transference and elaboration of
— food, . i ‘ ; ° . 2
Total hours, « ee ° e 22 8. Growth of plants, . ‘ : - 2
9. Effects of light, moisture, heat
and cold, : ° ° ae ines
10. Roottubercles on pea id clover, 1
11. Cross fertilization of flowers, . is
Total hours, : é - at Ze
CHEMISTRY.
IX. General Agricultural Chemistry. X. Chemistry of the Dairy.
1, Introduction, . . - 2 1. Introduction, . < : F 2
2. The fourteen elements of Seitautt: 2. The fourteen elements of Retonle:
ural chemistry, . é : i Be uralchemistry, . - (14
8. Rocks and soils, . ° ° . 8 3. The physical properties of Hae. és
4. Theatmosphere,. ° 5 ° 7 4. Analysis of milk, butter, cheese
5. The chemistry of crop-growing, . 8 and other dairy products, . ae
6. Fertilizers, - «© « © «+ $8 | 5. Chemistry of the manufacture of
7. Animal chemistry, . ‘ . ° 8 dairy products, . " Pee
Total hours, ‘ P 2 LOD Total hours, A : . - 5d
ZOOLOGY.
AI. Animal Life on the Farm. | AIT, Insect Friends and Foes of the
ee ce ee 7 l Farmers.

| Total hours, : : e iu oe

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

GRADUATE COURSE.

1. Honorary degrees will not be conferred.

2. Applicants will not be eligible to the degree of M.S. until
they have received the degree of B.S. or its equivalent.

3. The faculty shall offer a course of study in each of the fol-
lowing subjects: mathematics and physics; chemistry; agricult-
ure; botany; horticulture; entomology; veterinary. Upon the
satisfactory completion of any two of these the applicant shall
receive the degree of M.S. This prescribed work may be done at
the Massachusetts Agricultural College or at any institution which
the applicant may choose; but in either case the degree shall be
conferred only after the applicant has passed an examination at
the college under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed.

4. Every student in the graduate course shall pay one hundred
dollars to the treasurer of the college before receiving the degree
of M.S.

TEXT-BOOKS.

Woop —“* The American Botanist and Florist.”
Bessry — “ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.”
GRAY — * Manual.”

Gray — “Structural Botany.”

Bower — “ Practical Botany.”

ARTHUR, BARNES and COULTER — “ Plant Dissection.”
CAMPBELL — “ Structural and Systematic Botany.”
OrL — “ Experimental Plant Physiology.”

GOODALE — “* Physiological Botany.”

Darwin and Acton — “ Practical Physiology of Plants.”
SCRIBNER — “ Fungous Diseases of the Grapevine.”
Vasey — “ Agricultural Grasses of the United States.”
SmitH — “ Diseases of Garden Crops.”

WOLLE — “ Fresh-water Alge.”

Lone — “ How to make the Garden pay.”

Lone — “ Ornamental Gardening for Americans.”
Tart — “ Greenhouse Construction.”

Weep — “ Insects and Insecticides.”

Weep — “ Fungi and Fungicides.”

FULLER — “ Practical Forestry.”

MayNARD — “* Practical Fruit Grower.”

McALVINE — “ How to know Grasses by their Leaves.”
Morton — “ Soil of the Farm.”

GREGORY — “ Fertilizers.”

1896.] |§ PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. D1

MrLts and SHaw — “ Public School Agriculture.”

MILEs — “ Stock Breeding.”

_ Armspy —*“ Manual of Cattle Feeding.”

Curtis — “ Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine.”

Morrow and Hunt — “Soils and Crops.”

GROTENFELD — “ The Principles of Modern Dairy Practice.”
SHEPARD — “ Elementary Chemistry.”

STORER — “ Agriculture in its Relations to hers,
RICHTER and Smitu — “* Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry.”
MuTEerR — “ Analytical Chemistry.”

Roscoe — “ Lessons in Elementary Chemistry.”

BERNTHSEN and McGowan — “ Text-book of Organic Chemistry.”
FRESENIUS — “ Qualitative Chemical Analysis.”

FRESENIUS — “ Quantitative Chemical Analysis.”

REYNOLDS — “ Experimental Chemistry.”

SuTTon — “ Volumetric Analysis.”
Dana — * Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.”
THomson — “ Commercial Arithmetic.”

MESERVEY — “ Book-keeping.”

WELLS — “ College Algebra.”

Dana — “* Mechanics.”

WELLs — “ Plane and Solid Geometry ” (revised edition).

RUNKLE — “ Plane Analytic Geometry.”

Bowser — “ Analytic Geometry.”

OsBORNE — “ Differential and Integral Calculus.”

WELLS — “ Essentials of Trigonometry.”

J OHNSON — “ Theory and Practice of Surveying.”

ByRNE — “ Highway Construction.”

J ONES — *“ Sound, Light and Heat.”

THOMPSON — “ Electricity and Magnetism.”

AYRTON — “ Practical Hlectricity.”

Loomis — * Meteorology.”

Martin — “ Human Body” (elementary course).

MARTIN — “ Human Body” (briefer course).

WALKER — “ Political Economy” (abridged edition).

GipE — “ Principles of Political Economy.”

Wiison — “ The State, Historical and Practical Politics.”

Wuirney and Lock woop — “ English Grammar.”

Lock woop — “ Lessons in English.”

GENUNG — “ Outlines of Rhetoric.”

SPRAGUE — “ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-book ”

WHITTIER, No. 4; LONGFELLOW, Nos. 33, 34, 35 ; LOWELL, No. 39 —
“ Riverside Literature Series.”

Hupson — “Selections of Prose and Poetry.” Webster, Burke, Addison,
Goldsmith, Shakespeare.

PAINTOR — * English Literature.”

Wuitney — “ French Grammar.”

LUQuiens — “ Popular Science.”

WuitNey — “ German Grammar.”

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

BoIsEN — “ Preparatory German Prose.”
BERNHARDT — “ Sprach-und Lesebuch.” |
HoveGes — “ Scientific German.”

WHITE — “ Progressive Art Studies.”
FAUNCE — “ Mechanical Drawing.”

U.S. Army — “ Infantry Drill Regulations ”
U. S. Army — “ Artillery Drill Regulations.”

To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim
in each department, and the several courses have been so arranged
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition
and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction
in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical,
the lessons of the recitation room being practically enforced in the
garden and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during
such leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by
which the college was founded, instruction in military tactics is
imperative, and each student, unless physically debarred,* is re-
quired to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the direc-
tion of a regular army officer stationed at the college.

FOUR-YEARS COURSE.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for admission to the freshman class will be exam-
ined, orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English
grammar, geography, United States history, physiology, physical
geography, arithmetic, the metric system, algebra (through qua-
dratics), geometry (two books) and civil government (Mowry’s
‘¢ Studies in Civil Government”). The standard required is 65
per cent on each paper. Diplomas from high schools will not
be received in place of examination. Examination in the follow-
ing subjects may be taken a year before the candidate expects to
enter college: English grammar, geography, United States history,
physical geography and physiology. Satisfactory examination in
a substantial part of the subjects offered will be required, that the
applicant may have credit for this preliminary examination.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they desire admis-
sion.

— — = ——$—$

Certificates of disability must be procured of Dr. Herbert B. Perry of Amherst.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 53

No one can be admitted to the college until he is sixteen years
of age. The regular examinations for admission are held at the
Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock a.m., on Thursday and Friday,
June 18 and 19, and on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 1
and 2; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any
other time in the year. For the accommodation of those living
in the eastern part of the State, examinations will also be held at.
9 o’clock a.m., on Thursday and Friday, June 18 and 19, at Jacob
Sleeper Hall, Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston ; and
for the accommodation of those in the western part of the State,
at the same date and time, at the Sedgwick Institute, Great Bar-
rington, by James Bird. Two full days are required for examina-
tion, and candidates must come prepared to stay that length of
time.

TWO-YEARS COURSE.

At the regular annual meeting of the trustees, held Dec. 31,
1895, the following votes were passed : —

That the two-years course be discontinued, with the understand-
ing that those who have already entered upon it be allowed to
complete the same.

That short winter courses of eleven weeks, in agriculture,
botany, chemistry, dairying, floriculture, horticulture, market : gar-
dening and zodlogy, be established after the close of the present
collegiate year.

‘That a special course in dairying be established Jan. 1, 1896.

WINTER COURSES.

For these short winter courses examinations are not required.
They commence the first Wednesday in January and end the third
Wednesday in March. Candidates must be at least sixteen years
of age. The doors of the college are opened to applicants from
both sexes. The same privileges in regard to room and board
will obtain as with other students. Attendance upon general
exercises is required. Residents of the State will be required to
pay the usual fees for apparatus and material used in laboratory
work. Those not residents of the State will be required to pay, in
addition, a tuition fee.

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS USED IN 1895.
The standard required is 65 per cent on each paper.

FOUR-YEARS COURSE.

Arithmetic and the Metric System.

1. Write the prime numbers between 1 and 20. Write in
Roman notation 1,659.

2. What is the greatest common divisor of 126, 210, 252?

3. atitip—1g=?

4. At 20 cents per square inch, what will be the cost of 3
square yards, 1 square foot and 9 square inches of gold leaf?

5. If ¢of a farm sold for 2 of pet it cost, what is the gain
per conte”

6. What is the bank gigeount of $586 for 3 months at 6 per
cent? What are the proceeds ?

7. If 8 men can dig a ditch 60 feet long, 8 feet wide and 6
feet deep in 15 days, how many days will 24 men require to dig ~
a ditch 80 feet long, 3 feet wide and 8 feet deep ?

8. What is the square root of 62,001?

9. Name the three principal units of the metric system, and
give their English equivalents.

10. Express the sum of the following in metres: 9.5 K.m.,
37 D.m., 6.347 H.m., 378.6 cm.

11. In 387 cm. how many feet ?

12. How much will it cost to fence a hectare of land that is in
the form of a square, at 10 cents per metre ?

| Algebra.
1. What are the prime factors of 142°+29%—15? of
(a-+b)?—c?

9 ee + 2 aty — x? y” +3 an” y 7— 37° ce
ste os

©o

Solve for # and y in, 4-0 =—79 and ~ be ks

ode BP, ig
ey my sie oie ns, me,
5. Expand (8a’+40*)’,
Ja? +1 t/a —1 , Ve? +1 Wo? —- 1
J a2 + 1 —W/ a? — 1 VJ a? + 1+? —1

or)

Rationalize

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. BD

7 @trv/ i F#= 73 solve for 2.

8. Solve for 2 and y.
oe? + avy —2y’=— 44
xy + 3 y’= 80.

Geometry.

1. What is a scalene triangle, an isosceles triangle, an equi-
angular triangle?

2. What is the complement of an angle? A supplement of an
angle? Find the complement of 35°, of 474°; find the supplement
of 10° 29’, of 144°.

Prove the following : —

3. If oblique lines be drawn from a point to a straight line,
two equal oblique lines cut off equal distances from the foot of the
perpendicular from the point to the line.

4, The sum of the angles of any triangle is equal to two right.
angles.

5. Any point in the bisector of an angle is equally distant from
the sides of the angle.

6. In the same circle or equal circles chords equally distant
from the centre are equal.

7. The two tangents to a circle from an outside point are equal.

8. The angle between a tangent and a chord is measured by $
of its intercepted arc.

United States History.

Notre. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. What were the causes of the founding of the colony at
Jamestown in Virginia in 1607?

2. Tell what you know about Roger Williams.

3. What were the causes of the Revolution? Give the dates
of this war, and name three important battles in it.

4. Who was John Paul Jones?

do. Tell of the part played by our navy in the War of 1812.
What ship that took part in this war, on the American side, is
afloat to-day?

6. Give the date of the Missouri compromise, and tell what it
was.

7. What has been the condition of the South since the Civil
War?

56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

8. What important event in-our history is to be associated with
each of the following names: Quebec, Plymouth, Philadelphia,
Charleston, West Point? |

9. Name five great American generals; five great American
naval commanders.

10. What important questions are now before our government?

Geography.

Note. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Draw amap of New England, and locate on it the follow-
ing: the boundaries of each State, the White Mountains, Boston,
Hartford, Gloucester, Augusta, Burlington, Springfield, Merrimac
River, Connecticut River.

2. What is the largest desert in the world? the er island?
the highest mountain?

3. Name the Great Lakes in the order of their size, and state
upon which of them the following cities are placed: Chicago,
Niagara, Toronto, Detroit.

4. Name the political divisions of the Dominion of Canada.

5. Locate Madagascar, Tokyo, Cape Town, Nicaragua, Edin-
burgh, Hamburg, Poland.

6. What country has the largest system of railroads? The
largest foreign commerce? The largest united area? The largest
population?

7. Describe the United Kingdom of Great Britain, telling of
its (a) divisions, (b) geographical features, (c) products.

8. Name the oceans in the order of their size. What part of
the earth’s surface does the water cover?

9. Define strait, peninsula, water-shed, lake, harbor.

10. What kind of a government has England? France?
Russia? Brazil? Turkey?

Physical Geography.

Nortr. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Define physical geography.

2. What is the exact form of the earth?- Give the proportion
of Jand and water.

3. Define erosion, alluvial plain, delta, cafion.

4. Whatis a glacier? Define the terms lateral moraine, termi-
nal moraine.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 57

5. Can rivers and glaciers be compared? How? Have they a
similar action on the earth’s surface?

6. What are ocean currents? Namesome. Give some causes.

7. Give two methods of mountain forming. Give examples of
mountain ranges formed by each method.

8. What is climate? Give some causes which influence climate.

9. How are coral islands formed? Define an atoll, barrier reef,
fringing reef. |

10. Whatisa volcano? Where are they principally found?

Civil Government.

Not. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Why is any government necessary in the United States to-
day?

2. Who make the laws for the government of the town in which
you live? for the State? for the nation?

3. Name three kinds of colonial governments found in America
prior to the Revolution, and the colonies that were under each.

4. When did the American republic, with its national organ-
ization, commence? When did the States cease to be colonies and
become States?

5. In what body was the government vested during most of the
Revolutionary War? What were the Articles of Confederation?

6. In what year was the Constitution of the United States
framed? In what year did it go into effect? Where was the first
President inaugurated ?

7. Into what departments is the government of the United
States divided? State the length of the term of office of the fol-
lowing: a member of the National House of Representatives ; the
President of the United States; a United States Senator?

8. Of how many members does the United States Senate now
consist? Who is its presiding officer? Name the United States
Senators from Massachusetts. |

9. What is the title of the chief executive officer (or officers)
of the town? of the State? of the nation?

10. Define the word citizen.

58 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

Physiology.

Note. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered

_ in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Define hygiene, anatomy, physiology.

2. What is acell? a tissue? an organ?

3. Name the bones of the leg. Compare them with those of
the arm.

4. What is a muscle? How do muscles bring about movement
between bones? |
Give uses of the skin, the kidneys.

Define digestion, absorption, assimilation.
Describe the alimentary tract.

8. Whatis the blood? Give its uses. What is lymph?

9. What is the brain? Name the different parts. What is
the special function of each? |

10. Whatisaman? What is his place in nature?

ml Qo Gt

English Grammar and Composition.

Nore. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. State clearly and briefly what preparation you have had in
grammar and rhetoric, naming, if possible, the text-books.

2. Write asimple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex
sentence. :

3. Name the parts of speech, define each, and give examples
of each. °

4. Correct the following, stating reasons : —

(a) You and me will admire our supper.

(6) The opinion of a thousand men were against him.

(c) Charles can draw the roundest circle I ever see.

(d) ‘* Did the boss jump on you?”

‘¢ Well, I should smile!”
‘¢ You’re not onto his little job, are you?”
‘6 You bet your hat I am!”

(¢) The boat was anchored at the wharf, and we got in and
the rope was untied so that the oars could be placed in the row-
locks which were fastened to this rope.

5. Compare beautiful, honest, bitter, deep, awful.

6-10. Put the following poem into good English prose,
neither omitting nor adding anything : —

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 59

At anchor in Hampton Roads we lay,

On board of the “ Cumberland,” sloop-of-war ;
And at times from the fortress across the bay
The alarum of drums swept past,

Or a bugle blast

From the camp on the shore.

Then far away to the south uprose

A little feather of snow-white smoke,

And we knew that.the iron ship of our foes
Was steadily steering its course

To try the force

Of our ribs of oak.

Down upon us heavily she runs,

Silent and sullen, the floating fort.

Then comes a puff of’smoke from‘her guns,
And leaps the terrible death

With fiery breath

From each open port.

We are not idle, but send her straight
Defiance back in a full broadside.

As hail rebounds from a roof of slate,
Rebounds our heavier hail

From each iron scale

Of the monster’s hide.

Then like a Kraken huge and black, ~

She crushed our ribs in her iron grasp.
Down went the “ Cumberland” all a wrack,
With a sudden shudder of death,

And the cannon’s breath

For her dying gasp.

DEGREES.

Those who complete the four-years course receive the degree of
Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the governor of
Massachusetts, who is the president of the corporation.

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become
members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its
diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming en-
titled to all the privileges of its alumni.

Those completing the graduate course receive the degree of
Master of Science. A certificate signed by the president of the
college will be awarded to those completing the two-years course.

60 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

EXPENSES.
Tuition in advance : —

Fall term, . é : : : . $30 00

Winter term, : ; ; : : : 25 00

Summer term, . : ; : ‘ ‘ 25 00
_ $80 00 $80 00
Room rent, in advance, $8 to $16 per term, , : 24 00 48 00
Board, $2.50 to $5 per week, ; 95 00 190 00
Fuel, $5 to $15, . ee 5 00 15 00
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . 11 40 22 80
Military suit, . : : 15 75 15 75
Expenses per year, . : » $231 15 $371 55

Board in clubs has been about $2.45 per week; in private
families, $4 to $5. The military suit must be obtained imme-
diately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill exercises
prescribed. The following fees will be charged for the mainten-
ance of the several laboratories: chemical, $10 per term used;
zoological, $4 per term used; botanical, $1 per term used by
sophomore class, $2 per term used by senior class; entomological,
$2 per term used. Some expense will also be incurred for lights
and text-books. Students whose homes are within the State of
Massachusetts can in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying
to the senator of the district in which they live.

THE LABOR FUND.

The object of this fund is to assist those students who are
dependent either wholly or in part on their own exertions, by
furnishing them work in the several departments of the college.
The greatest opportunity for such work.is found in the agricultural
and horticultural departments. Application should be made to
Profs. William P. Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard, respectively
in charge of said departments. Students desiring to avail them-
selves of its benefits must bring a certificate signed by one of the
selectmen of the town in which they are resident, certifying to the
fact that they require aid.

ROOMS.

All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will
be required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories.
For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 61

following measurements are given: in the new south dormitory
the study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. ‘This building is heated
by steam. In the north dormitory the corner rooms are four-
teen by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet.
The inside rooms are thirteen and one-half by fourteen and one-
half feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is
furnished with each room. Aside from this, all rooms are unfur-
nished. Mr. Thomas Canavan has the general superintendence of
the dormitories, and all correspondence relative to the engaging of
rooms should be with him.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS.

Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield.

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton.

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of
Henry Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth.

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to
worthy students requiring aid.

CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS.

The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free
scholarship for each of the congressional districts of the State.
Application for such scholarships should be made to the repre-
sentative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The
selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member
of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent
in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem
to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous
constitution, and should enter college with the intention of re-
maining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit
connected with agriculture. |

62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

STATE SCHOLARSHIPS.

The Legislature of 1883 passed the following resolve in favor of
the Massachusetts Agricaltural College : —

Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years,
from the treasury ofthe Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to
enable the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said in-
stitution the theoretical and practical education required by its charter
and the law of the United States relating thereto.

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free
scholarships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in
this Commonwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules pre-
scribed by the president of the college, at such. time and place as the
senator then in office from each district shall designate; and the said
scholarships shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, .
if there shall be less than two successful applicants for scholarships
from any senatorial district, such scholarships may be distributed by
the president of the college equally among the other districts, as nearly
as possible; but no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he
shall pass an examination in accordance with the rules to be established
as hereinbefore provided.

The Legislature of 1886 passed the following resolve, making
perpetual the scholarships established : —

tesolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty-
six of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter.

In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar-
ship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the
president.

EQUIPMENT.
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

The Farm.— Among the various means through which instruc-
tion in agriculture is given, none exceeds in importance the farm.
The part which is directly under the charge of the professor of
agriculture comprises about one hundred and fifty acres of im-

1896.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 63

proved land and thirty acres of woodland. Of the improved land,
about thirty acres are kept permanently in grass. A considerable
part of this is laid off in half and quarter acre plats, and variously
fertilized with farm-yard and stable manures and chemicals, with
a view to throwing light upon the economical production of grass.
These plats are staked and labelled, so that all may see aritend
what is being used and what are the results.

The rest of the farm is managed under a system of rotation, all
parts being alternately in grass and hoed crops. All the ordinary
crops of this section are grown, and many not usually seen upon
Massachusetts farms find a place here. Our large stock of milch
cows being fed almost entirely in the barn, fodder crops occupy
a prominent place. Experiments of various kinds are continu-
ally under trial; and every plat is staked, and bears a label stat-
ing variety under cultivation, date of planting, and manures and
fertilizers used.

Methods of land improvement are constantly illustrated here, tile
drainage especially receiving a large share of attention. There
are now some nine miles of tile drains in successful and very sat-
isfactory operation upon the farm. Methods of clearing land of
stumps are also illustrated, a large amount of such work having
been carried on. during the last few years.

In all the work of the farm the students are freely employed,
and classes are frequently taken into the fields; and to the lessons
to be derived from these fields the students are constantly referred.

The Barn and Stock. — Our commodious barns contain a large
stock of milch cows, many of which are grades; but the follow-
ing pure breeds are represented by good animals, viz., Holstein-
. Friesian, Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey and Shorthorn. Experiments
in feeding for milk and butter are continually in progress. We
have a fine flock of Southdown sheep and a few choice speci-
mens of the Shropshire, Horned Dorset, Cotswold and Merino -
breeds. Swine are represented by the Chester White, Poland
China, Middle Yorkshire and Tamworth breeds. Besides work
horses, we have a number of pure-bred Percherons, used for
breeding as well as for work.

The barn is a model of convenience and labor-saving arrange-
ments. It illustrates different methods of fastening animals, va-
rious styles of mangers, watering devices, ete. Connected with it
are a plant for electric light and power and commodious storage
rooms for vehicles and machines. It contains silos and a gran-
ary. A very large share of the work is performed by students,
and whenever points require illustration, classes are taken to it
for that purpose.

64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Dairy School. — Connected with the barn is a wing providing
accommodation for practical and educational work in dairying.
The wing contains one room for heavy dairy machinery, another
for lighter machinery, both large enough to accommodate va-
rious styles of all prominent machines; a large ice house, a cold-
storage room and a room for raising cream by gravity methods,
a class room and a laboratory. The power used is an electric
motor. This department is steam heated and piped for hot’and
cold water and steam. In this department has been placed a full
line of modern dairy machinery, so that we are able to illustrate
all the various processes connected with the creaming of milk, its
preparation for market and the manufacture of butter. Special
instruction in such work is offered in the dairy course.

Equipment of Farm.— Aside from machines and implements
generally found upon farms, the more important of those used
upon our farm and in our barn which it seems desirable to men-
tion are the following: reversible sulky plough, broadcast fertilizer
distributer, manure spreader, grain drill, horse corn planter, potato
planter, wheelbarrow grass seeder, hay loader, potato digger, hay
press, fodder cutter and crusher and grain mill. It is our aim to
try all novelties as they come out, and to illustrate everywhere the
latest and best methods of doing farm work.

Lecture Room. — The agricultural lecture room in south college
is well adapted to its uses. It is provided with numerous charts
and lantern slides, illustrating the subjects taught. Connected
with it are two small rooms at present used for the storage of
illustrative material, which comprises soils in great variety, all
important fertilizers and fertilizer materials, implements used in
the agriculture of our own and other countries, and a collection of
grasses and forage plants, grains, etc.

A valuable addition to our resources consists of a full series of
Landsberg’s models of animals. These are accurate models of
selected animals of all the leading breeds of cattle, horses, sheep
and swine, from one-sixth to full size, according to subject. We
are provided with a complete collection of seeds of all our com-
mon grasses and the weeds which grow in mowings, and have also
a large collection of the concentrated food stuffs. All these are
continually used in illustration of subjects studied.

Museum.— An important beginning has been made towards
accumulating materials for an agricultural museum. ‘This is to
contain the rocks from which soils have been derived, soils, fertil-
izer materials and manufactured fertilizers, seeds, plants and their
products, stuffed animals, machines and implements. It is ex-
pected to make this collection of historical importance by includ-

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 65

ing in it old types of machines and implements, earlier forms
of breeds, ete. For lack of room the material thus far accumu-
lated is stored in a number of scattered localities, and much of it
where it cannot be satisfactorily exhibited.

BoTANiIcC DEPARTMENT.

Course of Study. — This department is well equipped to give a
comprehensive course in most of the subjects of botany. The
course aims to treat of all the more important features connected
with the study of plants which have a close bearing upon agricult-
ure, without at the same time deviating from a systematic and
logical plan. Throughout the entire course the objective methods
of teaching are followed, and the student is constantly furnished
with an abundance of plant material for practical study, together
with an elaborate series of preserved specimens for illustration
and comparison. In the freshman year the study of structural
and systematic botany is pursued, with some observation on insect
fertilization. This is followed in the first term of the sophomore
year by the systematic study of grasses, trees and shrubs, and this
during the winter term by an investigation into the microscopic
structure of the plant. The senior year is given up entifely to
cryptogamic and physiological botany.

The Botanic Museum contains the Knowlton herbarium, of over
ten thousand species of phanerogamous and the higher cryptoga-
mous plants; about five thousand species of fungi, and several
collections of lichens and mosses, including those of Tuckerman,
Frost, Denslow, Cummings, Miller and Schaerer. It also con-
tains a large collection of native woods, cut so as to show their
individual structure ; numerous models of native fruits; specimens
of abnormal and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, etc. ;
many interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and
plants, natural grafts, etc. ; together with models for illustrating
the growth and structure of plants, and including a model of the
squash which raised by the expansive force of its growing cells the
enormous weight of five thousand pounds.

The Botanic Lecture Room, in the same building, is provided
with diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrat-
ing structural, systematic and physiological botany.

The Botanic Laboratory, with provision for twenty-five students
to work at one time, is equipped with Leitz’, Reichert’s, Bausch —
and Lomb’s, Beck’s, Queen’s and Tolles’ compound microscopes,
with objectives varying from four inch to one-fifteenth inch focal
length, and also with a few dissecting microscopes. It also con-

66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

tains a DuBois Raymond induction apparatus, a Thoma and a
Beck microtome, a self-registering thermometer, a Wortmann im-
proved clinostat and also one of special construction, an Arthur
centrifugal apparatus with electric motor, a Pfeffer-Baranetzky
electrical self-registering auxanometer, a Sach’s arc-auxanome-
ter, a horizontal reading microscope (Pfeffer model), various kinds
of dynamometers of special construction, respiration appliances,
mercurial sap and vacuum gauges, manometers, gas and exhaust
chambers, a Bausch and Lomb micro-photographic camera, a Clay
landscape camera and dark closet fitted for work, besides various
other appliances for work and demonstration in plant physiology.

HorRTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Greenhouses. — To aid in the instruction of botany, as well as
that of floriculture and market gardening, the glass structures
contain a large collection of plants of a botanical and economic
value, as well as those’ grown for commercial purposes. They
consist of a large octagon, forty by forty feet, with sides twelve
feet high and a central portion over twenty feet high, for the
growth of large specimens, like palms, tree ferns, the bamboo,
bana, guava, olive, etc.; a lower octagon, forty by forty feet,
for general greenhouse plants; a moist stove, twenty-five feet
square; a dry stove of the same dimensions; arose room, twenty-
five by twenty feet; a room for aquatic plants, twenty by twenty-
five feet; a room for ferns, mosses and orchids, eighteen by thirty
feet; a large propagating house, fifty by twenty-four feet, fitted up
with benches sufficient in number to accommodate fifty students at
work at one time ; a vegetable house, forty-two by thirty-two feet ;
two propagating pits, eighteen by seventy-five feet, each divided
into two sections for high and low temperatures, and piped for test-
ing overhead and under-bench heating; a cold grapery, eighteen
by twenty-five feet. To these glass structures are attached three
workrooms, equipped with all kinds of tools for greenhouse work.
In building these houses as many as possible of the principles of
construction, heating, ventilating, etc., have been incorporated
for the purposes of instruction.

Orchards. —These are extensive, and contain nearly all the
valuable leading varieties, both old and new, of the large fruits,
growing under various conditions of soil and exposure.

Small Fruits. —The small fruit plantations contain a large
number of varieties of each kind, especially the new and prom-
ising ones, which are compared with older sorts, in plots and in
field culture. Methods of planting, pruning, training, cultivation,

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 67

study of varieties, gathering, packing and shipping fruit, etc., are
taught by field exercises, the students doing a large part of the
work of the department.

Nursery, — This contains more than five thousand trees, shrubs
and vines, in various stages of growth, where the different methods
of propagation by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, pruning and
training are practically taught to the students. :

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are
erown in this department, furnishing ample illustration of the
treatment of market-garden crops. ‘The income from the sales
of trees, plants, flowers, fruit and vegetables aids materially in
the support of the department, and furnishes illustrations of the
methods of business, with which all students are expected to be-
come familiar.

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are
erown in the nursery, and plantations have been made upon the
college grounds and upon private estates in the vicinity, affording
good examples of this most important subject. A large forest
grove is connected with this department, where the methods of
pruning trees and the management and preservation of forests can
be illustrated. In the museum and lecture room are collections of
native woods, showing their natural condition and peculiarities ;
and there have been lately added the prepared wood sections of
R. B. Hough, mounted on cards for class-room illustration.

Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowering plants are grouped about
the grounds in such a way as to afford as much instruction as pos-
sible in the art of landscape gardening. All these, as well as the
varieties of large and small fruits, are marked with conspicuous
labels, giving their common and Latin names, for the benefit of
the students and the public.

Tool House. — A tool house, thirty by eighty feet, has been con-
structed, containing a general store-room for keeping small tools ;
a repair shop with forge, anvil and work bench; and a carpenter
shop equipped with a large Sloyd bench and full set of tools.
Under one-half of this building is a cellar for storing fruit and
vegetables. In the loft is a chamber, thirty by eighty feet, for
keeping hot-bed sashes, shutters, mats, berry crates, baskets and
other materials when not in use.

Connected with the stable is a cold-storage room, with an ice
chamber over it, for preserving fruit, while the main cellar under-
neath the stable is devoted to the keeping of vegetables.

All the low land south of the greenhouses has been thoroughly
underdrained and put into condition for the production of any
garden or small fruit crop.

68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

Zoological Lecture Room.— The room in south college is well
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with
a series of zodlogical charts prepared to order, also a set of
Leuckart’s charts, disarticulated skeletons and other apparatus
for illustration.

Zoological Museum. — This is in immediate connection with the
lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collection,
which comprises a large number of mounted mammals and birds,
together with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collection of alco-
holic specimens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and a collec-
tion of shells and other invertebrates.

There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of skele-
tons of our domestic and other animals, and mounted specimens
purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models of
jelly fishes, worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in Dresden ;
a valuable collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, N. P.,
collected and presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald; a fine collection
of corals, presented by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in
Cambridge; a collection of alcoholic specimens of invertebrates
from the coast of New England, presented by the National Mu-
seum at Washington; a large and rapidly growing collection of
insects of all orders; and a large series of clastic models of va-
rious animals, manufactured in the Auzoux laboratory in Paris.

It is the purpose of those in charge to render the museum as
valuable to the student as possible; and with this end in view the .
entire collection has been rearranged so as to present a systematic
view of the entire animal kingdom, with special regard to the fauna
of Massachusetts. In the furtherance of this idea a special case
has been prepared, in which are shown typical animals in such a
way as to give a brief synopsis of the entire animal kingdom, form-
ing a sort of index to the museum as a whole. In order to render
our collection complete, particularly with reference to Massachusetts
forms, we would gratefully receive donations of any sort, either alco-
holic or otherwise preserved, especially among the worms, fishes,
amphibians or reptiles. Specimens should be sent care of Prof.
R. S. Lull. The museum is now open to the public from three
to four p.M. every day except Sunday.

Lovlogical Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory building
has been fitted up for a zoological laboratory, with tables, sink,
gas, etc., and is supplied with a reference library, microscopes,
chemical and other necessary apparatus for work. ‘This laboratory

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 69

with its equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable appliance for
instruction in the department of zodlogy.

Entomological Laboratory. — An entomological laboratory was
built adjoining the insectary the past summer, and completed ready
for use at the beginning of the fall term. It is a two-story build-
ing, thirty-two by thirty-six feet on the ground, with a laboratory,
lecture room, office, hall, apparatus and re-agent rooms on the first
floor, and two private laboratories for advanced work, photograph-
ing room, with a dark room adjoining, janitor’s room and hall on
the second floor, while the large attic furnishes ample store room.
This building, together with the insectary and. greenhouse con-
nected with it, are heated with a hot-water system, so arranged
that any part may be shut off, and the remaining rooms heated
when desired. Plans of this building were published in the report
for 1895, on pages 14 and 15. .

The laboratory occupies the whole northern and eastern portion
of the first floor, which is well supported by brick piers, to prevent,
as far as possible, any jar that would interfere with the micro-
scopical and other delicate work that may be going on. The room
is furnished with tables built especially for the kind of work to be
done, and equipped with all the apparatus necessary for the needs
of the student. A door from the office opens into the library of
the insectary, in which are the leading works on economic ento-
mology and a very complete card-catalogue of the literature of
North American insects.

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

This department is well equipped with the apparatus necessary
to illustrate the subject in the class-room.

It consists of an improved Auzoux model of the horse, imported
from Paris, constructed so as to separate and show in detail the
shape, size, structure and relations of the different parts of the
body ; two papier-maché models of the hind legs of the horse,
showing diseases of the soft tissues, — wind-galls, bogs, spavins,
etc., also the diseases of the bone tissues, — splints, spavins and
ringbones ; two models of the foot, one according to Bracy Clark’s
description, the other showing the Charlier method of shoeing and
the general anatomy of the foot; a full-sized model of the bones
of the hind leg, giving shape, size and position of each individual
bone ; thirty-one full-sized models of the jaws and teeth of the
horse and fourteen of the ox, showing the changes which take
place in these organs as the animals advance in age.

_ There is an articulated skeleton of the famous stallion, Black-
hawk, a disarticulated one of a thoroughbred mare, besides one

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

each of the cow, sheep, pig and dog; two prepared dissections of

the fore and hind legs of the horse, showing position and relation |

of the soft tissues to the bones ; a papier-mache model of the uterus
of the mare and of the pig; a gravid uterus of the cow; a wax
model of the uterus, placenta and fetus of the sheep, showing the
position of the fcetus and the attachment of the placenta tc the
walls of the uterus.

In addition to the above there is a growing collection of patho-
logical specimens of both the soft and osseous tissues, and many
parasites common to the domestic animals. A collection of charts
and diagrams especially prepared for the college is used in connec-
tion with lectures upon the subject of anatomy, parturition and
conformation of animals.

Through the kindness of Mr. Henry Adams of Amherst the
department has received a large sample collection of the various
drugs used in the treatment of the diseases of the domestic
animals.

For the benefit of the students, sick or diseased animals are fre-
quently shown them, and operations performed in connection with
the class-room work. For the use of the instructor of this depart-
ment a laboratory has been provided in the old chapel building.
It has been equipped with the apparatus necessary for the study
of histology, pathology and bacteriology, consisting in part of an
improved Zeiss microscope with a one-eighteenth inch objective,
together with the lower powers; a Lautenschlager’s incubator and
hot-air sterilizer; an Arnold’s steam sterilizer and a Bausch and
Lomb improved laboratory microtome. This apparatus is used
for the preparation of material for the class-room and for general
investigation.

MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT.

In view of the fact that the course of study pursued in the
mathematical department has been considerably modified within
the past year, it may be proper to explain, in some detail, the
course as outlined at present.

At first glance it might appear that mathematics would play a
very small part in the curriculum of an agricultural college, and,
while it is true that its chief object is of a supplementary nature,
it is equally true that, entirely aside from its value-as a means of
mental discipline, mathematics has a well-defined and practical
object to accomplish. In this day of scientific experiment, obser-
vation and research on the farm, the advantages of a thorough

knowledge of the more elementary branches of mathematics, gen-

eral physics and engineering must be more than ever apparent ;

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 71

and it is to meetgthe needs of the agricultural college student in
these lines that the work in the mathematical department has been
planned.

The mathematics of the freshman, sophomore and junior years
are required, those of the senior year elective.

A glance at the schedule of studies will show the sequence of
subjects: book-keeping, algebra, geometry and mechanical draw-
ing in the freshman year; trigonometry, mechanical drawing and
plane surveying — the latter embracing lectures and field work in
elementary engineering, the use of instrvments, computation of
areas, levelling, etc. —in the sophomore year; general physics —
including mechanics, electricity, sound, light and heat — and de-
scriptive geometry or advanced mechanical drawing in the junior
year; and, finally, two electives in the senior year, — mathe-
matics and engineering respectively.*

The mathematical option includes the following subjects: fall
term, plane analytic geometry, embracing a study of the equations
and properties of the point, line and circle, and of the parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola; winter term, differential calculus ; and sum-
mer term, integral calculus.

The senior engineering option is designed to give to the student
the necessary engineering training. to enable him to take up and
apply, on the lines of landscape engineering and the development
of property, his knowledge of agriculture, forestry, botany and
horticulture. It embraces a course of lectures, recitations and
field work on the following subjects: topography, railroad curves,
earth work, construction and maintenance of roads, water works
and sewerage systems, etc.

It is believed that the engineering elective will equip the student
to enter a comparatively new field, that of landscape engineering,
which is coming more and more prominently before the public
attention ; for, with the increasing consideration which is being
paid to the public health and the development and beautifying of
our towns and cities, come fresh needs and opportunities.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Instruction in general, agricultural and analytical chemistry
and mineralogy is given in the laboratory building. Thirteen com-
modious rooms, well lighted and ventilated and properly fitted, are
occupied by the chemical department.

* While these two electives are entirely distinct, the student electing engineering
is strongly advised to elect mathematics also.

72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

The lecture room, on the second floor, has ample seating capacity
for seventy students. Immediately adjoining it are four smaller
rooms, which serve for storing apparatus and preparing material
for the lecture table.

The laboratory for beginners is a capacious room on the first
floor. It is furnished with forty working tables. Each table is
provided with sets of wet and dry re-agents, a fume chamber,
water, gas, drawer and locker, and apparatus sufficient to render
the student independent of carelessness or accident on the part
of others working near by; thus equipped, each worker has the
opportunity, under the direction of an instructor, of repeating the
processes which he has previously studied in the lecture room, and
of carrying out at will any tests which his own observation may
suggest.

A systematic study of the properties of elementary matter is
here taken up, then the study of the simpler combinations of the
elements and their artificial preparation; then follows qualitative
analysis of salts, minerals, soils, fertilizers, animal and vegetable
products.

The laboratory for advanced students has been fitted up in the
room previously known as the chapel. Here tables for thirty
workers, with adequate apparatus, have been arranged. This is
for instruction in the chemistry of various manufacturing indus-
tries, especially those of agricultural interest, as the production of
sugar, starch fibres and dairy products; the preparation of plant
and animal foods, their digestion, assimilation and economic use ;
the official analysis of fertilizers, fodders and foods; the analysis
of soils and waters, of milk, urine and other animal and vegetable
products.

The balance room has four balances and improved apparatus for
determining densities of solids, liquids and gases.

Apparatus and Collections. — Large purchases of apparatus have
recently been made. Deficiencies caused by the wear and break-
age of several years have been supplied and the original outfit
increased. ‘The various rooms are furnished with an extensive
collection of industrial charts, including Lenoir & Foster’s series
and those of Drs. Julius and George Schroeder. The apparatus
includes balances, a microscope, spectroscope, polariscope, pho-
tometer, barometer and numerous models and sets of apparatus.
A valuable and growing collection of specimens and samples, fitted
to illustrate different subjects taught, is also provided. This in-
cludes rocks, minerals, soils, raw and manufactured fertilizers,
foods, including milling products, fibres and other vegetable and
animal products and artificial preparations of mineral and organic

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 73

compounds. Series of preparations are used for illustrating the
various stages of various manufactures from raw materials to
finished products.

LIBRARY.

This now numbers 17,080 volumes, having been increased during
the year, by gift and purchase, 1,280 volumes. It is placed in the
lower hall of the chapel-library building, and is made available to
the general student for reference or investigation. It is especially
valuable as a library of reference, and no pains will be spared to
make it complete in the departments of agriculture, horticulture,
botany and the natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day
for consultation, and an hour every evening for the drawing of
books.

PRIZES.

BURNHAM RHETORICAL PRIZES.

These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are
open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the
sophomore and freshman classes.

FLINT PRIZES.

Mr. Charles L. Flint of the class of 1881 has established two
prizes, one of thirty dollars and another of twenty dollars, to be
awarded, at an appointed time during commencement week, to the
two members of the junior class who may produce the best orations.
Excellence in both composition and delivery is considered in mak-
ing the award.

~ GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to
be called the Grinnell agricultural prizes, in honor of George B.
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid
in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may
pass the best written and oral examination in theoretical and
practical agriculture.

Hints BorTranicaL PRIZES.

For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1896 fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a prize of
ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best collection
of dried plants from the college farm.

74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.’96.

The prizes in 1895 were awarded as follows : —

Burnham Rhetorical Prizes: John A. Emrich (1897), first ;
George D. Leavens (1897), second; Willis S. Fisher (1898),
first; Randall D. Warden (1898), second.

Flint Oratorical Prizes: Frank E. DeLuce (1896), first; Frank
L. Clapp (1896), second.

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes: Wright A. Root (1895), first;
Clarence B. Lane (1895), second; George A. Billings (1895),
third.

Hills Botanical Prizes: Harold L. Frost (1895), first ; Frederick
C. Tobey (1895), second.

Collection of Woods: Harold L. Frost (1895).

Collection of Dried Plants: Harold L. Frost (1895).

Military Prize: Gold Medal, presented by I. C. Greene, ’94,
Charles A. Norton (1897).

RELIGIOUS SERVICES.

Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8
A.M., and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 a.m.
Further opportunities for moral and religious culture are afforded
by a Bible class taught by one of the professors during the hour
preceding the Sunday morning service and by religious meetings
held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the auspices
of the College Young Men’s Christian Association.

LOCATION.

Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the Con-
necticut River Railroad and with the New Haven & Northampton
Railroad. ,

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native
forests, gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country
home.

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~ THE CRAMBIDA OF NORTH AMERICA,

The insects included in the family Crambide are, so far
as known, injurious to the grasses (Gramineew), some living
in tubular habitations which they construct near the roots,
others boring into the stems of the plants on which they feed,
while a few occasionally feed on plants of other families.

DISTRIBUTION.

The species of this family are distributed very widely over
the globe, but apparently are most numerous in the temper-
ate zones. They are well represented in Europe and North
America, and even Australia and New Zealand have a com-
paratively large number of species.

INJURIES.

These insects feed at the roots of the grasses, and are
therefore often overlooked, except where they are so abun-
dant as to seriously injure the crops. They undoubtedly
destroy a large amount of grass without being discovered,
the injury being attributed to some other cause. Prof. F.
M. Webster, entomologist to the Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, wrote me, Dec. 12, 1895, that the larve of
some species of Crambus, probably trisectus and laqueatellus,
during May of that year were the most abundant and de-
structive that he had ever known them to be in the West;
hundreds of acres of both corn and oats, which had been
planted on spring-ploughed meadow or pasture lands, were
as completely swept out of existence as if burned over, and
the damage done by these insects would probably amount to
several hundred thousand dollars. Professor Webster also

80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

wrote that, a few years ago, the larve of Crambus vulgiva-
gellus ravaged the corn fields of Ashtabula County, Ohio.
In 1881, the larve of Crambus vulgivagellus devastated
the fields of several counties in northern New York, and
were very abundant in many other places during that year.
In 1892, the larve of Crambus caliginosellus were reported
as doing great damage to corn in Delaware and Maryland,
and it is a common thing to receive these moths from the
farmers in various parts of the country, stating that they

are more or less abundant.

NATURAL ENEMIES.

Professor Lintner bred a Hymenopterous and a Dipterous
parasite from these insects, and also found the predaceous
beetle, Calosoma calidum (Fab.), destroying them, as he.
believed. Professor Riley also bred two different Hymen-
opterous parasites from the larve of C. laqueatellus. In-
sectivorous birds are known to feed freely upon these moths.
Professor Webster states, on the authority of J. N. Latta of
Haw Patch, Ind., that the moths of Crambus laqueatellus
were destroyed in great numbers by the wood pewee (Con-
topus virens), and I have myself observed barn swallows
feeding on different species of Crambus in abundance in
Maine. When walking through the grass, at my home on
Mt. Desert, the Crambids were ‘* flushed,” and several
swallows invariably attended us, snapping up the moths
as they flew. Whenever we stopped the swallows would
leave; and as soon as we started, they would return to
catch the moths, often flying within a few feet of us. These
observations were made during several years, and led me to
conclude that farmers would do well to afford every possible
encouragement to these birds to nest in their barns, for they
do a vast amount of good in destroying injurious insects
while on the wing.

History.

The species of this family were placed by Linneeus, in all
his writings, under his genus Zinea. The authors of the
‘‘Systematisches Verzeichniss der Schmetterlinge der Wien-
ergegend,” published in 1776, placed them under the Zinew,

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 81

in the division of Zvnee Directipalpes. Hiibner, in his
‘¢ Sammlung europiischer Schmetterlinge,” figures the Euro-
pean species under the genus Zinea. A part of the plates
on which these species are represented were published in
1796. Fabricius, in the supplement to his ‘*‘ Entomologia
Systematica,” p. 464, published Feb. 10, 1798, established
the genus Crambus with sixty-two species under it, some of
which do not belong to this genus and they have since been
removed to other genera. Fabricius did not mention any
species as the type of the genus. In Vol. III., part I1., of
this work, published in 1794, on p. 238, he described the
species saccharalis; and, so far as I can learn, this was’
the first species of the family published from this country.
Latreille, in his ‘* Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces et In-
sects,” Vol. XIV., p. 247, 1805, adopts the generic name
Crambus, and places under it carnella L., pinellus L.,
culmellus L. and pascuellus L. The last three are still
retained in the genus Crambus.

In 1811, Haworth published part III. of his ‘* Lepidop-
tera Britannica,” in which he established the genus Palpa-
ria for the species usually placed under Orambus. He had
previously, in part II. of the same work, used the genus
Crambus, but, strange to say, he had none of the species
now regarded as Crambids under it. Leach, in the article
‘¢ Entomology” in the ‘‘New Edinburgh Encyclopedia,”
published in 1815, adopted the generic name Crambus,
with pinett, pascuorum and pratorum under it, and placed
it as the second genus in his family Tinetda. In 1817,
Zincken, in Germar’s ‘*‘ Magazin der Entomologie,” Vol. II.,
published his monograph of the genus Chilo, with phragmi-
tellus Hiib. as the first species under it, and this has been
taken as the type of Chilo. Zincken included in his genus
most of the species now retained under Crambus. In Vol.
Ill., p. 114, 1818, Zincken described C.. leachellus, the hab-
itat of which was unknown, but it has. since proved to be
a well-known North American species; and in Vol. IV.,
p. 247, 1821, C. sordidellus, satrapellus, preefectellus, decorel-
lus, plejadellus, teterrellus and incertellus from South Caro-
lina, and C.. haytiellus from the Island of San Domingo, but
I have received this last species both from San Domingo and

82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Texas. MHiibner, in his ‘‘ Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetter-
linge,” did not adopt the generic name Crambus, but placed
the species of the Crambide under several genera, as fol-
lows: Argyroteuchia, with ten species; Hucarphia, with
radiellus, fulgidellus and vinetella under it. (The first two
belong to the genus Crambus, but the last belongs to the
Phycitine, and has been left as the type of Hucarphia.)
Catoptria, with six species; Agriphila, with five species;
Pediasia, with seven species; Topeutis, with ten species ;
Eromene, with one species, bella; Chrysoteuchia, with two
species; Thisanotia, with three species; and Exoria, with
three species. This part of Hiibner’s ‘‘ Verzeichniss” was
published not earlier than 1822. In 1825, Curtis, in his
‘¢ British Entomology,” Vol. III., p. 109, adopted pascuel-
lus L. as the type of the genus Crambus. I am not aware
that any one, previous to this time, specified any one of
the species as the type, and therefore, in accordance with
the rules of zodlogical nomenclature, this species may be
regarded as such.

aaphens, in his << Tllustrations of British Entomology,
Haustellata,” Vol. IV., p. 817, 1834, adopted the generic
name Crambus, with thirty species, but placed it in
his family Tineide. In 1836, Duponchel published the |
tenth volume of ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres,” in
which he adopted the genus Chilo, with phragmitellus under
it, and Crambus, with many species that properly belong
there, and some others that have since been placed elsewhere.
In 1840, Zetterstedt, in his ‘‘ Insecta Lapponica,” adopted
the genus Chilo for the species now usually placed in the
Orambide, and placed it in his family Zvnearie, thus fol-
lowing the plan of Zincken.

In Vol. [X., part IL., of «‘ Die Schmetterlinge von Europa,”
published in 1832, Treitschke adopted the genus Chilo, and
placed gigantellus Fab., with forty-three other species, under
it. In 1849, Herrich-Schiffer published the fourth volume
of his ** Schmetterlinge von Europa,” in which he established
the group Crambides, in which he placed all the Pyralids,
including the genera Chilo, Crambus and Ancylolomia.

In 1858, Christoph, in the ‘* Stett. Ent. Zeit.,” Vol. XIX.,

p. 313, described two species of Crambus from Labrador.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 83

In 1860, Clemens described twelve species under the genus
Orambus, in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia,” one of which, awratellus, belongs
in the genus Argyria. In the same paper he published
three species and placed them under the genus Chilo, but
they did not belong there, and have been more correctly
placed under the genus Schenobius, which is not now re-
garded as belonging to the Crambide. In 1863, Walker,
in his ** Cat. Lep. Het.,” part XXX VII., adopted the family
name Crambide, with Chilo, Cranbus and several other
genera under it. Several North American species were
described for the first time in this work, and some others
were re-described. In a few cases the descriptions were
made from very poor specimens, and it igs not only impos-
sible to determine the insects from his description, but very
difficult to decide what they are from the types. In 1863,
Zeller published a valuable work entitled ‘* Chilonidarum et
Crambidarum genera et species,” in which he dealt with all
the described species, and published many new ones from
North America, as well as elsewhere. This work, although
appearing in the same year as Walker’s, was not published
till July, while Walker’s catalogue was published in April.

In 1866, Packard described two species of Crambus from
Labrador, in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History.” Grote published several species, with a
list, in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” in 1880; and Hulst
described several species in the ‘‘ Transactions of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society,” in 1886.

In 1894, Felt published a paper ‘‘ On Certain Grass-eating
Insects,” which deserves more than a passing notice. In this
paper, for the first time, a special study was made of the early
stages of a large number of our species, including their habi-
tations, etc. Thereis still much to be done in this direction,
and it is sincerely to be hoped that the work, so well begun
by Mr. Felt, may be continued till we have a complete his-
tory of all our species of this family. I should mention, in
this connection, the work done by Forbes on the early stages
of zeellus, by Howard on saccharalis, by Miss Murtfeldt on
teterrellus and by Scudder on hortuellus.

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY.

The following studies were made on Crambus laqueatellus
with occasional references to the other species. The head
(Plate A, figs. 1 and 2) is of moderate size, and connected
with the thorax by asmall neck. The compound eyes (Plate
A, figs. 1-4, e) are large and hemispherical, varying 8ome-
what in outline in the different species. The ocelli (Plate A,
figs. 1-3, 0), situated behind and near the base of the antenne,
are present in most of these insects. The antenne (Plate B,
figs. 15-17) have from fifty to fifty-five segments in C. laque-
atellus, the basal segment being much larger than the others ;
the first two are covered with scales and the others with two
scale clusters each, on the upper side, while fine hairs are
scattered over the remaining surface (Plate A, fig. 9, and
Plate B, figs. 15-17). All except a few of the basal joints
have several sense pits on each side (generally four in the
male and three in the female). These sense pits are circular
in outline, guarded by a row of hairs which arise obliquely
from the edge, and are located somewhat irregularly on the
joints. Under a high magnifying power the antennal seg-
ments appear to have a reticulated surface (Plate A, fig. 10).

The epicranium is separated from the clypeus by a well-
marked transverse suture just in front of the base of the
antenne. The clypeus is large and convex (Plate A, fig.
3) 3 in some species it 1s more or less swollen in the middle,
while in others it is produced in the form of a cone. The
cheeks occupy the lower and lateral portions of the face.
The small, somewhat triangular labrum is in front of the
clypeus and over the base of the tongue. The mandibles
are rudimentary, and armed with bristles which extend in-
ward and rest on the base of the tongue. The maxille are
developed into a sucking tube, which is called the proboscis
or tongue. This organ varies in length, to some extent, in
the different species, and is covered with scales at the basal
part. When not in use it is coiled up, like a watch-spring,
between the labial palpi, and concealed by them. The labial
palpi have three segments, extended horizontally forward
and thickly covered with scales. They vary greatly in
length in the different species (Plate A, figs. 1, 2 and 3;

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. . 85

Plate C, figs. 1, 4, 10,12 and 16). The maxillary palpi
have three segments extending forward nearly horizontally
and resting on the base of the labial palpi. They are densely
scaled, and at the outer end the scales form a triangle.

Curtis figures the structural characters of what he calls
Tinea paleella Hiib. on Plate 109 of his ‘* British Entomol-
ogy,” together with Crambus radiellus Hiib., and represents
the maxillary palpus of paleella with four segments arising
from the side of the tongue. Felt, in his excellent work on
Crambus, gives a figure of the maxillary palpus of O. agita-
tellus, with four joints.

The above studies were made on dry specimens, and a
fourth segment could not be found. Whether it is visible
in fresh specimens, I am not able to say. The maxillary
palpi in dry specimens of OC. laqueatellus certainly do not
arise from the side of the base of the tongue, unless, in dry-
ing, the tissues about the mouth-parts have so shrunken as
to draw them far out on the sides, as shown on Plate A, fig.
38. Mr. Felt does not indicate the origin of the maxillary
palpi in his work.

The prothorax is very small, and the upper side is divided
into two parts. Scudder has given the name of prothoracic
lobes to similar structures in the butterflies. The mesoscuta
are large, and extend far back on each side of the large meso-
scutellum. The metascuta are much smaller than the meso-
scuta, and are followed behind by the metascutellum. Onthe
forward edge of the metascutum there is an area (Plate A,
figs. 1 and 2) without scales or hairs, but covered with mi-
nute spines directed forward. This corresponds to a similar
spiny area on the under side of the fore wing. The abdomen
consists of eight segments. The genitalia of the male are
often retracted to such an extent that they are not visible
beyond the end of the eighth segment. No figures of these
organs are given here, as Mr. Felt has already given most
excellent figures of the genitalia of twenty-six different spe-
cles of Crambus.

The legs (Plate A, figs. 5, 7 and 8) are of medium length
and size, and consist of the coxa, which is comparatively
long and stout; the trochanter, which is of medium size;
the femur, which is of medium size and length, the middle

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ~ [ Jan.

femur being the longest; the tibia, which is rather slim;
and the tarsus, consisting of five segments, the last of which
terminates in a pair of claws. ‘There is a tibial epiphysis
near the end of the fore tibia (Plate A, figs. 5 and 6), which
is armed with bristles on the inner side. ‘The tibia of the
middle leg has a pair of spurs at the end, the outer of which
is about two-thirds as long as the inner, and the hind tibia
has a pair at the end and a similar pair at the outer third.

The fore wings are long and narrow in most of the species,
while the hind wings are broad. I have adopted in this
work the old system of numbering the veins, at the risk of
being considered behind the times, for the reason that, not-
withstanding we have recently been given several systems
or modifications of nomenclature by authors in whom I have
great confidence, I must confess that as yet I am undecided
which one should be taken. ‘The old system of venation of
Herrich-Schiffer is shown in the wings of Crambus pascuellus
(Plate B, figs. land 2). ‘The cell in the fore wings is closed,
but in the hind wings it is closed in some species and open
in others. The frenulum of the hind wing is single in both
sexes, though there is an indication at the base that it is com-
posed of several bristles fused together (Plate B, fig. 13, male,
fig. 14, female).

The veins terminate at the margins of the wings in a rather
indefinite way, but at a short distance from the end there
are two circular spots on each vein, with short irregular
lines radiating from them (Plate A, fig. 11). There is a
row of peculiar spines around the outer margin, which are
placed at equal distances from each other and arise very near
the edge of the wing (Plate A, fig. 11,5). Near the base
of the hind margin of the fore wing, on the under side,
is a small, oval, spiny area (Plate b, fig. 11). There are
no scales on this area, but it is covered with short, sharp
spines, which point toward the outer end of the wing. A
portion of this area, with a few of the adjacent scales, is
shown on Plate B, fig. 12. This area is so placed that
when the wings are closed it rests upon the similar area
on the side of the metascutum, already mentioned, and the
spines on the two areas then point in opposite directions.
My assistant, Mr. R. A. Cooley, a most careful and pains-

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 87

taking student of entomology, first discovered these spiny
areas on the wings of the gypsy moth, and has since found
them in a large number of our moths and also on the 7Z’7-
choptera. In the butterflies, however, Mr. Cooley finds the
scales modified in this place to such an extent that they are
intermediate between spines and scales; but in the Ptero-
phoride there are no spiny areas. So far as he has carried
his studies, it would seem that they are present in those
insects which close thé wings in such a manner that the
under side of the basal part of the hind margin of the fore
wing rests on the side of the thorax; but in those insects
which do not hold the wings in this manner they do not
occur, or, if present, are in a modified form. Mr. Cooley
will soon publish the result of his studies.

After Mr. Cooley had found the spiny area in the fore
wing of the gypsy moth, I learned that Donitz had previ-
ously discovered a similar area in the fore wing of Diony-
chopus niveus Men. of Siberia; but he claims to have found
its counterpart on the hind wing, and considers it a musical
apparatus. Ido not know how Dionychopus holds its wings
when at rest, and cannot express any opinion as to the accu-
racy of the observations and conclusions of Donitz; but I
am inclined to think that the insects observed by Mr. Cooley
use this apparatus for an entirely different purpose.

Famiry CRAMBIDZ.

The moths included in this family are medium or rather
small in size, generally of light colors. Brown, yellow and
white prevail, and many of them have metallic markings on
the fore wings, which are comparatively long, and in some
cases narrow. ‘These are rolled around the body when the
insect is at rest, and conceal the large hind wings, which are
folded beneath.

The ocelli are present in most of the species. The labial
palpi are porrect, nearly straight and often long, sometimes
as long as the head and thorax; the maxillary palpi are well
developed and strongly triangular. The fore wings have
veins 4 and 5 arising near each other, or sometimes from a
stalk; 8 and 9 stalked or sometimes fused, forming a single

88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

vein; 7 sometimes arises from the stalk of 8 and 9; 11 from
beyond the middle of the cell. Hind wings, on the upper
side, with a row of long hairs on the hind margin of the
basal part of the cell; veins 4 and 5 stalked, or united
throughout as one vein; 7 arises from 6, near its origin,
anastomosing with 8.

These insects usually fly near sunset, but may be ‘‘ flushed”
at any time during the day. The eggs are more or less
melon-shaped, ribbed and reticulated, or smooth. Larva
smooth, with few hairs, feeding in silk-lined galleries on the
grass family, or boring in stems. Pupa formed in a cocoon
within the galleries. |

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

( Outer margin of fore wing with one indentation, . ; irs: +

{ Outer margin of fore wing without indentations, . ; Mean.

Hind wings with eight veins, . . eo. . . Hugrotea.

ind wing with deven veins... kl ee
Fore wings more than three times as long as wide,

3. | Pseudoschenobius,
Fore wings less than three times as long as wide,. Prionapteryz.
Hind wings with seven veins,. ‘ : : ; Uinta

Hind wings with sickt yee; 7 ae,
Fore wings with veins 7, 8 and 9 arising from one stalk, . 6.

" Fore wings with vein 7 separate from the stalk of 8and9,. = 7.
§ Antenne of the male pectinate, . ° : . Thaumatopsis.

| Antennse of the male not pectinate, ; : ; . Crambus.

{ Ocelli present, . ° ‘ ‘ , , , 4 » 8.

( Ocelli absent, . : A i : ; : 2 . Diatrea,

{ Fore wings three times as long as wide, . . Huchromius.

' ( Fore wings not more than twice as long as wide, . ‘ F 9,
{ Fore wings white, with yellow markings, . , . Argyria.

' ( Fore wings yellow or brown,. . «© «© «+, + Chilo.

UINTA HUvL.LstT.

Head medium; front smooth and vertical; eyes large and
hemispherical ; ocelli present ; antennze coarsely ciliated, and
toothed near the base; labial palpi porrect, about three times
as long as the head, and coarsely scaled ; maxillary palpi about
as long as the head, quite bushy and triangular ; tongue rudi-

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 59

mentary, scaled at the base. Fore wings with ten veins: 4
and 5 coalesce so as to appear as one; 7 arises from the stem
of 8 and 9; 10 and 11 coalesce, forming one vein. Hind
wings with a distinct pecten of hairs on the basal part of the
median vein on the upper side; seven veins; 4 and 5 coa-
lesce, forming but one vein.

This genus was established by Rev. Geo. D. Hulst in
‘¢Kntomologica Americana,” Vol. IV., p. 116, 1888.

UINTA OREADELLA Hulst. (Plate VI., fig. 14.)

Expanse of wings, 15 mm. (about three-fifths of an inch).
Head and palpi very dark gray ; thorax blackish gray. Fore
wings dark fuscous, darker at the base; basal line wanting ;
outer line broad, dark brown; terminal line also dark brown,
and a dark-brown dot occurs near the middle of the wing.
Hind wings fuscous.

Only a single example of this species is at present known,
and that is in the collection of the Rev. G. D. Hulst, who
received it from Colorado, and published the description of
it in ** Entomologica Americana,” Vol. I1V., p. 116, 1888.
I am under obligations to Mr. Hulst for the loan of this and
other insects from which to make the drawings that appear
in this work. Nothing is known of the early stages and
habits of this rare insect.

PRIONAPTERYX STEPHENS.

Head medium, face slightly cone-shaped ; eyes large, nearly
hemispherical; ocelli absent; antenne serrate in the male,
simple in the female, nearly two-thirds as long as the costa ;
labial palpi porrect, about twice as long as the head and
coarsely scaled at the end; maxillary palpi triangular, half as
long as the labial palpi, and resting on them ; tongue well devel-
oped; thorax and abdomen smooth. Fore wings with twelve
veins, 6 and 7 from one point or stalked, 11 and 12 approach
very near or join near the middle of 11, after which they run
separately to the costa; outer margin notched near the end
of vein 5. This genus was established by Stephens for a
mutilated example of an insect which he described under
the name of nebulzfera, and of which he says: ‘* Of this sin-

90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

gularly remarkable insect I have seen only my own specimen,
which I obtained from the collection of Mr. Haworth, who
appears to have procured it from that of Mr. Francillon; I
know not its locality.” The type is in the Stephens collec-
tion in the British Museum, and shows very plainly the
mutilation in the costa of the fore wings, which he describes
as ‘*three or four deep serratures towards the apex.” It is
our well-known North American species by that name, and
the type was undoubtedly from this country.

PRIONAPTERYX NEBULIFERA. (Plate VI., fig. 1.)

Prionapteryx nebulifera Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p. 317
(1834).

Prionapteryx nebulifera Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 214, Plate XLVIL., fig. 1484
(1854). 3

Prionopteryx nebulifera Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 18 (1863).

Expanse of wings, 22-31 mm. Palpi, head and thorax
ashy brown. Fore wings brown, with a short oblique white
streak on the middle of the costa and two broader spots
before the apex; an irregular quadrate white spot before
the middle of the wing, extending from the hind margin
across the cell; two parallel white stripes within the outer
margin, within which is a large white spot with several
dashes of brown upon it. Fringes cream-white, marked
with two or three streaks of brown below the apex. Hind
wings pale fuscous, whitish at base.

Habitat. — Texas. arly stages and food plant unknown.

PRIONAPTERYX ACHATINA. (Plate VI., figs. 2 and 3.)

Prionopteryx achatina Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 13 (1863).
Crambus delectalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIIL.,
p. 165 (1886).

Expanse of wings, 22-25 mm. Palpi, head and thorax
sordid white, dusted over with cinnamon-brown scales. Fore
wings white, dusted over with cinnamon-brown scales, ex-
cept on the two cross-lines; the inner one near the middle
of the wing with two outward angles, the outer one some-
what arcuate. The brown scales are more numerous within

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 91

and on the outside of the outer line; those on the hind
part are very much darker brown, forming an ill-defined
dark spot, a similar spot between this and the base of the
wing. ‘The terminal portion of the wing white, with two
dark-brown horizontal dashes and more or less light brown
above the middle. Hind wings pale fuscous, paler basally.

Habitat. —Texas, Arizona. Early stages and food plant
unknown.

I have carefully examined the types of Zeller and Hulst.

PRIONAPTERYX CUNEOLALIS. (Plate VI.. fig. 4.)

Crambus cuneolalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol XIII, p. 166 (1886).

Expanse of wings, 19-22 mm. Palpi, head and thorax
sordid white, dusted over with cinnamon-brown scales, dark-
est on the palpi. Fore wings white, dusted over with brown
scales, but leaving cross-lines ; the inner one, near the middle
of the wing, edged outwardly with brown, has two angles;
the outer one, angulate beyond the cell, and edged with
brown on the inside. The terminal space white near the
apex and also in the middle, which is crossed by four dark
dashes. Fringe interlined, dark brown and white at the
apex and fuscous behind. Hind wings pale fuscous, paler
basally.

Habitat. — Texas. Early stages and food plant unknown.

PRIONAPTERYX INCERTELLA.

Chilo incerteila Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. IV., p. 253 (1821).

Prionopteryx incertella Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 14 (1863).

Prionopteryx incertella Robs., Ann. Lyc. N. H.of N.Y., Vol.
EX p. 311 (1869).

Prionopteryz olivella Grote, Bull. U.S. Geo. Sur., Vol. VI,
p. 274 (1881).

Expanse of wings, 19-25 mm. Palpi, head, thorax and
fore wings olive fuscous, the olive tint more apparent in
fresh specimens. The fore wings have a pale shade along
the submedian fold from the base outwardly ; a pale-yellow
or whitish mark on the middle of the costa, and a larger one
beyond it at the outer third; an outwardly curved line from

92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

the costa to near the middle of the outer margin. Subter-
minal line pale, bent outwardly above the median fold and
running inwardly below it to the hind margin, just within
the anal angle, dentate through the latter part of its course ;
a fuscous blotch on the hind margin at the basal fourth, and
another at the middle, which borders outwardly a very fine
angulated line connecting with the first costal mark. The
terminal line fine, occurring only on the hind part of the
outer border. Fringes pale at base, fuscous outwardly.
Hind wings pale fuscous.

Habitat. — North Carolina, Georgia, Illinois. Early stages
and food plant unknown.

I have carefully examined the types of Zeller and Grote.

EUGROTEA N. GEN.

Head medium; face cone-shaped; eyes hemispherical ;
ocelli present; antennee simple in the female, male not seen ;
Jabial palpi porrect, about three times as long as the head,
coarsely haired; maxillary palpi triangularly scaled, about
twice as long as the head; tongue well developed; thorax
and abdomen smooth ; legs of medium length and size ; inner
spurs one-third longer than the outer. Fore wings two and
one-half times as long as wide, with twelve veins; 4 and 5 on
a long stalk, 7, 8 and 9 from one stalk; the outer margin
notched at the end of vein 4. Hind wings one and a half
times as long as wide, with eight veins; 4 and 5 from a long
stalk; cell closed.

I have named this genus in honor of my old friend, Prof.
A. It. Grote, who years ago advised me to take up the study
of the North American microlepidoptera, and has ever since
taken a lively interest in my work.

EUGROTEA DENTELLA n. sp. (Plate VI., fig. 5.)

Expanse of wings, 25mm. _ Head, thorax and palpi white,
heavily sprinkled with dark-brown scales. Fore wings white,
marked with dark brown (olivaceous in certain lights) on the |
basal half of the costa down to the cell; on the basal third of
the hind margin, a more or less zigzag or dentate cross-stripe
a little beyond the middle, a second irregular cross-stripe

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 93

between the last and the outer margin, one or two oblique
stripes near the apex and the terminal line, are all brown.
There are also more or less brown scales sprinkled over the
white portions of the wing. In this respect there is a great
deal of variation. Fringes pale at the base, fuscous out-
wardly. Hind wings pale fuscous, with finely interlined
fringes.

Habitat. — Florida. Early stages and food plant un-
known. | |

PSEUDOSCH@GNOBIUS N. GEN.

Head medium; face cone-shaped; eyes hemispherical ;
ocelli present; antenne (Plate B, fig. 16) finely toothed
and ciliate, about two-thirds the length of the costa; labial
palpi porrect, about three times the length of the head;
maxillary palpi triangular, about as long as the head;
tongue rudimentary; thorax smooth; legs long and slim,
all the inner spurs twice as long as the outer; abdomen
long and slim.

Fore wings (Plate C, fig. 8) three and a half times as
long as wide ; outer margin falcate and apex rounded; eleven
veins, 4 and 5 from one point, 6 and 7 from a short stem, 8
and 9 from one stem; 11 arises from the outer third of the
cell and runs into 12, fusing with it from the point of junc-
tion to the costa; 1 a@ 1s nearly half as long as the wing; 10
is simple at the base. Hind wings (Plate C, fig. 9) trian-
cular, not quite twice as long as wide; veins 4 and 5 co-
alesce, forming but one vein, 6 remote from 7; median vein
above pectinated basally. This genus was first proposed in
Smith’s ** List of the Lepidoptera,” 1891, for opalescalis, a
species described by Hulst, from Arizona, and placed under
Schenobius; but, as the structure of the insect gave it no
abiding place in any genus already established, we have now
characterized this new genus for it.

94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. aia

PSEUDOSCHENOBIUS OPALESCALIS. (Plate VI., fig. 13.)

Schenobius opalescalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe Vol. XIII,
p. 167 (1886).

Expanse of wings, 29 mm. Palpi dark fuscous, cinere-
ous above; head and thorax cinereous, the tegule edged
with white; abdomen fuscous, annulate with cinereous;
fore wings cinereous, with white scales scattered profusely
between the veins; fringe of the same color as the wings.
Hind wings above and beneath light fuscous, somewhat opal-
escent. Under side of fore wings fuscous, paler towards
the apex. Described from six examples in my collection,
from Arizona; one in the collection of the National Mu-
seum, from the Argus Mountains, Cal.; and the type in the
collection of Mr. Hulst.

CRAMBUS FABRICIUS.

Head medium; face rounded, more or less swollen or
cone-shaped ; eyes more or less hemispherical; ocelli pres-
ent; antenne about two-thirds as long as the costa, dentate
or ciliate in the male (Plate B, fig. 17), simple in the female
(Plate A, fig. 9); labial palpi very long, porrect; maxillary
palpi moderately long, porrect, triangularly dilated with
scules (Plate C, fig. 16); tongue well developed; thorax
smooth; abdomen of the male with a small anal tuft.

Fore wings from two to three times as long as wide, with
twelve veins; 4 and 5 sometimes from a stalk; 7, 8 and 9
from a common stalk; 11 bent more or less and sometimes
connected with 12. Hind wings about one and one-half
times as long as wide; veins 4 and 5 from one point or from
a stalk.

This genus contains by far the largest number and the
most common of our species. From the studies of Riley,
Lintner, Forbes, Felt, Beckwith and Miss Murtfeldt, we
know something of the early stages of a large number of
our species.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 95

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

( Fore wings with ground color whitish, , ; ; F ; g;

' ( Fore wings with ground color ochreous, brown or gray, ._ 6.
Fore wings without markings or terminal dots, , » perlellus.
Fore wings with markings or terminal dots, . . . PPOs

Fore wings with a longitudinal reddish stripe near the middle,

gtrardellus.

3. J Fore wings with a terminal and a subterminal row of black
dots, >. . \ ‘ : ‘ ' , r ‘ turbatellus.
Without these characters, ; ; ; ‘ ; ‘ PC Pe:
( Subterminal line slightly curved, . , ' . elegans.
( Subterminal line strongly angulated, . ‘ . R eh pies
( Median line widest on the hind margin, . ; » pusionellus.
( Median line not reaching the hind margin, . » albellus.

( Fore wings with a white stripe from base to middle or be-
6. ( yond, . ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : ‘ Br nln
Fore wings without such stripe, . : ; : ify Os

The median white stripe wide and crossed by two oblique
7 bars, .. ’ : ‘ . ‘ F ; P ‘ ‘ 8.
The median white stripe not crossed by two oblique bars, . 9.
The inner bar on the middle of the wing, . » myellus.
! The inner bar beyond the middle of the wing, . luctiferellus.
- Median stripe extended to terminal line, but divided out-
wardly,. ; . . . . . : . dimidiatellus.

Median stripe extended undivided to terminal line, wndstriatellus.

|
|
\ Median stripe not reaching terminal line, ‘ Pitted 6 7
Stripe divided into costal and subcostal stripes, . : of ra 91
10. sige
Stripe not divided, . De a oS Mi ar ed Las
Hind wings pure white, . é' : » multtlineéllus.
iy ! Mena mniot PUTO We 6) cass, ey 8 bbe tes oy 1D.
Apex of fore wing strongly acuminate, . - 4 minimellus.
te Apex of fore wing not strongly acuminate, . : eye es
( Terminal dots preceded by black lines, . ; . laqueatellus.
mo { Terminal dots not preceded by black lines, . ‘ ao hd
Outer border notched on vein 6, _ . , : ‘ dumetellus.,
ca Outer border straight or nearly so, : 3 : agutatellus,
Median stripe with a tooth near middle of costal edge,
15. carpenterellus.
Median stripe without a costal tooth, . ; , . de

96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

16 Hind margin of fore wings more or less white, . : ye
' ( Hind mar gin of fore wings not marked with white, . aa

7 Hind marginal streak entire, . : é ‘ , pascuellus,
' ( Hind marginal streak interrupted, . ; : ; : 1,

Fore wings bright brown, . ; : ‘ ‘ . dissectus.
18.

Fore wings dark brown, . : ‘ , ; . labradoriensis.
19. Apex strongly acuminate; tooth of stripe long, . satrapellus.
Apex not strongly acuminate; tooth notlong, . . “ae
50. Hind wings pure white, . : : : : : ‘ a) hea
Hind wings not pure white, . : ; ‘ cay “ake
91. White stripe short and wide, with the tooth near the ba bidens.
White stripe with tooth small and near the middle, _. -) eee
99 Apex acuminate, . : . ‘ . . . hastiferellus.
~ ( Apex not acuminate; slightly emarginate, . : . » 23,

ri White stripe narrower; more remote from costa,. prcefectellus.

White stripe narrower than the costal border, . argillaceellus.

mi White stripe wider than the costal border, . ‘ : of) ees

White stripe more than two-thirds as long as the wing, hes
White stripe not more than two-thirds as long as the wing,

alboclavellus.

Under side of cell marked with black, .. . occidentalis.

Under side of cell not marked with black, . oak fete

Fore wings ochreous cinereous, . ‘ ‘ : cypridalis.

26.

i Fore wings brown, . ‘ fi : . : . hamellus.

( Terminal line present above, with three or four dots below, 29.
peniranes row of three or four dots below and none above, . 30.

} White stripe wide, very near the costa, . ; ; leachellus.

i Terminal row of seven dots, . : ; ’ ; ; os evi
Terminal line more or less indistinct, . . . «© « 44,
99. Outer margin faleate, . : ‘ , gausapalis.
Outer margin not falcate, ' ; ' : : horiuellus.
30 { Fringes of fore wings cut with whitish, . ; : . trisectus.
pci ( Fringes of fore wings not cut with whitish, . y laciniellus.
31 Veins in the middle of fore Na alia a ; » 82.
. ( Veins in the middle of fore wing not whitish, , ' .' 83,
Veins of hind portion light, edged with black scales, —_ coloradellus.

| Veins of hind portion light, but not edged with black scales,
82. 4 bollerellus.
| Veins of hind portion not light, . . « « albilineedlus.
; { Fringes golden yellow, . , iB % Pee Ie,

9
th Fringes not golden yellow, . ‘ , . : : . 87,

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 97

Without median or subterminal lines, . . vulgivagellus.
{ With cross lines, ; . : : ‘ > Obs
Terminal space a brighter yellow than rest of wing, decorellus.

Terminal space of the same shade as rest of wing oh ot

36. Subterminal line narrow, a : i : . ruricolellus.
Subterminal line broad, . ; : : . btothanatalis.

97, | Several heavy brown stripes between the lines, _. . hulstellus.
Without brown stripes between the cross lines, . } Bue eh

38. | Subterminal line finely dentate, . : : : ue roe
Subterminal line not dentate, . : : : : : ea,

39. | Bright yellow along the submedian fold, , . hemiochrellus.
Submedian fold not bright yellow, . . : : » mutabilis.

40. | Subterminal line very near the outer margin, attenuatus.
Subterminal line not very near the outer margin, . » Als

AL | With white lines through the middle, _ . haytiellus.
Without white lines through the middle, ai) 42.

‘iy | Top of the head and thorax white, . : ; teterrellus.
Top of the head and thorax not white, . . . ; » 43,

43. | Fore wings reddish brown, . - ; . - anceps.
Fore wings grayish, : hae ‘ , ° . undatus.
Dark brown with white median shade and subterminal line,

44, trichostomus.
Without white median shade, . : ; : : : ¢’) 40%
Median white stripe from base of wing : ‘ oregonicus.

ce 13 Without median white stripe, . : : : j , 0c ae

ore wings with a white point near the end of the cell,
* bontfatellus.

46. + Fore wings dark brown, . : , ; ; . caliginosellus.

| Fore wings ashy gray, . ; : : : . zeéllus.
| Fore wing's ochreous yellow, . ° ; . ; : Pig Ce

Median and terminal spaces slightly ashy, . : . ule.
Median and terminal spaces not ashy, . : luteolellus.

98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

CRAMBUS SATRAPELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 1.)

Chilo satrapellus Zinck., Germ, Mag., Vol. IV., p. 247 (1821).
Crambus satrapellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 16 (1863).
Crambus aculeilellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL., p. 158

(1863).

Crambus elegantellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. X XVII, p. 179
(1863).

Crambus elegantellus Robs., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., Vol. [X., pp. 315,
316 (1869).

Crambus satrapellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 89 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 25-35 mm. Head and palpi yellowish
gray ; thorax light golden yellow; labial palpi slender, about
the length of the thorax, pale cinereous fuscous on the out-
side, the under margin whitish. Fore wings much produced
at the apex, golden yellow, rust brown on the costa; from
the base to near the outer margin a sharply pointed, silvery-
white stripe, with a long, acute tooth projecting on the under
side, from the middle nearly to the subterminal line. Above
its apex, and parallel with it, a small spindle-shaped, silvery-
white stripe. Both stripes bordered with rust brown. Sub-
terminal line with a very acute angle near the outer margin,
just below the apex. Costal half of apex dark brown, outer
marginal half white. Fringes, white next the terminal line,
brown outwardly. Hind wings pale cinereous ; fringes white.
Abdomen and legs grayish white.

FHlabitat. — Florida, Georgia, Texas. Food plant and
early stages unknown.

CRAMBUS HASTIFERELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 4.)

Crambus hastiferellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL, p. 155 (1863).
Crambus quinquareatus Zell., Ex. Mic., p. 38, Plate I, fig. 16 (1877).
Crambus extorralis Uulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 165 (1886).

Expanse of wings, 16 mm. Head, palpi and thorax above,
golden fuscous; abdomen white with fuscous annulations.
Fore wings golden fuscous, darker on the costa nearly to
the terminal line. A broad, silvery-white stripe, nearly
reaching the costa and basally bordered with a dark line,
extends from the base nearly to the subterminal line, taper-

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 99

ing bluntly at the tip, which rests upon a cream-colored
stripe extending across the line and there uniting with a
white sub-apical spot. Subterminal line very oblique in its
first third from the costa, then from an obtuse angle it runs
straight, with the exception of a small blunt tooth, to the
inner margin. Above the dark apical dash, a light triangu-
lar spot. Terminal space, below the light stripe, brown with
a few dark lines. Below the silvery stripe the wing is lighter
in color, with a darker wedge-shaped space on the outer part.
Terminal line dark, brownish ochreous. Fringes metallic.
Hind wings white.

Habitat. — Nova Scotia, Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana,
Texas, California. Food plant and early stages unknown.

CRAMBUS OCCIDENTALIS. (Plate II., fig. 3.)

Crambus occidentalis Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 16 (1880).
Crambus occidentalis Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIIL., p. 66 (1881).

Expanse of wings, 16mm. Head, palpi and thorax above,
ochreous brown. Fore wings ochreous, heavily dusted with
fuscous ; the white streak in the costal half of the wing di-
lated in the middle, with a prominent tooth on the lower
side, which is bordered with a heavy, dark-brown shade,
especially from the tooth to the base. The subterminal line
forms an acute angle under the apical patch. Apex light,
with a dark shaded patch in the centre. Five dark-brown
venular dots in the terminal space. Hind wings pale fuscous.

Habitat. — California. Food plants and early stages un-
known.

It differs from the other species in the prominent notch or
tooth at the middle of the lower side of the white stripe,
and by the heavy dark shades below the stripe.

CRAMBUS MINIMELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 2.)

Crambus minimellus Robs., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., Vol. XI., p. 315 (1869).
Crambus minimellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 88 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 13-15 mm. Head, palpi and thorax
dark shining fuscous. Fore wings glossy fuscous, with a

100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

whitish stripe above the middle of the wing and below two
fuscous longitudinal lines on the upper part; this whitish
stripe extends from the base nearly to the subterminal line,
where it ends acutely in a dark line reaching to the end of
the wing. Bordering the acute end of the stripe, above and
below, are two small, white, wedge-shaped spots, pointing
inwardly. A diamond-shaped, silvery-white spot in the
apex of the wing, with a dark streak and lighter patch above
it. Median line dark brown, arising from the middle of the
costa and sending a very acute angle outward, which en-
closes the end of the white stripe and gives off two outward
and one inward acute angles below the stripe, and ends near
the middle of the hind margin. Subterminal line, bordered
on each side with white in the first part of its course, arises
from the outer fourth of the costa and runs obliquely out
beyond the end of the stripe, where it forms a right angle
and extends to the hind margin within the anal angle, giv-
ing off a tooth inwardly in the middle of its course.

Habitat.—New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Illinois.
Early stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS ARGILLACEELLUS. (Plate IT., fig. 1.)

Crambus argillaceéllus Pack., Pr. Bos. Soc. N. H., Vol. XL, p. 54 (1866).

Expanse of wings, 16 mm. . Head, thorax and outside of
the palpi cinereous brown, with a slightly bronzed hue.
Fore wings cinereous brown, with a narrow white stripe
increasing in width for one-half the length of the wing,
when it tapers off acutely on the outer fourth; a brown
apical patch on the costa, with a white one below it. Sub-
terminal line forming a right angle at its costal third. Ter-
minal space, below the apical spots, dark; two or three
short white parallel lines run from the tip of the white
stripe to the subterminal line. Fringes much paler. Hind
wings dark, argillaceous above and beneath. Differs from
all other species in its peculiar dark hue, especially on the
hind wings.

Habitat. — Labrador. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 101

CRAMBUS HAMELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 4.)

Tinea hamellus Thunb., Diss. Ent., p. 97, Plate IV , fig. 3 (1794).

Tinea Ensigerella Hiib., Tinea, Plate LIV., fig. 267 (1803).

Chilo Ensigerellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. IIL., p. 53 (1817).

Chilo ensigerellus Tr., Schm., Vol. I[X., part 1, p. 79 (1882).

Crambus Ensigerellus Dup., Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. X., p. 57, Plate
CCLXXY. (1836).

Crambus Hamellus H. S., Vol. IV., p. 53 (1849).

Crambus Hamellus Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 215, No. 491 (1854).

Crambus hamellus Staint., Man., Vol. II., p. 181 (1859).

Crambus hamellus Zell., Chil et Cram., p. 17 (1863).

Crambus Hamellus Hein., Schm., Vol. I., p, 119 (1865).

Crambus hamellus Meyr., Handb. Br. Lep., p. 389 (1895).

Expanse of wings, 20-23 mm. Palpi shining fuscous on
the outside ; head ashy brown; thorax and fore wings brown-
ish cinereous; a snow-white stripe from the base to a point a
little within the subterminal line, giving off a strong tooth
near the middle; costal margin narrow at the base, widen-
ing outwardly, and where the white stripe begins to taper the
costal stripe is about as wide as the white stripe ; avery small
oval streak above the end of the white stripe, sometimes
reaching it. Subterminal line brown, bordered with white
on each side, at the costa, and edged outwardly with dark
lead-colored scales, extending down to a point beyond the
end of white stripe, where it forms an obtuse angle, and then
crosses the wing in a nearly straight line. Terminal space
dark brown with a white triangle reaching to the apex;
beiow, ashy, with five elongate black spots. Terminal line
above, dark brown. Fringes metallic gray, white at base,
above. Hind wings pale fuscous ; fringes lighter.

Habitat. — Maine, Europe. Early stages and food plant
unknown. |

102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

CRAMBUS CYPRIDALIS. (Plate III., fig. 1.)

Crambus cypridalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 165 (1886).

I:xpanse of wings, 30 mm. Head and palpi cinereous fus-
cous, whitish above; thorax and abdomen ochreous. Fore
wings ochreous fuscous; a silvery-white stripe bordered
with a very dark brown line extends from the base nearly to
the subterminal line, tapering acutely at the outer end; above
this portion another small, tapering white stripe. Terminal
line forming a blunt angle at about one-third the width of the
wing from the costa. Apex white, with a dark-brown patch.
Five fine black lines between the veins in the terminal space.
Fringe fuscous, with a white line at the base. Hind wings
cream white.

FTabitat. — Utah. Early stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS CARPENTERELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 5.)

Crambus carpenterelius Pack., Rep. Hayd. Surv., p. 548 (1873).

Expanse of wings, 28 mm. Head, palpi and thorax tawny
ochreous. Fore wings ochreous fuscous, with a white stripe
starting from the base and extending to near the subterminal
line, where it ends in a point; at the basal third, a tooth on
the costal side, and another one at the outer third on the
opposite side, which ends in a dark line extending half the
distance to the cross-line. Between this line and the point
of the streak three other dark lines, parallel to this and
gradually growing shorter, arise from the white streak.
Below the streak the wing is lighter in color than elsewhere.
Subterminal line bordered with white on the costa, slightly
curving in its first third, nearly straight the remainder of
its course and followed outwardly by a silvery line. Upon
the apex a brown triangle with a white triangle above it.
A series of five dark-brown marginal dashes. Fringes sil-
very fuscous. Hind wings much paler.

Habitat. — Mountains of Colorado. arly stages and
food plant unknown. 3

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 103

CRAMBUS PASCUELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 3.)

Phalena Tinea pascuella Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 535 (1758).

Tinea pascuella Linn., Faun. Suec., ed. II., p. 355 (1761).

Tinea pascuella Fab., Syst Ent., p. 658 (1775).

Tinea Pascuella Wein. Verz., p. 134 (1776).

Tinea Pascuella Goeze, Ent. Beitr., Vol. III, part 4, p. 85 (1783).

Tinea Pascuella DeVillers, Ent. Linn., Vol. Il., p. 460 (1789).

Tinea Pascuella Fab., Ent. Syst., Vol. III., part 2, p. 295 (1798).

Tinea Pascuella Schrank, Faun. Boic., Vol. IL, part 2, p. 100
(1802). |

Tinea Pascuella Hiib., Tinea, Plate V., fig. 51 (1803).

Chilo Pascuellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. II., p. 49 (1817).

Chilo pascuellus Tr., Schm., Vol. [X., part 1, p. 75 (1832).

Crambus pascuellus Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p. 320
(1834).

Crambus pascuellus Dup., Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. X., Plate CCLXIX.,
fio. 1 (1836).

Crambus Pascuellus H.S., Schm., Vol. IV., p. 53 (1849).

Crambus Pascuellus Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 215 (1854).

Crambus pascuellus Staint., Man., Vol. II, p. 181 (1859).

Crambus pascuellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 20 (1863).

Crambus Pascuellus Hein., Schm., Vol. I., p. 120 (1865).

Crambus pascuellus Praun, Tineidx, Plate I, fig. 15 (1869).

Crambus floridus Zell., Beitr., Vol. L., p. 91 (1875).

Crambus floridus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 78, 86 (1894).

Crambus pascuellus Meyr., Handb. Br. Ent., p. 890 (1895).

Expanse of wings, 21-24 mm. Palpi fuscous on the out-
side; head white above; thorax white above and beneath,
brownish ochreous on the sides. Fore wings brownish
ochreous, with a broad white stripe extending through the
wing very near the costa, and ending in an acute angle a
short distance within the subterminal line; costal margin
brownish fuscous, widening outwardly, but in no place more
than half as wide as the white stripe; four or five silvery,
black-margined streaks on the outer part of the wing, but
not reaching the subterminal line; a white spot beyond and
below the end of the white stripe; a white spot on each side
of the subterminal line, on the costa. Subterminal line fus-
cous, arising a little beyond the outer fourth of the costa,
extends outwardly to a point beyond the end of the white
stripe, where it forms an obtuse angle and crosses the wing
to the hind margin. Subterminal space below ashy gray,

104 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

with four or five black terminal points. Apex white, tri-
angularly produced, with a terminal dark-brown line, a
yellowish-brown costal spot and oblique streak before it.
Fringes metallic gray, white at base above. Hind wings.
whitish, pale fuscous apically; fringes white.

Flabitat. — Massachusetts, Texas, California, Europe.
Food, grass.

‘¢ Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually turning
to a dark scarlet color before hatching. Form, elliptical
oval; size, .89 mm. by .30 mm. The egg-shell has sixteen
feeble longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse
ridges.

‘¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .21 mm.; body
diameter, .15 mm.; length, 1.15 mm. Head black, labrum
yellowish, scattered hairs on the head; thoracic shield dark
brown; body straw color with fine reddish blotches, giving
it a pinkish cast. Scattered hairs grow from small tubercles.
When about two weeks old the body is a dark mottled brown
When a month old the larva is 1 cm. long.” (Felt.)

CRAMBUS GIRARDELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 13.)

Crambus Girardellus Clem., Pr. Ph: Ac. Sci, p. 204 (1860).

Crambus nivihumellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVII., p. 159
(1863).

Crambus girardellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 73, 86 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 23-25 mm. Labial palpi pale fuscous
on the sides, silvery white above and beneath ; thorax whitish
above, orange-yellow on the sides; abdomen white. Fore
wings silvery white, with an orange-yellow stripe, bordered
outwardly with dark-brown scales, extending from the base
of the wing, beneath the median vein, to beyond the cell,
where it turns up toward the apex of the wing. Terminal
line brown, edged with yellow, with five short, dark-brown
dashes before it on the posterior half of the wing. Hind
wings pure white, sometimes smoky on the anterior half.

Habitat. — St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay,
Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio. Food, grass.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 105

‘¢ Hag.—Creamy white when first laid, but gradually
changing to bright orange before hatching. Form, ellipti-
eal oval; size, .51 mm. by .83 mm. The egg-shell has sev-
enteen longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse
ridges. |

‘¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .24 mm. ; length,
1.05 mm. Head and thoracic shield a glistening black, body
a reddish straw color; scattered hairs occur on the head and
body; the hairs on the body grow from minute tubercles,
which are concolorous with the body. When about a month
old the larve are 2 cm. long. The head: is yellowish, with
irregular brown markings; the body is a slate color, with
brown tubercles.” (Felt.)

CRAMBUS LEACHELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 2.)

Chilo Leachellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. III., p. 114 (1818).
Crambus pulchellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 18 (1863).
Crambus pulchellus Zell., Beitr., p. 89 (1872).

Crambus leachellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins, pp. 71, 85 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 24-30 mm. Head and thorax brassy
brown; palpi brownish cinereous. Fore wings golden fus-
cous, with a broad silvery-white stripe, bordered by a fine
dark line, extending outward from the base and ending in a
point near the subterminal line; basal stripe narrow, less
than half the width of the white stripe at the costa. A very
small tooth in the middle on the lower side; a very small,
spindle-shaped white spot above the outer end of the white
stripe, sometimes connected with it; subterminal line brown-
ish, edged outwardly by a silvery streak, arising from the
outer fourth of the costa, forming an angle near the point of
the white stripe, thence running straight across the wing and
terminating just within the anal angle; from the end of the
white streak a pale yellowish stripe extends outward to the
terminal line, curving upward to the apex, above which is a
brown triangular patch separated from the costa by a small
white triangle. Subterminal space below ashy brown, with
four or five indistinct black dashes. Terminal line golden
fuscous. Fringes grayish metallic, white at base above.

106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Hind wings white in female, slightly yellowish in the
male. |

Habitat. — Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Texas, Illinois, Cali-
fornia, Vancouver Island, Venezuela, Mendocino.

‘¢ Hgg.—Creamy white in color when first laid, quickly
changing to a scarlet and then to an intense geranium red ;
just before hatching the blackish head of the embryo shows
through the thin shell very distinctly. Form nearly oval;
size, .51 mm. by .89 mm. The egg-shell is quite fragile,
and frequently collapses when the larva leaves it. There
are twenty-two longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller
transverse ridges. The circular markings around the micro-
pyle are very characteristic.

‘s Larva, First Stage. —Head diameter, .21 mm.; body
diameter, .18 mm.; length, 1 mm. Head a brownish black,
clypeus yellowish, antenne nearly colorless; scattered hairs
occur on the head; thoracic shield brown, with a reddish
tinge from the body contents ; body a variable red, the color
being the most intense in the thoracic region; there is a
slight stigmatal line; tubercles blackish and bearing dark
hairs; prolegs almost rudimentary. When about a month ~
old the larvee are 1.5 cm. long; the head is yellowish, with
irregular black markings; the body is brown, with large
blackish tubercles. When about six weeks old the larve

are 3 cm. long and quite stout; the color has not changed.”
(Felt. )

CRAMBUS UNISTRIATELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 6.)

Crambus unistriatellus, Pack , Pr. Bos. Soc. N. H., Vol. XL,
p. 54 (1866),

Crambus exesus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 16 (1880).

Crambus exesus Grote, N. A. Ent., Vol. I, p. 68, Plate V.,
fig. 7 (1880).

Crambus unistrialellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 85 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 25mm, Head, palpi and abdomen very
pale gray ; palpi long, slender, acute ; thorax and fore wings
golden yellow, with metallic lustre. A broad, uninterrupted
silvery-white band on each side, with a few dark scales, ex-
tends to the outer edge of the wing, expanding upwards on

1896.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 107

the apex; edge of the brown stripe above the silvery band
bordered with a few white scales towards the apex. A sub-
marginal row of minute black dots. Fringe concolorous with
the rest of the wing. Hind wings white above and beneath.
Under side of fore wings and the legs pale gray.

Habitat. — Labrador, Maine, New Hampshire, New York,
Pennsylvania, Minnesota, California. Early stages and food
plant unknown.

CRAMBUS PREFECTELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 7.)

Chilo prefectellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. IV., p. 248 (1821).
Crambus involutellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 203 (1860).

Expanse of wings, 21-25 mm. Head, palpi and thorax
cinereous with bronze lustre. Fore wings golden fuscous,
with a silvery-white stripe bordered with a fine darker line,
and tapering toward each end, from the base to near the sub-
terminal line ; a tooth in the middle on the lower side ; a dark
shade, with a light costal triangle above it and a light patch
below it, extends from the apex to the subterminal line ; costal
margin wider than in leachellus, being more than one-half the
width of the white stripe at the middle of the costa; subter-
minal space with four dark venular dashes. Fringes grayish
metallic, with a white line at the base. Hind wings white or
slightly cream colored; fringes white.

Habitat. — Canada, Massachusetts, New York, New Jer-
sey, Colorado, Texas. Early stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS DISsECTUS. (Plate II., fig. 12.)

' Crambus dissectus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII, p. 66 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 20mm. Head and palpi above, white ;
thorax brown on the sides, white above; abdomen whitish,
mottled with brown. Fore wings light brown. <A white
stripe, very narrow at the base and much dilated in the
middle of the wing, where it sends out a long acute tooth
behind. The hind margin white, more or less broken.
Several very dark-brown parallel dashes run from the white
stripe nearly to the subterminal line, and upon these dashes
a white, diamond-shaped patch. On the costa, on each side

108 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

of the subterminal line, is a white patch. Apex brown, with
a white patch below it. Terminal space with a white streak
enclosing five very dark-brown dots. Fringes metallic, ex-
cept at the base of apex. Hind wings smoky fuscous, with
pale fringes.

FHlabitat.— Maine, New York. Early stages and food
plant unknown.

CRAMBUS BIDENS. (Plate I., fig. 8.)

Crambus bidens Zell., Beitr., p. 89 (1872).
Crambus bidens Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIL., p. 77 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 18 mm. Head and thorax lustrous
ochre-yellow; pa'pi acute, ochre-yellow. Fore wings bright
ochre-yellow, with a few rust-brown scales. A few light
patches on the inner margin. A very broad silvery-white
stripe extends to the costa on one-half the length of the
wing, then turns obliquely in a straight line. On the inner
side it sends out an acute tooth, then runs in a straight line
and meets the costal line at an acute point near the angle
of the subterminal line. This line runs obliquely for one-
third of its length, then, forming an obtuse angle, runs in a
straight line an equal distance, where it forms a very blunt
tooth and continues to the inner margin. On the costa a
white spot on each side of the subterminal line; also one
below the brown apex, and a larger one enclosing five dark-
brown dots in the terminal space. Hind wings white, slightly
dusted with ochreous.

Habitat. — Massachusetts, New York. Early stages and
food plants unknown.

CRAMBUS LABRADORIENSIS. (Plate III., fig. 7.)

Crambus Labradoriensis Chris., Stett. Ent. Zeit., Vol. XTX., p. 314 (1858).
Crambus labradoriensis Mischl., Wien. Monats., Vol. 1V., p. 379 (1860).
Crambus labradoriensis Zell., Chil. et Cram, p. 21 (1863).

Crambus labradoriensis Pack., Pro. Bos. Soc. N. ., Vol. XL, p. 55 (1866).

Expanse of wings, 18-20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous
brownish; lateral margin of the face, palpi above and be-
neath, at the base, and the apices of the scapule, white.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 109

Fore wings slightly emarginate, long and rather narrow,
ashy fuscous, mingled outwardly with clay yellow. Median
white stripe narrow, remote from the costa, and ending near
the middle of the wing in a bidentate apex. Whitish scales
in spots and lines between the fuscous spot at the end of the
stripe and the subterminal line, which is silvery and extends
from the outer fourth of the costa to a point beyond the end
of the white stripe, where it forms an obtuse angle and con-
tinues in a straight line to the hind margin, within the anal
angle. Terminal space white, overlaid more or less, next to
the subterminal line, with the ground color of the wing; a
dark-brown costal triangle just within the apex. Terminal
line dark brown above, followed by fine dark-brown dots.
Fringes dark silvery gray. Hind wings fuscous cinereous.

Habitat. — Labrador, Ontario, Oregon. Larly stages and
food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS DUMETELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 2.)

Tinea Dumetella Hiib., Tinex, Plate 58, figs. 389, 390 (1803).

Tinea Prateila Hiib., Tinez, Plate V., fig. 29 (1803).

Argyroteuchia Dumetalis Hiib., Verz., p. 364 (1818).

Agriphila Pratalis Hiib., Verz., p. 365 (1818).

Chilo dumetellus Tr., Schm., Vol. IX., p. 80 (1832).

Crambus Dumetellus Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV.,
p- 821 (1834).

Crambus dumetellus Dup. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. X., p. 52,
Plate CCLXIX. (1836).

Crambus Dumetellus H. S., Schm., Vol. 1V., p. 54 (1849).

Orambus Dumetellus Wood, Ind. Ent., p.215, No. 1493 (1854).

Crumbus dumetellus Staint., Man., Vol. II., p. 181 (1859).

Crambus dumeiellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 24 (1863).

Crambus Dumetellus Hein., Schm., Vol. I., p. 122 (1865).

Crambus dumetellus Praun, Tineidse, Plate 1, fig. 16 (1869).

Crambus trichusalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIIL.,
p. 165 (1886).

Crambus dumetellus Meyr., Handb. Br. Ent., p. 391 (1895).

Expanse of wings, 20-25 mm. Palpi, head and thorax
ochreous brown, the palpi somewhat darker on the outside.
Fore wings ochreons brown, or dark ochreous brown, with
a narrow costal white stripe extending nearly to the middle ;
a median white stripe extending from the base outward along

110 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

the cell, giving off a small tooth near the middle, and cut off
more or less obliquely at the outer end, a little below and
beyond which is another white streak ; subterminal line dark
brown, edged outwardly with metallic scales, arising at the
outer fourth of the costa, where it is preceded by a white
costal spot, and extending to « point beyond the end of the
white stripe, then, forming an acute angle, extends with a
slight inward curve to the hind margin. Subterminal space
below ashy gray, with five more or less distinct terminal
black points. Terminal line above dark brown; apical
space occupied by two triangles, the lower one white, the
upper brown; both separated from the subterminal line by
a narrow streak of the ground color of the wing. Fringes
silvery fuscous, whitish at the base, emarginate as in pascu-
ellus. Hind wings fuscous; fringes lighter.

There are several specimens in the National Museum
which are very much darker than any in my possession.

Habitat. —'Texas, Colorado, Rocky Mountains, north of
Montana (Geddes), Europe. Larly stages and food plant
unknown.

CRAMBUS GAUSAPALIS. (Plate I., fig. 14.)

Crambus gausapalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIIT., p. 167 (1886).

Expanse of wings, 22-24 mm. Palpi light ochreous,
darker on the outside; head and thorax ochreous. Fore
wings light ochreous, with scattered specks of brown; dark
ochreous lines dusted with brown on all the veins beyond
the cell; median line ochre-yellow, running obliquely from
the middle of the costa about half-way to the apical angle,
then, with a sharp angle, back to the cell, where, with
another acute angle, it turns toward the outer margin but
runs only a short distance. Subterminal line brown, edged
outwardly with silvery scales, running evenly from the
costa to near the outer margin, where it curves and runs
to the hind margin. ‘Terminal space darker, sprinkled with
white; terminal line dark brown, replaced below by four
dark-brown dots; outer margin falcate, apex acute; apical
space light, with a large dark-brown patch on the costa.
Fringes golden cinereous, with white at the base above.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 111

Hind wings very pale gray, with a trace of the subterminal
line below the apex; fringes lighter.

Habitat. — Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Early
stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS LAQUEATELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 11.)

Crambus laqueatellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 203 (1860).

Crambus semifusellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL., p. 159
(1863).

Crambus laqueatellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 24 (1863).

Crambus laqueatellus Zell., Beitr., Vol. L, p. 91 (1872).

Crambus laqueatellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 79, 89 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 23 mm. Head luteous; thorax and
palpi fuscous, the latter whitish beneath. Fore wings ochre-
ous, with two silvery-white streaks separated by a fuscous
streak ; the outer silvery streak margined on the costa with
fuscous; the inner one, which extends beyond the apical
third, edged on the fold with fuscous. Beneath the fold
the wing is pale yellowish with fuscous streaks along the
submedian veins. Apex of the wing tinted with ochreous
yellow, the veins streaked with silvery white; on the costa
near the tip an oblique silvery streak, margined on both
sides with fuscous. The subterminal silvery-white line
much angulated, bending in below the apex, leaving a large
whitish marginal patch streaked with dark parallel lines
which end in dots before the terminal line. Fringes lus-
trous ochreous. Hind wings pale fuscous; fringes white.

Habitat. — Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Illi-
nois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Texas. Food, grass.

«¢ Hgg. — Creamy white when first laid, gradua!ly turning
to an orange color before hatching. Form subcylindrical ;
size, .42 mm. by .30 mm. There are sixteen longitudinal
ridges and numerous smaller transverse ridges.

‘¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .18 mm.; body
diameter, .15 mm.; length, 1.15 mm. MHead brownish
black, with whitish hairs; thoracic shield light brown;
body mottled with pale bright red and bearing blackish
tubercles.” (Felt.)

112 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Jan.

CRAMBUS ALBOCLAVELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 9.)

Crambus alboclavellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 19 (1863).

Orambus alboclavellus Zell., Beitr., p. 92 (1872).

Crambus alboclavellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 77, 88
(1894).

.

Expanse of wings, 18 mm. Palpi pale fuscous, white be-
neath ; head whitish; thorax luteous. Fore wings brownish
luteous, with a broad silvery-white stripe extending beyond
the middle on the costa to the cell on the hind side, where
it forms a tooth; the two sides then run obliquely and meet
at an acute angle, the costal line sending out a tooth before
meeting the other ; beyond the silvery stripe the dark brown
shades off into lighter brown or fuscous, and upon this space
rest two white spots, one on the costa and one just before
the subterminal line; hind margin much lighter, especially
toward the base. Subterminal line brown, edged outwardly -
with silvery white, very straight to the angle under the apex,
where it forms almost a right angle, then runs straight to
the hind margin. A row of four or five black marginal
points below the apex. Fringes with bronze lustre. Hind
wings very pale ochreous, lustrous; fringes whitish.

Habitat. — Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Texas, Ontario. Food
plant, grass.

‘¢ Hog. — Creamy white when first laid, gradually turn-
ing to an orange-buff color before hatching. Form, ellip-
tical oval; size, .42 mm. by .383 mm. There are about
sixteen longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse
ridges.

«¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .225 mm.; body
diameter, .14 mm.; length, .625 mm. Head a deep brown,
thoracic shield a lighter brown; body a straw color, with a
reddish mark along the middle of the back from the fourth
to the ninth segments inclusive. Scattered light-colored
hairs occur on the head and body.” (Helt.)

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 113

CRAMBUS AGITATELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 10.)

Orambus agitatellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 203 (1860).
Orambus saliuellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 22 (1863).
Crambus agitatellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 83 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 21mm. Head and thorax pale lute-
ous; labial palpi somewhat fuscous, white beneath. Fore
wings ochreous, streaked with orange ; a broad silvery-white
streak, through which runs a longitudinal yellow stripe; a
white patch between the silvery stripe and the subterminal
line, another on the costa above it, one on the costa of the
apex and another on the outer margin just below the brown
apex. A whitish or yellow streak with five venular dots in
the terminal space. Subterminal line very oblique in its
first third from the costa, then straight to the hind mar-
gin. Broken fuscous lines specked with silvery scales along
the veins above and beneath the middle of the silvery stripe.
Fringes metallic, whitish at base of apex. Hind wings pale
cinereous; fringes whitish.

Habitat. — Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
Illinois, Texas, arly stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS MULTILINEELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 12.)

Crambus multilineéllus Fern., Ent. Am., Vol. II., p. 37 (1887).

Expanse of wings, 26mm. Palpi, head and thorax dull
ochre-yellow. Fore wings bright ochre-yellow; a white
stripe, extending nearly to the apex, leaving the extreme
edge of the costa fuscous; a median white stripe from the
base of the wing along the lower part of the cell, out as far
as the subterminal line, the outer portion separated by an
oblique yellow band. This band, between the two white
stripes, edged on each side with a fine line of black and
metallic lead-colored scales; similar lines along the inter-
venular spaces. All the lines terminate just before the sub-
_ terminal line. Three or four oblique yellow lines, edged
outwardly with white, cross the outer part of the costal

114 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

white stripe. The subterminal line, overlaid with metallic
lead-colored scales, runs down near the outer margin of the
wing, where it bends and runs to the hind margin, nearly
parallel with the outer margin. <A terminal row of five black
dots. Fringes pale metallic lead color. Hind wings and
fringes white. Abdomen, underside of body and the legs
dull ochre-yellow.

Habitat. — Florida. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

CRAMBUS ALBELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 5.)

Crambus albellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 204 (1860).
Crambus albellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 76, 88 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 16 mm. Palpi, head, thorax and abdo-
men pure white. Fore wings white, with a few dark-brown
flecks scattered over the hind portion. An oblique, pale-
yellow, acutely angulated line from near the middle of the
costa to the cell. The strongly angulated outer line silvery
white, bordered on each side with yellow. <A yellow line
from the costa to the terminal line under the apex. A yel-
low spot on the apical space. Five black marginal dots, with
a short blackish line above. Fringe yellow, with golden lus-
tre. Hind wings pale gray or whitish.

‘© Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually turn-
ing to pale straw color before hatching. Form, nearly oval ; .
size, .39 mm. by .33 mm. The egg-shell has eighteen longi-
tudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse ridges.

‘¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .175 mm. ; body
diameter, .125 mm.; length, .75 mm. General color a
smutty white, head darker, and the thoracic shield a little
darker than the body. Scattered brown hairs occur on the
head; rows of numerous small tubercles occur on the body.”
(Felt. )

Habitat. — Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Canada, Labrador. Food, grass.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 115

CRAMBUS PUSIONELLUS. (Plate III., fig: 6.)

Crambus pustonellus Zell., Chil et Cram., p..16 (1863).

Crambus pusionellus Zell., Stett. Ent. Zeit., Vol. XX XITIL,
p. 470, Plate II., fig. 3 (1872).

Crambus pustonellus Zell., Exot. Micro., p. 33 (1877).

Expanse of wings, 15 mm. Palpi white, brownish on the
outside; head and thorax white. Fore wings lustrous white,
with a few scattered brown scales; median line brown, aris-
ing from middle of costa, extending out to the end of the
cell, thence nearly straight to the hind margm a little be-
yond the middle, but broken on the fold, gradually dilated
in the latter part of its course; subterminal line brown,
double, arising from outer fourth of costa, extending out-
wardly to near the middle of hind margin, then running
to outer fourth of hind margin, giving off an inward angle
on the fold. A brown spot on the costa, just before the
apex, sometimes extended into a streak. Subterminal space
more or less stained with brownish. Terminal line dark
brown, with three dark-brown dots above the anal angle.
Fringes whitish, more or less stained with metallic fuscous.
Hind wings and fringes white.

Habitat. — California. arly stages and food plants un-
known.

116 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

CRAMBUS HORTUELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 11.)

Tinea Hortuella Hiib., Tinex, p. 29, Plate VIL., figs. 45, 46 (1803).

Tinea Cespitella Hiib., Tine, p. 29, Plate VII, fig. 45 (1803)

Tinea Falsella Schrank, Faun. Boic., Vol. I., p. 103 (1804).

Chilo Hortuellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. II., p. 62 (1817).

Chilo hortuellus Tr., Schm., Vol. IX., p. 84 (1832).

Crambus hortuellus Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p. 322
(1834).

Crambus hortuellus Dup., Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. X., Plate CCLXIX.,

fig. 1 (1836).

Crambus Hortuellus H.S ,Schm., Vol. IV., p. 59 (1849).

Crambus Hortuellus Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 216, No. 1497 (1854).

Crambus hortuellus Staint., Man., Vol. IL., p. 182 (1859).

Crambus hortuellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 24 (1863).

Crambus Hortuellus Hein., Schm., Vol. I., p. 125 (1865).

Crambus topiarius Zell., Stett. Ent. Zeit., Vol. XXVIL, p. 155
(1866).

Crambus hortuellus Praun, Tineidee, Plate II., fig. 3 (1869).

Crambus topiarius Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 17 (1880).

Crambus topiarius Grote, Papilio, Vol. IL, p. 74 (1882).

Crambus toptarius Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 75, 87 (1894).

Crambus topiarius Scud., Ins. Life, Vol. VIL, p. 1 (1894).

Crambus hortuellus Meyr., Handb. Br. Ent., p. 391 (1895).

Expanse of wings, 16-22 mm. Palpi pale cinereous, shin-
ing fuscous on the outside; head and thorax pale cinereous.
Fore wings very pale cinereous, gradually changing to ochre-
ous outwardly ; intervenular spaces fuscous brown; a brown
oblique line, arising a little before the middle of the costa,
runs obliquely half way to the cell, then bends toward the
submarginal line and nearly joins another oblique costal line
of the same color; subterminal line fuscous brown, edged
outwardly with dark lead-colored scales, arising from the
outer third of the costa, crosses the wings to the outer
fourth of the hind margin, forming an obtuse angle in the
middle of its course; an oblique leaden streak in the apical
portion of the subterminal space. ‘Terminal line black
above, followed by three black dots below. Fringes silvery
gray. Hind wings pale gray to dark gray, with a darker
terminal line not reaching the anal angle; fringes whitish.
(Hig. 1, J.)

Habitat. — Maine, Massachusetts, New York, California,
Europe. Food, grass, cranberry, sheep-sorrel.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 117

‘¢ Hog. — When first laid, pellucid white, obovate, broadly
rounded at both extremities, but slightly more so at base
than at summit; broadest barely below the middle, 0.36
mm. high and 0.3 mm. broad, with about twenty-three
straight and vertical ribs of slight elevation reaching to the
dome of the summit, their interspaces crossed by finer, hori-
zontal, raised cross-lines, which traverse also the vertical
ribs, giving them a beaded appearance, the surface thus
broken up into quadrangular cells whose length (the width

Fig. 1.— Crambus hortuellus: a, egg, with summit much enlarged; 6, mature larva ‘
c, one of the abdominal segments of larva; d, pupa; e, nest of young larvz
in grass; f, imago —all enlarged. — From ‘‘ Insect Life.”

of the interspaces between the ribs) in the middle of the
egg is 0.04 mm., and whose height is scarcely 0.02 mm., the
surface itself very delicately shagreened. On the dome of
the summit the surface is broken into polygonal cells which
are about 0.04 mm. in diameter below, and grow smaller
toward the apex.” (Fig.1,a.) (Scudder. )

‘‘ Larva, First Stage. —Head diameter, 0.2 mm.; body
diameter, 0.125 mm.; length, 0.99 mm. General color a
smutty white ; head a little darker than the rest of the body.
Scattered hairs occur on the head ; numerous small dark-col-

ored tubercles occur on the body, each bearing at least one
hair.” (Felt.)

118 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

‘¢ Larva, Last Stage. — Head shining luteo-castaneous,
the ocellar field, labrum and clypeus black. Body pallid
fuliginous, the harder parts glistening; dorsal shield of
first thoracic segment luteous, inconspicuous; surface cov-
ered with longer or shorter erect bristles, which are very
fine, and taper to an exquisitely fine point; they are blackish
at base, but beyond testaceous; the longer ones are nearly
as long as the breadth of the body, and are situated in lateral
and infrastigmatal series; the shorter ones are hardly as long
as the segments, and are distributed on the sides of the body ;
there is also a series of intermediate in length and laterodorsal
in position, situated in the middle of the larger anterior divi-
sion of the segments, while the lateral series lies on the
smaller posterior section; under surface and prolegs pallid,
the claws luteous. Length, 15 mm.” a 1, 6 and c.)
(Scudder. )

‘¢ Chrysalis. — Nearly uniform, very male honey yellow,
more pallid beneath; the wings, excepting at base, with a
very slight iveitons tinge; all the thoracic and the first
two abdominal segments, as well as the wings and legs,
finely edged at the incisures with dark castaneous, darkest
near the head ; all the abdominal segments are bordered pos-
teriorly, at least on the dorsal surface, with pale testaceous ;
lips of spiracles fuscous; cremaster blackish or ig fus-
cous. Length, 7.75 mm.; breadth, 2.25mm.” (Fig. 1,d.)
(Scudder. )

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 119

CRAMBUS PERLELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 14.)

Phalena Perlellus Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 243, No. 620 (1763).

Tinea Argenteila Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 658 (1775)..

Tinea Perleila Wien. Verz., p. 134 (1776).

Tinea Perlella Knoch.,Beitr., Vol. I.,p. 68, PlateIV., fig. 6 (1781).

Tinea Perielia Goeze, Ent. Beitr., Vol. II., part 4, p. 142 (1783).

Tinea Perlella Schrank, Faun. Boic., Vol. I1., p. 102 (1793).

Tinea Dealbella Thunb., Diss. Ent., Vol. VIL, p. 84 (1794).

Tinea perlella Fab., Ent. Syst., Vol. IIL, part 2, p. 292 (1794).

Tinea argentella Fab., Ent. Syst., Vol. IiI., part 2, p. 296 (1794).

Crambus argenteus Fab., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 471 (1799).

Tinea Perlella Hiib., Tineze, Plate VL, fig. 40 (1803).

Chilo Perlelius Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. IL., p. 97 (1817).

Chilo Perlellus Treits., Schm. Eur., Vol. IX., part 1, p. 129
(1832). !

Crambus argyreus Steph., Il. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p. 318
(1834).

Crambus Arbustorum Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p.
319 (1834). |

Crambus argentellus Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p.
319 (1834).

Crambus perlellus Dup., Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. X., p. 114, Plate
COLXXIV., fig. 2 (1836).

Crambus Perlellus H.S.,Schm., Vol. IV., p. 66 (1849).

Crambus perlellus Zell., Stett. Ent. Zeit., Vol. X., p. 313 (1849).

Crambus perlellus Zell., Bresl. Zeit., Vol. II., p. 11 (1850).

Crambus Argentellus Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 215, No. 1488 (1854).

Crambus perlellus Staint., Man., Vol. IL., p. 184 (1859).

Crambus perlellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 49 (1863).

Crambus tinnotatellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL, p. 156
(1863). |

Crambus tnornatellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL., p. 157
(1863).

Crambus sericinellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 49 (1863).

Crambus inornatellus Clem., Pr. Ent. Soc. Ph., Vol. IL., p. 418
(1864).

Crambus Perleilus Hein., Schm., Vol. I., part 2, p. 143 (1865).

Crambus periellus Praun, Tineide, Plate IL., fig. 15 (1869).

Crambus sericinellus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIII, p. 66 (1881).

Crambus tnnotatellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins , pp. 74, 87 (1894).

Crambus perlellus Meyr., Handb. Br. Ent., p. 393 (1895).

Expanse of wings,20mm._ Palpi, head and thorax pure sil-
very white. Fore wings very lustrous, pure silvery white.
Hind wings and abdomen white, with a slightly cinereous

120 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

tint, especially on the apical part of the wings. All the
fringes white. |

Habitat. —Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Onta-
rio, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York,
Ohio, Illinois, California. Food, grass.

‘¢ Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually chang-
ing to a scarlet color before hatching. Form, elliptical oval ;
size, .45 mm. by .86mm. The egg-shell has sixteen longi-
tudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse ridges.

‘¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .19 mm.; body
diameter, .15 mm.; length, 1.05 mm. Body a dull straw
color, with irregular reddish blotches on the dorsum. Scat-
tered light-colored hairs occur on the head and body.”
(Felt. )

CRAMBUS TURBATELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 13.)

Arequipa turbatella Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL., p. 196
(1863).

Crambus bipunctellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 23 (1863).

Crambus bipunctellus Robs., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., Vol. TX,
p. 813 (1870).

Crambus turbatellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 86 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 22-25 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and
fore wings snow white, the last with the median stripe rep-
resented by one or two dark-brown dots at the end of the
cell, and one or two similar ones below the outer fourth of
the cell. The subterminal line consists of a row of dark-
brown dots angulated beyond the end of the cell; a terminal
row of seven black dots, the one nearest the apex elongated.
Fringes white. Hind wings snow white, sometimes with a
central pale fuscous shade. Fringes snow white.

Habitat. — Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illi-
nois. Food plants and early stages unknown.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 121

CRAMBUS ELEGANS. (Plate IV., fig. 8.)

Crambus elegans Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 204 (1860).

Crambus terminellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 27 (1863).

Crambus elegans Zell., Stett. Ent. Zeit., Vol. XX XIIL, p. 473,
Plate II., fig. 5 (1872).

Crambus elegans Zell., Beitr., p. 93 (1872).

Crambus elegans Zell., Exot. Mic., p. 45 (1877),

Crambus elegans Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 74, 86 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 12-15 mm. _ Palpi white above, slightly
fuscous on the outside; head and thorax white, fuscous on the
sides. Fore wings white ; base of costa streaked with bright
brown with a brassy lustre; a patch of brown on the hind
margin near the base, and a short curved streak near its mid-
dle, which forms with its opposite, when the wings are closed,
a semicircular dorsal line, beyond which the wing is thickly
dusted with brown; a broad brown band, very broad on the
costa, where it encloses a small white spot and a nearly
straight brown subterminal line resting on a silvery-white
ground. A marginal row of fine black points on the silvery
terminal space. Fringes metallic cinereous. Hind wings
pale lustrous cinerous, with lighter fringes. |

Habitat. — Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
New Jersey, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Texas.
Food, grass. 3

‘¢ Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually turn-
ing to an orange-buff color before hatching. Form, oval;
size, .42 mm. by .30mm. The egg-shell has sixteen longi-
tudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse ridges.

“Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .2 mm.; body
diameter, .125 mm.; length, 1.09 mm. MHead and thoracic
shield light brown; body a dirty straw color. Scattered
hairs occur on the head and body.” (Felt.)

122 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

CRAMBUS MYELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 7.)

Phalena Pinetella Scop., Ent. Carn., p. 244 (1763).

Tinea Conchella Wien. Verz., p. 134 (1776).

Tinea Pinetella Knoch., Beitr., Vol. I., Plate IV., fig. 5 (1781).

Tinea conchelia Wien. Verz., Illig. ed , Vol. II., p. 83 (1801).

Tinea Myella Hiib., Tinez, Plate VL, fig. 37 (1803).

Tinea Pinetella Schrank, Faun. Boic., Vol. II., p. 101 (1804).

Bombyx Pineti Esp., Suppl., p. 54, Plate LXXXIX., figs. 4, 5
(1807).

Chilo Conchellus Zinck., Germ. Mag, Vol. IL., p. 74 (1817).

Catoptria Conchalis Hiib., Verz., p. 365 (1818).

Chilo conchellus Tr., Schm., Vol. IX, part 1, p. 97 (1832).

Crambus conchellus Dup., Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. X., p. 91, Plate
CCLXXI. (1836).

Crambus Myellus H.8., Schm., Vol. IV., p. 64 (1849).

Crambus Hercynie Hein., Bresl. Zeit., p. 3 (1854).

Crambus latiradiellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL., p. 157
(1863).

Crambus interruptus Grote, Can. Ent , Vol. [X., p. 101 (1877).

Crambus interruptus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 15 (1880).

Crambus myellus Meyr., Handb. Br. Lep., p. 392 (1895).

Expanse of wings, 19-24 mm. Head white above; palpi
white above and beneath, brown on the outside; thorax
white above, brownish on the sides. Fore wings pale fer-
ruginous, with a snow-white stripe extending through the
middle of the wing from the base to near the outer border ;
this stripe and also the apical portion of the wing edged with
dark ferruginous; two slightly curving, oblique, dark fer-
ruginous bars cross the white stripe, one at the middle of
the wing, the other very near the outer end of the stripe.
A terminal row of black dots. Fringes dark smoky fus-
cous, cut by white in three or four places. Hind wings pale
fuscous.

Habitat. — Nova Scotia, Maine, Europe. Early stages
and food plant unknown.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 123

CRAMBUS LUOTIFERELLUS LUCTUELLUS. (Plate IL., fig. 8.)
Crambus luctuellus H.S., Schm., Vol. VL, p. 145, Plate IIL, fig. 21 (1852).

Expanse of wings, 20-22 mm. Head white above and in
front; palpi white above and beneath, dark brown on the
outside. Fore wings dark cinnamon brown, with a white
stripe through the middle, extending from the base to near
the outer margin, gradually widening outwardly, and inter-
rupted by two broad, oblique, dark-brown bars, the inner
one a little beyond the middle of the wing, the outer one
very near the end of the white stripe, ee curved on the
sides toward each other. A terminal row of black dots.
Fringes dark smoky brown, metallic. Hind wings fuscous.

Habitat. —- Labrador, Washington, Europe. Early stages
and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS VULGIVAGELLUS. (Plate Bey ies May

Crambus vulgivagellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 204 (1860).

Crambus aurifimbrialis Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL., p. 157
(1863).

Crambus chalybirosiris Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 40 (1863).

Crambus vulgivagellus Riley, Dept. Agr., 1881-82, pp. 179-183
(1881).

Crambus vulgivagellus Saund., Can. Ent., Vol. XIII., pp. 181,
199 (1881).

Crambus vulgivagellus pain’ Rep: fps N.Y, Voll pe 127
(1882).

Crambus vulgivagellus Fern., Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., p. 276
(1885).

Crambus vulgivagelius Osborn, Ins. Life, Vol. VI., pp. 72, 78
(1893).

Crambus vulgivagellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 69, 85 (189+).

Expanse of wings, 20-39 mm. Palpi very long, heavily
scaled at the tip, luteous, dark fuscous on the outside; head
and thorax luteous. Fore wings luteous or dull yellowish,
with numerous fuscous streaks formed by atoms between
the veins, and two in the cell. <A terminal line of seven
black dots. Fringes with a golden lustre. Hind wings fus-
cous; fringes long, pale yellowish. (Fig. 2, d.)

124 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

This is a very common insect, and the amount of damage
done by the larve is very great, hundreds of acres of grass
land sometimes being destroyed. The larva spins a delicate
web among the roots of the grass, and gradually forms a tube
in which it is entirely concealed. As it increases in size it
extends the tube downward into the ground, and when the
insect is full grown the tube is sometimes nearly two inches
in length.

aay,
rrr
PAP

eat
BAILS

(77
ae

Fie. 2.— Crambus vulgivagellus: a, larva; b, the larval case in the
grass; c, the cocoon in the ground; d, the moth, a dark
specimen; e, wing of a light specimen; 7, the moth at
rest; g, the egg enlarged, its natural size shown beside
it.— From the Department of Agriculture.

Habitat. — Nova Scotia, Ontario, Massachusetts, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio,
Illinois, Missouri, Texas, California, Vancouver Island.
Food, grass, wheat, rye and other grains.

‘«« Hgg.— A. pale straw color when first laid, gradually
turning to an ochreous buff color before hatching. Form,
elliptical oval; size, .45 mm. by .86mm. The egg-shell has
twenty longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse
ridges. (Fig. 2, 7.) )

‘© Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .19 mm. ; body
diameter, .175 mm.; length, 1.25 mm. MHead a dark
brown; thoracic shield olive, and the body a straw-yellow
color. Scattered light-colored hairs occur on the head and
on the numerous small brownish tubercles on the body.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 125

‘¢ Zarva, Late in the Fall.—WLength, 2.5 mm. Head
jet black; thoracic shield a deep brown; body brown, with
deep-brown tubercles. The fifth to thirteenth segments in-
clusive are divided into cephalic and caudal portions by a
short transverse constriction.” (Fig. 2,a.) (Felt.)

‘¢ Cocoon. — Average length, .9 inch; diameter at the
broadest part, .24 inch. The shape is subcylindrical, but
varying from an almost uniform diameter to an enlargement
of the lower portion to twice the diameter of the upper
part.” (Fig. 2,c.) (Lintner.)

‘¢ Pupa. — Average length, about .4 inch; average great-
est-diameter, .1 inch. Color, pale brown. Head case pro-
jected at the tip, and eye cases prominent. Tip of wing
covers rounding over the segment, the inner wing cover
showing its margin over more than three segments. The
stigmata appear as minute tubercles. Anal tip dark brown,
blunt, and slightly excavated beneath.” (Lintner. )

CRAMBUS BIOTHANATALIS. (Plate IV., fig. 1.)

Crambus biothanatalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII,
p. 166 (1886).
Crambus behrensellus Fern., Ent. Am., Vol. IIT., p. 37 (1887).

Expanse of wings, 17-20 mm. __Palpi, head and thorax
ochre-yellow. ore wings light ochreous, thickly sprinkled
with fuscous; median space lighter, with two broken ochre
cross-lines forming scallops on the costal half of the wing,
each with a tooth inwardly below the middle. A terminal
row of seven black points, resting on an ochre-yellow band.
Fringes dull golden, with metallic lustre. Hind wings and
abdomen fuscous.

Hlabitat. — California. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

CRAMBUS RURICOLELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 14.)

Crambus ruricolellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 40 (1863).
Crambus ruricolellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins, pp. 67, 84 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 18-20 mm. Palpi pale ochreous,
tinged with fuscous on the outside; head and thorax pale

126 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.

ochreous. Fore wings very pale ochreous, with orange-
brown scales arranged in lines along the interspaces, more
or less diffused on the costal half; a median line of orange-
brown scales arising from the middle of the costa, extending
out to the end of the cell, where it curves and runs in a
nearly straight line to the basal third of the hind margin ;
a subterminal line, arising from the outer third of the costa,
forms a semicircle to a point two-thirds across the wing,
then runs nearly straight to the hind margin. Terminal line
composed of a marginal row of brown dots. Fringes golden.
Hind wings pale gray, darker outwardly; fringes lustrous
white. | |

Flubitat. — Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois. Food, grass and sheep sorrel.

‘¢ Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually turn-
ing to an orange-buff color before hatching. Form, ellip-
tical oval; size, .41 mm. by .823 mm. The egg-shell has
twenty longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller transverse
ridges.

‘s Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .225 mm.; body
diameter, .175 mm.; length, 1.2 mm. Head nearly black ;
thoracic shield a dark reddish brown; body whitish trans-
lucent, with many pale rufous spots on the dorsum of the
fifth to the twelfth segments, inclusive. Scattered dark-
colored hairs occur on the head and body. Late in the fall
the head and thoracic shield are almost black, the pale rufous
spots have developed into dark-brown tubercles, and the
body has become deep brown.” (Felt. )

CramBus anceps. (Plate II., fig. 10.)
Crambus anceps Grote, Can, Ent., Vol. XIT., p. 17 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 18 mm. Head, palpi and thorax dark
fuscous. Fore wings dark brownish fuscous, crossed by
two dark, reddish-brown angulated lines, which seem to be
formed of short parallel dashes located so as to form strong
outward angles above the middle of the wing, then curving
in for a short distance and running parallel to the outer
margin. hese lines are connected with each other by a

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT -- No. 81. 127

dark, reddish-brown stripe above and parallel to the fold.
Median line fused with a dark outer discal spot. Fringes
metallic fuscous. Hind wings fuscous, with traces of sub-
terminal line.

Habitat. — California. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

CRAMBUS TETERRELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 10.)

Chilo teterrellus Zinck.,Germ. Mag., Vol. IV., p. 252 (1821).

Crambus camurellus Clem , Pr Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 203 (186v).

Crambus terrellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 27 (1863).

Crambus teterrellus Murtf., Bull. U.S. Dep. Agr., No. 30,
p- 53 (1893).

Crambus teterrellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins , pp 66, 84 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 15-21 mm. Palpi fuscous, whitish
above; head whitish; thorax whitish above, reddish fuscous
on the scapule. Fore wings pale ochreous, dusted with
fuscous, with an irregular fuscous patch on the outer part
of the cell and in the submedian space, extended more or
less toward the base of the wing; a faint brown median line,
arising from the costa a little beyond the middle, forms an
outward angle at the end of the cell and another on the
median space, then terminates at the middle of the hind
margin; the subterminal line forms an obtuse angle a little
above the middle of the wing, edged outwardly by a faint
silvery line. A terminal row of black points. Fringes
dark, but with a silvery hue. Hind wings light gray;
fringes lighter.

Flabitat. — Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missouri, Texas.
Food, grass.

‘¢Hgg. — Obconical, .5 mm. long, beautifully sculptured,
under the lens, with longitudinal ridges and finer cross-
lines, giving it a checkered appearance. Color, bright
salmon pink.

‘Larva. — At first of a dingy cream white, minutely
sprinkled with brown, with brown head. At maturity
15 mm. in length by 2 mm. in diameter, subcylindrical,
slightly larger across the thoracic segments. Color yellow-
ish or greenish white, with dull-green medio-dorsal stripe.

128 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

The surface is much roughened with impressed lines, with
conspicuous raised corneous plates, from each of which
arises a long, coarse, tapering, yellow-golden hair. Head
with protruding lobes and rugose surface, and of a dull
whity-brown color. Cervical shield inconspicuous, darker
than the head.” (Miss Murtfeldt.)

CRAMBUS DECORELLUS. (Plate I., fig. 15.)

~ Chilo decorellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. IV , p. 250 (1821).
Crambus polyactinellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 25 (1863).
Crambus decorellus Zell., Beitr , Vol. I., p. 92 (1872).
Crambus Goodellianus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. xo. Daat

(1880). ,
Crambus bonusculalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII.,
p- 167 (1886).
Crambus decorellus Fern., Ent. Am., Vol. IV., p. 44 (1888).
Crambus decorellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 84 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 19 mm. Palpi, head, thorax and
abdomen very pale ochreous. Fore wings pale ochreous,
with the veins shaded with fuscous; two dark ochre cross-
lines, the median at the outer edge of the cell bent at its
first third, and an outward tooth at its second; subterminal
line edged on the outer side with fuscous; marginal band
ochre-yellow, enclosing a row of black dots. Fringe me-
tallic, black at base, iridescent golden outwardly. Hind
wings white or ochreous, tinged with golden outwardly.

Flabitat. — Massachusetts, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Geor-
gia, Texas. Early stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS COLORADELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 8.)

Crambus coloradellus Fern., Can. Ent., Vol. XXYV.,, p. 95 (18938).

Expanse of wings, 22mm. Head, palpi, thorax and fore
wings pale silvery straw color; palpi darker on the outside.
A white stripe extends from the base of the wing through
the cell to the outer margin, bifid beyond the cell. All the
veins more or less indicated by pale yellow, edged on each
side with a more or less broken row of black scales. A
pale-yellow median line crosses the wing at the end of the

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 129

cell, where it rounds outwardly and runs nearly straight
and vertical to the hind margin. Subterminal line curved .
within the apex, then running to the hind margin. Both
of these lines are faint, and the subterminal is edged on the
outside with silvery scales. Terminal row of black dots in
a straight line, not following the margin at the lower part,
where it rounds outwardly. Fringes silvery metallic. Hind
wings white, slightly stained with pale fuscous on the apex.

Habitat. — Colorado. Early stages and food plant un-
known. :

CRAMBUS BOLTERELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 15.)

Crambus bollerellus Pern. bat. Ams Vol. LIL, po 37 (1887).

Expanse of wings, 22 mm. Palpi, head and thorax pale
ochre-yellow, the palpi touched with fuscous on the outer
side; patagiz overlaid with lead-colored scales. Fore wings
white, broadly edged with fuscous on the costa; behind this
edging a dull-colored stripe extending from the basal fourth
of the cell to the apex, the remaining intervenular spaces of
the same color. An oblique reddish-brown line crosses the
wing a little beyond the end of the cell, with a slight inward
angle near vein 2 and a strong outward angle beyond the
end of the cell. A second line crosses the wing rather more
than half way between the other and the outer margin, of
the same color and similarly angulated below the costa, but
following the outline of the outer margin below the angle.
A row a six or seven black points on the intervenular
spaces, at the end of the wing. Fringes pale silvery metal-
lic. Hind wings dull white, with a pale fuscous terminal
line not reaching the anal angle. Fringes white.

flabitat. —Texas. Early stages and food plant unknown.

CRAMBUS HULSTELLUS. (Plate III., fig. 3.)

Crambus hulstellus Fern., Can. Ent., Vol. I., p. 56 (1885).
Crambus hulstellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., p. 83 (189+).

Expanse of wings, 26 mm. Head, thorax and fore wings
chalky white ; palpi somewhat fuscous on the outside, remain-
der of the surface white. Fore wings crossed by a twice

130 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

angulated brown median line, much darker and heavier on
the angles, starting from a point a little below the costa and
extending a little beyond the end of the cell, where the first
acute angle is formed. The line then runs obliquely across
the wing to the middle of the hind margin, forming the
second angle just below the cell, where it becomes nearly
obsolete. A double yellowish line, starting from the costa
near the outer fourth and curving downward, runs nearly
parallel with the outer margin to the hind margin, just
within the anal angle. ‘Terminal space yellowish, fusing
with the line so that it appears double only at the costa;
a row of seven black points along the outer margin. Six
gveminate brown dashes between the median and subterminal
lines; three dark-brown elongated patches between the base
and the median line. Fringes white, with the base silvery.
Hind wings sordid white, with a slightly darker a
border. Fringes pure white.

Habitat. —Texas. Early stages and food plants un-
known.

CRAMBUS ATTENUATUS. (Plate III., fig. 4.)

Crambus attenuatus Grote, Can. Ent,, Vol. XII, p. 18 (1880).
Crambus atlenuatus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIIT., p. 78 (1881).

Expanse of wings, 25 mm. Palpi, head and thorax white,
thickly sprinkled with fuscous. Fore wings narrow, pale
cinereous sprinkled with fuscous; a poorly defined, dull-
whitish stripe, crossed beyond the cell by an oblique brown
line, sometimes indistinct, extends from the base to the outer
margin. Subterminal line whitish, bordered on each side
with fuscous, running very obliquely from the costa to below
the apex, then, more indistinctly marked, very closely fol-
lowing the terminal line. A row of brown dots in the ter-
minal space. Fringes cinereous, with the base fuscous, and
the outer edge with metallic lustre. Hind wings fuscous ;
fringes w hits

Tlabitat. — California, Columbia, Vancouver — Island.
Early stages and food plant unknown.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 131

CRAMBUS ALBILINEELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 5.)

Crambus albilineéllus Fern., Can. Ent., Vol. XXV., p. 94 (1893).

Expanse of wings, 26 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and fore
wings dull ochre-yellow. The palpi are darker on the out-
side, and the subcostal, median and veins 5 to 10 are white.
A stripe of lead-colored scales extends from the base of the
wing just above and parallel to vein 1 to the outer cross-
line, and a similar stripe occurs between this and the bind
margin. Two lines cross the wing; the median, dark brown,
and arising froma point a little beyond the middle of the
costa, forms an outward angle very near the costa and an
inward angle on the subcostal vein; then a second outward
angle, formed at the end of the median vein; and from this
point the line runs more or less distinctly across to the
middle of the hind margin. The subterminal line, dark
brown, finer, dentate, and edged on the outside with lead-
colored scales, runs from the costa before the apex across
to near the outer margin, thence across the wing nearly par-
allel with the outer margin. The space from the end of the
cell to the apex somewhat stuined with brown. Terminal
line fine, black, and with a row of black dots. Fringes
concolorous with the adjacent part of the wing, but with
slight metallic reflections. Hind wings fuscous, fringes
lighter.

Habitat. —Southern California. arly stages and food
plant unknown.

CRAMBUS HAYTIELLUS.

Chilo Haytieilus Zinck ,Germ. Mag., Vol. IV., p. 254 (1821).

Expanse of wing, 10-20 mm. Head and thorax pale
ochreous yellow; palpi fuscous on the outside. Fore wings
pale ochreous, with a whitish stripe from the base through
the cell, and breaking up into lines on the veins outwardly.
Costal portion fuscous, quite dark in some specimens. Me-
dian line represented by two or three dark-brown dots, one
at the end of the cell, one on the fold and one below the
fold, the three forming a nearly straight line from the end

132 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

of the cell to the basal third of the hind margin. The
subterminal line, brown, edged on the outside with silvery
scales, slightly serrate, forms a curve below the costa and
oives off a tooth on the fold. A terminal row of black dots.
Fringes silvery gray. Hind wings pale fuscous.

Hubitat. —Texas, Hayti. Early stages and food plant
unknown.

CRAMBUS TRICHOSTOMUS. (Plate II., fig. 6.)

Crambus trichostomus Chris., Stett. Ent. Zeit., Vol. XIX., p. 313
(1858).

Crambus trichostomus Moschl., Wien. Monats., p. 379 (1860).

Crambus trichostomus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 28 (1863).

Crambus trichostomus Pack., Pr. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XL,
p- 55 (1868).

Expanse of wings, 20mm. Head and thorax dark brown,
intermingled with gray scales; palpi very hairy, dark brown,
with some gray hairs above. Fore wings dark brown, with
a whitish stripe from the middle of the base out to an oblique
dark-brown cross stripe on the basal third; this stripe fol-
lowed by a broad median white shade, extending nearly
to the broad white subterminal line; this line commences
on the costa a little within the apex, and, curving inward,
forms an outward angle near vein 5, thence runs parallel
with the outer margin to the fold, where it curves out and
terminates near the anal angle. Terminal line dark brown.
Lower two-thirds of the terminal space overlaid more or less
with white scales. The dark portions of the wing streaked
longitudinally with light and dark brown. Fringes dark
fuscous. Hind wings dark fuscous; fringes paler.

Habitat. —Uabrador. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

CramBus oreconicus. (Plate III., fig. 9.)

Crambus oregonicus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIL., p. 17 (1880).
Crambus oregonicus Grote, N. Am, Ent., p. 63, Plate V., fig. 9
(1880).

Expanse of wings, 17 mm. Head and thorax white above,
brown on the sides. Fore wings light ochreous brown,
with a longitudinal diffuse white stripe extending across the

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 133

median space; a dark-brown, acutely dentate median line,
of which sometimes only a brown dash on the median space
and another at the extremity of the disk are visible. Sub-
terminal line brown, edged with white outwardly. A white
apical patch, and more or less white on the hind margin.
Fringes brownish. Hind wings pale fuscous, with narrow
terminal line and white fringes.

Habitat. — Oregon. Food plant and early stages un-
known.

CRAMBUS BONIFATELLUS. (Plate VI., fig. 6.)

Spermatophthora? bonifatellus Hulst, Ent. Am., Vol. IIT., p. 135 (1887).

Expanse of wings, 21 mm. Head, palpi and thorax light
fuscous. Fore wings yellowish fuscous, with the veins
lighter; a whitish dot with a black dentate spot on each side
of it near the end of the cell; an indistinct row of dark
marginal points. fringes ochreous. Hind wings smoky
fuscous. ;

Habitat. — Colorado. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

CRAMBUS MUTABILIS. (Plate IT., fig. 9.)

Crambus mutabtlis Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sei., p. 204 (1860).
Crambus fuscicostellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 44 (1863).
Crambus mutabilis Felt, Grass-eating Ins, pp. 64, 83 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 23-24 mm. Palpi, head and thorax
fuscous. Fore wings grayish fuscous, luteous on the pos-
terior half; a diffuse grayish median stripe, tinted with
luteous, spreading over the costal half of the wing, with the
exception of a brown costal margin from the base half way
to the apex; a dark-brown dot at the end of the median
vein, sometimes streaked with dark fuscous below the vein.
Subterminal line dark brown, faint, dentate, usually with
@ marginal row of brownish dots. A diffuse brown streak
from the apex inward toward the cell. Fringes brownish,
lustrous. Hind wings gray or pale fuscous; fringes pale
fuscous. }

Flabitat. — Ontario, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New
York, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Florida, Louisiana, Ne-
braska, Texas. Food, grass.

ic? ae AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

‘¢ Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually turning
to an orange-rufous color before hatching. Form, elliptical
oval; size, .51 mm. by .66 mm. The egg-shell has sixteen
longitudinal ridges and numerous small transverse ridges.

‘‘Tarva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .18 mm.; body
diameter, .15 mm.; length, 1.1 mm. Head pale yellowish,
with a sprinkling of sooty specks; body a rather sooty,
semi-transparent white, with irregular rufous blotches along
the dorsum; scattered dark-colored hairs oceur on the head
and body.” (Felt.)

CRAMBUS HEMIOCHRELLUS. (Plate II., fig. 13.)

Crambus hemiochrellus Zell., Ex. Mic., p. 49 (1877).

Expanse of wings, 22 mm. Head and thorax pale ochre-
yellow; palpi thickly sprinkled with gray atoms. Fore
wings bright ochreous yellow between the white median vein
and hind margin, with dusty stripes, and usually a clear
yellow stripe along the fold. Costal portion of the wing
yellowish gray, darker towards the base. Median line fine,
rust brown, forming an acute angle at the end of the cell,
and extending in a nearly straight line to the middle of the
hind margin. Subterminal line fine, dark brown, dentate
on the veins and parallel with the outer margin except at the
costal end, where it curves sharply inward and terminates at
the outer fourth of the costa. Terminal space dusty gray.
Terminal line rather indistinct, upon which, in some speci-
mens, may be seen seven very fine dark-gray dots. Fringes
light gray. Hind wings light gray ; fringes lighter.

Habitat. — Texas. Early stages and food plant un-
known.

CRAMBUs UNDATUS. (Plate III., fig. 12.)

Crambus undatus Grote, Can, Ent., Vol. XIIL, fig. 35 (1881).

Expanse of wings, 21 mm. Palpi, head and thorax cin-
ereous or pale grayish, dusted with fuscous. fore wings
narrow, acute, whitish gray, sprinkled with fuscous scales,
especially on the basal and costal portions; two distinct,
jagged, fuscous brown lines, strongly angulated above the

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 135

middle of the wing, the median quite irrecular below the
cell. A fine dark terminal line. Fringes pale, with metallic
lustre. Hind wings pale grayish. ’

Habitat. — California. arly stages and food plant un-
known.

CRAMBUS TRISECTUS. (Plate III., fig. 11.)

Carvanca trisecta Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. IX., p. 119 (1856).

Crambus exsiccatus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 387 (1863).

Crambus interminellus Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVIL,
p. 156 (1863).

Crambus biliturellus Zell., Lep. Westk. Am., p. 7 (1874).

Crambus exsiccatus Grote, Can. Ent, Vol. XII., p.78 (1880).

Crambus exsiccatus Lintn., Rep. Ins. N. Y., Vol. I., pp. 149-
151 (1882).

Crambus exsiccatus Osborn, Dept. Agr., pp. 154-160 (1887).

Crambus exsiccatus Osborn, Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr., No. 30,

p: 44 (1893).

Crambus exsiccatus Osborn, Ins. Life, Vol. VI., pp. 72, 78
(1893).

Crambus interminellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 62, 83
(1894).

Expanse of wings, 23-32 mm. Palpi whitish, mixed with
fuscous scales on the outside; head whitish; thorax very
light ochreous. Fore wings very pale ochreous, lighter
below the fold and on the outer part; surface sprinkled
with dark brown; interspaces beyond the cell marked with
whitish lines; a dark-brown spot near the base of vein 2,
and a short, dark-brown, oblique, dentate line about half
way between this and the end of the wing. Terminal line
represented by three or four dark-brown dots. Fringes
steel gray, cut by four or five white lines. Hind wings pale
grayish white, lighter towards the base ; fringes whitish.

Habitat. —Nova Scotia, Ontario, Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts, New York, District of Columbia,
Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Missouri, Vancouver
Island. Food, grass.

‘¢ Hag. —A cream-yellow color when first laid, gradually
turning to an orange-buff color before hatching. Form
nearly elliptical; size, .48 by .83 mm. The ege-shell has
sixteen strong longitudinal ridges and numerous smaller
transverse ridges.

136 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

‘¢ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .225 mm.; body
diameter, .15 mm.; Jength, 1.2 mm. Head black, thoracic
shield a dark brown; body a translucent white, with numer-
ous small black tubercles, each tubercle bearing one or more
light-colored hairs. Scattered light-colored hairs occur on
the head. When about half grown (late fall) the larva is
2 cm. long. The head and tubercles are black, while the
body is a mottled chocolate brown, with a black stripe ex-
tending along the dorsal line. Early in the spring the larva
is about 3 cm. long. The head and thoracic shield are of a
dark umber coler; tubercles of the same color; there is a
dull pinkish line along the middle of the back; there are
also irregular dark wavy subdorsal and lateral lines; body a
pale straw color.

‘*¢ Pupa.— Thorax and head brown ; abdomen rufous ; spir-
acles dark brown; length about 2 cm. _

‘* Cocoon. — Oval, composed of a thick layer of bits of
grass, with particles of soil adhering to the outside. Inside,
the cocoon is smooth and thinly lined with silk. The cocoon
was made just below the surface.” (Felt.)

CRAMBUS LACINIELLUS. (Plate IV., fig. 7.)

Crambus laciniellus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIT., p. 18 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 26-28 mm. Palpi pale cinereous,
brownish outwardly; head and thorax cinereous. Fore
wings pale cinereous ochreous, especially on the costal and
outer portions of the wing; a few brown atoms sprinkled
over the surface; subterminal line indistinctly marked by
ochre scales partially overlaid with brown. <A marginal
row of three black points above the anal angle. Fringes
shining fuscous, with a whitish line at the base. Hind wings
pale cinereous, fringes white.

Habitat, — Maine. Food plant and early stages un-
known,

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 137

CRAMBUS DIMIDIATELLUS. (Plate IV., fig. 13.)

Crambus dimidiatellus Grote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Ilist., Series V., Vol. IL,
p- 57 (1883).

Expanse of wings, 35 mm. Palpi ochreous, sprinkled
with fuscous atoms; head and thorax pale ochreous. Fore
wings with a costal band reaching to the middle of the cell,
and curving up toward the apex, ashy brown, inclining to
olivaceous. A white stripe extends from the base two-thirds
the length of the wing, where it breaks up more or less into
venular lines reaching to the outer margin. Hind margin
broadly shaded with very pale ashy brown. A marginal row
of black points, scarcely visible. Fringes pale ash colored.
Hind wings pale silky fuscous; fringes lighter.

flabitat. — Colorado and New Mexico. Food plant and
early stages unknown. :

CRAMBUS CALIGINOSELLUS. (Plate IV., figs. 2, 3.)

Crambus caliginosellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 204 (1860).
Crambus caliginosellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 61, 83 (1894).

Expanse of wings, 13-25. Head, palpi and thorax dark
fuscous, sprinkled with gray scales. Fore wings dark fus-
cous, sprinkled with brown or yellowish, and frequently
with a few gray scales ; median line dark brown, often edged
with white, arising a little beyond the middle of the costa,
extending outward, forming avery acute angle, thence back- —
ward across the end of the cell to the hind margin, a little
beyond the middle, and giving off an outward angle on the
fold. Subterminal line dark brown, edged outwardly with
dark lead-colored scales, and frequently dentate along the
first part of its course. It arises from the costa about half
way between the median line and the apex, extending down
to a point beyond the end of the cell, where it forms an out-
ward angle, thence to the hind margin, a little within the
anal angle, giving off an inward angle on the fold. This
angle is frequently connected along the fold with the outward
angle of the median line; terminal line dark brown, rather
indistinct. The lines are often obliterated more or less,
especially the median. Fringes dark leaden gray. Hind
wings dark fuscous; fringes a little lighter.

138 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan

Habitat. — Ontario, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsyl-
vania, Delaware, District of Columbia, North Carolina, IIli-
nois, Texas. Food, grass, corn.

«¢ Hgg.— Creamy white when first laid, gradually turning
to an orange-rufous color before hatching. Form ellipti-
cal oval, with the ends slightly truncate; size, .89 mm. by
8mm. The egg-shell has eighteen longitudinal ridges and
numerous smaller transverse ridges.

‘‘ Larva, First Stage. — Head diameter, .15 mm.; body
diameter, .125 mm.; length, .875 mm. Color a smutty,
translucent white, with irregular reddish spots on the middle
line of the back; head a pale amber color. Scattered light-
colored hairs occur on the head and body. Five pairs of
prolegs occur on the seventh to the tenth inclusive and
thirteenth segments.” (Felt.)

‘The full-grown larva is about one inch in length, of
a slender, cylindrical form, and of a pinkish-white color,
slightly tinged with brown. The head is dark brown or
black. There are several stiff bristles or hairs upon each
segment.

‘*This Crambid works upon the centre portion of the
plant, just beneath the surface of the soil. It spins silken
galleries which extend from the plant several inches just
beneath the surface of the soil. Some plants were nearly
girdled, and the larve were frequently found imbedded in
cavities where they had fed upon the plants. In some in-
stances as many as thirty larvee were found in a single hill
of corn, and in many hills the plants had been entirely
destroyed.” (Beckwith.)

CRAMBUS ZEELLUS. (Plate IV., fig. 4.)

Crambus zeéllus Fern., Can. Ent., Vol. XVIT., p. 55 (1885),

Crambus zeéllus Forbes, Rep. Ins. Lll., Vol. XIV., pp. 14, 15,
Plate I, figs. 1, 2, 3 (1885).

Crambus refotalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII., p. 166
(1886).

Crambus refotalis Fern.,, Ent. Am., Vol. ILI., p. 22 (1887).

Expanse of wings, 18-24 mm. Palpi, head and thorax
pale leaden gray. Fore wings dull leaden gray, mixed with
ashy and whitish, especially on the outer part, and crossed

1896.1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 139

beyond the middle by two angulated, dull ochre-yellow
lines, overlaid more or less with dark brown. ‘The first or
median line crosses the end of the cell, where it is angu-
lated. The second or subterminal, crosses the wing about
half way between this last and the end. ‘Terminal line dark
brown, and a dark brownish cloud extends obliquely in from
the apex to the subterminal line, but does not reach the
costa. A narrow, ochre-yellow line, somewhat curved, ex-
tends from the middle of the base of the wing to the sub-
terminal line near the anal angle, and a similar line, though
less plainly marked, runs parallel between this line and the
hind margin. Terminal space more or less gray. The outer
margin regularly excavated below the apex. Fringes pale
metallic lead color. Hind wings pale fuscous, with lighter
fringes.

Habitat. — Maine, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois,
Missouri. Food, corn.

The fullowing descriptions of the larva and pupa are com-
piled from those published by Prof. S. A. Forbes in the
‘¢ Fourteenth Report of Noxious and Beneficial Insects of
Ilinois,” pp. 14, 15, 1895: —

Larva. — Head dark chocolate brown, slightly and irregu-
larly rugose, with long yellowish hairs; upon the front a
white S-shaped mark; cervical shield yellowish, with a
white median line; anterior edge whitish, and an oval black
spot on the sides. Below the lateral edges of the cervical
shield are two hairy tubercles ; second and third segments of
thorax each with two rows of hairy tubercles, the anterior
of four, the posterior of two large quadrate spaces, some-
times united in the middle.» From the fourth to the tenth
segment the hairy tubercles above the-spiracles are in two
transverse rows of four each, those of the anterior row being
quadrate with rounded angles, and as large as the interspaces ;
those of the posterior row transversely elongated, about twice
as long as wide. Lateral tubercle of anterior row immedi-
ately above the spiracle emarginate at its posterior inferior
anzle, on all the segments from the sixth to the ninth; on
these segments a smaller tubercle behind and beneath the
spiracle, and two others between the spiracle and the pro-
leg; a narrow arcuate tubercle, with long hairs outside, in

140 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. .[ Jan.

front of each proleg. Anal shield smooth, reddish brown,
with a few long brown hairs; spiracles dark brown. Ventral
surface paler than the dorsal. Length of full-grown larva,
.6 to .8 of an inch; greatest width, .1 inch.

Pupa.— Pupa smooth, shining, pale brown; abdomen a
little darker, without hairs or spines; abdomen with an
obtuse horny tip. Length, .4 inch; width, .1 inch.

CRAMBUS LUTEOLELLUS. (Plate IV., fig. 5.)

Crambus luteolellus Clem., Pr. Ph. Ac. Sci., p. 203 (1860).
Crambus duplicatus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XIL., p.79 (1880).
Crambus luteolellus Felt, Grass-eating Ins., pp. 61, 82 (1894).
Crambus holochrelius Zell. (Manuscript name ?)

Expanse of wings, 20-26 mm. Palpi pale yellowish,
dusted externally with fuscous; head and thorax ochreous
yellow. Fore wings ochre-yellow, dusted more or less with
ashy scales, especially outwardly ; median line rather broad,
yellow, very indistinct, running from the end of the cell
to near the middle of the hind margin; subterminal line
nearly parallel with the median, forming an outward tooth on
the fold; both lines often obliterated. Terminal line very
indistinct, sometimes consisting of only a row of points.
Fringes concolorous with the end of wing. Hind wings
fuscous; fringes much lighter.

This species is very perplexing because of its variability ;
some specimens before me are clear ochre-yellow, without
markings of any kind, and there is every gradation between
this and those with the median and subterminal lines well
marked. ‘The outer margin also varies more or less in form
from straight to emarginate.

FHlabitat. — Ontario, Maine, New York, North Carolina,
Illinois, Missouri, Colorado, Arizona, Califoraia. Food,
crass.

«¢ Hgg.—A light rufous color when first laid. Form ellip-
tical oval; size, .42 by .8mm. ‘There are about fourteen
prominent longitudinal ribs and numerous smaller trans-
verse ridges.” (Felt. )

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT ~— No. 31. 141

CRAMBUS LUTEOLELLUS UL&. (Plate IV., fic. 6.)

OCrambus ule Ckll., Ent. Mon. Mag., Vol. XXIV., p. 272 (1888).
Crambus ule Fern., Ent. Am., Vol. [V., p. 44 (1888).

Expanse of wings, 24mm. This variety differs from the
description above only in being a little more ashy beyond
the cell. This species is so exceedingly variable that at first
I was not disposed to consider this insect (the type of which
Mr. Cockerell very kindly gave me) even as a variety.
I have before me another specimen, from Arizona, almost
identical with Mr. Cockerell’s type, and another from Colo-
rado, which is intermediate between this type and some of
the eastern forms of luteolellus. JI am now inclined to think
that it may be well to consider ule a, geographical variety
of luteolellus, but perhaps more material and further study
may lead me to modify even this opinion.

Habitat. — Colorado, Arizona. Early stages and food
plant unknown.

I saw the type of Crambus innotatellus Walk. in the
British Museum, but could not study the structure of it.
I think it may prove to belong to the genus Chilo.

THAUMATOPSIS Morrison.

Face rounded; eyes large, hemispherical ; ocelli present ;
antenne scarcely more than half as long as the costa, pecti-
nate or bipectinate in the male; labial palpi porrect, about.
as long as head and thorax; maxillary palpi about as long
as the head, and triangularly scaled; tongue short; thorax
smooth; abdomen in the male with a small anal tuft. Fore
wings with twelve veins, 7, 8 and 9 from one stalk, all the
rest separate; cell closed. Hind wings with eight veins, 4
and 5 arise near each other or from one point; cell open.
Mr. Morrison redescribed pexellus Zell., and established the
genus Thaumatopsis for it. In 1894 Mr. Grote established
the genus Propexus, with edonis as the type; but, as pexel-
lus and edonis are congeneric, we have adopted the older
generic name.

142 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Expanse of wings less than oneinch, . . : ‘
Expanse of wings more thanoneinch,. . .
9 { Fore wings dark brown, . Ieee : ; ; striatellus.
' ( Fore wings yellowish brown, . : : . ‘ pectinifer.
R | { Median vein white, . y : : : : ‘ ; 2) rede
' ( Median vein not white, . , ; d , ‘ : oe a
A dark-brown streak in the outer part of the cell,. . pexellus.
{ Fore wints without dark streaks, . , . » magnificus.
Fore wings pale salmon pink, é ; « -« edonis.
|For wings white, with numerous fine dark longitudinal

lines, . ‘ Tain ae , ‘ s ‘ . repandus.

THAUMATOPSIS MAGNIFICUS. (Plate IV., fig. 11.)

Propexus magnificus Fern., Can. Ent., Vol. 23, p. 30 (1891).

Expanse of wings, 40 mm. Palpi clothed with pale fawn-
colored and black scales mixed; head and thorax pale fawn
colored, the latter with a dorsal whitish stripe and the inner
edge of the scapule also white. Fore wings pale fawn
colored, and mixed more or less with darker scales, except
on the costal region and along the fold. The costa and
hind border narrowly edged with white, and the veins
striped with white, the median stripe being much the widest ;
all are more or less expanded on the outer border. Fringes
white, and cut by two parallel lines of pale fawn color.
Hind wings and abdomen very pale fuscous. Fringes
white. |

Habitat. —Colorado. Food plants and early stages un-
known.

THAUMATOPSIS PEXELLUS. (Plate IV., fig. 14.)

Crambus pexellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 48 (male) (1863).

Crambus macropterellus Zell., Chil. et Cram , p. 48 (female)
(1863).

Thaumatopsis longipalpus Moyr., Pro. Bos. Soc. N. H., Vol.
XVII., p. 165 (1874).

Expanse of wings, 32 mm. Head, palpi and thorax dull
ochre-yellow, intermingled more or less with gray; labial

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 143

palpi longer than the head and thorax; antennez in the male
bipectinate ; fore wings with the median vein white, and
bordered above with dark brown in the outer half of the
cell, from which a gray shade extends to the apex, behind
which the entire surface of the wings is yellowish gray,
except in the fold. Fringes yellowish gray. Hind wings
grayish fuscous, paler basally.

Habitat. —Georgia, Missouri, Colorado. Food plant and
early stages unknown.

I have seen Zeller’s type, now in the British Museum ; and
Morrison’s type, which belongs to the National Museum, is
now before me.

THAUMATOPSIS EDONIS. (Plate IV., fig. 12.)

Crambus (Propexus) edonis Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 19 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 84-36 mm. Head, palpi and thorax
reddish fuscous; antenne of the male bipectinate; fore
wings reddish fuscous, without markings, but dusted with
fuscous on the interspaces and terminally. Fringes fuscous.
Hind wings pale fuscous, with paler fringes.

Habitat. — North Carolina, Kansas. Food plants and
early stages unknown.

THAUMATOPSIS REPANDUS. (Plate IV., fig. 15.)

Crambus (Propexus) repandus Grote, Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 19 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 22-32 mm. Head, palpi and thorax
whitish, more or less tinged with ashy gray. Fore wings
whitish, with numerous fine dark-brown lines in the inter-
spaces; median line broken and acutely angled at the end
of the cell. Subterminal line black where it arises from the
outer fourth of the costa, but soon changes to brown, form-
ing an inward tooth on vein 7 and an outward tooth near the
anal angle. Terminal line black, and broken into three dots
between veins 3 and 5. Fringes silvery gray, cut with
white three or four times. Hind wings pale yellowish, with
white fringes and an indistinct subterminal line.

Flabitat. — Texas, Arizona, Kansas, Colorado. Food
plant and early stages unknown,

144 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

THAUMATOPSIS STRIATELLUS n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 10.)

Expanse of wings, 22mm. Head, palpi and thorax dark
brown; antenne dark brown, unipectinate. Fore wings
umber brown, striped along the interspaces with dark
brown. A white stripe extends from the base of the wing
along the cell, near the middle of which it is broken up by
a mass of dark-brown scales. Median line wanting. Sub-
terminal line indicated by a curved line of white dots, bor-
dered with dark brown, which extend from the outer third
of the hind margin to vein 6. Terminal dark-brown dots
scarcely visible. Fringes concolorous with the wing. Hind
wings and abdomen slightly darker than the fore wings.
Fringes a little lighter. |

Habitat. — North Illinios. Described from one male speci-
men received from Mr. A. Bolter. Food plants and early
stages unknown.

THAUMATOPSIS PECTINIFER. (Plate IV., fig. 9.)

Crambus pectinifer Zell., Exot. Mic., p. 51, Plate L, figs. 20 a, 6 (1877).

Expanse of wings, 19 mm. Head, palpi and thorax pale
yellowish brown, sprinkled more or less with darker scales.
Fore wings pale yellowish brown, darkest along the costa.
A white stripe extends from the base of the wing over the
cell, beyond which it breaks up into fine lines. Median line
indicated by three small white spots edged with brown, in
an oblique line from the end of the cell to the basal third
of the hind margin. Subterminal line white, edged with
brown, nearly parallel with the outer margin, and visible
only below vein 5. Fringes gray, interlined with white.
Hind wings pale fuscous, with lighter fringes.

Habitat. — Texas. Food plants and early stages un-
known.

EUCHROMIUS GuEn.

Head medium; face with a slight cone-shaped projection ;
eyes hemispherical; ocelli present; antenne about two-
thirds as long as the costa, ciliate in the male, simple in the

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 145

female ; labial palpi porrect, about twice as long as the head ;
maxillary palpi about half as long as the labial palpi; tongue
well developed, scaled at the base; thorax smooth; abdo-
men with a medium anal tuft; legs of medium length, the
inner spurs half as long as the outer.

Fore wings nearly three times as long as wide, the outer
margin entire and rounded, with twelve veins all separate
except 8 and 9, which are from one stalk; cell closed.
Hind wings with eight veins, 4 and 5 from a stalk; cell
open.

EUCHROMIUS OCELLEUS. (Plate V., figs. 13, 14 )

Palparia ocellea Haw., Lep. Brit., p. 486 (1811).

Crambus Cyrilli Costa, Dizion. Univ. di Agric. (1829).

Phycis funiculella Tr., Sehmett. Eur.,Vol. [X., p. 290 (1832).

Araxes ocellea Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust., Vol. IV., p. 316
(1834).

Phycis ciriilelia Costa, Faun. Napol. Phycid., p. 2, Plate V.,
fig. 2 (1836). |

Crambus funiculellus Zell., Isis, p. 175 (1839),

Crambus funiculellus Dup., Catalogue, p. 319 (1844).

Crambus Cyrilli Zell , Isis, p. 760 (1847).

Crambus Cyrilli Herrich-Scheffer, Sch. Eur., Vol. IV.,
Plate XX., figs. 144, 145 (1849).

Eromene ocellea Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 54 (1863).

Eromene Californicalis Pack., Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y.,
Vol. X., p. 264 (1873).

Hromene texana Robs., Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., Vol. TX.,
p. 154, Plate L, fig. 5 (1875).

Eromene ocellea Leach, Br. Pyralids, p. 87, Plate X., fig. 2
(1886).

Euchromius ocelleus Meyrick, Br. Lep , p. 396 (1895).

Expanse of wings, 19-24 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and
fore wings light brownish ochreous, the latter thickly
sprinkled with dark brown; an ochre-yellow, more or less
oblique band a little beyond the middle, with a narrow me-
tallic band dividing it, and a somewhat similar oblique
apical band. The terminal line consists of a row of golden
metallic spots, confluent on the apical third, and preceded by
a row of eight or nine black points arranged in pairs, except
the second above the anal angle, which has three. These
black points are on the outer border of a clear field, which
is limited within by two fine gray lines, which terminate

146 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

above in the oblique apical band. Fringe concolorous with
the wing. Hind wings white, more or less tinged with gray.

Flabitat. — Texas, Arizona, California, southern Europe,
south-western Asia, Africa, Australia, Sandwich Islands.
This insect is undoubtedly a native of southern Europe, and
has probably been brought to this country in comparatively
recent times. The early stages and food plants are un-
known. At one time I supposed that the Texas and Cali-
fornia examples should be regarded as well-marked varieties,
but upon the examination of more material I find all the
usual variations among the Texan specimens and also among
those from California.

ARGYRIA Ilvs.

Head medium; face slightly produced ; eyes large, hemi-
spherical; ocelli present; antenne about two-thirds as long
as the costa, ciliated in the male, simple in the female ; labial
palpi porrect, about twice the length of the head; maxillary
palpi about half as long as the labial palpi; tongue well de-
veloped, scaly at the base; thorax and abdomen smooth, the
latter with an extensible anal tuft in the male; legs rather
stout, outer spurs half as long as the inner ones. Fore
wings about twice as long as wide, with twelve veins; 8 and
9 from one stalk, all the rest separate. Hind wings two-
thirds as wide as they are long, with eight veins; 4 and 5
from one stalk; cell open.

This genus was established by Hiibner, in his ‘* Verzeich-
niss bekannter Schmetterlinge,” p. 372, placing nummulalis
(argentana) Hiib. and puszllalis Hib. under it, and there-
fore nummulalis may be considered the type.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Fore wings with an oblique yellow band across the middle,
1

auratella.

Fore wings without a yellow band, ; é ; i ; 2.

( Fore wings with yellow hind border, . ° argentand.
( Fore wings without yellow hind border, . 1 oil De
{ Fore wings with oblique costal marks, . ; . lacteélla.

( Fore wings without oblique costal marks, . nivalis.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 147

ARGYRIA NIVALIS. (Plate V., fig. 1.)

Phalena Pyralis nivalis Drury, Vol. III., Nat. Hist., p. 25, Plate
XIV., fig. 4 (17738).

Hydrocampa (?) nivalis Westwood's Drury (1837).

Geometra argentata Emm., Nat. Hist. N. Y. Ag., Vol. V., Plate
XL. (1854).

Urola michrochysellu Walk., Lep. Het., Vol XXVIT., p. 181 (1863).

Catharylia nummulalis Zell, Chil. et Cram., p. 51 (1863).

Argyria argentata Grote, Bull. Buf. Soc., Vol. IL, p. 166 (1874).

Argyria nivalis Fern., N. A. Ent., p. 100 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 18-22 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and
fore wings white, with a satin lustre. The outside of the
palpi, the antenne, a stripe behind the eyes, the basal edge
of the costa, the terminal line and a dot near the middle of
the hind margin, dark reddish brown. Fringe and anal
tuft yellowish brown. Hind wings and abdomen pure white,
with a silky lustre.

Habitat. — Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of
Columbia, Florida, Texas, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois. Food
plant and early stages unknown. This comparatively com-
mon species is found in grass-lands, flying about in company
with, and much like, some of the species of Crambus, and
it is very probable that it feeds on grass.

ARGYRIA ARGENTANA. (Plate V., fig. 2.)

Tortrix argentana Martyn, Psyche, Plate XXXIL., fig. 95 (1797).
Argyria nummulalis Hiib., Zutr., figs. 185, 186 (1818).

Urola subenesccns Walk , Lep. Het., Vol. XXVII., p. 182 (1863).
Catharylla fuscipes Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 51 (1863).

Argyria nummulalis Fern., N. A. Ent., p. 100 (1880).

Expanse of wings, 19-23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and
a stripe backwards from the top of the head bright rust red ;
sides of the thorax and the fore wings white, with a satin
lustre; the hind border orange yellow; basal edge of the
costa and terminal line dark reddish brown; fringes much
lighter than the terminal line ; abdomen and hind wings very
pale fuscous, with a silky lustre.

Habitat. — Pennsylvania, Illinois, Georgia, Florida. Food
plant and early stages unknown.

148 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

ARGYRIA AURATELLA. (Plate V., fig. 3.)

Crambus auratelius Clem., Proc. Acad. N. Se. Phil., p. 204 (1860). |
Urola pulchella Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVII., p. 183 (1863).
Catharylla pulchella Zell., Beitr., p. 95, Plate ILL, fig. 18 (1872).

Expanse of wings, 13-20 mm. Upper side of palpi, face
and top of head, tegule and fore wings white, with the
lustre of satin; sides of the palpi, antenne, collar and
middle of thorax above, and a band from the apical third
of the costa to the middle of the hind margin, bright
orange yellow. Terminal line dark red; fringe light orange
yellow. Hind wings and abdomen white.

Habitat. — Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North
Carolina, Florida, Llinois, California. Food plant and early
stages unknown.

ARGYRIA LACTEELLA. (Plate V., figs. 4, 5 and 6.)

Tinea lacteélia Fab., Ent. Syst., Vol. III, part IT., p. 313 (1794).
Pyralis albana Fab., Ent. Syst , Sup., p. 476 (1798).

Argyria pusillalis Hiib., Zutr., figs. 167, 168 (1818).

Catharylia lusella Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 51 (1863).

Catharylla rufisignella Zell., Beitr., p. 96 (1872).

Argyria pontiella Zell., Exotic Micr., p. 59 (1877).

Expanse of wings, 12-16 mm. Top of palpi, face, thorax
and fore wings pure white, with a satin lustre ; sides of palpi,
top of head, collar, a dot on the middle of the costa, one on
the middle of the hind margin and a more or less complete
line connecting them, a preapical costal triangle divided by
an oblique of the ground color and the terminal line, all dark
rust red. Fringe rust yellow. Hind wings white, with a
silken lustre. In one variety (Plate V., fig. 5) the median
stripe of the fore wing is so far obliterated as to have only
the costal, marginal and cellular spots, and in the typical
rufisignella the cellular spot is also obliterated (Plate V.,
fig. 4). Fig. 6 represents a typical puszllalis, of which
lusella and pontiella are synonyms. I have before me a
long series passing by insensible grades from rufisignella
into Jacteélla. |

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 149

Habitat. — Florida, Texas, Jamaica, South America.
Food plant and early stages unknown. All the types are
still in existence, except that of pusillalis Hiib., but of this
we have a recognizable figure. The type Jacteélla is in the
Fabrician collection in Copenhagen, and the Zeller types
are in the British Museum.

DIATRAZA GUILDING.

Face with a conical projection ; eyes large, sub-hemispher-
ical; ocelli absent; antenne about two-thirds as long as the
costa, ciliate in both sexes, more strongly in the male ; labial
palpi porrect, about three times as long as the head ; tongue
rudimentary ; thorax smooth; abdomen in the male with a
moderate anal tuft; legs stout, of medium length, outer
spurs about two-thirds as long as the inner. Fore wings,
about two and one-half times as long as wide in the male, a
little longer in the female, with twelve veins, 8 and 9 from
a stalk, 11 and 12 coalesce for a short distance in some of
the species; cell closed. Hind wings one and one-half times
longer than wide, with eight veins, 4 and 5 from one point
or stalked; cell closed.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Fore wings bluish gray, without marks or dots, . , adalis.
Fore wings yellow or brown, . . . , . ° 7 eae
Fore wings seal brown or yellowish brown, . male differentialis.
eae pate orhre-yellow,) (4008. 8 Yep 8
Fore wings with a terminal dark lines) : ‘ : allent.
; i Pane ee aa waiy terminal dota i sy i Lea gy a ed,
Expanse more than one inch and a half, female differentialis.
Expanse less than one inch and a half, , ‘ . saccharalis.

150 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

DiATREZA SACCHARALIS. (Plate V., fig. 8.)

Phalena saccharalis Fab., Ent. Syst., Vol. IIL., part 2, p. 238
(1894).

Phalena saccharalis Fab., Skrifter af naturalist. Selak.,
Vol. III., part 2, p. 63, Plate VIII, fig. 1 (1894).

Diatrea sacchari Guilding, Trans. Soc. Ency. Arts, Vol.
XLVL., p. 143 (1832).

Chilo obliteratellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 8 (1863).

Chilo obliteratellus Zell., Ent. Zeit., Vol. XXXIIL, p. 465
(1872). ;

Chilo obliteratellus Feld. & Rehf., Novara., Plate CX XXVIL,
fig. 24 (1874).

Chilo obliteratellus Zell., Exot. Microp., p. 12 (1877).

Chilo crambidoides Grote, Can Ent., Vol. XII., p.15 (1880).

Diatrea obliteratella Zell., Col. Chil. Cram. & Phy., p. 10,
Plate XI, fig. 5 (1881).

Diatrea obliteratella Com., Report Dep. Ag., p. 240 (1881).

Diatrea oblileraiella Meesch., Lep. Fauna von Port, p. 322
(1890).

Diatrea striatalis Snell., Tijds. v. Ent., Vol. XXXIV., p. 349,

' Plate IL, figs. 1-4 (1891).

Expanse of wings, 28-38 mm. Head, palpi, antenne,
thorax and fore wings pale ochre-yellow, the latter with
darker venular and iutervenular lines; one discal and seven
terminal dots black. Hind wings white in the females, pale
yellow in the males. All the fringes are concolorous with
the adjacent part of the wings. There is a curved line of
more or less distinct brown dots from within the apex across
the wing, curving in towards the base of the hind margin,
and also a trace of a second parallel line between this and
the end of the cell. These lines of dots occur more or less
distinctly in the males and also in a few females.

Habitat. — South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kansas,
West Indies, South America. Food plants, corn and sugar-
cane.

Eqg. — The eggs are flat and circular, 1 mm. in diameter,
white when first deposited, but turn yellow before hatching.
They are laid early in the spring, upon the leaves of the
young cane, near the axils, and, hatching in a few days, the
larvee bore their way into the stems in the immediate vicin-
ity, and work upwards through the soft pith. The larvae
grow very rapidly, and leave their burrows occasionally to

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 151

crawl about on the outside of the stalk, and bore in again in
anew place. The full-grown larva is about an inch long,
rather slender, nearly cylindrical, cream white in color, and
has a yellow head. When full grown it bores a hole to the
surface, then retires a short distance and transforms into a
slender brown pupa, about three-fourths of an inch long.
In a few days the moth emerges and lays eggs for another
brood, of which there are several in a season. They are
supposed to hibernate in the larval stage.

The above account is compiled from the Report of the
Department of Agriculture for 1880, p. 240, where remedies
are given for this insect.

DIATREA ALLENI. (Plate V., fig. 9.)

Diatreea allent Fern., Ent. Am., Vol. IV., p. 120 (1888).

Expanse of wings, 30mm. Head, palpi above and middle
part of the collar cream white. Outer side of the labial
palpi, sides of the head and thorax and the fore wings cream
buff. The hind border of the fore wings as far as vein 1,
and a few longitudinal streaks beyond the brown discal spot,
paler, and the whole surface of the wing evenly and sparsely
sprinkled with minute brown scales; terminal line brown,
fine, somewhat broken, not reaching the analangle. Fringes
whitish at the base, but darker beyond. Hind wings sordid
cream color, but lighter on the basal part. Fringes lighter
than the adjacent parts of the wings. Under side of the fore
wings pale fuscous, with the brown terminal line reproduced.

Habitat.— Orono, Maine. Early stages and food plant
unknown.

152 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

DIATRZA DIFFERENTIALIS. (Plate VI., figs. 7 and 8.)

Diatrea differentialis Fern., Ent. Am., Vol. IV., p. 120 (1888).

Expanse of wings, 43 mm. in the males, 54-61 mm. in the
females. Head, palpi, antennee, thorax and fore wings seal
brown. The top of the head and palpi, and the posterior
edge of the fore wings as far as vein 1, somewhat lighter,
and the fore wings sprinkled with dark scales; a small dark-
brown discal spot at the end-of the cell; a terminal row of
seven spots of the same color, the one at the anal angle
being double. Hind wings pale fuscous, lighter towards
the base, which is of the same color as the abdomen. Under
side of the hind wings like the upper side in color, and the
under side of the fore wings a little darker; legs pale seal
brown, darker in front. The female has the head, palpi,
thorax and fore wings of a light brownish color, the latter
sprinkled with brownish atoms. The discal and terminal
spots are similar to those in the male. The remaining
parts of the insect are similar to those in the male, except
that the shades incline to yellowish. ‘The difference of color
between the two sexes, as shown above, is most remarkable.

Habitat. — Florida. Early stages and food plant unknown,

DIATR#HA IDALIS n. sp. (Plate VI., fig. 12.)

Expanse of wings, 25-34 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and
fore wings pale mouse color, with a faint indication of an
oblique row of brown dots across the end of the cell in one
specimen. Hind wings pure white. Described from one
female in my collection. I have a male from the National
Museum, in very poor condition, which is somewhat darker,
and indicates that the markings on the fore wings are more
prominent. The hind wings are pale gray.

Habitat. —New Jersey, Georgia. I take pleasure in
naming this interesting insect for Miss Ida J. Russell, who
has rendered me most valuable assistance in my entomologi-
cal work.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —WNo. 31. 153

CHILO ZINCKEN.

Face with a conical projection; eyes large, sub-hemi-
spherical; ocelli present; antenne about two-thirds as long
as the costa, ciliate in the male; labial palpi porrect, nearly
three times as long as the head; maxillary palpi about as
long as the head, triangular, and.resting on the labial palpi ;
tongue short; thorax smooth; abdomen in the male with a
small anal tuft; legs stout, of medium length, outer spurs
about two-thirds as long as the inner. Fore wings with
twelve veins, 8 and 9 from one stalk, all the others separate ;
cell closed. Hind wings with eight veins, 4 and 5 from one
point or stalked; cell closed.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

1 Fore wings with metallic fringes and sprinkles, . plejadellus.
* { Fore wings without metallic scales, : - , : oe.
Fore wings with veins interlined with dark, . . . densellus.
4 \ Fore wings with the veins not interlined, Bhi «wae:
9 | Fore wings with the ground color white, ‘ » squamulellus.
evore wines with ground.color brown, .. .. «we 1.8 4
{ Hind wings dark fuscous, : : : : » comptulatalis.

4, .
Hind wings white, fuscous apically, a tL ty hee Seat ea Om OESCL LES

154 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

CHILO PLEJADELLUS. (Plate V., figs. 10, male, and 11,
female. )

Chilo plejadellus Zinck., Germ. Mag., Vol. IV., p. 251
(1821).

Jartheza sabulifera Walk., Lep. Het., Vol. XXVII., p. 185
(1863).

Crambus plejadellus Zell., Chil. et Cram., p. 26 (1863).

Diphryx prolatella Grote, Bull. U.S. Geo. Sur., Vol. VI,
p- 273 (1881).

Chilo oryzaeéllus Riley, Rep. bo. Ag., p. 185, Plate VIL.,
fig. 1 (1882).

Expanse of wings, 22-32 mm. Head, thorax and fore
wings pale ochreous; labial palpi quite bushy, clothed with
numerous black scales
and hairs intermixed.
Fore wings with numer:
ous ferruginous scales
scattered between the
veins, across the end and
below the cell; a series
of golden metallic scales
Fig. 3.— Chilo plejadellus: a, larva, side view in forms a subterminal line

split stem; 0, larva, back view; ec, pupa; rounded and curved away
d fale moth, natural ase «POF from the apex: a tert
side view—enlarged.—From Depart- nal row of seven black
rte card dots. Fringes golden
metallic, with metallic scales scattered over the wing. Hind
wings rather paler. Female (fig. 3, 2) much jiahien 3 in color
than the male, hind wings and abdomen pure white, palpi less
bushy, and with less brown scattered over the fore wings.

«« Larva. — Average length, 23 mm. Head dark brown,
and furnished with a few scattered brownish hairs (fig. 3, a
and). Thoracic shield light brown, median line still paler,
front margin whitish; a blackish triangular spot, widening
towards the lateral margin, on each side of the dorsal line.
Color of the body pale yellowish white, slightly transparent,
marked with four rather indistinct, pale-purplish stripes,
of which those bordering the stigmata are scarcely half as
broad as the others, ‘Tubercles large, oval, pale yellowish

i) SP
Ry) =

=
2
=

oS ps0

=

al

1896.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 155

and polished; stigmata small, transversely oval, brown, the
last pair twice as large as the others. Anal shield yellow,
polished, furnished with a row of hairs upon each side and
two near the middle; it is marked with a few brownish
spots. Legs yellow.

<6 Pupa. for agi, 17 mm. Odler yellowish brown;
head, thorax, wing-sheaths and stigmata somewhat ea
eyes black. Head bent forward, its front somewhat pointed.
Thorax with very fine transverse striz. Abdominal seg-
ments 5-7 armed dorsally near their anterior margin with
numerous very minute brownish spines; all segments with
extremely fine granulations. Tip of last segment rounded,
with a longitudinal lateral impression; expanded dorsally
into two flattened projections, each being divided into broad
teeth (fig. 3, c,eand /).” (Riley.)

Habitat. — Pennsylvania, Georgia, Louisiana, Wisconsin.
Food plants: this insect is a borer in the stems of rice,
and probably of other plants.

CHILO DENSELLUS. (Plate V., fig. 7.)

Chilo densellus Zell., Col. Chil., p. 5, Plate XI., fig. 2 (1881).
Spermatophthora multilineatelia Wulst, Ent. Am., Vol. UL,
p. 184 (1887).

Expanse of wings, 18-21 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and
fore wings pale ochreous, with venular and intervenular dark
ochreous lines. Discal and seven terminal dots black. Hind
wings pale yellow. Females paler, with more pointed fore
wings and white hind wings. All the fringes concolorous
with the wings.

Habitat. — Florida, Texas, Illinois. Food plants and
early stages unknown.

CHILO SQUAMULELLUs. (Plate V., fig. 12.)
Chilo squamulellus Zell., Col. Chil., p. 5, Plate XI., fig. 3 (1881).
Expanse of wings, 18-21 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and

fore wings white, sprinkled with brown atoms. The inner
cross-line pale straw yellow, and, starting from the basal

156 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

third of the costa, extends in a straight line to the end of
the cell, where it forms an acute angle and runs to the mid-
dle of the hind margin, giving off one tooth in the middle
of its course. The outer line white, bordered on each side
with a fine, pale, straw-yellow line, and, starting from the
outer fourth of the costa, curves around to the fold, where
it forms. an obtuse inward angle, then runs to the hind mar-
gin. Fringe trisected by two fine black lines through it.
Hind wings pure white.

Habitat. — Texas. Food plant and early stages unknown.

CHILO COMPTULATALIS. (Plate VI., fig. 9.)

Crambus comptulatalis Hulst, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 167 (1886).

Expanse of wings, 26 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and fore
wings dark umber brown, the latter with numerous black
scales along the basal half of the submedian fold, broken by
a light spot. Black-and-white scales scattered in the outer
part of the cell, and a black discal dot surrounded by white
scales. The arcuate outer cross-line half way between the
cell and end of the wing, and from which indistinct dark
lines extend to the terminal dark-brown dots. Hind wings
and abdomen dark fuscous throughout.

Habitat. — Illinois, Missouri, Colorado, Nebraska, Van-
couver Island. Food plant and early stages unknown.

CnHILO FORBESELLUS n. sp. (Plate VI., figs. 10 and 11.)

Expanse of wings, 23-38 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and
fore wings dark umber brown, varying in depth of shade
according to the freshness of the specimen. ‘Fore wings
with more or less white scales on the outer part of the cell,
the cellular black dot in the midst of them; a similar series
of white scales scattered along the submedian fold, with a
black dash near the middle of the wing in the fold and
another a little before it. The outer cross-line and termi-
nal row of black dots are visible only in more or less worn
specimens. Hind wings white, pale fuscous apically, with
a dark-brown broken terminal line not reaching the anal

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 157

angle. First two segments of the abdomen white, remain-
ing segments pale yellow. Female larger and lighter in
color Shan the male, discal and terminal dots more plainly
visible and hind wings lighter.

Habitat. — New ok Illinois.

There are a male and a female of this species in the N Ottis
Museum, labelled ‘‘ From Scirpus, D. C. Kellicot, Buffalo,
N. Y.” It is probable that this insect is a stem borer in
Scirpus. |

Named in honor of Prof. S. A. Forbes, from whom it
was received, in recognition of his valuable contributions
to economic entomology. )

158

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Explanation of Plate Ad,

ANATOMY OF CRAMBUS LAQUEATELLUS.

The original drawings for Plates A, B and C were made by Mr. R. A.
COOLEY, under my direction and supervision.

Wig i,
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig.- 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 1;
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig.

Fig. 5
Fig.

Fig.

Fig. 8.
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13,
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.

Side view of denuded body.

Dorsal view of denuded body.

Front view of head.

Ventral view of head.

Fore leg.

Tibial epiphysis.

Middle leg.

Hind leg, showing the tip of one of the tibial spurs enlarged at the left.

Two joints from the middle of the female antenna.

Portion of a joint from male antenna, enlarged, showing sense pits, spines
and reticulated surface.

Portion of hind wing, showing the end of-a vein, a spine (sp) and scale pits.

a,antenna; c, clypeus; e, eye; 7, labrum; m, mandibles; 0, ocelli; 8s, scap-
ula; sa, spiny area; mp, maxillary palpi; lp, labial palpi; pl, prothoracic
lobes; s?, mesoscutum; s°, metascutum; sm?, mesoscutellum; sm*, metas-

cutellum; c1, c?, c3, coxa of the fore, middle and hind legs; sp, spine.

Explanation of Plate B.

Fore wing of Crambus laqueatellus.

Hind wing of Crambus laqueatellus.

Fore wing of Chilo plejadellus.

Hind wing of Chilo plejadellus.

Fore wing of Huchromius californicalis.

Hind wing of Huchromius californicalis.

Fore wing of Prionapteryx achatina.

Hind wing of Prionapteryx achatina.

Fore wing of Eugrotea dentella.

Hind wing of Eugrotea dentella. |

Fore wing of Crambus laqueatellus, showing the spiny area at the
base and the loop of modified scales through which the frenulum passes.

View from the edge of the spiny area from the fore wing of Crambus
laqueatellus,

Male frenulum of Crambus laqueatellus.

Female frenulum of Crambus laqueatellus.

Male antenna of Prionapteryx nebulifera.

Male antenna of Pseudoschcenobius opalescalis.

Male antenna of Crambus laqueatellus.

Plate A

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1896.]

Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

Explanation of Plate C,

Side view of head of Prionapteryx nebulifera.
Fore wing of Prionapteryx nebulifera.

Hind wing of Prionapteryx nebulifera.

Side view of head of Thaumatopsis pexellus.
Fore wing of Thaumatopsis pexellus.

Hind wing of Thaumatopsis pexellus.

Side view of head of PSeudoschcenobius opalescalis.
Fore wing of PSeudoschcenobius opalescalis.
Hind wing of Pseudoschcenobius opalescalis.
Bide view of head of Diatrea saccharalis.

Fore wing of Diatreea saccharalis.

Hind wing of Diatreea saccharalis.

Side view of head of Argyria nummulalis.

Fore wing of Argyria nummulalis.

Hind wing of Argyria nummulalis.

Side view of head of Crambus floridus.

Fore wing of Crambus floridus.

Hind wing of Crambus floridus,

159

160

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

The original drawings for the six following plates were made by
Miss ELLA M. PALMER.

Explanation of Plate I,

Crambus satrapellus.
Crambus leachellus.
Crambus pascuellus.
Crambus hastiferellus.
Crambus carpenterellus.
Crambus unistriatellus.
Crambus prefectellus.
Crambus bidens.

9. Crambus alboclavellus.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Explanation of Plate III.

1.
2.
3e
4,
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.

Te

12.
13.
14.
15.

Crambus agitatellus.
Crambus laqueatellus.
Crambus multilineéllus.
Crambus girardellus.
Crambus gausapalis.
Crambus decorellus.

Crambus cypridalis.
Crambus dumetellus.
Crambus hulstellus.
Crambus attenuatus.
Crambus albellus.
Crambus pusionellus.
Crambus labradoriensis.

Crambus coloradellus. Fore

wing enlarged.
Crambus oregonicus.
Crambus teterrellus.
Crambus trisectus.
Crambus undatus.
Crambus turbatellus.
Crambus perlellus.
Crambus inornatellus.

Explanation of Plate ITI,

1. Crambus argillaceéllus.

2. Crambus minimellus.

3. Crambus occidentalis.

4. Crambus hamellus.

5. Crambus albilineellus.

6. Crambus trichostomus.

7 Crambus myellus,

8 Crambus luctiferellus luctu-
ellus.

9. Crambus mutabilis.

10. Crambus anceps.

11. Crambus hortuellus,

12. Crambus dissectus.

13. Crambus hemiochrellus.

14. Crambus ruricolellus.

15. Crambus bolterellus.

Explanation of Plate IV.

1. Crambus biothanatalis.
2. Crambus caliginosellus.
8. Crambus caliginosellus.
4. Crambus zeellus.

5. Crambus luteolellus.

6. Crambus luteolellus ule.
7 Crambus laciniellus.

8. Crambus elegans.

9. Thaumatopsis pectinifer.
10. Thaumatopsis striatellus.
1l. Thaumatopsis magnificus.
12. Thaumatopsis edonis.

138. Crambus dimidiatellus.
14. Thaumatopsis pexellus.
15. Thaumatopsis repandus.

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Argyria nivalis.
Argyria argentana.
Argyria auratella.
Argyria lacteella.
Argyria lacteella.
Argyria lacteella.
Chilo densellus.
Diatrea saccharalis.
Diatrea alleni.

Chilo plejadellus, male.

- Chilo plejadellus, female.

Chilo squamulellus.
Euchromius ocelleus.

- Buchromius ocelleus,

Crambus vulgivagellus.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

161

Explanation of Plate VI.

Prionapteryx nebulifera.
Prionapteryx achatina.

- Prionapteryx achatina.

Prionapteryx cuneolalis.
Hugrotea dentella.
Crambus bonifatellus.
Diatreea differentialis, male.

. Diatrea differentialis, female.
. Chilo comptulatalis.

Chilo forbesellus, male.
Chilo forbesellus, female.

- Diatrea idalis.

Pseudoschcenobius opalesca-
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INDEX OF GENERA.

PAGE PAGE
Agriphila, Rivokts LAL VS, - 109 | Eugrotea, . ele ’ NZ
Araxzes, » ° ; . ‘ - 145 | Geometra, . . : ‘ - 147
Arequipa, . : . - 120 | Hydrocampa, . : We
Argyria, . . ; : . 146 | Jartheza, . : : ° ; . 154
Argyroteuchia, ° : : - 109 | Palparia, : ; ° ay esa 40
Bombyx, . . : ; : - 122 | Phalena, s 103,119, 122,147, 150
Carvanca, : : . ° . 185 | Phyeis, -- . ° ° ‘ - 145
Catharylla, . . : . 147,148 | Prionapteryx, . . : oe 89
Catoptria, : - 122 | Prionopteryz, . : : 90, 91
Chilo, . ; . : ; - 153 | Propexus, ° ; ° - 142,148
Chilo, . 91,98,101, 103,105, 107,109, | Pseudoschcenobius, : : oneioe
116, 119, 122, 127, 128,181, | Pyralis, . ° : E 147, 148
150 Schenobius, . : - shoe
Crambus, : . ; : « 94 | Spermatophthora, . 5 133, 155
Crambus, - 90, 91, 142, 148, 144, | Thaumatopsis, : : : - 141
145, 148, 154, 156 | Tinea, . 101, 103, 109, 116, 119, 122,
Diatreea, . : ° . ° « 149 148
Diphryz, . ; : . 154 | Tortriz, . « 47
Eromene, . - : o 7 245 )-[y Uinta, : ; : oo 288
Euchromius, .. sores 144 }o Grola, 147, 148
INDEX OF SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES.
PAGE PAGE
achatina,. . 90 | argyreus,. 119
aculeilellus, . 98 | attenuatus, . 130
agitatellus, . 113 | auratella, 148
albana, . : - 148 | auratellus, : 148
albellus, . . ‘ ‘ - 114 | aurifimbrialis, . 123
albilineéllus, . : : : . 181 | behrensellus, . 125
alboclavellus, . ° ° . Lies | bidens, '. : : ° 108
alleni, . . : : « 151 | beleturetius, . 135
anceps, . ° ° . “ - 126 | biothanatalis, . ; eae
arbustorum, . ; ‘ - 119 | dbipunctellus, . ° oy deel
argentana, 4 : : 147 | bolterellus, : : : ; eee
argentata, ° ° 147 | bonifatellus, . . ° : - 183
argentella, . . 119 | bonusculalis, . | oe
argentellus, . 119 | californicalis, . ‘ ; ? . 145
argenteus, 119}}" caliginoseliaa, = fic. eee. ier
argillaceéllus, . ° ° ° - 100 | camurellus, . i : ‘ Ray 47

164

carpenterellus,
cespitella, ;
chalybirostris, .
ctrillella,. .
coloradellus, .
comptulatalis, . °

conchalis, . .
conchella, 2
conchellus, °
crambidoides, . ;
cuneolalis, ° .
cypridalis,

cyrilli,

dealbella, . =
decorellus, ; :
delectalis, .
densellus, ° .
dentella, . ° ;
differentialis, .
dimidiatellus, .
dissectus,
dumetalis,
dumetella,
dumetellus,
duplicatus, .«
edonis, .
elegans, .
elegantellus,
ensigerella,
ensigerellus, .
CxXESUS, «
exsiccatus,
extorralis, s
falsella, «
floridus, . °
forbesellus, .
Suniculella,
Suniculellus,
Suscicostellus, « .
fuscipes, .
gausapalis,
girardellus,
goodellianus,
hamellus,
hastiferellus,
haytiellus,
hemiochrellus,
hercynia,
holochrellus,
hortuella,
hortuellus,
hulstellus,

idalis, . ; :
incertella,
innotatellus, . °
inornatellus, . °

INDEX.

119, 141

119

interminellus, «

interruptus, .

tnvolutellus, . 4
labradoriensis, °
laciniellus, ° °
lacteélla, . ° °
laqueatellus, . °
latiradiellus, .

leachellus, ° ;
longipalpus, . ;

luctiferellus luctuellus, .

luctuellus, ; ‘
lusella,

luteolellus,
luteolellus ule,
macropterellus,
magnificus,
michrochysella,
minimellus, . ;
multilineatelia, .
multilineéllus, .
mutabilis, : i

myella, . : :
myellus, . ° °
nebulifera, °
nivalis, . ‘
nivithumellus, . ,
nummulalis, . ,
obliteratella, . °
obliteratellus, . .
ocellea, . A :
ocellens, . . .
occidentalis, .
olivella, .
opalescalis, . .
oreadella,
oregonicus,
oryzeéllus,
pascuella,
pascuellus,
pectinifer,

perlella, . °
perlellus, . .
pexellus, .
pinetella, «

pineti, . .
plejadellus,
polyactinellus,
pontiella, .
preefectellus,
pratalis, .«

pratella, . ‘
prolatella, ; .
pulchella, ; ,
pulchellus, ° .
pusillalis, Bt a

pusionellus,
quinquareatus,
refotalis, .
repandus,
rufisignella,
ruricolellus,
sabulifera,
saccharalis,
sacchari, «
saltuellus,
satrapellus,
semifusellus,
sericinellus,

squamulellus, .

striatalis,
striatellus,
— gsubenescens,

INDEX.

terminellus, .
terrellus, « ‘
teterrellus,
texana, .
topiarius,
trichostomus, .
trichusalis,
trisecta, .
trisectus, .
turbatella,
turbatellus,
ule, . : :
undatus, . °
unistriatellus, .
vulgivagellus, .
zeéllus, . 4

165

PAGE
+ 221
e 127
e 127
« 145
a7 LO
« 132
- 109
« 185
e 135
- 120
- 120
- 141
« 134
- 106
- 123
- 138

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

JANUARY, 1896.

> eam iS i? oF
Ni ow es

, 1¢h ™
A eae oe
; Cis hy Ate Ans
tae pacar

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AN (span. ee
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ia alg ng OB are i

It is proper, in making this first report of the Hatch
Experiment Station since its consolidation with the State
Experiment Station, that its history and organization should
be briefly outlined and made a matter of permanent record.
The State station was established by act of the Legislat-
ure in 1882, with Prof. Charles A. Goessmann as director.
Though located on the college grounds and making use of
its land for purposes of experiment, it had no direct connec-
tion with it, but was governed by its own board of control.
Up to the time of consolidation twelve annual reports had
been issued and fifty-seven bulletins.

The Hatch Experiment Station was established under act
of Congress, Public No. 112, Feb. 25, 1887. The pro-
visions of this act were accepted by the General Court,
chapter 112 of the Acts and Resolves of 1887. Ata meet-
ing of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, held March 2, 1888, it was voted to establish another
department, to be styled ‘‘ The Experiment Department of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College.” The name was
subsequently changed to the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and Pres. H. H.
Goodell was elected director. Five thousand dollars of its
income were annually paid over to the State Experiment
Station, in consideration of its performing the chemical
work required. Previous to consolidation there had been
issued seven annual reports, thirty general, three special and
seventy-eight meteorological bulletins.

For several years a growing feeling had manifested itself
that the two stations should be united, in the interest of
economy of administration, work and result.

In 1894 an act was passed by the General Court, chapter
143, to consolidate the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station with the Experiment Department of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College. Owing to a trifling error, the

170 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

consolidation could not be effected, and the act was amended,
chapter 57 of the Acts and Resolves of 1895. The full text,
as amended, is as follows : —

Section 1. The Massachusetts agricultural experiment station,
located at the Massachusetts agricultural college in Amherst, may
be transferred to and consolidated with the experiment department
of the said college now known as the Hatch experiment station, in
the manner hereinafter provided.

Sect. 2. The said Massachusetts agricultural experiment sta-
tion, at any meeting duly called for such purpose, may, by a vote
of two-thirds of the members present, authorize the transfer of
all the rights, leases, contracts and property, of every kind and
nature, of said station to the Massachusetts agricultural college ;
and the trustees of said college may, at any meeting duly called
for such purpose, accept the same for said college in behalf of the
Commonwealth, whereupon such transfer shall be made by suit-
able conveyance ; and when such transfer shall be made, the said
Massachusetts agricultural experiment station shall be deemed to
be a part of, and to belong to, the experiment department of said
college, under such name as said trustees may designate.

Sect. 3. The trustees of said college shall thereafter continue
to carry on the experimental and other work for which the Massa-
chusetts station was established, and to administer and apply all
the property and funds that may be received by them hereunder,
and by virtue hereof, for such purposes. They shall also from
time to time print and publish bulletins containing the results of
any experimental work and investigations, and distribute the same
to such residents and newspapers of the Commonwealth as may
apply therefor.

Secr. 4. Nothing herein contained shall operate to affect or
discontinue the annual appropriations and payments thereof made
and to be made by the Commonwealth for the proper maintenance
of experimental work, under section six of chapter two hundred
and twelve of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-
two and section one of chapter three hundred and twenty-seven of
the acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-five; and the
payment of said appropriations shall hereafter be made to the
treasurer of the Massachusetts agricultural college. The trustees
of said college shall make or cause to be made annually to the gen-
eral court a detailed report of the expenditure of all such moneys,
and such further report of the annual work of the experiment de-
partment of the college station as the trustees of the college shall
deem advisable.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. Fil

In accordance with this action of the Legislature, at a
special meeting of the trustees, held April 16, 1895, it was
voted to accept, for the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
the transfer of all the rights, leases, contracts and property
of every kind and nature of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Experiment Station to the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege. It was voted to consolidate the two stations, under the
name of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, and the following organization was
adopted : —

Henry H. GoopELL, LL.D., . : - Director.
WiuLuiam P. Brooks, B.Sc, . : . Agriculturist.

GEORGE E. Stone, Ph.D., . ° . . Botanist.
CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., . Chemist (fertilizers.)

JOSEPH B. LinpsEy, Ph.D., ‘ A . Chemist (foods and feeding.)
CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph.D., . : » Entomologist.

SAMUEL T.. MAYNARD, B.Sc., . ; > Horticulturist.

LEONARD METCALF, B.S.,. .. - «+ Meteorologist.

Henry M. Tuomson, B.Sc., . A - Assistant Agriculturist.

RauPH E. SmitH, B.Sc., . : 3 . Assistant Botanist.

Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc., ; : - Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).
RoBERT H. Situ, B.Sc, . - é . Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).
CHARLES S. CrockER, B.Sc., . ; - Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).
EDWARD B. Houuanp, B.Se., . ° . Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).
RoBERT A. Coo.ey, B.Sc., 4 ; - Assistant Entomologist.

JosEPH H. Putnam, B.Sc., - ; . Assistant Horticulturist.

GEORGE A. BILuInGs, B.Sc, ; . Assistant in Foods and Feeding.

CHARLES A. KING, . : ; “ ~ Observer.

172 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, [ Jan.

ANNUAL STATEMENT

OF THE HATCH FUND OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COL-
LEGE FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1895.

By GrEorGE F. MILLs, Treaswrer pro tem.

Cash received from United States treasurer, . - $15,000 00

Cash received from agricultural department, ° 861 14
$15,861 14

Cash paid for salaries, . ; : ; - $8,382 72

Cash paid for labor, = : : : . - 1,592 88

Cash paid for publications, . . . 1,476 16

Cash paid for freight and express,. , ; » 103 53

Cash paid for postage and stationery, . 51 41

Cash paid for heat, light and water, 101 90

Cash paid for chemical supplies, . . 479 60

Cash paid for seeds, plants and sundry satition: . 600 71

Cash paid for fertilizers, ; . 844 08

Cash paid for feeding stuffs, . ; ; » 873 52

Cash paid for library, . - 528. 23

Cash paid for tools, implements ¢ and Petree ys: 867 27

Cash paid for furniture, . » ° ° 50 92

Cash paid for scientific apparatus, . ' : . 534 56

Cash paid for travelling expenses, . ; : sy DOR LOT

Cash paid for contingent expenses, ° ° 96 42

Cash paid for building and repairs, 181 86

——— $15,861 14

AMHERST, Mass., Sept. 20, 1895.

TI, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor, do hereby certify that I have exam-
ined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895; that I have found the
books well kept, and the accounts correctly classified as above, and that the receipts
for the time named are shown to be $15,861.14, and the corresponding disbursements
$15,861.14. All the proper vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined and
found to be correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1895.

CHARLES A. GLEASON,
Auditor.

—-1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 173

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.

GEORGE E, STONE.

This department of investigation was established in 1888
and continued until 1892, when, on account of Dr. Hum-
phrey’s resignation, it was temporarily discontinued. Last
July the department was re-established, and the physio-
logical laboratory is now devoted to experimental work
along the lines for which it was largely designed. Owing
to the fact that the laboratory and its equipment were
being used in other lines of investigation to the middle of
September, experimental work in botany was necessarily
delayed, and it was not until October that experiments
were under way. At the present time, therefore, only a
brief report can be offered. It may not be out of place,
however, to state concisely some of the details relating to
the line of work which is being pursued, reserving a fuller
account of the experiments for subsequent publications.

The work of the division falls mainly under two heads,
namely, vegetable physiology and vegetable pathology.
The first occupies itself with a study of plant diseases,
their prevention and cure. The second deals particularly
with the function of the plant, whether normal or abnor-
mal, and is concerned with the action of such external influ-
ences as heat, light, moisture, etc. It further endeavors to
ascertain how far the utilization of these external influences
is responsible for the inroads of fungi, and how far the
fungi can be controlled by these physiological factors.

Stupy OF Ingurtous FUNGI.

Throughout the entire year a large number of diseased
plants is sent in for diagnosis. Work in this line must
always be in progress, and the examination of these dis-

174 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. — [Jan.

eased forms occupies considerable time. Very frequently
some of the diseases prove to be new, or at least little
understood, and a study of them must be made for the
purpose of gaining an accurate knowledge of their charac-
teristics and habits, and thus enable us -to treat them in
an intelligent manner. It is highly important that the
nature of every plant disease be fully understood before
any attempt is made to treat it. Any attempt at treat-
ment not based on knowledge is as unscientific as it is
impracticable. Among the apparently new diseases occupy-
ing our attention at present are bacterial diseases of the
strawberry and orchid, a begonia leaf disease, a stem dis-
ease of the cultivated aster and a rust on the blackberry.
Besides these, observations are being made on a number
of other more or less known fungi.

In connection with the study of injurious fungi, numerous
tests are being made with new fungicides, ‘especially with
solutions which can be used in the greenhouse. These tests
are first made directly on the spores in the laboratory, and
then the solutions are applied to susceptible or diseased
plants in the greenhouse. By means of such tests the
effects of the solution on the spores can be readily observed,
and the strength of the solution required for spraying can
be tolerably well determined.

Nematode Worms.

No class of plants is more frequently sent in during
the winter than greenhouse cucumbers affected with these
worms, which completely riddle the tender tissues of the
roots, much to the detriment of the plants. No satisfactory
remedy has as yet been found, though various experiments
are now being made in the greenhouse for the purpose of
relieving the market gardener from these pests.

Beneficial Fungi (Mycorhiza).

It has been known in Europe for some years that the
roots of many plants are covered with fungous growths,
the predominance of which—in some instances, at least —
is believed to have some bearing on the absence of root

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —Neo. 31, 175

hairs. These facts, with other phenomena apparently of a
similar nature which occur in the leguminose, etc., have
led Frank * to surmise that these fungi play an important
role in the assimilation of food material from the soil. As
no investigations have been made to our knowledge on the
occurrence of fungi on the roots of our native species of
plants, Professor Smith and myself have devoted consider-
able attention during the past summer to work in this
direction, for the purpose of determining, first, the prev-
alence of fungi on roots of our native plants; second,
their nature and distribution; third, their relation to the
absence of root hairs. Already a large number of plants
have been examined, and it is proposed to carry on the inves-
tigations during the coming summer, with these additional
points in view, —fourth, to prove by means of cultures
whether the fungi are really essential to the plant in the
assimilation of food from the soil; fifth, if proved, to throw
some light, if possible, upon the process of assimilation ;
sixth, to ascertain whether these fungi are in any way —as
Kerner maintains they are — accountable for the difficulty
of transplanting certain plants.

Damping Fungi and their Felations to Temperature and
Movsture. -

Experiments are being made to ascertain the exact relations
of the development of the damping fungi to temperature
and moisture conditions. <A large number of plants subject
to damping off are being experimented with in a portion of
the greenhouse provided with self-registering instruments.
In connection with this line of work, experiments are being
made to find out at what temperature the spores of injurious
fungi common to the greenhouse commence to germinate.
These experiments are undertaken for the purpose of learn-
ing to what extent certain diseases can be controlled by
temperature and moisture conditions.

* Lehrbuch der Botanik, page 295.

176 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

GENERAL BOTANICAL WorK.

Grass Collection.

Among the specimens sent in by farmers and other citizens
of the State for determination are not infrequently grasses.
The station possesses already a small collection of these most
important plants, and it is hoped that in the course of time a
representative of every species peculiar to Massachusetts will
be found here, not only for our own use in aiding identifica-
tion of obscure species, but for the benefit of the student and
visitor who may wish to become familiar with them.

Weed Collection.

Any one who is conversant with our ever-extending com-
mercial relations with foreign countries can realize that a
considerable number of new species of plants reaches us every
year. That most of these may prove perfectly harmless
there can be no doubt; but, on the other hand, we do not
know but that there is in our State to-day some slumbering
pest, some unnaturalized immigrant, which may in a few
years become as common as the daisy or shepherd’s purse,
and prove as disastrous as the Russian thistle. For this
reason we wish to extend our collection of State weeds, and
keep a careful record of the nature and time of introduction
of every species. This department, therefore, requests the
co-operation of all those interested in such matters, in its
endeavor to make a complete collection and accumulate data
bearing on the habits of our weeds.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 177

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS.

LEADING RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON THE
EXPERIMENTS OUTLINED IN THE REPORT OF THE AGRI-
CULTURIST.

Grass and Clover.

1. Nitrate of soda applied in early spring may safely be
depended upon to produce a profitable increase in the first
crop of hay, but such application will-not materially increase
the yield of rowen. The amount to be used is from 150 to
200 pounds per acre.

2. Muriate of potash applied to land which is to be seeded
to mixed grasses and clovers may be depended upon to in-
crease the proportion of clover in the produce, and con-
sequently to make the hay more highly nitrogenous, and
particularly to increase the yield of rowen. The amount
needed is about 175 to 200 pounds per acre.

3. Fertilizers for top-dressing grass lands in spring should
contain nitrate of soda and muriate or sulphate of potash ; and,
to benefit the rowen crop, they should contain also some
slower-acting forms of nitrogen, such as sulphate of ammo-
nia, dried blood, dry ground fish, bone meal or tankage.
The fish, tankage or bone meal will furnish some phosphate,
of which a moderate quantity will be useful.

Corn.

1. The application of muriate of potash has so invariably
increased the yield of both stover and grain that the conclu-
sion is irresistible that potash should be more abundant in
fertilizers for this crop than is usually the case.

178 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

2. There is much evidence that the fertilizer for one acre
should furnish at least 80 to 100 pounds of actual potash.

3. A corn fertilizer containing 5 per cent. of potash,
applied at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre, furnishes 50
pounds of actual potash. With such a fertilizer it will pay
to use from 75 to 100 pounds of muriate of potash per acre.

4. Four cords of average farm-yard manure will supply
about 96 pounds of actual potash; but not all of this will be
available the first year, hence it will in most cases be found
profitable to use with this manure 75 to 100 pounds of muri-
ate of potash for corn.

Rye.
This crop is most largely increased by muriate of potash
and nitrate of soda, but responds much less freely to an ap-
plication of fertilizers than corn.

White Mustard.

1. In this we have a crop responding most freely to an
application of phosphates, indicating that the percentage of
phosphoric acid in fertilizers for turnips and cabbages (mem-
bers of the same family) should be large.

2. White mustard sown yearly in standing corn im the
later part of July grows until late in the fall, thus prevent-
ing soluble nitrogen compounds from being washed out of
the soil. It does not injure the growth of the corn the year
it is sown, and the ultimate effect is to make the soil produce
larger crops in subsequent years.

Potatoes.

1. Both being used in connection with materials furnish-
ing equal amounts of nitrogen and phosphates, sulphate of
potash gives larger yields of potatoes than muriate of potash.

2. Used in the same way, sulphate of potash produces
potatoes of better quality than muriate of potash.

3. Potato fertilizers should therefore contain potash in
the form of sulphate rather than muriate.

4. A large share of a fertilizer for potatoes should be
placed in the drill. This gives larger crops of better quality
than spreading broadcast.

1896.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 179

5. Treatment with solution of corrosive sublimate of seed
potatoes which are moderately scabby will prevent scab, pro-
vided the germs of this disease are not present in the soil
where the potatoes are planted.

Orimson Olover.

This clover has not proved hardy here, and experiments
in its use should be tried upon a small scale.

Japanese Millets.

1. The ‘‘barn-yard” variety is worth a trial. Here it
has yielded per acre: (a) seed, 66.7 bushels, and straw,
11,297 pounds; (4) green fodder, 18 tons; or (c) hay, 6
tons.

2. The green fodder is superior to good corn fodder in
feeding for milk. It makes excellent silage.

Soja Beans.

The medium green variety is a useful crop, whether for
feeding green or for silage. It will yield about two-thirds
as much gross weight as corn; but is far richer in flesh
formers. Silage made by mixing two parts of either corn
or barn-yard millet with one of the beans makes a well-bal-
anced feed for cows.

Flat Pea.

Seed was planted in the spring of 1894, but no fodder has
as yet been produced.

Sacaline.

Seed planted in the spring of 1895 germinated well, the
plants made a good start and promise a large yield of fodder
next year.

Hay Caps.

A trial demonstrated their great usefulness in showery
weather, and indicates that the Symmes’ cap has much to
recommend it.

180 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Warming a Stable for Cows.

The increase in milk and butter due to warming a stable
was small, and altogether insufficient to pay the cost.

Feeding Hens for Eggs.

1. Vegetable foods, even though furnishing equal amounts
of all nutrients and in the proportions considered suitable,
are shown to be much inferior to animal foods furnishing the
same amounts of nutrients and in the same proportions.

2. Dried meat meal, everything being considered, appears
to be superior as a feed for laying fowls to cut fresh bone.

Sort TESTS.

Soil tests upon the plan agreed upon in convention in
Washington in 1889 have been continued. During the past
season we have carried out five such tests: two upon our
own grounds, one with rye and the other with grass and
clover as the crops; and one each in Concord, Hadley and
Shelburne, with corn as the crop. The main points indi-
cated are as follows : —

Grass and Clover.

1. Nitrate of soda, applied at the rate of 160 pounds
per acre, is beneficial to the first crop of grass, the average
increase amounting to 580 pounds per acre. This result is
in line with all results in previous years, both here and
elsewhere,

2. This application does not appreciably increase the
rowen crop. |

3. The potash greatly increases the proportion of clover,
and thus considerably benefits the first cut of hay, the: aver-
age increase this year amounting to 569 pounds of hay for
an application of 160 pounds of muriate of potash per acre.

4. The effect of the potash application is most striking
upon the rowen crop. This, where timothy, red top and
clover are sown, is always chiefly clover. This year there
was not rowen enough to weigh except where barn-yard
manure or potash had been applied.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No., 381. 181

5. The phosphoric acid has not much affected either the
first or the second cutting.

I would again recommend, for mowings containing mixed
grasses and clover, as follows per acre: —

Pounds,

Nitrate of soda, . , ; : ‘ : : : noe
Tankage of dry fish, . ; : ‘ ; e100
Plain superphosphate, . : : , Pe OO
Ground South Carolina rock niosnien ; : 2 00
Muriate of potash, , ; ; : 2 LOU

Mix just before use and spread evenly in early spring.

Oorn.

The soil tests with corn this year were all upon land which
has been several years under similar manurial treatment.
On Mr. Frank Wheeler’s farm in Concord the work was
begun in 1890, and his crops in the order of succession
have been corn, corn, potatoes, grass and clover, grass and
clover, and corn (1895).

On Mr. Wheeler’s farm this year the average yield of the
five nothing plats which have received neither manure nor
fertilizer since 1889 was: stover, 3,956 pounds; grain, 40.6
bushels per acre. With muriate of potash alone, at the rate
of 160 pounds per acre, the yield was: stover, 2,840 pounds ;
grain, 59.8 bushels. The average increase on four plats
where potash was used, which is apparently due to this fer-
tilizer, is: stover, 1,257 pounds; grain, 21.6 bushels. The
average gain due to the use of nitrate of soda is 3.4 bushels
of grain, that due to potash (dissolved bone-black) is 2
bushels.

On Mr. West’s farm in Hadley the work was begun in 1890,
and the crops have been corn, corn, oats, grass and clover,
grass and clover, and this year corn. The average yield of the
nothing plats per acre this year was: stover, 3,584 pounds ;
grain, 50.7 bushels. The increase apparently due to the
application of potash alone was: stover, 2,900 pounds; grain,
27.4 bushels. The average increase on all plats where pot-
ash was used, apparently due to this element, was: stover,
8,200 pounds; grain, 22.8 bushels. Similar averages for

182 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

nitrate of soda are: stover, 407 pounds; grain, 9.1 bushels.
For phosphate (dissolved bone-black) there has been abso-
lutely no average increase; the crops where this has been
applied have been in fact a very little less in every instance
except one where it has been used.

On the farm of Mr. Dole in Shelburne the soil test work
was begun in 1889 and has continued seven years. The
crops in order of succession have been corn, corn, potatoes,
oats, grass and clover, grass and clover, and corn (1895).
Shelburne is the only place in the State where soil test work
with corn as the crop has been carried on which has not
indicated potash to be most largely required. The results
have been less decisive than in most places, but have indi-
cated phosphate (dissolved bone-black) to be most useful in
former years. ‘The past season nitrate of soda appears to
have been most useful to the corn crop; but there is strong
reason for believing that Mr. Dole, in placing the unhusked
corn in the barn, made mistakes in marking the several
bunches of material; and I regret to say that the figures
are such that I believe deductions therefrom would be unre-
liable.

hye.

The acre upon our home grounds which has been seven
years under soil test experiments has this year been in win-
ter rye which was sown in October, 1894. In rye we have
a crop with a long period of growth which is notable for its
ability to extract its food from a poor soil. It was to be
expected, therefore, that the differences produced by the fer-
tilizer treatment would be less than with crops such as corn,
potatoes and oats. This has been the case; but still the
results speak in no uncertain tone. The succession of crops
upon this acre has been corn, corn, oats, grass and clover,
grass and clover, corn and rye. For the corn, the muriate
of potash has been most useful; for the oats and grass,
nitrate of soda; for the clover, muriate of potash. This
season the average yield of the nothing plats has been:
straw, 1,700 pounds; grain, 12.1 bushels. The muriate
of potash alone has increased the straw 400 pounds, and
the grain 4.1 bushels. On the average, the muriate of

1896.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 183

potash has produced the following increases, viz.: straw,
800 pounds; grain, 4.5 bushels. Neither the nitrate of
soda nor the phosphate has been as beneficial. The muriate
of potash is most beneficial when used with both nitrate and
phosphate. The plat where all three were used produced an
increase of: straw, 2,480 pounds; grain, 15.4 bushels, as
compared with the nothings. Where manure at the rate of
five cords per acre has been applied every year for seven
years similar increases are: straw, 3,200 pounds; grain,
21.1 bushels. The grain raised on the fertilizer is better
than that raised on manure, and in general the size and
plumpness of berry were favorably affected by potash.

What White Mustard teaches.

Soon after the rye was harvested the land was ploughed
and sown to white mustard, 40 pounds of seed being put in
on July 31 without additional fertilizer. The result was a
striking object lesson. Germination of the seed was quick
and even, but, except on the plats where manure or phos-
phate (dissolved bone-black), lime and plaster have been
applied, there was almost absolutely no growth. On the
manure and ‘‘ complete” fertilizer plats growth was charac-
terized as good; on the plats receiving respectively nitrate
of soda and dissolved bone-black, dissolved bone-black and
muriate of potash, and dissolved bone-black alone, it was
fair. On all others it was poor, though the plats which had
received lime and plaster made a little better showing than
the others. It will be noticed that where for seven years
we have been applying phosphate — even with nothing
else —the growth of the mustard was fair to good, while
elsewhere there was very little growth; the plants simply
vegetated, and then stood still. This result is especially
significant upon this land, for, as shown in my description
of the soil test with rye, dissolved bone-black ‘has not very
materially benefited either corn, oats, grass, clover or rye.
On the same land, then, we find corn, clover and rye re-
sponding most freely to potash application; oats and grass,
to nitrate of soda; and mustard, —a plant of an altogether
different order (the turnip and cabbage family), —to phos-

184 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

phate. It is believed this object lesson indicates that here,
as in England, where the fact has long been pointed out,
fertilizers for turnips especially and probably for cabbages
also should be rich in available phosphoric acid.

The fertilizers applied yearly in all the soil tests alluded
to in my reports are shown in the table below. In some
experiments there have been five instead of four nothing
plats, as shown in this table, and the numbering of the plats
has been different. In other particulars the plan in all has
been identical. It has for its object not the production of
large crops, but the discovery of facts concerning the special
requirements of crops on the soils tested.

Applied Yearly per Acre.

Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.
Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.

Nothing.

Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.
Lime, 160 pounds.

Nothing.

Farm-yard manure, 5 cords.

; Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.
Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.
Nothing.

; Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.
Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

11 ; Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.

Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

12. Nothing.

13. Land plaster, 160 pounds.

{ist of soda, 160 pounds.
14,

CoONAMP Wr ZB

book
4

Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.
Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 185

Porato EXPERIMENTS.
Objects.

1. To determine whether the muriate or the sulphate
of potash should be used as a source of potash in potato
fertilizers.

2. To determine whether fertilizers for this crop should
be applied broadcast and harrowed in or put into the drill.

Results.

1. Eight experiments, comparing the sulphate with the
muriate of potash, have given an average of 22.1 bushels
of merchantable tubers per acre more where the sulphate
was the source of potash.

2. The eating quality of the tubers raised when the
sulphate has been the source of potash has generally been
better than when the muriate was used.

3. Analyses have generally shown that the tubers raised
on the sulphate have contained less water and more starch
than those raised on the muriate. When this has not been
the case, it is believed to have been because the tubers
had not properly ripened, owing to the premature death
of the tops on account of blight.

4, There has been little difference in the appearance of
the tubers raised on the two fertilizers, but the advantage
is slightly with the muriate in this respect.

). The number of bushels per acre in favor of the sul-
phate has ranged from 4.8 to 82.5 of merchantable tubers.
In only one out of the eight experiments has the muriate
excelled the sulphate; the difference on total yield was
then only 28 pounds per acre.

6. The fertilizer in the drill has generally given larger
crops than broadcast application. This has been the case
in six out of the eight experiments, the range being from
12.5 bushels to 54 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre
in favor of drill application. In the two experiments where
broadcast application gave the larger crops, it is believed
that the fact was due to natural inequality in the soil.

186 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION : [ Jan.

Details.

These experiments were begun in 1892, and have been
continued every year. Each year we have had four plats,
which we will call numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. In 1892 and
1893 these plats were one-sixth of an acre each; in 1894
and 1895, one-fourth of an acre each. The fertilizers have
each year been applied broadcast to plats 1 and 2; in the
open furrow before dropping the seed to plats 3 and 4.
Sulphate of potash has been the source of the potash each
year on plats 1 and 3, muriate of potash on plats 2 and 4.
The quantities of potash salts employed have been such as
to supply equal numbers of pounds of actual potash to
plats which were to be compared. Fertilizers supplying”
equal quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid to all
the plats have each year been applied.

The experiments of 1892 and 1893 were upon the same
land. ‘This land had been in pasture for several years up
to 1889. It was ploughed and planted in 1890 and 1891,
the crops being white mustard, oats, soja beans and millets.
The division into plats in the potato experiments ran across:
the rows of the two previous years, so that previous cultural
conditions had been the same on all the four potato plats.
The fertilizers applied in 1890 and 1891 comprised: nitrate
of soda, 160 pounds; dissolved bone-black, 820 pounds;
and muriate of potash, 160 pounds, per acre in each year.
The soil of these plats is a fine medium loam, underlaid
by gravel at the depth of about three feet, —an excellent
soil, in so far as drainage, warmth and other physical con-.
ditions go, for the potato.

The land used in 1894 and 1895 was of the same general
character, but with the gravel a little farther from the
surface. The same field was used both seasons. This
land had, previous to 1890, been used for several years as
a pasture. From 1890 to 1893 inclusive it had been used
for a variety of hoed crops, all raised on fertilizers. The
conditions on all four plats had been alike, but from the:
nature of our results it is believed that the soil in Plat 4
is inferior in fertility to that in the other plats.

1896.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 187

The kinds and amounts of fertilizers used per acre in
each of the first three years are shown below : —

PLATS (1892). PLATS (1893). PLATS (1894).

FERTILIZERS.

1 | 2 3 4 |} 2|3)|4 ee et: Bee |
Nitrate of soda (pounds), , - | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 || 240 | 240 | 240 | 240 |) 240 | 240 | 240} 240
Dry ground fish (pounds), - | 200 |} 200 | 200 | 200 || 300| 300} 300] 300}; = | - | - ve
Dissolved bone-black (pounds), | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 || 375 | 375 | 875 | 875 | 375 | 375 | 375) 375
Sulphate of potash (pounds), . | 174| - 174 | - 261; — {261} — |/211) - |211] -
Muriate of potash (pounds), .| - |174| - | 174] = 261] - |2e1/| - joi] - | a1
Tankage (pounds), . : -| = - - - - | = | = | = || 240] 240/240} 240
Dried blood (pounds), . Fs ~ - - ~ -|=-/]-]- 60} 60] 60; 60

In 1895 the same kinds and amounts of fertilizers were
used on each plat as in 1894.

Manner of applying Fertilizers.

In every instance all the fertilizers to be used on a plat
have been thoroughly mixed just before the seed was to be
planted. On plats 1 and 2 each year all of the mixed fertil-
izers have been evenly spread after ploughing and at once
harrowed in. On plats 3 and 4 the mixed fertilizer has been
broadly scattered the full length of the open furrow in which
the seed was to be dropped. In covering the seed the fertil-
izer was somewhat mixed with the soil and in part brought
above the seed.

Seed used and Manner of Planting.

The variety of potatoes raised has every year been the
same, — Beauty of Hebron. In 1892 the seed was from
Aroostook County, Maine; in 1893 it was of our own rais-
ing; in 1894 all except that planted in four rows was from
Maine, that in the four rows was of our own growing; and
in 1895 all was from Aroostook County. In 1894 all the
seed was treated with a solution of corrosive sublimate, for
the prevention of scab. The treatment accomplished the
object in view, and will be described later. Each year the
seed has consisted of medium to large tubers, and it has been
cut into pieces with two strong eyes each. It has been

188 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

planted by hand in rows three and one-half feet apart and
at a distance of twelve inches in the row. Planting has
always been early.

Culture and Appearance while growing.

The land has been harrowed once before the seed was up,
and later the harrow or Breed’s weeder has been used once
or twice more. The work thereafter has been carefully and
seasonably performed with one-horse cultivators and hand
hoes. During the early part of each of the four seasons the
crop growing where the sulphate of potash had been applied
was distinctly more vigorous and of a deeper color than that
growing on the muriate. This difference was maintained
throughout the season, but became less noticeable towards
the close of the season of growth.

A similar difference in favor of drill application was always
observed, also somewhat less marked towards the close of
the season.

The crops of 1892 and 1893 were not affected by leaf
blight to any great extent; but those of both 1894 and 1895
were affected, and as a consequence the tubers were less per-
fectly matured in those years.

Yields per Acre (Bushels).

Sulphate of Potash.

Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 185.7; small tubers, 10.8.
Drill, merchantable tubers, 192.5; small tubers, 13.5.
Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 290.4; small tubers, 26.4.

1892.
; Drill, merchantable tubers, 344.4; small tubers, 15.0.

1893

sroadcast, merchantable tubers, 248.0; small tubers, 20.0.
Drill, merchantable tubers, 268.4; small tubers, 17.2.
Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 241.5; small tubers, 15.3.
Drill, merchantable tubers, 260.4; small tubers, 14.0.

1894

1895

Muriate of Potash.

1899. ; Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 166.6; small tubers, 13.3.
Drill, merchantable tubers, 179.0; small tubers, 17.0.

1893 § Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 285.6 ; small tubers, 15.0.
’ 2 Drill, merchantable tubers, 325.6; small tubers, 21.0.
1294. Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 254.4; small tubers, 14.3.
Drill, merchantable tubers, 186.4; small tubers, 11.3.

; Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 234.0; small tubers, 16.6.

1895
Drill, merchantable tubers, 222.7; small tubers, 13.5.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 189

An examination of the figures for corresponding years and
plats reveals the fact that the plats receiving sulphate of pot-
ash have given the largest yield in every instance except
one, viz., broadcast application in 1894. The averages for
the two potash salts are as follows: sulphate of potash, per
acre, merchantable tubers, 253.9 bushels; small tubers, 16.5
bushels; muriate of potash, per acre, merchantable tubers,
231.8 bushels; small tubers, 15.25 bushels. The average
difference amounts to 22.1 bushels of merchantable tubers
and 1.25 bushels of small tubers. The difference in cost
- between the two potash manures amounts to about two dol-
lars per year, the sulphate costing the more.

It should be remarked that since some adverse influence,
previously alluded to (not connected with the system of
manuring), has affected the crops upon Plat 4 during 1894
and 1895 (drill application of muriate of potash), the above
average difference in favor of the sulphate of potash is un-
doubtedly too large. If we leave this plat out of the calcu-
lation, the average difference in favor of the sulphate of
potash amounts per acre to merchantable tubers, 13 bushels ;
small tubers, .3 bushels.

Comparison of the yields on plats receiving the same fer-
tilizers in the different years shows that drill application has
given the larger yield in all cases except where drill applica-
tion of the muriate of potash is compared with broadcast
application for 1894 and 1895. As previously stated, Plat 4
(muriate of potash in the drill) has evidently suffered from
some inherent inequality in conditions. It therefore seems
best to disregard the results of muriate of potash for the
seasons 1894 and 1895 in estimating the relative merits of
the two systems of application. On this basis the average
difference in favor of drill application amounts per acre to
23.5 bushels of merchantable tubers.

Quality of the Crops.

In each year, soon after digging, samples of potatoes
grown respectively on sulphate and muriate of potash have
been sent under numbers with no other information to sevy-
eral families, who were requested to use them and report
whether there was any difference in quality. In 1892 all

190 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

reported that the potatoes grown on the sulphate were
whiter, more mealy and better flavored than the others. In
1893 they all reported that they could see no great difference
between them. In 1894 and 1895 the potatoes grown upon
the sulphate were with one or two exceptions reported to be
superior to those grown on the muriate, in color, mealiness
and flavor. Those reporting otherwise stated that they could
see no great difference. In 1894 the head of one family said:
‘‘If you have potatoes like No. 1 [grown on sulphate] I
would like to get my winter’s supply of you; but I would
not take No. 2.” The season of 1893 was exceptionally hot
and dry, as was also that of 1894; but the soil used in 1894 —
was deeper, and the crop suffered comparatively little from
drought.

Moisture and starch determinations in samples of potatoes
grown respectively on the sulphate and the muriate have
been made every season. The results are shown below for
the first three years. They are not given for the present
season, because but two samples were taken: one the muri-
ate potatoes, where the fertilizers were put on broadcast ;
the other the sulphate potatoes, where the fertilizers were
put in the drill.

SULPHATE OF POTASH MURIATE OF POTASH
POTATOES. POTATOES.

Starch Water Starch
(Per Cent.). || (Per Cent.). | (Per Cent.).

Water
(Per Cent.).

1399 9 Broadcast, , .| 81.09 | 10.66 81.33 11.99

2 Drill, . , 81.56 10.98 81.83 9.45
1293 Broadcast, . ; 75.56 16.98 81.99 12.52
of? EUs 1) ee . | 74.40 18.44 78.98 14.11
1894 Broadcast, . ; ee fet 15.98 77.68 16.03
} Drill ch eee 15.75 77.68 16.28

SUE

It will be noticed that in three out of the six possible com-
parisons the percentage of water is less and that of starch is
ereater in the potatoes grown on the sulphate of potash, and
that the differences are considerable. In those cases where
the results were favorable to the muriate, the differences as
arule are small. The averages for the two fertilizers are:
sulphate of potash potatoes, water, 78.11 per cent.; starch,

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 191

14.99 per cent. Muriate of potash potatoes, water, 79.86
per cent. ; starch, 13.68 per cent.

In those seasons when the muriate potatoes have compared
most favorably with the sulphate potatoes, the crop has suf-
fered from leaf blight, and has not therefore ripened as well
as in other seasons. It is helieved that the experiments
indicate that, under average conditions of soil, season and
ripening, the potatoes grown on the sulphate of potash will
contain less water and more starch than those grown on the
muriate.

Examination of the above table shows also that the
potatoes grown under drill application of the fertilizers have
usually been superior in quality to those grown where the
fertilizers have been put on broadcast, containing less water
and more starch. The most marked exception is on muriate
of potash in 1892; but it appears not unlikely that there
was an error in the analysis, since the proportion of water
in the drill potatoes is nearly the same as in those grown
where the fertilizers were broadcast. It will be noticed that
elsewhere the variations in water and starch are about equal
in amount, but in opposite directions. When there is more
water there is less starch, and vice versa. Leaving out the
muriate plats for 1892, the averages are: for drill applica-
tion of fertilizers, water, 78.2 per cent.; starch, 14.9 per
cent. Broadcast application of fertilizers, water, 78.8 per
cent.; starch, 14.4 per cent. |

It is undoubtedly the better ripened condition of the
tubers raised under drill application which accounts for
their superiority.

Maine compared with Home-grown Seed.

In 1894 Houlton seed in quantity supposed to be sufficient
for the entire area under experiment was obtained. It
proved insufficient, and the last four rows in each of the four
plats were planted with seed grown upon the farm the pre-
vious year. ‘These potatoes were raised from Houlton seed.
The season of 1894 was, therefore, the first removed from
the Maine stock. The results were decidedly in favor of the
Houlton seed. The plants started quicker and more vig-

192 | HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

orously, and maintained their superiority throughout the
entire season. At harvest the superiority of the crop from
the Houlton seed was marked. Each kind was separately
weighed on each plat. On Plat 1, Maine seed yielded at
the rate of 399.5 pounds more than home seed; on Plat 2,
454 pounds more; on Plat 3, 605.5 pounds more; on Plat
4, 548 pounds more. Per acre the difference in favor of
Maine seed amounted to 36.5 bushels, —far more than
enough to repay the usual difference in the cost of the two
kinds of seed.

Treatment of Seed with Corrosive Sublimate.

In 1894, as the seed to be used showed a little scab, it
was all treated with corrosive sublimate solution. Two and
one-fourth ounces of corrosive sublimate were dissolved in
fifteen gallons of water. The seed was at first washed with
a hose, being spread in a shallow inclined trough. After
draining, the seed was put into the solution and allowed to
remain one and one-half hours. It was then taken out,
spread and allowed to dry in the sun, being cut and planted
about as soon as it was dry. Corrosive sublimate can be
purchased of druggists. It is a dangerous poison if taken
into the stomach, but it is not at all dangerous to handle the
seed thus prepared. ‘The same solution can be used several
times if all the seed cannot be put in at once. Care should
be taken to use wooden vessels for the solution, as it will
corrode metals. After use the solution should be thrown
away in such a manner as to make it certain that animals
cannot get hold of it, and where it cannot contaminate wells,
springs, streams or ponds.

The treatment is effective in preventing scab where the
germs of the disease are not present in the soil, —2. é., on
land where scabby potatoes have not been grown for several
years. The method was perfected by Professor Bolley of
North Dakota, and is fully described in Bulletin No. 9 of
that station.

1896.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 193

Variety Tests of Potatoes.

Sixty-five varieties of potatoes have been grown during
the past season. With few exceptions we procured three
pounds of seed of each variety. This seed came from many
different sources and was of very varied quality and excel-
lence, both as regards original characteristics and conditions
as affected by keeping and transportation. It is not believed
that with seed of the different varieties of such unlike char-
acter it is possible to make comparisons of permanent value
between the varieties. We now have a supply of seed of
each sort raised by ourselves under precisely the same con-
ditions. It will be kept and managed alike for all varieties.

+ With such seed to start with, and planted under appropriate
conditions, we shall obtain results of value for purposes of
comparison.

Meanwhile the following details will be of interest, as
illustrating to what an extent the crop is influenced by the
seed. The seed of all varieties was cut into pieces of two
eyes each, with a very few exceptions where this would have
made the pieces extremely small. One row of each sort was
planted. Its length was forty feet, the pieces being placed
twelve inches apart in the row. The distance between the
rows was uniform, three and one-half feet. With the excep-
tion of two or three sorts which arrived late, all kinds were
planted on the same day. The tops of all were prematurely
killed by the blight due to Macrosporvum, and at about the
same time. [ull notes have been put on record regarding
peculiarities in growth, and the character of the crop har-
vested. The yield of each has been recorded, —it varies
from 24} to 714 pounds merchantable potatoes. Six vari-
eties gave a total yield of more than 60 pounds, twenty-three
varieties between 50 and 60 pounds, seventeen varieties be-
tween 40 and 50 pounds and sixteen varieties between 30
and 40 pounds. The balance gave under 30 pounds total
yield. A yield of 60 pounds is equivalent to about 315
bushels per acre. The best variety, then, yielded at the
rate of about 368 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre,
the poorest at the rate of about 125 bushels.

The soil was a medium, well-drained loam. It received a

194 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

dressing of manure in December, 1894, at the rate of 7 cords

per acre. We used fertilizers, mixed and applied in the drill
at the following rates per acre : —

Pounds.
Nitrate of soda, . ; ; ; : fs : ‘ Be 38,
Dissolved bone-black, : : ; ; : . - 1872
Sulphate of potash — grade), ' : : .' 105}
Tankage, . : : é i 26
Dried blood, : : : d j , : ‘ 30

MANURE ALONE Vv. MANURE AND POTASH FOR Corn.

The experiment to test the value of manure and potash as
compared with a larger quantity of manures alone for the
corn crop has been continued, the past being the fifth suc-
cessive year of similar treatment. Where manure alone was
used we applied at the rate of 6 cords per acre, spread after
ploughing and harrowed in. The manure and potash simi-
larly applied have been put on at the rate of 4 cords of the
former and 160. pounds of muriate of potash for the latter.
The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an acre
each. The results are shown below :—

Plat No. 1, manure, stover, 1,367 pounds; corn on the ear, 1,227 pounds.

Plat No. 2, manure and potash, stover, 1,223 pounds; corn on the ear,
1,065 pounds.

Plat No. 3, manure, stover, 1,025 pounds; corn on the ear, 1,266 pounds.

Plat No. 4, manure and potash, stover, 987 pounds; corn on the ear,
1,160 pounds.

The manure used was made by cows, that applied to Plat
4 being not as good as that applied to the other plats.

The application made furnished plant food at the following
rates per acre : —

72S meee. Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash
FERTILIZERS. (Pounds). |Acid (Pounds).| (Pounds).
| ben THAN ai
Plat 1, manure alone, . ait. \\ heOieth 99.9 Oboe
Plat 2, manure and potash, ; | 96.2 67.5 260.8
Plat 3, manure alone, ; | 109.1 100.3 217.8
Plat 4, manure and potash, i 83.8 90.4 224.6

It will be noticed that where manure alone was applied
considerably more nitrogen and phosphoric acid have been
supplied than on the other plats, while the quantity of pot-

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 195

ash also is large. It will not be wondered at that after five
years of such treatment these manure plats are yielding
larger crops than those receiving smaller amounts of manure
and potash. The average difference in favor of the manure
alone this year is at the rate of 6.8 bushels of grain and 364
pounds of stover per acre, — not enough to cover the larger
cost of the manure, as compared with the cost of the lesser
amount of manure and the potash. The crop per acre is
worth this year $4.17 more when manure alone was applied ;
but the 6 cords of manure must be reckoned as costing $6.80
more than the 4 cords of manure and the 160 pounds of mu-
riate of potash.

SPECIAL CoRN FERTIUIZER Vv. FERTILIZER CONTAINING MORE
PorasH.

Many soil tests in different parts of the State having indi-
cated that fertilizers for corn should contain a larger propor-
tion of potash, an experiment in continuous corn culture
was begun in 1891. There are four plats of one-fourth of
an acre each, on two of which the ‘‘ special” furnishes the
amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash that would
be supplied by the application of 1,200 pounds of a fertilizer
having the average composition of all leading kinds offered
in our markets in 1891.

The materials used are shown below : —

r uy Plats land3 | Plats 2 and 4
ERTILIZERS, (vounds). (Pounds).
Nitrate of soda, . 5o4 33

|
|
Dissolved bone-black, . | 213 1121
Muriate of potash, : ea 27 75

—

The yields the past year are shown below : —

Plat 1, “special” fertilizer, stover, 1,092 pounds; grain on ear, 1,112
pounds.

Plat 2, fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 1,199 pounds; grain on ear,
1,055 pounds.

Plat 3, “special” fertilizer, stover, 958 pounds; grain on ear, 1,220
pounds.

Plat 4, fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 1,100 pounds; grain on ear,
1,190 pounds.

196 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Computed to the acre and the grain in bushels, the aver-
ages are: ‘‘ special,” stover, 4,100 pounds; grain, 58.3
bushels; fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 4,598 pounds;
erain, 56.1 bushels. Here, as in the comparison between
‘¢manure” and ‘‘manure and potash,” there 1s rather more
stover and a little less grain where the greater amount of
potash isused. The ‘‘ special” produces this year, per acre,
2.2 bushels more grain and 498 pounds less stover than the
combination with more potash. The increase in stover due
to the greater amount of potash is worth about $1.10 more
than the increase in grain due to the ‘‘ special ;” hence, as
the fertilizer richer in potash costs about $2.52 less per acre
than the special, there is a net advantage amounting to $3.62
per acre in favor of the former.

It is believed that by the introduction of plants of the clover
Family (nitrogen traps), which from experiments here and
in many other places we are justified in concluding would
grow more luxuriantly where the larger amount of potash
has been used than where ‘‘ special” has been applied, the
advantage of the larger potash application could be much
increased. An effort to demonstrate this fact has been made
in each of the seasons of 1893 and 1894 by sowing crimson
clover on one-half of this acre; but, owing to the winter-
killing of this clover both years, the effect, though favorable,
is small. Per acre the yields have been: where crimson
clover was sown, stover, 4,512 pounds; grain, 58.6 bushels;
without clover, stover, 4,186 pounds; grain, 55.9 bushels.
The clover has been sown in the standing corn in July, and
turned under just before planting the corn the following
spring.

Hitt v. Dritt CuLTURE FOR CORN.

On plats 1 and 2 in both the corn experiments just de-
scribed the corn was planted in drills; on plats 3 and 4, in
hills. We have left equal numbers of plants to a plot in
both systems. All rows were three and oneyhalf feet apart ;
hills with three plants each, three feet apart; plants in the
drill one foot apart. In both experiments the hill system
has produced rather more grain and less stover than the
drill. The average figures per acre are as follows: manure

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 197

v, manure and potash, hills, stover, 4,024 pounds ; grain, 60.7
bushels; drills, stover, 5,180 pounds; grain, 57.3 bushels ;
‘‘ special” v. fertilizer richer in potash, hills, stover, 4,116
pounds; grain, 60.3 bushels; drills, stover, 4,582 pounds ;
orain, 54.2 bushels. Averaging both experiments, the drill
system produced the more valuable ¢otal crop.

White mustard as a crop for nitrogen conservation has been
sown on one-half of the acre of corn where manure alone is
compared with manure and potash every year since 1892.
The mustard seed is sown in the standing corn in July, at
the rate of 24 pounds per acre. Its growth from year to
year has varied greatly, as in very dry seasons it does not
start well. The past two seasons the growth has been light.
It is ploughed in late in the fall. The beneficial effect is
apparent, and is doubtless largely due to the fact that the
mustard, which grows till very late in the season, prevents
in a measure the loss of soluble nitrogen compounds by
leaching. It acts as a netrogen conserver. The averages
this year per acre are as follows: with white mustard asa
ereen manure, stover, 4,828 pounds; grain, 61.7 bushels;
without the mustard, stover, 4,376 pounds; grain, 56.3
bushels. Gain by green manuring, stover, 452 pounds;
grain, 5.4 bushels.

JAPANESE MILLETS.

Panicum crus-galli.

The Japanese millet of this species, which I propose to
call ‘* barn-yard” millet, because it 1s of the same species
as the common barn-yard grass, has been very thoroughly
tried the past year, for seed, for green fodder and for hay.

For Seed, — For seed purposes we raised about three-
quarters of an acre. The land, in very moderate fertility,
was manured at the rate of 6 cords per acre of good manure
in December, 1894, and arter ploughing this spring the fol-
lowing materials per acre were spread on (mixed) and har-
rowed in: nitrate of soda, 100 pounds ; dissolved bone-black,
200 pounds; and muriate of potash, 100 pounds. The seed
was put in with a small seed sower, in drills fifteen inches
apart. It was wheel-hoed, and kept free from weeds. The

198 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

crop was very even, averaging seven feet in height. The
yield was at the rate per acre: straw, 11,297 pounds; and
seed, 66.7 bushels.

For Green Fodder and the Silo. —Several pieces of an
acre or more each were sown for feeding green or for the
silo. The earliest, sown broadcast about the middle of May
on rich land, one peck of seed to the acre, averaged about
six feet in height and produced over 15 tons per acre. This
was cut from day to day, beginning before the millet had
blossomed. Another field of about an acre, sown the last
of June, yielded at the rate of rather over 18 tons per acre.
Another field, sown July 26, after a crop of hay was re-
moved, yielded about 12 tons per acre. The crop of the two
last fields was put into the silo. That cut from day to day
and fed green to cows was much relished. Its superiority
to well-eared flint corn fodder was very apparent. Cows
with both before them always take the millet first ; they con--
sume it without waste, while they are apt to leave a part of
the stalks of the corn as it approaches maturity. In alter-
nating this feed with corn fodder, the cows invariably in-
creased in milk when put upon the millet and fell off when
changed to corn.

It has been ensiled with soja beans, — about two parts by
weight of the millet and one of the beans. This combination
makes very superior silage.

For Hay.— A wore extensive trial of this millet for hay
has been carried out this year than ever before. It is coarse
and difficult to dry. I have always felt that these qualities
would render it undesirable as a crop for hay. We have,
however, cured it successfully this year, mostly in small
cocks, as clover is often cured; and the result is encourag-
ing. The hay is coarse, but is freely eaten by horses, being
preferred to a good sample of timothy, red top and clover
mixture. The yield of the millet is very large, having on
good land amounted to 6 tons per acre of well-cured hay.
It will produce a fair second cutting if sown early in May
and cut when in blossom.

The soil best for this millet is one that is rather retentive
and rich. It stands up remarkably well, notwithstanding its
great height. From a peck to a half bushel of seed, accord-

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 199

ing to the richness of the land and the season of sowing,
is enough. Less seed the richer the land and the earlier
the season should be the rule. This millet will not endure
drought well, except it be sown early in retentive soil.
From early corn-planting time to about July 1 will usually
be the limits of season for profitable sowing.

Panicum miliaceum.

This species, some other varieties of which are known as
*<nanicle,” ‘‘broom-corn” and ‘*‘ French” millets, I shall
speak of hereafter as ‘‘ Japanese panicle” millet. It has —
been grown upon a small scale for seed the past year. The
area was a little less than a quarter of an acre. It received
at the rate per acre: nitrate of soda, 175 pounds; dissolved
bone-black, 320 pounds; and muriate of potash, 175 pounds,
—all mixed, sown broadcast and harrowed in. The seed
was thinly sown in drills, fifteen inches apart, and cultivated
and kept free from weeds. ‘The yield was at the rate of:
straw, 5,856 pounds; sced, 34.1 bushels per acre. This
variety is liked for fodder by some who have tried it; but I
regard it as inferior to the barn-yard millet for that purpose.
The seed is valuable for poultry and birds.

Panicum dwalicumn.

The Japanese variety of this species has been grown for
seed; soil, manure and fertilizers, as well as manner of
planting and care, the same as for ‘‘ barn-yard” millet. It
yields at the rate per acre: straw, 3,836 pounds; seed, 66.4
bushels. This variety is of value for fodder, but I prefer the
‘¢barn-yard” variety.

VaRIETY TESts witH MILLETS.

Twenty-seven varieties of millet have been grown upon
a small scale, for purposes of comparison. With three ex-
ceptions four rows, each thirty feet long, were planted. Of
these, owing to our inability to procure enough seed, we had
but one or two rows. Careful observations have been put
on record, but only for preliminary purposes, as the scale
of work was small. The gross yield varied from 11 to 49

200 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

pounds. Six varieties yielded above 40 pounds; six, from
30 to 40: seven, from 20 to 30; and eight, between 10 and
20 pounds. Four varieties, ‘‘ White French,” ‘* broom
corn,” ‘‘hog” and ‘‘ California,” appear to be identical.
The ‘‘ pearl” millets are too late to perfect seed here. The
Japanese (walicum) excelled either the ‘‘ golden” or the
‘* golden wonder.”

VARIETY TEsts witH TURNIPS.

Preliminary tests have been made with thirty-two varieties
of turnips. There were among the number numerous kinds
which appear to differ from others only in name, and there
was a wide difference in yield and quality. Further work
must be done before reporting details.

Soya BEANS.

Early White.—Gyrown for seed; area, .49 acre; yield,
18} bushels per acre. This variety is too small for fodder.
It ripens as surely here as our common field corn, The
beans ground are slightly superior in feeding value, for
milk, cream or butter, to cotton-seed meal, but the yield
is rather small. The cultivation costs about the same as
that of corn for equal areas. The vines shed their leaves
before the pods are ripe, and hence they have very little
feed value. The manurial value of the straw is about $2.40
per ton.

Medium Black. — This variety, though later than the
above, has ripened here every year for the last seven. It
has been grown this year both for seed and for the silo.
For seed: area, .6 acre; yield, 14 bushels per acre. This
variety rusted somewhat this year. We put the product
of .45 acre into the silo, mixed with about two parts by
weight of barn-yard millet. The yield was at the rate of
12,922 pounds per acre. This crop stood about three and
one-half feet high. It is better for fodder than the early
white, but appears to be much inferior to the medium green
variety for that use.

Medium Green. — This variety is a little later than the
last. It has ripened every year until this without injury.

1896.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 201

This year it was somewhat injured by frost; but we have
nevertheless secured a very good crop of seed. Area for
this purpose, .6 acre; yield, 14 bushels per acre. We put
the product of .45 acre into the silo with millet, as just de-
scribed. The crop averaged nearly four feet in height, and
_was-heavily podded. The yield was 20,644 pounds per acre.
I look upon this as a very valuable fodder variety, either for
feeding green or for the silo. It is a rich nitrogenous feed,
and (of great importance) it can take much of its nitrogen
from the air. Its roots here are very thickly covered with
tubercles containing the bacilli which give it this power.
For comparison, I give figures showing the analysis of this
bean fodder and those for corn fodder : —

Per Cent.
Medium green soja bean, pods formed, but not hardened, dry matter, 30.16
Longfellow corn fodder, ears glazed, dry matter, . ; ay {ator |

Composition of Dry Matter (Per Cent.).

; Carbo-
Protein. Fat. Cellulose. hydrates.
Medium green soja bean, leo || o. Se 23.51 | 40.30
Longfellow corn fodder, Bete bo c20 18.277 | -Ga008

The protein is classed as a flesh former, the other sub-
stances above named are fat and heat producers. The flesh
formers and the fat of fodder are the most valuable of these
constituents, pound for pound; the cellulose or fibre is the
least valuable. On the farm here our average yield of corn
fodder is about 16 tons per acre, while the green soja bean
gave this year a little over 10 tons. The amounts of the
different food constituents produced are as shown below : —

Food Constituents per Acre (Pounds).

Flesh
Formers.

Fat and Heat

Crude Fat. Producers.

Fibre.

Green soja bean, . :

1,167.2 |) 233,45) ba
Longfellow corn, . 1,6

1
871.31) 2020 is he2G.

202 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

It will be noticed that the bean: produces about 300 pounds
more flesh formers than the corn, but that the latter gives
us over 3,000 pounds more fat and heat producers. These
consist chiefly of starch and sugar, both of which are easily
digested and valuable foods. The differences in crude fat
and in fibre are much smaller, but the balance is slightly.
with the corn. There can be no doubt, then, that the latter
produces the more valuable crop of the two, and the cost of
production for equal areas does not differ very materially.
In three respects, however, the bean is superior to the corn ;
viz., (1) it can draw much of its nitrogen from the air; (2)
the bean stubble and roots probably have greater manurial
value than those of corn; and (3) the bean, being so rich in
flesh formers, may take the place of such concentrated foods
as cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, ete.

Silage made from either barn-yard millet or corn and
medium green soja bean, in the proportion by weight of
about two parts of either of the two former to one of the
latter, makes a perfectly balanced ration for milch cows,
without grain or other feed of any kind. It is not believed
that it would be advisable to feed altogether upon this
material, for cows like variety, and it is possible that con-
tinuous use of a fermented feed like silage would have a
prejudicial influence upon health. A combination of such
silage and clover hay or clover rowen — about two parts of
the silage to one of the hay by weight — would, I believe,
give good returns in milk. This particular system of feed-
ing has not yet been tried here.

MISCELLANEOUS Crops.

We have had under trial a number of miscellaneous crops,
including Cystisus proliferous albus, a new fodder plant sent
on for trial by J. M. Thorburn & Co.; yellow millo maize,
from the United States Department of Agriculture; two
varieties of dent corn, from South Dakota; black barley ;
spring wheat, from South Dakota; horse bean; sacaline ;
flat pea and the mummy field pea. None require extended
notice at present.

Cystisus (no common name is given) vegetated slowly
and made a slow growth. It appears to be hardy, remain-

—-1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 203

ing green until November 5, when it was three feet high,
with small and woody stalks. It has produced no fodder as
yet. | ,

Yellow millo maize is a sorghum, and, like all other va-
rieties of this species, grows slowly at first. Planted with
corn, it was eight to twelve inches high when corn was
thirty. It has the reputation of enduring drought well; but
our seasons are not long enough for it, and I <pRga it of
no value as a fodder crop here.

One of the dent corns from South Dakota appears to be a
very valuable sort. It is a white variety. The seed of but
two ears was planted, and upon soil of very ordinary fertility.
The stalk is short and small, the ears large and deep ker-
nelled, the variety early. The yield was at the rate of 89.6
bushels of grain to the acre.

The spring wheat and black barley did poorly, rusting and
giving very small returns.

Horse Bean.— We received one peck of seed from a
dealer in Montreal. It was planted in drills eighteen inches
apart, in deep, clayey, rich soil, on April 29. The growth
was vigorous and healthy, but few pods formed. The | height _
was from four and one-half to five feet. It was cut from
day to day, beginning July 17, and fed to cows, being highly
relished. ‘The total weight was 2,035 pounds, or at the rate
of a little over 12 tons per acre. This yield of so highly
nitrogenous a fodder makes it of possible value.

Sacaline. —Seed was procured of Gregory & Son of
Marblehead, and sown in a bed in the open air April 23.
The germination was slow, but good. Early in July the
little plants were taken up and reset about three inches
apart each way. About the middle of August plants were
set in the field three feet apart each way. Two widely dit-
ferent soils were selected, — one a heavy, rich, moist loam,
‘ the other a dry, sandy loam. ‘The plants in both soils lived
well, and those in the moist, rich land made considerable
orowth, though not enough to be worth harvesting. A few
stems cut and offered to cattle were freely eaten. The plant
is perennial, and should next season produce considerable
fodder which may prove valuable for green feed or for the
silo.

204 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

?

Flat Pea. — The past is our second season with this much-
lauded fodder plant. The germination last year was slow
and imperfect. This year the plants have been gathered
upon a lesser area, some being taken up to fill vacancies on
the part left. The soil is ight and dry. We have in the
two seasons been at a very considerable expense, and as yet
have no fodder; but, as the plant is perennial, this may
come later. It is hardy with us upon light soil.

Mummy field peas are larger than the common Canada
field pea, and about one-fourth to one-half more seed should
be sown. We used at the rate per acre of one bushel of
each with two bushels of oats for fodder. The mummy
variety was not thick enough. In one respect it appears
superior to the Canada; viz., it lodges less. This differ-
ence may, however, have been in part due to the fact that
the mummy variety was the thinner in the field. The yields
of the two, fodder mixtures, as determined by calculation
based upon small equal areas, were: oats and Canada pea,
21,760 pounds, and oats and mummy pea, 19,040 pounds,
per acre. |

TRIAL OF Hay Caps.

Three kinds of hay caps have been subjected to careful com-
parative tests. The kinds tried were the Symmes’ paper-board
cap, oiled cotton, and cotton impregnated with tannin. ‘The
first was not fastened in place, its weight and construction
rendering this less necessary than for the other forms. It,
however, sometimes blew off in high winds. The others
were fastened on by means of pins attached to cords at the
corners.

Three trials were made, two with clover rowen which had
been dried one day, and one with barn-yard millet which
had been dried three days. After the caps were put on
the first trial continued seven days; the second, two days;
the third, with millet, seven days. During each trial there
were one or more showers. In every trial the use of the
cap was very beneficial. The paper cap excluded the rain
most perfectly, and the hay in each trial came out in best
condition. There was not much difference in the condition
of the hay under the other two kinds of caps. As the

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 205

Symmes’ paper cap can be put on fully twice as rapidly as
the forms requiring fastening, it appears to be most useful.
Its weight is an objection, and of course we are not yet able
to report upon durability.

EXPERIMENT IN WARMING A STABLE FOR Cows.

This experiment was continued during the winter of 1894—
95, beginning December 18 and continuing until March 8.
It will be remembered that our stable has two similar wings,
one piped for hot-water heating. We aimed to maintain a
temperature of about 55° F. in the warm stable. The other,
of course, varied with the weather; but, as both stables are
thoroughly constructed, even thé ‘‘cold” side was seldom
excessively cold. Six cows were used in the experiment,
three on each side. We divided the time into four periods
of equal length. At the close of the first period the cows
changed stables. Here they were kept for two periods, and
were then changed again. In this way we equalized condi-
tions for the two stables. Between periods, when a change
in the position of the cows was made, we allowed an interval
of one week, that the animals might become accustomed to
and under the influence of their new quarters before the rec-
ords were begun.

The apparent influence of the warm stable upon milk and
butter fat production is small. On the average, there is
rather more milk and butter fat in the warm stable. The
most certain effect brought out by our experiments is the
lowering of the percentage of fat in the milk in the warm
stable. The increased product will not nearly pay the cost
of heating the stable.

With moderate artificial heat better ventilation can be
secured, without making the stable too cold for the com-
fort of its occupants, than is possible without artificial heat.
This should have an ultimate influence upon health; but the
tuberculin test, as well as physical examination, indicated
all our animals to be in perfect health at the close of the
experiments, hence we as yet have nothing conclusive upon
this point.

206 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

PovuutTRY EXPERIMENTS.

These have been upon a small scale, on account of loca-
tion and limited equipment. We have had four coops of
laying fowls, raised in 1894. There have been from fifteen
to nineteen hens ina house. The houses are exactly alike
in construction, each with nesting and laying room, ten by
twelve feet; and scratching shed, eight by ten feet in size.
The hens were of two breeds, —light Brahma and barred
Plymouth Rock.

We have confined our attention to two points : —

1. The relative value for egg production of vegetable as
compared with animal substances for furnishing the greater
part of the albuminoids and fats of the food.

2. The relative value for egg production of animal food
in the form of dried ‘‘ animal” or ‘‘ flesh” meals, as com-
pared with cut fresh bone.

1. Vegetable v. Animal Albuminoids.

Two experiments have been carried out: one extending
from Dec. 9, 1894, to Feb. 12, 1895; the other from June 1
to Oct. 31, 1895. The first experiment began when the
fowls were pullets, hatched in May; the second includes a
considerable proportion of the time occupied in the annual
moult. These facts account in part for the small egg pro-
duction. During the summer experiment the fowls had the
run of small grass yards.

The material used in the first experiment to furnish the
vegetable substitute for animal food was soja-bean meal.
This is an exceptionally rich vegetable substance, in com-
position excelling meat meal, as will be seen from the figures
below : —

Composition of the Dry Matter, Soja-bean Meal and Meat Meal
(Per Cent.).

Heat and Fat

FOOD. Flesh Fat.
Formers. Formers.
Soja-bean meal, 34.37 16.38 45.22
Meat meal, . 35.98 8.31 -

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 207

Moisture: soja-bean meal, 11.61 per cent.; meat meal,
13.68 per cent.

In the second experiment linseed and cotton-seed meal
were used as the vegetable substitutes for animal foods.

In both experiments the fowls received a variety of foods,
but the nutritive ratio was always kept substantially the
same for the two coops under comparison. In the first ex-
periment the ratio was one flesh former to four and one-half
fat and heat formers; in the second it was one to four and
seven-tenths. The foods used in the first experiment, in ad-
dition to the soja-bean meal and meat meal, were : cut alfalfa,
wheat, oats and middlings in one coop; in the other, boiled
potatoes, ground clover, wheat, wheat middlings and cut bone.

In the second experiment the supplementary feeds were:
wheat, oats, bran and middlings for the vegetable coop ; and
wheat, oats, wheat meal, bran and linseed meal for the animal
food coop.

Both coops had pure water, artificial grit and ground
oyster shells always before them; and all other conditions
were made as nearly as possible alike.

The result in both experiments has been favorable to the
animal food, as shown by the following summary : —

Vegetable v. Animal Foods for Hens.

Duration Water-free
f Daily Cost mak tie Food Cost per
FOOD. OP ee per Fowl. per Egg Egg.
(Days). Eggs. (Bounds).
Vegetable food, first coop, : | $0 0021 ET | 23. ie $0 3410
Vegetable food, second coop, 153 0027 400 917 0150
Animal food, first coop, - 0024 79 3.554 0550
Animal food, second coop, 183 ee 0033 | 622 -773 0115

i

In the above estimate of cost no charge is made for labor
and no allowance for the droppings. The production of
eggs is, of course, very small, even in the best period; but
it should be remembered that, at the very time when hens
always lay most freely, our fowls were taken out of this
experiment for breeding purposes, viz., from February 12
to June 1.

The results are, however, decisive against the vegetable
food and in favor of the animal in so far as effect upon egg

208 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

production is concerned. The fowls receiving animal food
were, moreover, in much better condition at the close of
these experiments than the others. 3

2. Dried Animal or Meat Meal compared with Cut Fresh
Bone.

There were two experiments. The general conditions
were the same as in the comparison of vegetable and ani-
mal foods. The nutritive ratio was nearly the same in coops
compared. <A variety of foods was supplied; artificial grit
and oyster shells were given ad lib. The results are shown
below : —

Duration Water-free

of Daily Cost | Number Food Cost per
FOOD. Experiment; per Fowl. per Egg Egg.
(Days). Eggs. | (Pounds).
Dried meat meai, first coop, . 64 $0 00266 | 185 | 1.185 $0 0170
Dried meat meal, second coop, 153 00280 417 1.051 0152
Cut fresh bone, first coop, . 64 00248 163 1.154 0170

Cut fresh bone, second coop, . | 153 00300 | 444 978 0143 °

These results are rather indecisive, as in one experiment
the meat meal and in the other the cut fresh bone gave the
better results, as measured by egg production. The condi-
tion of the fowls receiving the meat meal has, however, been
uniformly better than in the other coops. There has been
no diarrhea. In the second experiment, two hens in the
cut-bone coop died; and at the close of this experiment
the fowls which had been receiving meat meal were nearer
through moulting than the others.

Of course it is possible that the bone was not used in the
best practicable manner; but it appears to be exceedingly
difficult to secure an even distribution of this food. Some
hens almost invariably secure more than their share, and this
is equally true, whether the cut bone be scattered or mixed in
amash. The result is frequent diarrhceas. The meat meal,
on the other hand, can be evenly mixed in a mash, so that all
fowls share alike, as it cannot be picked out. Our results
indicate that it is a safer feed than the bone; it is also a much
cheaper feed; and, if it will give practically as many eggs, it
is to be preferred. This experiment will be repeated.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 209

REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST,

CHARLES H. FERNALD.

During the past year a great deal of time has been devoted
to arranging and supervising experiments on the gypsy
moth, and also to preparing, in conjunction with the field
director, Mr. Forbush, a full report on this insect.. The
Commonwealth of Massachusetts has spent and is still spend-
ing large sums of money for its destruction, and in protecting
the farmers of the State from the ravages of this notorious
pest. - It seemed wise and proper to devote much time and
attention to the study of the gypsy moth and its habits, for
the purpose of discovering the best and most economical
methods for its destruction.

A large amount of time has been spent in preparing a
complete account of our Crambide, which appears with six
colored plates and structural details elsewhere in this report.
This paper is designed to give all known scientific and prac-
tical knowledge that we possess about these insects, and it
is hoped that the illustrations, in connection with the
descriptions, will enable our farmers to determine any of
these insects, and when they are found in large numbers in
their grass lands, as often occurs, they may be hetter abie to
combat them.

Bulletin No. 28 was prepared by this division, and con-
tains descriptions and illustrations of two species of canker
worms, the army worm, the red-humped apple-tree cater-
pillar, the antiopa butterfly, the currant stem-girdler, the im-
ported elm-bark louse and the greenhouse orthezia, together
with methods of holding them in check.

On the 29th of March, my attention was called to some
scale insects on several young plum trees on the grounds of

210 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

the horticultural department of the Massachusetts Agricult-
ural College, which proved to be the dreaded San José scale.
These trees, according to the record books, came from the
J. T. Lovett Company, Little Silver, N. J., in the spring
of 1894.

Wishing to determine whether any of these insects had
survived the winter, I had two of the trees taken up and set
out in the cold part of the insectary greenhouse, and the
remaining infested trees were burned. Scales appeared on
the growth of the previous year, so that the insects suc-
ceeded well at least during the summer of 1894. On June
10, live scales were observed on the trees transplanted to
the insectary greenhouse, and on the 14th the young were
swarming all over them, and even extended to some small
apple trees growing near in the same part of the greenhouse.
As this seemed to settle the question of their ability to sur-
vive our winters here in Amherst, or at least the winter of
1894-95, which was an average one, I had all these trees
very carefully burned, to prevent any further spreading of
the pest. As soon as it was discovered that the San José
scale had been received here on nursery stock from outside
of the State, I feared that other nurseries might have become
infested in a similar manner, and therefore I sent Mr. Louns-
bury, who was my assistant at that time, to different nurs-
eries to look for them. He reported that on April 19 he
found the San José scale on two plum trees, two pear trees
and a rose bush in Roslindale, Mass. ‘The plum trees were
badly infested with living scales, while the pear trees and
rose bush were but slightly so. The scales occurred on all
parts of the trees, but were the least numerous on the new
growth. The pear trees had been on the grounds for three
years and the plum trees two years. Mr. Lounsbury was
informed that these trees were obtained from a local agent
at West Roxbury, who claimed to have purchased them from
the Shady Hill nursery, Bedford, Mass. On April 23 Mr.
Lounsbury visited the Shady Hill nursery, and found the San
José scale alive in large numbers on several different varieties
of apple trees. Mr. Kohler, in charge of the nursery, told
him that these trees were brought from the Cambridge nurs-
eries, where they had been growing three or four years.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 211

The Cambridge nursery was then visited, and pear, peach
and apple trees were found infested with the scale, and
many of the worst-infested trees were dead. As no stock
had been added to this nursery for three years, these trees
must have been infested at least that length of time. I have
not been able to learn from what source the stock in this
Cambridge nursery was obtained.

On July 9 I received a twig of an apple tree from Mr. W.
W. Rawson, with the request to inform him what the matter
was with it. An examination showed that it was infested
with the San José scale. Further correspondence revealed
the fact that the twig came from an apple tree in the orchard
of Mr. E. E. Cole, in the town of Scituate. Mr. Cole wrote
me that the orchard contained ninety trees that were set out
three years ago. It is situated in a protected spot, with
trees on three sides, and is within two miles of the ocean in
a direct line. He also wrote me that the trees were received
from Mr. Rawson, who informed me that he obtained most
of his nursery stock of that description from the Shady Hill
Nursery Company.

It is therefore probable that the Shady Hill nurseries re-
ceived infested stock from some outside nursery, possibly in
New Jersey, and have unintentionally become a centre of
infection for orchards in the eastern part of this State. To
what extent this pest has become distributed through the
State it is impossible to say, but:that it is able to live and
destroy fruit trees in some if not in all parts of the State
seems evident. A complete account of this insect was pre-
pared and published with illustrations in the Massachusetts
Crop Report for August.

The correspondence is steadily increasing, and many let-
ters about injurious insects are received from nearly every
part of the State. Most of these letters call for information
about such insects as are causing more or less damage, and
it is very rarely that we are called upon to give informa-
tion about insects that have merely excited the curiosity of
the sender.

The elm-leaf beetle appears to be rapidly spreading in the
State, and we have been called upon frequently during the
year for information about this beetle. A bulletin will soon

212 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

be prepared on this and several other insects, which are so
numerous as to cause much damage in various parts of the
State, and about which we receive frequent inquiries.

Our studies on the cranberry insect are progressing as
fast as other matters will permit, and it is our intention to
prepare as complete a report on these insects as possible, at
some future time.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 213

REPORT OF HORTICULTURIST.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

Owing to the recent separation of the horticultural and
botanical divisions, the report from this division will par-
take more of an outline of the work to be undertaken than
of results obtained.

The work has been carried on much in the same lines as
in previous years. ‘The season, up to the time of the severe
hail storm, September 11, had been one that promised more
_ than the average for the growth and perfection of nearly all
of the crops under cultivation, and insects and fungous pests
were not more than usually abundant. On September 11
one of the heaviest hail storms ever known in this section
occurred, which resulted in almost the total destruction of
the crops not matured at that time.

PROTECTION OF CROPS FROM INSECTS AND FUNGOUS
DISEASES.

In growing the various fruit, vegetable and other crops,
it is found necessary to protect them from insects and fun-
gous pests, and much work has been done in using and test-
ing insecticides and fungicides.

The lines of work pursued have been for the most part
_ confined to testing large and small fruits, especially new
varieties of promise; the various insecticides and fungi-
cides recommended for their power to protect from common
insect and fungous pests; all new varieties of vegetables and
flowers sent in for trial by the originator or introducer, and
some of the most promising obtained in the open market.
Many new and promising ornamental trees and shrubs have
been planted for comparison, and many new varieties of

214 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

flowering and bedding plants have been added to the collec-
tion under glass. Comparisons have also been made respect-
ing the effects of various kinds and different combinations of
fertilizers upon growing crops.

EQUIPMENT.

This division requires for comparison a large number of
standard varieties. These are already provided in the col-
lege orchard, vineyards, garden and greenhouses. In this
work of comparison the most careful, painstaking observa-
tion is demanded. Suitable land is also required for the
best growth of each crop, and a great variety of implements
and tools for cultivating the same. Lach different process
requires its own tool, and facilities for storage must be pro-
vided, in order to market to the best advantage.

VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

The varieties of fruits now under observation on the col-
lege grounds may be enumerated as follows : —

Apples, 150 varieties; pears, 67; peaches, 49; plums,
103 (including types of all the groups according to the
latest grouping); apricots, 13; nectarines, 2; quinces, 8,
and many seedlings; cherries, 33; grapes, 143, and more
than 500 seedlings not fruited; currants, 20; gooseberries,
17; red raspberries, 25, and many seedlings of the Shaffer
type; black-cap raspberries, 31; blackberries, 21; straw-
berries, 157 named varieties, and about 600 seedlings from
carefully crossed and selected varieties. Besides the above,
there are growing many of the newer fruits, like the Jap-
' anese wineberry, May berry, salmon berry, Logan berry,
strawberry-raspberry, Rocky Mountain cherry, sand enerry,
June berry, Japanese walnut, Spanish, Japanese and hybrid
chestnuts.

SPRAYING OUTFIT.

Machine Pumps. — The expense of applying insecticides
and fungicides by hand pumps has been so great in the past that
most of the work during the season just elapsed has been done
with the Victor machine pump, resulting in a great saving of
time, the power being applied by gearing attached to the

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. Q15

wheels. This pump was worked very satisfactorily with all
growths except large trees, where the time required to spray
a single tree is so great that the power acquired by the motion
of the wheels becomes exhausted before the tree is thoroughly
sprayed in every part. This has necessitated driving around
the tree several times, or working the pump by hand. Even
with this pump, however, tall trees cannot be readily reached,
and to obtain more reliable and more constant power a steam
pump is being constructed, which is guaranteed to carry three
streams through the ordinary three-quarter-inch hose at one
time, fifty feet high. This will enable the hose to be taken
into tall ornamental trees, and the work to be done more
effectually, economically and quickly than by any of thé
ordinary hand or machine pumps. The pump, engine and
tank, holding one hundred to one hundred and fifty gallons,
will be compactly mounted on a low truck, with wheels hav-
ing six-inch tires and bolster springs, that it may be drawn
over soft or rough ground with the least jolting possible.
The weight of engine, pump, tank and truck is expected not
to exceed eight hundred pounds, and when the tank is filled
to be easily drawn by two horses.

VEGETABLES.

During the past season the following number of varieties
of vegetables has been tested : —

Asparagus, 3 varieties; artichoke, 2; beans, 11; beets, 6;
Brussells sprouts, 2; carrots, 6; cabbages, 8; cauliflowers,
5; celery, 10; cucumbers, 6; sweet corn, 7; dandelion, 2;
endive, 2; kohl-rabi, 2; lettuce, 5; onions, 6; parsley, 2;
peppers, 4; egg-plant, 6; peas, 7; pumpkins, 4; radishes,
6; squashes, 11; spinach, 3; parsnips, 6; tomatoes, 16;
rhubarb, 4.

SEED TESTING.

Seed testing is of the greatest practical importance to the
farmer, market gardener and the florist, but at the same time
it is most difficult so to conduct it as to obtain entirely satis-
factory results. It will be hardly possible, with the present
equipment, to make trial of the seeds of all of the varieties
of farm and garden crops put upon the market by different

216 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

growers, and it is planned to procure only those that are
most largely grown and the new promising kinds. In the
outline for this work it is proposed to make at least three
tests of each variety under each of several methods adopted
in the greenhouse, and three in the field at different dates,
yet under as nearly the same conditions as possible. It is
also proposed to test the quality of the products of each
under ordinary field culture. In this way it is hoped to
arrive at some definite conclusions respecting the compara-
tive value of each variety for general cultivation, and the
dependence of the crop on the quality of the seed.

PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSES.

In these houses most of the promising new varieties of
plants grown by the commercial florist are tested as they are
introduced. The following is a partial list of the number of
varieties tested : —

Carnations, 18 varieties; chrysanthemums, 30; coleus, 14;
begonias, 31; bulbs, 55 species and varieties ; geraniums, 24 ;
roses, 12; violets, 3, etc.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 217

REPORT OF METEOROLOGIST.

LEONARD METCALF,

Aside from the mere routine work incident to keeping up
the daily meteorological records and observations, the work
of the department has been confined chiefly to the compila-
tion of data accumulated at this observatory during the past
seven years. The records of this station, from the time of
its foundation in 1889 to date, have been compiled and sum-
marized, and tables have been prepared showing the maxi-
mum, minimum and mean observations. These results will
probably be published in the form of a special bulletin early
next year. |

But few new instruments have been added to our equip-
ment, — one or two new clocks for the self-recording in-
struments replace the old ones in case of emergency or
mishap, and thus preserve the continuity of the records;
and a new signal service standard Fahrenheit thermometer,
for comparing and verifying the accuracy of the temperature
indications of the wet and dry bulb thermometers, and the
maximum, minimum and self-recording thermometers.

The ozone observations have been discontinued, owing to
their uncertainty and unreliability. The amount of rainfall
will henceforth be recorded on top of the tower, as on the
ground, by means of a United States signal service standard
rain gauge (as well as by the self-recording gauge), in order
that the tower readings may be perfectly comparable with
those of the ground.

218 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

REPORT OF CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND FEEDING.

Conducted by J. B. Linsey, with the assistance of C. S. CRocKER, B.S.,
chemist ; E. B. HOLLAND, B.S., chemist; G. A. BILLINGS, B.S., assist-
ant in feeding department.

agua a A

LABORATORY WoRK.

(a) Fodder analyses.
(6) Water analyses.
(c) Dairy products.

PART 11;

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS AND Datry STUDIES.

(a) Chicago gluten meal v. King gluten meal.
(6) Chicago gluten meal v. Atlas meal.

(c) Composition of cream from different cows.
(d) Wheat meal v. rye meal for pigs.

(e) Salt hays and meadow hay (values for feeding).

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 219

PART. LL.

(2) FODDER ANALYSES.

We have received and analyzed for farmers during the
year 49 samples of various grains, by-products and coarse
feeds. We publish here only those having any particular
interest, or that have more recently appeared in our markets.
For analyses of all such feeds see complete table at the end
of this report.

All cattle feeds have been divided into five groups of
substances : —

1. Crude ash means the mineral ingredients contained
in the plant or seed, such as lime, potash, soda, magnesia,
iron, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid and silicic acid. The
ash serves to build up the bony structure of the animal.

2. Crude cellulose is the coarse or woody part of the
plant; straws and hays contain large quantities, while in
the grains and most by-products but little is present. It
serves to produce vital energy and fat.

3. Crude fat includes the fats, waxes, resins, etc. It
serves the same purpose as cellulose, but furnishes two and
one-half times as much vital energy.

4. Protein is a general name for all nitrogen-contain-
ing bodies found in plants. It might be called ‘‘ vegetable
meat.” It is a source of energy, possibly a source of fat,
and zs the only source of flesh.

9. Nitrogen-free extract consists of starch, sugars and
gums. These substances produce energy and fat. Cellu-
lose and extract are termed carbohydrates.

The grains are valuable chiefly for their extract matter,
protein and fat. They contain very little cellulose. The
estimation of protein and fat is as a rule all that is necessary
to enable one to judge whether or not they are of superior,
average or inferior quality. }

Many by-products contain as small amounts of crude cellu-
lose as do the grains. Others, such as brans, dried brewers’
grains, etc., have from 7 to 12 per cent.

220 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

An estimation of the protein and fat only is necessary to
enable one to get at their comparative values. Such feeds
are bought chiefly for their protein content.

One-fourth to one-third of coarse fodders — hays, straws,
corn fodders—consists of crude cellulose. This cellular
matter, in so far as it is digestible, is equal in value to the
digestible extract matter. Coarse fodders naturally consti-
tute the bulk of the feed for neat stock, and are valuable
chiefly for their cellular and extract matter (carbohydrates).

ANALYSES.

(a) Gluten Feeds. —The gluten feeds are being sold very
largely in Massachusetts markets at the present time. They
consist of the skin or hull, the germ and the gluten of the
corn kernel. The Pope gluten feeds do not contain the
germ.

CONSTITUENTS. Peoria. | Peoria. | Peoria. | Buffalo. white). (Yellow).
Water (per cent.), ° : 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
Crude ash (per cent.), ° 91 -t -t : 81 1.22 99

‘* cellulose (per cent.), 7.69 -t -t 7.10 6.04 6.35
‘s fat (per cent.), . . 11.72 13.07 11.04 11.92 7.39 7.21
‘* protein (per cent.), . 17.45 21.51 22.00 23.40 25.12 24.60
Extract matter (per cent.), . 53.23 -t -t A4T.TT 51.23 51.85

t Not determined,

These feeds are kiln dried, and contain from 7 to 10 per
cent. of water. For the sake of comparison, they are all
calculated to a uniform basis (9 per cent.). It will be
noticed that the per cent. of protein varies from 17.5 to
25; 7. e., a 80 per cent. variation. The per cent. of fat also
varies from 13.07 to 7.21; 7. €., a 45 per cent. difference.
These feeds, with such wide variations in protein and fat
content, are sold practically at the same price per ton.

(6) Oat Feeds. —This material is being very largely
offered. It consists of oat hulls, poor oats and the refuse
from oat-meal factories, mixed with more or less ground

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 221

barley, bran, inferior corn meal, etc. It is sold under a
variety of names, such as oat feed, Quaker oat feed, corn
and oat chop, etc.

CONSTITUENTS. Heed. Gace Chon |OntKeed.| eed. || Feed,

Water (per cent.),. , ; ° ‘ 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 | 10.00
Crude ash (per cent.), . - “ eh. ee SET 3.60 4.87 -T 3.73
‘* cellulose (per cent.), . ° ° 15.138 11.62 14.68 14.88 11.76

‘s 6fat (per cent.), . : : ‘ 3.64 4.11 3.68 3.73 4.23

‘¢ protein (per cent.), . . . 10.70 10.69 12.33 11.32 10.18
Extract matter (per cent.), . . ° 56.06 59.98 54.44 -t 60.10

100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | - | 100.00—

t Not determined.

We cannot commend this article to farmers. It is made
up of different materials, and in putting it upon the mar-
ket the manufacturer simply is enabled to work off inferior
articles and refuse. It of course has considerable feeding
value, but the several ingredients can be bought cheaper
in other materials, such as corn meal, gluten feed, etc.

(c) Gluten Meal. — This feed stuff is prepared from the
hard, flinty portion (gluten) of the corn.

Since July the attention of the station has been frequently
called to the difference in the appearance of the Chicago glu-
ten meal. It formerly had a golden yellow color. A por-
tion of that now appearing on the market has a light or
erayish appearance. The manufacturers claim that this is
due to the use of white corn.

CHICAGO.

ora IMPROVED PROCESS. | Fope
CONSTITUENTS. PROCESS. Gluten
Meal.

Yellow. || White. | White. | White. | Yellow.) Yellow.
Water (per cent.), . ‘ 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
Crude ash (per cent.),. : 90 1.19 -t -t -t -t 58
s* cellulose (per cent.), 1.10 3.39 -t -t -t -t 1.72
‘¢ fat (per cent.), . 2 6.20 6.02 7.20 6.51 6.59, 6.93 1.55
«protein (per cent.), . 30.50 38.39 | 38.77 | 387.41 | 38.96 | 42.21 |! 36.60

’

Extract matter (per cent.),. 52.30 42.01 -t -t -t -t 44.55
100.00 100.00 = = = » 100.00

t Not determined.

222 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The analyses of the so-called improved Chicago meal
show it to contain a higher per cent. of protein than the
old-process meal contained. ‘The manufacturers claim that
this is due to a more complete removal of the starch. Both
the white or light and yellow meal have practically the same
composition, and are consequently equally valuable for feed-
ing.

(d) Brans and' Rice Meal. |

CONSTITUENTS. Bex Bran. | ee ce ee Meer
|

Water (percent.), . . : : 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.00
Crude ash (per cent.), . m4 ‘ 3.30 2.87 1.93 8.40
‘¢ cellulose (per cent.), . ° 18.74 28.60 34.99 5.63

ss fat (per cent.), . : . . “ay 3.89 1.09 13.17

‘* protein (per cent.), . : 5 8.90 10.50 — 2.34 11.59
Extract matter (per cent.), : : 55.30 43.14 48.65 51.21
100.00 100. rae 100.00. |) 100.00

The above brans are all much inferior to the average wheat
bran. ‘The rice meal is a good average sample of its kind,
and possesses a feeding value similar to corn meal. Experi-
ments are now in progress with this meal.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 223

(6) WATER ANALYSIS.

To determine the healthfulness of a water for drinking,
the object is to note the quantity, kind and condition of the
organic matter, as well as the total amount of mineral con-
stituents it contains.

All water contains more or less mineral matter in solution,
derived from the soil through which it percolates. Moderate
quantities (see limit below) are beneficial, and impart to the
water a pleasant taste.

The method employed at this laboratory for testing waters
is what is known as Wancklyn’s process. This chemist in-
terprets the results of his mode as follows : —

1. More than 71 parts per million of chlorine, accom- °
panied by more than .08 part per million of free ammonia
and more than .10 part per million of albuminoid ammonia,
indicate that the water is polluted with sewage, decaying
animal matter, urine, ctc. (The amount of chlorine in
water depends somewhat on the section of the State from
which it comes. )

2. Total solids should not exceed 571 parts per million.

3d. Water showing less than 5 degrees as here expressed
is termed soft; between 5 and 10 degrees, medium; and
above 10 degrees, hard.

<¢ Albuminoid ” ammonia is the ammonia derived from the
breaking up of vegetable or animal matter in water, as a
result of the action of certain chemicals in the process of
analysis. Its presence indicates, therefore, that the water
contains these matters in solution.

The presence of free or actual ammonia in water shows
that these animal or vegetable substances are being decom-
posed by various bacterial growths. Much free ammonia is
an indication that a water is suspicious or even dangerous
for drinking.

Chlorine is one of the two components of common salt,
and salt is always found both in the urine of human beings

224 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

and in that of domestic animals, as well as in many waste
waters. Excess of chlorine would therefore make it clear
that a water contained sewage of some kind.

It is impossible, from a chemical analysis, to say whether
or not a water is contaminated with the specific germ of any
contagious disease. ‘This is the work of the bacteriologist.

CHARACTER OF WATERS TESTED.

We have tested for farmers during the year 124 samples
of water. Of these, 81, or 65.3 per cent., were found safe ;
18, or 14.5 per cent., rather suspicious; and 25, or 20.2 per
cent., dangerous for drinking. Five samples contained very
noticeable quantities of lead derived from the lead pipe
through which the waters flowed. Soft waters are espe-
clally liable to take up the lead. Every one is cautioned
against the use of lead pipes, as waters containing this sub-
stance are very injurious to the health.

Sample Analyses of Different Waters.

CLARK’S
PARTS PER MILLION. DEGREES.
! e Le] .
o) S&S 4 mM
= ree aaa g S'S CS S
QUALITY OF WATER. = 5 0 s Gh. S 5
be =| rob) uM Late nm
y = = r= aoe = = 2
me ae A ie ae) a =|
oO .= = as ° we) & o z
Oo et <2 Loa =
Ha = a or —| iS Ss

Excellent, .

Good, .

Suspicious, .

Dangerous,

o . 7 =
Le 2)
om)
~]
—
GO
iS
=)
|
|
|

rl eh
Wasi 48 | 2.00 | 84.0] 22.0] 2.47

* None. + Not determined.

It was not considered necessary to publish the analysis
of each water analyzed during the year.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 225

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAMPLING AND SENDING WATER.

In dipping water from springs or drawing it from open
wells, be sure that no foreign material falls into it. Do
not take a sample from water that has stood in a pump for
any length of time. Send at least two quarts, in an abso-
lutely clean.vessel. Waters received in dirty vessels are not
tested, as the results would be of no value. A clean new
stone or earthen jug is to be preferred. |

Answer briefly the following questions in regard to the
water : —

1. Is it well, shallow spring or hydrant water?

2. Do you suspect it to be the cause of any contagious
disease ?

3. Do you suspect lead poisoning?

4. What is the character of the ground through which
it percolates ?

5. How far is the well from house or barn?

226 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

(c) DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Minx, CREAM, ETC.

We have received and tested for farmers during the year
87 samples of milk, 18 samples of cream and 4 samples of
butter; 24 samples of butter have also been analyzed for
the Dairy Bureau. It is not considered necessary to pub-
lish these analyses here. They will be found tabulated at
the end of the report.

INFORMATION. -

Average cow’s milk has approximately the following per-
centage composition : —

Per Cent. Per Cent.
Water, . : : . ° e 87.0 Albumen, . é : . ° ° 50
7) ae ° ° ° : ° o. cABee Milk sugar, : . . . «Sap
Casein (curd), . ; ° . s 7 B50 Ash, . 4 ° ° ° ° -70

For practical purposes, we generally estimate the per-
centage of total solids (which includes everything except
water) and fat.

For convenience, the Massachusetts milk standard for
1895, as well as the average composition of cream, skim
and butter milks, follow : —

ST

M SKIM-MILK. CREAM. |
: ; rasan || Butter-
CONSTITUENTS. chusetts Deep Bepa- Deep Bepa- cern
Standard.|| getting. | rator. Setting. | rator.
Total solide (percent.), . 13.00* 9.50 - 26.5 - 8.33
Milk fat (per cent.),. ; 3.70 32 -10 18.0 25.-35. 227

|
Solids not fat (per cent.), 9.30 | - ~ | ~ ~ | ~-

* During May and June, 12 per cent.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 227

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SENDING MILK.

Milk or cream should be sent by morning express, if pos-
sible. It should be marked ‘‘Immediate Delivery,” and
should not be sent later than Thursday of each week. Send
one pint of milk and one-half pint of cream, preferably in
Lightning or Mason fruit jars. Le sure the vessels are per-
fectly clean. Mix the milk or cream thoroughly before tak-
ing the sample, by pouring from one vessel to another.

228 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

PART If.

(a) CHICAGO GLUTEN MEAL v. KING GLUTEN
MEAL.

EXPERIMENT WITH Cows.

Object of the Experiment.

The object of the experiment was to compare the relative
merits of the two gluten meals for milk production.

Chicago Meal. — The general character and appearance of
this meal is well known.

King Meal.—This meal is very probably a by-product
from corn, the process of manufacture being somewhat dif-
ferent from that employed in casé of the Chicago meal. It
contains apparently no husks or germs; the fat from the
germ, however, is present, making the meal very rich in
this latter substance. For the sake of comparison the com-
position of the two meals is given below : —

CONSTITUENTS. Chicago. King.
Water (per cent.), , ; . 9.33 7.34
Crude ash (per cent.), 13 Tie tee
“ cellulose (per cent.), . ; ; 1.57 1.30
“ fat (per cent.), . ; ; : 4.17 18.48
‘* protein (per cent.), . ' , , 33.64 35.57
Extract matter (per cent), . ° ; 1,47 35.93

Plan of the Hapervment.
Four grade cows were employed, in different stages of lac-
tation. The preliminary feeding period lasted seven days,
and the feeding period proper seven days. All other feeds

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 229

excepting the two gluten meals remained constant during the
experiment.. The data will be found in Table I. The fol-
lowing method was employed to overcome the natural milk
shrinkage. The cows were divided into two lots. During
the first period cows I. and III. received the King meal, at
the same time cows IV. and VI. were receiving the Chicago
meal; during the second period this order was reversed.
This experiment was in operation during June, 1894. The
cows were allowed the run of the barn-yard during the day,
and so far as possible all conditions were identical during
the entire time. |

Chicago, . 4 10 937

Lapin I:
3 4 Average Datny Rarions. Darity RaTions.
~ —
2ia TOTAL. DIGESTIBLE.
io) an :
ge |g a) eA) 8A) 2 A : ;
‘A 3 © m2 ® ~ 2 re) a m2 ° “a pa
Sere pe) oa l se jea ls Bp Weep ran yueoiaeas bbe
PERIODS. . |g Sea gS.) a2 | os S 5 Srv) sc = oe
a Sime toa a gee Oo) ig Oe ° ia
Mm Om og cage oS ot << Ay aS a Wh .
® Sm) Bs lw is it Sey a Aa~ | Qs a ae =
2 se) foc. s ans | 8a o oy 29 = om a
E aA} chi g s2|29 B = cate Re Ss le
Bp | 8c | bS 1 ee | BS Mer Were te
Bie be ee 1 me ila 5 Bees Baa Pa
King, . 4 10 935 4.5 4.5 - 18 3.30 9.65 | 1.15 | 14.1 |1:3.8
4.5 4.5 18 10.49 061 14.2) 22307

3.16
te ee

TasLe II. — Average Yield and Cost of Milk.

f Averago ¢
Total Cost Total Yield Daily Yield Cost of Milk
PERIODS. of Feeds of Milk : per Quart
per Cow
(Dollars). (Quarts). (Quarts) (Cents).
King, : : ' 7 $6 61 318.4 11.36 2.08

Chicago, . , ; 6 61 314.4 11.23 2.10

Comments on the Results.

Table I. shows that the cows consumed the same amount
of digestible matter daily in each period.

Table Il. shows that the daily yield of milk and the cost
per quart were practically identical in each period.

The Chicago meal was in its usual good condition. In
spite of the fact that the King meal contained nearly 20 per

230 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

cent. of fat, no rancid odor or taste was noticed after the
meal had been in the barn six months. Its mechanical con-
dition was all that could be desired. The objection to feed-
ing by-products especially rich in fat is that, if they are fed
alone in large quantities (above 3 quarts daily) or fed in
combination with other material of a similar nature, the ten-
dency is to cloy the appetite of the animal, or —in warm
weather especially —to produce inflammation of the milk
glands.

In a daily grain ration of 9 pounds we would not advise
feeding over 3 or 4 pounds of but one by-product having
above 7 to 8 per cent. of fat.

The principal criticism on this experiment would natu-
rally be the shortness of its feeding periods. This could not
* have been wellavoided. The results obtained, however, are,
it is believed, sufficient to give one an idea of the compara-
tive value of the two grains.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 231

(6) CHICAGO GLUTEN MEAL vw, ATLAS MEAL.

EXPERIMENT WITH Cows.

Object of the Hxperiment.

The experiment was undertaken for the purpose of noting
the feeding value of the new by-product Atlas meal, as com-
pared with Chicago gluten meal.

Atlas Meal.— This is a comparatively new article in
Massachusetts markets. It consists of the hull, gluten and
germ of different grains left behind in the process of alcohol
manufacture. It comes into the market ground fairly fine,
and contains about the same amount of protein as does the
Chicago meal. The amount of cellulose and fat is, however,
in excess of the latter. The composition of the two grains
follows : —

Chicago. Atlas.

CONSTITUENTS.
Water (per cent.), : ; 2 : 9.00 10.00
Crude ash (per cent.), . : ‘ 18 37
« cellulose (per cent:), - 1.57 10.75
“fat (per cent.), . ; : : : 4.18 13.75
“protein (per cent.), . ; : ; 33.75 33.507
Extract matter (per cent.), . ; : ‘ : 51.37 31.56

Plan of the Hxperiment.

The experiment was in operation during January and a part
of February, 1895. The cows, four in number, were grades.
The feeds consisted of hay, corn and soja-bean ensilage,
bran, Chicago gluten meal and Atlas meal. The ensilage,
hay and bran remained constant during the entire experi-
ment. The preliminary feeding periods lasted seven days,
the two periods proper ten days each. To overcome the
natural milk shrinkage the following arrangement was in-
stituted. The cows were divided into two lots. In Period
I., cows 3 and 6 were fed Chicago meal at the same time

232 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

that cows 4 and 5 were receiving Atlas meal. In Period II.
this order was reversed. The cows were kept in the barn
during the entire experiment, and were treated precisely
alike during both periods. Two composite samples (three
days each) of milk were tested during each period. The
tables following give the average results from the four
cows : —

TABLE I,
> = AVERAGE DatILy RATIONS.
pm Py : ——
a aE Fe TOTAL. DIGESTIBLE.
2 | |B aR tla eda
a Baths AES cp we. f
elesie tele | sles \ay eye Vi eee
PeRropDs. | 4 |2el5-||ee/2-| 8/@a-|3 1 8/2-| @| 2 | &
ay be be >|\ aes >\|—ae a@| a S Solas eo) = 4
Oo | ay Zee os sO Cael 3s io) Org q 5
ay | Se eee ee ar eS soi) srt =P a as >
o f= Ws Se || SS =} AY Ss g 5 a hs as S Ww ~
ot eee. Loe) 2 ao) %@ 0 wha Pee =
Ble jeele (eels | 2se el Sr ieey) See
Da mi lee (ele tae oo iS)
et (eee to oO ceMr ie Mamie de BE
Atlas, r ° 4 10 943 4 = 4 AD 5 2.46 9.15 Lay 12.78 1 : 4.9:
Chicago, a 4 10 | 944 4 4 = 40.6 5 |) 2.62 | 9.38 ~84|12.84/1:4.4

Tase II. — Average Yield and Cost of Milk and Butter Fat.

| Total

Total Cost | Total Yield |_Average Cost Total Cost of
PERIODS. of Feed of Milk gined ae per Quart enveg ects Butter Fat
(Dollars). | (Quarts). Fouaria) (Cents). (Pountey: gee Sis

40.57 18.24

40.17 18.82

Atlas, . ° ; $7 40 420.7 10.52 1.76
7 56 423.3 10.58 1.79

Tas_e II]. — Average Composition of Milk.

PER CENT. SOLIDS. | PER CENT. FAT.
NUMBER OF COW.

Atlas. Chicago. | Atlas. | Chicago.
3, ; : - : , ; A ; 14.13 14.33 4.22 4.72
4, ’ ° ° » - e ° . 13.86 13.65 4.88 4.60
5, . ° ° i ° - Ps - 13.38 13.16 4.17 4.12
6, p ° ; , ° ° ° ° 14.33° 18.71 4.52 4.06
Average, . ; ° ‘ ° ‘ 13.93 13.71 4.45 4.38

Results.

The cost and quantity of milk and butter fat are so nearly
equal in each case as to be considered practically identical.
If the quality of the Atlas meal is maintained, it can be -
regarded as an excellent food for milch cows and neat stock
in general.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 283

(c) WHAT CONSTITUTES A “SPACE” OF CREAM.

J. B. LINDSEY AND GEO. A. BILLINGS.

In the report of the State Experiment Station for 1894
it was shown that the butter fat in the cream gathered
from 165 different farmers varied from 11 to 22 per cent.
Such figures only serve to emphasize the unreliability of the
‘¢ space” as a basis for payment.

During the past autumn we have tested the cream raised
by the deep-setting process from each of the six cows belong-
ing to the station. The conditions were precisely alike in
each case, the milk being immersed for the same length of
time, and the temperature of the water maintained at 38 to
40 degrees. The cows were all fresh in milk, having calved
from one to two months previously.

History OF THE Cows.

Cow I., grade Ayrshire, six years old, weighing 800
pounds, yielding about 4 per cent. fat in milk.

Cow II., native, nine years old, weighing 900 pounds,
yielding 4 per cent. fat in milk.

Cow III., grade Ayrshire-Jersey, seven years old, weigh-
ing 850 pounds, yielding 4.2 per cent. fat in milk.

Cow IV., grade Jersey, six years old, weighing 1,050
pounds, yielding 5 per cent. fat in milk.

Cow V., grade Durham, seven years old, weighing 1,050
pounds, yielding 3 per cent. fat in milk.

Cow VI., grade Durham-Jersey, about seven years old,
weighing 1,000 pounds, vielding 5 per cent. fat in milk.

Table I. shows the daily results and the average for the
three days (two days in case of cows V. and VI.).

234 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.
, TABLE I.
Milk Spaces Per Cent. | Per Cent.
NUMBER OF COW. Number of Days. per Day Creamper | of Fatin of Fat in
(Pounds). Day. Cream. /|Skim-milk.
a 25.90 8.10 16.90 . 20
i : a 26.00 7sb0 4. 16.60 15
i: 25.50 7.80 16.10 ie if
Average, 25.80 7.80 | 16.53 <7
il: 21.50 5.30 16.15 .09
1... : iL: 22.00 5.50 15.90 ry |
- va 5.90 17 30 55
Average, 22.08 5.07 | 16.45 06
1. 25.50 11.50 1420 25
IiL., ; i 26.87 10.80 12.05 on
i 26.50 11.60 12.70 25
Average, 26.30 | 11.30] 11.98] .97
ji 25.95 §..10,)'; 21.00 .18
| i, a 1 Oe & Si a ia 20
i 25.00 8.10 | 22.65 5
Average, 26.02 8.20 | 21.70 oP
vV {. 28.00 7.00 15.70 17
as i. 30.63 7.10 16.20 15
Average, . | 29.31 7.05 | 15.95 16
VI a. OL, 12 10.90 20.25 15
‘dia : , 1. 81.50 8.80 19.45 1d
Average, 31.31 9.85 |, 19.85 13

TasLe Il. —Showing the Results on the Basis of 25 Pounds of
Milk per Cow.

is Hig Spaces Per Cent.
NUMBER OF COW. of hike of Fat

in Cream.

j ; 7.56 | 16.53

IL., 6.30 16.45

IIL., 10.74 11.98

: NUMBER OF Cow.

LW hpi
ins
| a ae

Spaces

of Cream.

7.89
6.01
7.87

Per Cent,
of Fat
in Cream.

21.70
15.95
19.85

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 235

Cows I., II. and V. produced the smallest number of spaces
of cream, containing 16 to 16} per cent. of fat. Cow III.
produced nearly 11 spaces of cream with 12 per cent. of fat.
Cows IV. and VI. produced nearly 8 spaces of cream each,
containing from 20 to nearly 22 per cent. of fat.

According to the present system, cream is paid for at the
same price per space, whether it contains 12, 16 or 22 per
cent. of butter fat, 2. e., whether equal quantities of such
cream will produce 12, 16 or 22 pounds of butter. Under
this system a farmer with a herd of extra butter-producing
cows, yielding cream by the deep-setting process, contain-
ing 19 to 22 per cent. of fat, receives no more money than
another farmer who produces a like quantity of cream test-
ing but 15 or 16 per cent. of fat. Zhe anjustice nust be
apparent to every thinking farmer. The investigation, as
shown in the above tables, might have been carried still fur-
ther by weighing the cream, calculating the amount of butter
fat produced, and seeing how much butter a given number of
spaces of each cow’s cream would produce. This was done,
however, in last year’s investigation, and, at the risk of repe-
tition, the summary of the results bearing on this point is
_ presented in Table III. Our object in the present experi-
ment has been simply to show how the per cent. of fat in
the cream of six individual cows varied under exactly similar
conditions.

TasLE III.— Summary of Results obtained in 1894 with Cream
gathered from 165 Farmers, showing Butter Equivalent from
L100 Spaces of Graded Cream, and Value of Same.

POUNDS OF BUTTER FAT FROM Number Per Cent. of Parent Me es
100 SPaAcES OF CREAM. of Patrons. Patrons. (Pounds). 25 Cents
per Pound.
i, . : : : - ; 10 6.1 13.42* $3 35
12-13, 23 14.0 14.58 3 64
13-14, . ° ° ° ° ° 52 31.5 15.75 3 94
14-15, art aes ‘ : : 41 24.9 16.92 4 23
15-16, . - ° ° 2 : 30 18.2 18.08 4 62
ie-t8, -. fe as iho te : 9 5.5 19.83 4 96

* Figured on the basis of 11.5 pounds of butter fat.

236 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A full explanation of the Babcock system (by which the
farmer is paid for the number of pounds of butter fat actually
furnished by him), and how to put it into practical opera-
tion, has already been published.* This system offers en-
couragement for every one to improve his herd by weeding
out the unprofitable cows and putting in their places only
those that will produce good yields of rich milk.

Under the space system those farmers having extra cows
that are well taken care of simply help out their shiftless
neighbors who keep inferior animals. That the latter class
of farmers is glad to be thus aided, and is as a rule op-
posed to any change, is not to be wondered at. How long
the more thrifty, painstaking farmers will be willing to con-
tinue this, is a question for them to decide.

* <¢Creamery Practice,’ by J. B. Lindsey, published by Dairy Bureau, 20 Devon-
shire Street, Boston, Mass.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 237

(d@) WHEAT MEAL v. RYE MEAL FOR PIGS.

OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT.

In this experiment it was intended to compare the feeding
values of wheat and rye meal, when fed in combination with
skim-milk to growing pigs.

PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The pigs were divided into two lots, two barrows and a
sow being in each lot. The experiment was divided into
three periods, covering in all 106 days. It was intended,
in the first period, to feed 3 ounces of meal to each quart
of milk, but the supply of milk being limited, some Peoria
gluten feed was added to keep the ratio of protein to carbo-
hydrates as 1 to 3.5.

In the second period 4 quarts of milk were fed daily, to-
gether with sufficient wheat or rye meal to satisfy appetites.

In the third period 4 quarts of milk were fed daily, in
connection with equal parts of wheat or rye meal and corn
meal to satisfy the appetites of the animals. Sufficient water
was added to the milk and meal to furnish the necessary
amount of liquid. The pigs were fed three times daily.

TABLE I. — Feeding Plan.

Number Sf
PERIOD. | of Feed. ee
ays. atio.
i é 58 3 ounces wheat or rye meal to each quart of milk, . : 1:3.6
Ris . 13 4 quarts milk daily, and wheat or rye meal to satisfy 1:4.0
appetites.
et a ‘ 35 4 quarts milk, and equal parts wheat or rye meal and 1.5.3
corn meal to satisfy appetites.
TaBLE II. — Average Daily Gain (Pounds).
Totel
LOT. Period I. | Period II. | Period III.| Average
Daily Gain.
I., wheat, . 5 ‘ P . s : 1.06 1.21 1.49 1,22
II., rye, 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.10

238 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

TaslLeE III. — Total Feed consumed.

Lot I. (WHEAT).

PERIODS. Skim-milk ping pie Corn Meal Nutritive

(Quarts). (Pounds). | (Pounds). (Pounds). Ratio.

i ; : ; : - 744.0 205.1 73.5 - 1:3.6

iis - ° . ° ° 195.0 114.0 - - 1:4.0

8 : : ° . ° 450.0 212.5 - 212.5 1:5.2

Total,<. ° ° . 1,389.0 531.6 73.5 212.5 ana
Equaltodry matter, . . 283.7% 468.0 68.3 180.6 53
* Pounds.

Lor it. (Rye),

; : Peoria de
Skim-milk | Rye Meal Corn Meal} Nutritive
PERIODS. (Quarts). | (Pounds). fide 7 _ | (Pounds). Ratio.
i. ° ° e @ e 744.0 205.10 1365 ae L336
IL, ° * t e e 195.0 114.00 = = 1:4.4
TT... ° ° e © e 450.0 183.75 -_ 188.75 1 : 5.4
Total, . ° ‘ > 1,389.0 502.80 73.5 183.75 7
Equal to dry matter, . ° 283 .7* 432.40 68.3 156.20 -
* Pounds.
Lasts IV.

Average live weight at beginning of experiment (pounds), . ° ° 33.33 34.20
Average live weight at end of experiment (pounds), . ° . o; | 7162.70 150.00
Average gain of each pig (pounds), . . ° ° ° ° ° «| 129.87 115.80

Average daily gain (pounds), . . . ; ° ° ° ° ° 1.22 1.10
Dry matter required to produce 1 pound live weight (pounds), . . 2.58 2.71
Skim-milk actually returned per quart (fraction of cent), . ° ° 65 -55
Cost of feed for each pound of live weight gained (cents),* . ° 6 4.25 4.58
Price received per pound of live weight (cents), . . ° ° . 4.80 4.80

* On basis of following prices for feed: skim-milk, 2 cents per gallon; wheat and rye,
$24 per ton; Peoria gluten feed, $21 per ton; and corn meal, $23 per ton,

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 239

COMMENTS ON RESULTS.

Both lots of pigs made very fair gains, and the results as
a whole compare favorably with other experiments, when
skim-milk was fed with other grains. The average daily
gain was nearly 14 pounds, and the dry matter required to
make 1 pound of live weight averaged 2.65 pounds. The
skim-milk returned .6 of one cent per quart, and the live
weight cost 4.37 cents per pound, allowing skim-milk to be
worth one-half cent per quart, and the grains as noted. The
wheat meal seemed to give rather better results, especially
in the last period. During this latter period the pigs fed
on the rye-meal ration were off feed a good deal of the time,
and gained less in weight. If the experiment had been con-
tinued longer, the results would have been still more in favor
of the wheat meal. |

SUGGESTIONS FOR FEEDING WHEAT oR RyE MRAL.

With pigs weighing from 30 to 100 pounds, feed 3 to 6
ounces meal to each quart of milk; with pigs weighing from
100 to 175 pounds, feed skim-milk at disposal (4 to 6 quarts
per pig), and equal parts of wheat or rye meal and corn
meal to satisfy appetites.

240 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

(ce) SALT HAYS AND MEADOW OR SWALE
HAY.

A. — Digestibility.
Bb. — How to feed them.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.

(a) Black grass, high-grown salt hay, branch grass and
low meadow fox grass are all valuable fodder articles. In
the present experiment black grass contained more protein
and showed a higher average digestibility, and is therefore
superior to the other three hays. There is no wide differ-
ence, however. Timothy hay shows more total digestible
organic matter, but is noticeably inferior to three of the
salt hays in digestible protein. Black grass might be classed
as but little inferior to average timothy hay. High-grown
salt hay, branch grass and fox grass resemble each other
very closely in feeding value.

(5) Salt hays at average market prices are decidedly
cheaper to feed than English hay.

(c) Meadow or swale hay is a very inferior article. It
contained 150 to 200 pounds less digestible matter than
did the salt hays, and but 39 per cent. of digestible dry
matter.

(d) Ways containing much less than 50 per cent. of di-
gestible dry matter should be regarded as of very inferior
quality.

A.— DIGESTIBILITY.

At the request of the experiment station, farmers in the
vicinity of Newburyport sent four samples of salt hay. Ut
was the intention of the writer to analyze these hays and test
their comparative digestibilities. The hays were named as
follows :—

1. Black grass (fine, and of dark color; consisted almost
exclusively of Juncus bulbosus).

2. High-grown salt hay.

3. Branch grass.

4, Low meadow fox grass.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 241

The low meadow fox grass appeared to consist practically
of what is also called rush salt grass (Spartina juncea), and
both the high-grown salt hay and the branch grass were
composed of this as a basis, mixed with more or less coarse
grass, probably Spartina stricta, variety glabra. The branch
grass contained rather more of the coarse material than did
the high-grown salt hay.

A sample of meadow or swale hay was also obtained,
through the kindness of Mr. Chas. J. Peabody of Topsfield,
in which vicinity large quantities are cut yearly. This hay
erows in the fresh-water meadows, and is composed of fresh-
water grasses, sedges, brakes and wild flowers.

The digestion tests were made with sheep, because these
animals are much easier to work with, and give at the same
time similar results as do cows and steers. |

How the Digestible Matter of a Feed is determined.

First ascertain the amount and composition of the feed
consumed by an animal in a given length of time, also the
amount and composition of the feeces or undigested portion
excreted in the same time on the basis of dry matter. The
difference between them will represent the amount of the
various constituents of the food digested.

The percentages of the constituents digested are called the
digestion coefiicients.

Tasie I.— Composition of Hays.

[The analysis of each hay is given on the basis of 15 per cent. of water, for the sake
of comparison. ]

FODDER Black pee Branch Miaka Meadow sa eet

CONSTITUENTS. Grass. | colt Hay. GTA8s. ee Hay panibou:
Water, . ° ° : - 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Crudeash, . ‘ : : 9.91 6.92 8.75 4.96 5.27 4.30
‘¢ cellulose, . , ° 22.78 22.45 22.50 22.58 26.40 28.40

Pp FOR, ° . . 2.23 2.13 1.88 2.18 1.59 2.40

* «. protein, ; ° : 8.08 6.36 7.03 6.06 6.77 6.30
Nitrogen-free extract matter, | 42.00 47.14 44,84 49.22 44.97 43.60

ee ee ee ee

100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 100.00 100.00

——————_$_—$<$$<$<$$ $F SSS
SD

249 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Taste II. — Showing Average Digestion Coefficients obtained with
Two Sheep.

FODDER Black de Branch | Fox | Meadow ae A
CONSTITUENTS. Grass. | ,© Grass. | Grass.| Hay. bie :
Salt Hay. parison.
Total dry substance, . - | 59.5 53.0 56.0 53.0 39.0 58.0
Crude cellulose, . . . 60.5 50.0 52.0 51.0 33.0 53.0
mS at . ° ° ° 41.5 47.0 32.0 24.0 44.0 61.0
“protein, . . - | 63.0 63.0 62.5 57.0 34.0 48.0
Nitrogen-free extract matter, | 57.0 53.0 54.0 52.0 46.0 63.0

Tasie III.— Showing Pounds of Digestible Organic Matter in
2,000 Pounds of the Several Hays, assuming Each Hay to
contain an Average Amount of Water (15 Per Cent.).

FODDER Black fe Branch | Fox | Meadow bouts
CONSTITUENTS. Grass. | ,® Grass. | Grass. Hay. ee 7
Salt Hay. parison.
Crude cellulose, . ° ° 275.6 224.4 234.0 230.2 | 174.24 301.00
+” (Tak, ; ° ° ° 18.5 20.0 12.0 10.4 14.038 29.28
‘* protein, : : s1 1ORae 80.0 87.8 69.0 46.02 60.40
Extract matter, . : 4 479.8 499.6 484.2 511.8 413.72 549.36
Total, ° ° F ° 875.7 824.0 818.0 821.4 648.06 940.04

The teachings of the above tables will be found summarized
at the beginning of the article. The writer has hesitated
about making too sharp distinctions between the several
kinds of salt hay, in view of the fact that he has worked’
with but one sample of each kind. It is well known that
late-cut hays are inferior in per cent. of protein and less
digestible than early-cut hays; and the writer has no means
of knowing with certainty, either from the appearance of
the samples or otherwise, whether or not they were cut at
the same stage of growth. Very few blossoms were to be
found indicative of an early cutting. It is also recognized —
that the condition and situation of the land exert an influ-
ence upon the quality of the hay. On the other hand, the
hays were selected by men practically familiar with such
material, and pronounced fair samples of their kind.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 243.

B. — How To FEED SALT AND MEapow Hays.

(a) Salt Hays.

Only general directions can be given. First, these hays,
having a value approaching an average English hay, can be
fed in place of the latter article in so far as composition and
digestibility (2. e., quality) are concerned. In the second
place, however, the amount of salt they contain will exert
a controlling influence on the quantity that the animal can
consume. ‘The per cent. of salt in the four samples received
was as follows : —

High-grown Average
Black Grass. Salt Hay. Branch Grass.| Fox Grass. English Hay.
Per cent. salt,

6.30 3.20 4.09 2.51 1.50

This per cent. would probably vary from time to time,
depending on the frequency with which the salt water
came in contact with the meadows, etc. Should black and
branch grasses contain on an average as much salt as found
in the present case, it would hardly seem wise to feed over
one-third to one-half of these grasses in the entire coarse
fodder ration, while in case of the high-grown salt hay and
the fox grass two-thirds to even the entire coarse fodder ra-
tion could consist of these hays. The experience of prac-
tical feeders can and has undoubtedly solved this problem.
The majority of farmers will probably prefer to feed about
one-half salt hay and one-half English hay or other coarse
material. |

Coarse fodders can for practical purposes be fed ad libi-
tum; 2. é., the animals can be given all they will consume.
This can be left to the judgment of the practical feeder.

Grain Fations (on basis of milch cows of 1,000 pounds
live weight). — The following rations are combined to go
with the coarse fodders : —

244 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

I II.
Pounds. Pounds.
Cotton-seed meal,* : ; 100 | Linseed meal,* . : : ; 100
Wheat bran, : : ‘ . 100 | Pope or King gluten meal,* : 100
Corn meal,t. . : ; 100 | Wheat bran, : , 200
Mix and feed 6 to 9 quae daily. Feed 7 to 9 quarts dai.
TEE. Ly:
Pounds. Pounds.
Chicago gluten meal,* . 4 100 | Gluten meal, £ : ; . 100
Wheat bran, : ; 4 100 | Corn meal, . : ; : 100
Gluten feed,t 4 . : 100 Feed 6 quarts dnily.

Feed 6 to 9 quarts dain

V.
Pounds.
Cotton-seed meal, ; é 5 : ; ; on . :. 2 100
Wheat bran, ; . . : A : : 4 . . 4 100

Feed 8 quarts dle

* Cotton-seed meal, iinseed meals and the various gluten meals can be substituted one for
the other. Cotton-seed meal, King and Pope gluten meal, on account of the high percentage
of fat they contain, should not be fed together in the same ration.

t+ Chicago maize feed, Buffalo and Peoria or other gluten feeds can be used interchangeably.

¢ Gluten feeds can usually be substituted for corn meal with good effect.

(6) Meadow Hays (for Milch Cows of 1,000 Pounds
Live Weight).

Meadow hay, being of inferior nutritive value, must be
supplemented with feed stuffs containing large amounts of
digestible matter, —especially protein, — in order to secure
good results.

Coarse Fodder Ration 1.— Feed all the meadow hay the

animal will eat.

Grain Rations for above.

Pounds. Pounds.

Corn meal, . ° ; ° ° 200 | Corn meal, . ° ° ° ° 100

Cotton-seed meal, ° ; ‘ 100 | Wheat bran, ° F ° : 100

Feed 9 quarts daily. Cotton-seed meal, ° ‘ ° 100
Feed 10 quarts daily.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 245

EEL.

Wheat bran, ‘ : P é . ‘ : ‘ : : ; : ‘ 100
Gluten feed, ‘ ; P ‘ ; : ‘ : : : ; ‘ : 100
Feed 14 to 16 quarts daily.

Coarse Fodder Ration 2.— About one-half English hay
and one-half meadow hay, or about one-half corn ensilage
(30 pounds) and all the meadow hay the animal will eat.

Grain Rations for Above.

I Sa
Pounds. | Pounds.
Corn meal, . . ; : : 150 | Wheat bran, , : : - 100
Cotton-seed meal, ‘ : : 100 | Gluten feed, ‘ : : 100
Feed 7 quarts daily. Feed.10 to 12 quarts daily.

ftemarks. —The writer questions the wisdom of a sys-
tem of farming in which much labor is devoted to securing
meadow hay for feeding to farm animals. The large amount
of grain necessary to be fed in order to secure reasonably
nutritive rations calls for a considerable outlay of money,
which renders the various rations of doubtful economy.

The tendency of modern dairy farming is to raise crops
containing more nitrogenous matter (protein), and thus re-
duce the amount of grain to be purchased.

To farmers who have been gathering and feeding large
quantities of meadow hay the writer would make the fol-
lowing suggestions : —

In addition to English hay, raise annual crops, such as
peas and oats, vetch and oats and Hungarian grass. Cut
these for hay. Grow corn fodder and soja-bean fodder,
and put into a silo in the proportion of two parts corn to
one part soja beans. Such a system will give large amounts
of nutritious winter feed, and will enable one to get along
with one-half of the grain feed mentioned above.

246 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.’96.

Flow to purchase Grams.

In making up grain rations cost must be considered, and
one should be familiar with the fluctuating market values of
the several feed stuffs in order to make economical combina-
tions. The following figures show the approximate commer-
cial values of the different feeds, based on the amount of
digestible protein they contain : —

Wheat bran, . ; : ¢18 00 $14 00

Corn meal, . : ; 19 00 15 00
Wheat middlings, : : : | 21 00 16 00
Brewers’ grains, . : . : cm 21 00 16 00
Malt sprouts, ; 23 00 18 00
Gluten and maize feeds, A ; : 28 00 22 00
Atlas meal, . : : ; 31 00 24 00
Old-process linseed meal, : : 31 00 24 00
New-process linseed meal, : ! 3 32 50 25 00
Gluten meals, ; . ; : : 4, eons Bo 00 27 00
Cotton-seed meal,. : : ; " . 35 00 27 00

The above figures do not express the relative physiological
effect of the different grains, but show their comparative
values in digestible protein after figuring the digestible
carbohydrates and fat at a definite price. They can be used
as guides in purchasing.

CoMPILATION OF ANALYSES OF FoppER ARTICLES AND
Dairy PRopvwcts,

MADE AT

pe el tn By ek Ee by

1868-1896.
PREPARED BY C. S. CROCKER.

A. FODDER ARTICLES.
B. FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN FODDERS.

C. Datry PRODUCTS.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

248

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249

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1896.]

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253

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25

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381.

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

258

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259

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

1896.]

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260 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles.

[Figures equal percentages or pounds in 100.]

”

la

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,

S| 2 | 8s

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NAME. © ; 5 3 3 26

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I. Green: Fodders.
Fodder eorn, he a 5 = 4 Saas Le 78.6 41 33 015 $1 43
Fodder-corn ensilage, . : Sans : 7 |@ 80 42 | .39 #13 1 52
Corn and soja-bean ensilage, . - : it 71.0 79 44 42 2 56
Millet and soja-bean ensilage, . “ 5 75.8 48 5 12 1 81
Millet ensilage, . : of eee 5 3 73.8 26 . 62 14 1 48
Sorghum, . , : : ‘ z 82.2 23 23 09 87
Mochi safllet, 10-50 See 8 | ade .61 41 .19 2 06
Millet (Panicum erus-galli);, . . . jee Pie fe 46 49 11 70
Green oats, . E . : ; é 2 3 83.4- 49 38 sid 1 58
Greenrye, . : : : ; > 2 72.0 30 64 12 1 48
Vetch and oats, . ; é | 86.1 24 ya!) .09 1 93
Horse bean, . 3 1 14.9 68 Bs) .08 2 06
Soja bean, . > : - : : ; | 73.2 29 53 15 1 87
Soja bean (early white), . . : ;: 1 66.6 94 91 21 3 37
Soja beam (early green), . = ° 1 69.8 84 Py 20 2 92
Soja Bean (medium black), : ; a 76.9 80 .o7 18 2 74
Soja bean (late), .. . . 5 ; 1 79.7 -60 .68 14 2 26
Kidney vetch, 1 80.9 56 230 09 1 78
Cow-pea vines, 1 78.8 27 31 10 1 06
Prickly comfrey, > 1 86.8 37 Sif 12 LT
Serradella,... ; \ ; ; 2 82.6 41 42 14 1 54
Common buckwheat, .. . : ; 1 84.7 44 54 -09 1 69
Flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris), . v| 78.6 1.05 45 14 3 14
Hungarian grass, ° ° 1 74.3 39 54 16 1 54
White lupine, . | 85.4 44 25 05 1 36
Yellow lupine, . ° ‘ ; , ° 1 85.1 40 44 -09 1 49
Spanish moss, . ; . : . ° 1 60.8 -28 26 03 96
II. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders.

English hay; |’. Sa es... | 12) a, Eee ie sos .30 5 02
towen, . ; ; , ; ; 13 18.5 1.68 | 1.60 44 5 85

Timothy hay, ; > , ; , , 3 11.3 1.24 1.46 04 4 78
4

ted top (Agrostis vulgaris With.), .« “sa i 1.15 1.02 -36 414

——— — —- a - — =

gredients: nitrogen, 12 cents; potassium oxide, 5 cents; phosphoric acid, 5 cents.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 81. 261

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

3 3 ® 5

. heel ee |

NAME. 3 Rete ihe £6

> a = t 2, Eien

S Ge 5 $ 5 2s

aire te | a: | es

IT. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con.

Kentucky plue-grass (Poa pratensis L.), 2 5.3 1.32 1.69 43 $5 29
Orchard grass, 4 8.8 7.31 1.89 41 5 44
Meadow fescue, . 6 8.9 .99 2.10 40 4 87
Perennial rye-grass, 2 o.1 Nes 1.55 -56 5 06
Italian rye-grass, , - é . oi} a4 Fy § T.19 1,27 56 4 69
Salthay, . 1 oad dees is 72 25 3 80
Japanese millet (white head), . | S 10.5 Pelt 1.22 .40 4 28
Common buckwheat, . 1 8.5 2.62 3.21 53 10 02
Silver-hull buckwheat, : : : : 1 8.9 Dy is. 2.38 86 7 51
Japanese buckwheat,. . . . ./ 1 bh | ies. 1 Sea2 85- |. 8 08
Fodder corn, : ; ‘ . ‘ “1 7 7.9 | 1.76 89 54 5 65
SE eee ee ere ee | a7 9.2°-f Ee@ier | da8 29 4.17
Teosinte, . . . : : ; : | j ra | 1.46 3.70 55 7 75
SS ee | £1) TRY} 2.06 oh acer BT. | 10: 46
ee ee re 9.9 | 1.28 1: 7,69 49 5 25
Mammoth red clover, . : : P P | 3 11.4 2.23 1.22 55 7 i2
Medium red clover, . pape 7.9 2.18 2.29 45 7 97
Alsike clover, ’ : , : . 6 9.9 2.34 2.28 67 8 52
Lucerne (alfalfa), S é : 5 4 6.3 2.08 1.46 203 6 98
Meeteeweiver iif | se let eh 2 |) 4 1698 | 1.88 56 | 714
Blue melilot, : ; I | 8.2 | 1.92 2.80 04 7 95
Sainfoin, , : ; : ‘ ‘ | ; 12.2 | 2.63 2.02 76 9 09
0 a a ee by 2 9.4 | 2.46 | 2.09 45 8 36
Lotus villosus, . ; . é ° . | 2 11.5 2.10 1.81 59 7 44
Soja bean, . ‘ é : 2 6.3 2.32 1.08 67 7 32
Cow pea, . P P : ? ? : 1 9.0 1.64 91 53 5 38
Small pea, . F ‘ ¥ 1 5.8 2.50 1.99 59 8 58
Flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris), . a b 8.9 8.51 2.34 82 11 58
Serradella, . , - - ‘ f : 2 74 2.70 65 78 7 91
Scotch tares, : ‘ . ‘ ° 1 15.8 2.96 3.00 82 10 92
eee tee ey ee 8.2 | 2.20 | 2.76 S74.) vag
Vetch and oats, . : ; : 5 , 3 9.9 1.30 1.35 56 5 03
Soja-bean straw, : j 1 13.0 eth 1.06 26 3 02
Millet straw, 2 : 2 : . - p 13.5 69 1.76 -18 3 58

* See note on page 260.

262 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

Ae ee pe eek

; ) Z i 2q e -

NAME. $ ; og fee ae 26

Gee eee ee

Il. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con.
White daisy, é - ; 2 : : | 9.7 28 1.25 44 $2 36
Dry carrot tops, . ; ; : ‘ 5 1 9.8 3.13 4.88 61 13 00
Barley straw, : : . : , : 2 10.0 1.13 2.41 22 5 34
ITI. Roots, Bulbs, Tubers, etc.
Beets, red, . : : ; : 8 87.8 23 44 09 1 08
Beets, sugar, ‘ ; ‘ : : : 4 87.0 oe 48 -10 112
Beets, yellow fodder, . : : : 1 90.6 19 46 .09 1 01
Mangolds, . : : ‘ + : ; 3 87.6 15 34 14 84
Ruta-bagas, . : : ; : : ‘ 3 89.1 19 49 12 er
Turnips, : : : ‘ . 4 89.7 17 38 12° 81
Carrots, - ‘ : , : ; 5 3 89.0 .16 46 .09 93
Parsnips, 1 80.3 22 ~ 62 19 1 34
Potatoes, . : : : : : ; 4 80.1 29 51 08 1 29
Artichokes, . ; 4 : ; " 1 1T.5 -46 48 ails 1 74
Japanese radish (merinia), 1 93.3 .08 28 08 52
Japanese radish (niyas hige), . : 1 92.6 08 34 05 58
IV. Grains, Seeds, Fruits, etc.

Corn kernels, ; é ; : ; Pe a bs 10.9 1.82 -40 70 5 46
Corn and cob meal, . ‘ : ‘ » | 29 9.0 1.41 AT OT 4 42

Oat kernels, . ; ; , 4 ; ° 1 9.0 2.10 - - ~
Soja beans, . ; ; , ; ‘ » 2 18.3 5.30 1.99 1567 16 58
Red adzinki beans, 1 14.8 3.24 1.54 94 10 26
White adzinki beans, . : | 16.9 3.33 1.48 97 10 44
Saddle beans, ; 5 1 12.3 2.12 2.18 1.52 8 74
Japanese millet, . 1 13.7 1.738 38 . 69 5 22
Common millet, 1 12.7 2.04 36 85 6 11
Chestnuts, . . ; : - ’ : 1 44.9 1.18 -63 -39 3 85
Cranberries, . ‘ P : 1 89.4 -08 -10 -03 32
Apples, ee eee ee ee 2 | 79.9 13 1061 Ol 66

V. Flour and Meal.

Corn meal, . , ; ‘ , ; ° 3 14.1 1.92 34 71 5 66
Hominy feed, . ; ; ; ° ° 1 8.9 1.63 -49 98 5 38
Ground barley, . ; ; , ; e 1 13.4 1.55 34 - 66 4 72
Wheat flour, ; ‘ ; . ; ; 2 12.1 2.02 -36 35 5 56

* See note on page 260.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 263

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Concluded.

|

; ae he

NAME. 3 : 5 5° s EK

ewe te Pe. Ves

V. Flour and Meal—Con.
Pea meal, . ° ‘ ’ R . ° 1 8.9 3.08 -99 82 $9 20
OS 1 | 10.8 | 5.89 | 2.93 | 1.57 | 1794
Peanut meal, ‘ P é : . : 1 8.0 7.84 1.54 Le2T 21 63
VI. By-products and Refuse.
Linseed meal (old process), 4 8.0 5.39 152k | 1.78 15 93
Linseed meal (new process), 5 7.9 5.83 LZ 1.69 16 93
Cotton-seed meal, : - ; ‘ \ 24 $22 6.70 1.83 DAG 20 38
Wheat bran, : : ‘ . . ° 10 9.9 2.36 1.40 2.10 9 16
Wheat middlings, z : A , 3 b. 10.2 DAE To 1.25 8 60
Rye middlings, . : A : ‘ 1 12.5 1.84 81 1.26 6 47
Rye feed, . - P : ‘ :. ° 1 9.6 1.95 98 1.56 T 22
Gluten meal, ; : “ ° ° 5 8.5 5.09 05 42 12 69
Gluten feed (Buffalo), . . . «| 5 | 8.2 | 38.72 06 34 | 9231
Gluten meal (Chicago), . ‘ 4 2 9.6 Bata 06 43 14 29
Gluten meal (King), . . . . =.| 1 7.8 | 5.69 08 69 | 1448
Dry distillery feed (Atlas), : E ‘ z 11.2 5.30 -16 23 13 50
Dry brewers’ grain, . F cette 2 2 8.6 2.68 85 1.05 8 33
eee oop b to | 2.07 st | 1.00 | 98 70
Damaged wheat, . . . ° ‘ ° t 13.1 2.26 51 83 6 76
Louisiana rice bran, . A A “ - 1 10.3 1.43 84 ETE 5 98
Glucose refuse, . A . ° : ° 1 6.7 Sal 09 61 8 09
Cocoa dust, . : vi 28 eee es ZI Tak 2.30 63 1.34 7 49
Broom.-corn waste (stalks), ‘ ° e: 1 10.4 87 1.86 46 4 41
Cotton hulls, . ° ° ° ° ° 3 10.6 »75 1.08 18 3 06
Peanut feed, . . ° . ° ° 2 10.0 1.46 -79 23 4 52
Peanut husks, . : = : 13.0 80 48 aye 2 53
Meat meal, . 3 f 4 ° 1 8.0 | 11.21 30 sia 27 93
Apple pomace, . F ° . ° ° 2 80.5 23 13 -02 70
Corn cobs, . . : : - ° ° 8 12.) -50 60 -06 1 86
Palmetto roots, . ; ; os ae : i 11.5 54 1.38 16 2 83
Buckwheat hulls, e ‘ ° . 1 11.9 49 52 07 LW
Vil. Dairy Products.

Buttermilk, . j . ° ° . ° i 91.1 51 05 -04 1 381

Skim-milk, . NY ig ar wha - | 22 90.3 59 - = ~
Whey, . i : Us eee 1 93.7 10 07 17 48

* See note on page 260.

796.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

264

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TABLES OF THE DIGESTIBILITY OF AMERICAN FEED STUFES.

EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE UNITED STATES.

COMPILED BY J. B. LINDSEY.

I. EXPERIMENTS WITH RUMINANTS.
JI. EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE.

Dec. 31, 1895.

[265]

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. — [Jan.

266

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269

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1896.]

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT —WNo. 31.

1896.]

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276 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan,

LITERATURE,

The following publications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the digestibility of American feed
stuffs : —

Report of Storrs School (Connecticut) Experiment Station,
1894.

Reports of the Maine State Experiment Station for 1886, 1887,
1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.

Reports of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,
1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893.

Bulletins Nos. 80 c, 81, 87 d, 97 and 118 of the North Carolina
Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 16, Utah Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of the Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 26 and 36 of the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 13, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 20 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports (1893 and 1894) of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

Report of Hatch Experiment Station, 1590.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 277

REPORT OF THH CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER

Pb

MATERIALS.

—

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

Part I. On Fievp EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments to study the effect of raising leguminous crops
in rotation with grain crops on the nitrogen sources of the
soil.

Observations with mixed forage crops as fodder supply.

Experiments to study the economy of using natural phos-
phates in place of acid phosphates (superphosphates).

Experiments to ascertain the influence of different mixtures
of chemical fertilizers on the character and yield of garden
crops.

Experiments to study the effect of phosphatic slag and nitrate
of soda as compared with ground bones on field crops.

Experiments to study the effect of rotation of manures on per-
manent grass lands.

Part II. On THe WorK IN THE CHEMICAL
LABORATORY.

Report on inspection of commercial fertilizers.

Report on general work in the laboratory.

Compilation of analyses of manurial substances.

Compilation of analyses of fruits, garden crops and insecti-
cides.

278 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Par ud.

REPORT ON FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. FIELD EXPERIMENTS CARRIED ON FOR THE PURPOSE OF
STUDYING THE EFFECT OF A LIBERAL INTRODUCTION

OF CLOVER-LIKE PLANTS — LEGUMINOUS CROPS —
INTO Farm PrRaAcTICE, AS A MEANS OF INCREASING

THE ReEsouRcES OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN PLANT
Food IN THE SOIL UNDER CULTIVATION. (/eld A.)

The observation of the fact that the different varieties of
clover and of clover-like plants in general, as peas, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., are in an exceptional degree qualified,
under favorable conditions, to convert, by the aid of certain
micro-organisms of the soil, the. elementary nitrogen of the
air into plant food, imparts to that class of farm crops a
special interest from an economical standpoint. This cir-
cumstance is in a controlling degree due to the two follow-
ing causes : —

First. —The nitrogen-containing soil constituents of plant
food are asa rule ina high degree liable to suffer serious
changes in regard to their character and fitness as well as in
reference to their quantity.

Second. — Available nitrogen-furnishing manurial sub-
stances are the most costly articles of plant food in our
markets.

Field experiments which propose to show by their results
to what extent the cultivation of clover-like plants can be
relied on as a practical and economical means for securing
efficiently nitrogen plant food for the crops to be raised have

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 279

deservedly of late engaged the most careful attention of agri-
cultural investigators.

The experiments in part described within a few subsequent
pages were planned in 1883, and have been continued to the
present time upon the same field, with such modification as
circumstances advised.

The investigations have been divided into three periods : —

(a) Study of the existing soil resources of plant food,
1884 to 1889.

(6) Study of the effect of excluding nitrogen plant food
from outside sources and of adding nitrogen plant food in
various available forms, 1889 to 1892.

(c) Studying the effect of the cultivation of leguminous
crops on the resources of available nitrogen plant food in
the soil under treatment, 1892 to 1896.

The systematic treatment of the field here under considera-
tion, as far as suitable modes of cultivation and of manur-
ing are concerned, was introduced during the season of
1883 to 1884.

The subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats, ‘‘ one-
tenth of an acre each,” of a uniform size and shape, 132
feet long and 33 feet wide, with an unoccupied and un-
manured space of 5 feet in width between adjoining plats,
has been retained unaltered since 1884. A detailed state-
ment of the temporary aim and general management of the
experiments, as well as of the results obtained in that con-
nection from year to year, forms a prominent part of my
contemporary printed annual reports, to which I have to
refer for further details, 1884-95. The first four years of
the stated period 1884-89 were principally devoted to an
investigation into the general character and condition of
the soil under cultivation, as far as its natural and inherent
resources of available phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash
were concerned. The sow proved to be in particular defi-
cient in potash, Different varieties of corn (maize) were
raised in succession to assist in the investigation.

Since 1889 the main object of observation upon the same
field has been to study the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance

280 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite ad-
ditional supply of nitrogen in different forms of combination
on the character and yield of the crop selected for the trial.

Several plats (4, 7, 9) which for five preceding years
(1883 to 1889) had not received any nitrogen compound for
manurial purposes were retained in that state, to study the
effect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances on the crop under cultivation; while the remain-
ing ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen
in the same form in which they had received it in preceding
years, namely, either as sodium nitrate (1, 2), as ammonium
sulphate (5, 6, 8), as organic nitrogenous matter in form
of dried blood (3, 10) or of barn-yard manure (0). A cor-
responding amount of available nitrogen was applied in all
these cases.

PLATS. Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat 0, 800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 Ibs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and
18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.

Plat 1, . | 29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of
potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 60 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 2, . {| 29 Ibs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 Ibs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 40 lbs.
dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 Ibs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 3, . | 43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash
(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black
(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 4, . | 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50
Ibs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 5, . | 22.4 1bs.ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 40 lbs.
dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 6, . | 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (—4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate
of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 Ibs. dissolved
bone-black (= 8.5 Ibs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 7, . | 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50
Ibs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 8, . | 22.5 1bs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate
of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved
bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 9, . | 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50
lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 Ibs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 10, . | 43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-magnesia
sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved
bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 281

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients used Annually per Acre.

( Nitrogen, ; ° ; . - 45 pounds.

meee, +. 2; 3. 5, 6, 8, 10, ) Phosphoric acid, . : : 80 pounds.
Bae oxide, . ; . 125 pounds.

Nitrogen, . : : none.

pee 4.7.9, -. ; .« Phosphoric acid, . : . 80 pounds.
Potassium oxide, . ; . 125 pounds.

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, the seeding, cultivating and har-
vesting, were carried on year after year in a like manner,
and as far as practicable on the same day in case of every
plat during the same year.

Kind of Crops raised.

Corn (maize), . ; : ‘ , : in 1889.
Oats, . : : ; i : : ahaa ye in 1890.
Rye, . , : ; : : ; in 1891.
Soja bean, . : : ‘ ; : ; 4 in 1892.

The annual yield of the various crops upon the different
plats showed that as a rule those plats (4, 7, 9) which had
not received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes
yielded much smaller crops than those that annually received
in some form or other an addition of a corresponding amount
of available nitrogen.

The results of four years of careful observation were ex-
pressed in the following conclusion : —

The experiments carried on upon Field A during the years
1889, ’90,’91 and’92 show conclusively the importance of
a liberal supply to the soil of an available form of nitrogen
to secure a successful and remunerative cultivation of farm
crops under otherwise corresponding favorable conditions.
For even a leguminous crop, the soja bean, when for the first
tume raised upon Field A, did not furnish an exception to our
observation (1892). (For details, see report for 1892.)

Subsequent to the year 1892, when for the first time in the
more recent history of the field under discussion a legumi-
nous crop, a late-maturing variety of soja bean, had been

282 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

raised upon it, our attention had been directed chiefly to
the question, To what extent does the cultivation of soja
bean, a clover-like plant, benefit the resources of available
nitrogen plant food of the soil after the removal of the crop
at the close of the season (for ensilage) ?

It seemed of interest in our case to ascertain whether the
raising of the soja bean upon Field A had increased the
amount of available nitrogen stored up in the soil to such
an extent as to affect the yield of succeeding crops upon
those plats (4, 7, 9) which, as a rule, did not receive at any
time for eight successive years an addition of available ni-
trogen from any other manurial source but the atmospheric
air and the roots left in the soil after harvesting the crops
raised.

A grain crop (oats) was selected as the crop suitable to
serve for that purpose. The general management of the
experiment, as far as the preparation of the soil, manuring
and seeding-down are concerned, was the same as in pre-
ceding years (see tenth annual report).

An examination of the yield of the crop in 1893, secured
upon the different plats, showed that the total crop per acre
on those plats to which no nitrogen was applied (4, 7, 9)
averaged 800 pounds less than in case of the plats which
received their regular supply of nitrogen in some form or
other.

Ratio of Grain to Straw (1898).

Plat 0, : : . des Plat 6, 1:4.9
Plat 1, 1:44:11 Plat 7, Lie
Plat 2, Iz:3 deorlen 6, 1::3.4
Plat 3, 158,524 “Fiat... 9, 1:3.4
Plat 4, 13°O.7 Tale 10: I '829
Plat 5, b7

The best results in relation of total yield to yield of grain
were obtained in case of those plats receiving organic nitro-
gen (dried blood and barn-yard manure) or nitrogen in the
form of nitrate of soda; while in the case of sulphate of
ammonia the ratio of grain to straw was too wide to be
satisfactory.

The total yield of crops on the plats receiving no nitro-

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 283

gen addition, as compared with those receiving a nitrogen
supply, was during succeeding years as follows : —

With corn in 1889, one-fifth less.

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With soja bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less.

With oats in 1893, one-seventh to one-eighth less.

From these results it appeared that the introduction of a
leguminous crop into our rotation had somewhat reduced the
difference in yield between the plats receiving no nitrogen
and those receiving it, yet had not entirely obliterated it.
It was decided to continue the observation by repeating the
raising of soja beans in 1894 and oats.in 1895.

1894, —To secure, if possible, more decisive results re-
garding the presence and absence of available nitrogen, it
was decided to use twice the amount of phosphoric acid and
potassium oxide, as compared with preceding years.

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients applied per Acre during 1894.

( Nitrogen, . : ; . 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3,5, 6,8, 10,4 Phosphoric acid, . . . 160 pounds.
| Potassium oxide, . ° . 250 pounds.

Nitrogen, : ah eae : none.

Pintes 7,9; . : -¢ Phosphoric acid, . : . 160 pounds.
ei oxide; . ° . 250 pounds.

An early-maturing variety of soja bean was selected for
the experiments. The fertilizer mixtures were applied as
in previous years, broadcast, in the middle of April.

After proper preparation of the soil the soja beans were
planted on May 12 in drills two and one-half feet apart, 6
pounds of seed being used per plat, or 60 pounds per acre.
The plants appeared above ground May 21; June 5 the
field was cultivated and hoed, and also on the 16th, 25th
and July 12.

The plants began to bloom July 25. Owing to the pro-
tracted drought of July and August, the crop did not get
that fulness of growth which might have been obtained under
more favorable conditions. The crop was cut August 28.

284 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Yield of Soja Bean when cut on Different Plats (1894).

[Pounds.]
PLATS. Per Plat.
Plat 0, 600
Piat | 1, 625
Piast’ 2: 700
Fiala 525
Plat 4, j 405
Plat °5, 645
Plat 6, 615
Plat 7, 480
Fiat 3, 680
Plat 9, 470
Plat 10, . . ; : : , ; : : : : 570
Per Cent.
Dry matter, : : : ey: : : 34
Moisture, . : : ; f : : ; ‘ : 66
Conclusions.

I. A comparison of the above-stated yield of the different
plats shows that those plats (4, 7, 9) which received no nitro-
gen addition from an outside source yielded on an average
452 pounds each, while those plats which recewed an addi-
tion of available nitrogen plant food, £5 pounds of nitrogen
per acre, yrelded on an average 620 pounds each, —a differ-
ence of one-third in favor of ‘the latter.

2. An increase to twice the amount of phosphoric acid and
potassium oxide, as compared with earlier years (see report
for 1892), had not changed the relative yield of the crop, as
noticed in case of the late soja bean in 1892,

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 285

1895. — Oats were again selected to succeed the soja bean
of the preceding season, for the purpose of admitting a direct
comparison of the results of 1894 and 1895 with those ob-
tained under corresponding circumstances during the years
1892 and 1893, when the same crops followed each other in
the same order.

The field was ploughed April 29; the fertilizers were
applied April-30, in the same manner and in the same quan-
tity to each plat as in the preceding year (1894), specified
upon a previous page, namely, per acre : —

Nitrogen, . None.
Pee 79, J Phosphoric serge) i. . 160 pounds.
Potassium oxide, : . 250 pounds.
Nitrogen, . ; : 45 pounds.
Piares)b. 2.°3, 5, 6,8, 10,$ Phosphoric acid, F : . 160 pounds,
Potassium oxide, . . 250 pounds.

The oats were sown in drills two feet apart, at the rate of
7 pounds per plat, or 70 pounds per acre, on May 7. The
young plants showed above ground on all plats alike May 11.

To secure clean culture the cultivator was used twice, May
29 and June 12. The crop did not mature at the same time
upon all plats, and was for that reason cut at different dates.
It was cut when matured, on August 2 upon plats 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 7, 9, 10, on August 8 upon plats 5 and 8 and on
August 17 upon Plat 6. From this data it will be noticed
that in all cases where sulphate of ammonia was used as the
nitrogen supply for the raising of oats the maturing of the
crop was from one to two weeks later than on all other plats,
where either nitrate of soda or organic nitrogen compounds,
as blood, barn-yard manure or no nitrogen-containing manu-
rial matter, was applied. Similar results have been noticed
in previous years, when summer grain crops have been
raised in connection with the experiment under discussion.

286 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Yield of Field A, Oats (1895).

; , 119 431 550 136 292 428
yh : , 95 325 420 92 458 550
Plat 9, . ; 110 370 480 123 217 340
Plat 10, . ; 125 485 610 169 381 550

2

[Pounds.]
PLATS. Oats. | Straw. Total Weight.
Plat 0, : : , : : ; 134 254 388
Plat 1, 2 ; ; ; : ; 160 330 490)
Plat 2, : : : ; : ; 150 330 480
Plat 3, : ; ‘ , : ; 149 O01 480
Plat 4, ; : ; 5 : : 110 233 343
Plat 5, : ; : : ; ; 190 360 550
Plat 6, : . ; ; : : 155 405 560
Plat 7, : ; ; : ‘ : 136 292 428
Plat 8, : ; : : ’ : 92 458 550
Plat 9, : : : ‘ ; ; 123 217 340
Plat 10, : : ‘ ; : : 169 O81 550
Per Cent.
Moisture, oats, ‘ : ; ; : ; . 14.60
Moisture, straw, . ; . 5 ah) ays ; ; 15.90
Summary of Yield of Oats (18938, 1895).
[Pounds.]
1893. 1895.
PLATS. Weight of ; Weight of
Weight Total Weight Total
of Grit, wif Weight. of oral! snk ag een
Plat 0, . 131 399 530 134 254 388
Plat 1, 135 5d0 690 160 330 490
Flat 2, 146 454 600 150 330 480
FART iby 166 534 700 149 331 480
Plat 4, 160 430 590 110 233 343
Plat 5, . 79 551 630 190 360 550
Plat 6, 102 498 600 155 405 560
7
&

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 287

Ratio of Grain to Straw (1893, 1895).

|
PLATS. | 1893. 1895.

Plat 0,. re3 E93
a be 451 13306
Fiat 2.. Pant 1 Oey
a Eats ee Reese
Piat. 4, . B32 37 qeab 7. o)|
Fiat -5, . Bs 7 Bete 9
Plat 6,. 1:4.9 P2226
Plat 7,. ElOe6 Es2,14
Plat 8,. Boe 1:4.97
Plat 9, 29.4 5 eel aa
Plat 10, hi a9 Ihe 225

Average Yield of Oats on Plats receiving no Nitrogen and on
Plats receiving Nitrogen (1893, 1895).

[Pounds. ]

PLATS. 1893. 1895.

Plats 4, 7 and 9 sk nitrogen), . ‘ 540.0 310.3
Plats 0,1 , 2,3,5, 6,8 and 10 (receiving nitrogen), 597.5 506.0

——S

Conclusions.

The conditions of the different plats are apparently materi-
ally the same to-day as they were two years ago. The rais-
ing of soja beans has not changed the results for the better.
It remains to be seen whether the ploughing under of a
leguminous crop, serving as green manure, will affect the
results.

288 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

2. OBSERVATIONS WITH THE CULTIVATION OF MIXED
ForaGE Crops. (f%eld B.)

The importance of a more liberal supply of nutritious for-
age crops for an economical support of dairy stock is quite
generally recognized by all parties interested. To assist in
the solution of that question induced the writer to devote for
a series of years special attention to the raising of fodder
crops of a high nutritive character and of a liberal yield.
Mixed forage crops, consisting of early maturing annual
leguminous crops, clover-like plants and of either oats or
barley, suggested themselves for a trial; for they attain a
high feeding value at a comparatively early period of the sea-
son, — towards the end of June when in bloom; they can
serve with benefit in form of green fodder, hay or ensilage,
as circumstances advise, and they yield under fair conditions
large quantities. Experiments with peas, Scotch tares and
vetches have been already described in previous reports.
The results obtained induced the writer to prefer summer
vetch (vicza sativa) to both peas and tares, in case of mixed
crops. The fields used for the observation were located in
different parts of the farm; they were as a rule in a fair
state of cultivation, as far as the mechanical condition of the
soil as well as its store of plant food was concerned. The
soil consisted in the majority of cases of a somewhat grav-
elly loam.

Vetch and Oats.

1893, — Half an acre of a field which had served during
the preceding year for the production of root crops, carrots
and sugar beets was fertilized April 26 with 300 pounds of
fine-ground bone and 100 pounds of muriate of potash. The
fertilizer was applied broadcast and subsequently ploughed in
May &; the field was sown with oats and summer vetch, using
2 bushels of oats and 25 pounds of vetch. The seeds were
sown each by itself, on account of the great difference in size
and general character. The crop made an even and rapid
growth. The oats headed out at the time when the vetch
began to bloom, At this stage of growth the feeding as
green fodder began, July 6. It was continued until the oats

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 289

turned yellowish, July 18. The remainder of the crop was
then cut for hay. The total yield of the crop, counted as
green fodder, with 20 per cent. of dry vegetable matter,
amounted to 21,000 pounds per acre. Buckwheat was sub-
sequently raised upon the same field as fall crop.

1894. — The field in this case was 700 feet long and 75
feet wide, equal to one and one-fifth acres (corn was raised
upon it in 1893). It was ploughed Oct. 25, 1893, and ma-
nured with barn-yard manure at the rate of ten tons per acre ;
and was ploughed again April 18, 1894, and harrowed and
subsequently seeded with oats and vetch, as described in the
preceding experiment, using 4 bushels of oats and 45 pounds
of vetch per acre. The seeds were, however, sown at two
different times, to extend the period of the fitness of the crop
for green fodder. ‘The seed sown on the northern portion
April 20 came up April 28. The southern portion of the
field was seeded May 11, the plants appearing above ground
May 19. The crop made a very satisfactory growth, and on
June 23 the feeding of the green material from the northern
portion began (the vetch being in bloom and the oats head-
ing out), continuing until July 2, when the remainder was cut
for hay. July 6 the cutting from the southern portion began,
continuing until the 18th, when that remaining was cut for
hay. Following is given a statement of the yield from the
field : — |

Pounds.
Green material fed (19.12 per cent of dry matter), . 6,875

Hay of vetch and oats (73.66 per cent. of dry matter), 4,980

July 21 the field was ploughed and prepared for raising
upon it, as a fall crop, Hungarian grass.

During the same year (1894) other observations of a simi-
lar character as previously described were carried on in other
parts of the farm.

It was decided to compare the effect of muriate of potash
and sulphate of potash on mixed crops, consisting of oats
and vetch and of barley and vetch. The field used for this
observation consisted of a light loam. It had been used
during the preceding season for the cultivation of different
varieties of potatoes, and had received as manure on that
occasion, per acre, in one case, 400 pounds of high-grade

290 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

sulphate of potash (95 per cent.), with 600 pounds of fine-
ground bone; in the other, 400 pounds of muriate of potash
(80-82 per cent.), with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone.
The same amount and kind of manure were applied for rais-
ing vetch and oats and vetch and barley. The field occupied
by these crops was ploughed, manured, harrowed and seeded
down, as far as practicable, at the same time. The seed was
sown in all cases April 26. Four bushels of oats with 45
pounds of vetch were sown, as on previous occasions, while
3 bushels of barley were used, with 45 pounds of vetch, in
case of barley and vetch. Both crops came up May 4, and
were of a uniformly healthy condition during their subse-
quent growth. The barley began to head out June 20; the
vetch was at that time beginning to bloom. The crop was
cut for hay June 23.

Yield of Barley and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, ‘ . 9,737 pounds of hay.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, - 0,077 pounds of hay.

The oats headed out June 25; the vetch was fairly in
bloom. The crop was cut for hay July 2.

Yield of Oats and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . = « 8,051 pounds of hay.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . 7,088 pounds of hay.

1895.— During that year the observations of the pre-
ceding year were repeated and in some directions enlarged
upon. Aside from mixed forage crops of vetch and oats ~
and vetch and barley, there were raised crops consisting of
oats, vetch and horse bean and of oats and lentils. The
field used for these experiments had been used during the
preceding season either for the cultivation of potatoes or
of vetch and oats. In both cases it had been manured, per
acre, with either 400 pounds of muriate of potash and 600
pounds of fine-ground bone, or with 400 pounds of sulphate
of potash and 600 pounds of fine-ground bone. The same
kind and the same quantity of manure were applied in 1895.
The field was ploughed April 25; the manure harrowed in

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 291

May 3; the seed was sown broadcast May 9. ‘All parts of
the field were treated alike, and as far as practicable on the
same day. The plats occupied by the crops were in all
cases 33 feet wide, with 4 feet unoccupied space between
them, and from 191 to 241 feet long. The yield of areas
175 feet long and 33 feet wide, running along by the side
of each other, served as our basis for comparing results
(5,775 square feet).

The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 4 bushels of oats
and 45 pounds of vetch per acre. The oats came up May
16, and the vetch May 21; the former headed out July 6,
and the vetch began blooming at that time. The crop was
cut for hay July 16.

Yield of Vetch and Oats per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . : . 7,238 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . ; : . -6,635 pounds.

Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats.

The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 40 pounds of
vetch, 120 pounds of horse bean (medium sized) and 3
bushels of oats. The oats came up May 16, the vetch on
May 21 and the horse bean May 23. The crop appeared
healthy and vigorous at every stage of growth. It was cut
for hay July 22, when the oats were fairly headed and the
remainder in bloom.

Yield of Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats per Acre. .

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . ‘ : . 7,398 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . : , . 9,881 pounds.

Lentils and Oats.

The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 60 pounds of
lentils and 4 bushels of oats per acre. ‘The oats came up
May 16, and the lentils on May 21; the former headed out —
July 6, when the latter were fairly in bloom. The crop was
cut for hay July 16. ‘The experiment was confined to a trial
with sulphate of potash and bone as manure on account of
want of a suitable field.

Yield of lentils and oats per acre, ack ee . 5,881 pounds of hay.

292 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Composition of Mixed Forage Crops raised, 1893 to 1896,

Green crop when cut contains : —

Moisture, . : ; : 76 to 80 per cent.
Dry matter, ; : . 20 to 24 per cent.

Analyses of Vetch and Barley (Equal Number of Plants of Each).

[Per Cent.]
a RS A SAR SE NTS SSSR SESE er
Muriate of Sulphate of
Potash. Potash.
Moisture at 100° C., . : , ; 78.23 77.70
(ry matter, .<\—> . : : yA | 22.30

100.00 100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, x Aes ; 4.64 7.80
Be EI). : . ; 32.25 32.58
apie, ©. Ca ; ; 2.12 2.56
fs Ob ie buts : : 14.44 13.36
Nitrogen-free extract matter, . : 46.55 43.70

100.00 100.00

Analyses of Vetch and Oats (Equal Number of Plants of Each).

[Per Cent.]
Muriate of Sulphate of
Potash. Potash.
Moisture at 100° C., .. : : ‘ ; j 76.24 75.29
Dry matter, . ; , : . 23.76 24.71

100.00 100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, : F : 9.59 8.69
4 BPO, is ; ; ; : 29.83 31.28
slit (Uae , j ; } 3.15 2.68
+). proteiny:: «5 , , 18.88 15.16
Nitrogen-free extract matter, . . : ; 38.57 | 42.24

100.00 100.00

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

293

Analysis of Vetch, Oats and Horse Bean (Muriate of Potash).

[Three plants each of vetch and of oats and one of horse bean.]

Per Cent.
Moisture at 100° C., 82.13
Dry matter, ee f
100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, : ; ‘ : 10.36
“ cellulose, 30.07
“' fat, 2.70
“protein, 18.93
Nitrogen-free extract matter, 37.94
100.00

Analysis of Lentils and Oats.

Per Cent.
Moisture at 100° C., 78.50
Dry matter, 21.50
100.00

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ! % : : 5.40
“ cellulose, 34.90
rar Ay 2.40
4 proten, 14.90
Nitrogen-free extract matter, 42.40
100.00

Conclusions.

From the above analyses it appears that vetch and oats
lead vetch and barley, on account of the larger and more
foliaceous character of the oats as compared with the barley.
Vetch, oats and horse bean lead in nitrogenous matter, and
no doubt will exceed in regard to the nutritious character
of the crop as soon as the amount of horse bean has been
doubled, as indicated above. Every one of these crops
compares well with clover hay, as far as its nutritive value
is concerned. The large yield of these crops per acre, their
high nutritive value and special adaptation for green fodder,
hay or ensilage, merit serious attention for the support of
farm and dairy stock. The early date of maturity presents
exceptionally good chances of raising a second crop for fall
supply of fodder, or for a timely preparation of the soil fer
winter crops. Feeding experiments carried on for several
years at the station with these crops have fully established
their high nutritive character for dairy stock, as well as
other farm live stock ordinarily depending on the product
of the meadow and pasture.

294 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

3. Fretp EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL
PHOSPHATES, TO STUDY THE ECONOMY OF USING THE
CHEAPER NATURAL PHOSPHATES OR THE MorE
CostLy ACIDULATED PHospHatTes. (eld F.)

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and 137
feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Previous
to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well worn out
at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of English hay.
During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned under and
left in that state over winter. It was decided to prepare the
field for special experiments with phosphoric acid by a
systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of plant food.
For this reason no manurial matter of any description was
applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair, sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to
improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist-
ing circumstances. During the same period a crop was
raised every year. ‘These crops were selected, as far as
practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phosphoric
acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous
crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella) followed each other in
the order stated.

1890. — The field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each 21 feet wide, with a space of 8 feet
between adjoining plats. The manurial material applied to
each of these five plats contained, in every instance, the
same form and the same quantity of potassium oxide and of
nitrogen, while the phosphoric acid was furnished in each
case in the form of a different commercial phosphoric-acid-
containing article, namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano,
Florida phosphate, South Carolina phosphate (floats) and
dissolved bone-black. The market cost of each of these
articles controlled the quantity applied, for each plat received
the same money value in its particular kind of phosphate.
The phosphatic slag, Mona guano, South Carolina phosphate
and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850 pounds
per acre, dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of 250 pounds

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 295

per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the rate of 390

pounds per acre.
Cost per Ton.

Phosphatic slag, . ° ; : ‘ ; ° ‘ - $15 00
Mona guano (West tiles ‘ ; : ° ° ° a to 00
Florida rock phosphate, : : : ; ° ° i LS OO
South Carolina phosphate (floats), ° : ; . ° a) Ea OO
Dissolved bone-black, , P é ‘ iE ‘ F 4 2 2 OO

Analyses of Phosphates used.

[1., phosphatic slag; II., Mona guano; III., Florida phosphate; IV., South Carolina
phosphate; V., dissolved bone-black. ]

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

Insoluble matter, 2.45°% 30,50" 9.04 17 C026

| PER CENT.

| I. | II | III | IV | Vv
Moisture, . : : ; : Or 12.52.) 2.00.) Uvoo » 15.96
Ash, . : : ‘ ~ 76.99 |. 89.52 - 61.46
Calcium oxide, : : Uh 46.47 | Orede |. ly coun! 46ec6 -
Magnesium oxide, . : mit; onco ~ ~ ~ -
Ferric and aluminic oxides, .. | 14.35 - 14525 Ca 7S
Total phosphoric acid, . «| 29004 | 21.88 P 2b ee Brod ale bo aoe
Soluble phosphoric acid, . vee em ~ - 12.65
Reverted phosphoric acid, ~ 7.55 - Esa i anos

- 14.33 - 23.380 | 0.65

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annu-
ally, from 1890 to 1894, to all the plats, with the exception
of Plat 3, which received in 1890 ground apatite and in
1891 no phosphate whatever, on account of the failure of
securing in time apatite suitable for the trial.

PLATS: Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Pounds.
Ground phosphatic slag, .| 127
Plat 1 (south, 6,494 square feet), Nitrate of soda, . : 43
Potash-magnesia sulphate, , 58
Ground Mona guano, . ay eee

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), .< | Nitrate of soda, . ‘ 43}
Potash-magnesia sulphate, . 59
Ground Florida phosphate, . | 129
Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), .2| Nitrate of soda, . : S4
Potash-magnesia sulphate, 59
South Carolina phosphate, .; 181

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), -< | Nitrate of soda, . 443
Potash-magnesia sulphate, . : 60
Dissolved Done-black, : 78
Plat 5 (6,778 square feet), 5 Nitrate of soda, . . 45

Potash-magnesia sulphate, : 61

296 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

The field was ploughed as a rule during the month of
October, and again at the close of the month of April. The
fertilizer was in each case applied broadcast soon after plough-
ing in the spring. The seed was sown in hills or drills, as
circumstances advised, and the crop kept clean from weeds
by the use of the hoe or the cultivator. ‘The following crops
were raised : —

1890, potatoes (see eighth annual report).

1891, winter wheat (see ninth annual report).

1892, serradella (see tenth annual report).

1893, Dent corn, Pride of the North (see eleventh annual report).

Summary of Yield of Crops (Pounds).

1890. 1891. 1892. 1893.

gos Potatoes.| Wheat. | Serradella.| Corn.

Plat 1, phosphatic slag, . . ° . 1,600 380 4,070 1,660
Plat 2, Mona guano, . . : ° ° ° 1,415 340 3,410 1,381
Plat 3, Florida phosphate, . . ° . . 1,500 215 2,750 1,347
Plat 4, South Carolina floats, “ ; ° : 1,830 380 3,110 1,469
Piat 5, dissolved bone-black, , ° ° ° 2,120 405 2,920 1,322

Having for four years (1890-94) in succession pursued the
above-stated system of manuring each plat with a different
kind of phosphate, yet of corresponding money value, it was
decided to continue the experiments for the purpose of study-
ing the after-effect of the different phosphates on the crops to
be raised. To gain this end the phosphates were hereafter
in all cases entirely excluded from the fertilizers applied; in
addition to this change, the former amount of potash and
nitrogen was increased one-half in quantity, to favor the
highest effect of the stored-up phosphoric acid of the soil
under treatment.

The fertilizers hereafter to be used had the following com-
position : —

643 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 1 (6,494 square feet), . : G 87 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

65} pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), . j 4 r 88 pounds of potash-maguesia sulphate,

66 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), 89 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

66% pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), . . « 90 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

73 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 5 (6,778 square feet), 04 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

° . : . .
nN ee

6
9

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 297

The results of two seasons (1894 and 1895) are as fol-
lows :—

Barley.
Yield of Crop (1894).
Grain and : | Saray and
Pats. Straw Boe Chaff eae acs pinbeaeiay

(Pounda).| (F°424")*! (Pounds).| Of Grain. | of Straw.
Piatt, < : - : bs 490 169 221 384.49 65.51
Piast 2, . ‘s 2 - 7 : 405 148 251 34.07 65.93
i er 290 78 212 26.89 a7
Plat-4, . : : P ‘ 460 144 216 o1.o0 68.70
Plat 5, . e ° ® ’ ° 390 118 . 272 80.26 69.74

Rye.
Yield of Crop (1895).
Grain and : Straw and
PLATS. Siraw 0) ocurdsy.| ball | | opeuin | aeetee.

(Pounds). uS*/*! (Pounds). e Sieve PAW
Piatl,. - : , P ae, 695 195 500 28.06 71.94
Piat?, . - . ; ; ‘ 631 166 465 26.31 73.69
Plat 3,. js : ; 3 a 383 143 240 371.34 62.66
Pita. aed «| id 759 189 570 24.90 75.10
Plat 5,. : ‘ ‘ : 5 625 185 440 29.60 70.40

Summary of Yield of Crop (1890 to 1896).

[Pounds.]

ree ae 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895.

: Potatoes.| Wheat. | Serradella.| Corn. Barley. Rye.

Plat 1, a Pe frees s be 1,600 380 4,070 1,660 490 695
Plat 2, : : : : 1,415 340 3,410 1,381 405 639
Plat 3, . , ° ‘ 1,500 215 2,750 1,347 290 383
Plat 4, ‘ ° . . 1,830 3890 3,110 1,469 460 759
Plat 5, ° ° ° . 2,120 405 2,920 1,322 890 625

Conclusions.

From the previous statement of comparative yield we find
that the plat receiving dissolved bone-black leads in yield
during the two first years, while for the third, fourth, fifth
and sixth years the plats receiving insoluble phosphates
are ahead, phosphatic slag being first, South Carolina floats
second and Mona guano third.

298 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

The following statement regarding the amount of phos-
phoric acid applied in the case of each plat, and also the
amount removed from them by the crops raised, shows ap-
proximately how much of the former is still stored up in the
soil in each plat.

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds).

PoTAaToES. | WHEAT. SERRADELLA. Corn. = = =
at ae PERE eS COC MES Po ae ae 3 5 Daf 5 =
PLATS. 2 A) oie 8 cm Pe am Be Fv
= > | nad > = > _ > <q D <q ° <q os
‘) a: i os 8 us} e s g oom Bm) 26
os ie | £5, ot) s or) 4S) or) os oe Oo #

< eS Ui - fa <q 04 <q far a = H

Plat 1, . | 24.18 |} 2.56 | 24.18 | 1.23 || 24.18 | 8.95 || 24.18 | 7.20 96.72 | 19.94 | 77.78

Plat 2, . AM 28.01 | 1.19 |} 28.01 | 7.50 || 28.01 | 6.33 72.04 | 17.38 | 54.66
Plat 3, . |109.68 | 2.40 - -69 || 28.01 | 6.05 || 28.01 | 5.95 || 165.70 | 15.09 | 150.61

Piat 4, . | 36.12 | 2.93 || 36.12 | 1.31 || 36.12 | 6.84 || 36.12 | 6.68 || 144.48 | 18.12 | 126.36

Plat 5, . | 12.34 | 3.39 || 12.34 | 1.22 || 12.34 | 6.42 || 12.34 | 6.05 49.36 | 17.08 | 32.28

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds) —

Concluded.
1894. — Barter. || 1895.—Rye. || 3 r= r=
A | ee =} =} -> oO
y R ° ' ° oa Og
sS S aA go =e
PLATS. < © © ea eG eck
o ° o ° — TF — = - g
Ks} g i} g Bs a Pe)
oT os) ae} 0) os Oo i) ee
<q a <q ei a H a
Plat 1, ee a i 1.92 3.41 96.72 | 25.27] 72.46
Plat 2, Sle. cauese 1.64 3.04 72.04 | 22.06| 49.98
ov v
Plat 3, a 76 2.06 || 165.70 | 17.91 | 147.79
Zi va
Plat 4, os) ae 1.72 8.61 || 144.48 | 23.45 | 121.03

Plat 5, . . . : | 1.49 3-11 49.36 | 21.68 | 27.68

The amount of phosphoric acid left in the soil at the close
of the season of 1895 is lowest in Plat 5, where dissolved
bone-black, the most costly phosphate used in the experi-
ment, has served as its source. The experiment will be
continued until a final answer is obtained.

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 299

4, Fre.p EXPERIMENTS TO ASCERTAIN THE INFLUENCE OF
DIFFERENT MIxtTuRES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
ON THE YIELD AND GENERAL CHARACTER OF SEV-
ERAL PROMINENT GARDEN CROPS.

The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 198
feet long and 183 feet wide; it is subdivided into six plats
of uniform size (894 by 62 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each). ‘The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of 5 feet of
unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land. They are
arranged in two parallel rows, running from west to east.
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are along the north side of the field, begin-
ning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats Nos. 4, 5 and 6
are located along its south side, beginning with Plat 4 on the
west end. The soil is several feet deep, and consists of a
light, somewhat gravelly loam, and was in a fair state of
productiveness when assigned for the experiment here under
consideration. The entire field occupied by the experiment
is nearly on a level. Potatoes and a variety of forage crops
had been raised upon it in preceding years. The manure
applied since 1885 has consisted exclusively of fine-ground
bone and muriate of potash, annually, 600 pounds of the
former and 200 pounds of the latter per acre.

The observation with raising garden crops, by the aid of
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances, here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
6 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats 1, 2 and 3 dur-
ing that of 1892.

The difference of the fertilizers applied consisted in the
circumstance that different forms of nitrogen and potash were
used for their preparation. All plats received essentially the
same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, and
every one of them received its phosphoric acid in the same
form, namely, dissolved bone-black. ‘Some plats received
their nitrogen supply in the form of organic animal matter,
dried blood; others in the form of sodium nitrate, Chili salt-
petre; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of muriate of potash
(plats 1, 2, 3), and others (plats 4, 5, 6) in the form of the

300 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

highest grade of potassium sulphate (95 per cent.). The
subsequent tabular statement shows the quantities of manu-
rial substances applied to the different plats : —

PLATS. | Annual Supply of Manurial Substances. Pounds.
Sulphate of ammonia, . : . ° : ‘ 38
Plat 1, -< | Muriate of potash, . : : = é “ / 30
Dissolved bone-black, “ ; F S ; ; 40
Nitrate of soda, . ‘ : 4 ; ; : 47
Plat 2, -< | Muriate of potash, s 30
Dissolved bone-black, : 40
(| Dried blood, - ; 75
Plat 3, -4 | Muriate of potash, A 30
| Dissolved bone-black, 5 40
(| Sulphate of ammonia, . 38
Plat 4, -« | Sulphate of potash, : 30
| Dissolved bone-black, : p : : , : 40
(| Nitrate of soda, . f ‘ j ‘ é : 3 47
Plat 5, ; , ‘ -\ | Sulphate of potash, . ‘ : : : : 4 30
L} Dissolved bone-black, - : ‘ : : : 40
(| Dried blood, . ° ‘ ; : : ; ‘ 75
Plat 6, «| Sulphate of potash, . : : : : : : 30
_ Dissolved bone-black, ; : ‘ ‘ ; : 40
This proportion corresponds per acre to : —
Pounds.
Phosphoric acid (available), . ; : ; ; ir p04
Nitrogen, : : : : : ' ' Pe i
Potassium oxide, . : ; : ix. Lae

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden crops shows the following average
relative proportion of the three above-stated ingredients of
plant food : —

Per Cent.
Nitrogen, ; ; ; : ! 2.2
Potassium oxide, . 4 : ; ; 2.0
Phosphoric acid, . ; ‘ ‘ ; ; 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain,
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food : —

Pounds.
Nitrogen, , : , . ' ‘ ‘ , 4.1
Potassium oxide, . ° ; : : ; P ; 3.9
Phosphoric acid, . . ; ; ; ; ‘ Lig

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vege-
tables when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding
conditions, the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a more detailed statement

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 301

here beyond relative proportions. Jt must suffice for the
present to call attention to the fact that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty
one, especially in the case of those crops which reach in a
short period the desired state of maturity. The various
mixtures of fertilizers used by me in the experiments under
discussion provide by actual supply for one-half of the avail-
able nitrogen actually called for to meet the demand as above
pointed out. A liberal cultivation of peas and beans cannot
fail to benefit the nitrogen resources of the soil. The order
of arrangement of the different crops within each plat was
the same in all of them for the same year. They occupied,
however, a different position relative to each other in suc-
cessive years, to introduce, as far as practicable, a system
of rotation of crops.
Order of arrangement of crops in plats : —

Spinach.

Lettuce.

Potatoes.
Tomatoes.

Potatoes. Onions.

Spinach.

Lettuce.

2 O 8 en oeese ee

Onions. Tomatoes.

302 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

The results of the stated three years were summed up as
follows in my annual report for 1894, to which I have to
refer for details. From our observations extending over
three years we arrived at the following conclusions : —

Potash in the form of sulphate has given the most satis-
Sactory results, as compared with muriate, in the case of
potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce and spinach, and with onions
during the present season.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda has given us, with-
out regard to the potash source, the most satisfactory returns
in case of spinach, lettuce, potatoes and tomatoes, and onions
during the present season.

1895,— During the last season my observations have
been confined to the cultivation of

Onions (Danvers Yellow).
Sweet Corn (Crosby Early).
Beans (Bush Horticultural).
Tomatoes (Essex Hybrid).

The different plats were ploughed April 20, and the par-
ticular fertilizer applied broadcast April 25. The soil was
subsequently carefully prepared by harrowing, etc., for seed-
ing and planting. The tomato plants were raised under
glass and transplanted into the field when of a suitable size,
May 25. The remaining crops were seeded directly in the
field, — the onions May 1, the corn and the beans May 11.

The former division of the field into six plats, each con-
taining the same crop for trial, — onions, beans, sweet corn
and tomatoes, — was continued; each plat received the same
mixture of fertilizing ingredients, and in the same proportion,
as in the preceding years : —

Pounds.
Available phosphoric acid, ‘ : : : 50
Available nitrogen, . . ° ° ° , , ‘ 60
Available potassium oxide, : ; ; ; ree 6

As each of the six plats measured 894 by 62 feet, covering
thus an area of 5,549 square feet, or about 100 square feet
more than one-eighth of one acre, the following amount of
each of the above-stated essential constituents of plant food
was added to each of them : —

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 381. 303

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid, . : ; : : ; : ; 74
Potassium oxide, ; : ‘ : ' PA 65
Nitrogen, . : : ‘ ; ; 64

The crops were planted across each plat, from north to
south, in rows 62 feet in length; a corresponding number
of rows of each crop was planted in each plat, and they
were arranged in each case in the same order of succession,
beginning on the west end : —

Onions (Danvers Yellow), eight rows.
Sweet corn (Crosby Early), four rows.
Beans (Bush Horticultural), nine rows.
Tomatoes (Essex Hybrid), two rows.

f Onions.

The onions were sown in rows 14 inches apart May 1;
they came up May 12. The young plants looked least satis-
factory upon plats 1 and 4, and most promising upon plats
2 and 5, July 11. The crop was harvested on all plats
October 5. Plats 2 and 5 yielded more than one-half of the
entire marketable crop, while plats 1 and 5 yielded but one-
fifteenth of it.

Yield of Onions (Pounds).

a

Scullions. Total.

PLATS. Marketable. Smail.
4
a : : None. 30 100 130
ty ae 2 ‘ 6350 ee LO: 805
OU: ae ; ‘ 379 70 80 O29
lS oe ; : 125 180 65 370
I 455 190 16 661
oo ae ; ‘ 390 o2 90 232

Sweet Corn.

The corn was planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart, with
20 inches in the row, averaging 131 hills in each plat, May.
11. The young plants came up May 27 quite uniformly on
all plats.

304 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

July 11 the crop on Plat 1 looked lighter than on any of
the rest. The canes were reduced to three in each hill before
heading, and the tops removed after the ears were fully
developed, to hasten on maturing of the crop. There -is
a marked difference in the results as far as Plat 1 is con-
cerned, — organic nitrogen gives the highest results ; in case
of different forms of potash, Plat 3 and Plat 6.

Yield of Sweet Corn when husked (Pounds).

Stover with

PLATS. Ears. Husks. Total Weight.
Tops.
2 CA eae : : ; ' 98 10 | 95 203
Fiat. 2, : : : a17 8 115 240
Piet 3, 5 ‘ f 125 ad 137 273
Plat 4," . ’ ; 112 10 125 247
Plat,‘ ‘ A 103 8 112 223
Fist: 6, : : : d 118 10 130 258

Moisture in ears 34 per cent., in stover 20 per cent., when weighed.

Beans.

The beans were planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart May
11. They came up May 29 and blossomed July 6. At
that time the crop looked best on Plat 5. The beans were
harvested on all plats August 13, stacked on poles for dry-
ing, and were threshed in October.

ield of Beans (Pounds).

SS a__————

PLATS. Beans. Pods and Vines. | Total Weight.
Piat 1, . . ; ; 81 260 341
Fiat. 2.’ : ; ; ; 105 200 305
Piat 3, . ‘ : +) 83 155 238
Plat 4, . | ; 115 210 325
Piat. 5, . ; é ta 155 260 395

Plat 6, + ; ’ , 95 175 270

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 305

Tomatoes ( Essex Hybrid).

The tomato plants were started under glass and trans-
planted in the field when from seven to eight inches high,
May 25. They were of a vigorous growth, and were placed
four feet apart each way. Each plat was planted with two
rows, each row containing twenty-one plants. They began
blooming June 5, and looked healthy at that time in all
plats, yet best in Plat 5. The yield of matured tomatoes in
ease of plats 4 and 5 exceeded that of plats 3 and 6 by fully
one-third in weight. The total yield of the crop, on account
of more favorable weather of the past season, as compared
with that of 1894, exceeded the latter by more than one-half
of its weight.

Yield of Tomatoes (Pounds).

[Forty-two plants in each plat. ]

DATE OF PICKING. Plat 1. Plat 2. | Plat 3. | Plat 4. | Plat 5. | Plat 6. | Total.
August 13, . ° - : f | 10 11 12 18 5 19 75
August 16, . ‘ 4 A ; | 85 79 125 87 57 134 567
August 20, . . - : ral eta 8 109 101 136 115 116 677
August 23, . : ° ° ° 115 134 90 150 143 86 718
August 28, . ° vey ia ° 50 122 | 77 102 116 110 O77
September 3, . ° ° ° 151 153 133 | 215 210 124 986
September fl, . ; . - | 70 80 40 127 164 43 524
September 20, . ; n F | 138 40 ~ 63 96 - 337
September 25, . A : A 28 93 - 33 90 - 244

——_

Yield of Green Tomatoes left October I ( Pounds).

Plat 1, , : : ‘ ; ‘ 30
Plat 2, ; : f : 52
fant 3. , : 26
Plat 4, ‘ ; : : 54
Plat 5, ; . ; : ; ; : , : 48
Plat 6, : : : ‘ y ; ; F gis eb

ree emma ety Soy: STN aN

306 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Summary of Yield of Garden Crops raised under Corre-
sponding Conditions from 1891 to 1896.

Spinach (Variety New Zealand).

[Pounds.]
PLATS. 1s92.| 1893. | 1894. | Total. | *Y™*2°
per Year.
Plat 1 (two rows, 62 feet long),. | 192) 1674 | 101 460 | 153.3
Plat 2 (two rows, 62 feet long),. | 233 | 182 216 631 | 210.5

Plat 3 (two rows, 62 feet long),. | 202} 1804 | 165 547 | 182.3
Plat 4 (two rows, 62 feet long),. | 230 | 196 1612 | 587 | 195.7
Plat 5 (two rows, 62 feet long), . 2a2 4. 2a 253 695°) 231.7
Plat 6 (two rows, 62 feet long),. | 134 | 1983 | 1132 | 446 | 148.7

Lettuce (Variety Hanson).

[Pounds.]

Average
per Year.

PLATS. 1892. | 1893. 1894. Total.

Plat 1 (one row, 70 plants), 2 414 404 29 Tid 3720
Plat 2 (one row, 70 plants), au, oO 42 52 130 | 48.3
Plat 3 (one row, 70 plants), .| 43 46 36 125 | 41.7
Plat 4 (one row, 70 plants), aA wick O 62 30 188-1.) G2.7
Plat 5 (one row, 70 plants), an OU 70 68 198 | 66.0
Plat 6 (one row, 70 plants), Sy Teena 55 33 124) 41.3

Tomatoes (Variety Essex Hybrid).

[Pounds.]

Average

PLATS.
per Year.

1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | Total.

Plat 1 (two rows, 42 plants),| 464 | 3863 | 852 | 747 | 1,926| 481.5
Plat 2 (two rows, 42 plants),| 572) 8743) 559 | 821 | 2,826) 706.5
Plat 3 (two rows, 42 plants),| 466 807 458 | 6578_| 2,309] 577.3
Plat 4 (two rows, 42 plants),; 515 | 818 | 604 | 931 | 2,868) 717.0
Plat 5 (two rows, 42 plants),| 593 m1 594 |] 996 | 3,161 | 790.2

Plat 6 (two rows, 42 plants),| 332 | 515 | 571 | 6382 | 2,050) 502.5

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 307

Beans (Bush Horticultural).

[Pounds. |
PLATS. 1894. 1895. mae ye ee
per Year.
Plat 1 (six rows), . : ; 45 | 54.0 99.0 | 49.5
Plat 2 (six rows), . 32 LOLD 102.0 | 50.1
Plat 3 (six rows), . ; ; 41 55.5 96.5 | 48.2
Plat 4 (six rows), . 20 OGsk 87.7 | 43.8
Plat 5 (six rows), . : 37 90.0 127.0 |) 'G3..5
Plat 6 (six rows), . 49 63.3 £0253) "| 56.1
Onions (Danvers Yellow Globe).
[Pounds.]
PLATS. 1894. | 1895. ‘Total Poe
per Year.
Plat 1 (four rows), 156° G0 2a ar ee
Plat 2 (four rows), : 249 402.5 | 651.5 | 325.7
Plat 3 (four rows), 251 262.5 | 518.5 | > 256.7
Plat 4 (four rows), ; 256 T8520 441.0 2205
Plat 5 (four rows), , * t 266 3305 596.5 298.3
Plat 6 (four rows), 204 265.5), 469.5 | 234.8
Conclusions.

1. Sulphate of potash in connection with nitrate of soda
(Plat 5) has given in every case but one (onions) the best
results.

2. Nitrate of soda as nitrogen source (plats 2 and 5) has
yielded in every case, without ieiovenee to the form oF potash,
the best returns.

8. Sulphate of ammonia as nitrogen source, in connection
with muriate of potash as potash source (Plat 1), has given
as a rule the least satisfactory returns.

4. The influence of the difference in the general character
of the weather, whether normal or dry, during succeeding
seasons on the yield of the crops has been greater than that
of the different fertilizers used pe different plats during
the same season.

308 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

5. Fre_tp EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY THE EFFECT -oF PuHos-
PHATIC SLAG AND NITRATE OF SODA, AS COMPARED
WwitH GROUND BONE, ON THE YIELD OF OATS AND
CorRN.

The field used for this experiment is situated along a
gently sloping ground, in the south-east corner of the farm.
The soil consists of a sandy loam, and has been for several
years under a careful system of cultivation and manuring.
The productiveness was considered of uniform character
when the experiment was planned in 1893. The area en-
gaged in the observation was divided into two plats running
along the slope from north to south. One plat, situated
along the east side of the field, measured one acre (Plat 1) ;
Plat 2 was situated along the west side of the field and
measured one and nine-tenth acres.

Plat 1 was fertilized with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone
and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre; Plat 2 was
fertilized with 800 pounds of fine-ground phosphatic slag
(odorless phosphate), 200 pounds a muriate of potash and
200 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre.

The amounts of manurial ingredients used per acre cor-
respond to (in pounds) : —

Plat 1 Plat 2 ;

(Bone). Se
Potassium oxide, . , ; 4 . : 104. 104
Phosphoric acid, . : 131 166
Nitrogen, . ; : ; , 24 31

Composition of Fertilizer applied (Per Cent.).

Phosphoric Potassium
Acid.

Nitrogen. au
Oxide.

——

Ground bone, . ; 4,09 | 2 21.86 ~
Phosphatic slag, : 20.84 ~
Muriate of potash, . , : | - 02.20
Nitrate of soda, . j , ; 5.70 (6), - -

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. “(B08

Cost of Fertilizer (1894).

Plat 1, bone and muriate of potash (per acre), $12.40.
Plat 2, phosphatic slag, muriate of potash and nitrate of soda (per
acre), $15.70.

1894, — As the east side of the field was on a higher level
than the west side, it was decided to run the crop across the
two plats from east to west, to secure as far as practicable
corresponding conditions of the layout of the area occupied
by the crops. The northern half of the field thus divided
(plats 1 and 2) measured one acre, the southern half one
and nine-tenths acres.

Oats and corn (variety Pride of the North) were selected
for our observations. ‘The oats were sown broadcast, at the
rate of 4 bushels per acre, upon the northern portion of the
field, and the corn was planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart,
with hills 20 inches from each other, upon the southefn por-
tion, using 12 quarts of seed corn per acre. The area occu-
pied by oats amounted to .35 of an acre of Plat 1 and .65
of an acre of Plat 2; while the corn occupied .7 of an acre
of Plat 1 and 1.2 acres of Plat 2.

Summary of Yield (1894).

[Pounds per Acre.]

| Plat 1 (Bone, Plat 2 (Odorless

| etc.) Phosphate, etc.).
Oats, grain, . , : : 531 S76.
Oats, straw, . : , : 1,640 2,385
Corn, for ensilage, : pues ‘ : 16,294 20,608

To test the reliability of the results obtained, it was de-
cided to repeat the experiments above described upon the
same field. The fertilizers were used in the same proportion
and in the same quantity per acre; they were applied upon
the same portion of the field which had received each kind
before. Oats and corn were again selected as crops for the
trial. The material change in the experiment consisted in
reversing the location of the crops; the corn was planted at

310 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

the north end of the field, where the oats had been raised
during the preceding season, and the oats were raised at the
south end of the field, the part previously occupied by the
corn. ‘The oats were cut for hay when well headed out, and
the corn when fully matured, for grain and stover.

Summary of Yield (1895).

[Pounds per Acre.]

Phosphatic Slag,
Bone and Mu- Nitrate of Soda,

riate of Potash. Muriate of
Potash.
Oats, hay, ; : 3,080 5,134
Corn, ears,* ... ; ; 3,410 4,231
Corn, stover t ; , 2,900 3,091
* Moisture, 28 per cent. + Moisture, 19.1 per cent. when harvested.

Conclusions.

The difference in the yield of oats and corn for two suc-
ceeding seasons points in the same direction; namely, phos-
phatic slag used in connection with nitrate of soda is a very
efficient substitute for ground bone, ‘To what extent these
results, in our case, have to be ascribed to the presence of
an excess of lime in the phosphatic slag, as compared with
ground bone, is to be determined by a future actual trial.

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. dll

6. EXPERIMENTS witrH A ROTATION OF MANURES UPON
PERMANENT GRAss LAanps, Mrapows AND PASTURES.

One of the many advantages derived from the introduction
of commercial fertilizers and chemicals for manurial purposes
into general farm practice consists in the circumstance that
in many instances a change with reference to the general
character of the manure applied has served efficaciously as a
substitute fora change of crops. The improved chances in
compounding the manures to suit special requirements of
soil and crops have, to say the least, greatly modified current
views regarding the desirability or necessity of a rotation
of crops in the interest of economy. The beneficial results
noticed in other connections, due to a change in the general
character of the manurial substances used, in case of the
‘same land and ip connection with the same crops, caused the
arrangement of the experiments described upon a few sub-
sequent pages. |

Permanent grass lands are apt to suffer in the course of
time from an accumulation of half-decayed vegetable matter,
which is liable sooner or later to interfere with a healthy
erowth. To counteract this tendency it was decided to
manure meadows alternately by top-dressing with barn-yard
manure, or bone and muriate of potash, or woodashes. The
liberal amount of carbonate of lime, from 30 to 40 per cent.,
contained in the current supply of unleached wood ashes,
was to serve as the means to hasten on the decomposition of
the accumulating vegetable matter, and thereby secure favor-
able conditions for a healthy growth of valuable forage
plants.

The meadows under consideration comprise an area of
about 9.6 acres. The entire field up to 1886 consisted of
old, worn-out grass lands, overrun with a worthless growth
on its more elevated portion and covered with weeds and
sedges in its lower swampy portion. The improvement of
the Jand by underdraining was commenced in 1886 and con-
tinued during the succeeding year. For details of the work,
see ninth and tenth annual reports (1891-92).

In the spring of 1893 a change was made in the mode of
manuring of the grass plats. It was decided to study the

312 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

effect of a rotation of the three kinds of manures: barn-yard
manure, bone and muriate of potash and Canada wood ashes,
which had been applied for several years previous in succes-
sion and upon the same portion of the fields. The area was
divided into three plats, Plat 1 (8.97 acres), Plat 2 (2.59
acres) and Plat 3 (3 acres). The system of manuring
adopted was as follows : —

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre.

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre.

Plat 3, fine-ground bone 600 pounds, and muriate of potash 200
pounds, per acre.

The barn-yard manure was applied broadcast late in
autumn, the others early in the spring.

1895, — The above arrangement of plats was continued
during that season, and fertilizers were applied in the same
proportion to the same plats.

Summary of Yield of Hay (Tons).

— ——_——<

RATE PER ACRE (TONS).

Second
First Cut.| ~ Cut, Total.
‘“Rowen.”
1893.
Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre, . . ° . , ; 2.28 mire 3.05
Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, 2.62 86 3.48
Plat 3, 600 pounds ground pene and 200 pounds muriate of
potash peracre, . 1.94 . 64 2.58
1894.
Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre, . s ; P ; ‘ 2.50 Ay ( 2.87
Plat 2, barnh-yard manure, 8 tons peracre, . 2.86 ol 3.37
Plat 3, 600 pounds pee. bone and 200 iphscitee muriate of
potash per acre, . . : 2.54 18 2.72
1895.
Plat 1, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of
potash peracre,. ° , ‘ ° . . 2.18 1.60 8.14
Plat 2, wood ashes, 1 ton pe r acre, : , ° ° . ° aD | 1.44 3.12
Plat 3, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, . ; , ° 3.02 1.04 3.13

—_ - —— $$$ a

The season of 1894 was marked by a severe drought,
beginning with the month of July and extending into the
fall, which affected the yield of the crop (second cut) to a
serious extent. The season of 1895 was a fair one for farm
work in our section of the country.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 313

Ps eat ish

REPORT ON THE WORK IN THE CHEMICAL
LABORATORY.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. On OFFICIAL INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
IN 1895,

During the past year fifty-five manufacturers and dealers
in commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals have ap-
plied for and secured licenses for the sale of their goods in
the State; twenty-seven of them being residents of Massa-
chusetts, and the remainder belonging to Vermont, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio and Canada.

The number of different brands collected in the general
market amounted to two hundred and ninety. The sampling
and collecting of the material for analysis were in charge of
Mr. H. D. Haskins, an efficient assistant in the chemical lab-
oratory of the division of chemistry of the station, who for
several years past has attended to that part of the inspection
in a very satisfactory manner. Two hundred and seventy
samples of the various brands collected by him were care-
fully analyzed, and the results obtained in that direction
have been published and distributed in five special bulletins,
7. e., No. 57 old series and Nos. 30, 31, 32 and 34 of the
Hatch station series. |

The results of the inspection have been on the whole quite
satisfactory, as far as the compliance of the dealers with the
provision of our State laws for the regulation of the trade
in commercial fertilizers is concerned. The variations here
and there noticed between the guaranteed composition of the
dealer and the results of our analyses could be traced with

314 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

but few exceptions to imperfect mixing of the several ingre-
dients of the fertilizer, and did not, as a rule, materially affect
the commercial value of the article. In this connection at-
tention should be called to the fact that the lowest amount
stated in the guarantee is only legally binding. As our
State law makes allowance for these circumstances, the re-
sults of our examinations have been published without further
comment. When deemed best for the interest of all parties
concerned, the results have been sent by letter to the manu-
facturers of the goods, for their guidance and consideration.
To convey a more direct idea of the actual value of this
feature in the trade of commercial fertilizers of 1895, the
following detailed statement is here inserted : —

(a) Where three essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with three elements equal to or above the highest

guarantee, S)
Number with two Aaiasets ae the Howod shacnaitee, as
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, 49
Number with three elements between the lowest and ee

guarantees, . ° 45
Number with two siemens Doreen ne lowe aha nee

guarantees, . o+
Number with one Ee A aS the loon atid Heese

guarantees, . : ; oe |
Number with two sidneate neler ie a est ronan , : 6
Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, . +2 Ora

(6) Where two essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed ; —

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee,

Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . : Th
Number with two elements between the lowest ‘and negeR
guarante OB, iis 17
Number with one Aenea betwede the (erat: sa bhgheet
guarantees, . ; ; : 7
Number with one Bins »ment ee the lowest pudiied: Aree |

(c) Where one essential element of plant food was
guaranteed : —

Number above the highest guarantee, . . : ; 4
Number between the lowest and highest Elan ps os, |. , ae
Number below the lowest guarantee, ; , ; ° ' ;

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. d15

The consumption of commercial fertilizers is steadily in-
creasing, a circumstance apparently not less due to a more
general recognition of their good services, if judiciously
selected and applied, than to gradual improvements in regard
to their mechanical condition as well as their general chemi-
cal character. A noticeable change regarding the chemical
composition of many brands of so-called complete or formula
fertilizers of to-day, as compared with those offered for simi-
lar purposes at an earlier period in the history of the trade in
commercial fertilizers, consists in a more general and more
liberal use of potash compounds as a prominent constituent.
This change has been slow but decided, and may in a large
degree be ascribed to the daily increasing evidence, resting
on actual observations in the field and garden, that the farm
lands of Massachusetts are quite frequently especially defi-
cient in potash compounds, and consequently need in many
instances a more liberal supply of available potash from
outside sources to give satisfactory returns. Whenever the
cultivation of garden vegetables, fruits and forage crops con-
stitutes the principal products of the land, this recent change
in the mode of manuring deserves in particular a serious
trial; for the crops raised consume exceptionally large quan-
tities of potash, as compared with grain crops. In view of
these facts, 1t will be conceded that a system of manuring
farm and garden, which tends to meet more satisfactory
recognized conditions of large areas of land as well as the
special wants of important growing branches of agricultural
industries, 1s a movement in the right direction. A judi-
cious management of the trade in commercial fertilizers
implies a.due recognition of well-established experimental
results regarding the requirements of a remunerative pro-
duction of farm and garden crops.

316 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

List of Manufacturers and Dealers who have secured Certificates
for the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers in This State during the
Past Year (May 1, 1895, to May 1, 1596), and the Brands
licensed by Each.

Armour & Co., Chicago, Il. : —
Bone Meal.
Bone and Blood.
All Soluble.
Bone, Blood and Potash.

H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y.:—
Standard Unexcelled Fertilizer.
Strawberry Manure.

Complete Onion Manure.

Complete Potato Manure.
Complete Tobacco Manure.
Complete Grass and Lawn Manure.
Complete Corn Manure. |

A A Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Strictly Pure Ground Bone.
Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.

C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass.: — |
Complete Animal Fertilizer.
Pure Ground Bone.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate.

- Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.
3owker’s Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker’s Fish and Potash.
Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker’s Market-garden Manure.
Bowker’s Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
s3owker’s Gloucester Fish and Potash.
3owker’s Dry Ground Fish.
s3owker’s Fresh Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate of Ammonia. .

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 317

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bradley’s X L Superphosphate.
Bradley’s Potato Manure.

Bradley’s B D Sea-fowl Guano.
Bradley’s Complete Manures.
Bradley’s Fish and Potash.
Bradley’s High-grade Tobacco Manure.
Bradley’s English Lawn Dressing.
Farmers’ New-method Fertilizer.
Breck’s Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Eclipse Phosphate.

Dry Ground Fish.

High-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Low-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.

Nitrate of Soda.

Sulphate of Ammonia.

Dissolved Bone-black.

Fine-ground Bone.

Wn. J. Brightman & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : —
High-grade Potato and Root Manure.
Brightman’s Phosphate.

Brightman’s Fish and Potash.

Bryant, Brett & Simpson, New Bedford, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

B. L. Bragg & Co., Springfield, Mass. : —
Hampden Lawn Dressing.

Dan. T. Church, Providence, R. I. :—
Church’s B Special Fertilizer.
Church’s D Fish and Potash.
Church’s C Standard.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Potato Manure.
Great Planet Manure.
Fish and Potash.
King Philip Guano.
White Oak Pure Ground Bone.

318 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Bay State Fertilizer, G G Brand.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Blood, Bone and Meat.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Double Manure Salts.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Cleveland Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
Corn and Grain Phosphate.
Fertilizer.
High-grade Complete Manure.

K. Frank Coe Company, New York, N. Y.:—
Gold Brand Excelsior Guano.
High-grade Ammoniated Bone SYpSiD revels:
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : —
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Potato Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Ground Bone Meal.
Practical Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Pure Ground Bone.
Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Superphosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.
Fertilizer.
Concentrated Phosphate.
Fine-ground Bone.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 319

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Extra Bone Phosphate.
Potato and Root Fertilizer.
Lawn and Garden Manure.
Tobacco Grower.
Pure Fine Bone.
Pure Dissolved Bone.
High-grade Sulphate of Potash.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Dow’s Ground Bone Fertilizer.
Dow’s Nitrogenous Superphosphate.
Dow’s Pure Ground Bone.

Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J.:—
Carteret Farm Manure.
Carteret Potato Manure.
Carteret Corn and Grain Manure.
Carteret Market-garden Manure. |

Forest City Wood Ash Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.
Odorless Mineral Guano.

Wm. E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —
Canada Ashes.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. :—
Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash.
Great Eastern Grain and Grass.
Great Eastern Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down.
Great Eastern Vegetable Vine and Tobacco.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato Fertilizer.
Ground Bone.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
Lawrence Fertilizer.

320 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Lowe Bros. & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. : —
Tankage.

Lowell Rendering Company, Chelmsford, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New

York, N. Y.:—

Mapes’ Bone Manures.

Mapes’ Superphosphates.

Mapes’ Special Crop Manures.

Mapes’ Peruvian Guano.

Mapes’ Economical Manure.

Sulphate of Potash.

Double Manure Salts.

Nitrate of Soda.

Mason, Chapin & Co., Providence, R. I. :—
Chemical Compound Corn Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Lawn Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Vegetable Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Tobacco Fertilizer.
Lawn and Grass Fertilizer.

McQuade Bros., Worcester, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

Monroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y.:—
Canada Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.

Robert L. Merwin & Co., New York, N. Y.: —
Albert’s Highly Concentrated Horticultural Manure.

National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Chittenden’s Complete Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
Ground Bone.

New England Dressed Meat and Wool Company, Boston,
Mass. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Niagara Fertilizer Company, Buffalo, N. Y.: —
Niagara Triumph.
Niagara Grain and Grass Grower.
Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.
Niagara Potato, Tobacco and Hop Fertilizer.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 321

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Special for Potatoes and Tobacco.
High-grade General Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.

John J. Peters & Co., Long Island City, N. Y.:—
Sheep Fertilizer.

Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Star Brand Superphosphate.
Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Prentiss Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —
| Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Nitrate of Soda.
Tankage.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Fish and Potash.
Fish.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Phosphate.
Potato Manure.
Onion Mauure.
Havana Tobacco Fertilizer.
Corn Fertilizer.
Market-garden Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fish and Potash, ‘* Crossed Fishes.”
Fish and Potash, ‘‘ Plain Brand.”
Grass Fertilizer.

322

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.

Pure Bone Meal.

Dry Ground Fish.

Strawberry Manure.
Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Nitrate of Soda.

Sulphate of Potash.

Muriate of Potash.

Double Manure Salts.

Read Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y.: —

Read’s Standard.
High-grade Farmers’ Friend.
Fish and Potash.

Vegetable and Vine.

N. Roy & Son, South Attleborough, Mass. : —

Animal Fertilizer.

The Rogers & Hubbard Company, Middletown, Conn. :

Pure Ground Raw Knuckle Bone Meal.
Strictly Pure Fine Bone.

Fertilizer for Oats and Top-dressing.
Soluble Potato Manure.

Fairchild’s Formula for Corn and General Crops.

Soluble Tobacco Manure.
Grass and Grain Fertilizer.

Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. :—
Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes and Roots.

Essex Complete Manure for Corn and Grain.
Essex Perfected Lawn Dressing.

Essex Special Vegetable Manure.

Essex High-grade Fish and Potash.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —

Formula *‘ A.”

Bone, Meat and Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. :—

(;round Bone.

[ Jan.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 323

Springfield Provision Company, Brightwood, Mass. : —
Blood, Meat and Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Complete Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fertilizer.
Guano.
Fish and Potash.
Fine-ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.

T. L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. :—
Pure Ground Bone.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Ground Tobacco Stems.

Charles Stevens, Napanae, Ontario, Can. : —
Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.

Henry F. Tucker, Boston, Mass. : —
Tucker’s Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Tucker’s Imperial Bone Superphosphate.
Tucker’s Special Potato Fertilizer.

Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Company, Chicago, Il. : —
Pure Fine-ground Bone.

Walker, Stratman & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. :—
Potato Special.
Smoky City.
Big Bonanza.
Four Fold.

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
High-grade Fruit Fertilizer.
Grass and Oats Fertilizer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.
Potato Manure. —
High-grade Corn Fertilizer.

324 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Leander Wilcox, Mystic, Conn. : —
Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.

Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.

Grass Manure.

Pure Bone Meal.

High-grade Special.

Corn Phosphate.

Fine Wrapper Tobacco Fertilizer.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Fish and Potash.

Dry Ground Fish.

Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Royal Bone Phosphate.

Onion Manure.

Dissolved Bone-black.

Nitrate of Soda.

Double Manure Salts.

Sulphate of Potash.

Muriate of Potash.

1896. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 325

2. GENERAL WORK IN THE LABORATORY OF THE DIVISION
OF CHEMISTRY.

The work in the chemical laboratory of the united stations
has been divided by a recent vote of the board of trustees
between the newly created division of ‘* Foods and Feeding ”

,and the ‘‘ Division of Chemistry.” The separate operation

of the two divisions dates from July 1, 1895. The analyses
of feeds stuffs, dairy products and well waters made before
that date are incorporated in the annual report of Dr. J. B.
Lindsey, who by vote of the trustees has been placed in
charge of the new division of foods and feeding, which in-
cludes in its scope the examination of these substances.

Aside from the supervision of the inspection of commer-
cial fertilizers, the results of which are discussed in a few
preceding pages, my attention has been divided between
the direction of a series of experiments in the field and
vegetation house, introduced some years ago for the purpose
of studying the economy of various systems of manuring
and raising field and garden crops, and an extensive cor-
respondence with farmers and others, asking for information
regarding a variety of subjects of interest to them. The
description of the former constitutes the first part of this
report. ‘The results of the examination of many manurial
substances sent on for that purpose in connection with the
latter, whenever of general interest, have been published
during the past year in the bulletins of the station. They
are also recorded in connection with the tabular compilation
of analyses of manurial substances which accompanies this
report.

The constantly increasing variety of waste products of
many branches of industry within our State and elsewhere
which have proved of manurial value, has received for years
a serious attention. Both producers and consumers have
been materially benefited by this work, which aims to make
known the particular fitness of each for manurial purposes,
and thereby furnishes a basis for the determination of its
commercial value. As a change in the current modes of
manufacture of the parent industry is at any time liable to

326 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

seriously affect the character and chemical composition of
the waste or by-products, it becomes necessary to repeat
from time to time analyses of many of these products.
These analyses are made without any charge for the work,
on the condition that the results are public property, if
deemed of interest for publication.

As a brief enumeration of the more prominent substances
sent on for our investigation during the year 1895 can best
convey a correct idea concerning the extent and importance
of the labor involved, the following statement is presented :
the whole number of analyses made in the stated connection
amounts for the year 1895 to one hundred and eighty-six ;
of these, from eighty to ninety consisted of ashes, including
wood ashes, coal ashes, lime-kiln ashes, cotton-hull ashes,
swill ashes, soots, etc.; from twenty to thirty were agri-
cultural chemicals, comprising potash salts, Chili saltpetre,
sulphate of ammonium, gypsum, kainites, dissolved bone-
black, phosphatic slag, etc.; twenty-eight were animal
refuse materials, as fish waste, tankage, blood, animal meal,
meat scraps, blood and bone, bones, wool waste, sheep
fertilizer, etc.; and from twenty to thirty consisted of
vegetable refuse materials, as cotton-factory waste, cotton-
seed meal, tobacco stems, madder, peats, vegetable com-
post, ete.

Of a special interest is the recent introduction of the
products prepared from the kitchen refuse of our large
cities. Sanitary considerations are indirectly the cause of
the appearance of these products, which promise to become
of considerable prominence in the future.

One mode disposes of the refuse by cremation. The
product resulting is called cremation ashes, and contains a
liberal amount of phosphate of lime and more or less potash.
The nitrogen and organic matter are lost in the process of
cremation. Grinding and proper mixing of the products
cannot fail to furnish a valuable material for manurial
purposes. The tabular statement below gives the results
of analyses of swill or cremation ashes, mostly if not entirely
from Lowell, Mass.

Another mode proposes to save the nitrogen and organic
matter by a so-called reduction process. ‘The parties in-

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 327

terested in the matter propose to reduce the garbage with
sulphuric acid, remove the fat, add to the refuse natural
phosphates to combine with the excess of sulphuric acid,
and add potash compounds if needed. This interesting
process is apparently still in the experimental stage. A
sample of the product sent here for examination gives the
results found below. Modern views regarding the require-
ments of sanitary condition in our centres of population
cannot fail to recognize the efficiency of both processes to
dispose of objectionable material. The economical advan-
tages derived from these modes of operation experience
alone can determine. The product of either mode has its
special claim for consideration. The agricultural interests
of the country cannot fail to benefit by a successful develop-
ment of either mode of operation.

Analyses of Ashes from a Crematory Furnace, Lowell, Mass.

| | | 2. 3. 4. D. | 6. re
Moisture at 100° C., s ; 4 - | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.04) 0.11 | 2.43 | 19.46 | 12.48
Potassium oxide, . . ; . Tue.) +8.83 | 7.038 | 1.25 | 1.60: )— 178 7.3265
Phosphoric acid, . , . ° - | 16.61 | 17.18 | 26.09 | 32.26 | 25.89 | 5.22 | 6.50
Calcium oxide, . * : . . | 24.79 | 28.18 | 33.74 | 47.60 -* -* -*
Ferric and aluminic oxides, . ' cf aoe) 7,63 | 6525.) 1.06 -* -* -*
Magnesium oxide, . . . . Sie ae -* -* -* -* -* -*
Insoluble matter before calcination, . | 39.60 | 18.49 | 14.40 | 15.13 -* -* -*
Insoluble matter after calcination, . | 29.72 | 16.58 | 11.41 | 18.20 | 17.93 | 30.81 | 31.54

| 8. | 9. 10. 11. 12. 138. 14.
Moisture at 100°C., ’ 4 : o ht C2371) 7.6 ).24.24 | 6.05 | -E.20|\ B40-) O26 e
Potassium oxide, . : : : - | 4.27) 8.96 | 5.09 | 4.92| 5.71 | 4.83 | 4.08

Phosphoric acid, , ° ° s « | 12.97 | 18.92 | 6.86 | 13.22 | 10.82 | 10.21 | 71.47
Insoluble matter after calcination, . | 34.91 | 19.96 | 37.76 | 24.52 | 29.91 | 24.50 | 26.73

* Not determined.

328 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.’96.

Analysis of a Refuse Product obtained from City Garbage, sent on
by the American Reduction Company, New York City.

Per Cent.
Moisture at 100° C., eke : : , : ; $.52
Nitrogen, ; , : : ‘ 1.64
Potassium oxide, . : : ; : ; : 1.20
Sodium oxide, ; : ; ; : 2.50
Calcium oxide, . ; : 3.86
Magnesium oxide, . ; . : ; Spo 55
Ferric and aluminic oxides, . ; ; ; 7.64
Total phosphoric acid, . ‘ ' pn OG
Available phosphoric acid, . : ‘ 8.08
Insoluble phosphoric acid, . : ‘ : \ 2.54
Sulphuric acid, vrs ; il ioe pape
Organic matter, . ; ; . ; » 45.48

Insoluble matter (ash), . : . ; ; Sac gs oF

3. COMPILATION OF ANALYSES MADE AT AMHERST, MASss.,
oF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS AND REFUSE Ma-

TERIALS USED FOR FERTILIZING PURPOSES.

PREPARED BY H. D. HASKINS.

[As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.]
1868 to 1896.

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1896,
contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those years. C wiae

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

330

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1896.]

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339

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

1896.]

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339

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

344

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uoy, wad spunog 07 paqnjnopno ‘sashyoup fo uoynpndwoy burpaoaig ay up punof syuapaibuy quaiafiqr fo ‘sjuag Lag abv.ieay

345

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

1896.]

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346 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

4, CoMPILATION OF ANALYSES OF FRUITS, GARDEN CROPS
AND INSECTICIDES.

1.— Analyses of fruits.

2.— Analyses of garden crops.

3. — Relative proportions of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide
and nitrogen in fruits and garden crops.

4. — Analyses of insecticides.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of twenty
prominent garden crops shows the following average relative pro-
portion of the three essential ingredients of plant food : —

Parts.
Nitrogen, . : : , - cau
Potassium oxide,. : ; : : : : Rae AE
Phosphoric acid, . 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain, on
the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential con-
stituents of plant food: —

Pounds,
Nitrogen, 4.1
Potassium oxide, . , ‘ : One
Phosphoric acid, . 1

The weight and particular stage of growth of the vegetables
when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding conditions,
the actual consumption of each of these articles of plant food.
Our information regarding these points is still too fragmentary to
enable a more detailed statement here beyond relative proportions.
It must suffice for the present to call attention to the fact that a
liberal manuring within reasonable limit pays, as a rule, better
than a scanty one. — (C. A. GorssMANN. )

1896.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 347

1. Analyses of Fruits.

Fertilizing Constituents of Fruits.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

S| a | 8/45 EAE =.| 6
o| =| 2 [solB |sO|sdl84is4| og
Se Bol ost eee er ea ee be YO
' Kricacee : — |
*Cranberries, . ; ; - | 996| - 1.8 35.8) 0 lee 8 et Om i -
*Cranberries, . ; : . | 894 .8 = [4,6 )—= HIS Tees Ea i =
Rosacee : —
Apples, . . . . se Sabi GB)? 2.2) 8] -6) vi bea a
ee... fe | it RT 19) 4.11 1.9 | <3): .3 ee ies 2
*Peaches, . . ‘ : - | 884] - 3.4 | 2,5 - Psi a a) ae Os
Pears, ; ‘; = - - | 831 6 83/ 1,8 23 a «2 5 24 =
Strawberries, . : f - | 902; - | .3.3 ee 4 9 oO} = 5 1 1
*Strawberries, .. . : c - ~ 5.2 | 2.6 ay. ot 4 EBS -
*Strawberry vines, . ; a er =) $3324). 9,5 |"4.5 (12.2 1-3) See 2
Cherries, . ° . : - | 825] - 3.9 | 2,0 ol a) 2 6 2 1
Plums, : ‘ : : - | 838 ~ ea er A ha oo am 4 es
Saxifragacee ;—
*Currants, white, - ~ 5.9 | 3,1 »2>), 160 Sieh ie -
*Currants, red, . 871 | - 4.1/1.9 2 8 3/ .9| - -
Gooseberries, 3 . 903 | - 3.3 | 1.3 3 4 3 wie -
Vitacee : —
Grapes, seit) eee pi (1.0) aig
Grape seed, ° ° . - | 110 |19.0 | 22.7 | 6,9 >| 5.6; 1.4] 7.0 8 1

348 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

2. Analyses of Garden Crops.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

° : o|q a «8 :

ie Eslatleslels.|£.| ¢

= Sp eao|ik#legi/oul|ialsa] B

@)/ 2) 3 |Su|SO|fR ani sslael &

a a a Ss = on ro) = -

° = @ 50 = sO | sO he he r=)

me aS a a a S)

Chenopodiacee : —

Mangolds, . : ‘ ; -4 $601 148 | Sed) OB 18 1 8 oe ee ee
*Mangolds, . d : ‘ -.| S13) 4594 13.21 8 ies <6 ae 9/- ne
Mangold leaves, : : | 905... 9,0 | 14.6) 4:5 | 2.8: 1.6/1.4 114.6 8 | 2.3

Sugar beets, . ‘ oy BOS 5 126) Tek) O68 a6 AN SiG 9 03 | ee
*Sugar beets, . : é s | 869 | 92°} 10.4.4:4,8'| /2.8 |). 60 24 Ad Bele
ee a 2 od

Sugar-beet leaves, . . se 8074-3 .0 | 15.85 6.0 1) 2.0) 3.44 4.7 e 8/1.3
Sugar-beet seed, : : «} 146.) - | 45.3°191,1 | 4.2 110.251 7317,5 peers
*Red beets, . : 3 ; - | 877 | 2,4 | 11.38 | 4,4 9 5 3 9| - ~
Spinach, . : ‘ + PG 4-903: 12,4. 16.0 | 2.7 | 5:7 1.1.90] 120577,99 RDT10
*Spinach, . ° . e e 922 3.4 9.6 9.6 2.4 -6 0 5 = =

Compositee : —
Lettuce,common, . ; - | 940
Head lettuce, . : . - | 948
*Head lettuce, . f ° - | 970
Roman lettuce, . . : » | 925
Artichoke, . . ° . - | 811

*Artichoke, Jerusalem, . o | 11

Convolvulacee : —

Sweet potato, . ; ; oP TORT Oe OT 367 1 eB Tol 2 ee ee ae

Sugar-beet tops, _ : 5 ; 9.6) 2,8.) 2.3 oO as

Cruciferae : —

White turnips, . . . - | 9201 1,8 | 6.4} 2,9 6 an 2 8 af x; 3

*White turnips, . 7 : - | 895 | 1,8 | 10.1 | 3.9 8 9 -311,0/1.0] =
White turnip leaves, , - | 898 | 3.0 | 11.9.) 9,8 | 1.1 | 3.0 3) 68) 34:1:1 18

*Ruta-bagas, 4 A 5 s A 891 1 1,8 1 1006-1 6.5 yf 9 oo} 1.2 = ~
Savoy cabbage, . ; ; o-| B71.) 8,9). 14.0 |.3,8.) 254 1 30 oD] 2.4 1) B23 Doe
White cabbage, ; ° o | 000.) 3,0), 9-6) 469). .84 2.2) 4 1400 | Ot ae

*White cabbage, ° P - | 984 | 2,3 - | 3,4 3 2 1 2) = -
Cabbage leaves, ° ° - | 890 | 2,4 | 15.6 | §,8 | 1.5 | 2.8 6/1,4] 2.4] 1.3
Cauliflower, . ; ; - | 004/4,0;) 8.0/3.6) 6] .6| -8/1,6|10]7 -&
Horse-radish, . ; ; o | 767 | 4,3 | 19.71 7,7 | 412.0] .4) 9,0) 4.0) 8

1896. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 349

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Continued.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

. g [>)
Maat teh enya heh ig
S| & ao/Sk mo lSclaig|/ss} 3
Z| 2) . |su|s0lSuleu|felaal s
ot! Sk Be eS Seo lgo les ia4| =
eh ap A Ce ee SOREN tieets, Age's | a S
Crucifercee — Concluded.
Radishes, . . se pet OS8e P.O Bl D6 2.0 2/ 4,5 2 5
Kohlrabi, . ° ° ° - | 850 | 4,8; 12.3 | 4,3 8 4 S12. Fi del, 6
Cucurbitacee : —
Suedmuers, .- .« .\:. | 956! 1.6) 5.8| 2,4] .6 AY ee) 7:9 4 4
Pumpkins, . 3 - 2 e900 EE) 4.4 9 9 3 Z i | 3 4
Graminee : —
Corn, whole plant, green, urea f-9. 10.4 | 9.7 a Leeder 8 i GS;

*Corn, whole plant, green, Sy ce | = 3.8
eee lg | 144.1 96,0|.12.4.) 3.7) --2 |. B81 1.9: 5:7) DT] 8
ormeerneig, . .*) « «| 100 118.2). = 124.0) .8 Oh 2B 70 -

on
_
or
iio}
——s
aon
f
t

*Corn, whole ears, . ° » | 90 / 14,1 - | 4.7) .6 2) 1.8) 5.7 5 = ~
*Corn stover, . . : Aloe (ALT. ol-4.| 19,2) 7.9}. b.2)-2.6 1-9: t= -

Leguminose ; —
Hay of peas, cut green, . - | 167 | 22.9} 62.4 | 23.2) 2.3 | 15.6| 6.3 | 6,8 | 5-1 | 2.0
*Cow-pea (Dolichos), green, «| 788 | 2,9 - Sr 56 S07 2.0 ee = -
.__*8mall pea (Lathyrus sylves- | 90 |38,5|....--|25,7| 4.7 117.91 5.0/9.0] - o-

tris), dry.
Peas (seed), . - - » | 245: 195.8) 23.4 (10,1) .2) 1.1) 1.9) 8.4 8 4
‘Peastraw,, *. . + | 160|10;4/ 48-1 | 9,9| 1.8:/15.9| 3.5 | 9.5 | 2.7 | 2.8

Garden beans (seed), . «| 150 |39,0| 27.4/12,.1| .4] 1.5/2.119,7}1.1] .8

Beam meaw, ee ts +. » |-166) i= | 40.2 | 19,9)°3.2 |11.1] 2.5 19.9) 1-7 | 8.1.
Liliacee : —
Asparagus, ee te ad) O88 8.0) 6.0) 7.9 Oh Ol coat Gay ems
tt yk | ot BOO | 8.74 7.4.1 OB! 22] 1.6) <8 Ge eA 2
*Onions, . ° ° . - | 892] - cn dae | Ps eater ms « A -
Solanacee : — |
Potatoes, . ° . ° . | 750 | 3,4) 9.51] 5,8 3 Pes a ere oe em es ai ae
*Potatoes, . ° ° ° st (oo | 8 Liz 9.9 | 2.9 1 are ye ite -
Potato tops, nearly ripe, . Serio 1-429 10.7 1) 4.3 4) 6.4) S316 a ed
Potato tops, unripe, . \ » | 825 | 6.3/ 16.5 | 4,4 S'S. 2.4) Pee een

*Tomatoes, . . . . - | 940 | 1.7 - 3.6] - oot eB aA h = =
Tobacco leaves, A 2 - | 180 | 34,8 |140.7 |40,7| 4.5 | 50.7 /10.4 | 6,6 | 8.5 | 9.4
Tobacco stalks, : ‘ - | 180 | 94,6| 64.7 |28.2| 6.6 |12.4) .5| 9,2 | 2.2 | 2.4

*Tobacco stems, . ; “ - | 106 | 22,9 |140.7 | 64,6/| 3.4 | 38.9 |12.3 | 6.0) - -
neta sere ore ee ee

350 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Concluded.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

‘ S)

g] | laslef/Eslge(2. [2.1 &

| 2| 4 |$8/3°|28 | 35 ( 83/3] =

SB il ade le clo Ae ia les ee

Ombellifere : —

Carrots, . : ° ‘ of G0e Tt OPS. 2 aD dae 9| .4/ 1,1 9) 4
*Carrots, . ; , ‘ eT Soe ot G2 cet 6a 7a oe ae ee =
Carrot tops, : 4 . » | S22) 5.7) 23.0") 9.0) 4.74 7.0) 28 ite ea ee
Carrot tops,dry, . A - | 98 | 31,3 [125.2 | 48,8 40.3 | 20.9] 6.7) 6.1 | - =
Parsnips, . . . . | 793 | 5,4] 10.0 Met Oe Ee 19 nS 4
*Parsnips, . ‘ ‘ ‘ - | 803 | 2,2 - 6.9064 0), pBor ee tae -
Gelery, 240 6) ee SELL OR BOVIS = 4 Sale et ane

Most of the foregoing analyses were compiled from the tables of E.
Wolff. Those marked * are from analyses made at the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

3. Lrelative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium
Oxide and Nitrogen in Fruits.

Phosphori Potassi
cemore | Potaestom | sprog,
Ericacee :—
*Cranberries, : ; : | 3.0 -
*Cranberries, ; ; ‘ ; 1 3.4 2.6
Rosacce :—
Apples, ; , , ; 1 ae | ee
* Apples, , 1 1.9 1.3
*Peaches, F ; ‘ ‘ 1 La ~
Pears, . ; , ; ‘ 1 3.6 ae
Strawberries, , : ; t 1.4 -
*Strawberries, , : , ; 1 20
*Strawberry vines, . ; ; 1 a -
Cherries, . ; ; 1 3.3 -
Plums, . . ; 1 4.3 -
Saxifragacew :—
*Currants, white, . , , 1 2.8 -
*Currants, red, ; R ; 1 2.1 ~
Gooseberries, . ‘ . ; 1 1.9 -
Vitacew :—
Grapes, ' ° : ° 1 3.6 Le
Grape seed, . ° ° ‘ , 1 1.0 ef

Bick: —_—_wvz“&slimtl tll lll lll CT,
—— _ —

—
—, se ti LL LL LOD

1896.] © PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. dol

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops.

Chenopodiacee : —
Mangolds, . ; 1 6.0 2.3
*Mangolds, it 4.2 ya |
Mangold leaves, . 1 4.5 3.0
Sugar beets, 1 4.2 1.8
*Sugar beets, ; 1 4.8 Pas
-Sugar-beet tops, . 1 2.3 Lees
Sugar-beet leaves, 1 5.7 4.3
Sugar-beet seed, . if 1, -
*Red beets, . 1 4.1 3.3.
Bpimack, .' -. : 1 127 3.1
*Spinach, . : . 1 19.2 6.8
Compostiecw : —
Lettuce, 1 hos = |
*Lettuce, 3 | 1 (ie: 4.0
Head lettuce, | 1 3.9 Dae
Roman lettuce, ; . | 1 2.3 1.8
*Jerusalem artichoke, . : ; 1 2.8 Zot
Convolvulacee : -—
Sweet potato, : 1 4.6 3.0
Crucifere : —
White turnips, 1 3.6 2.3
*White turnips, 1 3.9 1.8
White turnip leaves, 1 3.1 3.3
*Ruta-bagas, . | 1 4.1 1.6
Savoy cabbage, ) 1 roe 2.9
White cabbage, | 1 4.1 1.7
*White cabbage, 1 11.0 7.6
Cauliflower. . ‘ | i! 2.3 2.5
Horse-radish, : : x | 1 3.9 2.2
Radishes, f 3.2 3.8
Kohlrabi, | 1 1.6 i
Cucurbitacee : —
Cucumbers, . , ‘ ; ; 1 2.0 1.3
Pumpkins, . ee ° ° f 6 AY |
Graminee : — |
Corn, whole plant, green, 1 3.7 19
*Corn, whole plant, green, 1 2.2 2.8
Corn kernels, : 1 6 2.8
*Corn kernels, 1 6 2.6
*Corn, whole ears, 1 8 2 2d
*Corn stover,. ‘ ; 1 4.4 3.0

3.52 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops — Concluded.

—————EE

roomie | Potato | ge
Leguminose : —

Hay of peas, cut green, 1 3.4 3.4
*Cow-pea (Dolichos), 1 3.1 2.9
*Small pea (Lathyrus sylvestris), 1 3.4 4.2

Peas (seed),. : 1 1.2 4.3

Pea straw, . ; ‘ 1 2.3 4.0

Garden beans (seed), . ; 1 1.2 4.0

Bean straw, . : 1 3.3 -

Liliacee : —

Asparagus, . : : a. 1.3 3.6

Onions, . 1 me) pie
*Onions,. 1 2% ~

Solanacee : —

Potatoes, ; : ; : era o.6 eae |
*POmtoes, °) **. ‘ 1 4.1 3.0

Potato tops, nearly ripe, ° 1 al 3.1

Potato tops, unripe, ; : 1 3.7 O.3
*'Tomatoes, ; 1 o.f 4.5

Tobacco leaves, 1 6.2 5.3

Tobacco stalks, 1 He | Dk

Tobacco stems, 1 10,7 3.8

Umbelliferce : —

Carrots, PF 1 ne 2:0
*Carrots, 1 oat 1 ey |

Carrot tops, . ; 1 2.9 o.1
*Carrot tops, dry, . 1 8.0 ee

Parsnips, 1 3.8 2.8
*Parsnips, 1 3.3 1.2

Celery, . 1 3.5 ae

B93

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THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

SAN VARY, 1897.

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE.
1897.

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Commontoealth of Massachusetts.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, Jan. 1, 1897.

To His Excellency RoGerR Wo.oort.

Sir :—AI have the honor to transmit, herewith, to Your
Excellency and the Honorable Council, the thirty-fourth an-
nual report of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College.

I am, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

HENRY H. GOODELL,

President.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE
Calendar, . ° ° ° ° ; - - ° ° ° ‘ 7
Report of trustees, . : , ; é . ° ° ° ‘ : 9-26
Review of thirty years, . é ‘ = : : “ ° A ; 9
Expenditure of State appropriations, : ° ° ° : ° ° 15
Courses open to women, . 2 ; : - a ° : ; : 16
Repairs needed, . ns : é : : a ‘ ; , , 17
Catalogue of officers and students, . : - ° ° ° ; Z ‘ 29
Courses of study, ‘ - . ° ° - ° “ ‘ ° . : 36
Four-years course, . ° ° Ke Rae ° ° ° ° ; : 36
Winter courses, . ‘ ° ° je P ° é ° ‘ “ : 38
I re rg cling Bo hoped aah aa 40
Entrance examination papers, 1896, ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ‘ 43
Expenses, . ° . ; ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 49
Labor fund, . ° ‘ AAs aie See Seer aa ° & nes 49
Rooms, . Baits ‘ ° e ° ° e ° ° ° ° é 50
Scholarships, . ° ° - ° ‘ ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 50
Equipment, ‘ F eT ie Peiiete 0: kode hivestld ct? ca ata tre ; 51
Agricultural department, . ° ° ° ° . ° A : : 51
Botanical department, ° ° . ° ° . ‘ ° ° F 54
Horticultural department, . ° ° ° ; . . . ° . 55
Zoological department, . . . ° ° ‘ ° : 3 : 57
Veterinary department, . ° ° Bovis ° ° ° ° ‘ 58
Mathematical department, . s ° wines ° ° ° : . 59
. Chemical department, ° ° ° ° ° ° ° PRE = 61
Tis) te ee ee we ee 65
221 aie * : : ‘ ° e ° e ° ° : ‘ 67
Treasurer to State, . - ‘ - ° ° ° ° ° ° B 69
Treasurer to Secretary of Interior, . TL eeEa etek ae Ohare ° 74
Farm, . hs : A : : ° - ° ° : . : 76.
Military department,. . ; P i “ ee 4 A : 85
Monograph on spruce gall-louse, . q ‘ ° ° ° ° ° ° 89
Annual report of Hatch Experiment Station, . 7 ° ° ° ‘ ‘ 101
Areasurer, . ° . ‘ ‘ ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 2 107
Agriculturist, . = ‘ : : ° ° . ° ° ° . 109
Meteorologist, . A ‘ u : 2 ; ° ° ° : : 150
Horticulturist, . ° ‘ ; : ° ° . ° ° x ‘ 153
Botanists, . . ; ‘ . : - ° ° ° ° ° : 157
Entomologist, . , . ‘ - ° ° ° . ° suite de 185

Chemist (foods), : . ° . . ‘ . a . . 188
Chemist (fertilizers), . , ; ° . ° ° . ° ° . 271

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CALENDAR FOR 1897-98.

1897.

January 6, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8 a.m.

March 25, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.15 a.m.

April 7, Wednesday, spring term begins, at 8 a.m.

June 19, Saturday, Grinnell prize examination of the senior class
in agriculture.

( Baccalaureate sermon.
June 20, Sunday, ) Address before the College Young Men’s
| | Christian Association.
Burnham prize speaking.
June 21, Monday, Meeting of the alumni.
Flint prize oratorical contest.
Class-day exercises.
June 22, Tuesday, Military exercises.
pane by the president and trustees.

June 23, Wednesday, Commencement exercises.

June 24-25, Thursday and Friday, examinations for admission, at
9 a.m., Botanic Museum, Amherst; at Jacob Sleeper Hall,
Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston; and at Sedg-
wick Institute, Great Barrington. Two full days are re-
quired for examination, and candidates must come prepared
to stay that length of time.

September 7-8, Tuesday and Wednesday, examinations for ad-—
mission, at 9 a.m., Botanic Museum.

September 9, Thursday, fall term begins, at 8 a.m.

December 23, Thursday, fall term closes, at 10.15 a.m.

1898.

January 5, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8 a.m.
March 24, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.15 a.m.

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES —

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council.

Thirty-five years ago, in the midst of the greatest struggle
the world has ever witnessed, when every muscle was being
strained to the utmost to provide means for preserving the
national existence, our Senators and Representatives in Con-
gress assembled, reversing the old adage, “In time of peace
prepare for war,” calmly turned aside from the absorbing
topics of the day, and in time of war prepared for peace
by passing an act for the benefit of agriculture and the
mechanic arts, providing for the establishment of national
schools of science in every State in this great country.
They were to be colleges, in which it was explicitly de-
clared the leading object should be, without excluding other
scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics,
to teach such branches of learning as are related to agri-
culture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the Legis-
latures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order
to promote the liberal and practical education of the indus-
trial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.
In such broad and liberal spirit, trammelled by few condi-
tions, was framed this earliest act of Congress for the pro-
motion of national popular education. In the words of the
distinguished author himself, the Hon. Justin S. Morrill
of Vermont, “the bill proposed to establish at least one
college in every State, upon a sure and perpetual founda-
tion, accessible to all, but especially to the sons of toil,
where all the needful science for the practical avocations of
life shall be taught, . . . and where agriculture, the foun-

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

dation of all present and future prosperity, may look for
troops of earnest friends, studying its familiar and recondite
economies, and at last elevating it to that higher level where
it may fearlessly invoke comparison with the most advanced
standards of the world.” |

From the sale of the 360,000 acres of the public lands,
allotted to Massachusetts, was realized the sum of $208,464,
and in 1871 this amount was further increased by the Legis-
lature to $360,000, the whole constituting a perpetual fund
for the promotion of education in agriculture and the me-
chanic arts, two-thirds of the income to be annually paid to
the treasurer of the Agricultural College and one-third to
the treasurer of the Institute of Technology.

Twenty-five years later, a second great act of Congress
established in connection with each college a department of
agricultural experimentation, at an annual expenditure of
three-fourths of a million dollars. —

Again three years, and the Hon. Justin Morrill, with
whom had originated the first act, after a careful observance
for twenty-eight years of the colleges he had been instru-
mental in establishing, came forward with a new measure
for their endowment, by an annual grant to each one of the
same amount, commencing with $15,000 and increasing each
year $1,000 till the maximum of $25,000 had been reached,
at which figure it was to remain without further increase.
This again was divided in Massachusetts, one-third being
paid to the Institute of Technology and two-thirds to this
college.

Never was there a more munificent gift by a nation in the
cause of education. First, ten million acres of the public
lands, the proceeds from the sale of which to constitute an-
inviolable fund for the establishment and maintenance of
at least one college in every State which should accept the
grant; second, an annual appropriation of three-quarters of
a million dollars for purposes of investigation and experi-
mentation in all matters pertaining to the intelligent practice
of agriculture ; third, an annual appropriation of one million
dollars for further maintenance and support. It was a fort-
unate period in which these colleges were established. The
rapid development of the various branches of mechanical

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. fl

and physical science had been accompanied by a correspond-
ing application of them in industrial pursuits and a conse-
quent demand for thoroughly trained and competent men,
In the hearing before the committee on education this effect
was briefly epitomized. ‘The result was that large numbers
of the most promising youth of the country were drawn to
these institutions which opened up so many possibilities.
This movement gave an impulse which was felt by every
school of science in the country. It forced new methods of
instruction to meet the constantly increasing demand. It
compelled expensive outlays for equipment which should
keep pace with this new and practical education of the
people. It was the “awakening of a new intellectual life,
and there was a certain freshness of interest, a spirit of
youth, a generous enthusiasm, which argued the happiest
results, and which time has only strengthened as the years
roll on.” The pet idea of Ezra Cornell, that he would
“found an institution where any person could find instruction
in any study,” would seem to be realized. To-day 65 col-
leges, thoroughly equipped with laboratories and workshops,
and provided with the latest and most approved apparatus,
officered by 1,600 professors and instructors, shelter within
their walls an army of young men 21,000 strong. Twenty-
one regiments, captained and led by the best and keenest
intellects available, are all making for progress and develop-
ment along certain well-defined lines. Five, planting their
outposts in every nook and corner of the vast domain of
nature, are calling upon the earth, the air, the water to give
up their secrets. Sixteen are pushing their way in the
various industries, but each and all are making instantly
felt the contact of a new and vigorous life and awakening
fresh enterprise and fresh effort. Many of the youth com-
posing this vast army receive their entire support from home,
but many others are supporting themselves by their own
exertions, almost or wholly unaided, and many others come
from homes where every dollar contributed to the education
of a son or daughter involves some appreciable sacrifice.
* They are all acquiring habits of industry, energy and self-
Yeliance. They represent more fully than any other class
of institutions the real bone and sinew and brain of the

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

country. They represent in no small degree the brain and
purpose of the coming generation. They represent the great
body of the people, from which are very largely recruited
the best elements of our political, our social and industrial
activities.” *

Thirty years ago this year the Massachusetts Agricultural
College first opened its doors to students, and in this the
closing year of its third decade of existence it seems perti-
nent to inquire whether it has warranted the generous outlay
of nation and State for its support, — whether it has fulfilled
the purpose for which it was founded, and sent forth hon-
est, manly citizens to serve their country and their State
and adorn the different trades and professions of life. The
wealth of a college is the life of her sons, and her success
is measured by the success of her sons.

In its brief history of one score years and ten, 1,096 men
have attended the college and 510 have graduated; 87 have
passed away, 15 only from among the graduates and 72
from the remainder. Of the living, 348 are in agricultural
pursuits distributed as follows: farmers, 186; farm superin-
tendents, 23; market gardeners and florists, 46; veterina-
rians, 16; creamery managers, 6; stock and poultry raisers,

10; entomologists, 8; officers in experiment stations, 19; _

in the fertilizer business, 12; teachers in agricultural col-
leges, 22. Other industries are represented by chemists,
9; civil engineers and architects, 43; electricians, 10; me-
chanics, 40; employed on railroads, 15; dentists, 6; drug-
gists, 7; teachers, 34; ministers, 8; students for advanced
degrees, 39; postal clerks, 7; doctors, 40; journalists and
publishers, 18; in the army and navy, 5; lawyers, 20; and
in business, 270. Our graduates are found in every State,
filling positions of honor. The record is a good one. We
have furnished Japan with 1 president and 7 professors.
We have given presidents to Rhode Island and North Da-
kota and a vice-chancellor to Indiana. We have sent 5
professors to Rhode Island, 2 each to Alabama, Michigan,
Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, Indiana, Connecticut
and New Hampshire, and 1 each to Delaware, Minnesota,

* Irom the speech of President George W. Atherton, before the naval committee.

—"

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 13

Illinois, Virginia, Maine, Colorado, Texas and Maryland.
Yale has drawn upon our lawyers for an instructor in crim-
inal law and medico-legal jurisprudence, Harvard has called
our graduates to her veterinary and dental schools, and
Canada has found a botanist for Magill University. We
have furnished the vice-director to the office of experiment
stations at Washington, and directors to Indiana, North
Dakota, Vermont, Rhode Island and Brazil, besides filling
63 other positions in the different experiment stations of
the country.

Thirty years ago, with a staff of five instructors and four
buildings, without a library, without appliances of any sort,
the college opened its doors to the 27 young men who pre-
sented themselves for admittance. To-day, if one of these
same young men should revisit the college, he could but
marvel at the change. He will find an opportunity of
securing a maximum education at a minimum cost, tuition
free, board at a trifling figure and work to be had for the
asking, if the necessities of his case demand such aid.
He will find a farm of 150 acres under cultivation, with
model barn stocked with 100 head of cattle and equipped
with the latest and most improved machinery. He will
find a horticultural department of 100 acres, with green-
houses, orchards and grounds laid out for the practical
study of market gardening, floriculture, fruit culture and
forestry. He will find an experiment department, some 80
acres in extent, with laboratories, greenhouses, insectaries
and barns, where are being worked out all conceivable prob-
lems in the use of fertilizers, in the feeding of animals, in
soil investigations, plant diseases, testing of fruits and vege-
tables, prevention of insect ravages, and relations of tem-
perature and moisture to growth. He will find a growing
library of 18,000 carefully selected volumes, almost entirely
scientific in its character and well abreast of the literature of
the day, in which he will not only be invited and urged to
enter, but to which he will be sent to look up information
for himself, and taught how to investigate any given subject
and to weigh and value the testimony of authorities. He
will find a corps of 18 professors and assistants, each doing
faithfully and conscientiously the work assigned him. He

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

will find a certain definite required curriculum for three
years, with liberty to select and specialize in the fourth;
and together with this, eleven short winter courses espe-
cially adapted to the requirements of those whom cir-
cumstances debar from spending a longer time in the
prosecution of their studies. He will find a superstruct-
ure of agricultural education, reared somewhat after this
fashion: agriculture the foundation; botany, chemistry,
zodlogy and mathematics the four corner-stones; while the
walls are solidly built up with English, horticulture, flori-
culture and forestry on the one side, English, physiology,
entomology, comparative anatomy of the domestic animals
and veterinary on the other, English, mechanics, physics
and civil engineering on the third, and English, French,
German, political economy and constitutional history on
the fourth. The study of his own language, he will find,

is made the basis of all study, interwoven with every —

course, in fact, the very warp and woof of every branch
pursued. If he wants to become a farmer, a market gar-
dener or a fruit grower, he will find the appliances at hand
and every opportunity to become conversant with the art.
If he wants to become a good chemist, every facility will
be given him. If he wants to become a good botanist,
few places will offer him better instruction. If he wants
to become a good entomologist, he will have to search the
length and breadth of the land to find equal opportunities.
If he wants to become a good civil engineer, the foundations
will be laid for him deep and strong. And he will further
find, if he inquires, that the course covers such extensive
ground in botany, chemistry, physiology and allied branches
that graduates entering veterinary or medical schools stand
at a great advantage, and in the former case are allowed one
year’s time. In fact, he will find that the whole aim and
purpose of the college has been to so educate its students as
to prepare them to play well their part in the “several pur-
suits and professions of life.”

The State has indeed been fortunate in the selection of
those to whom it has intrusted the welfare of its college.
To the great-hearted men who have carried on this work all
credit is due. But for the self-denying, whole-souled efforts

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 15

of its faculty, such record could never have been written.
The living force of men like Clark and Stockbridge and
Miller and Peabody and Chadbourne has made it what it is.
Their influence can never die.

In the year just elapsed we have been called to mourn the
loss of one who has faithfully served the college since 1887.
Hon. Joseph A. Harwood of Littleton passed away Oct.
15, 1896. A man of large business interests and wide ex-
perience, he held many public offices. Extensively engaged
in farming and stock raising, he took an active, intelligent
interest in the affairs of the college, conscientiously perform-
ing every duty assigned him. In expression of their esteem,
the trustees of the college at the first meeting held after his
death passed the following resolutions : —

Whereas, Death has removed our associate, Col. Joseph A.
Harwood of Littleton, October, 1896, for ten years a member of
the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
therefore, be it |

Resolved, That we now, in annual meeting assembled, place on
our records our expression of the high appreciation of his services
on the Board, and the esteem in which we shall always hold his
memory.

fesolved, That these resolutions be incorporated in the report of
the trustees, and that a copy be transmitted to his family.

His place on the Board was filled by the appointment
of Charles L. Flint of Brookline. Francis H. Appleton
having resigned, Nathaniel I. Bowditch of Framingham
was appointed to serve for the remainder of his term.

The several appropriations made by the State have been
carefully expended for the purposes named. The Clark
property, embracing some 20 acres, has been purchased,
and the ground partially prepared for setting out orchards.
The addition to the laboratories of the experiment depart-
ment has been satisfactorily completed. By prolonging the
two wings 55 feet, joining them by a transverse section
and throwing a sky-light over the intervening space, 1,220
square feet additional room has been secured, much needed
for work, and about the same additional space for storing
apparatus when not in use, and for exhibiting fertilizer and

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

concentrated food material. The heating apparatus is being
rapidly put in position, and a new and improved gas machine,
fitted up with a mixing regulator of air and gas, has been
purchased. The increasing demands upon the department
for analyses of fertilizers and fertilizing materials, water,
dairy products and feeds can now be more promptly and
efficiently satisfied.

It is too early yet to ascertain how far the eleven short
winter courses established this year meet the requirements
of those whose circumstances forbid a longer stay at the
college. The effort has been made to make them as prac-
tical as possible, along such lines as experience has shown
to be most helpful. To benefit the many and “to give
instruction,” as is finely written over one of the archways
in the great library at Washington, “to those who cannot
procure it for themselves” is the sole aim of these winter
courses. In the brief time allotted, the instruction must —
be more or less elementary in its character; but the double
courses provided permit concentrated attention upon a given
subject in one year, or continuous study in successive years.
The increasing activity of women in the industrial pursuits,
and the consequent demand for instruction, has led to the
opening of special elective courses for them, in such branches
as botany, entomology, floriculture, fruit culture, market
gardening and the dairy. |

The success attending the elective courses of the senior
year has been so marked that an effort is being made, while
in no wise departing from the purpose for which the college
was founded, to specialize at an earlier point in the ‘course.
It is hoped that before another twelve months the adjust-
ment of related studies will have been completed, and the
plan submitted for your approval. The study of descriptive
geometry in the winter term of junior year has been dis-
continued, and in its place has been substituted a course of
practical work in laboratory physics. An elective course
of lectures in history is offered to the senior class.

The two subjects at the present moment lying uppermost
in the minds of the farmers and horticulturists of this State
are plant diseases and animal diseases. No other questions
are of such vital importance; no others affect them more

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. Sea"

closely. The changed and in some respects unnatural con-
ditions, resulting from forcing plants to produce bloom and
fruit out of season, have resulted in the introduction of a
large number of new diseases, with which growers under
glass find themselves unable to cope. Mildews, fungous
erowths, nematodes are all doing their deadly work, and
many cases have been reported to us where fully one-half
the entire crop of cucumbers, tomatoes or lettuce has been
ruined. The same holds true in the raising of pinks, violets,
roses and other flowers for the market. Statistics show that
in 1891 there were 562 persons in Massachusetts engaged in
nurseries alone, that some $6,000,000 capital was invested
in greenhouses, orchards and nurseries, and that the damage
annually done by disease and insect foes was rapidly increas-
ing. The demands made upon college and station for in-
formation and relief are unceasing. Scarcely a day passes
but diseased plants, spotted leaves or nematode-affected roots
are sent in for examination and determination. The college
should be in condition to promptly respond to these cries for _
aid; but the appliances at hand are altogether too meagre
for the vast field of inquiry which has been opened. Com-
mon-sense is a first-class physician, and can take care of the
ordinary mumps or measles or scarlet-fever form of disease
to which plants are subject; but when it comes to tracing
out some new and obscure ailment, trained men are needed.
These diseases can only be studied by specialists. They
must first be investigated in the laboratory and their life
histories made out, and afterwards the different remedies
applied in the greenhouse, where the conditions of light,
heat, moisture, etc., are under control. The glass houses
already on the grounds were built for other ends, and have
each their specific work to perform; they cannot be utilized
for this purpose. The one attached to the division of vege-
table pathology and plant disease is entirely inadequate for
such investigations, and requires complete renovation to put
it in effective condition. To change its position so that it
shall receive the full benefit of the morning and afternoon
light, to thoroughly reconstruct and equip it, so that ex-
perimentation can be carried on with different diseases at
the same time, an appropriation of $1,500 is asked. This

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

amount is based upon plans and contract prices already
submitted. The study of botany has entirely changed in
character during the last few years. The great object which
Bacon proposed to himself in setting forth the advantages of
the inductive method of philosophy was j/ruzt, the improve-
ment of the condition of mankind. So, now, the study of
botany is approached from its utilitarian side, from that side
which shall bear fruit and be helpful to mankind. The mi-
croscopic structure of the plant itself, the acquaintance with
the lower forms of fungous growth, the recognition of dis-
ease, have become such important factors that a class room
without a laboratory, where the pupil can dissect and inves-
tigate for himself, is like a carpenter endeavoring to work
without tools. The agricultural college should be especially
prepared to give such instruction. Its laboratory, however,
is so small that it is found impossible to accommodate a class

of over a dozen. Three years ago, before the wants of the

department were properly estimated, an appropriation of
$200 was asked and granted. It was, however, found to be
so entirely inadequate that it was covered back into the
State treasury. An appropriation of $1,200 is now asked,
to enlarge the laboratory 18 feet, furnish proper light and
ventilation and provide the necessary stands and equipment.

Census returns in 1890 place the valuation of domestic
animals in this country at over two billion dollars, and it
has been computed that there is an annual loss of six per
cent. resulting from disease, most of which is preventable.
One hundred and twenty million dollars lost annually through
carelessness, ignorance or disregard of nature’s laws! In
1896 there were in this State 174,167 cows and 38,434 neat
cattle other than cows. Horses, sheep and swine swell the
total to 485,830 animals. An annual six per cent. loss on
the sixteen million dollars valuation of this stock, most of
which we are told is preventable, is surely too high a price
to pay for lack of knowledge. The report of the veterina-
rian so clearly sets forth the necessity of providing facilities
for enlarging the scope of his department and improving it
along certain lines for the benefit of student and citizen that
I incorporate it as a part of my report: —

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19

At present the equipment of the department consists of an
exceptionally complete collection of papier-maché models, several
dissections, dry and alcoholic preparations of normal and diseased
tissues, and some charts for class-room work, together with a small
room 12 by 15 feet for a laboratory. ‘This contains apparatus
consisting of incubator, hot-air and steam sterilizers, microtome,
microscope, etc., necessary for ordinary bacteriological and patho-
logical laboratory work. The room, being small and having only
one window, affords working space for a single person. The
nature of the work possible under existing conditions is limited
by the want of a suitable place in which to keep such animals as
are indispensable for original investigation. The laboratory and
its equipment, primarily intended simply for preparing material for
the class room, have been employed as far as possible in carrying
on the investigations conducted by the department, the results of —
which have been published in the bulletins of the Hatch Experi-
ment Station. In the past, considerable quantities of material
from diseased animals have been sent in by farmers and other per-
sons from various localities in the State. This has been examined,
and a report of the same, with brief mention of the cause, means
of treating, arresting or preventing the disease, returned to the
sender. In those cases where it has been necessary to use animals
for experiment in the study required, I have been obliged to keep
them in the cellar of my house, for want of a place at the college.
With the present arrangements, the simple microscopic study of
material is all that can be carried on successfully.

That portion of the Zodlogical Museum set apart for the use of
the veterinary department is full to overflowing. There are valu-
able specimens on hand that cannot be put on exhibition for the
want of space. Much that has been placed in the cases cannot be
seen to good advantage, owing to the crowded condition.

Briefly stated, under existing conditions the department is con-
fined to two lines of work, viz., instruction to the students in the
class room and simple laboratory examinations of such specimens
as are sent in by farmers and others. In connection with the for-
mer, the material in the museum is utilized for purposes of illus-
tration. Occasional clinical demonstrations are held.

An increase to the equipment of the department would greatly
enlarge the scope and value of its work. The first requisite is a
laboratory building, including suitable quarters for small animals
to be used in experiment. It should also contain a museum, a lect-
ure room, and such accessory rooms as are always necessary in a
building of this description. So far as Iam aware, there does not
exist a place in the State having for its prime object the study

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

of the diseases of the domestic animals. I believe investigations
could be made in this line of work at the college, to the great ad-
vantage of students, stock owners and veterinarians. Although
no special effort has been made to encourage farmers to send
material from diseased animals for examination, there have been
received from time to time a considerable number of specimens.
This division of the work would be enlarged, and valuable assist-
ance rendered the stock raisers and dairymen. . There are many
of the more remote rural districts in which the services of a com-
petent veterinarian are not available ; in such places the veterinary
department of the college could render assistance without doing
the practitioner an injustice. Aside from such service rendered
directly to the farmer, the same plan could be followed with the
veterinarians throughout the State. It frequently happens that
there occur in practice obscure cases which the average practitioner
has neither the time nor the apparatus to investigate. This is
particularly true with some of the contagious diseases, not under
control of the State Board of Cattle Commissioners, in which
inoculation experiments and careful microscopic examinations are
essential to a speedy and correct diagnosis.

In the teaching of veterinary science, as in all others, the
“ objective method” is particularly valuable. It is impossible for
a student to recognize a disease of which he has only a class-room
knowledge. Practical demonstration is essential. ‘The use of ma-
terial sent in during the past few years has proved of great bene-
fit to the students. A laboratory in which each one could study
for himself such specimens, as well as the form and habits of the
disease producing micro-organisms, would increase the value of
the department greatly. To familiarize the agricultural student
with the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and.prevention of those com-
mon maladies which are hereditary and preventable, to familiar-
ize him with the causes, means of propagation and prevention of
animal plagues, should be the chief aim in teaching this science.
in agricultural colleges. This can only be done by combining
practical laboratory work with class-room exercises.

With the development of the subject of diagnosis and treatment
of disease by the use of bacterial products, the department might
properly undertake, for distribution among the farmers, the prep-
aration of such of these substances as should be proven of value.
The “bacteriology of the dairy” has been during the past few
years the subject of careful study. The good results obtained thus
far would seem to indicate the necessity for more extended experi-
ment and research.

From what has already been urged, it must be apparent that

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 21

more extended quarters are needed for museum purposes. _ Sit-
uated as the college is, in a comparatively small town, the amount
of clinical material is necessarily Hmited, so that at the desired
time it is frequently impossible to obtain the fresh specimens
needed to supplement class-room work. Under such circum-
stances a well-stocked museum is indispensable to obtain satis-
factory results.

Believing that there is a growing demand for the study of ani-
mal pathology and bacteriology, and that the benefits accruing to
students, stock raisers, dairymen, poultry producers and others
interested in animal industry would be of sufficient magnitude to
warrant the cost of construction of suitable buildings and the
equipment of the same, I hereby petition the trustees of the college
to take the steps requisite for procuring the funds needed to pro-

vide the same.
Respectfully submitted,

Jas. Bb. Paren,
Veterinarian.

Plans for buildings especially adapted for this purpose —
a laboratory with lecture room and culture room, equipped
and complete, with cages for keeping the smaller animals on
which experiments are to be tried; a barn, so constructed
that patients can be absolutely isolated, and built of such
material as to ensure perfect disinfection — would demand
a large outlay. The magnitude of the interests at stake, the
great value to the community at large, the importance in an
educational point of view, warrant such appropriation. It is
hoped that at no distant day it may be realized.

Adequate water supply is one of the first requisites in all
civilized communities, whether for purposes of sanitation or
protection from fire. The present system, inaugurated at
the college some twenty-five years ago, fails utterly in both
respects. Corrosion and tuberculation of the pipes, and
frequent breakages of the main, leave the college at times
without any supply whatsoever, so that, if a fire should break
out, not a drop of water would be available for the protection
of buildings erected by the State at an expense of a quarter
of a million of dollars. The diameter of the pipes, only three
inches, is entirely too small for the protection of buildings
scattered over an area a mile in extent. ‘Twice it has hap-
pened that the college has been left without water, for

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan.

protection from fire, for washing purposes and flushing of
the closets, and for the boilers of the electric light plant. It
is not only a menace to the health of the students, but a con-
stant danger from fire. The full details are set forth in the
report of our civil engineer, herewith submitted : —

AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 4, 1897.
President HENRY H. GOODELL,

Dear Sir:—I submit to you herewith a report of my inves-
tigation of the Massachusetts Agricultural College water supply
and fire protection, made in accordance with your request.

PRESENT HYDRANT PRESSURE TESTED.

Dec. 12, 1896, with the assistance of Lieutenant Wright and
Mr. Wallace, I tested the water pressure at all of the college
hydrants, the method of testing employed being as follows: a
siamese, two-way gated coupling, kindly loaned by the Amherst
fire department, with a pressure gauge on one of its branches,
was attached to the hydrant. By means of it the static pressure
at the hydrant was observed, after which fifty feet of rubber-
lined hose of fair quality, with one and one-eighth inch conical
“smooth” nozzle, was attached to the free branch of the siamese
coupling. ‘The water was then allowed to flow, and its pressure
at the hydrant was observed again, with the one stream flowing,
and note was made of the character and force of the fire stream.
From this data was computed the quantity of water discharged
per minute. The result of the test of the six above-mentioned
hydrants is shown in Table A.

TaBLE A. — Test of Hydrant Pressure.

\

ie) PRESSURE AND ZES
222 ||\Quantity at Hy-| QAd3
oa DRANT.* eeu
LOCATION OF HYDRANT. wae a a >
ges Gallons age ry
Sao Pressure per 5 ah 3
D ~A ||(Pounds).| winute. ia oO
Lower barn (M. A.C.) hydrant, . 110 18 135-+- 50 Broken and
no good.
North college (back of) hydrant, . 97 22 150-+- 60+- | Broken ha
no good.
South college hydrant, . Sear 92 21 150-++- 75 Broken and
no good.
Drill hall hydrant, . ° ‘ ; 88 21 150-+- 75 Broken and
no good.
Plant house (Durfee) hydrant, . 80 36 190+- 90 Broken and
no good.
Town hydrant, near Bangs house, 87 58 240-++- || 150to175| Good.

* With one stream running through fifty feet of two and one-half inch hose and one and
one-eighth inch smooth nozzle.

Notge.—A good fire stream consists of a discharge of 240 to 250 gallons per minute
(through a one and one eighth inch nozzle).

1897.} PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 23

In comment thereon it should be said that at not a single one of
the college hydrants was an adequate pressure or quantity of water
obtained. With the exception of the stream at the plant house
hydrant, which was an indifferent one, all were “feeble” or “very
feeble” fire-streams. At the water company’s hydrant alone
(situated near the Bangs house), of all those tested, was a good
fire-stream obtained. It will be further observed, that the val-
uable Hatch station buildings, laboratories and barns are abso-
lutely without fire protection, there being no hydrants nearer
than north college, the one and one-quarter inch (reduced to
one inch) pipe leading to the station being too small even to
supply the laboratories and lavatories at the same time, much
less to furnish a fire-stream with which to protect the build-
ings. The boarding-house, Hatch barn and the Walker’s house
are in the same plight, while the position of the library and
other college buildings, with the present pipe system, is little
better.

Cause oF INADEQUATE HYDRANT PRESSURE.

The cause of our insufficient water supply is to be found in the
small size of our pipes, which under a considerable draught of
water so reduce the water pressure, through frictional losses, as to
make it impossible to obtain a single good fire-stream at any of the
hydrants. It might also be added that the carrying capacity of
the present wrought-iron pipe system has no doubt been consider-
ably reduced by corrosion and tuberculation of the inner surfaces
of the pipes. The whole college supply is at present delivered
through a three-inch wrought-iron pipe laid about twenty years
ago, badly corroded, leading from the water company’s six-inch
main near the Stockbridge house to the drill hall, thence by a four-
inch main to the north college hydrant, where it divides, one three-
inch branch leading to the barn, the other branch, a two-inch pipe,
reduced to one and one-quarter inch (and then one inch), supply-
ing the boarding-house and Hatch station. The plant house, too, is
supplied by a three-inch main, which is reduced to one inch lead-
ing therefrom to the museum, barn and Professor Maynard’s house.

REMEDY.

The remedy for our insufficient water pressure is perhaps obvi-
ously the substitution of pipes of larger diameter for our present
mains. The present pipes need not be disturbed, but new and
larger mains are absolutely necessary, if adequate fire protection
is to be obtained. Briefly stated, the proposed changes consist

24 © AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

of tapping the water company’s main at the junction of the

roads near the insectary, and laying a six-inch pipe from this |
point to the Hatch Experiment Station buildings by way ot the
road leading by the south end of the pond, past the library,
south college, north college and over the ravine to the Hatch
station, where the size of the pipe will be reduced to four inches
in diameter leading to the feeding barns, etc., on the county
road beyond the station. A six-inch branch will be laid to the
college barn, with four-inch branches at its extremities, supplymg
hydrants on the north and south side of the barn. A four-inch
branch will be laid to a hydrant opposite the boarding-house, and
the water company’s six-inch main near the Stockbridge house will
be continued to a hydrant near the north-west corner of the botanic
museum. Additional hydrants and gates will of course be required
and are shown in detail on the plan.

Cost.

The following table (Table B) gives a summarized account of
the probable cost of the required improvements, in which is in-
cluded the purchase of new hose: —

TasLe B.— Estimate of Cost of Improvements.

5,250 feet six-inch cast-iron ei and speciais, furnished and

FS) . $3,675 00
1,600 feet four- Aes onsite pipe seen specials furnished
and laid, ; : ; 800 00
Service-pipe work, new posusaone: tapping, Peto 200. 00
11 hydrants, . ' : . 275 00
7 six-inch gates and 2 fornia ie : : 90 00
500 feet hose, fittings, ete, . ; 300 00
Engineering and supervision ten per bent, Faved) on con-
struction, . : ‘ , . : 460 00
Total, : ; ; ; . 3 : ; ; . $5,800 00

FurRTHER IMPROVEMENTS ADVISED.

In addition to the above-mentioned improvements, which are
deemed imperative, the advisability of still further perfecting our
system by the construction of a small reservoir on the hill east of
the plant house, and connecting it with our pipe system by a six-
inch main, suitably gated, is urged upon you.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 25

The necessity for such a reservoir is found in the inconvenience
and danger to which we have been and are repeatedly subjected
by the temporary discontinuance of the town water supply, due to
breaks in the town main, etc. On several occasions during the
past year the college water supply has given out suddenly, and
been shut down for so long a period as to necessitate the drawing
of fires in our boilers, the shutting down of our electric lighting
and power plant, the serious fouling of sewers and closets, with
attendant offensiveness and danger of causing sickness among the
students, etc., and rendering us absolutely powerless in the event
of fire. All of this might be obviated by the construction of a
small reservoir on the hill, of a capacity of several days’ water
supply, which would tide us over the discontinuance of the town
water supply, furnishing us not only with the water ordinarily
required, but also with a limited fire supply. The additional cost
of such improvements would be about $2,500.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, I desire to urge upon you again the advisability
of making the first-mentioned improvement, at least. for fire
protection our present system is but one step removed from the
old-fashioned well and bucket system, in that, while we can get
some water through a hose, we cannot get it in sufficient quantity
or under effective pressure. The long list of past fires at the
college, with its attendant losses, is certainly suggestive, if not
impressive. Among the buildings wholly or partially destroyed by
fire in the past twenty years are the following: the Durfee plant
house, main building, was completely destroyed by fire about four-
teen years ago; south college, entirely destroyed about eleven
years ago; north college has passed through several small fires ;
the M. A. C. barn was completely destroyed a few years ago, —
as was one of the Hatch barns a few years before it. Besides
these, there have been numerous other small blazes, unnecessary
to chronicle at this time.

Certainly with our present pipe system the hope of making
effective resistance against fire is very small.

Respectfully submitted,
LEonaRD METCALF.

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Recapitulating briefly, the following appropriations are
asked : —

1. For renovating the greenhouse in the experiment depart-
ment of plant disease, ; . $1,500
2. For increasing the educational gaciitien for akan hoteie
by providing laboratory room, . ; ; : ae
8. For painting and renovating the old ata abies Pe
4. For providing adequate water supply, laying one mile of
six-inch pipe and building a reservoir to be used in
emergencies, : ; : . 8,300

(ee ee

Totaly. { : : : : : . $12,000
Respectfully submitted, by order of the trustees,

HENRY H. GOODELL,

President.
AMHERST, Jan. 1, 1897.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

THE CORPORATION.

JAMES 8S. GRINNELL of Greenrrecp,
CHARLES L. FLINT of Broox.iye,
WILLIAM H. BOWKER of Bosroy,

J. D. W. FRENCH of Bosron, ;

J. HOWE DEMOND of Norrnamperon, .
ELMER D. HOWE of Marrzorovuagu,
NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH of oe
WILLIAM WHEELER of Concorp,

ELIJAH W. WOOD of West Newroy,
CHARLES A. GLEASON of New Brarnrres,
JAMES DRAPER of Worcester, .

SAMUEL C. DAMON of. Lancaster,
HENRY S. HYDE of SprincGFie.p,

MERRITT I. WHEELER of Great Pica ‘

Members Ex Officio.

27

Term expires.

1898
1898
1899
1899
1900
1900
1901
1901
1902
1902
1903
1903
1904
1904

His ExceLLency GovERNOoR ROGER WOLCOTT,

President of the Corporation.
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College.

FRANK A. HILL, Secretary of the Board of Education.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

JAMES S. GRINNELL of GREENFIELD,

Vice-President of the Corporation.

GEORGE F. MILLS of Amuerst, Treasurer.

CHARLES A. GLEASON of New BRAINTREE, Auditor.

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Committee on Finance and Buildings.*

JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE.
J. HOWE DEMOND. SAMUEL C. DAMON.
CHARLES A. GLEASON, Chairman.

Committee on Course of Study and Faculty.*:

WILLIAM H. BOWKER. ELMER D. HOWE.
CHARLES L. FLINT. J.D. W: TEERNCE
WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman.

Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments.*

ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER.
NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH. MERRITT I. WHEELER.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman.

Committee on Experiment Department.*

CHARLES A. GLEASON. ELIJAH W. WOOD.
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman.

—_— 1 ___.

Board of Overseers.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Examining Committee of Overseers.

A. C. VARNUM (Chairman), ’ or LOWELL.

GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, or FircuBureG.

E. A. HARWOOD, , ; : or Norru BrRooKkFiELD.
JOHN BURSLEY, . ; , : or West BARNSTABLE.
C. K. BREWSTER, ; ' : OF WORTHINGTON.

* The president of the college is ex officio a member of each of these com-
mittees.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 99

The Faculty.
HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., President,
Professor of Modern Languages.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.Sc.,
Professor of Horticulture.

CHARLES WELLINGTON, Pu.D.,
Associate Professor of Chemistry.

CHARLES H. FERNALD, Pu.D.,
Professor of Zoology.

Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Pu.D.,
Professor of Mental and Political Science.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sc.,*
Professor of Agriculture.

GEORGE F. MILLS, M.A.,
Professor of English and Latin.

JAMES B. PAIGE, D.V.S.,
Professor of Veterinary Science.

LEONARD METCALF, B.S.,
Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering.

GEORGE E. STONE, Pu.D.,
Professor of Botany.

HERMAN BABSON, M.A.,_
Assistant Professor of English.

EDWARD R. FLINT, Pu.D.,
Assistant Professor of Chemistry.

* On leave.

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [| Jan.

FRED S. COOLEY, B.Sc.,
Assistant Professor of Agriculture.

RICHARD S. LULL, B.S.
Assistant Professor of Zodlogy

RALPH E. SMITH, B.Sc.,
Instructor in German and Botany.

PHILIP B. HASBROUCK, B.S.,
Assistant Professor of Mathematics.

WILLIAM M. WRIGHT, Ist Lrevt., 2p Inrantry, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

ROBERT W. LYMAN, LL.D.,
Lecturer on Farm Law.

HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D.,
Librarian.

—_———

Graduates of 1896.*

Master of Science.

Kirkland, Archie Howard, . ‘ » Norwich.
Smith, Frederic Jason, : ; - North Hadley.

Bachelor of Science.

Burrington, Horace Clifton (Boston

Univ. ), ; Charlemont.
Clapp, Frank ial (Heston Duiv. " Dorchester.
Cook, Allen Bradford (Boston Univ.), Petersham.
De Luce, Francis Edmond (Boston |

Univ.), ; Warren.
Edwards, Harry T aula ( Baden fae, ), Chesterfield.
Fletcher, Stephen Whitcomb (Boston

Univ.), : ! ; «, mock,
Hammar, James Fabens_ (Boston
Univ.), é ig ee ' . Swampscott.

Harper, Walter Benjamin, . , . Wakefield.
Jones, Benjamin Kent sada Univ.), Middlefield.

* The annual report, being yeaa)’ in Suites: ‘peceanirlly theiades parts of two
academic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1896.

1897.)

Kinney, Asa Stephen (Boston Univ.),
Kramer, Albin Maximilian (Boston
Univ.), ‘
Leamy, Patrick Arthur feioston tet ),
Marshall, James Laird (Boston Univ.),
Moore, Henry Ward (Boston Univ.),
Nutting, Charles Allen (Boston Univ.),
Pentecost, William Lewis (Boston
Univ.),
Poole, Erford Wilson Pcaton tae. ),
Poole, Isaac Chester (Boston Univ.),
Read, Frederick Henry (Boston Univ.),
Roper, Harry Howard (Boston Univ.),
Saito, Seijiro (Boston Univ.), .
Sastré de Veraud, Salomé aes
Univ.), :
Sellew, Merle Edgar Usoston ae .
Shaw, Frederic Bridgman (Boston
Univ.), ‘
Shepard, Lucius ae fenton nity, :
Shultis, Newton (Boston Univ.),
Tsuda, George (Boston Univ.),.

Dickinson, Asa Williams (’74) (Bos-
ton Univ.),
Lewis, Henry Waldo (95) Boston
Univ.), : :
Total,

Senior Class.

Allen, Harry Francis,
Allen, John William,
Armstrong, Herbert Julius,
Barry, John Marshall,
Bartlett, James Lowell,
Cheney, Liberty Lyon,
Clark, Lafayette Franklin,
Drew, George Albert,
Emrich, John Albert,
Goessmann, Charles Ignatius,
King, Charles Austin,*

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

d1

Worcester.

Clinton.
Petersham.

South Lancaster.
Worcester.

North Leominster.

Worcester.

North Dartmouth.

North Dartmouth.

Wilbraham.

East Hubbardston.
Nemuro, Japan.

Tabasco, Mexico.
East Longmeadow.

South Amherst.
Oakdale.
Medford.
Tok o, Japan.

Jersey City, N. J.

Rockland.

Northborough.
Northborough.
Sunderland.
Boston.
Salisbury.
Southbridge.
West Brattleboro’,
Westford.
Amherst.
Amherst.

East Taunton.

Vt.

* Died at Amherst April 16, 1896, from pneumonia.

32

Leavens, George Davison, .
Norton, Charles Ayer,
Palmer, Clayton Franklin, .
Peters, Charles Adams, . :
Smith, Jr., Philip Henry,

Total,

Junior Class.

Adjemian, Avedis Garrabet,
Baxter, Charles Newcomb,
Charmbury, Thomas Herbert,
Clark, Clifford Gay, .
Eaton, Julian Stiles, .
Fisher, Willis Sikes, .
Kinsman, Willard Quincy, .
Montgomery, Jr., Alexander,
Nickerson, John Peter,
Warden, Randall Duncan, .
Wiley, Samuel William,
Wright, George Henry,

Total,

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

‘South Hadley Falls.

[ Jan.

Brooklyn Heights, N. Y.
Lynn.

Stockbridge.

Worcester.

16

Kharpoot, Turkey.
Quincy.
Amberst.
Sunderland.
Nyack. IN, oe
Ludlow.
Ipswich.
Natick.
West Harwich.
Roxbury.
Amherst.
Deerfield.

? 12

Sophomore Class.

Armstrong, William Henry,

Beaman, Dan Ashley, ; ,
Boutelle, Albert Arthur, . ; .
Canto, Ysidro Herrera,

Chapin, William Edward, .

Chapman, John Chauncey, . , ;
Courtney, Howard Scholes,

Dana, Herbert Warner,

Davis, John Alden,

Dickinson, Carl Clifton,

Dutcher, John Remson,

Hinds, Warren Elmer,

Holt, Henry Day,*

Hooker, William Anson,

Hubbard, George Caleb,

Keenan, George Francis,

Cambridge.
Leverett.
Leominster.
Cansaheat, Yucatan.
Chicopee.
Amherst.
Attleborough.
South Amherst.
Kast Longmeadow.
South Amherst.
Nyack, N. Y.
‘Townsend.
Amherst.

Amherst.
Sunderland.
Boston.

* Killed by accidental discharge of gun at North Hadley, Aug. 5, 1896.

1897.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 33

Maynard, Howard Eddy,
Pingree, Melvin Herbert,
Sharpe, Edward Hewett,
Smith, Bernard Howard,
Smith, Carl William, .
Smith, Samuel Eldredge,
Stacy, Clifford Eli,

Turner, Frederick Harvey,
Walker, Charles Morehouse,

Wright, Edwin Monroe,
Total, :

Amherst.
Denmark, Me.
Northfield.
Middlefield.
Melrose.
Middlefield.
Gloucester.
Housatonic.
Amherst.
Manteno, Ill.
26

Freshman Class.

Atkins, Edwin Kellogg,
Baker, Howard,
Crane, Henry Lewis, .

Crowell, Jr., Charles Augustus, .

Crowell, Warner Rogers,
Frost, Arthur Forrester,
Gile, Alfred Dewing,
Halligan, James Edward,
Harmon, Arthur Atwell,
Hull, Edward Taylor,
Hunting, Nathan Justus,
Kellogg, James William,

Landers, Morris Bernard, .

Lewis, James,
March, Allen Lucas, .

Monahan, Arthur Coleman,

Morrill, Austin Winfield,
Munson, Mark Hayes,

Ovalie Barros, Julio Moises,
Parmenter, George Freeman,

Risley, Clayton Erastus,
Rogers, William Berry,

Saunders, Edward Boyle, .

Stanley, Francis Guy,

Thompson, George Harris Austin,

Walker, Henry Earl, .
West, Albert: Merril,
Total,

North Amherst.
Dudley.

Ellis.

Everett.

Everett.

South Monmouth, Me.
Worcester.
Roslindale.
Chelmsford.
Greenfield Hill, Conn.
Shutesbury.
Amherst.
Bondsville.
Fairhaven.
Ashfield.

South Framingham.
Tewksbury.
Huntington.
Santiago, Chile.
Dover.

Plainfield, N. J.
Cambridge.
Southwick.
Springfield.
Lancaster.
Vineyard Haven.
Brookville.

bo
~l

34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Graduates’ Two-Years Course,

Alexander, Leon Rutherford, . . Kast Northfield.
Barrett, Frederick Eugene, : . Framingham.
Capen, Elwyn Winslow, . . Stoughton.
Coleman, Robert Parker, . : . West Pittsfield.
Davis, John Alden, . ‘ ; . East Longmeadow.
Dickinson, Harry Porter, . . ' Sunderland.
Lincoln, Leon Emory, : , . Taunton.
Total, : : ‘ : ‘ P : : : 7

Second Year.

Ashley, Henry Simeon, . ; . East Longmeadow.

Burrington, John Cecil, .. ; . Charlemont.
Colburn, Charles Day, : : . Westford.

Dye, Willie Arius, . . Sheffield.
Humphrey, Charles Tera! . Amherst.
Merriman, Francis Evander, ‘ . Boston.
Pendleton, Charles Bemis, . : . Willimansett.
Perry, Edward King, ; : . Brookline.

Sastré de Veraud, César, . ; . Tabasco, Mexico.

Total, ; ; : : : : ‘ : : 9

Graduate Course,

For Degree of M.S.

surgess, Albert Franklin, . - Rockland.
Kinney, Asa Stephen, ‘ : - Worcester.
Total, . . © e . ° > e e 2

Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station.

Crocker, B.Se., Charles Stoughton

(Boston Univ.), . . Sunderland.
Hammar, B.Se., James Fabens (Bos-

ton Univ.), . ; . Swampscott.
Haskins, B.Se., Henri Darwin (Boston

Univ.), , ; ; . North Amherst.

ae —

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

Holland, B.Se., Edward Bertram ipa
ton Univ.), :

Putnam, B.Se., Joseph ee iow
ton Univ.), . °

Smith, B.Sce., fe ebar fade Boston
Univ.), :

Thomson, B.Sc., Pray Martin ‘oss
ton Uniy.), ,

Todd, Frederick Eins.

White, B.Sc., Edward Albert (aiken
Univ.), ;

Total,

Amherst.

West Sutton.

Amherst.

Monterey.
Dorchester.

Ashby.

Special Student.

Cross, Edward Winslow,
Total,

Summary.
Graduate course : —

For degree of M.S., . : a

Four-years course : —

Graduates of 1896, . é :
Senior class,

Junior class,

Sophomore class, : : p
Freshman class, .

Two-years course : —

Graduates of 1896, . ‘ '

Second year, . : ° ,
Resident graduates, . ° ° ‘
Special student, : : : :

Total,

Entered twice, .

Total, , ‘ :

Manchester, N. H.

ays)

9

° ih
2
31
16
£2
26
27
gi
9
9
1

—— 140

2

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

36

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38

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

SHORT WINTER COURSES.

[ All courses optional. ]

AGRICULTURE.

[ Jan.

I. General Agriculture.

IT. Animal Husbandry.

1. Soils and operations upon them, 1. Introduction, . :
drainage, irrigation, ete., . 4 10 2. Location and soil, -. ; : .
2. Farm implements and machinery, . 5 3. Building, . : : : 7 *
8. Manures and fertilizers, . 2 : 10 4. Breeds of cattle,* . .
4. Crops of the farm, characteristics, 5. Breeds of horses, . ‘ -
management, etc., ° é : 10 6. Grain and fodder crops,* ° ‘
5. Crop rotation, . ° : . 2 7. Foods and feeding,* . : 6
6. Harm book-keeping, : : 3 5 8. Extra, : 4 . ‘ 4 ,
7. Agricultural economics, : : 17
8. Farm, dairy and poultry manage- Lis icalaec ies pa aie Ui sl
ment, . . R . 2 11
Total hours, . ‘ : 64.
* With dairy course.
DAIRYING.
III. Lectures and Class-room Work. Ill. Lectures, etc. —Concluded.
1. The soil and crops,. F ° 22 8. Composition and physical pe-
2. The dairy breeds and cattle wee. culiarities of milk; conditions
ing, : " ‘ 4 22 which affect creaming, churn-
3. Stable Sea dtreladiite and suuiteation! ing, methods of testing and pres-
care of cattle, 4 ‘ : : 11 ervation, s é ° i
4. Common diseases of stock, their 9. Milk testing, . 6 :
prevention and treatment, . ; 11 10. Butter making, . , : °
5. Foods and feeding, . : J 5 11 11. Practice in aeration, pasteuriza-
6. Book-keeping for the dairy farm tion, : y r ‘ :
and butter factory, . : ' 22
7. Pasteurization and preparation it Total hours, i y c i
milk on physicians’ prescrip-
tions, . ° ° . 3 : i
HORTICULTURE.
IV. Fruit Culture. V. Floriculture — Concluded.
1. Introduction, . ° ; : 1 5. Insects and fungi which attack
2. Propagation of fruit trees by seed, greenhouse plants, . ; .
budding, grafting, forming the eink Gieuren) '
head, digging, planting, pruning,
training, cultivation, etc., . ; 28 VI. Market Gardening.
3. Insects and fungous diseases, ° pate 1. Introduction, equipment, tools,
Total hours, . 2 : 32 manures, fertilizers, etc., . ,
2. Greenhouse construction and heat-
V. Floriculture. ing, ; : 4 i i i
1. Greenhouse construction and heat- 3, Forcing vegetables under glass,
ing, ° . : ° 6 4. Seed growing by the market gar-
2. Propagation of wisdlisctes and dener, . 4 J ; 4
other plants by seed, cuttings, 5. Special treatment required by me
grafting, etc., ; ° : : 3 crop, . F ; F
8. Cultivation of rose, carnation, 6. Insects and fungi, with sermaciens
chrysanthemum and orchids, . 12
4. Propagation and care of green- Total hous.) ese .
10

house and bedding plants, . °

156

bo

1897.]

BOTANY.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

39

Vil. Lectures on Injurious Fungi of the

VIIZ. Lectures and Demonstrations on

Farm, Garden, Greenhouse, Or- ‘“* How Plants Grow.”
chard and Vineyard.
y 1. Introduction, . , F : 1
1. Introduction, . . . . 2 2. The parts ofaplant, . : 1
2. Nature and structure of rusts, 4 3. Structure of the cell and plant in
3. Nature and structure of smuts, 4 general, . : 4 : : |
4. Nature and structure of mildews, . 4 4. Functions of root,stem and leaves, 3
5. Nature and structure of rots, 4 5. Food of plant obtained from air, . 3
6. Beneficial fungi of roots, ae Ns4 2 6. Food of plant obtained from soil, 3
7. HEdiblemushrooms,. . 2 7. Transference and elaboration of
Total hours, . “ ‘ . 22 food, . ; 5 : i , 2
8. Growth of plants, . ° 2
9. Effects of light, moisture, nee
and cold, ; 2
10. Root tubercles on pea iad ECE |
11. Cross fertilization of flowers, é 1
Total hours, . ; . ; 2
CHEMISTRY.
IX. General ‘Agricultural Chemistry. Be eas of the Dairy.

b
a

Introduction, . ; 2
The fourteen elements of nario.

ural chemistry, . 3 : - 14
3. The physical properties of milk, . 13
Analysis of milk, butter, cheese

and other dairy products, . . 13
5. Chemistry of the manufacture of
dairy products, . : ; : 13

Total hours, . ; ‘ ‘ 55

1. Introduction, . . : ! .

2. The fourteen elements of agricult- 2.
ural chemistry, . 4

Kocks and soils, . :

. Theatmosphere, . a i :

The chemistry of erop-growing, .

. Fertilizers, . $ : 4 :

. Animal chemistry, . e .

STO oO eS
Cc 0c 0 sy COOH
ts

Total hours, . : ‘ . 55

ZOOLOGY.

XII. Insect Friends and Foes
Farmers.

XI. Animal Life on the Farm. of the

Total hours, . L : ; 22
Total hours, . 3 f g 33

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

GRADUATE COURSE.

1. Honorary degrees will not be conferred.

2. Applicants will not be eligible to the degree of M.S. until
they have received the degree of B.Sc. or its equivalent.

3. The faculty shall offer a course of study in each of the fol-
lowing subjects: mathematics and physics; chemistry; agricult-
ure; botany; horticulture; entomology; veterinary. Upon the
satisfactory completion of any two of these the applicant shall
receive the degree of M.S. This prescribed work may be done at
the Massachusetts Agricultural College or at any institution which
the applicant may choose; but in either case the degree shall be
conferred only after the applicant has passed an examination at
the college under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed.

4, Every student in the graduate course shall pay twenty-five
dollars to the treasurer of the college before receiving the degree
of M.S.

TEXT-BOOKS.

Gray —“ Manual.” American Book Company, New York.

Darwin and Acton —‘ Practical Physiology of Plants.” University
Press, Cambridge.

STRA USSBERGER — “ Practical Botany.” Swan, Sonnenschein & Co.,
London.

SORAUER—“ Physiology of Plants.” Longmans, Green & Co., New
York and London. :

GREINER —‘“* How to make the Garden pay.” Wm. Maule, Philadel-
phia.

Lone —“ Ornamental Gardening for Americans.” Orange Judd Com-
pany, New York

Tarr —‘“Greenhouse Construction” Orange Judd Company, New
York.

Wererep—“ Insects and Insecticides.” Orange Judd Company, New
York,

Weep —“ Fungi and Fungicides.” Orange Judd Company, New York.

FULLER — ‘“ Practical Forestry.” Orange Judd Company, New York.

MAYNARD —“* Practical Fruit Grower.” Orange Judd Company, New
York.

McA.Lrinre — ‘ low to know Grasses by their Leaves” David Douglas,
Edinburgh.
LODEMAN —‘“ The Spraying of Crops.” Macmillan & Co, New York.

SAUNDERS — “ Insects injurious to Fruits.” Lippincott & Co., Philadel-
phia.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. Al

ArkMaN — “ Manures and Manuring.” Blackwood & Sons, London.

Armssy — “ Manual of Cattle Feeding.” Wiley & Sons, New York.

Mites —“ Stock Breeding” JD. Appleton & Co, New York.

Curtis — “ Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine.” Orange Judd Company,
New York.

SHEPARD —‘“ Elementary Chemistry.” D.C. Heath & Co., Boston.

SToRER — “ Agriculture in Some of its Relations to Chemistry.” Chas.
Seribner’s Sons, New York.
RIcHTeR and SmirH—‘* Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry.” P. Black-

iston Son & Co., Philadelphia.
Murter — “ Analytical Chemistry.” P. Blackiston Son & Co., Philadel-
phia.

Roscor — “ Lessons in Elementary Chemistry.” Macmillan & Co.,
New York.
BERNTHSEN and McGowan —“‘ Text-book of Organic Chemistry ”

Blackie & Son, London.

REYNOLDS — ‘‘ Experimental Chemistry.” Longmans, Green & Co.,
New York and London.

Sutron — “ Volumetric Analysis.” J. & A. Churchill, London.

Dana —“ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.” John Wiley & Sons,
New York. |

THomson —‘* Commercial Arithmetic.” Maynard, Merrill & Co., New
York. |

MESERVEY —“‘ Single and Double Entry Book-keeping.” Thompson,
Brown & Co., Boston.

WELLS — “ College Algebra.” Leach, Shewell & Sanborn, Boston.

WELLS—‘“ Plane and Solid Geometry.” Leach, Shewell & Sanborn,
Boston.

WELLS — “ Essentials of Trigonometry.” Leach, Shewell & Sanborn,
Boston.

BowsErR — “ Analytic Geometry” D. Van Nostrand Company, New
York.

OsBorNE — “ Differential and Integral Calculus.” Leach, Shewell &
Sanborn, Boston.

GAGE — “ Principles of Physics.” Ginn & Co., Boston.

Davis —‘“ Elementary Meteorology.” Ginn & Co., Boston.

MERRIMAN and Brooks —“ Handbook for Surveyors.” John Wiley &
Sons, New York.

JOHNSON — ‘“‘ Theory and Practice of Surveying.” John Wiley & Sons,
New York.

ByrNE —“‘ Highway Construction.” John Wiley & Sons, New York.

SEARLES —“ Field Engineering.” John Wiley & Sons, New York.

FatncE —*“ Mechanical Drawing.” W.J. Schofield, Boston.

Faunce —“ Descriptive Geometry.” Ginn & Co., Boston.

Martin —“ Human Body” (briefer course). Henry Holt & Co., New
York.

WALKER —“ Political Economy” (abridged edition). Henry Holt &
Co., New York.

WALKER — “ Political Economy ” (elementary course). Henry Holt &
Co., New York.

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Lockwoop — “ Lessons in English.” Ginn & Co., Boston.

GENUNG — “ Outlines of Rhetoric.” Ginn & Co , Boston.

SPRAGUE —“ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-book.” Ginn & Co.,
Boston.

WENTWORTH — “ Irving’s Sketch Book.” Allyn & Bacon.

LONGFELLOW — “ Poems.” Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.

PATTEE —‘ American Literature.” Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston.

PAINTER — “ English Literature.” Leach, Shewell & Sanborn, Boston.

PANCOAST — *“‘ Representative English Literature.” Henry Holt & Co,
New York.

JEVONS —“ Logic.” Science Primer Series. American Book Company,
New York.

WHITNEY — “ French Grammar.” Henry Holt & Co., New York.

WHITNEY — “German Grammar.” Henry Holt & Co., New York.

SHELDON —‘*‘ Short German Grammar.” D.C. Heath & Co., Boston.

HopGeEs — “ Scientific German” D.C. Heath & Co., Boston.

U.S. Army —“ Infantry Drill Regulations.”

U.S. Army —“ Artillery Drill Regulations.” -

To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim
in each department, and the several courses have been so arranged
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition
and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction
in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical,
the lessons of the recitation room being practically enforced in
the garden and field. Students are allowed to work for wages
during such leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the act
by which the college was founded, instruction in military tactics
is imperative, and each student, unless physically debarred,* is
required to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the
direction of a regular army officer stationed at the college.

FOUR-YEARS COURSE.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for admission to the freshman class will be exam-
ined orally and in writing upon the following subjects: English
grammar, geography, United States history, physiology, physical
geography, arithmetic, the metric system, algebra (through quad-
ratics), geometry (two books) and civil government (Mowry’s
‘¢ Studies in Civil Government”’). The standard required is 65
per cent. on each paper. Diplomas from high schools will noé
be received in place of examination. Examination in the follow-
ing subjects may be taken a year before the candidate expects

* Certificates of disability must be procured of Dr. Herbert B. Perry of Amherst.

, a _— 7 *
Oe ee oe a as eee

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43

to enter college: English grammar, geography, United States his-
tory, physical geography and physiology. Satisfactory examina-
tion in a substantial part of the subjects offered will be required,
that the applicant may have credit for this preliminary examina-
tion.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they desire admis-
sion.

No one can be admitted to the college until he is sixteen years .
of age. The regular examinations for admission are held at
the Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock a.m., on Thursday and Friday,
June 24 and 25, and on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 7
and 8; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any
other time in the year. For the accommodation of those living in
the eastern part of the State, examinations will also be held at 9
o'clock a.m., on Thursday and Friday, June 24 and 25, at Jacob
Sleeper Hall, Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston ; and
for the accommodation of those in the western part of the State,
at the same date and time, at the Sedgwick Institute, Great Bar-
rington, by James Bird. ‘Two full days are required for exam-
ination, and candidates must come prepared to stay that length of
time.

WINTER COURSES.

For these short winter courses examinations are not required.
They commence the first Wednesday in January and end the third
Wednesday in March. Candidates must be at least sixteen years
of age. ‘The doors of the college are opened to applicants from
both sexes. ‘The same privileges in regard to room and board
will obtain as with other students. Attendance upon general
exercises is required. The usual fees for apparatus and material
used in laboratory work will be required. Attendance upon mili-
tary drill is not expected.

ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS USED IN 1896.

The standard required is 65 per cent. on each paper.

ARITHMETIC AND METRIC SYSTEM.

1. What is the length of a pole that stands ? in the mud, ¢ in
the water and 25.5 feet above the water?

: eee)
2. Reduce to simplest form ai 13
7 — lie

xX 2.

Ad AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

3, A merchant, after paying 60% of his indebtedness, found
that $5,500 would discharge the remainder. What was his whole
indebtedness ?

4. If a stationer marks his goods 50% above cost, and then
abates 50%, what per cent. does he make or lose?

9. What will $864.50 amount to in 2 years at 8% compound
interest, interest being compounded semi-annually ?

6. What is the square root of 1,100,401?

7. In 387 cm., how many feet?

8. The circumference of a circular court is 48 m. 4 dm. How
many km. should I walk in going 8 times around it?

J. <A rectangular vessel 10 m. X 3 m. X 4 dm. will contain how
many litres of water? What will be the weight of this water in
grams? |

ALGEBRA.
1. Resolve into factors 3 #+10 «+83.
Resolve into factors 6 #—31 2+ 35.

2. A smuggler had a quantity of brandy which he expected
would bring him $198. After he had sold 10 gallons a revenue
officer seized one-third of the remainder, in consequence of which
the smuggler gets only $162. Required, the number of gallons he
had at first, and the price per gallon.

etl e +2 xe — 1
s, Shmplity, (oar) ieeer
J 1 bat —V/ 1 — 2
4, R tl li SS peg
a Lgnalize | 7 arrest aan ag
5. Express with positive exponents and reduce to lowest terms

(Ga) = Gn)

1 |
6. 7 +7 = 34. Solve for a.
Sm — Le
x et
7. Find the square root of
62 £8 a Be ee ee
ae Daagenay [pee eagpaeleee gsi sen none ORC gy. a hy
a sid b a b? b? a” a’
GEOMETRY.

Prove the following propositions : —

1. Two triangles are equal when two sides and the included
angle of one are equal to two sides and the included angle of the
other.

2. If two parallels are cut by a secant line, the alternate in-
terior angles are equal.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 45

3. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

4. The medians of a triangle meet in a common point.

5. In the same circle or equal circles, equal chords subtend
equal arcs.

9. The diameter perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord
and its subtended arcs.

UNITED States HIsTorY.

Note. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Write a short sketch of the life of George Washington.

2. Describe the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown at
the close of the Revolutionary War.

3. Tell what you can of the rise and fall of the slave power in
the United States.

4, What were the “ Articles of Confederation? ”’

5. Write a short sketch of the life of Abraham Lincoln,

6. Give the causes, dates and chief events of the war with
Tripoli. — |

7. Give the events associated with the following dates: 1770,
meee tole, 1520, 1848, 1863, 1865, 1893.

8. Give the name of the most famous Confederate commerce
destroyer of the Civil War. Tell by whom she was commanded,
and relate the circumstances connected with her destruction.

9. Name the Presidents that have held oftice since the Civil
War, giving the dates of each administration.

10. What do you know about the Venezuelan question?

(ZEOGRAPHY.

Notr. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.
1. Describe the geographical features of New England, naming
its mountains, lakes, rivers.
2. Describe the Rocky Mountain system.
38, (a) ‘Trace the course of the Mississippi River.
(0) Name the States bordering the east bank.
4. Give the capital of Vermont, Rhode Island, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, California, Oregon, Texas.
5. Draw a map of Italy and locate Rome, Milan, Venice,
Naples
6. Locate Tokyo, Tasmania, Yucatan, Bombay, Sydney. -
7. Name the different kinds of government, and give two
examples of each kind.

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

8. Define equator, zone, longitude, latitude, meridian.

9. Describe Alaska, telling of (a) its government, (b) its geo-
graphical features, (c) its products.

10. Describe fully the West Indies, telling (a) the names of
the several islands, (0) the class of people, (c) the products.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Note — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. What is the difference between physical and political geog-
raphy?

2. What is a river system, a watershed, an alluvial plain, a
delta? |

3. What is an ocean current? Give causes of ocean currents.

4. What causes the winds to blow? Define a trade wind, a
monsoon and a hurricane.

5. Give a definition of climate. . Name three distinct causes
thereof.

6. What is acompass? Does the compass always point north?
What is the magnetic pole? Is it the same as the north pole?

7. What is a geyser? Where are some of the finest geysers
found?

8. Define a glacier, a lateral moraine, a terminal moraine.
Where are glaciers found? Name the countries.

9. Describe the formation of a coral island, with its plant and
animal life.

10. Of what practical value is the study of physical geography ?

Civ1Lt GOVERNMENT.

Note. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence’of your paper.

1. What is meant by civil government? How does it differ
from military government?

2. By what name is the government of towns, cities or incor-
porated villages distinguished ?

3. In whose hands is the government of a town? What is a
town meeting? Mention three distinct purposes for which a town
meeting is held.

4: If you live in a town, mention some of the duties of the
selectmen of the town. If you live in a city, mention some of the
duties of the mayor of your city.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. AT

5. Give the title of any county officer chosen by the people,
and mention any of his duties. What is the title of the chief
executive officer of the State of Massachusetts? What is his
name? |

6. Who make the laws for the government of the State in
which you live? In what bodies is the law-making power vested?
How often and where do the law-making bodies meet?

7. How many States are there in the United States? How
many States were there when the Constitution was framed?
When did the colonies become States +

8. Who make the laws for the government of the United
States? How many men from the State of Massachusetts have
part in making these laws? Who represents in the national
House of Representatives the district in which you live?

9. What is the title of the chief executive officer of the United
States? Is he elected directly by the people? Tell how he is
elected. :

10. What is the judicial power of the United States? In
what is it vested?

PHYSIOLOGY.

Notr. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Define a tissue, an organ, a function.

2. Of what is the skeleton composed? Describe the backbone.

3. What is a muscle, and how are the muscles of the body
classified ?

4. Describe the skin. What are nails and hair? Give their
uses. |
5. What gives the color to a negro? Where is this color
situated? What causes blushing or reddening of the skin in cold
weather? Where is this color found?

6. What is a food? What is a poison? Under which head
would you class alcohol? Why?

7. Describe the teeth, giving their number and location in the
mouth. Give some rules concerning the hygiene of the teeth.

8. Describe in detail the course of the blood throughout the
body ; name the most important portion of the circulatory system.

9. Give some rules for physical and mental exercise, and tell
what would constitute a well-developed man.

10. Name siz special senses in order of their importance, and
hame and briefly describe the organ connected with each.

AS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION.

Nore. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered
in determining the excellence of your paper.

1. Name the parts of speech, define each, and give examples of
each.

2. Define (a) clause, (0) phrase, (c) participle, (d) infinitive.

3. Give examples of the three kinds of sentences as classified
by grammar, naming each kind.

4. Correct the following,’ stating reasons : —

(a) The box of figs were sent to the woman.

(>) <A room to let for a man fifteen by twenty feet.

(c) John ran to see the team in the yard which was being
painted.

(d) Oh, isn’t it a perfectly sublime morning! And I am just
dead hungry. Do hurry up and come to breakfast, for we have
cherries and I just adore them.

(¢) Mr. Gray’s election was more unanimous than Mr. Brown’s,

5. Explain the use of (a) the interrogation point, (0) the ex-
clamation point, (c) the comma, (d) the period, (e) the quotation
marks.

6-8. Describe the town in which you live. Make the account
interesting, and write as carefully as possible.

9-10. Write short accounts of the following men. Mention in
your accounts some of the works these authors have composed.

(4) Washington Irving.

(>) Henry W. Longfellow.

(c) John Greenleaf Whittier.

(d) Nathaniel Hawthorne.

DEGREES.

Those who complete the four-years course receive the degree of
sachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the governor of
Massachusetts, who is the president of the corporation.

Regular students of the college may also, on application, be-
come members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive
its diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.

Those completing the graduate course receive the degree of
Master of Science.

1897.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 49

EXPENSES.
Tuition in advance : —

Fall term, . ; : : ; . ~-$30° 00

Winter term, : ; : ; : 25 00

Summerterm, . ; 25 00
—~—- $80 00 $80 00
Room rent, in advance, $8 to $16 per term, : : 24 00 48 00
Board, $2 50 to $5 per week, ; : : “ 95 00 £190 00
Fuel, $5 to $15, . ‘ } : 5 00 15 00
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . : : 11 40 22 80
Military suit, ; : ; . : : ; 15 75 15 75
Expenses per year, . : . $231 15 $371 55

Board in clubs has been about $2.45 per week; in private
families, $4 to $5. The military suit must be obtained immedi-
ately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill exercises
prescribed. The following fees will be charged for the mainten-
ance of the several laboratories: chemical, $10 per term used;
zo logical, $4 per term used; botanical, $1 per term used by
sophomore class, $2 per term used by senior class; entomological,
$2 per term used. Some expense will also be incurred for lights
and text-books. Students whose homes are within the State of
Massachusetts can in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying
to the senator of the district in which they live.

THE, LABOR FUND.

The object of this fund is to assist those students who are
dependent either wholly or in part on their own exertions, by
furnishing them work in the several departments of the college.
The greatest opportunity for such work is found in the agricult-
ural and horticultural departments. Application should be made
to Profs. William P. Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard, respectively
in charge of said departments. Students desiring to avail them-
Selves of its benefits must bring a certificate signed by one of the
selectmen of the town in which they are resident, certifying to the
fact that they require aid.

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

ROOMS.

All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will
be required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories.

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the
following measurements are given: in the new south dormitory
the study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated
by steam. In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The
inside rooms are thirteen and one-half by fourteen and one-half
feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is fur-
nished with each room. Aside from this, all rooms are unfur-
nished. Mr. Thomas Canavan has the general superintendence
of the dormitories, and all correspondence relative to the engag-
ing of rooms should be with him.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS.

Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield.

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton.

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of
Henry Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth.

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to
worthy students requiring aid.

CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS.

The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free
scholarship for each of the congressional districts of the State.
Application for such scholarships should be made to the repre-
sentative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The
selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member
of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent
in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem to
be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous
constitution, and should enter college with the intention of remain-

ing through the course.

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 51

STATE SCHOLARSHIPS.

The Legislature of 1883 passed the following resolve in favor
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : —

Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years,
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable
the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution
the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the
law of the United States relating thereto.

Resolved, ‘That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free scholar-
ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com-
monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by
the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then
in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships
shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there shall
be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any sena-
torial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of
the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but
no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an
examination in accordance with the rules to be established as herein-
_ before provided.

The Legislature of 1886 passed the following resolve, making
perpetual the scholarships established : —

Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty-
six of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter.

In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar-
ship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the presi-
dent.

EQUIPMENT.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

The Farm. — Among the various means through which instruc-
tion in agriculture is given, none exceeds in importance the farm.
The part which is directly under the charge of the professor of
agriculture comprises about one hundred and fifty acres of im-
proved land and thirty acres of woodland. Of the improved

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

land, about thirty acres are kept permanently in grass. <A con-
siderable part of this is laid off in half and quarter acre plats, and
variously fertilized with farm-yard and stable manures and chemi-
cals, with a view to throwing light upon the economical produc-
tion of grass. These plats are staked and labelled, so that all
may see exactly what is being used and what are the results.

The rest of the farm is managed under a system of rotation,
all parts being alternately in grass and hoed crops. All the ordi-
nary crops of this section are grown, and many not usually seen
upon Massachusetts farms find a place here. Our large stock of
milch cows being fed almost entirely in the barn, fodder crops
occupy a prominent place. Experiments of various kinds are con-
tinually under trial; and every plat is staked, and bears a label
stating variety under cultivation, date of planting, and manures
and fertilizers used.

Methods of land improvement are constantly illustrated here,
tile drainage especially receiving a large share of attention. There
are now some nine miles of tile drains in successful and very
satisfactory operation upon the farm. Methods of clearing land
of stumps are also illustrated, a large amount of such work having
been carried on during the last few years.

In all the work of the farm the students are freely employed,
and classes are frequently taken into the fields; and to the lessons
to be derived from these fields the students are constantly referred.

The Barn and Stock. —QOur commodious barns contain a large
stock of milch cows, many of which are-grades; but the follow-
ing pure breeds are represented by good animals, viz., Holstein-
Friesian, Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey and Shorthorn. Experiments
in feeding for milk and butter are continually in progress. We
have a fine flock of Southdown sheep and a few choice speci-
mens of the Shropshire, Horned Dorset, Cotswold and Merino
breeds. Swine are represented by the Chester White, Poland
China, Middle Yorkshire and Tamworth breeds. Besides work
horses, we have a number of pure-bred Percherons, used for
breeding as well as for work.

The barn is a model of convenience and labor-saving arrange-
ments. It illustrates different methods of fastening animals,
various styles of mangers, watering devices, etc. Connected
with it are a plant for electric light and power and commodious
storage rooms for vehicles and machines. It contains silos and
a granary. A very large share of the work is performed by
students, and whenever points require illustration, classes are
taken to it for that purpose.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. D3

Dairy School. — Connecting with the barn is a wing providing
accommodation for practical and educational work in dairying.
The wing contains one room for heavy dairy machinery, another
for lighter machinery, both large enough to accommodate various
styles of all prominent machines; a large ice house, a cold-
storage room and a room for raising cream by gravity methods,
a class room and a laboratory. The power used is an electric
motor. ‘This department is steam heated and piped for hot and
cold water and steam. In this department has been placed a full
line of modern dairy machinery, so that we are able to illustrate -
all the various processes connected with the creaming of milk,
its preparation for market and the manufacture of butter. Special
instruction in such work is offered in the dairy course.

Equipment of Farm. — Aside from machines and implements
generally found upon farms, the more important of those used
upon our farm and in our barn which it seems desirable to men-
tion are the following: reversible sulky plough, broadcast fertilizer
distributer, manure spreader, grain drill, horse corn planter, potato
planter, wheelbarrow grass seeder, hay loader, potato digger, hay
press, fodder cutter and crusher and grain mill. It is our aim to
try all novelties as they come out, and to illustrate everywhere
the latest and best methods of doing farm work.

Lecture Room. — The agricultural lecture room in south college
is well adapted to its uses. It is provided with numerous charts
and lantern slides, illustrating the subjects taught. Connected
with it are two small rooms at present used for the storage of
illustrative material, which comprises soils in great variety, all
important fertilizers and fertilizer materials, implements used in
the agriculture of our own and other countries, and a collection of
grasses and forage plants, grains, ete.

A valuable addition to our resources consists of a full series of
Landsberg’s models of animals. These are accurate models of
selected animals of all the leading breeds of cattle, horses, sheep
and swine, from one-sixth to full size, according to subject. We
are provided with a complete collection of seeds of all our common
grasses and the weeds which grow in mowings, and have also a
large Collection of the concentrated food stuffs. All these are
continually used in illustration of subjects studied.

Museum. — An important beginning has been made towards
accumulating materials for an agricultural museum. This is to
contain the rocks from which soils have been derived, soils, fer-
tilizer materials and manufactured fertilizers, seeds, plants and
their products, stuffed animals, machines and implements. It is

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __ [Jan.

expected to make this collection of historical importance by in-
cluding in it old types of machines and implements, earlier forms
of breeds, ete. For lack of room the material thus far accu-
mulated is stored in a number of scattered localities, and much of
it where it cannot be satisfactorily exhibited.

BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT.

Course of Study. — This department is well equipped to give a

comprehensive course in most of the subjects of botany. The

course aims to treat of all the more important features connected
with the study of plants which have a close bearing upon agri-
culture, without at the same time deviating from a systematic and
logical plan. Throughout the entire course the objective methods
of teaching are followed, and the student is constantly furnished
with an abundance of plant material for practical study, together
with an elaborate series of preserved specimens for illustration and
comparison. In the freshman year the study of structural and

systematic botany is pursued, with some observation on insect

fertilization. This is followed in the first term of the sophomore
year by the systematic study of grasses, trees and shrubs, and this
during the winter term by an investigation into the microscopic
structure of the plant. The senior year is given up entirely to
cryptogamic and physiological botany.

The Botanical Museum contains the Knowlton herbarium, of
over ten thousand species of phanerogamous and the higher cryp-
togamous plants; about five thousand species of fungi, and several
collections of lichens and mosses, including those of ‘Tuckerman,
Frost, Denslow, Cummings, Miller and Schaerer. It also con-
tains a large collection of native woods, cut so as to show their
individual structure; numerous models of native fruits ; specimens
of abnormal and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, ete. ;
many interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and
plants, natural grafts, ete.; together with models for illustrating
the growth and structure of plants, and including a model of the
squash which raised by the expansive force of its growing cells the
enormous weight of five thousand pounds.

The Botanical Lecture Room, in the same building, is provided
with diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrat-
ing structural, systematic and physiological botany.

The Botanical Laboratory, with provision for sixteen students
to work at one time, is equipped with Leitz’, Reichert’s, Bausch
and Lomb’s, Beck’s, Queen’s and Tolles’ compound microscopes,

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. D9

with objectives varying from four inch to one-fifteenth inch focal
length. It also contains a Du Bois-Reymond induction appara-
tus and rheocord, a Lippmann capillary electrometer, a ‘Thoma, a
Minot and a Beck microtome, a self-registering thermometer and
hygrometer, a Wortmann improved clinostat and also one of spe-
cial construction, an Arthur centrifugal apparatus with electric
motor, a Pfeffer-Baranetzky electrical self-registering auxanome-
ter, a Sach’s arc-auxanometer, a horizontal reading microscope
(Pfeffer model), various kinds of dynamometers of special con-
struction, respiration appliances, mercurial sap and vacuum gauges,
manometers, gas and exhaust chambers, a Bausch and Lomb micro-
photographic camera, a Clay landscape camera and dark closet
fitted for work, besides various other appliances for work and
demonstration in plant physiology.

HoRTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Greenhouses. — To aid in the instruction of botany, as well as
that of floriculture and market gardening, the glass structures con-
tain a large collection of plants of a botanical and economic value,
as well as those grown for commercial purposes. They consist of a
large octagon, forty by forty feet, with sides twelve feet high and
a central portion over twenty feet high, for the growth of large
specimens, like palms, tree ferns, the bamboo, banana, guava,
Olive, etc. ; a lower octagon, forty by forty feet, for general green-
house plants; a moist stove twenty-five feet square; a dry stove
of the same dimensions; a rose room, twenty-five by twenty feet ;
a room for aquatic plants, twenty by twenty-five feet; a room for
ferns, mosses and orchids, eighteen by thirty feet; a large propa-
gating house, fifty by twenty-four feet, fitted up with benches
sufficient in number to accommodate fifty students at work at one
time; a vegetable house, forty-two by thirty-two feet; two propa-
gating pits, eighteen by seventy-five feet, each divided into two
sections for high and low temperatures, and piped for testing
overhead and under-bench heating; a cold grapery, eighteen by
twenty-five feet. To these glass structures are attached three
workrooms, equipped with all kinds of tools for greenhouse work.
In building these houses as many as possible of the principles of
construction, heating, ventilating, etc., have been incorporated for
the purposes of instruction.

Orchards. — These are extensive, and contain nearly all the
valuable leading varieties, both old and new, of the large fruits,
growing under various conditions of soil and exposure.

56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Small Fruits. — The small-fruit plantations contain a large
number of varieties of each kind, especially the new and promis-
ing ones, which are compared with older sorts, in plots and in
field culture. Methods of planting, pruning, training, cultivation,
study of varieties, gathering, packing and shipping fruit, etc., are
taught by field exercises, the students doing a large part of the
work of the department.

Nursery. —'This contains more than five thousand trees, shrubs
and vines, in various stages of growth, where the different methods
of propagation by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, pruning and
training are practically taught to the students.

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are
grown in this department, furnishing ample illustration of the
treatment of market-garden crops. The income from the sales
of trees, plants, flowers, fruit and vegetables aids materially in
the support of the department, and furnishes illustrations of the
methods of business, with which all students are expected to
become familiar.

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are
grown in tae nursery, and plantations have been made upon the
college grounds and upon private estates in the vicinity, affording
good examples of this most important subject. A large forest
grove is connected with this department, where the methods of
pruning trees and the management and preservation of forests
can be illustrated. In the museum and lecture-room are collec-
tions of native woods, showing their natural condition and pecu-
liarities ; and there have been lately added the prepared wood
sections of R. B. Hough, mounted on cards for class-room illus-
tration.

Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowering plants are grouped
about the grounds in such a way as to afford as much instruction
as possible in the art of landscape gardening. All these, as well
as the varieties of large and small fruits, are marked with conspic-
uous labels, giving their common and Latin names, for the benefit
of the students and the public.

Tool House. — A tool house, thirty by eighty feet, has been con-
structed, containing a general store-room for keeping small tools ;
a repair shop with forge, anvil and work-bench ; and a carpenter
shop equipped with a large Sloyd bench and full set of tools.
Under one-half of this building is a cellar for storing fruit and
vegetables. In the loft is a chamber, thirty by eighty feet, for
keeping hot-bed sashes, shutters, mats, berry crates, baskets and
other materials when not in use.

4897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. D7

Connected with the stable is a cold-storage room, with an ice-
chamber over it, for preserving fruit, while the main cellar under-
neath the stable is devoted to the keeping of vegetables.

All the low land south of the greenhouses has been thoroughly
underdrained and put into condition for the production of any
garden or small fruit crop.

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

Zoological Lecture Room.— The room in south college is well
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with a
series of zodlogical charts prepared to order, also a set of Leuck-
art’s charts, disarticulated skeletons and other apparatus for illus-
tration.

Zoological Museum.— This is in immediate connection with
the lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collec-
tion, which comprises a large number of mounted mammals and
birds, together with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collec-
tion of alcoholic specimens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians,
and a collection of shells and other invertebrates.

There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of skele-
tons of our domestic and other animals, and mounted specimens
purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models of
jelly fishes, worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in Dresden;
a valuable collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, N. P.,
collected and presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald; a fine collec-
tion of corals, presented by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
in Cambridge; a collection of alcoholic specimens of inverte-
brates from the coast of New England, presented by the Na-
tional Museum at Washington; a large and rapidly growing
collection of insects of all orders; and a large series of clastic
models of various animals, manufactured in the Auzoux labora-
tory in Paris.

It is the purpose of those in charge to render the museum as
valuable to the student as possible; and with this end in view
the entire collection has been rearranged so as to present a sys-
tematic view of the entire animal kingdom, with special regard to
the fauna of Massachusetts. In the furtherance of this idea a
Special case has been prepared, in which are shown typical ani-
mals in such a way as to give a brief synopsis of the entire ani-
mal kingdom, forming a sort of index to the museum as a whole.
In order to render our collection complete, particularly with refer-

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

ence to Massachusetts forms, we would gratefully receive dona-
tions of any sort, either alcoholic or otherwise preserved, especially
among the worms, fishes, amphibians or reptiles. Specimens
should be sent care of Prof. R. 8. Lull. The museum is now
open to the public from three to four p.m. every day except
Sunday.

Zoological Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory build-
ing has been fitted up for a zodlogical laboratory, with tables,
sink, gas, etc., and is supplied with a reference library, micro-
scopes, chemical and other necessary apparatus for work. This
laboratory with its equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable
appliance for instruction in the department of zodlogy.

Entomological Laboratory. — The new entomological laboratory
adjoining the insectary, with its complete equipment, furnishes
most excellent opportunities to study practical and scientific ento-
mology. This building comprises a laboratory which occupies the
whole northern and eastern portion of the first floor, which is well
supported by piers and bridging to prevent, as far as possible, any
jar that would interfere with the microscopical or other delicate
work that may be going on. The room is equipped with all the
apparatus necessary for the needs of the student, and he also has
access to the insectary, where he can study the biological collec-
tion of insects and also observe the experimental work and inves-
tigations made on injurious insects. The library of the insectary,
which is accessible to the students, contains all the leading works
on entomology and also a very complete card catalogue of the lit-
erature of North American insects.

The second floor of the laboratory contains a photographing
room with a dark room adjoining, private laboratories for gradu-
ate or undergraduate students who may be doing special work,
while the attic furnishes ample store room. The entire building,
including the insectary and greenhouse, is heated with a hot-water
system and supplied with electric lights.

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

This department is well equipped with the apparatus necessary
to illustrate the subject in the class room.

It consists of an improved Auzoux model of the horse, imported
from Paris, constructed so as to separate and show in detail the
shape, size, structure and relations of the different parts of the
body ; two papier-maché models of the hind legs of the horse,

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. d9

showing diseases of the soft tissues, — wind-galls, bogs, spavins,
ete., also the diseases of the bone tissues, — splints, spavins and
ringbones ; two models of the foot, one according to Bracy Clark’s
description, the other showing the Charlier method of shoeing and
the general anatomy of the foot; a full-sized model of the bones
of the hind leg, giving shape, size and position of each individual
bone; thirty-one full-sized models of the jaws and teeth of the
horse and fourteen of the ox, showing the changes which take
place in these organs as the animals advance in age.

There is an articulated skeleton of the famous stallion, Black-
hawk, a disarticulated one of a thoroughbred mare, besides one
each of the cow, sheep, pig and dog; two prepared dissections of
the fore and hind legs of the horse, showing position and relation
of the soft tissues to the bones ; a papier-mache model of the uterus
of the mare and of the pig; a gravid uterus of the cow; a wax
model of the uterus, placenta and foetus of the sheep, showing the
position of the foetus and the attachment of the placenta to the

walls of the uterus.

In addition to the above there is a srowing collection of patho-
logical specimens of both the soft and osseus tissues, and many ~
parasites common to the domestic animals. A collection of charts
and diagrams especially prepared for the college is used in con-
nection with lectures upon the subject of anatomy, parturition and
conformation of animals.

Through the kindness of Mr. Henry Adams of Amherst the de-
partment has received a large sample collection of the various
drugs used in the treatment of the diseases of the domestic
animals. |

For the benefit of the students, sick or diseased animals are fre-
quently shown them, and operations performed in connection with
the class-room work. For the use of the instructor of this depart-
ment a laboratory has been provided in the old chapel building.
It has been equipped with the apparatus necessary for the study
of histology, pathology and bacteriology, consisting in part of an
improved Zeiss microscope with a one-eighteenth inch objective,
together with the lower powers; a Lautenschlager’s incubator and
hot-air sterilizer; an Arnold’s steam sterilizer and a Bausch and
Lomb improved laboratory microtome. This apparatus is used
for the preparation of material for the class room and for general
investigation.

60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT.

At first glance it might appear that mathematics would play a
very small part in the curriculum of an agricultural college, and,
while it is true that its chief object is of a supplementary nature,
it is equally true that, entirely aside from its value as a means of
mental discipline, mathematics has a well-defined and practical
object to accomplish. In this day of scientific experiment, ob-
servation and research on the farm, the advantages of a thorough
knowledge of the more elementary branches of mathematics,
general physics and engineering must be more than ever appar-
ent; and it is to meet the needs of the agricultural college student
in these lines that the work in the mathematical department has
been planned.

The mathematics of the freshman, sophomore and junior years
are required, those of the senior year elective.

A glance at the schedule of studies will show the sequence of
subjects: book-keeping, algebra, geometry and mechanical draw-
ing in the freshman year; trigonometry, mechanical drawing and
plane surveying — the latter embracing lectures and field work in
elementary engineering, the use of. instruments, computation of
areas, levelling, etc. — in the sophomore year; general physics —
including mechanics, electricity, sound, light and heat—and de-
scriptive geometry or advanced mechanical drawing in the junior
year; and, finally, two electives in the senior year, — mathematics
and engineering respectively.*

The mathematical option includes the following subjects: fall
term, plane analytic geometry, embracing a study of the equations
and properties of the point, line and circle, and of the parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola ; winter term, differential calculus ; and sum-
mer term, integral calculus.

The senior engineering option is designed to give to the student
the necessary engineering training to enable him to take up and
apply, on the lines of landscape engineering and the development
of property, his knowledge of landscape gardening, agriculture,
forestry, botany and horticulture. It embraces a course of lect-
ures, recitations and field work on the following subjects: topog-
raphy, railroad curves, earth work, construction and maintenance
of roads, water works and sewerage systems, etc.

It is believed that the engineering elective will equip the student
to enter a comparatively new field, that of landscape engineering,

* While these two electives are entirely distinct, the student electing engineering —
is strongly advised to elect mathematics also.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 61

which is coming more and more prominently before the public
attention; for, with the increasing consideration which is being
paid to the public health and the development and beautifying of
our towns and cities, come fresh needs and opportunities.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Instruction in general agricultural and analytical chemistry and
mineralogy is given in the laboratory building. Thirteen com-
modious rooms, well lighted, ventilated and properly fitted, are
occupied by the chemical department.

The lecture room, on the second floor, has ample seating ca-
pacity for seventy students. Immediately adjoining it are four
smaller rooms, which serve for storing apparatus and preparing
material for the lecture table.

The laboratory for beginners is a capacious room on the first
floor. It is furnished with forty working tables. Each table is
provided with sets of wet and dry re-agents, a fume chamber,
water, gas, drawer and locker, and apparatus sufficient to render
the student independent of carelessness or accident on the part
of others working near by; thus equipped, each worker has the
opportunity, under the direction of an instructor, of repeating
the processes which he has previously studied in the lecture room,
and of carrying out at will any tests which his own observation
may suggest.

A systematic study of the properties of elementary matter is
here taken up, then the study of the simpler combinations of the
elements and their artificial preparation; then follows qualitative
analysis of salts, minerals, soils, fertilizers, animal and vegetable
products. '

The laboratory for advanced students has tables for thirty
workers, with adequate apparatus. This is for instruction in
the chemistry of various manufacturing industries, especially
those of agricultural interest, as the production of sugar, starch,
fibres and dairy products; the preparation of plant and animal
foods, their digestion, assimilation and economic use; the offi-
cial analysis of fertilizers, fodders and foods; the analysis of
soils and waters, of milk, urine and other animal and vegetable
products.

The balance room has four balances and improved apparatus for
determining densities of solids, liquids and gases.

Apparatus and Collections. — Large purchases of apparatus have
recently been made. JDeficiencies caused by the wear and break-

62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

age of several years have been supplied and the original outfit
increased. The apparatus includes balances, a microscope, spec-
troscope, polariscope, photometer, barometer and numerous models
and sets of apparatus. The various rooms are furnished with an
extensive collection of industrial charts. A valuable and growing
collection of specimens and samples, fitted to illustrate different
subjects taught, is also provided. This includes rocks, minerals,
soils, raw and manufactured fertilizers, foods, including milling
products, fibres and other vegetable and animal products and
artificial preparations of mineral and organic compounds. Series
of preparations are used for illustrating the various stages of
different manufactures from raw materials to finished products.

LIBRARY.

This now numbers 17,810 volumes, having been increased dur-
ing the year, by gift and purchase, 730 volumes. It is placed in
the lower hall of the chapel-library building, and is made available
to the general student for reference or investigation. It is espe-
cially valuable as a library of reference, and no pains will be spared
to make it complete in the departments of agriculture, horticulture,
botany and the natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day
for consultation, and an hour every evening for the drawing of
books.

PRIZES.

BURNHAM RHETORICAL PRIZES.

These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and
are open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members
of the sophomore and freshman classes.

FLINT PRIZES.

Mr. Charles L. Flint of the class of 1881 has established two
prizes, one of thirty dollars and another of twenty dollars, to be
awarded, at an appointed time during commencement week, to
the two members of the junior class who may produce the best
orations. Excellence in both composition and delivery is con-
sidered in making the award.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 63

(ZRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to
be called the Grinnell agricultural prizes, in honor of George B.
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid
in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may
pass the best written and oral examination in theoretical and prac-
tical agriculture.

Hityts BoTAnicaAL PRIZES.

For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1897 fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a prize of
ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best collection
of dried plants from the college farm.

The prizes in 1896 were awarded as follows : —

Burnham Rhetorical Prizes: John P. Nickerson (1898), first;
Randall D. Warden (1898), second; Dan A, Beaman (1899),
first; John R. Dutcher (1899), second.

Flint Oratorical Prizes: Charles I. Goessmann (1897), first;
Lafayette F. Clark (1897), second; John A. Emrich (1897),
most honorable mention.

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes: Harry H. Roper (1896), first;
Henry W. Moore (1896), second.

Hills Botanical Prizes: James F’. Hammar (1896), first ; Lucius
J. Shepard (1896), second.

Collection of Woods: Asa 8. Kinney (1896).

Military Prizes: gold medal, presented by I. C. Greene, 94,
Charles A. Peters (1897); military suit, presented by Alfred
Glynn, Amherst, Alexander Montgomery, Jr. (1898).

Freshman Botanical Prize: Charles M. Walker (1899).

RELIGIOUS SERVICES.

Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8 a.m.
and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 a.m.
Further opportunities for moral and religious culture are afforded
by a Bible class taught by one of the professors during the hour
preceding the Sunday morning service and by religious meetings
held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the auspices
of the College Young Men’s Christian Association.

64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 97.

LOCATION.

Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the
Connecticut River Railroad and with the New Haven & North-
ampton Railroad.

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native
forests, gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country home.

REPORTS,

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veges) * Si APS Senet, 1 4 A RO las rary Meare 7 ¢ he ae
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2 A SPs aoa. es hed akin ti th) Dew re la A) ee itt ie ‘ie
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GIFTS.

From Grorce R. Fourtke of West Chester, Pa., Chester White
boar.

Tue Barsper AspHatt Pavinc Company of New York, cabi-
net containing an economic exhibit of asphalt ard its com-
pounds as used for asphalt paving, together with sundry
views of asphalt streets, and a bibliography of the subject.

Tue Catskirt SHALE Brick AND Pavinc Company, sample
shale paving brick.

H. D. Graves of Sunderland, siaple burl log.

GrorGE CruicksHanks of Fitchburg, natural graft, pine;
also photograph of same.

L. R. ALEXANDER (M. A. C., School of Agriculture, ’96) of
East Northfield, sassafras log, and collection of insects.
GrorcE Tsupa (M. A. C., 796) of Tokyo, Japan, collection

of bamboos mounted and catalogued, with description.

S. Sastre (M. A. C., 796) of Tabasco, Mexico, collection
of insects.

Puiuie H. Smitu, Jr. (M. A. C.,’97) of South Hadley Falls,
collection of insects.

JamES PacE of Amherst, peacock.

Cuaries [. Gorssmann (M. A. C.,’97) of Amherst, collec-
tion of birds’ eggs and nests.

Mrs. H. A. Hott of Amherst, collection of birds’ eggs and
nests.

Leacu, SHEWELL & SAnBorN of Boston, ‘* Paradise Lost.”

ANDREW CARNEGIE of Pennsylvania, ‘ aan. of Nutrition
and Art of Cooking in the Aladdin Oven.’

Dr. Marrcker of een? ‘¢Uber die Phosphorsaiire-
wirkung des Knochenmehle.”

Cuarixes E. Beacu (M. A. C., ’82) of Hartford, Conn.,
‘¢ Reports of Connecticut Dairy Commissioner.”’

A. D. F. Hamtuin of New York, ‘‘ Text-book of the History
of Architecture.”

68

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

From H. N. Lecate (M. A. C., 791) of Boston, ‘* Report of
Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners.”

Ferris PUBLISHING Company of Albany, N. Y., one volume
‘¢ Poultry Monthly.”

Miss Evzanor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, England,
‘¢ Nineteenth Report of Observations on Injurious Insects.”

Wa. H. Catpwett (M. A. C., ’87) of Peterboro, N. H.,
‘¢ Guernsey Breeders’ Year Book.”

Hon. Ricnarp W. Irwin of N orthampton, six volumes State
documents.

Newton SHuttis (M. A. C., 796) of Medford, ‘ Discovery

and Conquest of the New World.”’

CuarLes P. Lounspury (M. A. C., 794) of Cape Town,
Africa, ** An African Farm;” ‘‘ Dreams;” ‘‘ Handbook of
Cape and South Africa;” ‘* Report of Government Ento-
mologist.” |

JOSEPH E. Ponp, Esq., of North Attleborough, four volumes
‘¢ Bee Journals.”

Asa W. Dickinson (M. A. C., ’74) of Jersey City, N. J.,
ten volumes ‘* Works of Eugene Field.”

His Highness the ManaraJaAuH oF JEYPORE, India, seven
volumes ‘‘ Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details.”

Hersert S. Carrutu (M. A. C., 775) of Ashmont, ‘* Three
Episodes of Massachusetts History ;” ‘‘ Memoirs of Robert
Lee.”

Hon. Greorce F. Hoar of Worcester, six volumes govern-
ment reports.

Cuar_es S. Pirums (M. A. C., ’82) of Lafayette, Ind., three
volumes ‘‘ Indiana Dairy Reports.”

VerNoN L. Kevioae, ** New Mallophaga,” two parts.

Wo. Tretease of St. Louis, Mo., ‘‘ Sturtevant Prelinnzan
Library of the Missouri Botanical Garden.”

Hon. Frepertck H. Giitiette of Springfield, three volumes
government documents.

Cyrus H. McCormick of Chicago, Ill., ‘* Inventors.”

J. H. Benton, ‘‘ Public Libraries as a Means of Education.”

Ropert H. Smita (M. A. C., 92) of Amherst, ‘* Beside the
sonnie Brier Bush; ” ‘¢‘ A Singular Life.”

Frank A. Bares of Malden, ‘‘ Game Birds of North America.”

J. D. W. Frencu of Boston, four volumes ‘* Index Kewensis.”

Joun R. Perry (M. A. C., 793) of Boston, ‘ Primer of
College Foot-ball.”

Different college organizations, group pictures of the same.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 69

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Report of Grorcre F. Miius, Treasurer Massachusetts Agricultural
College, from Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1, 1897.

Received. | Paid.

| eu
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1896, $7,801 46 -
State treasurer, F : ; 14,666 66 ~
Morrill fund, . ; : : : : ; ~ $1,000 00
Term bill, ; 3,808 20 710 88
Horticult ‘ural department, ' 3 ; 5,419 10 Lisor Or
Farm, hat : : ‘ 5,683 18 9.439 66
Expense, . pe 4 : ; Abs 25 8,679 27
Salary, f : < 250 00 27,145 76
Endowment fund, . , : 11,185 02 -
State scholarship fund, . ; ; . | » 15,000 00 -
Chemical laboratory, . ‘ ; ; 1,712 64 1,349 99
Botanical laboratory, . ; ; 84 50 129) To
Entomological laboratory, . : : 38 00 13 98
Zoological laboratory, . : : | 68 00 (ile
Labor fund, 5 5,000 00 4,562 02
Gassett scholarship fund, _.. 65 00 30 00
Whiting Street fund, ' 56 90 135 00
Grinnell prize fund, : 40 00 40) 00
Mary Robinson fund, ; 35 84 25 00
Burnham emergency fund, . 200 00 559 30
Hills fund, : ' 356 16 209 55
Extra instruction, . ; ‘ : : ~ Ant Ov
Advertising. . :' ~ 661 34
Library fund, . F : : 404 59 404 59
Investment, N. Y.C. & H. R. ec 4 00 _
Insurance, : ts li 25 1,198 15
Insurance, barn, - 2,509 16
Insurance, vehicles. tools, ete, ~ 101 70
Electric plant, . : : 730 88 2,075 75
Dairy equipment, . _ 930 10
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1897, : q - 4,309 98

omen ee ee eee | ee cee

$74,073 61 | $74,073 61

oe
——

This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of GrorcE F.
MILLs, treasurer Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1,
1897, and find the same correct, properly kept, and all disbursements vouched for,
the balance in the treasury being four thousand three hundred and nine and ninety-
eight one-hundredths dollars ($4,309 98), which sum is shown to be in the hands of

the treasurer.
CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor.
AMHERST, Dec. 29, 1896.

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

CasH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BE-
LONGS TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS:

Gassett scholarship fund, $61 02
Mary Robinson fund, 23 92
Grinnell prize fund, 20 00
Hills fund, »» 1EOr ae
Labor fund, 717 42
General fund, 3,297 28
$4,309 98
BILLS RECEIVABLE JAN. 1, 1897.
Term bill, : ‘ $931 18
Horticultural pepe aak 346 89
Farm, 335 12
Expense, 79 64
Electric plant, . 130 87
Chemical laboratory, 338 40
Botanical laboratory, 6 00
Zoological laboratory, 24 00
Entomological laboratory, 12 00
$2,204 10
BILLS PAYABLE JAN. 1, 1897.
Term bill, $44 O07
Horticultural ee ag 32 39
Farm, : j 3,227 54
Electric plant, . 270 41
Expense, : 1,239 58
Chemical jay) ; : : ° : 257 19
Labor fund, . : : : : : : 5 88
$5,077 06
INVENTORY — REAL ESTATE.
Land (Estimated Value).
College farm, . : y ‘ : i . $37,000 00
Pelham quarry, : : . : 500 00
Bangs place, . ; ; ; ‘ , 1,750 00
Clark place, . 4,500 00
—— $43,750 00
Buildings (Estimated Value).
Drill hall, ' R $5,000 00
Powder house, . ; , ; ‘ ; é 75 00
Gun shed, ; ; P ‘ / : 1,500 00
Stone chapel, . ; : ; 30,000 00
South dormitory, . ‘ : ; 35,000 00
North dormitory, . ; , ; ; , 25,000 00

$96,575 00 $43,750 00

Amounts carried forward,

1897. ]

Amounts brought forward,

Chemical laboratory,

Entomological laboratory,

Farm house,

Horse barn,

Farm barn and dairy Pi dal!

Graves house and barn,

Boarding-house,

Botanic museum,

Botanic barn,

Tool house,

Durfee plant house ded Beatires,

Small plant house, with vegetable cellar and
cold grapery,

President’s house,

Dwelling-houses, purchased with Pitan

PERSONAL PROPERTY.

Electric plant, .

N.Y.C. & H. R. BR. sino:

Botanical department, . ; .
Horticultural department,

Farm,

Chemical a

Botanical laboratory,

Zoological laboratory,

Natural history collection,

Veterinary department, . .
Physics and mathematics, . .
Agricultural department, . ‘ .
Dairy equipment,

Library,

Fire apparatus,

Furniture, ;

Books in treasurer’s tee

SUMMARY.

Assets.

Total value of real estate, per inventory,

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

$96,575 00

8,000 00
3,000 00
2,000 00
5,000 00
33,000 00
2,000 00
2,000 00
4,500 00
2,000 00
2,000 00
12,000 00

4,700 00
6,500 00
5,000 00

Total value of personal property, per inventory, .

Bills receivable,

Liabilities.
Bills payable, . ° ° ,

71

$43,750 00

189,275 00

$233,025 00

$6,500 00
100 00
8,610 00
7,218 13
16,637 25
2,101 00
9,056 53
1,800 00
5,186 00
1,615 66
4,513 00
2,675 00
900 00
17,810 00
300 00
600 00
250 21

$73,872 78

» $233,025 00

73,872 78
2,204 10

$309,101 88

5,077 06

ee

$304,024 82

72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

MAINTENANCE FUNDS.

Technical educational fund, United States grant, $219,000 00
Technical educational fund, State grant, . - 141,575 35

$360,575 35

Two-thirds of the income from these funds is paid to the
treasurer of the college and one-third to the Institute of
Technology. Amount received by the college treasurer
from Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1, 1897,

Morrill fund, in accordance with act of here. Sead
Aug. 30, 1890. Amount received in 1896,

Hills aan the gift of Messrs. L. M. and H. F. Hills of Age
herst, now amounts to $8,542. By conditions of the gift
the income is used for the maintenance of a botanic gar-
den. Income from Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1, 1897,

Annual State appropriation, $10,000. This sum was appro-
priated for four years by the Legislature of 1889, con-
tinued for another four years by the Legislature of 1892,
and again by the Legislature of 1896, for the endowment
of additional chairs of instruction and for general expense.
Five thousand dollars of this sum was set apart as a labor
fund, to be used in payment of labor performed by needy
and worthy students. Amount received from annual State
appropriation for college expense from Jan. 1, 1896, to
Jan. 1, 1897,

Amount een as labor fond

SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS.

State scholarship fund, $10,000. This sum was appropriated
by the Legislature of 1896, and is paid to the college treas-
urer in quarterly payments. Amount received from Jan.
1, 1896, to Jan. 1, 1897, } . ‘ ;

Whiting Street fund, $1,000. This fund is a bequest without
conditions. To it was added, by vote of the trustees in
January, 1887, interest accrued on the bequest, $260.
Amount of the fund Jan, 1, 1897, $1,260. Income from
Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1,1897,

Gassett scholarship fund, $1,000, ‘This sum was given as a
scholarship by Hon. Henry Gassett. Income from Jan. 1,
1836, to Jan. 1, 1897, ; ‘ ; :

Mary Robinson fund, $858. This fund was given without
conditions. The income from it has been appropriated
for scholarships to needy and worthy students. Income
from Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1, 1897,

Amount carried forward, . ‘ ; ‘ ; :

[ Jan.

. $11,185 02

14,666 66

356 16

5,000 00
5,000 00

10,000 00

56 90

65 00

35 84

. $46,365 58

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 78

Amount brought forward, . : : : ; . $46,865 58

PRIZE FUNDS.

Grinnell prize fund, $1,000. This fund is the gift of Ex-Goy.
William Claflin, and is called Grinnell Fund in honor of
his friend, George B. Grinnell, Esq. The income from it
is appropriated for two prizes to be given to the two mem-
bers of the graduating class who pass the best examination
in agriculture. Income from Jan. 1, 1896, to Jan. 1, 1897, 40 00

MISCELLANEOUS FUNDS.

Library fund for the benefit of the library. Amount of fund,
Jan. 1, 1897, $9,825.06.
Burnham emergency fund, $5,000. This fund is a bequest
of Mr. T.O. H P. Burnham, late of Boston, and was made
without conditions. The trustees have voted that this fund
be kept intact, and that the income from it be used by the
trustees for such purposes as they believe to be for the
best interests of the college. Income from Jan. 1, 1896,
iam 11897, « : : ; : : : 200 00

Income from Jan. 1, 1896, to Janul,1897, . ° . : . $46,605 58

To this sum should be added amount of tuition and room rent, and
receipts from sales from farm and from botanic gardens. ‘These amounts
can be learned from treasurer’s statement, tuition and room rent being
included in term bill account.

74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE TO THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE AND THE SEc-
RETARY OF THE INTERIOR, AS REQUIRED By Act oF CONGRESS
oF Aue. 30, 1890, in AID oF COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE
AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.

.

I. Condition and Progress of the Institution, Year ended June 30,
1896.

The college has continued to feel the effects of the hard times,
and the attendance has fallen off in a marked degree during the
year ending June 30, 1896. Aside from this, the year has been
one of prosperity. The personnel of the faculty remains the same,
but the course of study has been modified to meet the demands of
the hour. It has been deemed unwise to longer carry on the two-
years course and it has been discontinued. In its place eleven

short winter courses have been substituted, all optional, all free
to citizens_of the State and all without limitation of entrance

examination. These are arranged under the heads of general
agriculture, animal husbandry, dairying, fruit culture, floriculture,
market gardening, botany, chemistry, zodlogy. ‘Three new elec-
tive courses have been offered in engineering, mathematics and
advanced English.

Under appropriations from the State the following buildings
have been erected: a laboratory, at a cost of $3,000, two stories
high, thirty-two by thirty-six feet, containing stands and appli-
ances adequate for instruction of eighteen to twenty students in
economic entomology; a gun room, at a cost of $1,800, twenty-
eight by sixty feet, providing shelter for the new breech-loading
steel cannon issued by the war department, and a shooting gallery
for practice during the winter months. In addition to the above,
under legislative appropriation of $5,500, the college domain has
been increased by the purchase of twenty acres for use in the
horticultural department.

II. Receipts for and during the Year ended June 30, 1896.

1. Balance on hand July 1, 1895, . , , ; . #578 96
2. State aid: (a) Income from endowment, ‘ . 8,918 60
(6) Appropriations for building or other
special purposes, . ' ; . 10,800 00
(c) Appropriation for current expenses, . 15,000 00m
Amount carried forward, . . » $29,792 56

——— sl 2

—_ —————V— a Se Sl rl OC a,

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 75

Amount brought forward, . : : . $29,792 56

3. Federal aid: (a) Income from land grant, act of July 2,
- 1862, . ! be) eo OUT

(6) For experiment eee ae of Nach
i Si . 15,000 00

(c) Additional See nner. act of ae 30,
1890... , ; . 14,000 00
4, Fees and all other sources, : ; , , 1,000 CO
Total receipts, . ; » $67,092 56

III. Expenditures for and during the Year ended June 80, 1896.

1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, _. . $25,004 16
2. Experiment Station, . ; : : ; ; Ree COR OLUOOLO
Total expenditures, . ; ; . $40,004 16

PU: Property and Equipment, Year ended June 80, 1896.
Agricultural department : —

Value of buildings, . : : : : : ; . $250,940 00
Value of other equipment, . : : Nee . $71,943 80
Total number of acres, . ; , : : : : : ~ 404
Acres under cultivation, . : : : : : 260
Acres used for experiments, . ; 60
Value of farm lands, ‘ : ‘ ; P . $45,000 00
Amount of all endowment funds, . : A «$360.57 OF oo

V. Faculty during the Year ended June 30, 1896.

Male. Female.

1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, collegiate -

and special classes, ; Bis ho, -
2. Number of staff of Experiment Shean, : : + wake 1
Total, counting none twice, : : » 28 1
VI. Students during the Year ended June 80, 1896.
1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, collegiate and
special classes, . : : : ; eihis Or
2. Graduate courses, . , : : : : : : 16
Total, counting none twice, _. sEatie ie ee
VII. Library, Year ended June 80, 1896.
1 Number of bound volumes June 30, 1896, : ‘ : 16300
2. Bound volumes added during year ended June 30, 1896, i ron

Total bound volumes, ; ; F 4, LOB0p

* Pamphlets, none.

76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

FARM REPORT.

The farm operations of the past season have been conducted
along the same general lines as for several years; the objects in
view being the systematic improvement of the estate, the illustra-
tion of the best methods in performing all farm operations and in
the management of live stock and dairy, and the carrying out of
such experiments in all departments as may seem desirable.

‘* The meteorological conditions,” reports the farm superintend-
ent, Mr. Jones, ‘‘ have, in the main, been favorable for the growth
of the more important farm crops; yet the cold, dry weather of
the early spring retarded the growth of the onion and root crops,
and materially lessened the yield of hay on the upland mowings.”

To this statement, I believe, should be added that the frequent
rains and excessive heat of the latter part of the summer undoubt-
edly decreased the yield of sound onions, mangels and turnips, as
not all parts of the land devoted to them are well drained.

The number of acres in the various crops was as follows: hay,
80; corn for the silo, 254; potatoes, 84; corn for husking, 5;
millet, 44; onions, 22; Swedes, 14; mangels, 1; carrots, 1;
celery, 1; soya beans, 4; horse beans, 1; oats and vetches, 2; a
total of 1374 acres.

The several fields and products were as follows : —

Hay. — Old fields (between college buildings and the county
road), estimated, 30 acres: hay, 54 tons, 121 pounds; rowen, 11
tons; middle flat, 12 acres: hay, 21 tons, 160 pounds; rowen, 7
tons, 675 pounds; south flat, 32 acres: hay, 52 tons, 805 pounds;
rowen, 26 tons, 565 pounds; Hatch slope, about 6 acres: hay, 13
tons, 1,030 pounds; rowen, 7 tons. ‘This gives a total from about
80 acres of 194 tons and 556 pounds, or 2.43 tons per acre.
The yield in one field of 54 acres of timothy and the rowen crop
in all the old fields was seriously decreased by the ravages of
the army worm, which are alluded to later in this report somewhat
more in detail.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 77

Potatoes. — North of Target Butt, 84 acres: merchantable
tubers, 1,041 bushels; small tubers, 273 bushels.

Corn for the Silo. —Twenty-five and one-third acres: fodder
weighed into the silo, 279 tons, 70 pounds.

Oats and Vetch Hay.— North flat, 2 acres: 5 tons, 1,000
pounds.

Japanese Barn-yard Millet. — North flat, 1 acre: 4 tons, 1,000
pounds hay. |

Corn for Husking. —Sand knoll, three-quarters of an acre:
grain, 46.8 bushels; stover, 2.25 tons; south flat, 44 acres: grain,
319 bushels; stover, 24.5 tons.

Carrots. — South flat, 1 acre: 14 tons, 145 pounds.

Mangels. — South flat, 1 acre: 11.2 tons.

Onions. — South flat, 24 acres: sound onions, 282.6 bushels.

Barn-yard Millet. — Campus slope, 3 acres: 37.4 tons, weighed
into the silo..

Soya Beans. —Campus slope, 4 acres: green fodder for silo,
41 tons, 620 pounds.

Horse Beans. — North flat, 1 acre: 5 tons; 1,541 pounds green
fodder. .

Celery. — North flat, 1 acre: 200 dozen bunches.

The prices of all farm products last year were so very low that
the farm management found itself at the beginning of the past
year upon so poor a financial basis that it was resolved to carry on
the operations of this year almost entirely without commercial
fertilizers. ‘This seemed the more possible in view of the fact
that the farm was once more very nearly fully stocked, and was
therefore producing a large amount of manure. This manure was
from the nature of the case in most instances applied fresh but a
relatively short time before planting the crops, and was undoubt-
edly, therefore, not in condition to produce its full effect upon the
crops of the past season. Then, too, the fact that the farm was
so lightly stocked for the two years preceding the last has forced
us to use less manure than usual in the recent past. ‘These facts,
together with the unfavorable effects of season due to imperfect
drainage in some fields, account for a lower average in most
Staples than we have produced in recent years.

The system of manuring followed with the several crops is shown
in the table : —

78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

\

Application per Acre.

|

: :
2 S,
. | 44 .
Shs tte m
ce m Gs) rr
m | a nm = oe 3
S15/8/2| 22] ait ae ie
aie Oo) Rt 221 a @ Oo) eh ee
alea|/esf|s|en| 2 S) = - ee
Mo = ~ Pm as 5 r= o a ~ =
Ol 6) 713 a | Os g B cs 3s |
O;/O;A la] s5 By) Or dat mene) cores
e
Manure (cords), 4} 4]; -| 4 4| 6 9; - 6} 10 6
Basic slag (pounds), =i) ee =| = -| - - - | 700
Bone meal (pounds), -| -| -] - -|- -| - ~ - | 800
Double sulphate potash and mag-| -| -/ -| - -| - -| - - - | 200
nesia (pounds).
Dry ground fish (pounds), -| -| -] - -| - -| - - - | 300
Ashes (pounds), -| -{| -] - -| -{|2,000; - - ~ -
Lime (pounds),. . . ° ef =f] Sp eS -| - - | - | 400 | 400 -
Coarse salt (pounds), : : ~| -~| -] -] - -| - - | =| 200 - -

Corn for the Silo. — Our yield is the smallest average that we
have ever produced, viz., but little over 11 tons. The unfavorable
conditions other than the small application of manure and the lack
of fertilizer already alluded to in a general way were the follow-
ing : —

1. Poor seed, purchased from such source that it was believed
to be undoubtedly good, and unwisely not tested because it looked
bright.

2. The excessive use of town sewage on the field adjoining
the college estate on the south, which renders several acres of the
field where we produced most of our corn for the silo so wet that
but little corn grew there.

3. <A section of 2 acres from the middle of a field planted for
husking on the south flat has not yet been drained; and the crop
from this was so poor that it was cut and put into the silo, thus
increasing the acreage of corn ensiled, but not much increasing
the weight of product.

4. The old building site (barn and farmhouse) makes up 34
acres of the total ensiled, and of course did not produce a full
crop. .

Japanese Barn-yard Millet. —'Three acres on the campus
slope, receiving at the rate of 4 cords per acre of barn-yard
manure spread during the winter, gave a product of 37.4 tons, —
rather more than 12 tons per acre. Analyses in previous years
have shown this fodder to equal Indian corn in food value. The

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 79

crop of this year has been put into the silo. It was sown broad-
east, and of course received no culture.

Medium Green Soya Beans. — Four acres on the campus
slope, manured as for the millet, were planted to this crop. The
seed was planted with the Eclipse corn planter, about 12 to 15
seeds to the foot of row; rows 24 feet apart. The growth was
fine, and the crop cost but little labor to raise. The product was
at the rate of 10.3 tons per acre. It was put into the silo in
alternate layers with Indian corn, when the pods were filled but
before the beans had hardened. It was put in in the proportion
of one part of the beans to two parts of the corn. It is confi-
dently anticipated that this will make a well-balanced silage.

Horse Bean. —One acre in good strong loam on the north
flat was planted to this crop. It received an application of 6
cords of manure, spread after ploughing and harrowed in. The
beans were planted in rows 14 feet apart, 6 to 8 seeds to the foot,
with a hand planter. The foliage blighted, and the yield (weighed
as it was cut and fed green to the cows from day to day, being in
bloom at the time) was only 5.8 tons. After two years’ trial, I
have decided that this crop is not likely to prove valuable with us.

New Implements. —'The Robbins’ potato planter was used in
putting in our potatoes this year, with very great satisfaction.
For its operation, a heavy pair of horses, a man and a boy are
needed. It applies the fertilizer and plants the cut potatoes in
an excellent manner. It is quite necessary that potatoes be cut
evenly and rather small. The pieces are as a rule dropped with
perfect regularity and all covered. This is not always the case
with other planters. Three rows, planted, for the purpose of
comparison, with the Aspinwall planter, showed many skips, and
gave a product of 18 bushels; while the adjacent three rows,
planted with the Robbins, showed hardly a skip, and gave a
product of 3874 bushels. In justice to the Aspinwall planter, it
should be stated that no effort was made to cover by hand the
tubers not covered by the machine, and, further, that the pieces
were perhaps rather too small for its best work. It was operated
by one man, while the Robbins required also a boy. I do not
attach great importance to the exact relations of the above figures
giving yields, but I am fully convinced, as the result of a four
years’ trial, that we cannot in Massachusetts afford to use the
Aspinwall planter, as under the best conditions there are too many
failures to deposit and cover the seed.

Corn Harvester. —The farm superintendent, Mr. Jones, reports
concerning the McCormick corn harvester as follows: ‘‘ The en-

80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

tire crop of field and ensilage corn was cut this year with the McCor-
mick corn harvester. The work was well done, and the method
proved to be far more economical than hand labor. About six
acres were found to be a fair average for a day’s work. The
corn, being bound in compact bundles, greatly facilitated the
work of hauling and passing through the ensilage cutter.”

LivE STocK. é

Horses. — Our horses and colts have been uniformly in a per-
fect condition of health throughout the year. We now own the
following animals: Percherons, 1 stallion, 1 mare and 2 stallion
colts; Percheron three-quarters blood, 1 stallion and 2 mare colts;
one-half Percheron, 1 mare; ordinary work horses, 2 geldings and
2 mares ; French coach, 1 stallion colt and 1 mare colt ; total, 14.

Neat Cattle.— Shorthorn, 1 bull and 2 females; Guernsey, 2
bulls and 2 females; Jersey, 1 bull and 2 females; Ayrshire,
1 bull and 2 females; Holstein-Friesian, 1 bull and 2 cows;
Aberdeen-Angus, 1 cow and 1 stag; Dakota cows, 34; Dakota
heifers, 14; grade Hereford, 1 heifer; grade calves, 9; total, 76.

Southdown Sheep. —One breeding buck, 2 yearling bucks, 31
breeding ewes, 4 buck lambs and 4 ewe lambs; total, 42.

Swine. — Tamworth, 1 boar and 6 pigs; Chester White, 1 boar
and 1 sow; Cheshire, 1 boar; Berkshire, 1 boar and 1 sow;
Poland-China, 1 sow; total, 13.

The health of cattle and sheep has been good throughout the
year, but there have been a few abortions among the cows, the
cause of which is obscure. It is thought that it may be due to
slipping upon the cement floor of the stable; but I do not feel
at all confident that this is the case. The cattle were all retested
with tuberculin during last winter, and not a case of tuberculosis
was found. ‘There has, indeed, been not the slightest evidence
of this dread disease among our stock since we have occupied the
new barn.

In restocking with swine we were so unfortunate as to get hog
cholera with one of the animals; and as a result we lost by this
disease a Chester White boar and a litter of twelve pigs, a Poland-
China boar, a Cheshire sow, a Medium Yorkshire sow and six
Tamworth sucking pigs. By isolation of infected animals and
thorough disinfection we were able to check the disease within a
short time, but not before it had seriously injured our stock. Not
the least of the ill consequences is the failure to breed on the part
of the animals that survived.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 81

CasH RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR.

The total receipts of the year for products sold and for labor per-
formed by farm teams and men amount to nearly $6,000. The
leading items contributing to this total are the following: beef,
$886.38; sheep and lambs, $95.45; dairy products, $1,790.10;

hay, $561.72; potatoes, $264.26 ; onions, $81.75 ; celery, $112.48 ;
corn, $15.15; wood, $802.26; stone, $92.25; ice, $122.47; work,
$580.45. |
SEEDING TO GRASS.

The method of seeding to grass in the standing corn has invari-
ably given such satisfactory results that we have come to follow
it almost to the entire exclusion of other methods. ‘The seed is
sown in showery weather the latter part of July, as a rule follow-
ing immediately after the last cultivation. ‘The men in sowing
walk in every row, casting the seed three rows wide. ‘The land is
thus all sown over three times, and the result is very even distrihu-
tion of the seed. ‘This year the 17 acres on the campus slope
were worked the last time (beginning July 25) with Breed’s one-
row weeder, and the seed sown immediately after. The mixture
used per acre was as follows : —

Pounds
Timothy, . : : : ; : 4 aabe
Red top, ; ; ; : ; : ; 8

Kentucky blue- ei 5
Meadow fescue, : : ‘ . 6
Mammoth red clover, . ; 6
Alsike clover, $

The seed came quickly and evenly, and the field promises a
good crop another season.

The land which was occupied by the barn-yard millet and soya
beans was ploughed after these crops were removed, and the land
then sown with the mixture above given.

On the site of the old barn and farmhouse there were so many
stones that it was thought better to remove the corn, plough and
then sow. This was done, the following being the mixture of
seeds used per acre: —

Pounds
Orchard grass, . : : die)
Kentucky blue-grass, . ; ; a
Meadow fescue, : : ; f ; i : 6
English rye-grass, ; : ; : . 4
Tall oat grass, 6
Awnless brome grass, . 4

Clover will be sown here in the spring.

82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

RaPE AND WuitE MUusTARD.

At the last cultivation of the corn on the south flat, 4 acres
were sown with Dwarf Essex rape at the rate of 2 pounds per
acre, and 3 acres with white mustard, at the rate of 7 pounds per
acre. Both crops came up evenly, but, probably on account of
being shaded by the corn, did not make a large growth, and were
not pastured. Both were ploughed under after the corn was re-
moved.

PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS.

The work of fitting the lot south of the Plainville road for past-
ure has been prosecuted as energetically as our resources would
permit. The lot has been fenced in a substantial mannér, our
share of the lines amounting to a total length of 5,400 feet. We
have put up a five-strand barbed wire fence with chestnut posts.
Considerable work in clearing the lot of brush has also been done.

The grass seeds sown last summer and fall after burning the

lot started well, and effectually smothered out the inferior natural -

grasses, sedges and weeds. The lot furnished a large share of
the food needed during the summer by our herd of 40 cows.

A lane 84 rods long and 27 feet wide, leading from the barn to
the pasture, has been fenced with Page’s woven-wire fence, with
chestnut posts. The style of fence employed is 56 inches high.
It combines neatness, strength and durability in a remarkable
degree, and has proved entirely satisfactory.

The remainder of the drive which led to the upper floor of our
old barn has been carted away, about 200 loads of gravel having
been taken out and applied to the college roads. Most of the
stones which yet remained upon this old building site have also
been picked up and carried away.

THe ARMy Worm.

Early in July we found a field of timothy seeded the previous
August was seriously attacked by army worms, which before they
were discovered had eaten a large share of the leaves and heads of
the grass. A furrow as deep as could be turned with a heavy
plough drawn by four horses was put around three sides of the
piece, the fourth side being bounded by a brook. It so happened
that the grass had been cut from a strip about one rod wide under
the trees next the road on two sides, and the young grass here was
powdered with Paris green, which application was, I believe, use-
less, as the worms when marching passed across without feeding.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. _83

At the same time the machines were started and the timothy was
cut. This was in the forenoon. At about three o’clock in the
afternoon the worms began to move out of the field in enormous
numbers. ‘They did not go into the brook, but poured into the
furrows in countless myriads. Here they were checked, the side
of the furrow farthest from the field having been cut as smooth as
possible and with somewhat of a slope against the worms in their
efforts to climb out of it. The furrow was not, however, a perfect
barrier; many worms were found to be climbing out. Accord-
ingly a line of coal tar was put in the bottom of the furrow round
the three sides of the field. This was a great advantage. Many
worms were killed by it; but the tar soon became filled with dead
and dying worms, and in part soaked into the ground, and it was
found that worms were again crossing. .We then attacked them
with pure kerosene oil, applied with a knapsack pump and spray-
ing nozzle. We went over the furrow twice in this way that day,
and found this method very effective. By this time it was dark,
and the worms had mostly ceased moving.

The next day at about the same hour the movement of worms
again began in even greater numbers than the first day. We again
used tar and kerosene, and with equally satisfactory results.

Meanwhile the timothy had been cured and hauled to the barn,
and the next morning before six o’clock we had applied Paris
green to the entire six acres, using two Leggett’s guns and putting
on about three pounds of green to the acre. By noon of that day
there were few worms in the field alive, and we bad succeeded per-
fectly in keeping them out of adjoining fields of corn and grass,
and literally annihilated the colony.

It was later found that there were some worms in other fields
of grass which had been cut earlier, where they fed upon the new
growth, preferring that of timothy and orchard grass. These
worms caused a serious shortage in our rowen crop in all these
fields. Where the worms were thick we applied some Paris green,
which, as in the case of the larger field of timothy, was effective.
There can be no danger in applying this poison soon after the
main crop is removed, as in these cases, for it is sure to be all
washed off before any rowen is ready to cut, if there are rains;
and if there are no rains there will be no rowen.

It is a matter of grave uncertainty whether we shall be troubied
with army worms next season. It is said they are seldom or never
seriously troublesome two years in succession in the same place ;
but whether the past season is to be counted as the serious one we
are unable to decide. The trouble was surely bad enough, but

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 9

of course not nearly as serious as such incursions sometimes are.
Burning the stubble in the spring is said to be useful in the case
of threatened attacks of such worms.

In conclusion, I desire to testify to the efficient, faithful and
skilful services of the farm superintendent, Mr. E. A. Jones, who
brings to this important work in his alma mater unusual natural
qualifications and an extended experience. To his careful man-
agement in my absence since August has been largely due such
measure of success as has attended the farm operations.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS,

Professor of Agriculture,
HALueE A. S., GERMANY, Dec. 7, 1896.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 85

MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 31, 1896.

To President H. H. GOODELL, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Sir: —TI have the honor to submit my report of the military
department of the college for the year ending Dec. 31, 1896.

Pieempuance with §. O.,. No. 173,,H..Q. A., A. G. Q.,
Washington, July 24, 1896, I relieved First Lieut. Walter M.
Dickinson, Seventeenth Infantry, on the sixteenth of August last.

Drills commenced on September 38, and have been continued
during the term on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday of each
week. The command is organized in a battalion of three com-
panies. A band has not been formed, owing to lack of talent ;
but it is hoped that a drum and trumpet corps or a drum and
fife corps will be started early in January.

The companies have been instructed in all of the drill regula-
tions up to battalion, but thus far there has not been opportunity
for extended order drill, owing to lack of time. A very satis-
factory state of efficiency has, however, been reached. ‘Two com-
panies were consolidated for platoon drill, each senior having an
opportunity to drill it as captain and as chief of platoon. The
seniors also received instruction in signalling with flag and _ helio-
graph, and with one or two exceptions are proficient.

All the companies received instruction in artillery and bayonet
exercise, and during the latter part of the term considerable |
progress has been made in battalion drill.

There has been no target practice thus far, owing to the unsafe
condition of the target pit and butt. Specifications for repair-
ing the range, so that the markers will be able to work without
danger to life or limb, will at an early date be submitted for
your approval. Gallery practice and pointing and aiming drill
will commence early in 1897.

The college dormitories are in excellent repair and condition,
but I cannot recommend too strongly the placing of suitable water-

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

closets, sinks and bath rooms in north college. I believe this
to be the most urgent necessity that has come under my obser-
vation since joining here. The present system of janitors is
not satisfactory, as the halls, sidewalks, sinks, water-closets, etc.,
are not kept in a proper state of police, although the responsi-
ble persons have been frequently spoken and written to about
the matter. I recommend the employment of outside help for
work of this character.

I concur most heartily with the recommendations of my prede-
cessor regarding the transformation of the present gun shed into
a combination gun shed and armory, and the use of the present
armory for bath rooms, lavatories, lockers, etc., in connection
with the gymnasium. I would also invite attention to the neces-
“sity of painting the outside of the drill hall.

The senior and freshman classes have received one hour theo-
retical instruction each week. The former have been instructed
in drill regulations, including battalion drill, and in signalling
with the flag and heliograph. The progress made was very satis-
factory. The freshmen were instructed in drill regulations for
one-half the time each week, the other half being taken up with
a short lecture and discussion on some military subject, such as
the Springfield rifle, the 8.2 inch B. L. rifle, infantry fire, customs
of the service, articles of war, ete.

The discipline, esprit and attendance of the command are ex-
cellent, and are due in a great measure to the character of the
work done by my predecessor and the unqualified and cordial
support given this department by the college authorities.

The following three members of the last graduating class were
reported to the Adjutant-General of the army and to the Adjutant-
General of the State of Massachusetts as having shown the great-
est proficiency in the art and science of war: —

Horace C. BURRINGTON, . ‘ : . Charlemont.
Patrick A. LEAMY, . ° 5 F . . Petersham.
FRANCIS E. DELUCE, . ” . . ‘ . Warren.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 87

The following is a list of the United States property now on
hand : —

Ordnance.

2 3.2-inch breech-loading steel guns.
2 8-inch mortars, with implements.
2 gun carriages.
2 gun caissons, with spare wheels.
2 mortar beds.
147 Springfield cadet rifles.
147 sets of infantry, accoutrements
51 headless shell extractors.
2,000 metallic ball cartridges.
2 mortar platforms.
2,000 pasters.
75 paper targets.
30,000 cartridge primers.
20,000 round balls.
1 set reloading tools.
75 pounds of small arms powder.
2 sets of implements and equipments for 3.2-inch breech-loading
steel guns.

Signal.

2 heliographs, complete.

6 2-foot white flags.

6 2-foot red flags.

6 canvas cases and straps.
12 joints of staff.

The battalion organization is as follows : —

Commandant.

First Lieut. W. M. WriGut,. : . Second U.S. Infantry.

Commissioned Staff.

Cadet First Lieutenant and Adjutant, . . G. D. LEAVENS.
Cadet First Lieutenant and Quartermaster, . 2. De BARTLETT:
Cadet First Lieutenant and Fire Marshal, H. J. ARMSTRONG.

Non-commissioned Staff.

Cadet Sergeant-Major, . ; . A. MONTGOMERY, JF.
Cadet Quartermaster-Sergeant, . é; ; . J.P. NICKERSON.

88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. © (Jan.

Company A. |
Cadet Captain, J. M. BARRY. :
Cadet First Lieutenant, . C. I. GOESSMANN.
Cadet Second Lieutenant, G. A. DREw.
Cadet First Sergeant, L. L. CHENEY.
Cadet Sergeant, R. D. WARDEN.
Cadet Sergeant, C. G. CLARK.
Cadet Sergeant, A. G. ADJEMIAN.
Cadet Corporal, EK. M. WRIGHT.
Cadet Corporal, G. C. HUBBARD.

Company B.
Cadet Captain, . ; ‘ ; . J. A. EMRICH.
Cadet First leoaierient : . oo. W. ALLEN.
Cadet Second Lieutenant, . ; : : aes = We GRD eT a 3
Cadet First Sergeant, . : ' , OC; F. PACE:
Cadet Sergeant, ; . W.S. FISHER.
Cadet Sergeant (Color Sergeant), : . J.S. EATON.
Cadet Corporal, . ; . D. A. BEAMAN.
Cadet Corporal, A. A. BOUTELLE.

Company C.
Cadet Captain, P. H. Smita, Jr
Cadet First Lieutenant, . C. A PETERS
Cadet Second Lieutenant, C. A. NORTON
Cadet First Sergeant, bE. CLARK
Cadet Sergeant, G. H. WRIGHT.
Cadet Sergeant, C. N. BAXTER.
Cadet Corporal. F. H. TURNER.
Cadet Corporal, J. R. DUTCHER.

Respectfully submitted,

W. My WRIGHT,
Iirst Lieutenant Second Infantry.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 89

THE SPRUCE GALL-LOUSE.

(Chermes abietis Linn. )

Prepared by Prof. CHARLES H. FERNALD, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

The spruce gall-louse forms greenish galls on the twigs of va-
rious species of spruce, greatly injuring them and giving a very
unsightly appearance to the trees. ‘These galls (Plate II., Fig.
5) contain from three to thirty or more cavities, within each of
which from ten to thirty of these minute yellowish insects may
be found during the months of June and July, adhering to the
walls of the cavities. About the middle of July the galls begin to
dry, and the cavities opening allow the young gall-lice to escape.
They crawl to the leaves, and after molting, their wings appear as
shown in Fig. 10, Plate If. The body of the insect in this stage is
brownish and the wings are transparent. The posterior end of the
body, soon after molting the skin, is covered with a mass of fine
white waxy hairs.

These insects soon come to rest on the leaves, and lay a cluster
of small yellowish eggs, from twenty to fifty in number, each one
being attached by a slender aimost colorless thread (Plate II.,
figs. 4 and 6). ‘The insect dies as soon as she lays her eggs, and
her body serves as a protection to them.

The eggs hatch in about two weeks, and the exceedingly minute
brownish insects crawl about over the twigs, some coming to rest
on the leaves, others at the base of the buds. All of those on the
leaves and many of those on the buds die before spring. Those
which survive may be found early in May, enveloped in a dense
coat of white waxy threads, which is quite conspicuous. These
insects lay a large number of eggs which hatch in a few days, and
the young, crawling to a gall, come to rest in the crevices and are
soon enclosed by the enlarging gall. Here they vemain till the
opening of the gall allows them to escape, as described above.

90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

PREDACEOUS ENEMIES.

The larva of the common lace-winged fly (Chrysopa oculata
Say) has been taken feeding voraciously on the nymphs of this
insect as they issued from the galls. This larva, also called the
Aphis-lion, is a formidable-looking creature, measuring about a
third of an inch from the tips of the long, sickle-shaped jaws with
which it grasps its prey to the end of the abdomen. When fully
grown the larva spins a nearly spherical white cocoon, from which,
after about two weeks, the adult insect, with a slender green body
and large delicate-veined wings, emerges.

W. k. Fisher, in his ‘* Forest Protection” (Vol. VI. of Schlich’s
‘¢ Manual of Forestry,” page 327), gives as a remedial measure the
protection of the smaller insectivorous birds, as tits, the nut-hatch
and golden-crested wren. He also states that a spider is an active
destroyer of this insect, spinning its web over the galls and pre-
venting the escape of its inmates. ‘

REMEDIES.

Kerosene emulsion is the popular remedy for plant lice in general,
and has been recommended by some for the spruce gall-louse; but
it has been given a thorough test here, and failed to destroy the
insect. Other experimenters have also been unable to destroy it
with kerosene emulsion. Experiments were made with whale-oil
soap on spruces growing near the inseetary in Amherst. One
pound of soap was dissolved in two gallons of water, and the in-
fested trees were sprayed with this solution in April. This proved
very effectual, as no insects have since been found on the trees thus
treated.

A simple way of holding the insect in check, when not abun-
dant, 1s to cut off the galls and burn them in the month of June,
before the insects leave the cavities.

The following more technical account has been prepared by my
assistant, Mr. R. A. Cooley, who has very patiently and success-
fully worked out the life history of this insect, and made all the
studies and experiments on it, under my direction. No attempt
has been made to give its foreign history nor references to foreign
literature.

I am under obligations to Prof. L. O. Howard for valuable
information on the distribution of the insect in this country.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 91

Tuer Spruce GALL-LOUSE.

(Chermes abietis Linn.)

The spruce gall-louse, also known as spruce bud-louse, spruce |
Adelges and spruce Chermes, like many other of our destructive
insects, is a native of the old world, and was probably introduced
into this country from northern Kurope on Norway spruces. ‘The
exact date of introduction is not known, but the first mention of it.
in the United States that I have been able to find is in an article
by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, in the ‘‘ Transactions of the Illinois Hor-
ticultural Society” for the year 1876 (page 198). Dr. Thomas
described the species provisionally as Chermes abieticolens in his
third annual report (page 156, 1879). Dr. Packard had previously
given a brief description of a species of Adelges occurring in
abundance on the spruce in Maine, in his ‘‘ Guide to the Study
of Insects” (page 522), the first edition of which was published
in 1869.

In order to learn the distribution of the species in this country,
as well as to obtain other information, about five hundred circular
letters were sent out to different persons in the United States and
Canada. ‘This resulted in the receipt of a large amount of desira-
ble material and information. Only one species of Chermes was
received, and the question at once arose whether it was abietis or
abieticolens, as both species were said to be present in the United
States. To settle this question, specimens in all stages were sent
to Dr. N. A. Cholodkowski, professor of zodlogy in the Forst-
Akademie in St. Petersburg, Russia, one of the most eminent
authorities on this group of insects, and he determined it to be
Chermes abietis Linn. From all the material and facts obtained
there can be no doubt that Adelges abieticolens 'Thos., no types of
which have been preserved, is identical with Chermes abietis Linn.

Distribution.

Chermes abietis is widely distributed in the United States, reach-
ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but is chiefly confined to the
transitional zone, though it has been received in a few instances
from the northern edge of the upper austral zone. From what I
have been able to learn through correspondence, it appears that
the insect is far more common and destructive in New England
than elsewhere in the United States. Outside of New England it
has been received from Sing Sing, N. Y.; West Park, N. Y.;

92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Ridgewood, N. J.; State College, Pa.; Toronto, Can.; Den-
ver, Col.; Fort Collins, Col.; Grand Rapids, Mich.; Chicago,
Ill., and New Whatcome, Wash.; and it is also said to occur in
Oregon. Hon. J. R. Anderson, deputy minister of agriculture,
Victoria, British Columbia, wrote to Professor Fernald Oct. 5,
1896, that, after making particular inquiries from the correspond-
ents of his department and from personal observations during his
journeys through the country, he was of the opinion that this in-
sect did not occur in British Columbia. He further wrote that he
was informed that this or a similar pest was prevalent in the
adjoining American States of Washington and Oregon, and that
he feared it was only a question of time when it would find its
way into British Columbia.

The Species in the Old World.

Buckton, in his ‘¢ Monograph of the British Aphides” (Vol. IV.,
page 30), says: ‘* This insect is numerous in many English coun-
ties. It also has a wide continental distribution, reaching as far
south as Parma in Italy.”

Destructiveness.

We have no record that these insects ever kill the trees, but they
so generally disfigure them as to make them useless as ornaments
or unsalable as nursery stock.

Mr. James Draper, proprietor of the Bloomingdale nurseries at
Worcester, Mass., to whom we are indebted for courteous assist-
ance in our study of the species, gave us the following informa-
tion: ‘* These little burrs made their appearance some three or
four years ago and have been increasing some each year, so that
I took hold of them in earnest the past year, and dug them out
root and branch and burned them. ‘There must have been a hun-
dred trees at least, from six to eight feet in height, that we thus
destroyed.”

Other reports of the injuries of this insect have been received
from different parts of the country. ‘That the insect attacks for-
est spruces is shown by the following extract from a letter from
Prof. C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Col., who very kindly sent us
specimens from his locality: ‘*'This gall, which I send you, along
with many others was taken near the timber line on Long’s Peak,
this State, early in August, by myself. Between 8,000 and 11,000
feet altitude the galls were common, but were most abundant near
the timber line, where nearly every twig of Engleman’s spruce was
terminated by one. The galls were almost entirely green in color,

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 93

or more or less rosy. Even the small trailing trees, at the very
border of the timber, had hundreds of these galls upon them. I
have not seen any of these galls or spruces growing outside the
mountains.”’ Numerous other statements of a similar nature have
been received, which show that this insect is a serious pest.

Life History and Habits.

At the time the spruces are putting forth new shoots, about
the second week of May in this locality, the eggs of this insect,
together with the shrivelled body of the dead or dying female, may
be found at the base of the buds, enveloped in a white woolly mass,
about 3 mm. (one-eighth of an inch) in length. Each cluster con-
tains about three hundred eggs, which are of a light yellow color
and .4 mm. (nearly one-sixtieth of an inch) in length, each egg
being attached by a very slender transparent stem about twice as
long as the greatest diameter of the egg (Plate I., Fig. 9). In
about one week these eggs hatch, and the minute nymphs, after
remaining in the woolly mass for a few hours, venture out, and,
crawling to the young and tender shoots, nestle closely in the
cracks at the base of the leaves of the young galls which have
already begun to form before their arrival. A very young shoot
broken out from the bud scales before any of the eggs have
hatched shows the basal leaves on the side where the female
passed the winter, distinctly swollen at the base. ‘The starting
of the gall must therefore be attributed to the female rather than
to the nymphs. It is reasonable to suppose, however, that the
nymphs settling in the partially formed gall have some influence
on its further development. In the young gall there is nothing to
indicate that there will ever be cavities to enclose the nymphs, but
as the gall develops it grows over the insects, the cavities gradually
close, leaving only a semicircular incision, surrounded by grayish
or pinkish pubescence. Young nymphs arriving later sometimes
find it difficult to discover a cavity open enough to allow admis-
sion. In general, all the nymphs which enter one gall arise from
the egg-cluster laid by one female. After the cavity has closed,
the space within enlarges, and in a few days the young may be
seen closely adhering to the sides, with their heads directed toward
the opening.

The young nymphs are oval in form and flattened, .4 mm. (nearly
one-sixtieth of an inch) in length, and of a light yellow color, with
the legs, antennz and proboscis slightly darkened. The eyes are
black, and the antenne, which are about as long as the lateral
diameter of the head, consist of three segments, the first and

94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

second of which are nearly equal, while the third is regularly
ringed and longer than the first two combined. The tarsus has
but one segment, from which arises a pair of digitules near the
outer end. The first molt occurs when the nymph is about two
weeks old, and the molted skin is left attached to the tip of the
abdomen. ‘The next two molted skins are pushed off similarly,
with the previous skin still attached, leaving three empty skins
trailing from the end of the body. By this time all have become
crowded and the skins are brushed off, and these, together with
globules of liquid matter voided by the nymphs, make a consid-
erable amount of debris. Sometimes a single molted skin at the
end of the abdomen becomes distended with these liquid globules
and strongly resembles a young nymph, and may sometimes have
been mistaken for one. .

I have been unable to determine the exact number of molts, but
the foregoing facts would indicate that there are at least three
before the insect reaches the adult stage.

The full-grown nymph (Plate II., figs. 1 and 2) is 2 mm. (about
one-twelfth of an inch) long and 1 mm. wide, with the head, thorax
and abdomen not distinctly separated. The head and thorax, to-
gether with all appendages, are yellow, but the abdomen is slightly
more reddish. The wing pads are tinged with green in the ma-
jority of individuals, but in some they are light brown. ‘The whole
surface of the body is scantily covered with a white powdery secre-
tion. The head is slightly bi-lobed; eyes large, black and con-
spicuous (mounts in Canada balsam show the eyes red). No
ocelli are present. The antenne are remote at the base, and have
three segments, the third being much the longest. The legs have
a protuberance at the end of the tibia, on the inside, on which the
insect rests when walking. Abdomen distinctly segmented.

In the early part of August the nymphs have become full grown,
and the galls begin to lose their dark-green color and slowly take
on a yellowish tinge. The cavities slowly open, and the nymphs
crawl out one by one, molt their skins, leaving them attached to
the leaves, and crawl on, the wings developing as they go, half an
hour being required for them to become fully expanded. ‘The first
winged specimens were observed at Amherst August 10. Most
of the adults emerged before the 20th, but stragglers continued to
appear for some time after. ‘The galls turn from yellowish green
to brown as they dry up, and before fall it is difficult to distinguish
them from those produced in previous years. ‘The younger and
smaller nymphs left in the galls are forced to leave, and, crawling
to the leaves, molt, producing under-sized adults.

1897.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 95

If for any reason the gall dries up before the usual time, the
nymphs appear to be able to transform to the winged individuals
prematurely. I have one specimen, dated June 15, which emerged
from a nymph bred from a gall on a twig in a bottle of water.

Winged female (Plate II., Fig. 10).— Length from face to tip
of closed wings, 2.5 to 3 mm. (from one-eighth to one-tenth of an
inch). Greatest width of body, 1 mm. Expanse of wings, 5.5
mm. (about one-fifth of an inch). Head broader than long, not
separated from the thorax by a neck, very dark brown above,
smoky yellow beneath. Eyes large and black, visible from below
and above ; ocelli three, one above each eye and one between the
bases of the antenne. Antenne slightly longer than the width of
the head, remote at the base, almost naked, and composed of five
segments, of which segment two is the shortest, the others being
subequal in length; segments one and two of greater diameter than
those succeeding ; segments three, four and five irregularly ringed,
and having each a raised and smoothed surface near the outer end
on the under side. Attachment between segments two and three
slender. Prothorax broad and smoky yellow. Between the bases
of the fore wings on the top of the thorax are four oval, very
dark-brown spots, the outer being the largest; and there are three
transverse, white waxy stripes, two in a line and one behind them.
Sternal plate dark brown in color. Wings (Plate II., Fig. 8)
four in number, the fore wings having the stigma and costal cell
distinctly green, the stigma being darker green than the costal
cell. There are two discoidal and one stigmatic vein. Hind
wings with one more or less distinct oblique vein. The hooklets
on the anterior margin are four in number, long and slender.
Mouth parts somewhat sunken into the body at the base, extending
a little past the anterior edge of the sternal plate. Legs of nearly
equal length, spinose, especially on the inner side of the tibie.
Abdomen lighter in color than the head and thorax, with the pos-
terior end covered with a white flocculent secretion, which extends
up the sides of the abdomen toward the thorax.

Newly emerged specimens are of nearly uniform yellowish color,
but with age the darker markings become apparent, and later, the
head and thorax become a nearly uniform deep brown, while the
abdomen.retains its yellowish color.

About two days after the female emerges as a perfect insect she
begins laying her eggs, having first permanently attached herself
to a leaf, generally near the tip, and inserted her mouth parts.
Here she stays for the remainder of her life, her dead body serving
as a protection for the egg-cluster which she deposits (Plate II.,

96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Fig. 4, shows an egg-cluster). The number of eggs varies widely,
but is generally about forty, never much exceeding fifty, and the
process of egg laying occupies about three days. As this process
goes on the abdomen becomes much shortened, until finally the
space which it occupied is largely filled by the egg-cluster.

Each egg is attached to the leaf by a slender stem of about the
same length as the longest diameter of the egg (Plate II., Fig. 6).
The whole mass is more or less covered with the flocculent secretion
from the female.

An individual egg (Plate II., Fig. 6) is ellipsoidal in form, .4
mm. (about one-sixtieth of an inch) in length and half as wide.
When it is laid it is light yellow, but before hatching it gradually
turns darker. When the development of the young is well ad-
vanced, two black dots, the eyes of the embryo, may be distinctly
seen opposite the end where the egg is attached. The eggs are
laid in succession, and consequently do not all hatch at the same
time, a period of about two weeks being required. The young
nymphs remain under the body of the mother for a short time be-
fore coming out.

The insects of the winter generation are quite different from
those of the summer generation, the adult form of which is winged.
These may be called the young of the wingless female (Plate L.,
figs. 1 and 2). Soon after hatching they measure .4 mm. (about
one-sixtieth of an inch) in length, and are oval, tapering slightly
toward the posterior end. The top of the head and thorax and
spots on the top of the abdomen are brown, the remainder of the
body is yellowish brown. ‘The body is distinctly annulated. The
dorsum of the body is provided with numerous groups of pores, of
from two to five openings each (Plate I., Fig. 3). The head and
prothorax bear each six of these groups on each side ; the five seg-
ments next following, three; the sixth, two; and the seventh seg-
ment, one on each side. Eyes small, black, situated on the sides
of the head at the base. ‘The eyes are afterward molted, so that
the adult female is blind. ‘The antenne consist of three segments,
of which the first two are of nearly equal length, while the third
is much longer and irregularly ringed. ‘The tarsus consists of a
single segment, and is ringed similar to the terminal segment of
the antennse and provided with digitules. The sucking mouth
parts are large and prominent. The sets, four in number, are
very long, and are disposed of by being doubled on themselves
and coiled up in the body, only the part in use being protruded.
The bristles may be protruded but a very short distance, or they
may be extended five times the length of the body. I have watched

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 97

an insect under a microscope, with these sete nearly fully extended,
slowly draw them back till all but the very tips disappeared within
the body.

After hatching, the young females spread over the limb near
by, some attaching themselves to the leaves and some crawling
into the crevices at the axils of the leaves and at the base of
the buds (Plate I., Fig. 10). None except those at the base of
the buds survive the winter, and many thus protected are found
dead in the spring. At first the insects are almost invisible,
because of their small size, but as winter approaches they secrete
from the pores in the back a coating of coarse white threads,
which renders them more easily recognized. Before this time,
however, all except those at the base of the buds have died and
been brushed off.

On coming to rest, the young insect inserts its mouth parts and
begins feeding, its size being increased but very little before cold
weather sets in and stops its growth. In the spring the old winter
coat is molted, and in its place the insect secretes another one of
much finer texture. This is explained by the fact that before this
molt the groups of pores contained only from two to five openings
each, while after molting there are a great many openings. This
molt occurs about the third week in April, after which the insect
increases in size very rapidly, and secretes a more copious woolly
coating. ‘The first eggs were observed May 9. The female, hav-
ing laid, soon dies, but the woolly mass clings long after the eggs
have hatched, even remaining on the tree when the galls have dried
up in the autumn.

| The Male and Parthenogenesis.

The question whether any male of Chermes abietis exists, and,
if it does, what it is like, has long been a subject of interest to
entomologists. If there is no male, it follows that the females
must produce young parthenogenetically ; that is, without being
fertilized by the male.

Buckton, in his ‘‘ British Aphides” (Vol. IV., page 31), states
that after searching the contents of a number of pseudo-cones
he found ‘‘a single minute apterous insect, which proved to be
the sex long missing.” ‘This he describes as measuring 0.030 by
0.015 mm., yellow, blind, apterous; antennez rudimentary, three-
jointed. Rostrum very short. Head broad and joined to the
body without the intervention of any well-marked thorax. Abdo-
men large and deeply ringed. ‘The posterior end is occupied by
a remarkably developed male apparatus, which by compression

98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

under weak glycerine gives rise to a plentiful stream of sperma-
tozoa.

Ratzeburg, in the third volume of his ‘ Forst Insecten” (page
200), describes and figures (Plate XII.) what he believed to be a
winged male.

During the two years that I have had this insect under obser-
vation I have examined a very large number of individuals, and
have never found a male of any description. Yet I will not state,
with Leuckart, that there is no male. It should be borne in mind
that in some of the lower Homopterous insects the male is found
with the female in some localities, while in others the females
exist and reproduce without males (parthenogenetically).

As to the form described by Buckton as the male of this species,
may it not be that it was a molted skin, distended by the liquid
secretions of the nymph, as described in a previous paragraph of
this paper?

Prof. N. A. Cholodkowski of St. Petersburg, who has been study-
ing this and other species of the genus for several years, states, in
the ‘‘ Zodlogischer Anzeiger” for January, 1896 (page 37), that
‘¢ Chermes abietis is therefore without doubt a clearly partheno-
egnetic species.” ‘This conclusion he bases chiefly-on the fact that
Chermes abietis completes its life cycle in a single year, and there-
fore lacks the generation of males and females which in other
species of the genus appear in the second year of the cycle.

In further consideration of this question, I would say that to
determine this point I took a number of fully developed nymphs
and placed one each on a small branch of spruce and enclosed
them separately in small cages in the insectary, thus keeping them
from all possible contact with males. These nymphs molted to
winged imagoes, which laid eggs as usual, and these eggs hatched
in due season.

Species of Spruce attacked.

Chermes abietis has been taken on the following species of
spruce: white spruce (Picea alba), black spruce (Picea nigra),
Norway spruce (Picea eawcelsa), hemlock spruce (Picea canadensis)
and blue spruce (Picea pungeus). Small trees in nurseries and
trees recently transplanted, or trees otherwise weakened by frost
or animals, are more frequently attacked than others.

Physiological Botany of the Gall.
The fact that this insect by its own operations is able to cause
a young twig to develop into such an abnormal form is very inter-
esting. Physiological botany teaches that all such growths as galls

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 99

caused by insects, and callouses which grow over wounds inflicted
on trees, are the result of what is known as stimulation. The
stimulation or irritation in this case is the puncture of the sete
of the hibernating female into the bud, as previously described. :
Botanists agree that stimulation of this nature sets up a division of

the plant cells. Each cell divides in the middle, producing two,

which after reaching full size divide as did the parent cell, thus
producing four. As this goes on, a swelling is naturally pro-
duced, and this swelling is the gall. It is not necessary that the
insect should sting or poison the plant; the piercing of the sete is
sufficient cause for the formation of the gall. Essentially the same
thing occurs when the limb of a tree is sawed off. The inner bark,
the growing part of the tree, is injured or stimulated, and the cell
division begins, causing a swelling or callous, which gradually grows
over the end of the limb. Why the gall should take on its char-
acteristic form and color has not been explained.

As a result of the stimulation, there may be in addition to the
cell divisions a deposition of material in the cells, as starch, pro-
teids, resin, etc., which appear as minute granules of definite char-
acter. ‘The plant cells of the gall produced by the insect are
abnormally large, with thin walls, and contain more starch than
those of the unaffected parts of the same stem. It may be that
this starch is the food on which the young lice subsist.

100

te

10.

10,

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.’97

Explanation of Plate I.
DRAWN BY R. A. CooLeEy.

Top view of young femaie of the winter generation, enlarged.

Under view of same, enlarged.

A group of pores from the back of the young female of the winter
generation, greatly enlarged. |

End of the mouth parts of female of the winter generation, greatly
enlarged.

Leg of the young female of the winter generation, greatly enlarged.

Top view of the denuded body of the adult female of the winter
generation, enlarged.

Antenna of the adult female of the winter generation, greatly en-
larged.

Mouth parts of the adult insect of the summer generation, showing
the origin of the four setz in the buccal cavity, greatly enlarged.
Broken lines are internal, full lines are external.

An egge@ laid by the female of the winter generation, greatly en-
larged.

Section of a spruce twig, showing the insects of the Rani genera-
tion as they are in the fall, slightly enlarged.

Explanation of Plate IT.

DRAWN BY R. A. COOLEY.

Top view of the nymph of the summer generation, enlarged.

Under view of the same, enlarged.

Antenna of nymph of the summer generation, greatly enlarged.

A cluster of eggs on a spruce needle, laid by the female of the sum-
mer generation, enlarged.

A spruce twig, with a vacated gall at the base.

An egg laid by the female of the summer generation, greatly en-
larged.
Antenna of the adult female of the summer generation, greatly 2n-

larged.

Fare and hind wing of female of the summer generation, enlarged.
Hooklets from the costa of the hind wing, in figure 8, great © dane
larged. “eo

Ton view of the adult female of the summer generation, enlarged.

Plate I.

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OF THE

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OF TH

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

AMHERST, MASS.

By act of the General Court, the Hatch Experiment
Station and the State Experiment Station have been consoli-
dated, under the name of the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Several new divi-
sions have been created and the scope of others has been
enlarged. ‘To the horticultural has been added the duty of
testing varieties of vegetables and seeds. The chemical has
been divided, and a new division, ‘‘ Foods and Feeding,” has
been established. The botanical, including plant physiology
and disease, has been restored after temporary suspension.

The officers are : —

Henry H. GoopELL, LL.D., . ° . Director.

WILLIAM P. Brooks, B.Sc., : : . Agriculturist.

GEORGE E. STONE, Ph.D., . : . Botanist.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D. mip! . Chemist (fertilizers).

JOSEPH B. LINDSEY, Ph.D., : ; . Chemist (foods and feeding).
CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph.D., : ; . Entomologist.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.Sce.,_ . : . Horticulturist.

LEONARD METCALF, B.S., . : : . Meteorologist.

Henry M. Tuomson, B.Sc., . ‘ . Assistant Agriculiurist.

RauPuH E. Smiryu, B.Se., . : ‘ . Assistant Botanist.

Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc., : : . Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).
RoserT H. Smitu, B.Se., . : : . Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).
EDWARD B. HoLuann, B.Se., . : . Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).
Rogert A. Cooiey, B.Sc., : : . Assistant Entomologist.

JOSEPH H. Putnam, B.Sc, : , . Assistant Horticulturist.
BENJAMIN K. JongEsS, B.Sc., ; ; . Assistant in Foods and Feeding.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit growers,
horticulturists and all interested, directly or imdirectly, in
agriculture, are earnestly requested. Communications may
be addressed to the ‘‘ Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst,
Mass ”

104

No.

Ci fori feb |

7 4?

rik ae

18.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

BULLETINS ISSUED, 1887-97.

Protection of peach buds; effect of girdling; jumping
sumac beetle.

Grape-vine leaf hoppers; ants; poisonous doses of in-
secticides, and treatment; report on standard varie-
ties of fruit.

Bovine tuberculosis.

Steam heat v. hot water for heating greenhouses; evap-
orated sulphur as an insecticide; plant diseases.

Buffalo carpet beetle; larder beetle; clothes moth.

Steam v. hot water; fungous diseases of plants.

Tests of small fruits and vegetables; girdling; protec-
tion of fruit trees from animals; Japanese millets
and beans; the gypsy moth.

Steam v. hot water; peach yellows; danger from the
use of milk coming from tuberculous cows.

Soil tests.

Special fertilizers for greenhouse crops; report on small
fruits.

Strength of rennet; hay caps; potato rot; fungicides
and insecticides for fruit.

Bud moth; spittle insects; squash bug; pea and bean
weevil; May beetle; curculio; onion maggot; cab-
bage butterfly; tent caterpillar; forest tent cater-
pillar; stalk borer; pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar ;
grape-berry moth; codling moth; cabbage-leaf miner ;
gartered plume moth.

Directions for using fungicides and insecticides.

Fertilizers for corn.

Over-bench v. under-bench heating; special fertilizers
for plants under glass; varieties of strawberries,
blackberries, raspberries.

Summary of results in electro-culture.

Fungicides and insecticides; varieties of grapes and
peaches; protection of peach buds; copper on
sprayed fruit; Siberian crab as a stock; girdling
grape vines; spraying apparatus.

Fertilizers for potatoes, oats and corn; muriate of pot-
ash; corn and millet as grain crops; report on oats,
hemp, flax, English wheats, Japanese millets and
beans.

pie o>

. 22.
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. 24,

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; 26.
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. 30.
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. 40.
. Al.
- 42,
. 43.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 105

Gypsy moth; effect of Paris green on foliage; Barnard’s
insect trap; lice and spiders on rose bushes; kero-
sene emulsion; effects of Paris green on tent cater-
pillars ; cranberry insects.

Canker worms; tent caterpillar; fall web worm; tus-
sock moths.

Bordeaux mixture; ammoniacal carbonate of ammonia; _
copper sulphate; fruits.

Small fruits.

Electro-culture.

Arsenate of lead; Paris green and lime; Jamestown
weed; horn fly.

Fungicides and insecticides; grape tests.

‘Strawberries ; blackberries ; raspberries.

Tuberculosis in college herd; tuberculin in diagnosis;
bovine rabies; poisoning by nitrate of soda.

Canker, army and corn worms; red-humped apple-tree
caterpillar; antiopa butterfly; currant stem girdler ;
imported elm-bark louse; greenhouse orthezia.

Fungicides and insecticides ; new spraying pump; spray-
ing calendar.

Fertilizer analyses.

Fertilizer analyses.

Fertilizer analyses.

Glossary of fodder terms.

Fertilizer analyses ; analyses of manurial substances.

Agricultural value of bone meal.

Imported elm-leaf beetle; maple pseudococcus; abbot
sphinx ; San José scale.

Report on fruits, insecticides and fungicides.

Fertilizer analyses; composition of Paris green; action
of muriate of potash on the lime resources of the soil.

Economic feeding of milch cows.

Fertilizer analyses.

On the use of tuberculin (translated from Dr. Bang).

Fertilizer analyses ; fertilizer laws.

Effects of electricity on germination of seeds.

106 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Special Bulletins.
Index, 1888 to 1895.
Gypsy moth.
The most profitable use of commercial fertilizers (translated from
Paul Wagner).
The true value of green manuring (translated from Julius Kuehn).

Of the above bulletins, the edition of No. 2 is entirely ex-
hausted ; Nos. 1, 3—24 inclusive, 26, 30-32 inclusive and 34
are nearly exhausted, a few copies of each remaining, which
can only be supplied to complete sets for libraries; Nos. 25,
27-29 inclusive, 33, 35-43 inclusive, and the index number
are still in stock.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 107

ANNUAL REPORT

Or GEORGE F. MILLS, Treasurer pro tem., OF THE HATCH EXPERI-
MENT STATION OF MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

For the Year ending June 30, 1896.

Cash received from United States treasurer, : ’ . $15,000 00

Cash paid for salaries, . : . $5,218 50
for labor, ; ‘ : : . 0,041 94
for publications, . ; . 2,816 86
for postage and stationery, . . 284 66
for freight and express, : 4 185160
for heat, light and water, . i) SELOMLS
for seeds, plants and sundry supplies, . 572 98
for fertilizers, : i : ; : 96 88
for feeding stuffs, . ; aed OF
for library, . ; : . 686 83
for tools, implements and machinery, . 326 63
for furniture and fixtures, . 4 ; 70 47
for scientific apparatus, : 96 00
for travelling expenses, : 92 31
for contingent expenses, pda Lt
for building and repairs, . » 453 57

———— $15,000 00

On hand July 1, 1895: —

Received from Dr. Goessmann, . : $1,704 37
from State treasurer, . . 10,000 00
from fertilizer fees, : , : o,020 TE
from farm products, : é . 1,204 46
from miscellaneous, : : : 2 TB) Oe

—— $17,269 64

Cash paid for salaries, . . . $9,502 66

for labor, ; : : . 464 02
for publications, . ‘ : ; Mica 5 Ws fg
for postage and stationery, . » 186 64
for freight and express, ; : Mite nee

Amounts carried forward, . ‘ ‘ $10,366 46 $17,269 64

108 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.
Amounts brought forward, . : ; $10,366 46 $17,269 64

Cash paid for heat, light and water, . ; iy BEF 51

for chemical supplies, . et POL OS

for seeds, plants and sundry daapiien » 475 34

for fertilizers, : ; : ») », Goo. OL

for feeding stuffs, . ; - 484 58

for library, . . 3832 86

for tools, implements ana abner 15 15

for furniture and fixtures, . ; »- SLL 9s

for scientific apparatus, : 15 50

for live stock, é 2 , : > 865-00

for travelling expenses, : : 17 19

for contingent expenses, : : ‘5, 2 6

for building and repairs, . . 1,836 -70

Balance, . , ‘ : 5 : : , 1042-92
———— $17,269 64

AMHERST, MaAss., Aug. 31, 1896.

I, Charles A. Gleason, duly appointed auditor of the corporation, do hereby certify
that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896;
that I have found the books well kept and the accounts correctly classified as above,
and that the receipts for the year are shown to be $32,269.64 and the corresponding
disbursements $31,226.72. All the proper vouchers are on file, and have been by
me examined and found to be correct, there being a balance of $1,042.92 on accounts

of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896.
CHARLES A. GLEASON,

Auditor.

=

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 109

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTODRIST.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS.

LEADING RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON
THE HXPERIMENTS OUTLINED IN THE REPORT
OF THE AGRICULTURIST.

CABBAGES AND SWEDES.

1. Soil-test work indicates that fertilizers for these crops
should be particularly rich in available phosphoric acid and
potash. |

2. The muriate of potash has been found a useful form in
which to supply the potash. ,

3d. The material used to supply phosphoric acid in our
experiment was dissolved bone-black, but it is believed that
other available phosphoric acid fertilizers will be found
equally serviceable.

Soy BEANS.

1. Soil-test work shows a very intimate connection be-
tween potash supply and the growth of this crop.

2. The form in which potash has been supplied in soil
tests is the muriate, but other experiments indicate that the
sulphate is superior to this salt for beans.

CorRN.

Soil Test with Corn. —A carefully conducted soil test
with corn in Norwell, Plymouth County, upon somewhat
exhausted soil, previously for many years in grass, shows
potash to be here the controlling element for this crop, as
in so many other places.

110 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

£Lhill v. Drill Culture of Corn. — Experiments continued
in different fields from five to six years indicate that corn
planted in drills will usually produce larger crops than when
planted in hills. This increase is most marked, as might be
expected, in case of the stover, but applies to the grain as
well.

Green Manuring in Continuous Corn Culture.

1. White mustard, sown in standing corn at the time
of the last cultivation, helps to keep down weeds, furnishes
useful pasturage for sheep or young stock, conserves soil
nitrogen, does not decrease the yield of corn the year it
is sown, and can be counted upon to improve the soil if
turned under. J¢ also helps largely to prevent soil washing
in winter.

2. Crimson and sweet clovers have not proved to be suited
for green manuring crops in continuous corn culture, since
they are not sufficiently hardy.

VARIETY TESTS.

Potatoes.

1. Of 60 varieties of potatoes cultivated, but 5 showed
themselves to be in any marked degree superior as crop pro-
ducers to the Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron.

2. These, with rates of yield per acre in bushels, are as
follows: Carman No. 1, merchantable, 355.3; small, 28.6.
Fillbasket, merchantable, 336; small, 24.5. New Satisfac-
tion, merchantable, 306; small, 25.7. Early Maine, mer-
chantable, 305.1; small, 35.6. Dutton’s Seedling, merchant-
able, 304.5; small, 19.8.

3. The Early Rose yielded: merchantable, 292.8; small,
21 bushels. The Beauty of Hebron (somewhat injured by
proximity to other crops), merchantable, 275.9 ; small, 18.7
bushels.

4. The varieties tested showed no very marked differ-
ences in respect to ability to resist blight.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 111

Corn.

1. Of 21 varieties of Flint corn cultivated, 7, or 33}
per cent., gave a yield at the rate of 831 bushels per acre
or over.

2. Of 46 varieties of Dent corn, 13, or 28 per cent.,
equalled or exceeded the same rate of production.

38. Among the best of the Flint varieties are the White
Flint,* Sanford,* Compton’s Early, Giant Long White and
Longfellow.

4. Among the best Dent varieties as indicated by our
trial are Yellow Rose, Mastodon, Reed’s Yellow Dent, New
Golden Triumph and Leaming; but Sibley’s Pride of the
North, though standing ninth in weight of ears produced,
matured among the earliest, and is undoubtedly one of the
best Dent varieties for grain production.

Clovers.

1. Crimson clover can be grown as an annual, and gives
one good crop; but it will not usually survive our winters,
and does not, therefore, at present appear to be worthy of
attention as a fodder crop.

2. The mammoth clover exceeds the common red in pro-
ductive capacity, having produced more hay in two cuttings
than the common red in three. It is especially to be com-
mended for sowing with timothy.

3. Alsike clover appears not to be as long lived as the
mammoth and the common red.

Millets.

1. For seed production the Japanese ‘‘ barn-yard” and
the Japanese ‘‘common ” again show their superiority, pro-
ducing respectively 57 and 53.3 bushels per acre.

2. Asa result of a careful comparison of 17 varieties,
the Japanese white-seeded panicle millet and the Japanese
barn-yard millet are found to lead all other varieties in pro-
ductive capacity.

* These two are apparently nearly or quite identical.

112 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

New Crops.

The flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris) has not been found to
be of value as a fodder crop.

The horse bean (Vicia faba) has not been found to do
well.

Sorghum of different varieties appears inferior to Indian
corn as a fodder crop.

Saccaline is found not to be hardy and will probably not
prove of value as a fodder crop.

Miscellaneous.

Fungiroid has not been found effective in preventing
potato blight. . |

Sulphur applied in the drill did not prevent scab of
potatoes. :

The Symmes’ hay cap is preferred to cloth caps.

Sort TESTS.

Soil tests, upon the plan outlined in previous reports,
have been carried on upon a somewhat less extensive scale.
We have had four such experiments this year: one with
soy beans and one with turnips and cabbages upon our
own grounds ; and one in Montague and another in Norwell,
with corn. Circumstances compelled the cessation of the
work in Concord, Worcester and Shelburne, and it was not
considered important to continue it longer in Hadley, as this
town lies so near Amherst, and as the soil upon which we
were working gave results so entirely similar to those ob-
tained upon our own. The main conclusions justified by
the results of the past season are as follows :—

1. Potash is the controlling element in the case of the
corn crop in Norwell.

2. Nitrogen appears to have been the most useful ele-
ment for the corn crop in Montague; but the results are
obscured in a measure by differences in natural fertility in
different parts of the field.

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 113

3. A combination of potash and phosphoric acid ap-
pears to be necessary to materially increase either the
cabbage or the turnip crops in Amherst.

4, Potash proves much the most useful single element
for the soy-bean crop in Amherst.

1. WSorl Tests with Corn.

in Montague the experiment was carried out upon land
belonging to Mr. H. M. Lyman, and is the first year this
land has been used in such work. The field selected is
level, and it was thought it would be suited for the pur-
pose, though it had been more recently manured than we
would have liked. The results show that it was not as
even in fertility as is desirable. The yields of the five
scattered nothing plats were respectively at the rates of
12, 10.5, 19, 32 and 19.9 bushels per acre. Under such
conditions, we are not justified in attempting to draw gen-
eral conclusions. The nitrate of soda appears to have
produced an average increase at the rate of: grain, 11
bushels; stover, 158.5 pounds per acre. The average ef-
fect of the phosphate appears to have been a decrease in
both grain and stover, while the potash appears to have
increased the stover slightly but not the grain.

In Norwell the experiment was carried out upon land
belonging to the writer, and is the first year this land has
been used in such work. The field was in grass in 1895,
and is in rather a low state of fertility. Throughout the
season potash seemed to be the controlling element. At
the time of harvesting, plat 5, receiving muriate of potash
alone at the rate of 160 pounds per acre, appeared to be
as heavy as either plats 10 or 13, receiving respectively
complete fertilizer and stable manure. Owing to a slight
accident at the time of harvesting, figures cannot be pub-
lished at this, time.

2. Soil Test with Cabbages.
This test occupied one-half of the land which has been
designated the ‘‘ north acre” in previous reports, the other
half being occupied with Swedish turnips. The acre was

114 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

divided by a line running through the middle across the
plats, the one end being devoted to cabbages, the other
to turnips.

This acre had been for five years devoted to soil-test
work, the crops in order of succession having been corn,
potatoes, soy beans, grass and clover, and grass and
clover. During this time the nothing plats have received
no manure or fertilizer of any kind. The variety of
cabbages raised was Fottler’s Drumhead. The seed was
planted in the field. The average yield of the nothing
plats was at the rate of 2,470 pounds of hard and 7,190
pounds of soft cabbages per acre.

The average result of the application of phosphoric acid
Was an increase at the rate per acre: hard heads, 9,557.5
pounds; soft heads, 1,912.5 pounds,—a profit from the
use of phosphate amounting to $23.08 per acre. The use
of the phosphate without potash, however, had practically
no effect upon the crop.

The average increase apparently due to the potash is
at the rate per acre: hard heads, 10,147.5 pounds; while
there is an average decrease in soft heads at the rate of
527.5 pounds per acre. ‘The net average result of the
use of potash is profit at the rate of $21.51 per acre.
The potash, even without the phosphoric acid, produces
a considerable increase, but produces two and one-half
times as great an increase in combination with a phos-
phate. |

The nitrogen is much less useful. The average is at the
rate of 2,627.5 pounds increase in hard heads and 402.5
pounds decrease in soft heads, per acre. It produces the
largest increase when used with phosphate. The net re-
sult of the use of nitrate of soda is a gain at the rate
of $6.07 per acre.

The results are not as clear in their indigations as could
be wished, though they point to a close dependence of this
crop upon both potash and phosphoric acid manuring. The
experiment will be repeated when opportunity offers.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 115

3. Soil Test with Swedish Turnips.

This crop, as stated above, occupied one-half of the acre
on which the test with cabbages was carried out. The
variety was Laing’s Swedish turnip, sown June 13. The
results show a close agreement with those obtained with
the cabbages. The average of the nothing plats was at the
rate of 10,250 pounds per acre.

The average result of the use of phosphoric acid (dis-
solved bone-black) was an increase at the rate of 6,308.5
pounds per acre. Similar averages for the potash (muri-
ate) and nitrogen (nitrate of soda) were, respectively, 7,255
and 2,891.7 pounds. The net average profits are at the
rates per acre: for the phosphoric acid, $9.42; for the pot-
ash, $11.35; and for the nitrate, $2.58.

Here, as with the cabbages, the combination of phosphoric
acid and potash seems essential to large increase in the crop.
The phosphoric acid without potash gives no increase ; with
potash alone, an increase at the rate of 11,700 pounds per
acre. The potash alone gives an increase of but 400 pounds
per acre, but with the phosphate it gives an increase of
13,633 pounds per acre.

The combination of phosphate and potash gives an in-
crease at the rate of 12,100 pounds per acre, as compared
with the nothing plats nearest to the one on which it was
used.

4, Soil Test with Soy Beans, Amherst, South Acre.

This is the eighth season of soil-test work upon this acre.
The beans, variety Medium Green, were sown May 19, in
drills 24 feet apart, requiring 25 pounds seed for the acre.
The nothing plats produced an average of 350 pounds beans
and 7573 pounds straw per acre.

Potash (muriate) appears to be the most useful element,
giving an average increase per acre of 6462 pounds beans and
4512 pounds straw. The average increase per acre caused
by phosphoric acid (dissolved bone-black) was 1262 pounds
beans and 250 pounds straw. Similar average for nitrogen
(nitrate of soda) was 13} pounds beans and 1162 pounds

116 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

straw. Nitrogen produced a decrease, except when used
with both phosphoric acid and potash.

In appearance the beans grown upon potash were larger
and plumper than those grown upon either phosphoric acid
or nitrogen.

MaNnurRING THE CorRN Crop.

IZ. Manure alone v. Manure and Potash.

The past is the sixth year of continuous culture of corn
upon the same acre of land for the purpose of testing the
relative value of an application yearly of a small quantity of
manure with muriate of potash, as compared with a larger
application of manure alone. When manure alone was
applied, it was put on at the rate of 6 cords per acre, being
spread broadcast after ploughing, and harrowed in. The
manure and potash similarly applied have been put on at
the rate of 4 cords of the former and 160 pounds of muriate —
of potash for the latter.

The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an acre
each. The results are shown below :—

Plat 1, manure, 8,115 pounds: stover, 1,600 pounds; ear corn,
1,530 pounds.

Plat 2, manure, 5,354 pounds; muriate of potash, 40 pounds:
stover, 1,300 pounds; ear corn, 1,455 pounds. |

Plat 8, manure, 8,981 pounds: stover, 1,255 pounds; ear corn,
1,450 pounds.

Plat 4, manure, 5,711 pounds; muriate of potash, 40 pounds:
stover, 970 pounds; ear corn, 1,120 pounds.

In plats 3 and 4 the corn was planted in hills, while in 1
and 2 it was planted in drills. This no doubt accounts in a
measure for the considerable difference in yield. The in-
feriority of the crop from plat 4 is due to the fact that,
from force of circumstances, poorer manure was used upon
it in 1895 than upon the other plats.

Averaging the results upon 1 and 3 and upon 2 and 4, we
find the yields have been at the following rates per acre : —

With manure alone: stover, 5,710 pounds; grain, 734 bushels.
With manure and potash: stover, 4,540 pounds; grain, 64% bushels.

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 117

In no one of the six years during which this experiment
has been continued has the crop raised on the combination
of manure with potash equalled that raised on a larger
quantity of manure alone; but the differences have been
small, and in no case has the value of the excess. in crop
produced by the larger quantity of manure been sufficient
to cover the excess in cost of the manure applied. The
difference in crop is this year considerably larger than in
any preceding year; and, as this difference has been quite
steadily increasing, we are justified in concluding that the
manure and potash in the quantities employed cannot fully
take the place of the larger application of manure in con-
tinuous corn culture. It is true the crop where the manure
and potash are employed is still an excellent one, averaging
for the two plats at the rate of more than 63 bushels per
acre. Continuous corn culture is not, however, the rule,
nor indeed under most circumstances advisable, though
often proved to be possible, at least for many years; and
therefore this land has now been seeded to grass and clover,
for the purpose of determining to what extent, if any, the
introduction of these crops will enable the farmer under the
given manuring to secure equal crops with both systems.

2. Special Corn Fertilizer v. Fertilizer containing More
Potash.

This experiment in continuous corn culture was begun in
1891, and the present is, therefore, the sixth season. The
object in view is a comparison of the results obtained with a
fertilizer proportioned like the average of the ‘* special” corn
Jertilizers found upon our markets in 1891 with those ob-
tained with a fertilizer richer in potash but furnishing less
nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The results in previous years
have indicated the financial advantage to lie with the latter
fertilizer. |

Four plats of one-fourth of an acre each are devoted to
this experiment, which are respectively numbered 1, 2, 3
and 4.

The materials applied to the several plats are shown
below : —

118 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Plats 1 and 3 Plats 2 and 4

FERTILIZERS. (Pounds Each). | (Pounds Each).
Nitrate of soda, . : ; : ; t 20 18
Dried blood, . : ; : ; ; 30 30
Dry ground fish, . : ; ; 30 20
Plain superphosphate, . : 226 120
Muriate of potash, . ; , 2200 8h: 60
Cost of materials per plat, . ; ; : $3 23 $3 10

The materials supplied to plats 1 and 3 would furnish
per acre the quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
potash found in 1,200 pounds of fertilizer having the aver-
age composition of the ‘‘ special” corn fertilizers upon the
market at the time the experiment was commenced, viz.,
1891. The average price per plat for 300 pounds of such
fertilizer (the amount needed per plat to equal the above
materials) is about $5.25.

The yields the past year are shown below : —

Plat 1, ‘‘ special” fertilizer: stover, 935 pounds; ear corn, 1,110.
pounds.

Plat 2, fertilizer richer in potash: stover, 995 pounds; ear corn,
1,050 pounds.

Plat 3, ** special” fertilizer: stover, 790 pounds; ear corn, 1,135
pounds.

Plat 4, fertilizer richer in potash: stover, 865 pounds; ear corn,
1,065 pounds.

Computed to the acre and the grain in bushels, the
averages are: ‘‘ special,” stover, 3,450 pounds; grain, 56.1
bushels; fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 3,720 pounds ;
grain, 52.4 bushels. It will be noticed that the ‘‘ special”
fertilizer gives rather more grain and less stover than the
fertilizer richer in potash. This result is in entire accord
with the results of previous years, and the indications are
strong, therefore, that our mixture ‘‘ richer in potash” needs
modification to make it equal in grain-producing power to
the ‘* special” fertilizer for continuous corn culture. It is

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 119

still my belief, however, that under ordinary farm condi-
tions the ‘* ferielizer richer in potash” would be found equal
at least to the ‘‘ special,” for under such conditions grass
and clover would alternate with the corn; the clover, judg-
ing from facts almost universally noticed, would thrive
better where more potash had been used, and as a result
the soil would be enriched in nitrogen, which would be
favorable to the development of the succeeding corn crop.
In all of our ‘ soil-test ” work the nitrogen has ranked next
to the potash in benefit to this crop. With a view to test-
ing the correctness of this conclusion, the land used for this
experiment has now been seeded to grass and clover, and
after two or three years will again be planted with corn.

The average crop raised on the ‘‘ special” fertilizer this
year is worth $0.83 more per acre than the average for the
fertilizer richer in potash; the fertilizer materials used cost
$0.52 more. There is no material difference, therefore, in
the financial outcome of the two systems under the given
conditions; but, as above pointed out, should the farmer
purchase a manufactured ‘‘ special” corn fertilizer, it would
have cost him about $5.25 per plat, or $21 per acre, to pro-
cure equal amounts of the essential elements of plant food.
Since the ‘‘ fertalizer richer in potash” cost $3.10 per plat, or
$12.40 per acre, while the crop was practically almost as
valuable as that produced on the ‘ special,” it follows that
here is a possible saving of almost $8 per acre in initial
expenditure. It is true that the materials recommended
require mixing, while the ‘ special” fertilizer is already
mixed. It is not true that the elements of plant food in
the ‘‘ special” are in better forms, or more available. In
conclusion, however, it is but fair to state that the prices
used in calculating the cost of the ‘‘ materzals” are cash
prices, while the price of the ‘‘ special” is determined in a
measure by the fact that credit must often be given for
such goods.

Hill v. Drill Culture for Corn.

In each of the two experiments above described one-half
of each acre has each year been planted in drills and the
other half in hills. Plats 1 and 2 in each case have been

120 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

planted in drills, and plats 3 and 4 in hills. The distance
between the rows under both systems has been 34 feet.
Under the ‘‘ drill” system, the plants have been thinned to
1 foot; under the ‘ hill” system, the hills are 3 feet apart
and the plants are thinned to three in a hill. We thus have
equal numbers of plants under the two systems. The re-
sults the past year average as follows: for the acre receiving
manure, drill culture, at rate per acre, stover, 5,800 pounds ;
grain, 743 bushels; hill culture, at rate per acre, stover,
4,450 pounds; grain, 63 bushels; for the acre receiving
fertilizer similar averages are, drill culture, stover, 3,630
pounds; grain, 532 bushels; hill culture, stover, 3,540
pounds; grain, 548 bushels. Averaging both experiments,
we have, for drill culture, stover, 4,715 pounds; grain, 644
_bushels; for hill culture, stover, 3,995 pounds; grain, 58.4
bushels.

Green Manuring in Continuous Corn Culture.

White mustard as a crop for green manuring and nitrogen
conservation was sown on one-half the acre where manure
alone has been under comparison with manure and potash
in each of the years from 1892 to 1894 inclusive, the seed
being scattered in the standing corn late in July in each
year. The growth varied greatly from year to year, but the
practice proved beneficial. In 1895 the increase in the corn
crop apparently due to the culture of the mustard amounted
to: stover, 452 pounds; grain, 5.4 bushels. In July, 1895,
the mustard was sown only on one-quarter of the acre, and,
because of a very dry and hot autumn, the growth was
light. The crop on this quarter this year shows an increase
as compared with the quarter not so treated of: stover, 680
pounds; grain, 3 bushels, per acre.

The other plat, which had been sown with mustard in
preceding years, was in 1895 sown with rye on September
5, at the rate of 3 bushels per acre. The growth was good,
and the rye, when ploughed in on May 11, was 18 inches
tall. The apparent result of this treatment is a decrease
in crop at the rate per acre: stover, 700 pounds; grain, 4%
bushels. It seems impossible to believe that the effect of
this treatment can be permanently injurious. The decrease

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 121

in yield this year may be due to the fact that considerable
available plant food which was locked up in the rye has not
yet by the decay of the vegetable matter of this crop be-
come again available. If this be the true explanation, then
in the next year the beneficial effect of the green manuring
should become apparent.

On the acre where ‘‘ special” corn fertilizer has been
under comparison with fertilizer richer in potash some crop
of the clover family has been sown in the standing corn each
year since 1893; but the crops themselves have been under
trial, and have not shown themselves fitted for the purpose
in view. ‘Thus, in 1893 and 1894 crimson clover was tried,
but each following spring the crop was killed and the results
were unimportant. In July, 1895, sweet clover (Melilotus
alba) was sown upon one quarter and common red clover
upon another. The sweet clover was badly thrown out by
the frost, and hardly a plant survived; while the red clover
starts too late in spring to have made much growth before
it must be turned in. The results are unimportant in both
cases, though the crop this year is somewhat greater where
the red clover was sown, viz., at the rate of 55.25 bushels
per acre, against 52.75 bushels where no clover was sown.

VARIETY TESTS.

I. Potatoes.

In the spring of 1895 we procured as far as possible seed
of all prominent and new varieties of potatoes, necessarily
from widely scattered and very different sources. This seed
was planted for the purpose of raising under like conditions
a stock of the different sorts, which, having been produced
under identical conditions and in every respect handled
alike, it was thought would be suited for a comparative test
of varieties. Sixty varieties, the seed of which (in every
instance save one) was raised upon our own grounds last
season, have been made the subject of such a comparative
trial this year. The variety the seed of which was from
another source is Carman No. 1. Our seed of this sort
raised last year was accidentally destroyed, and, as the
variety is’ a prominent one, it was thought best to pro-

122 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

cure enough for this trial from a prominent grower in this
State, Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitchburg. Of most varieties
we planted 2 rows, each 209 feet long; but in some cases,
where the seed was insufficient, only 1 row was planted.

The seed was washed and treated with a solution (2
ounces to 15 gallons of water) of corrosive sublimate on
April 13. The tubers were then placed on the earth in
a cold frame without glass, where they were allowed to
remain until May 1, when they were cut into pieces hav-
ing two eyes each, and of as nearly equal size as possible.
At this time the tubers had sent out numerous thick green
sprouts, which were perhaps about one-eighth to one-fourth
of an inch in length. The tubers when cut were rolled in
plaster. They were planted on May 5 and 6, the pieces
being placed just 1 foot apart in the rows. In those cases
where the supply of seed was insufficient to plant a full
row, the row was filled out with seed of the Beauty of
Hebron, that there might be no vacancies.

The treatment of the seed with corrosive sublimate solu-
tion entirely prevented scab, and the system followed in
sprouting the tubers was eminently satisfactory. It should
perhaps be stated that when the sun shone hot the tubers
were covered with a sheet of thin white cotton cloth. But
for this protection it is to be feared that in a cold frame
they might get overheated on excessively hot days.

The land where the test was made was last year in mil-
let and soy beans, the rows this year running across the
divisions of last season, so that each row of this year is ex-
actly comparable with every other. The soil is a medium
loam, well adapted to the potato. Fertilizers only were
applied, and at the following rates per acre: nitrate of
soda, 240 pounds; dried blood, 100 pounds; tankage, 240
pounds ; plain superphosphate, 400 pounds, and high-grade
sulphate of potash, 250 pounds. ‘These materials were
mixed and strewn in the furrows before the seed was
dropped. All needful operations were seasonably and
thoroughly carried out. The season was on the whole
favorable, so that the crop suffered from no unusual con-
ditions. Careful notes were taken throughout the season,
covering all peculiarities in growth and development, time

» £897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 123

of blossoming, etc. All varieties suffered somewhat from
early blight (Wacrosporium solani). This was first dis-
covered on 1 variety on July 18. By the 22d it could
be detected on 26 other varieties, and by August 3 all
except 1 were affected. As early as August 8 the vines
of 17 varieties were entirely dead. Between the 8th and
20th the vines of 26 other varieties died, while by August

29 all were dead.

An attempt to prevent this blight by repeated applica-
tions of ‘‘ Fungiroid” was an entire failure. It will be
noticed that considerable differences in degree of suscep-
tibility to ‘‘ blight” showed themselves. Until the varie-
ties have been further tested, however, it is not deemed
advisable to publish the details.

The crop was harvested in part on September 10-12, and
the balance September 24-25. There was no rot, and the
tubers were for the most part smooth and handsome.

The yield has been in every case corrected to 207 hills or
sets, so that the results are strictly comparable. The area
occupied by this number of hills is almost exactly one-
seventieth part of an acre; so that, to bring out the signifi-
cance of the differences more clearly, I have multiplied the
results by seventy, and converted into bushels, thus showing
the rate per acre yielded by the different sorts.

The varieties are reported in alphabetical order, and for
each the tubers are divided into the customary classes, Vidas
merchantable and small.

Varieties of Potatoes, Yield per Acre (Bushels).

Merchantable

NAME. Peer: Small Tubers.
Alexander’s Prolific, . ' : | 193.3 14.0
Alliance, ; , 285.8 42.0
Beauty of Hebron, “Wh ; ; Pia 1s./
Bill Nye. , . ; 220.0 yf
Bliss’s Triumph, . ; : ; 276.5 25.7
Burbank’s Seedling, ; 207.7 23.3
Burpee’s Extra Early, . ! ; 208.8 49.0
Carman No. 1, ; : ; : , 300.3 28.6
Carman No. 3 ; aa tooo 16.9
Chance, . : ; , i) 201.8 30.3

124 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[ Jan.

Varieties of Potatoes, Yield per Acre (Bushels) — Concluded.

NAME.

Clarke No. 1,
Columbus,
Crown J oe
Dakota Red,
Delaware,
Dutton’s Seedling,
Early Essex, .
Early Harvest,
Early Maine,.
Early Market,
Early May,
Early N orthern,
Early Ohio,
Early Ohio, Jr.,
Early Rose,
Early Sunrise,
Empire State,
Fillbasket,
Freeman’s, .
Hampden Beauty, .
Hampden Chief,

Henderson’s Early Puritan,

Irish Daisy,

Late Puritan,.
Maggie Murphy, .
Merriman,

Monroe Co. Prize..
Monroe Co. Seedling,
New Ideal,

New Queen,

New Satisfaction,
Onward,

Polaris, .

Pride of the Ww est,
Quick Return,
testaurant,
fochester Rose, . ,
Rural New Yorker No. 2,
Sir William,

Six Weeks,

Snow Flake, .

State of Maine,

Sum mit,.

Sunlit Star,
‘Thorburn,
Vanguard, .

White Elephant,
White Star, .
Woodbury’s W hite,

W orld’s Fair,

Merchantable
Tubers.

PhD:
265.
169.
2838.
O35.
304.
162.
234.
305.
229.
252.
266.
159.
ooo.
292.
268.
Pik.
OO0.
203.
ee
Wer gs
950’
Vie
OTT:
Papa
266.
240.
248.
204.
255.
306.
200.
149.
245.
239.
250.
212:
218.
282 .
141.
169.
252.
246.
232
250.
255

eS ee oe or eee PSO Pe Oe Oe ae ee ee ee eee

Small Tubers.

Bo 9 tO tO DDN DW DWN WUNNONDOOH EUR OMWUOHOONARMWOBDNONWO

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 125

A study of these figures reveals the fact that there are
wide differences in yield; but it is noteworthy that the
yield of such old standard sorts as the Early Rose and
Beauty of Hebron stands far above the average. The yield
of the Early Rose is exceeded by but 6 varieties, viz., Car-
man No. 1, Fillbasket, New Satisfaction, Early Maine, Dut-
ton’s Seedling and White Elephant, named in the order of
superiority. In addition to these, 6 other varieties, viz.,
Woodbury’s White, Alliance, Dakota Red, Sir William,
Late Puritan and Bliss’s Triumph slightly exceed the yield
of the Beauty of Hebron. In justice to this variety, it is
proper to state that it occupied an outside row adjoining
land planted to millet, rape and mustard, and was undoubt-
edly somewhat injured by its proximity to these, as their
growth was exceptionally rank. It may well be doubted
whether, under precisely equal conditions, the Beauty of
Hebron would have been exceeded in yield by a larger
number of varieties than was the Early Rose.

The varieties especially noteworthy for large yield in the
order of actual production of merchantable tubers, then,
with rates per acre in bushels, are the following: Carman
NGet, 909.9; Fillbasket, 336; New Satisfaction, 306.8 ;
Early Maine, 305.1; Dutton’s Seedling, 304.5; White Ele-
phant, 295.8 ; Early Rose, 292.8 ; Woodbury’s White, 289.3 ;
Alliance, 285.8; Dakota Red, 283.5; Sir William, 282.9;
Late Puritan, 277.1; Bliss’s Triumph, 276.5; and Beauty
of Hebron, 275.9. These varieties will all be tested as to
eating and keeping qualities.

Seed of 21 other varieties has this season been procured
in small amounts from various sources, and the tubers pro-
duced from these will be preserved for comparison another
season. Ten of these have given a yield at the rate of more
than 300 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre, and are
therefore very promising.

CORN.

Sixty-seven varieties of field corn have been under trial
upon a small scale, for the purpose of preliminary obser-
vations as to merits and adaptability to different uses ; 21 of
these were Flint and 46 Dent varieties. Three rows (each

126 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

75 feet long) of each variety, with one or two exceptions
where not sufficient seed could be obtained, were planted.
The trial has involved a large expenditure of time and atten-
tion. Notes have been taken from day to day, covering
such points as germination, dates of tasselling and silking,
height, relative leafiness, time of cutting, ete. The autumn
was exceptionally unfavorable to curing of the corn crop;
and hence, though an exact record of the weights of product
(sound hard ears, soft ears and stover) has been made, it is
of less value as a basis for comparative judgment than would
ordinarily be the case. Particularly is this true in relation
to the stover of the later Dent varieties.

The field used for this trial was in corn last year. The
soil is a medium heavy loam, and quite even in quality
throughout. A fertilizer supplying, per acre, nitrate of soda,
72 pounds; dried blood, 120 pounds; dry ground fish, 8O

pounds; plain superphosphates, 480 pounds ; and muriate of —

potash, 240 pounds, was applied broadcast after ploughing,
and harrowed in. The rows were uniformly spaced through-
out the field, viz., 3} feet apart. The corn was so planted
in checks that when thinned it stood, single plants, at the
following intervals in the row: for all Flint varieties, 8
inches; for the earlier Dents, 10 inches; and for the later
Dents, 12 inches.

Without going into much detail, I have to report further
concerning Gis trial :

1. That the baking pairs of varieties appear to be
nearly if not quite identical :

Champion White Pearl and White Pearl.

Buckbee’s No. 7 and Colossal.

White Cap Dent and White Cap Yellow Dent.

Sanford and White Flint.

Rideout and Longfellow.

Dibble’s Early Mammoth and Houghton’s Silver White Flint.

2. The yield of ear corn all or nearly all of which was
sound and well cured varied: for the Flint varieties, be-
tween 79 and 140 pounds; for the Dent varieties, between
78 and 144. pounds.

Sd i eee ent te Og,

figs

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 127

3. Seven out of the 21 Flints gave a yield of 120 pounds*
or over; 13 of the 46 Dents gave a similar yield, but with
a larger proportion of imperfectly cured ears; 33 per cent.
of the Flints and 28 per cent. of the Dents, therefore, come
into this class.

4. The yield of stover varied: for the Flint corns, be-
tween 104 and 245 pounds; for the Dent corns, between 94
and 451 pounds. Some of the Dents giving high yields of
stover were far from perfectly cured.

5. The order of rank in yield of ears of the best 5 Flint
varieties was as follows: White Flint, Sanford, Compton’s
Karly, Giant Long White and Longfellow.

6. The best 5 Dent varieties in order of ear production
are: Yellow Rose, Mastodon, Reed’s Yellow Dent, New
Golden Triumph and Leaming.

7. Sibley’s Pride of the North, very thoroughly matured,
ranks ninth in production of ears, and is undoubtedly one
of the best Dent varieties for grain production.

8. The following varieties appear to be unsuited to our
locality, on account of being too late: Brazilian, Farmer’s
Favorite, Queen of the Prairie, Golden Beauty, Golden
Dent, Legal Tender, Mammoth White Surprise and Dr.
Woodhull.

9. Three other varieties are certainly too late for culture
as grain crops, but appear to promise well for the silo, viz.,

New Golden Triumph, Hickory King and Mastodon.

a. OC lovers.

Four varieties of clover have been given a thorough com-
parative trial, viz., mammoth (7Zrifoliwm medium), common
red (7. pratense), alsike (7. hybridum) and crimson (7.
ancarnatum). ‘The soil of Field B is a medium heavy loam,
but thoroughly drained. For some twelve years it has been
manured only with ground steamed bone and potash salts.
The plats are one-tenth of an acre each in size. Every plat
is manured yearly with ground bone, at the rate of 600
pounds to the acre; one-half of these plats receive yearly an

* A yield of 120 pounds corresponds to a product of 834 bushels shelled grain per
acre.

128 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

application of muriate of potash at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre, and the other half receive the same quantity of
high-grade sulphate of potash. The land was occupied by
grain crops cut for fodder in 1895. Soon after the fodder
was removed the land was ploughed, and the seed was sown
on August 1. Of the mammoth and common red clovers,
& pounds of seed per plat were sown; of the alsike clover,
25 pounds; and of the crimson clover, 4 pounds. The seed
of all varieties started promptly and well and all varieties
went into the winter in excellent condition.

The crimson clover early in March appeared to be in good
condition, but during the latter weeks of March it gradually
weakened and died. By the first of April there was scarcely
a plant in the field alive. This species appears unable to
endure our average spring weather. The crimson clover
plats were accordingly ploughed in April and resown, 53
pounds of seed per plat being used, on April 24. The seed —
started quickly, and, as will be seen by the tables which fol-
low, this variety gave one good crop, at the rate of nearly
3 tons to the acre on the best plat. This clover was cut on
July 17, at which time it was in mid-bloom. Notwithstand-
ing frequent showers soon after, the stubble failed to start,
and in a few weeks was almost entirely dead, at which time
the plats were reploughed. It will undoubtedly be found |
necessary to cut this variety just as it begins to bloom, in
order to insure later cuttings.

The very few plants in this field (as well as those from
another with lighter soil) which survived the early spring
weather were taken up and replanted, in order to secure
seed, in the hope that we may in time by a continuance of
this process of selection produce a strain or variety of this
species which will prove hardy with us. |

For culture as an annual it seems unlikely that crimson
clover will prove of much importance, as in that case it
would not give earlier fodder than the other clovers. Could
it be cultivated as a winter annual, on the contrary, it must
take an important place as a crop both for fodder and for —
green manuring, — for fodder chiefly, because it would be
ready to cut at so early a date, and for green manuring,
since it grows so rapidly.

4

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 129

Mammoth Clover. — This variety was cut on June 23, at
which time it was not in full bloom. It was thought best
to harvest, as it was lodging badly. On August 10 it was
cut for the second time. It did not make sufficient growth
thereafter to warrant cutting again. Though cut, therefore,
but twice, while the common red clover was cut three times,
the mammoth clover produced slightly more hay than the
former. The two crops make a yield at the rate of rather
more than 4$ tons per acre. This hay is not objectionably
coarse, or, rather, not much more so than that of the com-
mon red variety. This mammoth clover, as will be seen by
reference to the table below showing composition of the
crops, is not inferior in nutritive value to the common.
The mammoth is to be especially recommended for sowing
in mixtures of which timothy is a prominent part, as it
matures more nearly with this grass than does the common
red.

Common red clover calls for little special comment. Each
of the three cuttings was made when the crop was a little
past full bloom ; the dates, June 19, July 28 and October 9.
The average total yield of the plats (one-tenth of an acre
each) is at the rate of a little more than 4} tons per acre.
The composition of this variety will be found in the table
which follows those showing yield and dry matter.

Alsike clover gave two excellent crops, cut respectively on
June 19 and August 10: but, while the sod of both the
mammoth and common red on November 3 appeared to
be in excellent condition, the sod of this variety shows
signs of weakness. Weeds are coming in to a considerable
extent, principally sorrel. The table of composition shows
this clover to be somewhat richer in nitrogenous nutrients
(protein) than either of the others. This difference in its
favor is in part offset by lower percentages of fat and ex-
tract, and it is doubtful whether the hay of this variety
is worth more for food than that of either of the others.
Alsike clover is especially recommended for soils which are
rather too moist for the common red variety.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

130

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1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 131

Composition of Clover Hay.

MAMMOTH. CoMMON RED. ALSIKE.
te ee to
S . a . 2 ° a ° e . ay
POTASH SALT. Vinod § os re oS a o>
2) 28 | 23 | Be | 22 | 38
=O | SO ie) eh te) | rahe
5 = 5 = 5 re
Le fe Sige Oa
Water, . e < - : 7 16.81 | 16.88 17.92 14.26 26.05 21.64
Dry matter, . , ‘ " ; jf $8.19;.). 83,92 82.08 | 85.74 (oe9d..|, 18.0

ee a eee ———

100.00 | 100.00 || 100.00 | 100.00 || 100.00 | 100.00
Dry matter contains : —

Crude ash, ; ‘ : A . 9.97 8.96 8.79 8.22 10.67 07
Crude cellulose, : - : sa ta0sao | 80840 31.46 | 30.24 30.32) | 30.28
Crude fat, . - F : : ‘ 2.00 2.18 2.66 3.15 2.07 2.08
Crude protein, . 3 - : ° 14.65 | 14.86 13.84 | 12.61 16.48 15.82

Nitrogen-free extract matter, - | 48.038 | 48.60 43.75 | 45.78 40.46 | 42.10

Sulphate v. Muriate of Potash for Clovers. —- This experi-
ment with clovers was so carried out as to allow a careful
comparison between the sulphate and the muriate as sources
of potash for this crop, as well as the comparisons between
varieties. A study of the figures giving yields shows that
there seems to be no clearly defined difference in the effect
of the two salts upon the total product. It is true that in
the case of the alsike clover the muriate plat produced much
the larger crop; but, since this was not the case with either
of the other varieties, we are not justified in concluding
that this difference is a direct consequence of the different
manuring. | |

A study of the figures showing the composition of the
crops from the several plats, however, reveals the fact that
in every instance the percentage of nitrogen-free extract is
ereater in the hay raised on the sulphate of potash. It is
true that the difference is not large, though in the case of
the red clover it is sufficient to make a difference of rather
over 140 pounds of this valuable class of nutrients in the
product of one acre. It seems probable that this difference
is due to the action of the chlorine of the muriate of potash
in decreasing the formation of starch, — an effect which has
often been noticed with the potato. Since, then, starch is

132 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. — [Jan.

one of the most valuable constituents of foods, it follows —
that the sulphate is to be preferred to the muriate of potash, —
if it can be obtained at the same price. This, however, has
not thus far been the case. At prevailing prices, the muri-
ate would seem likely to be the more profitably employed.

4, Millets for Seed.

The three species of Japanese millet reported in previ- —
ous years have been again cultivated for seed. The product
has been at the following rates per acre: barn-yard millet
(Panicum crus-galli), straw, 6,554 pounds, seed, 57 bush- —
els; Japanese panicle millet (Panicum miliaceum), straw, —
5,514 pounds, seed, 26 bushels; common Japanese millet
(Panicum talicum), straw, 5,017 pounds, seed, 53.3 bush-
els. The weights per bushel of the seed are respectively 35, _
54 and 42 pounds. Owing to unfavorable weather, a large —
amount of the seed of the barn-yard millet wasted in the
field, hence the yield appears smaller than it actually was.

5. Millets for Fodder.

(a) First Huperiment.— Our three species of Japanese
millets, viz., the ‘* barn-yard,” the ‘* panicle ” and the ‘* com-
mon,” have been carefully compared with each other and —
with Hungarian grass as fodder crops upon a somewhat ex- —
tensive scale. Nearly one-half an acre of the barn-yard
variety and one-third of an acre each of the others were
sown. ‘The soil was a rather heavy loam, which for several
years has been manured only with fertilizers. Ona part of
each plat the fertilizers applied were bone meal, lime and
double sulphate of potash and magnesia; on the balance of
each, nitrate of soda, Thomas phosphatic slag and the double
sulphate were applied. To Dr. Goessmann is left the dis-
cussion of the results of the two systems of manuring, as
they were planned by him. We have here to do only with
the comparison of the varieties under trial. Suffice it to say
that the fertilizers were applied in only moderate amounts,
and that they were spread after ploughing, and harrowed in.
All varieties were sown on June 2, the seed covered with
Breed’s weeder and the land then rolled,

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 133

The following table shows the amount of seed sown, the:
date of cutting and the yield of well-cured hay. For con-
venience of comparison, the yield of the ‘‘ barn-yard ” variety
is given for the same area as the others : —

Varieties of Millet (One-third Acre Hach).

Quantity '
vanes. ocSeadanwn | Qatar | Nlote
|
| ;
Hungarian grass, i 64 Aug. 15, 1730
Japanese common millet, . 4 8 Aug. 26, 2,025
Japanese panicle millet, . 8 Aug. 15, 2.410
Japanese barn-yard millet, a i 4} Aug. 15, 2,603

The fact must be stated that the quantity of seed of the
‘¢ barn-yard ” variety proved to have been rather too great
for a season so favorable for rank growth as was the last.
The crop of this variety lodged badly, and was therefore
cut rather before it would otherwise have been. It was the
intention to cut each variety when the seed of the plants on
the earliest portion ofthe plat was well formed, but before it
began to harden ; and this was done except in the case of the
barn-yard variety, which, as before stated, was cut a little
before this stage was reached. The several varieties yielded,
as determined by calculation from the results given in the
above table, at the following rates per acre of well-cured
hay: Japanese barn-yard millet, 7,830 pounds; Japanese
panicle millet, 7,230 pounds; Japanese common millet,
6,075 pounds ; and Hungarian grass, 5,190 pounds.

(6) Second Experiment. — Seventeen varieties of millet,
including the 4 above discussed, were given a trial upon a
smaller scale, upon similar soil and under similar conditions
to those just described. The plats in this experiment were
ten rods long and one rod wide, containing, therefore, one-
sixteenth of an acre each. The results are shown in the
table which follows : —

134 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Millets, Variety Tests (Plats One-sixteenth Acre Each).

ritity. Height of ;
ines) Fate Ga aa
Canary bird seed,* . 2 30 Aug. 25, 295
Early Harvest, . 2 36 Aug. 4, 325
Mukodamaski (J apanese), 2 42 Sept. 8, 540
Golden, . 2 54 “Sept. 8, 610
Golden Wonder, | 2 48 Aug. 13, 480
Hokkaido (Japanese), 2 47 Aug. 25, 430
Japanese common, 2 48 Aug. 25, 475
Hungarian, . 2 39 Aug. 43, 550
Japanese white Saat : 13 78 Aug. 31, 840
Chinese. 13 51 Aug. 4, 460
Common broom corn, 13 40) July 28, 450
White French, . 13 48 July 31, 310
Red French, 14 34 July 28, 300
Hog,. Han. ie ' 13 37 July 28, 370
California, : 14 ot July 28, 370
Japanese panicle, . 1 aoe ay) Aug. 15, 490
Japanese barn-yard, 1 66 Aug. 18, 620

* In this table the names under which the varieties were advertised are used in the
case of all purchased sorts. The Japanese varieties are of our own importation or
production.

The varieties especially noteworthy for large production
are the Japanese white panicle and the Japanese barn-yard,
the latter not doing its best either in this trial or the other,
on account of having been sown too thick. In estimating
the significance of these results, this fact must be kept in
mind. It is further important to state that the barn-yard
variety is far less harsh and woody than any of the other
large-growing varieties of millet. Its extreme succulence,
however, makes it rather difficult to cure. We have had
most success in handling it as clover is usually handled by
the best farmers, viz., by curing mostly in the cock. It is
our intention to publish analyses of these millets in a later
report or bulletin.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 7
A considerable number of miscellaneous crops have been
under trial upon a small scale, or have been cultivated for
illustrative purposes. Under this class may be included
37 species of grasses; 22 varieties of millet for seed; 26
species and varieties of leguminous fodder or green manur-

.
j
{
;

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 135

ing crops; 7 varieties of oats; several varieties of sorghum
recommended for fodder, — saccaline, iris, beggar weed and
eystisus, all sent in for trial as fodder crops; Ankee grass
and 2 varieties of sugar beets. Many of these require no
especial notice, while most of the others can be sufficiently
discussed in a few words.

The grasses include a considerable number of species,
received through the kindness of Professor Fletcher of the
- Ontario Agricultural College, which are as yet entirely un-

known to the general cultivator. Several among them are
_ indigenous to America, and appear to possess qualities which
fit them in an especial degree for our soil, climate and con-
ditions, and must make them of great value in our agricult-
ure. The seeds of all these grasses were sown last spring,
and it therefore follows that they have not yet had a trial
sufficiently long to warrant definite conclusions. Among
those species, however, which, so far as can be judged from
one season’s growth, appear to be expressly promising, are
the following: Bromus schradew, Bromus ciliatus, Agro-
pyrum tenerum and Avena flavescens vera. Seven indigenous
species from seed collected in Amherst and vicinity are
under trial, and two species were sent for trial by the
United States Department of Agriculture. One of these,
Hragrostis New Mexicana, appears promising; the other,
Elensine Egyptiaca, gave one good cutting, but failed to
start thereafter. If an annual, as this behavior indicates,
it can hardly prove important.

The Millets. — Among the 22 varieties included in this
trial are most of those cultivated as fodder crops, besides a
few others which were of especial interest. In this trial all
varieties were allowed to ripen seed. As it was, however,
found impossible to prevent the birds from taking some
of the seed, —a serious matter, where the quantities are
small, —it is not deemed important to publish the figures
showing yields.

It has been decided, after the experience of two years in
cultivating these varieties both for fodder and for seed, that
there is no appreciable difference between the varieties sold by
various seedsmen under the following names: White French,
Chinese, broom corn and California. This variety, as well

136 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

as the French, red French. and nog muillets, are all appa-
rently of the same species as the Japanese panicle millet,
viz., Panicum miliaceum, and are all much inferior to the
Japanese in productive capacity, and inferior, I believe,
also, to Hungarian grass.

Leguminous Fodder and Gtreen Manuring Crops.

Most of the species and varieties, 26 in number, coming
under this class, have been named, described and commented
upon in previous reports, and require no further mention at
this time. Of a few it is necessary to speak briefly.

1. Flat Pea (Lathyrus sylvestris).— Of all the crops
which have been urged upon the attention of the American
farming public in recent years, few have been so highly
praised as this. I am compelled to conclude, after three
years’ trial, and in view also of the experience of others,
that it is not a crop which can prove valuable among us.
The principal points against it are the following : —

(a) The seed germinates with extreme slowness and un-
certainty, making this a difficult and expensive crop to start.
It would hardly be possible to stock a field with it, except
by starting the plants in a bed and then transplanting to the
field.

(6) The plants are not perfectly hardy under average
conditions.

(c) The plants in growing sprawl over the ground in
such a manner as to make this a difficult crop to cut.

(d) The forage is not relished by cattle. ‘This state-
ment is based largely upon distinguished German authority.*

In conclusion, I may state that this crop does not appear
to have made any important place for itself in the land of
its origin, Germany.

2. ** Sweet Clover” (Melilotus alba).—'Two plats in
Field B, each of one-tenth of an acre, were sown with this
clover, as it was thought possible that it might prove useful
for the silo or for green manuring. These plats are desig-
nated by numbers 10 and 11. Both received ground and
steamed bone meal at the rate of 600 pounds per acre;

* Dr. Max Maercker and Dr. Julius Kuehn.

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 137

Plat 10, muriate of potash; and Plat 11, high-grade sul-
_ phate of potash, in both cases at the rate of 200 pounds per
acre. The seed was sown at the rate of 3 pounds per plat.
The plants were badly thrown out of the ground during the
winter, but most of them survived. The growth, however,
was poor, and both were cut June 19, yielding: Plat 11,
200 pounds; Plat 12, 285 pounds, green weight.

It was noticed that isolated plants or clumps of plants
while growing had a much deeper shade of green, and were
in many instances three times the average height of the
other plants in the field. Examination revealed the fact that
in every instance the roots of these plants were thickly set
with the nodules characteristic of the Leguminos, while
such nodules were either entirely or almost entirely absent
from the roots of the feebler plants, which class included
a large majority of those in the plats. It 1s believed that.
this difference accounts for the wide variation in the differ-
ent plants. These nodules are due to the development
upon the roots of specific bacteria (microscopic fung1).
These bacteria must develop, like other plants, from seed ;
and this seed, when the culture of a new crop of this class
is first begun in a given locality, is not present as a rule in
such quantity as to insure a full development of the nodules.
Such as do develop must come from spores which adhere to
the seed of the new crop. In the case of a second or later
crop the spores are more abundant, for, as is often the case
with weed seeds, the few developed the first year, remain-
ing in the soil with the roots of the crop, retain their
vitality, and accordingly the crop does better when grown
a second or third time than at first, because the more abun-
dant spores cause a more abundant development of root
nodules upon which the assimilation of free atmospheric
nitrogen depends.

In this case sweet clover had never been grown upon
these plats before ; hence, as there were probably no spores
in the soil, and nodules could come only from the few
spores which happened to adhere to the seed sown, there
were in the aggregate but few and the crop did poorly.
The plats have been sown again with the same crop, in the
expectation that in the second year of its culture it will do

138 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

better. The probability that this will be the case should
never be lost sight of when new leguminous crops are under
trial.

3. Lhe Horse Bean ( Vicia faba).— 'This crop, so highly
prized by Professor Robertson of Ontario, has been given a
rather more extensive trial than most of the crops in this
class during each of the last two years. It does not com-
mend itself to my judgment as a fodder crop, for which it is
recommended. It is subject to a blight, which often seri-
ously injures it; it sets comparatively little seed, most of
the blossoms blighting ; and in yield it does not equal other
leguminous crops blisett are more easily cultivated.

4. Field Peas. — During the past season we have tried
three new varieties of field peas from Canada, all of which
appear to be excellent sorts for field culture with oats or
barley as fodder crops. There does not appear to be a very
wide difference between the three in productive capacity.
All were remarkably free from mildew. The table below
gives all information necessary for a comparative estimate
of these varieties : —

Field Peas (2 Rows, Hach 70 Feet Long).

English Gray. | Canada Beauty. | Prussian Blue.

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
Total yield, Pee filled but vines
still green, . 165 200 205
Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.
Dry matter, . ; ; : 14.77 18.28 18.06
Water, . : ‘ : ; " ‘8D.28 81.72 81.94

100.00 100.00 100.00

Dry matter contains : —

Crude ash, . : . ; 9.56 7.80 —
Crude cellulose, . ; 30.23 28.99 ~
Crude fat, . . 3.16 2.74 -
Crude protein, : > 20.65 16.14 -
Nitrogen-free extrac y F ; 36.40 44.33 -

+

j

i
ze
e)

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 139

It is noticeable that the first variety is considerably richer
in protein than the others; but, as the yield is so much
smaller, either of the latter would seem to be preferable as
fodder crops. They not only yield more heavily, but the
fodder contains a considerably larger percentage of dry
matter, which gives them greater food value. It might be
thought that the Canada Beauty and Prussian Blue must have
been more mature than the others, but this is not believed
to have been the case. The effort was to harvest each in the
same stage of maturity. Moreover, all were planted on the
same date, May 2, and they were harvested as follows: Eng-
lish Gray, July 11; Canada Beauty, July 14; and Prussian
Blue, July 2.

Oats. — Five varieties of common oats were tried upon a
small scale, chiefly with a view to determining whether a
variety could be found capable, under our peculiar climatic
and soil conditions, of resisting rust. The attempt was a
failure so far as this particular object is concerned, as all
varieties rusted, and apparently to practically the same ex-
tent. The crop, however, was a fairly good one. The area
occupied by each variety was 7 by 85 feet (one seventy-
third of an acre). The yield is shown below: —

f

Varieties of Oats (One Seventy-third Acre Hach).

Straw Grain Wee Bes

(Pounds). (Pounds). ebaenag).
Siberian, . A : ; ‘ 57 30 | 32
Zancoin, . bs : , ‘ 52 34 31
0 i 66 35 294
New Illinois, . 59 32 304
White Poland, . : ; Ay val | oa

A yield of 31 pounds is almost exactly at the rate of 70
bushels of 32 pounds each per acre.

Winter Oats. — Two varieties of winter oats have been
tried during the past year. The seed of one sort was ob-
tained from Dover, Del., of the other from Charlottesville,
Va. In both of these States winter oats are considerably
cultivated, and, as the impression there seemed to be that

140 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan,

these oats are quite hardy, it was decided to try them. We
were also invited by Peter Henderson & Co. to make such a.
trial. One plat of one-tenth of an acre in rather heavy but
well-drained loam and another of about three-eighths of
an acre in medium loam were selected for the experiment.
The seed was sown in drills about the last of September,
and the oats had made a good start before cold weather.
Not a single plant survived the winter in either plat.

Sorghum Varieties. —Several varieties of reputed fodder
plants belonging to the genus Sorghum have been under trial
in a small way during each of the last few years, usually at
the suggestion of the United States Department of A gricult-
ure. It is believed by some of the officers of this depart-
ment that plants of this class, having greater capacity to
resist drought than many others, will prove valuable fodder
plants ; and this opinion is seemingly justified by the results
of trials in some of the western States. In Kansas, indeed,
very favorable results have been obtained with some of them
as grain crops. Such of these crops as have been tried here
have always been put in warm, well-drained soil, but they
have in no instance equalled Indian corn as fodder crops.
Those tried this year are the following: ‘‘ Jerusalem corn,”
‘¢Red Kaffir corn,” ‘‘ White Kaffir corn” and ‘* Millo maize.”
‘¢ Teosinte,” although not a sorghum, can be considered with
them. All of these grow very slowly at first, which increases
the cost of culture largely, as compared with corn. None
of them have ripened seed with us. Sor the various reasons
above stated, I do not regard any of these crops as likely to
prove valuable for Massachusetts farmers.

Saccaline. — Seed obtained in 1895 was started in a bed
in the open air, and in midsummer plants were set in two
plats, one in light sandy soil, the other in a heavy moist
soil. The plants in the latter grew vigorously until late
fall, those in the sandy soil but feebly. During the win-
ter about 75 per cent. of the plants in both plats were
killed. <A similar proportion of plants temporarily set in a
bed in medium loam died during the winter. Such plants
as survived the winter in the moist soil made a very early
start in the spring, but were entirely destroyed by later
frosts. I judge that the plant is far from being sufficiently

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 141

hardy for our climate. Moreover, it is not much relished
by stock unless cut very young. Further, it should be
remembered, by any one trying it in a locality where it
thrives, that it spreads rapidly by means of underground
stems, and that it is extremely difficult to eradicate when
once it has gained possession of the ground.

Tris pabularva. — Seeds were sent for trial by J. M. Thor-
burn & Co. of New York in 1895, the statement being made
that it might prove valuable as a fodder crop. Germination
was slow, the plants grew but feebly and during last winter
all were killed.

Cystisus proliferus albus. — Seeds were received for trial
of this plant as a fodder crop in the spring of 1895. Germi-
nation was imperfect, the plants did not make much growth
and all died during last winter.

Florida Beggar Weed (Desmodium Sadie: — Seeds
sent for trial as a possibly valuable fodder crop were sown
May 4. ‘The plants grew to be about 3 feet tall, with nu-
merous branches and leaves, which are eaten by stock. The
main stem is hard and woody. ‘The amount of fodder pro-
duced does not equal that produced by the soya bean in the
same time. ‘The plants did not reach the blossoming stage
and were killed to the ground by the first. frost. I judge
that it will have no value here as a fodder plant.

Spurry (Spergula arvensis). — Two varieties, ‘* small”
and ‘‘ giant,” were under trial on a small scale. Neither
produced fodder enough to make it of value.

Ankee Grass ( Panicum crus-galli).— Seed of a variety of
this species (the same as that to which our Japanese barn- »
yard millet belongs) was received from the United States
Department of Agriculture, with the request that we submit
it to trial. It was stated that it had been collected by C. R.
Orcutt, and that the seed was used as food by the Indians
of South California and Arizona. The seed was sown May
4, and the crop was given careful culture. The plants grew
about 5 feet tall, the stems were coarse, harsh and woody,
brown in color, quite leafy. Panicles open like those of the
common weed (barn-yard grass), but without awns, large.
Seeds did not ripen. As compared with the Japanese barn-
yard millet, this variety is not as tall, coarser and more

142 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

woody and much later. It is decidedly inferior to the Japan-

ese variety In every respect as a fodder crop for this locality. |

It is quite probable, however, considering its origin, that
the Ankee grass will endure drought better than the Japan-
ese barn-yard millet.

Millets under False Names. — The reputation of some of
our Japanese millets is such that seed has for the last two
years been offered in some quarters which is not genuine.
We have received and tested three such samples, from widely
different sources. In one of these cases the mistake may
have been inadvertent. The variety was sold as Japanese
barn-yard millet; it proved to be the Japanese panicle
millet, —a widely different sort. J¢ should be remembered
that we have sent out three Japanese millets, viz., the barn-
yard, panicle and common. The first we consider to be the
most valuable as a fodder crop.

SULPHATE OF [RON AS A FERTILIZER.
A recent English work on manures and fertilizers* lays
ereat stress upon the value of sulphate of cron as a fertilizer,
and contains figures giving the results of many apparently

careful experiments, all tending to show that this chemical —

often has a considerable influence in increasing crops. The
opinions of Mr. Griffiths upon this point, so far as I am
aware, are not shared by most authorities, and I had not
much confidence that experiments here would give results
similar to those he reports. Still, it is our place to put
such questions to the test. Accordingly a piece of land
that for some years has been manured yearly at the rate of

600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of potash

per acre, and which has produced a variety of crops, includ-
ing grass, potatoes and clover, was selected for the purpose.
It was divided into four plats, and all received the custom-

ary application of bone and potash, applied in September,

1895. These plats contain one-thirtieth of an acre each.
The crop was the medium green soya bean, planted June
13. Sulphate of iron was applied to two of these plats,
Nos. 1 and 4, on June 24, just as the beans were coming
up, at the rate of 80 pounds per acre. |

* Griffiths, ‘‘ farm Manures.”’

Seo, .

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 143

It has been claimed by Griffiths that the use of this salt
favors chlorophyll formation, and that it therefore causes a
perceptibly deeper shade of green in the leaves in the plants
to which it is applied. No difference could be detected dur-
ing the season. ‘The average crop (cut green for the silo)
where the sulphate of iron was applied was 4624 pounds,
the average of the other plats 445 pounds, —a difference of
174 pounds in favor of the treatment, or at the rate of 525
pounds per acre. I consider this difference too small to be
of much significance.

‘¢ Bua DEATH.”

This is a preparation sent to us by the Danforth Chemical
Company, Leominster, Mass., as a substitute for Paris green
as a poison for potato bugs and as a preventive of blight.
It was received late in the season, the ‘‘ bugs” being full
grown when we were able to use it the first time. It kills
them, but not as quickly as Paris green; and as, in showery
weather particularly, rapidity of action is desirable, I do
not look upon it as equal in value to that poison for this
and similar purposes. The ‘* Bug Death” had no apparent
effect in preventing blight.

Atomizer for applying the Bug Death.

The Danforth Chemical Company sent with the ‘ Bug
Death” a large atomizer, which they recommended for its
application. This material: and similar dry poisons can be
applied with this atomizer, but it is entirely unsuited to use
upon a large scale. The hand soon becomes excessively
and painfully weary from the motion required, while the
time occupied is far greater than by other means which are
within the reach of all. It required twenty-eight minutes
to cover a row with the atomizer, while the same length
of row was covered by the use of Leggett’s gun in eight
minutes.

; FUNGIROID.

‘¢ Fungiroid,” sold by the manufacturers of Leggett’s dry
insect powder gun as a means of preventing potato blight,
has been given a thorough trial. Both the ‘* Fungiroid” in
combination with Paris green, furnished and recommended
by the company, and in the latter part of the season, when

144 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

the bugs had ceased to be troublesome, the pure ‘‘ Fungiroid,”
were employed. The season was hot, with frequent showers,
furnishing, therefore, conditions highly favorable to the de-
velopment of parasitic fungi, and extremely unfavorable to
the action of the ‘‘ Fungiroid.” It was, however, reapplied
at frequent intervals, and always after a heavy rain and while
the vines were moist.

The treatment was applied to one row each of the 60
varieties In our variety test. One row each of 38 of these
varieties, In an adjoining plat, upon similar soil and grown
under precisely similar conditions, was left untreated. No
difference whatever could be detected in the extent to which
blight affected the treated and untreated vines. ‘* Hungiroid”
and Paris green mixture (prepared) was applied at the rate
of 2 pounds per acre to the vines of the treated plat with
Leggett’s gun, and in accordance with directions, on each of
the following dates: July 13, 18, 22 and 24. Pure ‘ Fun-
ciroid” was applied twice, at the rate of 1} pounds per acre,
and in the same manner, on August 1 and 3. _ By the latter
date blight had affected all varieties in the plat and to a
considerable extent in most cases. The yield from 38 rows
treated as described was 7,8874 pounds of large and 983
pounds of small potatoes. The 38 rows which were un-
treated produced 8,407 pounds of large and 960 pounds of
small tubers. The results surely indicate no favorable influ-
ence due to the use of ‘‘ Fungiroid.”

ScAB OF POTATOES.

It has been thought by some experimenters that, by an
application of sulphur at the time of planting, ‘* scab” of
potatoes, even in infected soil, could be prevented. Accord-
ingly, as we had such an infected soil where a very scabby
crop was raised last season, it was decided to test this point.
The plan of the experiment was as follows: one-half the seed
required was treated with corrosive sublimate solution in the
usual way; then 240 hills were planted with each kind of
seed (treated and untreated), and in the furrow with one-
half of these hills sulphur at the rate of 800 pounds per acre
was scattered at time of planting. The table below shows
the results : —

|
|

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 145

Sulphur for Prevention of Scab of Potatoes (120 Hills Each).

LARGE TUBERS.

ai
be
ee nae 7D)
| = 2
TREATMENT. Free of Scab | Slightly Scabby | Badly Scabby = -
(Pounds). (Pounds). (Pounds). ae
Seed treated with cor- no sulphur, 21 783 : 48 24
rosive sublimate, sulphur, . 2 801 56 1b
no sulphur, . ‘ 2 tubers 703 843 193
Seed untreated,
sulphur, ‘ : 3 tubers 67 96 20

The use of sulphur in the drili appears to have been abso-
lutely without effect. The table indicates that even when
seed is planted in infected land the treatment with corrosive
sublimate is somewhat beneficial.

TRIAL OF Hay Caps.

Another season’s use, and very frequent and extended use,
of the three styles of hay caps mentioned in my last report,
viz., the Symmes’ paper board, oiled cotton and cotton
impregnated with tannin, has led to the following conclu-
sions : —

1. Caps of some sort are extremely useful, especially
with such crops as clover, millets, oats and peas, and other
slow-curing crops, especially those much injured by exces-
sive handling. |

2. The Symmes’ cap is most quickly applied, —an im-
portant point, —and is best liked. It appears to be wear-
ing very well.

3. Of the two styles of cloth caps in use, those impreg-
nated with tannin are.most durable. The oiled caps are
more mildewed than the others and have become much more
torn.

4. It has been found that in some cases, where clover
has been cocked quite green and covered with the three
kinds of caps and allowed to stand for some time with fre-
quent rains, it has kept better under the cloth than under
the Symmes’ caps. The porosity of the former in such cases
appears to be an advantage.

146 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

PovuLtrRy EXPERIMENTS.

Poultry experiments were continued during the winter of
1895-96 upon a small scale. Our attention has been con-
fined to two points, viz.

1. Effect upon sl okiiicaeae of the use of condition
powders.

2. Comparative value for ege-production of Oy. ground
animal meal and cut fresh bone.

Il. Effect of Condition Powder upon Egg-production.

The experiment to test the value of condition powder in
feeding for eggs was begun February 9 and continued until
April 28. We used two lots of fowls, selected with the
utmost care with respect to similar characteristics in the two
lots. Each lot contained 3 barred Plymouth Rock hens, 8
light Brahma hens, 6 light Brahma pullets and 2 Wyandotte-
light Brahma pullets. The hens were one and three-quar-
ters years old at the time the experiment began. Lach lot,
consisting of 19 fowls, occupied a detached house having
two compartments (scratching shed and closed roosting and
nest room), respectively 8 by 12 and 10 by 12 feet in size,
the nest room with two windows. ‘These houses adjoin each
other and both have precisely the same exposure. The two
lots were fed as follows: in the morning they received a
mash which was mixed hot the previous evening; at noon,
and again one hour before sundown, whole grain was scat-
tered in the straw in the scratching sheds. Artificial grit,
oyster shells and pure water were kept always before them.
The only difference in the management of the two lots was
that condition powder was mixed in the mash for one lot, in
accordance with directions furnished with the powder. This
experiment seemed important, in view of the large amount
of money, in the aggregate, which is expended in the pur-
chase of such powders; and, notwithstanding the very gen-
eral impression that they are useful, in the absence of any
definite proof of the fact. J would call especial attention to the
fact, —which, though generally well known, is often lost sight
of, — that no one experiment can settle this question im the one
way or the other. The results of this experiment are pub-

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 147

lished, then, not as settling the question, but simply as
evidence bearing upon an important point, to be accepted
only for what it may be worth.

The foods used in this experiment and in the other de-
scribed later, and their composition, are shown below : —

Composition of Air-dry Foods used in Poultry Experiments (Parts
in 100).

Nitrogen-
Crude Crude Crude Crude g
Water. Ash. Cellulose. Fat. Protein. free

gS eas Pa oon Extract.
Ground clover, ._. P 9.53 7.43 27.80 1.93 13.65 39.66
Wheat bran, . , : ° 9.56 5.27 8.85 5.37 17.69 53.26
Animal meal, : “ORES 5.08 28.63 ~ 16.18 40.03 10.08
Cut bone, . ° ° ° 29.67 24.06 ~ 26.13 20.19 -
New-process linseed meal, . 9.35 4.48 6.58 6.39 38.06 35.14
Buffalo gluten meal, . ; 7.14 84 7.07 12.67 23.31 48.97
Chicago gluten meal, . - 8.10 83 3.34 5.57 36.51 45.65
Wheat middlings, é ° 10.93 4.03 —) 6.95 5.30 17.28 55.51
Whole wheat, . ‘ ‘ 10.60 1.69 2.17 1.93 13.19 70.42
Whole oats, . : ; : 10.06 SANT 8.71 4.87 14.53 59.06
Soya-bean meal, . = . 9.24 5.02 3.87 16.25 34.75 30.87

cer see ss hs oe

The kinds and total amounts of the several foods used in
this experiment for the lot of fowls having condition powders
are as follows (in pounds): whole wheat, 100; whole oats,
99.5; wheat bran, 19.8; wheat middlings, 19.8; ground

- clover, 19.8; new-process linseed meal, 9.9; animal meal,

9.9; soya-bean meal, 9.9; cut bones, 3. Two pounds of
condition powder were used. All the meals, bran, mid-
dlings, ground clover and bones were given in the form of |
the morning mash. The total number of pounds of food
used was 291.6. The nutritive ratio, based upon composi-
tion (as digestibility by fowls is not known), is1:4.5. The
cost of all the food used was $3.43, not including the condi-
tion powder.

The lot of fowls which received no condition powder re-
ceived foods as follows (in pounds): whole wheat, 99.5 ;
whole oats, 100; wheat bran, 19.3; wheat middlings, 19.3;
ground clover, 19.3; new-process linseed meal, 9.7; animal

148 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

meal, 9.7; soya-bean meal, 9.7; and cut bone, 3. Total
number of pounds, 289.5; total cost, $3.39; nutritive ratio,
1242s:

The results and leading details of the experiment are shown
in the table below : —

Condition Powders for Egg-production.

: : mM aw fap el
bas a = _
a 9 AE | & Eh ote
oa 32 RQ, Fy so
O45 TS oF Ki} = mM °
EXPERIMENT, FEBRUARY 9 TO ae aah £3 oe 32 e
APRIL 28. =H ae ou ot: Ag 3 ah
os 3 Bee ° on
sa | 52.| 24 | 2) be | BR
Q BH oO Z os 'S)
Days. |Pounds,| Cents. Pounds.) Cents.
19 fowls, condition powder, . : \ 291.6 23 163 | 1.611 2.1
7

19 fowls, no condition powder, : : 289.5 23 195 | 1.3383 1.8

In the above estimate the cost of the condition powder is
not included. This amounts to $1, which would make the
cost per egg 2.7 cents in the case of the fowls receiving it,

The fowls receiving no condition powder laid their first
egg on February 12; those receiving it, their first egg on
March 16, at which time the other lot had laid 24 eggs. One
hen in each lot died during the experiment. At its close the
fowls in both lots appeared to be in about equal condition of
health, but two in the condition-powder lot had begun to
moult, while there were no indications of moulting in the
other lot. There was no material difference in the size or
appearance of the eggs from the two lots. This experiment
is now being repeated, with lots of pullets most carefully
selected with reference to it, having been begun on Jan. 1,
1897.

2. Animal Meal v. Cut Bone for Hgg-production.

The general conditions of this experiment were similar to
those in the experiment to test the value of condition pow-
der. Each house contained 2 barred Plymouth Rock and
10 light Brahma hens, 5 light Brahma pullets and 2 white
Wyandotte-light Brahma pullets; total, 19 fowls. The
experiment began February 9 and ended April 28.

The food received by the lot having cut bone was as fol-
lows (in pounds); whole wheat, 99.5; oats, 100; wheat

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 149

bran, 18.5; wheat middlings, 18.5; Chicago gluten meal,
18.5; ground clover, 18.5; cut bone, 10; total, 283.5
pounds; cost, $3.25; nutritive ratio, 1: 4.8.

The other lot received essentially the same foods, except
that in place of the bone it got 9.7 pounds of animal meal ;
total food, 287 pounds; cost, $3.26; nutritive ratio, 1: 4.9.

The leading details and results are shown in the following
table : —

Cut Bone v. Animal Meal for Egg-production.

i ‘ td 2) fap 2 he
re g &
is 9 ae ee: =e ties
oH Th eS. x FA es)
f Ow To oS HT 24 MH °
BEGAN FEBRUARY 9, ENDED ie Se ee o 9 oe .
3 me 2 m4
APRIL 28, bg: Fg om o5 Ana | we
= @ Ss ae) a = Se) +
3 Ps | Oo @ oF = io n° Ay 5A
= | o ZA Q o
|
Days. | Pounds,| Cents. Pounds.| Cents.
Cut bone lot, . ; 283.5 222 269 -940 i IP?
79
Animal meal lot, . . 287.0 «22 145* 1.796 y AS

* One soft shelled.

In the above estimate of cost the labor required to cut the
bones is included. The results indicate a decided advantage
in favor of the bone. During last year two experiments
were tried, one of which resulted favorably to the bone, the
other to the animal meal. Last year there was some diar-
rhea among the fowls having bone, this being given alone.
This year the bone was fed in the mash, and there has been
no such trouble. There has been this year no perceptible
difference either in the condition of the fowls in the two lots
or in the size or character of the eggs produced. The ex-
periment indicates, then, a decided advantage in favor of the
cut bone. This experiment is now being repeated.

150 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

REPORT OF THE METEOROLOGIST.

LEONARD METCALF.

During the past year the usual meteorological observations
have been continued, and the results have been compiled with
those of previous years. A special bulletin will be published
with the annual summary of observations for the year 1896,
in January, 1897, giving the mean annual and the maximum
and minimum records for this station for the past eight years,
2.€., since the equipment of our observatory.

The advisability of making a change in the time and fre-
quency of taking the observations, from tri-daily readings
at 7 A.M., 2 P.M. and 9 p.m., to bi-daily readings at 8 A.M.
and 8 p.M., to conform with the present method of the U.S.
Weather Bureau, was considered; but, after discussing the
subject thoroughly with the department at Boston and at
Washington, it was deemed unwise to make the change, and
the observations have therefore been taken three times a day;
as heretofore.

After a careful study of the thermometer records of the
tower shelter, it was found that the local conditions of ex-
posure were such as to seriously affect the accuracy of the
temperature readings, and the Draper thermograph, by which
the mean daily air temperature at the tower was found, was
removed to the ground shelter, where its readings are checked
and corrected three times a day by a standard mercury ther-
mometer and by the maximum and minimum thermometers
previously kept there. While record is still kept of the maxi-
mum and minimum air temperatures in the tower shelter, it
is no longer published. The wet and dry bulb thermometers
were also removed to the ground shelter, and the wet-bulb
reading or ‘* sensible temperature” of the air is now pub-
lished, as well as the dry-bulb reading. This ‘‘ sensible

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 151

temperature ” is of course the temperature of the atmosphere
as we ordinarily feel it, as the sensible temperature is directly
dependent upon the relative humidity of the air, and hence
upon the cooling effect of the evaporation of the surface
moisture.

After a careful comparison of the rainfall records of the
eround and the tower, obtained in each case by United States

Weather Bureau rain gauge, it was found that the tower

records were so aflected by upward wind currents, due to
the shape of the roof, as to render them of very doubtful
value. The tower ‘‘ precipitation ” observations have there-
fore been discontinued.

Some additional records have been kept during the past
year and will be continued this year. Among these are the
number of days of sleighing and the amount of snow on the
eround at the beginning of each week, the latter being re-
ported to the New England Weather Bureau weekly. Record
has also been kept of the accuracy of ‘the forecasts received
daily at this station ; this record shows that, while the monthly
percentage of correct forecasts has varied from 69 per cent. to
90 per cent. during the year, the mean percentage of accu-
racy of forecasts has been 78 per cent.

A few new instruments have been added to the station’s
equipment: two sets of Green maximum and minimum ther-
mometers ; six mercury thermometers, United States Signal
Service pattern, made by Green; and a thermophone,* with
four resistance temperature coils, made by E. 8S. Ritchie &
Sons, the latter instruments being intended for experiments
on soil temperatures.

Through the courtesy of Professor Whitney, one of his
assistants, Mr. Thomas H. Means of the Division of Soils,
Department of Agriculture, was sent to Amherst in the mid-
die of July to install a set of Professor Whitney’s apparatus
for the determination of soil temperature and moisture. Soil-
temperature electrodes and moisture-resistance plates were
buried in grass land, a short distance from the ground shel-
ter, at five different depths, from the surface of the ground
to a depth of two feet; and from that time, the middle of

*The thermophone was recently designed and patented by Messrs. Henry E,
Warren and George C. Whipple.

152 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

July, until the latter part of August, when the reading in-
strument broke down, daily records of the soil temperature
and moisture were taken. The reading instrument above
referred to was designed by Professor Whitney, and is a form
of Wheatstone’s bridge, reading the electrical. resistance of
the temperature cell and of the soil itself, from which data
the temperature and moisture of the soil are computed.

Early in September the thermophone was received from
Messrs. Ritchie & Sons, and its temperature-resistance coils
were buried not far from the Whitney apparatus, at depths
of three, twelve, twenty-four and thirty-six inches respec-
tively. On this have been taken tri-daily soil temperature
observations to the present time, and these records will be
continued throughout the winter, the results being plotted
each month, at its close, for purposes of comparison.

In the spring the thermometer coils will probably be taken

up and put down in another place for observations, together -

with other instruments, on soil and air temperatures on an
experimental corn plot ; as plans have been formulated in co-
operation with Doctors Allen, True and Whitney of the De-
partment of Agriculture at Washington, and considerable

work has been done preliminary to undertaking at Amherst.

a series of experiments bearing upon soil temperatures and
moistures in their relation to the growth and advancement of
crops.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 153

REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

The number of varieties of fruits tested during the past
season has been greatly increased, and the testing of a large
number of varieties of vegetable seeds has been added to the
work.

A large addition of varieties of apples, Japanese plums,
peaches, cherries and the new species of raspberries and
blackberries has been made by purchase of young stock, or
by budding or grafting into stocks already established.

SPRAYING.

The protection of fruit and garden crops from insects and
fungous pests has formed an important part of the work of
this division, the results of which again emphasize the fact
that good fruit cannot be grown without more or less use of
insecticides and fungicides. The most approved apparatus
and the new methods of application, as well as the new in-
secticides and fungicides, are given a very careful trial as
soon after their introduction as possible.

The insecticides most used are Paris ereen, kerosene emul-
sion, hellebore and pyrethum or insect powder, In the green-
houses lemon oil has proved the most valuable substance for
keeping down scale and mealy bugs.

The fungicides most used are copper sulphate solutions,
Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal carbonate of copper.

Dry! BorpEAux MIXTURE.

During the winter and spring many inquiries as to the
value of the dry Bordeaux mixture and methods of manufact-
ure were received, and several parties began its manufacture
and put it on the market. Many samples were sent us for

154 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

trial, and the results of the tests were carefully noted. As
far as can be determined from one season’s trial, the results
have not been satisfactory, for the following reasons: first,
that the material is not in sufficiently fine condition ; second,
that it is impossible to make it adhere for any considerable
time to the foliage or other parts of the plants even when
applied to a wet surface; third, that there is a great waste of
material, much of it falling to the ground. After careful in-
vestigation, we have not noticed any marked beneficial result
following its use. For the above reasons, the dry Bordeaux
mixture does not appear to be as efficient as that in a liquid
form.
STEAM SPRAYING OUTFIT.

One of the greatest obstacles to the use of insect and fungi
destroyers has been the difficulty of obtaining pumps of sufii-
cient power to enable the application of liquids to be made
thoroughiy, as fast as an ordinary team would move along
among trees or garden crops; and a careful trial of a steam
spraying outfit has been one of the features of the past sea-
son’s work. As the result of repeated trial, we feel war-
ranted in the assertion that, when run with care and skill,
very satisfactory work can be done better and more cheaply
than when done by hand or by the gear machines. It is of
course understood that the manipulator must be thoroughly
acquainted with the construction of the engine and pump,
and be skilful in keeping all parts in perfect working order.
The cost of such spraying outfits, of which several are now
offered in the market, and ranging in price from $200 to
$400, is much against its use by the small farmer or fruit
grower; but in almost every village or town the work of
spraying for a large number of individuals by the single
owner of an outfit could be done at a less cost than if each
person were to equip himself with small and imperfectly work-
ing pumps. This would probably be found more satisfactory
than if the outfit were owned by a number of individuals. A
steam engine suitable for this work, and fitted with a fly
wheel, so that the power could be utilized, when not needed
for spraying, for cutting wood, corn fodder or ensilage, grind-
ing grain, pumping water for stock or irrigation, would be a
source of profit in many directions,

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 155

SEED TESTING.

Complaints having been frequently received affecting the
germinating qualities of seeds and vegetables and their purity,
coupled with requests for examination and testing of the same,
an extended investigation was undertaken of seeds of stand-
ard varieties from prominent dealers in different sections of
the country. In all, 367 different packages of seeds were
tested, each variety involving four distinct tests. These were
obtained from seven of the leading seed dealers, as follows:
4 from Massachusetts, 1 from New York City, 1 from Phila-
delphia, Pa., and 1 from Detroit, Mich. The number of
varieties tested was: beets, 4 (28 packages) ;* cabbage, 5
(35 packages) ; cauliflower, 3 (21 packages) ; celery, 5 (30
packages); cucumbers, 4 (28 packages); lettuce, 7 (27
packages) ; melons, 5 (23 packages); onions, 5 (30 pack-
ages); parsnips, 9 (18 packages) ; peas, 4 (28 packages) ;
radishes, 6 (24 packages); spinach, 8 (19 packages) ;
squashes, 4 (28 packages) ; tomatoes, 4 (28 packages).

These seeds were first tested for their germinating quali-
ties by two different methods under glass. These were also
noted when planted in the field, and careful observations
made and recorded from time to time as to vigor of growth.
At the end of the season the characteristics of foliage and
products were carefully determined, and the crop of each
strain weighed. Each kind of vegetable was planted in soil
best suited to its growth, and the seeds from each dealer
given the same treatment in every way.

Results.

We are glad to report that with one or two exceptions the
vitality (germinating qualities) of the seeds was very satis-
factory, about the same per cent. of seeds of each kind from
the different dealers germinating, and the products were gen-
erally uniform in outline and markings. The varieties sold
by the different dealers under the same name generally proved
to possess the same characteristics.

* The same varieties, from 7 different dealers.

156 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

With the experience gained in this work the past season it
is hoped another year that, in addition to similar tests, seeds
may be collected from the stock kept on sale in country
stores, much of which is produced by growers of little skill,
and possibly in localities where mixing by cross-fertilization
cannot be avoided. This will entail a large amount of work,
a considerable addition to the area of land occupied and much
greater expense.

The complete results of the season’s test will be presented
in tabulated form in a later bulletin.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 157

REPORT OF THE BOTANISTS.

GEORGE E. STONE, RALPH E. SMITH.

The work of this department has followed the plan out-
lined in the last annual report. Much of our attention dur-
ing the past year has been devoted to the study of the
gall-forming nematode worms affecting cucumbers and to-
matoes grown under glass, in the hope of finding some
effectual method of combating them. Professor Smith has
devoted considerable attention to the study of their life his-
tory. The results of the investigations, when completed,
will be published in a bulletin.

Most of the correspondence of the department has had
reference to plant diseases, although during the summer
many inquiries have been received regarding weeds. For
the purpose of facilitating their study, we have collected
during the past summer about two hundred and fifty species
for the herbarium, including several species which have been
recently introduced in grass and other kinds of seed. The
department takes this opportunity of soliciting correspond-
ence on this subject, as it is desirous of obtaining information
in regard to the introduction and distribution of weeds and
other plants which may possibly become troublesome.

THe NATURE OF PLANT DISEASES.

Before passing on to a consideration of some of the plant
diseases which have occupied our attention during the past
year, it will be well to pay some attention to the nature of
plant diseases in general. The diseases with which botanists
have to deal can be divided into two classes, namely : first,
those which are caused by parasitic fungi, bacteria and simi-
lar organisms ; and second, those brought about by purely
physiological disorders, which have their origin in some ab-

158 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

normal condition of the plant, due to improper care and sur-

roundings. While the distinction between the two classes

of disorders can in many cases be readily discerned, in other
cases it is indeed difficult to discriminate between them, as
physiological disorders of the plant so frequently produce
just the conditions which are most favorable for the devel-
opment of parasitic fungi and bacteria. Thus the original
cause of the trouble is liable to be entirely lost sight of.
Bearing in mind this fact, it must be clear that to recom-
mend fungicides for the treatment of physiological diseases
is about as absurd as it would be for a physician to treat a
person for consumption who was suffering from malaria or

indigestion, and simply required a change in his food or the |

conditions which surrounded him. The only logical method
of treatment under such circumstances is to restore the nor-
mal and proper conditions. On the other hand, parasitic

fungi which cause serious disorders. in our cultivated plants ~

are also found on plants which would pass for quite normal
and healthy ones. In fact, probably no plant is entirely ex-
empt from parasites; and here we are brought face to face
with the question, What constitutes a plant disease? . It may
be defined as a disorder caused by any failing in or diversion
of the normal physiological actions of the plant. Practically,
we include as plant diseases the effects of all of those forms
of parasitic fungi which occur on plants, although it is doubt-
ful whether many of them really cause any perceptible harm
to their hosts. |

Of the two classes of diseases, the parasitic and physiologi-
cal, those of the latter are more likely to be prevalent in
ereenhouse plants, inasmuch as the conditions to which the
latter are subjected are very artificial, and cannot coincide
very closely with those of their normal habitat. The physi-
ological disorders, moreover, are much less likely to be dis-
cerned, and, when found, are more difficult to contend with
than parasitic attacks, for they are more complicated in their
nature, as well as less thoroughly understood. In all our
dealings with the plant we must bear in mind that it is
a plastic organism, capable of responding, within certain
limits, to a great variety of external factors which act as
stimuli. These external stimuli are principally to be found

ee ee ee ee, ee

ee eS ee ee ee oe

NE Ce ee

ead ne

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 159

in heat, light, moisture and in the soil conditions. It is
therefore the proper application of these factors which the
practical grower has to take into consideration, and his suc-
cess in plant growing will depend largely upon his skill in
dealing with.them. The minute details connected with the
application of light, heat and moisture, the judicious use of
fertilizers and the bringing of the soil into proper mechani-
cal condition, are matters which are now commencing to re-
ceive some of the attention which they deserve.

DISEASES ENTIRELY OR PARTIALLY DUE TO PARASITIC OrR-
GANISMS.

A Bacterial Disease of the Strawberry (Micrococcus sp.?).

During a hot sultry period which occurred in the month of
May, 1895, some diseased strawberry plants of the varieties
known as the Sharpless and the Belmont were sent to the
botanical department from Fitchburg, Mass., for the purpose
of determining the nature of the disease and the remedies for
the same. The freshly gathered plants showed by their dark-
colored, shrivelled leaves that they had been killed outright
in the field by some unknown cause.

A careful microscopic examination of the plant proved that
there was nothing of an insect or fungous nature to which the
trouble could be attributed; but by making more careful ob-
servations of the cell contents of the roots and leaf petioles,
numerous bacteria (micrococci) were found, which at least in-
dicated a possible cause of the disease.

At about the same time these specimens were received,
the disease made its appearance on many of the strawberry
plants in the college plats, resulting fatally to the plants in
numerous instances, besides leaving others in a dilapidated
condition. ‘The variety which suffered the most in the college
plats was the Marshall.

In order to ascertain whether the two diseases were identi-
cal, and whether the bacteria were the specific cause of the
disorder, the organisms were isolated, and a number of pure
cultures made in the ordinary sterilized nutrient gelatine.
In this medium the bacteria developed quite readily, produc-
ing a white, flocculent mass at the bottom of the tube. Its

160 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

manner of growth in gelatine proved it to be of an anzerobic *
nature. From time to time the organism was transferred to
fresh gelatine ; and during the next fall three varieties of straw-
berry plants, including the Marshall, Belmont and Sharpless,
were transplanted to the greenhouse. After the new plants,
which were not especially robust, had made some growth,
they were placed in a warm, humid atmosphere, and the
roots of a number of plants of each variety were inoculated
with the pure cultures of bacteria from the gelatine tubes. As
a result of the inoculation, the plants after a few days showed
the effects of the disease, some, however, more than others;
but in all cases the disease was somewhat milder than in the
plants originally affected. An examination of the affected
parts of the plant showed the same bacterium, and cultures
made from the petioles and roots gave the same character-
istic micrococci. Other strawberry plants were again in-
oculated with the new isolated forms, with corresponding
results.

No further experiments in this direction were considered
necessary, inasmuch as the effects of the bacteria upon the
plants had been ascertained. I will state here, however,
that I had never seen the disease previous to this, neither
have I been able to detect it since. I consider it one of
those sporadic afflictions with which any plant is likely to
be troubled, provided just the right conditions are at hand.
In this instance the conditions of the weather and that of the
plant were especially favorable for such an attack. All of
the plants under examination were young, and had not been
transplanted a great while; and, furthermore, they had all
the appearances of plants which had not become firmly estab-
lished in the soil. The organism is, not unlikely, a com-
mon form of micrococcus which under peculiar conditions is
liable to cause some injury. Inasmuch as the primary cause
of the disease has its origin in a weakened condition of the
plant, and inasmuch as there is every reason to believe that
the organism gains its entrance through the root, any attempt
to apply fungicides would be useless. The only practical
method of dealing with a difficulty of this kind, should it
occasionally make its appearance, is to take more pains in

* Not requiring free oxygen.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 161

securing a rugged stock and to keep a more watchful care
over the plants during their critical period of transplanting,
thus rendering them less susceptible.

A Stem Rot of the Cultivated Aster.

My attention was first called to this disease during the fall
of 1895, while visiting the florist, Mr. L. W. Goodell of
Pansy Park, who raises a large variety of asters for seed.
The specimens obtained from Mr. Goodell were gathered
rather late in the fall, when the disease was far advanced,
being characterized at this stage of its development by a
general blackened and shrivelled condition of the whole
plant. Closer observation of the specimen, however, lo-
cated the point of attack on the stem, close to the root,
where the epidermal tissues which surrounded the abnor-
mally hardened wood were more or less disintegrated.

A microscopic examination of the tissues of the affected
parts showed a variety of organisms, such as bacteria (mi-
crococci), nematode worms, and such mould-like fungi as
Alternaria, Macrosporium and Physarium. Some of these
organisms alone might give rise to the disease, but it is
more probable that most of them were merely accompanying
factors of the diseased conditions to which the plants were
subjected.

The bacteria and nematode worms were by far the most
abundant, the bacteria especially being widely distributed
through the tissues, on that part of the stem adjacent to the
roots. Owing to the fact that all of the material at our dis-
posal was in too advanced a stage, it was impossible to arrive
at any definite conclusion in regard to the cause of the dis-
ease. Since examining the specimen obtained from Mr.
Goodell we have heard of the disease’ as occurring in other
places. Among them may be mentioned Mr. Joseph Ammer
of Springfield, who writes us as follows : —

Dear Sir:—In reply to your favor of September 21, I am
sorry to say that I cannot send you a specimen of the aster plants,
because they are all past. The plants appeared to be in a good
and vigorous condition up to the time of setting flower beds, when
they began to wilt very rapidly, and in a little more than a week a
whole bed of seventy-five or one hundred plants was nearly if not

162 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. _ [Jan.

quite gone, save perhaps eight or ten. On closer examination I
found that the stock right at the surface of the soil for about an
inch appeared soft and pulpy and could be scraped away to the
hard heart, which in most cases was black and dead. I could not
account for it in any way, unless if was some fungous disease.

There are many others around here who are troubled the same
way; some called it lice on the roots, others ‘‘ aster blight,” and
let it go at that. The varieties most affected were ‘‘ Queen of the
Market,” ‘‘ Victoria” and the ‘‘ Comet,” while the new ‘‘ Giant
White Comet” was entirely free from it, although separated from
the worst bed only by a four-foot path.

If you can suggest any treatment, I should be glad to try it an-
other year, for I dislike to be obliged to give up growing asters,
but will have to unless some remedy can be found for the trouble.*

The disease is one that requires further investigation, es-
pecially in the field near greenhouses where the asters are
grown, in order that the first stages can be more closely
observed. The cause of the disease is not unlikely due to
some improper method of cultivation; at all events, it is not
desirable to reeommend any method of treatment until more
is known about it. In one instance, when the plants were
badly affected in 1895, they were raised in a new field the
following season, with the same disastrous results.

In this connection we wish to state that Professor Smith
observed some aster plants in a small bed last summer quite
similarly affected, but in this instance the death of the plants
was undoubtedly caused by a small grub which devoured the
roots.

“© Leaf Spot” of Decorative Plants.

We use here the term ‘‘ decorative ” in a special and lim-
ited sense, as it is ordinarily used by florists, meaning to
include such plants as palms, Draceenas, Ficuses, etc., which
are used mostly or entirely for the ornamental effect of the
plant as a whole, and this on account of the leaves. Speci-
mens of such plants may be found in almost any florist’s
establishment, the leaves of which are more or less ‘* spotted ; ”
that is, certain portions of the leaf are dead and withered,

* We attempted to obtain specimens of diseased plants from the Springfield grow-
ers, but unfortunately it was so late in the season when the disease was reported
from this locality that we were unable to do so, as the affected plants had been de-
stroyed.

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1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 163

and contrast prominently with the surrounding green tissues.
Sometimes all the leaves on the plant are affected; again,
only a few show any spotting. Sometimes almost the entire
leaf is dead; in other cases, only a small spot. Such plants,
if at all seriously affected, are of course almost valueless
for decorative purposes, and even in less serious cases their
beauty is greatly impaired; consequently it is well worth
an effort to get rid of such disfigurations, and prevent their
reappearance. In order to do this, we must first know the
cause or causes of the difficulty. They are extremely vari-
ous. Any injury, or weakening of the vitality of the plant
in any way may produce the effect indicated by the well-
known expression ‘‘ leaf spot.” It may be nothing more
than a simple burn, produced by the sun’s rays concentrated
in passing through the glass roof and drops of water on the
leaves, or, as frequently happens, by contact of the leaves
with the heating pipes. The attacks of insects also some-
times have quite a similar effect. But the trouble is not al-
ways so obvious. Various other agencies conspire to
produce the effect which we are considering.

It may be stated, as a general principle, that the healthy
and rapidly growing plant is the least likely to fall a prey to
disease. Exceptions to this may be found in the case of un-
usually vigorous outbreaks of the most destructive diseases,
but in the long run the rule holds good. Let the plant be-
come weak and sickly from improper and insufficient nour-
ishment, too much or too little heat, light, water, etc., poor
ventilation or drainage, or any other disturbance of its nor-
mal functions, and its liability to disease becomes largely
increased. At sucha time the weakening of the plant’s vital-
ity may proceed so. far as to cause a gradual dying away of
the leaves and thus produce spotting, or it may, and always
does, favor the attacks of parasitic vegetable organisms, most
of which belong to the class called the fungi. Such attacks, to-
gether with those of bacteria and other vegetable organisms
of low rank, are alone properly considered as plant diseases.
The fungi are true plants, but of low order and microscopic
in size. Some of them are strictly parasites, z.e., they can
live only upon the tissues of other organisms. Others, like
the toad-stools, are strictly saprophytes, 7.e., they live only

164 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

upon dead and decaying organic matter. These are entirely
harmless to plant life. Still others, while ordinarily sapro-
phytes, have parasitic tendencies, and may attack plants in a
weak and unhealthy condition. A sickly or injured plant
may be attacked by a variety of such forms, together with
true parasites, bacteria, insects and other organisms both of
the animal and vegetable kingdoms, making it impossible to
say which was the original cause of the trouble, if, indeed,
any one of them could be strictly considered as such.

A leaf spot produced by fungi is a place on the leaf where
a fungous plant has become established and consumed the
vital substance. The spot becomes larger as the fungus
grows out into new tissue. Fungi reproduce themselves by
spores, corresponding to the seeds of higher plants. These
spores are of course extremely minute, and are produced in
infinite numbers. They are smaller than the finest dust, and
float about in the air with the greatest readiness.

In the treatment of fungous diseases only one course of
action can be successful. This is prevention. A leaf once
infested with a fungus can never be restored to its normal
condition, for not only is the fungus within its tissues and
out of reach of any treatment, but, furthermore, certain parts
of the leaf are already dead, and can never be restored. One
method of preventing such diseases is by killing the spores
before they can germinate. The now common operation of
spraying consists in applying to plants affected or liable to
be affected by disease certain substances diluted with water
to a strength sufficient to destroy the fungous spores but not
injure the leaves. This solution is applied in the form of a
fine spray, by means of a pump and nozzle. The application
of this method is now well established in the treatment of
most of our destructive plant diseases, especially those affect-
ing fruits and vegetables. The most effective substance thus
far discovered for spraying purposes is the so-called Bor-
deaux mixture, —a sort of blue whitewash, made by com-
bining lime with copper sulphate (blue stone, blue vitriol).
Many other substances have been tried, some with great
success; but the Bordeaux mixture is still the most satis- .
factory for general purposes, for it kills the spores, sticks
to the leaves and does not injure the plant.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. © 165

But in the case of decorative plants, even if the Bordeaux
mixture effectually prevented disease, its use would involve
a serious disadvantage. Imagine a fine palm or Ficus cov-
ered with blue whitewash! It would certainly be more
disfigured than by any disease. We have, however, other
fungicides which have given very satisfactory results in the
treatment of plant diseases, and which, being clear solutions,
leave no stain on the plant. Among these the so-called
ammoniacal copper carbonate solution is one of the best.
It is prepared by dissolving one ounce copper carbonate in
strong ammonia (26°), of which about one pint will be re-
quired. The copper carbonate should be put into a wooden
pail with sufficient water to make a thick paste, and the
ammonia then added. The resulting solution is then diluted
with about nine gallons of water.

But, aside from any method of spraying, much can be done
for the eradication of spot diseases by removing and destroy-
ing all affected leaves, etc. This must be done promptly
and thoroughly, in order to be effectual. As soon as a leaf
is seen to be spotted, it should be removed and burned.
This will certainly lessen the extent of the disease, and will
in many cases entirely eradicate it, if the plant be kept in
good growing condition. We would recommend, however,
that all plants which have been or are liable to be attacked
by such diseases should be sprayed with the above-described
solution, the frequency of the operation varying with cir-
cumstances. A plant which has been diseased should be
sprayed three or four times, at intervals of about two weeks.
If then no further indications of the disease appear, spraying
may be discontinued altogether, or the whole house may be
thoroughly wet down with the solution every month or two,
as a general precaution. (If the house contains any particu-
larly delicate or valuable plants, it may be well to try the
solution on a small scale on them before applying it gen-
erally. We have experimented with quite a variety of com-
mon greenhouse plants, and have experienced no harmful
results. The solution should be diluted to the full extent
recommended.) Spraying apparatus can be obtained of any
dealer in agricultural implements.

But, after all, the perfection of spraying methods, however

166 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

successful, is not the ne plus ultra of the science of growing
plants. We would not in the least disparage the most ex-
ceedingly valuable results of the work done by experiment
station workers and others in this direction. There can be
not the slightest doubt that millions of dollars’ worth of fruit
and vegetables have been and will continue to be saved from
destruction by this means. But the fact remains that success
in growing plants, as in every other direction of human
industry, comes not from the observance of any laid down
rules and formulas, but rather is the reward of long experi-
ence, close application and intelligent skill. The triumph
of the gardener’s art is the plant brought to perfection in
a natural, normal and healthy manner, and not that which
owes its existence to skill in doctoring. |

We will now briefly describe a few leaf-spot diseases which
have come to our notice and which have received little or no
public mention. The treatment which we have recommended
_ will apply of course to these and any other similar diseases.

A Leaf Spot on Ficus elastica (India Rubber Plant).
(Leptostromella elastica, Ell. and Evy.).

The rubber plant, which is used quite extensively for
ornamental purposes, on account of its large, dark-green
leaves, is not often attacked by disease. In our own houses
and also in other places in this State we have, however,
recently found plants affected by a serious spotting of the
leaves. The first indication of the disease is seen in the
leaf’s turning in small spots or streaks, which rapidly in-
crease in extent, changing from yellow to a brownish color
and finally to an ashy gray, when the affected portion is
quite dead. At this stage the spots may include a large por-
tion of the leaf or only a small part of it. There is often
more than one on a leaf, but never a large number. The
dead portion is sharply distinct from the living, and banded
by a narrow black margin. Upon its surface little black
dots appear, which are cavities containing the spores. The
spots keep increasing in extent, until the leaf finally loses
its vitality and falls from the plant. No plant more than
ficus shows the effect of such a disease as this, since its
handsome, dark-green leaves are its only ornamental feature,

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Figure 1.

|. Leaf of Ficus Elastica with spots caused by Leptostrome/la Elastica.
Il. Surface of dead area enlarged, showing spore bearing cavities.

Ill. Cross section of dead area with spore cavity at a and filaments 6,
running among the cells of the leaf.

IV. A spore x 1300.

Figure 2.

Leaf of Phornix Canariensis attacked by Graphiola Phornicis.
Spore bearing conceptacle enlarged.

Section of a conceptacle full of spore, and portion of the leaf.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 167

This disease was first brought to notice by Prof. F. UL.
Scribner, in ‘‘ Orchard and Garden,” January, 1891, and
scientifically described at about the same time by Mr. J. B.
Ellis, from specimens sent by Professor Scribner. We find
no mention of it since that time, which seems to indicate
that it is not generally prevalent. Should it become so, it
cannot fail to become very troublesome, for it spreads with
considerable rapidity, and has a ruinous effect upon the
decorative value of the plant. It was introduced into our
houses, apparently, on a variegated-leaved Ficus elastica
purchased from an outside florist. From this plant it spread
to others of the ordinary green-leaved type, and has practi
cally ruined several fine specimens. Great care should there-
fore be taken, in purchasing stock outside, that it be free
from disease. (Not infrequently we hear of Ficus plants
whose leaves turn yellow and drop off. This marks the
normal end of the existence of the leaf, or, if it occurs
extensively, an unhealthy condition of the plant, and is not
to be confused with the fungous disease. An effect almost
exactly similar, superficially, to that of the latter, 1s some-
times produced by sunburn.)

A Leaf-spot Disease of the Date and Similar Palms
(Phoenix sp.).

(Graphiola Phenicis, Poit.) '

This disease is by no means a new or unknown one, but it
has received little attention from an economic stand-point.
It attacks various species of Phoenix in cultivation, and in-
jures and disfigures them to a considerable extent. . The
affected parts of the leaf become mottled with yellow, and
upon the surface little black eruptions appear, which are cup-
shaped conceptacles produced by the filaments in the interior
of the leaf, and in which the spores of the fungus are pro-
duced. These little eruptions are about one-fiftieth of an
inch high and twice as wide, — plainly visible, therefore,
to the eye. They consist of a firm, dark-colored exterior
layer, enclosing a more delicate inner covering, which con-
tains a mass of thread-like filaments on which the spores are
produced. The leaf becomes thickly dotted over on both
sides with the conceptacles and slowly shrivels away and

168 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

dies, innumerable spores being produced meantime, which
are ready to attack new leaves and plants. A fair-sized
plant of Phcenix canariensis, sent in for examination and
treatment, was found to be badly affected with this disease,
and was treated as recommended above. All leaves which
showed any sign of the disease (which included all the
larger leaves of the plant) were cut off at the base. The
plant was then sprayed, and has since developed new leaves
which show no sign of the disease, though it is now nearly
a year since the plant was received.

A Leaf-spot of the Begonia.

While it may be questioned whether the value of the
begonia is strictly that of a decorative plant, in the sense
in which we have been using this term, still, it cannot be
denied that the plant is often used for this purpose, and
on that ground we will consider in this category a spotting
of its leaves which has come to our notice. Ordinarily the
begonia is seldom affected by disease, insects or any other
injurious agency. Still, it is not invulnerable, and we find
occasional reports of diseased plants. In the English jour-
nals, ‘‘ The Garden” and ‘*The Gardener’s Chronicle,” a
discussion runs along through several numbers in 1895, con-
cerning a so-called ‘* begonia rust,” which seriously affected
tuberous begonias. This, however, was finally settled on
good authority to be insect work. <‘‘ Damping off,” a fun-
gous disease of begonia and many other kinds of seedlings,
is not uncommon. Professor Halsted of the New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station mentions two leaf-spot
diseases of begonia in the ‘* American Florist,” September,
1894, one caused by nematode worms, the other a fungous
disease.

During the past year or two we have met with a definite
spot disease on begonias, mostly of the tuberous variety,
which is quite prevalent in our houses and those of a neigh-
boring florist. We are not yet entirely certain as to the
cause of the difficulty. The spot begins either on the margin
or interior of the leaf, and slowly increases in size until the
leaf dies and drops off. There are sometimes several spots
on each leaf. As they increase in size their surface is

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Figure 3.— Spotted Begonia leaf.

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1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 169

marked by concentric curved lines parallel to the edge of
the dead portion, as in many spot diseases of fungous origin.
Microscopic examination, however, shows nothing which

“may with certainty be decided upon as the cause of the
trouble. We usually find fungous filaments and spores, but
they are of many dif-
ferent species, and
mostly moulds of a
saprophytic or only
partially parasitic
nature, and cannot
be regarded as the
primary cause of the
disease. In a few
specimens we have
found the spore-
bearing conceptacles
and spores of a fun-
gus belonging to or
near the extensive
parasitic genus Gle-
osporium, which in-
cludes a great num-
ber of leaf spots.
We consider this as
the probable cause of 1) sporangia on rose leatet,
the disease, but the ie staat whl arcane filament, showing spores.
spore-bearing mate- V. Sporangium upon filament before being discharged.
rial was very scanty, III., IV. and V. are greatly enlarged.
and we were unable to identify it with any described spectes.
Possibly the trouble may be due to various causes, not all of
a fungus nature, but appearances seem to indicate that there
is a definite disease which causes most of the spotting. At
all events, it will be a wise precaution, in this and all similar
cases, to remove and burn all affected leaves.

Several other leaf spots of the palm, draceena, ficus and

other decorative plants have come to our notice. Some were
only simple sun-burns, while others were real fungous dis-
eases. What was at first thought to be Leptostromella
elastica (the above-described leaf spot on Ficus elastica)

Fig. 4.— Pilobolus crystallinus, Tode.

170 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

upon Ficus religiosus, the banyan tree, proved to be simply
a sun-burn, though its superficial resemblance to the fungous
disease was most perfect. Quite a serious and apparently
new spot disease of greenhouse orange trees has been met
with, which is of true fungous origin. It is not necessary to
describe all these forms in detail, as the treatment is practi-
cally the same in each case.

A So-called Black Spot of the ose.
(Plilobolus crystallinus, Tode.)

It is not unusual to find rose bushes in the greenhouse
thickly dotted over with little black specks, appearing not
unlike ‘*‘ fly specks,” which occur on all parts of the plants
alike, and of course greatly disfigures the blossoms. Micro-
scopic examination shows each speck to be a minute sac,
filled with what are evidently fungous spores. It would
thus appear that we had here a fungous disease, and as such
it has been described under several different names. In fact,
however, this is in no sense a disease, and the little sacs of
spores have no real connection with the rose plant, being at-
tached to it-simply by cohesion. The sacs of spores or
sporangia are produced by a fungus, Pilobolus crystallinus,
which is strictly saprophytic, and grows on decaying ma-
nure. As such manure is usually placed upon the soil under
roses, spores of the Pilobolus are introduced in it, and find a
favorable place for development. They produce the thread-
like filaments which make up a fungous plant, and on the
ends of certain of them sporangia are developed. The fila-
ment behind each sporangium becomes filled with a watery
fluid, which gradually increases in quantity, and exerts a pres-
sure on the sporangium at the end. This pressure becomes
so great that finally the sporangium, at about the time of its
maturity, is forced from the end of the filament with sufficient
power to send it a considerable distance. We have seen
them on the roof of a rose house at least eight or ten feet
from the soil where they were produced. Striking a plant, —
they adhere to it, and give the appearance of having devel-
oped there. We find them particularly on the rose, simply
because the practice of covering the soil with manure is con-
fined to the cultivation of that plant.

1897.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 171

While this is not a disease in any sense of the word, still,
the effect of the fungus on roses is of course disastrous to

their beauty and salability. Knowing that the disfiguring
- sporangia come from the manure, where they can readily be
seen in the morning in process of development, it would seem
a comparatively simple matter to destroy them at that stage,
either by mechanical means or by spraying with a fungicide.

A Leaf Blight or Anthracnose of the Cucumber.
(Colletotrichum Lagenarium (Pass.), E. and Hals.)

During the past summer we have received specimens of
cucumber leaves from several different parts of the State,
which were infested with a very destructive blight. In
Arlington and Leominster, where the raising of hot-house
cucumbers is carried on extensively, the disease was reported
as doing great damage. The fungus which causes this trouble
erows within the tissues of the leaf, and by sapping its
vitality causes its death. Under favorable conditions it is
very quick acting and extremely destructive. The infested
leaf first shows yellowish spots upon its surface, which rapidly
increase in size and become dry and dead. Various moulds
often develop upon the dead areas, and, being more promi-
nent than, the fungus which really produces the disease,
appear to be the cause of the trouble. A dark- brown, luxu-
riantly growing species of Macrosporium or Alternaria was
particularly abundant upon the specimens received this sum-
mer, and had evidently been taken to be the cause of the
disease, which was referred to as the ‘‘ brown mildew,”
‘brown leaf blight,” ete. Such growths undoubtedly hasten
the destruction of the leaf, but they are able to develop only
upon leaf tissue which has been killed or greatly weakened
by the other more strictly parasitic fungus which is invisible
to the eye. The dead areas gradually fall away, leaving
large irregular holes in the leaf, which in a short time be-
comes entirely dead. The same fungus often attacks the fruit,
causing it to rot badly, and has been proven to be the cause
of the well-known ‘‘ rust,” so called, of the pods and leaves
of the bean. It also attacks the watermelon, musk-melon,
citron, squash and pumpkin, affecting both leaves and fruit.
We have recommended spraying every week or two with the

172 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Bordeaux mixture for this and one or two other somewhat
similar cucumber diseases, and have received reports from
Arlington of favorable results from such treatment. While
this is a most destructive disease if left unchecked, it ought
nevertheless to be kept under control with comparative ease
if judicious spraying with any good fungicide be combined
with proper management of the crop.

An Unusual Outbreak of Two Rusts.
The Asparagus Rust (Puccinia asparagt, D.C.).

The rust of the asparagus has been known in Europe for
more than half a century, and has caused more or less dam-
age there. In this country it has been known for several
years, but not at
all extensively.
During the pres-

ever, asparagus
beds in various
parts of this
State, in New
Jersey and doubt-
less in other
States, have been
ir | | | seriously attacked
gels by this rust, and

are threatened

Fie. 5. — Section of a cluster of teleuto spores of P. asparagi, with great injury
ree tee | should it continue
to develop extensively from year to year. This fungus
is one of the true rusts, and is quite similar to that’ at-
tacking the wheat. Like it, there are three distinct stages
of development, in each of which a different kind of spore
is produced. According to European accounts, the rust
first appears on the asparagus in the spring, at which time
it produces the first kind of spores, the w@cidia. These de-

velop in turn during the summer, and produce the spores

of the second or red-rust stage, the wredo spores. ‘These
again develop, and produce spores of the third or black-rust
stage, the ¢eleuto spores, which lie over winter and in the

ent season, how- ~

*
a
of

i
y

eee

Figure 6.— Asparagus stem with rust.

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 173

spring attack the asparagus again, and produce ecidia. In
each stage the fungus consists of minute filaments, which

grow in the tissue of the plant and draw their nourishment
therefrom. In some rusts one of the stages is most promi-
nent, in others it is another. In the wheat rust the uredo
or red-rust stage is perhaps the most conspicuous. In the
present case the black or teleuto spores are most prominent.
They appear in October and November, when the affected
plant becomes thickly covered over with small, irregular
black lines and blotches, which are the masses of spores
pushing out through the surface. This is the stage which
has been observed this fall in Massachusetts and New Jer-
sey. Doubtless the other two stages were developed during
the season, but did not become sufficiently prominent to at-
tract attention.

Since this disease does not become prominent until late in
the fall, and the asparagus crop is gathered in May and June,
a question naturally arises as to how it can have any serious
effect. ‘There is indeed no great danger to be apprehended
of its actually disfiguring the marketable product; but no
plant can undergo a continuous and vigorous attack of a par-
asitic fungus without a serious loss of vitality, if it be not
killed outright. If this rust appears only intermittently and
not extensively, its ravages need not be seriously feared ;
but, should it continue to develop in the present abundance
year after year for any considerable time, it cannot fail to
become a most serious obstacle to the raising of asparagus.
Moreover, we have examples in similar rusts, like that of
the hollyhock upon its first appearance in Europe and later
in this country, which have developed with unusual vigor and
destructiveness immediately after their first outbreak in a new
locality and climate. The raising of hollyhocks in Europe
was well-nigh impossible for some time after the introduction
of the rust. The progress of this asparagus rust is therefore
worthy of close attention and some apprehension. Mean-
time, attempts should be made to check it as much as possi-
ble by cleaning up the bed in the fall and burning the infested
tops, thus destroying countless numbers of spores. This
should be done as early as possible, before the spores shall
have become mature and scattered by the wind.

174 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

A Late Rust of the Blackberry (Chrysomyxa albida, Kihn).

This rust, like that of the asparagus, has been long known
in Kurope, but only comparatively recently observed in this
country. It was first brought to attention in America in
1886, but, while it has been not uncommon since then, it
has never assumed any economic importance. Very likely
it has been more or less confused with the spring orange
rust (Ceoma luminatum, Lk.), which it slightly resembles,
and on that account has escaped particular mention ; still, it
is hardly probable that it has been generally prevalent. In
the season of 1894, however, it became decidedly abundant
in our plantations, and caused considerable apprehension. It
was also reported from other parts of the State, and threat-
ened to become a serious matter. In 1895 it appeared again,
but not so abundantly as in the previous season; and this
year its attacks have been very slight, so that there seems to
be no ground for fear of danger from this source at present.

Description. — This has been called the fall rust, to dis-
tinguish it from the spring rust, which appears much earlier
in the season, and is entirely distinct. The latter is a well-
known disease to fruit growers, as it causes much damage
and has been the subject of many experiments and pub-
lished articles. It attacks both blackberries and raspberries.
Chrysomyxa albida comes on later, appearing in August and
continuing through the fall. It does not attack the rasp-
berry. It is one of the true rusts, having the three kinds
of spores, as in the asparagus rust. In this case, however,
it is the ecidia and uredo spores which are most prominent.
These appear in small, powdery, scattered, bright orange-red
spots on the under side of the leaf, and are consequently not
as prominent as the indications of the asparagus rust.

While the same conclusions as to the future may be drawn
in this case as in that of Puccinia asparagi, still, the results
of three years’ observation on the blackberry rust indicate
that we have no great cause for alarm in that direction ;
while in the other case, having no such definite knowledge,
we cannot but feel somewhat apprehensive until time shall
show what is to be the result.

eS ee ee ee

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 175

The Tomato Mildew ( Cladosporium Julvum, Cke.).

The disease which is commonly called mildew is without
doubt one of the greatest obstacles to success in growing
tomatoes in the hot-house. While it does not always kill
the vines outright, still, its effect in weakening their vitality
and reducing their yield is a most serious one. We have
received specimens of tomato leaves affected by this disease
from several different localities, and have observed it in
greater or less abundance in almost every house of tomatoes
which we have examined. It also attacks tomatoes grown
out of doors, but by no means so generally as in the hot-
house.

When this disease comes on, there appear on the lower
surface of the leaves brownish, felt-like spots of irregular
shape and various sizes, which rapidly increase in extent,
until the whole leaf finally turns black and withers away.
It does not always spread so rapidly and kill the leaves at
once, but is often found only on the lower leaves, or in spots
which do not increase rapidly in size. Nevertheless, it is
constantly weakening the plant, and, let a favorable oppor-
tunity come, as come it will sooner or later, and it spreads
through the house with great rapidity and destructiveness.

The fungus consists of a dense mass of thread-like fila-
ments, which ramify through the leaf in all directions and
more or less upon its surface. The felt-like areas on the
under surface of the leaves are composed of a mass of spores
and the filaments which produce them. The spores germi-
nate readily in water, developing filaments similar to those
from which they were derived. This species belongs to a
group of fungi which are mostly moulds and mould-like
forms, growing upon dead vegetable matter or plants in a
weak and unhealthy condition. This mildew is especially
active in attacking such plants, upon which it produces the
above-described disastrous effect. Its development is also
sreatly favored by excessive moisture in the air, 2. €., a
‘muggy ” atmosphere, which indeed is favorable to the
development of most plant diseases. The tomato requires
a considerable heat for successful growth in the hot-house.
If, while the plants are growing rapidly, the temperature

i HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, [ Jan.

suddenly falls from any cause and they consequently receive
a check in their growth, it will be a most favorable time for
an attack of the ever-ready enemy, the mildew. Poor ven-
tilation and partial exclusion of sunlight by crowding the
vines too close together will produce a muggy atmosphere,
and have a similar-result. To prevent crowding, it is ad-
visable to trim up the vines somewhat and train them to
trellises or single stakes. Uniform heat, good ventilation
and free access of air and sunlight to all parts of the plant
will prove the most effective preventive of mildew. In our
climate, however, the first two conditions are liable to prove
antagonistic to each other; for in cold, windy weather it is
impossible to ventilate the house without greatly reducing
the temperature.

Spraying with the ordinary fungicides has proved effectual
in preventing this disease. The spraying should be done
about once in two weeks, commencing when the plants are
quite small. It is also a wise precaution in all hot-house
work to thoroughly clean up and burn all dead leaves, vines
and similar materials when a crop is removed, and, if pos-
sible, fumigate the house with sulphur. The latter of course
cannot be done if there are any plants growing in the house.

Too often we find that such diseases as this are allowed to
develope in the house, with no effort being made to check
them. So long as the plants are not killed outright, many
growers seem to think that no damage is done. This is cer-
tainly not the case, for the presence of the fungus is a con-
stant drain upon the vitality of the plant, reducing its yield
both in quantity and quality. The practice of spraying,
which can be done at an insignificant cost per plant, will, if
properly carried out, prove both effectual and profitable.

A Orysanthemum Lust.

Specimens of diseased chrysanthemum leaves which have
been sent in to the station for examination prove to be
affected with one of the true rusts, the first, so far as we
know, to be reported upon this host. The specimens were
sent by Mr. Geo. H. Hastings of Fitchburg, Mass., who
writes as follows : —

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 177

The ‘‘rust” is quite common on the chrysanthemum leaves.
In the advanced stages it completely kills the leaf. It seems to
me that it is a very bad enemy to fight. I had plants enough to
_ bring seventy-five or a hundred dollars worth of flowers, and
I would not sell one flower, as I did not wish to have the name of
selling such flowers. The plants were grown in the garden and
“lifted” about the middle of September. The rust was on the
leaves at that time, and some of them were dead.

The rust was in the uredo or red-rust stage, and proved to
be a form closely resembling and probably identical with
Puccinia Tanaceti, 5. (P. Helianthi, D. C.), which occurs
commonly upon Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), several species
of Artemisia (ragweed) and Helianthus (sunflower), and
several other related plants. Upon these plants it sometimes
acts most destructively, as it has done in this instance upon
the chrysanthemum. It bids fair to become a serious obstacle
to the cultivation of this valuable flower.

Experience has shown that in the development by culti-
vation of any plant, as it becomes changed more and more
from its natural form and forced into an abnormal develop-
ment, its power to resist the attacks of disease becomes
diminished. For this reason reports of new diseases upon
our various cultivated plants are of frequent occurrence.
All such diseases are certainly not new in the sense of being
caused by a kind of organism which never existed before,
but only new upon some particular kind of plant, which has,
by reason of its forced and abnormal development, lost the
power to resist the attacks of the parasite, which has ex-
isted all along upon some other kind of plant, and very
likely in a milder form.

The chrysanthemum in its present form ‘is a comparatively
new plant in this country. Its great popularity has led
growers to make extraordinary efforts to force its develop-
ment along certain lines, notably in size of flowers. The
production of flowers eight inches in diameter by a plant
destined by nature to produce them less than quarter that
size cannot be accomplished without bringing about serious
changes in the vital functions of the plant, and making it
more susceptible to disease. Therefore the list of chrysan-
themum diseases may be expected to gradually increase, as

178 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

it is now doing. At least two have been previously known.
The leaf spot (Septoria sp. and Phyllostica sp.) was first
described by Professor Halsted of the New Jersey Experi-
ment Station several years ago, and occasions more or less
damage. The mildew (Erysiphe Cichoracearum D. C.)
has appeared more recently, and is rapidly increasing. This
has a history very similar to that of the rust under consider-
ation, being very common on Helianthus and Artemisia, as
well as many other plants.

We can make no definite recommendations at present as
to a treatment for this rust, it having been reported so late
in the year. The true rusts are notoriously difficult to com-
bat ; the most so, perhaps, of any class of diseases. Many
methods of treatment have been tried, but few with deci-
sively profitable results. That panacea of plant diseases, the
Bordeaux mixture, has been frequently recommended and
tried for various rusts, with widely varying results. The
same can be said of another common fungicide, the ammo-
niacal copper carbonate. Stewart, of the New York Experi-
ment Station, reports, in the case of the carnation rust
(Uromyces Caryophyllinus (Schrank) Schrt.), that a solu-
tion of potassium sulphide, one ounce to one gallon of water,
was most effective. This strength might injure chrysanthe-
mum leaves. One ounce to four or five gallons of water
would be safer, but not, of course, as effective. With the
hollyhock rust (Puccinia Malvacearum, Mont.), a very
destructive disease, Mr. H. L. Frost of Arlington informs
us that he has tried the Bordeaux mixture and also the com-
mercial fungicide called ‘‘ Fostite,” with results in favor
of the latter. It is possible, then, that some of these sub-
stances may be effective in preventing this chrysanthemum
rust, but we cannot vouch for it. It would certainly be
advisable to spray the plants occasionally with the Bordeaux
mixture or with potassium sulphide, commencing in the sum-
ner, when they are young and before any disease appears. If
the plants are healthy when put into the house, one or two
sprayings thereafter should be sufficient to carry them through
the season. All plants known to be diseased should be
removed and burned. |

We would urge any grower who has been troubled with

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 178

any disease of his chrysanthemums to carry on a series of
experiments with various fungicides, in order to get at some
idea of the best method of treatment. Without such co-
operation on the part of the grower we can do but little
toward remedying such a disease as this, which does not
occur everywhere, and consequently can only be experi-
mented upon wherever it may happen to break out. The
same is true with many other diseases, especially those
affecting various hot-house plants. If we could plant chrys-
anthemums and be sure of getting rust, mildew and leaf spot,
and similarly with other plants, if we could be sure of getting
all their diseases, then our opportunities for experiment would
be unlimited; but such, of course, is not the case. While
some diseases are very general, many others appear only
here and there, and the opportunities for experiment are
limited to those places. We will gladly aid any one as
much as possible in carrying on such experiments, and will
give them our personal attention so far as we may be able.

‘¢ Drop” of Lettuce.

This disease has been for the last few years the most diffi-
cult one with which the lettuce growers about Boston have
had to contend. Some growers always have a large number
of plants attacked, while others have it so badly that they fre-
quently lose half the crop. The annual loss to the lettuce
growers about Boston from this disease alone amounts to
several thousand dollars. The effect of the disease shows
itself in a single night, and it is not very difficult to detect,
inasmuch as the whole plant simply collapses. It not only
makes its appearance on the young plant a few weeks old,
but on the mature ones as well. Lifting the diseased plant
out of the soil, it shows at once that the trouble is localized
in the soft, rotten stem, which is not unusually covered with
fungous growths sufficiently thick to be seen with the naked
eye. Examination made with the microscope reveals the
presence of numerous fungous filaments ramifying through-
out the stem and root. The organism causing the disease is
aspecies of damping fungus (Botrytis), which has previously
been described in the ninth annual report of this station.

180 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Practical lettuce growers resort to various methods in order
to contend with this foe, but none of them have proved wholly
effectual. Most of them recognize the fact that the source of
contamination is largely in the soil, and that the disease is
much more troublesome in old soil than in new. ‘This is
what might be expected, especially when the old decompos-
ing Foots are left in the soil, as they often are, thus offering
the most favorable conditions for the spread of the disease.
As a means of controlling it, some growers have resorted to
changing the soil, with beneficial results; while others make
a practice of covering the surface with a layer of pure sand
or yellow subsoil, about one inch in depth. The burning
of sulphur in the house before a new crop is set is also
practised, and this might be expected to kill the spores with
which it comes in contact; but it is very doubtful whether
the sulphur affects the spores in the soil to any great extent.

It appears, however, that sulphur penetrates the soil some-_

what, and, on account of the injury which young plants are
known to receive from sulphur, they should not be set for a
few days after it is used.

The disease appears to be more common than formerly, and
this is partially due to the practice of running high night tem-
peratures. The collapse of the plant is most likely to occur
during the night, and with a lower night temperature — for
example, one not exceeding 38° to 40°F. — the trouble would
no doubt occur less frequently. The opportunities for treat-
ing the soils with chemicals do not appear to us to be very
promising, for the reason that solutions which would be likely
to cause the death of the fungus would have to be used in
very large quantities, as well as much stronger than in ordi-
nary cases, and they would be likely to cause injury to the
crop. My experiments in applying a great variety of chemi-
cals to the soil have shown that, while a comparatively weak
solution accomplishes all that can be desired in the labora-
tory, when applied to the soil the effect of even much stronger
solutions more copiously applied is radically different. So
long as the tendency is to force crops more and more, it
must be expected that the gardener will have numerous ab-
normal conditions to contend with.

No doubt the most successful and I believe the cheapest

1397. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 181

method in the long run would be to apply heat as a remedy
for fungus and other pests in the soil. I have used a great
many pots of earth heated with steam up to 130° to 200°F.,
with the most beneficial results, not only in the subsequent
growth of the plant, but also in destroying the troublesome
pests which infest the soil. The soil under glass could be
easily fitted up with a system of irrigating tile, which could
be used not only for purposes of irrigation, but also for fore-
ing steam through them and partially sterilizing the soil. I
have not as yet had an opportunity of treating this fungus
with heat, but I should suppose that, if the soil was heated
to 200° F., it would result in its death.

~~

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS.

Wilt of Maple Leaves.

Last May a number of maple leaves in a dry and crispy
condition were sent to this department from various parts of
the State, under the supposition that they were affected by
some form of fungus or insect life. Examination of the
leaves, however, by Mr. Robert A. Cooley of the insectary,
showed that no form of either of these organisms could be
found. All of the leaves that were sent in were those of the
sugar maple (Acer saccharinum), although the same con-
dition was observed in a large number of different varieties
of Japanese maple growing on the college grounds. More-
over, they showed the wilt only on one side of the tree,
namely, the west, that being the direction of the prevailing
wind the day upon which they were affected; and this pecul-
iarity — so far as could be learned — was the same all over
the State. This phenomenon is especially interesting, as it
occurs on apparently healthy trees under certain exceedingly
unusual conditions, — conditions, too, which, lasting only a
few hours, are yet capable of giving rise to abnormalties of
function. “We attribute the wilting of sugar-maple leaves,
which occurred quite generally throughout Massachusetts on
May 18, to an excessive transpiration or evaporation of water
from the leaves, at a time when the water supply of the roots
was extremely limited. This was brought about by a re-
markable combination of meteorological conditions favorabie

182 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '

to this result. It is well known to vegetable physiologists
that agitation of the leaves of a plant greatly accelerates the
process of transpiration, that is to say, the evaporation of
water from the leaves. It is also well known that transpira-
tion is accelerated by light, a low relative humidity and a
high temperature. Such were just the conditions upon May
18.* During the months of April and May the rainfall was
far below the normal, while the long-continued drouths of
the two preceding years will be well remembered. Thus it
is evident that the supply of water available to vegetation
must have been much less than usual, and under the unusu-
ally strong, dry and warm wind of May 18, the leaves of a
tree like the maple, with its large leaf surface, might be ex-
pected to become greatly exhausted and wilt badly. When
this wilting was not carried to excess the leaves recovered ;
when, however, it went too far, it resulted in a dying and
subsequent shrivelling of the foliage.

Another factor which must not be overlooked in accounting
for this disorder is the maturity of the foliage. Young
leaves always give off the greatest amount of water, and
the maple leaves in May are giving off their maximum
quantity.

With plenty of water in the soil these high winds would
not have caused any wilting; or, if the same conditions
had ensued during August or September, when the foliage
was more mature, less wilting would have resulted. The
west side of the trees, being the side exposed to the prevail-
ing winds, was the most severely affected.

Top-burn of Lettuce.

A disease occurring on greenhouse lettuce, and character-
ized as **top-burn” came under our observation the past
winter. The disease can readily be distinguished by the
withering and subsequent turning back of the tip and margin
of the outer leaves, the blackened area sometimes extending
inwards an inch or more from the margin. This feature
greatly disfigures the plant and consequently affects its

* Meteorological conditions were as follows: total precipitation, April, 1896, 1 32
inches; April, 1895, 5.60 inches; May 1-18, 1896, .16 inch. May 18, maximum
velocity of wind 71 miles per hour; relative humidity, 47.31 (average for May,
62 5) ; number hours sunshine, 13 (in possible 144) ; maximum temperature, 84°.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 133

market value, but the real damage to the lettuce plant is
never sufficient to destroy it. Microscopic examination of
the blackened areas frequently shows bacteria in the cells,
but more often the ‘‘ damping fungus” (Botrytis) is pres-
ent, and can be readily observed with the naked eye. In
this instance, however, neither of these forms of organisms
has anything to do with the cause of the disease. They are
simply accompanying factors, which are always ready to
seize upon any abnormal condition in the plant which is
especially favorable to them. The disease is a physiological
one, and has its origin in the unfavorable surroundings of the
plant, especially those connected with transpiration and
sunlight. Mr. B. T. Galloway of the United States Depart-
ment of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology has made this
disease a study, and I can do no better than to quote his
views : —

Top-burn, one of the worst troubles of the lettuce grower, does
comparatively little injury on this soil [Boston soil], providing
the proper attention is given to ventilation and the management
of the water and heat. Burn is the direct result of the collapse
and death of the cells composing the edges of the leaves. It is
most likely to occur just as the plant begins to head, and may be
induced by a number of causes. The trouble is most likely to
result on a bright day following several days of cloudy, wet
weather. During cloudy weather in winter the air in a greenhouse
is practically saturated, and in consequence there is a compara-
tively little transpiration on the part of the leaves. The cells,
therefore, become excessively turgid, and are probably weakened
by the presence of organic acids. When the sun suddenly appears,
as it often does after a cloudy spell in winter, there is an imme-
diate rapid rise in temperature, and a diminution of the amount
of moisture in the air in the greenhouse. Under these conditions
the plant rapidly gives off water, and, if the loss is greater than
the roots can supply, the tissues first wilt, then collapse and die.
The ability of the roots to supply the moisture is affected by the
temperature of the soil, the movement of water in the latter and
the presence or absence of salts in solution. In this soil the tem-
perature rises rapidly as soon as the air in thegreenhouse becomes
warm, and the roots in consequence immediately begin the work
of supplying the leaves with water. The movement of the water
in the soil is also rapid, so that the plant is able to utilize it
rapidly.

184 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

While I have never seen the disease in the lettuce houses
about Boston, the growers seem to be acquainted with it;
and it is no doubt the superior skill which they possess that
enables them to be free from it. One grower informed me
that he always saturated his house with moisture in bright,

sunshiny days which were preceded by cloudy weather, and |

by this means was able to prevent it.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 185

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CHARLES H. FERNALD.

_ In the early part of 1896 the gypsy moth report mentioned

last year was published by the State. This work consists
of a bound volume of 608 pages, with 3 colored and 63 un-
colored plates, and with 5 maps and 37 cuts in the text.
The first part, comprising 263 pages, was prepared by the
field director, and the second part, 244 pages, by myself,
while the Appendix of 100 pages contains the reports of
visiting entomologists and other papers. This work repre-
sents all that we were able to learn, up to the time of publi-
cation, of the history and habits of the notorious gypsy moth,
its ravages in foreign countries as well as in our own, the
means used for fighting it in other lands and also its natural
enemies. Our experiments with methods for the destruction
of this insect are still in progress, and occupy a large amount
of time in study and work.

Quite extended studies have been carried on during the year
on the spruce gall-louse (Chermes abietis Linn.), mainly by
my assistant, Mr. R. A. Cooley, who with great care and per-
severance has worked out the life history of this insect, which
causes peculiar cone-like galls to form on the twigs of different
varieties of spruce, rendering them unsightly and often nearly
destroying them. The results of these studies are published in
the thirty-fourth annual report of the college, with two plates
showing the work and different stages in the life of this insect.
Mr. Cooley was fortunate enough in his experiments to dis-
cover a good practical remedy for this insect, which consists in
Spraying the trees with a strong solution of whale-oil soap
at the time these insects are in the most exposed state, which
occurs during the winter or in the early spring, and also to
cut off and burn the new galls in June before the insects

{
§

186 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

leave them. About five hundred circular letters were sent
to all parts of the country last spring, and from the replies
to these it appears that this insect already has a wide distri-
bution in this country, and it is quite probable that in time
it may become distributed wherever spruces grow.

Considerable time has been devoted to the study of cran-
berry insects during the summer, three trips having been
made to the bogs on Cape Cod at the most favorable time for
the study of these insects. There are, however, so many
different species attacking the vines, and their mode of attack
is so different one from another, that to learn their habits
and the most effectual and economical method of destroying
them forms a problem of no easy solution. We are there-
fore not yet ready to publish a final bulletin on these insects.

The army-worm has been unusually abundant the past
year in many parts of the State, and numberless calls have
been made on this department for information concerning
the insect ; in fact, the correspondence about the army worm
during the summer was far greater than that of all other
insects combined. Fortunately, we had already published
a bulletin on this insect, and Mr. Kirkland, my assistant on
the gypsy moth work in Malden, published an article on the
army-worm in the *‘ Crop Report” for September, 1896. It
is not possible to foretell whether this insect will occur in
injurious numbers next summer; but such a case would be
quite unusual, as it has very rarely if ever in the past been
abundant in the same locality two years or more in suc-
cession. |

The elm-leaf beetle has not been so abundant in this State
during the past summer as it was the year before, and this is
true, as I learn, in other States. What the real cause of this
decrease in numbers may be, I do not know. It may be due
to a rapid increase of its vegetable parasites favored by a wet
season. This, however, is all conjecture, as I have no posi-
tive evidence in the case.

The San José scale has occupied much attention ; and, at
the request of the president of the Shady Hill nurseries, [
sent an assistant to make a critical examination of their stock
at Bedford, Mass., and he reported to me that he discovered
a large amount of infested stock in that nursery, which the

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 187

president promised to have burned. An examination made
late this fall reveals the fact that the scale has not been
entirely cleared from it. How widely this scale may be dis-
tributed in this State I am not able to say.

On the 12th of May [ received a letter from L. C. Holt,
Esq., of Ashby, Mass., and also a box of caterpillars which
he stated were in immense quantities on the blueberry bushes,
entirely stripping them of their leaves, and that unless some-
thing were done at once there would be no blueberry crop,
and this would be a great misfortune, as many poor people
derived quite a revenue from the berries picked from these
bushes. The caterpillars proved to be the currant span
worm (Diasétictis ribearva Fitch); but the great difficulty
which now presented itself was to offer some remedy which
would not be as expensive as the value of the crop. I could
think of no better or cheaper mode of destroying these span |
worms than to spray the bushes with Paris green in water,
in the proportion of one pound of the former to one hundred
and fifty gallons of the latter, and advised this course, if the
crop was of sufficient importance to warrant the expense.
This is the first time I have ever heard of this insect attack-
ing the blueberry.

On the 17th of November I received a letter enclosing
some twigs with scale insects on them from Mr. James
Draper, who wrote me that they were taken from a golden-
oak tree in one of the gardens of the city of Worcester, Mass.
The scales proved to be what is known by the name of Plan-
chonia quercicola, a European scale insect which has been in
this country for some time. ‘The first account of it here, so
far as I know, was given in the report of the Department of
Agriculture for 1880, page 330, where it is stated that it was
found upon the imported oaks in the Department of Agri-
culture grounds at Washington. The insect has been found
in New Jersey and also in New York, as I am informed by
Professor Howard. It is regarded as a very injurious scale,
and every effort should be made to destroy it by cutting off
and burning the infested twigs, and thoroughly spraying the
trees with whale-oil soap dissolved in water.

188 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

|

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND FEEDING.

J. B. LINDSEY.
Assistants, E. B. HoLtuanp, G. A. BrLtines,* B. K. JONES.

Pepa

LABORATORY WoRK.

Outline of year’s work, together with chemical investigations
of a technical character.

i dle eu ls Ua

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS AND Darry STUDIES.

(a) Effect of narrow and wide rations upon the quantity and cost
of milk and butter, and upon the composition of milk.

(6) Rice meal v. corn meal for pigs.

(c) Oat feed v. corn meal for pigs.

(d) Digestion experiments with sheep.

Page Ll.

Compilation of fodder analyses.
Compilation of fertilizer constituents of fodders.
Compilation of analyses of dairy products.

Compilation of digestion coefficients.

* Left Sept. 1, 1896.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 189

PAnmi

We have continued to analyze, free of cost, all feed stuffs,
dairy products and waters sent to the station during the year.
Results have been reported as promptly as possible, together
with such comments as were considered necessary. There
have been tested 63 samples of feed stuffs, 89 samples of
whole milk, 11 samples of skim-milk, 9 samples of cream and
6 samples of butter; also 31 samples of milk and 20 samples
of butter for the Dairy Bureau. These results are tabulated
at the end of this report.

There have also been examined 134 samples of water, of
which 10, or 7.5 per cent., were pronounced excellent; 50,
or 37.5 per cent., fair; 39, or 29.1 per cent., suspicious;
and 35, or 26.1 per cent., dangerous for drinking purposes.

In addition to the analyses above mentioned, which may
be regarded as control work, we have made a very large
number of analyses of feed stuffs, manures and milks, in con-
nection with various animal experiments.

We have also spent considerable time in attempting to
estimate some of the various substances composing the non-
nitrogenous extract matter, and have compared different
methods for the determination of starch in different feed
stuffs, with a view of selecting one that will most correctly
ascertain the true starch, when in combination with other
substances of a similar nature. The results of some of
the work are very briefly presented under the following
heads : * —

1. Lemarks relative to the carbohydrates of agricultural
plants and seeds.

2. Distribution of galactan.

3. The phloroglucin method for the estimation of pentosans.

* The work reported under these headings is of a technical character.

190 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

SOME REMARKS RELATIVE TO THE CARBOHY-
DRATES OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND
SEEDS.

J. B. LINDSEY.

Agricultural chemists have divided the dry matter of
plants into five groups of substances, namely, crude ash,
crude fibre, crude fat or ether extract, and non-nitroge-
nous extract matter. These terms, as is well known, do not
stand for single ingredients, but rather for groups of sub-
stances having similar characteristics. The terms crude
fibre and extract matter are spoken of collectively as carbo-
hydrates. Our knowledge of the individual substances com-
posing the fibre and extract matter has until recently been
rather vague. The investigations of Tollens, Schulze and
their pupils have, however, thrown considerable light, and
revealed the presence and characteristics of many of the sub-
stances entering into their composition. The crude fibre of
agricultural plants, as prepared by the method employed by
Henneberg and Stohmann, is now known to consist princi-
pally of dextroso-cellulose (a hexa-cellulose), combined with
more or less lignin or lignin acids. The fibre has also been
found to contain considerable pentosan, so intimately asso-
ciated with the hexa-cellulose as to be considered a penta-
cellulose. Whether the penta-cellulose is actually united
with the lignin as a ligno-cellulose is uncertain. The true
celluloses are characterized principally by their nearly com-
plete insolubility in dilute mineral acids and in F. Schulzes’
reagent, and by their solubility in copper ammonium oxide.
When cellulose is dissolved in quite concentrated sulphuric
acid, and the resulting product hydrolized with dilute acid,
Schulze has as a rule obtained dextrose; hence the name
dextroso-cellulose. Schulze found that the cellulose obtained
from wheat bran, peas and lupine seeds yielded only dextrose ;
that obtained from rye straw, lupine pods, spruce wood and

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 191

red clover, gave dextrose and xylose; while that prepared
from the coffee bean, cocoanut and sesame cake, yielded
dextrose and mannose. There exist, therefore, dextroso-,
mannoso- and pentoso- celluloses. That the so-called crude
fibre is not pure cellulose, but in addition to both hexa- and
penta- cellulose contains more or less lignin, is probable from
the fact that it is colored a bright red by phloroglucin and
hydrochloric acid, and because it contains a higher percent-
age of carbon than pure cellulose. When the dried and
finely ground plant or seed is treated according to the
Weender method, a considerable portion of the lignin is
split off, and reckoned as extract matter.

The term non-nitrogenous extract matter is meant to in-
clude all substances, not included within the other four
groups, that are removed by means of dilute acid and alkali.
In case of the grains, the extract matter is known to con-
sist largely of starch; but when derived from coarse fodders,
leguminous seeds and many by-products, its composition has
been, until the investigations of Tollens and Schulze, but
little understood.

To these carbohydrates that can be removed from the
plant by the action of dilute mineral acid and alkali, and
that are as a rule soluble in F. Schulze’s reagent, EK. Schulze
has applied the name hem7-cellulose. Under this head he
would bring the mother substances, dextran, levulan, man-
nan, galactan, araban and xylan, which yield, on inversion,
the sugars dextrose, levulose, mannose, galactose, arabinose
and xylose. It is the mother substances of these sugars and
probably others of a similar nature not yet identified, to-
gether with ready-formed sugars, starch, and a portion of
the lignin, as above alluded to, which constitute the extract
matter. These hemi-celluloses are intermixed with the true
celluloses and ligno-celluloses in the cell walls of plants and
seeds. In some cases they have been recognized as reserve
material, and are used as food in the sprouting of the seed.
The levulan and mannan do not appear to be generally dis-
tributed. The araban and xylan (pentosans), on the other
hand, constitute fully one-third of the extract matter of all
hays and straws; they are quite prominent in the hull and
bran of different grains and seeds, and are even found in the
endosperm and cotyledons of many seeds.

192 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALACTAN,

J. B. LINDSEY and E. B. HOLLAND.

Galactan, one of the hemi-celluloses, was first extracted
from lucerne seeds by Mintz,* and was converted into galac-
tose by boiling with dilute acid. E. Schulze + and his co-
workers found galactan quite prominent in the seeds of the
blue lupine. The finely ground seeds were extracted with
ether, alcohol, one per cent. soda solution at a low tempera-
ture to remove albuminoids, washed with water, and the
residue boiled with dilute sulphuric acid. The solution was
afterwards neutralized with barium carbonate, filtered, and
evaporated to a syrup. This syrup was extracted with
hot alcohol, and the alcoholic solution on slow evaporation
yielded sugar crystals which proved to be galactose. The
mother substance, yielding galactose, was also found to con-
tain a pentose (probably arabinose). Schulze, therefore,
called the substance para-galactoaraban. An examination
of the pea, soy and field bean, showed the presence of the
same substance. The coffee bean, date seed, palm and
cocoanut cake proved the presence of galactan and mannan
in liberal quantities, indicating the presence of a substance
which might be termed galactomannan. Whether these
substances are chemically united into complex molecules, or
whether they are simple mixtures, it is hardly possible to
state.

As a result of this work, Schulze assumed that the hemi-
cellulose galactan might be very generally distributed in
agricultural plants; and, if such should be the case, it must
be of importance as a source of nutrition.

ee 8

* Bull. Soc. Chim. (2) 37, p. 409.
+ Zeitsch fiir physiol. chem. Bd 14. Heft 3; Zeitsch fiir physiol. chem. Bd 16,
Hefts 4 and 5.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 193

Recognizing the comparatively few fodder plants and seeds
that had been tested for galactan, we thought it would prove
interesting to make a quantitative estimation of the amount
of the substance present in all the more important feed stuffs.
While the method employed by Schulze, namely, the invert-
ing of the galactan with dilute mineral acid and allowing the
resulting sugar to crystallize out, is of course a sure proof
of the presence of galactose, if properly identified, it does
not admit of a quantitative estimation of the sugar. We
therefore had recourse to the indirect method of estimating
the mucic acid, as a measure of the quantity of galactose
present. Scheele * was the first to recognize that by the
oxidation of milk sugar, mucic acid resulted. Pasteur +
found that it was the galactose of the milk sugar that yielded
mucicacid. Tollens and Kent,t after numerous experiments,
proposed the following method for obtaining the largest
amount of mucic acid both from milk sugar and from galac-
tose. They evaporated 100 grammes of miik sugar with
1,200 ¢.c. of nitric acid of 1.15 specific gravity in a water
bath to one-third of its volume, allowed the solution to stand
twenty-four hours for the mucic acid to crystallize out, then
filtered onto a tared filter and dried and weighed it. This
method yielded 37 to 40 per cent. of mucic acid. When
pure galactose was used, a double quantity — 74-77 per
cent. — was obtained.§ Rischbieth, Creydt, Hadecke and
Tollens still further perfected the method, and used it in
ascertaining the galactan in a variety of substances. This
perfected method we have used with but slight modifications
in the estimation of galactan in the substances which follow.

Method. — Three grammes of the substance were brought
into a beaker about 5.5 c.m. in diameter and 7 c.m. deep,
together with 60 c.c. of nitric acid of 1.15 specific gravity,
and the solution evaporated to exactly one-third of its volume
in a water bath at a temperature of 94 to 96 degrees C. After
standing twenty-four hours, 10 c.c. of water are added to the
precipitate, and it is allowed to stand another twenty-four

* Opuscula chemica et physica, Leipsig, 1789, p. 111.
+ Comp. rend. 42, p. 347.

$ Ann. Chem. 227, p. 221.

§ Landw. Versuchs-Stationen 39, p. 401.

194 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, [ Jan.

hours. The mucic acid has in the mean time crystallized
out, but is mixed with considerable material only partially
oxidized by the nitric acid. The solution is therefore filtered
through filter paper, washed with 30 c.c. of water, to remove
as much of the nitric acid as possible, and the filter and con-
tents brought back into the beaker. Thirty c.c. of ammo-
nium carbonate solution* are now added, and the beaker
brought into a water bath and heated gently for fifteen min-
utes. The ammonium carbonate takes up the mucic acid,
forming the soluble muciate of ammonia. The solution is
now filtered into a platinum or porcelain dish, and the
residue thoroughly washed with water to remove all of the
muciate of ammonia. The filtrate is then evaporated to
dryness over a water bath, and 5 ¢.c. of nitric acid of 1.15
specific gravity are added, thoroughly stirred and allowed to
stand for thirty minutes. The nitric acid decomposes the
ammonium muciate, precipitating the mucic acid, which is
now filtered onto a tared filter, or into a Gooch crucible,
washed with 10 to 15 c.c. of water, with 60 c.c. of alcohol
and quite a number of times with ether, dried at 100° C. for
a short time, and weighed. The mucic acid multiplied by
1.33 gives galactose, and this multiplied by .9 gives galactan.

The method gives fairly good results, but, like other
methods that are employed in estimating substances formed
by physiological processes, absolute accuracy is hardly to be
expected. For example, when extracting the mucic acid from
the impurities with ammonium carbonate, more or less of the
partially decomposed organic matter 1s dissolved out, which
is again precipitated by the addition of the nitricacid. After
the mucic acid is filtered and washed with alcohol and ether,
a considerable portion of this material is dissolved out ; some,
however, still remains, and gives the otherwise white mucic
acid a grayish color. It is possible that such a condition
might be obviated by previously treating the substance to be
examined with alcohol, ether and one per cent. soda solution
in the cold, in order to remove fat, coloring matter and pro-
tein substances. Whether this could be done without loss
of any of the substance is a question for further study.

* One par ammonium carbonate, 19 parts water and 1 part strong ammonia.

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 195

Results.
Coarse Fodder.

| Galactose. | Galactan.

Per Cent. Per Cent.
English hay, : ; ; ; 01 21
High- -grown salt hay, . ° 0 : 93 84
Black grass, : : ; : yal 64
Corn stover, : 4 : ’ ; , : .76 .68
Oat straw, . : 4 ; : ‘ : ; 81 wo
Rye straw, . ; : F : ; : 63 ae
Fodder millet, . : : é : i : 95 . 86
Canada beauty pea fodder, . : 3.09 2.78
Medium red clover fodder, . Wako BLOG
Alsike clover fodder, A. 25 a, 00
Mammoth clover fodder, wele 3.39

Concentrated Feeds.

Corn meal, . : : t z ; ; .05 05
Wheat meal, ; : ; , F 23 aA
Oat meal, : ; ; ; 81 thy
Barley meal, : ; : 00 50
Wheat bran,. : ; f : f : ; 43 sae
Millet meal,. é : ; : : : : 67 .60
Linseed meal, ‘ : ; ‘ q : , KS! es
Cotton-seed meal, F : ; : ; : .63 wok
Rice meal, .°. : ‘ ; ; ; ‘ 1.04 .96
Rape seed, . : ; ; : : ; . 1.07 96
Brewers’ grain, . ; : ; i ; , .56 .50
Malt s sprouts, : : 43 yao
Dwarf horticultural bean, : , : ‘ .68 61
Green soy bean, . : ; 07 . 60
Black soy bean, : : : . ; : 92 83
Bush lima bean, . : . ; : : ' 79 ay 8
Pole lima bean, . : : : P : : . 66 .59
Black wax bean Sava : ; ; ; -O2 47
White pot bean, : ‘ ‘ oh ste EBB 48
Horse bean, . ; : , : : : 1.83 1@5
Canada beauty pea, : : ° 63 -O7
Prussian blue pea, é ‘ : , ° ; 0 68
English gray pea, ; : ° . ; ; 84 76
Little gem pea, ; - ° ° ° ‘ 16 1.04
W onder pea, 1.62 1.46
Pea meal, . é ‘ : ; 2.69 2-42
Vetch seed, . ; : , A 17 1.05
Serradella seed, . ; . 66 Oo
Medium red clover seed, é é peel OF 2.49
Mammoth clover seed, o200 3.27
Crimson clover seed, 3.49 3.14
Alsike clover seed, 8.96 8.06
Sweet clover seed, 6.00 5.40
White clover seed, 10.08 9.07
Alfalfa seed, 5.20, 4.71
White lupine seed, 13.84— | 12.46
Blue lupine seed, 16. 23 14.66

196 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Many of the substances tested show less than one per
cent. of galactan, and we are not certain in many cases,
because of the small amount of precipitate obtained, whether
the material weighed really was mucic acid or partially
decomposed organic matter. All substances, therefore, con-
taining less than one per cent. of galactan, may be for the
present characterized as doubtful. To settle the presence or
absence of very small amounts of galactan, we shall either
be obliged to still further perfect the method, or work with
larger quantities. Tollens states that mucic acid melts at
213 degrees C. We have tested the melting point of the
precipitate in cases when there was sufficient present, and
found a melting point of about 215 degrees C.

The results as given above show the presence of very
small amounts of galactan in the non-leguminous coarse
fodders and seeds. In the leguminous plants from three to
four per cent. are present, while in case of the leguminous
seeds, several varieties of beans and peas appear to contain
very limited quantities, but the larger number of such seeds
tested show from 14 to as high as 14 per cent. With the ©
exception of the lupines, the clover seeds contain the largest
amounts, the seeds of white variety containing 9 per cent.

The above results are merely a report of progress. They
show, however, that the galactans are not as widely dis-
tributed nor present in such large quantities as are the pen-
tosans, and therefore do not play such an important part as
do the latter in the process of nutrition. We propose to
continue the investigation of the distribution of these sub-
stances, and also to determine their digestibility.

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 197

THE PHLOROGLUCIN METHOD FOR THE ESTI-
MATION OF PENTOSANS.

J. B. LINDSEY and E. B. HOLLAND.

Councler * has suggested that, instead of phenylhydrazin,
phloroglucin be employed for the precipitation and estima-
tion of furfurol obtained by the distillation of various sub-
stances, with dilute hydrochloric acid. Kruger and Tollens +
have further studied and perfected the method, and recom-
mended it as reliable for the estimation of pentosans in vari-
ous coarse fodders, grains and vegetables.

The phloroglucin, like the phenylhydrazin method, is
based on the fact that the pentosans (araban, xylan, etc.)
differ from other carbohydrates in that they yield furfurol
instead of levulinic acid upon digestion with moderately
dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acids. The first step neces-
sary in both processes for a quantitative estimation is the
conversion of the pentosans into furfurol and its separation
from the resulting by-products.

PHLOROGLUCIN METHOD DESCRIBED.

Three grammes of the material are brought into a ten-
ounce flask, together with 100 c.c. of 12 per cent. hydro-
chloric acid (specific gravity, 1.06), and several pieces of
recently heated pumice stone. The flask, placed upon wire
gauze, is connected with a Liebig condenser, and heat ap-
plied, rather gently at first, and so regulated as to distil over
30 c.c. in ten to fifteen minutes from the time that boiling
begins. The 30 c.c. driven over are replaced by a like
quantity of the dilute acid, by means of a separatory funnel ;
and the process so continued as long as the distillate gives a
pronounced reaction with aniline acetate on filter paper (a

* Chemikerztg, 1894, No. 51. + Zeitsch. far Ang. Chem., 1896, Heft II.

198 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan,

few drops of aniline in a little 50 per cent. acetic acid). To
the completed distillate is gradually added a quantity of
phloroglucin * dissolved in 12 per cent. hydrochloric acid,
and the resulting mixture thoroughly stirred. The solution
first turns yellow, then green; and very soon an amorphous
greenish precipitate appears, which grows rapidly darker,
till it finally becomes almost black. The solution is made
up to 500 c.c. with 12 per cent. hydrochloric acid, and
allowed to stand over night. Im case there is very little
furfurol in the substance tested, and the resulting distillate
consequently small, it is best to add sufficient 12 per cent.
hydrochloric acid to the distillate before adding the phloro-
glucin solution, so that, upon the addition of the latter
solution, the resulting mixture will contain approximately
500 c.c.

The amorphous black precipitate is filtered into a tared
Gooch crucible through an asbestos felt, washed with 100
c.c. of water, dried to constant weight by heating three to
four hours at 100 degrees C., cooled and weighed, the in-
crease in weight being reckoned as phloroglucid. To calcu-
late the furfurol from the phloroglucid,t use the following
table : —

TOTAL WEIGHT OF Divided by, TOTAL WEIGHT OF Divided by,

PHLOROGLUCID OBTAINED. eeneey: PHLOROGLUCID OBTAINED. Rd bing
.20 gramme, : 1.820 4 gramme, . . LVOil
22 “ ; : 1.839 316) ig : ; 1.916
24 us ; ; 1.856 238 ns ; ; 1.919
26 “ : ; 1/374 40 is F ‘ 1.920
.28 2 p ; 1.884 A5 - ‘ ‘ 1.927
30 66 : ; 1.895 o04- * ; ; 1.930
OZ “6 ; P 1.904

Furfurol + by grammes substance taken 1.84 = pentosans.
Furfurol — by grammes substance taken X 1.65 = xylan.
Furfurol ~ by grammes substance taken & 2.03 = araban.

* Dissolve twice as much dry phloroglucin as furfurol expected in about 50 c.c. of
12 per cent. hydrochloric acid. Bring the hydrochloric acid into a water bath, and
stir thoroughly till the phloroglucin goes into solution.

t+ The phloroglucid is a complex substance, of uncertain formula. It contains 63
to 64 per cent. of carbon and from 3.6 to 4.2 per cent. of hydrogen. The factors for
calcnlating the amount of furfurol from the phloroglucid were obtained after experi-
menting with known amounts of pure furfurol and phloroglucin.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 199

The amount of pentosans was estimated by both the
phenylhydrazin and the phloroglucin methods in the fol-
lowing substances : —

Phenylhydra-| Phloroglucin

zin Method Method

(Per Cent.). (Per Cent.).
English hay,. ! 21.28 22.50
High-grown salt hay, . : : : 25.64 25.74
Branch grass, : sa : 24.65 26.43
Low meadow fox orass, : . : : 27.98 27.91
Buffalo gluten feed, .. : : 16.45 16.00
Lupine seeds, ae ; é : 9.42 9.64

With two exceptions the two methods show very closely
agreeing results. We propose to still further compare these
methods in the near future. The phloroglucin method, on
account of its greater simplicity, is much to be preferred.

200

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, { Jan.

Parrett:

(a) THE EFFECT OF NARROW AND WIDE RaA-
TIONS ON THE QUANTITY AND COST OF MILK
AND BUTTER, AND ON THE COMPOSITION OF
MILK.

If.

ITl.

| ge

V.

J. B. LINDSEY, E. B. HOLLAND and GEO. A. BILLINGS.

RESULTS OF Two EXPERIMENTS.

Definition: By narrow ration is meant one containing 4
to 5 times as much carbohydrates as protein (1:5) ;
by wide ration one containing 8 to 10 times as much
carbohydrates as protein (1:10).

The same amount of digestible matter in narrow rations
produced from 11.8 to 12.9 per cent. more milk than
did a like amount of digestible matter in wide rations ;
narrow rations also reduced the cost of production
from 5 to 12 per cent.

The average cost of a quart of milk produced with the
narrow rations was 1.81 cents, and with the wide ra-
tions 1.97 cents.

The narrow rations produced over the wide rations practi-
cally the same relative increase in the amount of butter
and the same decrease in the cost of production as in
the case of the milk.

The narrow rations produced butter at a cost of 15.57 cents
per pound, and the wide rations at a cost of 16.02
cents per pound.

In Experiment I., with the narrow rations, the best cow
produced 12.2 pounds of butter in a week, at a cost
of 14 cents per pound; and the poorest cow produced
8.26 pounds, at a cost of 19.37 cents per pound. In
the same experiment, with the wide ration, the best
cow produced 9.52 pounds, at a cost of 16.67 cents
per pound; and the poorest cow produced 7.28 pounds,
at a cost of 18.88 cents per pound.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 201

In Experiment IJ.,,on the narrow ration, the best cow
produced 12.81 pounds of butter per week, at a cost
for feed consumed of 11.66 cents; and the poorest
cow 7.98 pounds, at a cost of 15.90 cents per pound.
With the wide ration, the best cow produced 10.92
pounds per week, costing 12.71 cents ; and the poorest
cow 6.86 pounds, costing 16.21 cents per pound.

VII. In these two experiments narrow rations produced manure
having 20 per cent. more fertilizing value than that
produced by wide rations. In general, it can be said
that narrow rations produce manure containing 10 to
15 per cent. more fertility than wide rations.

VIII. Neither the narrow nor wide ration produced any decided
change in the composition of the milk.

IX. For total consumption of dry and digestible matter; total
yields of milk, milk solids and fat; pounds of milk,
milk solids and fat produced by 100 pounds of dry
and digestible matter; and for digestible matter re-
quired to produce 100 pounds of milk, 1 pound of milk
solids and 1 pound of butter,— see tables XII., XIII.
and XIV., in rear of this report.

A. METHODS EMPLOYED IN CARRYING OUT THE
EXPERIMENTS.

Plan.

The experiments were two in number, and were conducted
during the autumn and winter of 1895-96, with six cows.
The animals were divided as evenly as possible into two
lots, and the experiments were so arranged that in the first
half of each experiment three of the cows were fed the
narrow rations while the other three were receiving the wide
rations; in the second half of the experiment the order was
reversed. In this way the natural milk shrinkage as well as
the natural change in the quality of the milk was equalized.
In the first experiment the two halves each lasted twenty-six
- days, and at least seven days were allowed after the animals
were placed upon the full ration before the actual test began.
In Experiment II. the halves each lasted twenty-one days.

202 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

History of Cows.

MILK YIELD AT
Last Calt|| BEGINNING or Ex-

NAME. Breed. Age. PERIMENTS.
dropped. (oe
ie is
Years. Pounds. | Pounds.
I. Ada, * ‘ . | Grade Ayrshire, . 7 Oct. 1; 26 22
a. tite * . . | Native, : : : 10 Sept. 1, 22 -
II. Guernsey,ft . . | Grade Guernsey, 7 Dec. 1, - 30
III. Bessie, . ; - | Grade Ayrshire, 7 Sept. 10, 27 26
IV. Beauty,. : . | Grade Jersey, 5 Sept. 15, 27 20
V. Red, , é . | Grade Durham, . 7 Oct... 8, 33 27
VI. Spot, .. ‘ . | Grade Durham, . 7 Oct... 8, 34 27
* Used in first experiment. t+ Used in second experiment.

The animals had been purchased in the neighborhood, at
an average cost of $50 each, when fresh. They were better
animals than the average, and most of them had been dry
for several months before calving, so that they would natu-
rally be able to do their best work during the two experi-
ments now being described. None of the animals had been
served at the beginning of the experiment, but they were
allowed to take bull later. Most of them were served be-
tween the two halves of the first experiment.

Feeds and Feeding.

In the first experiment all of the cows were fed hay and
sugar beets as coarse feeds. In the wide ration haif, each
cow had one pound more of hay daily than in the narrow
‘ation half, in order to make up a like amount of total
digestible daily nutrients. Chicago gluten meal and wheat
bran were fed in the narrow ration, and corn meal and wheat
bran in the wide ration. The hay was quite coarse, and con-
sisted of Timothy, with an admixture of clover. Cow II.
left a small quantity of the coarser portion in one half,
which was deducted from the amount consumed in calculat-
ing the digestible daily nutrients eaten.

In the second experiment the coarse feeds consisted of
hay, and millet and soy bean ensilage; the concentrated
feeds in case of the narrow ration were bran, Chicago gluten

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 203

meal and old-process linseed meal; and in case of the wide
ration, wheat bran and corn meal. In this experiment the
feeds were entirely consumed.

The feeds were very carefully weighed out, and given twice
daily. Water was kept before the animals constantly, by
means of the Buckley self-watering device. A cover swung
upon hinges kept the feed from getting into the water. The
animals very soon learned to lift the cover whenever they
desired to drink.

Sampling the Feeds.

A small sample of the different grain feeds was taken daily,
and preserved in glass-stoppered bottles; a sample of the
hay was taken weekly, and likewise preserved; and at the
end of each of the two halves of each experiment dry-matter
determinations were made and samples preserved for analysis.
In case of the sugar beets and ensilage, samples were taken
weekly and tested for dry matter at once, and at the close of
the experiment these several samples were mixed and pre-
served for analysis.

General Care.

The cows were milked twice daily, about five o’clock in the
morning and five in the afternoon, always by the same at-
tendant, who was a graduate of the college, and thoroughly
trustworthy. ‘The animals were carded daily, and allowed
the run of a yard in pleasant weather. They were given
plenty of stall room, and made as comfortable as possible.
The wing of the stable in which they were confined contained
no storage room, and each animal was allowed fully 1,200
cubic feet of air. The wing was heated with hot water, and
kept at a temperature of 50 to 55 degrees F. during the
winter months. Ventilation was secured by means of a shaft
8 by 15 inches, placed at the south end of the wing, running
to within 1 foot of the floor, and extending 12 feet above the
roof, terminating in a so-called Archimedean ventilator. In
the shaft was placed a hot-water coil, to increase the draught.
Air was admitted by means of windows opening into the
barn, thus avoiding direct draughts. The windows. were
sufficient in number to keep the barn fully lighted.

204 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Weighing the Animals.

The animals were weighed before feeding in the afternoon
at the beginning and end of the experiment, and once a week
during its continuance. It is recognized that this was not
sufficient, and in experiments now being made the animals
are weighed for three successive days at the beginning and
end of the experiment and the same number of times weekly
during its continuance.

Care of the Milk.

The milk was weighed at once after being drawn, on a
Chatillon balance sensitive to two ounces. Composite
samples were taken for five days of each week, the milk be-
ing preserved with the aid of bichromate of potash. In order
to secure an average sample, it was poured from one pail to
another three times, and then 10 c.c. removed with the aid
of a pipette, an exact amount being taken at every milking.
The glass jars containing the composite samples were kept
tightly covered, and were gently rotated each day, to prevent
any undue clotting of the cream.

Testing the Milk.

The tests were in all cases made in duplicate. The total
solids were made either by the sand method or by use of the
perforated disk filled with asbestos. The fat was determined
by the gravimetric method, and in case of Experiment II.
total nitrogen was estimated by the Kjeldahl method.

Haperiment I.

DATES OF EXPERIMENT. Narrow Ration. Wide Ration.
October 24 through November 18, . ‘ ° -| Cows l.,IV., VI. | Cows II., III., V.
November 28 through December 23, F , » | Oows II,, 121:, V. | Cows 1., BVi, Vis

Haperiment I.

January 27 through February 16, . ° ° - | Cows I., II., VI. Cows III., IV., V.
February 29 through March 20, ° ; ° - | Cows III., 1V., V.| Cows l., Il., VI.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 205

B. RATIONS CONSUMED, AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
QUANTITY AND Cost oF MILK AND BUTTER.

Average Daily Rations fed to Six Cows (Pounds).
Haperiment I.

= m 12} :
$ 3 | 2a,
CHARACTER OF RATION. si . | ya |e gh
8 ¢ | 3 | saa
6) aa D =
Narrow ration, . 3 5.83 = - 15.17 12
Wide ration, 4 : . < 3 ~ - 5.83 16.17 12 -
Experiment LI.
Narrowration, . . . «| 2.83 | 300 | 1.92 3) igess Sell ue soe
mamermtim, . . . «| 192 - = 5.83 | 10.33 _ 28.33

Average Weight of Animals and Total Digestible Nutrients in Daily
Rations (Pounds).

Experiment I.

ac n :
< = .
i) 3 of
CHARACTER OF RATION. 2. a a 2
23 3 : 2 ce =
) ° ~ bo rt =
E Ay Fa 3 Be | &
Men ORs) | fl lw | OAL | 8.07 59 |. 10.28 | 14.06 | 123.86
Re). ws |) O88 | (1.46 62) =) 12s4 Baas tl 2 Oa
Experiment II.
Narrow ration, . ° ° - ° : 899 2.85 65 9.96 | 18.46 |1:4.04
Wide ration, . , r : “ 2 890 1.45 54 11.44 | 13.42 | 1: 8.85

The difference between the two rations in Experiment I.
consists in the fact that gluten meal high in protein was sub-
stituted for corn meal low in protein. In Experiment Il.

206 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

gluten and linseed meals were substituted for corn meal. It
might have been better had the coarse feeds been increased
somewhat, in order to have raised the total digestible nutri-
ents to 15 pounds daily. The animals, however, maintained
very even average weights during both experiments. In
both halves of each experiment the total digestible nutrients
were practically the same.

TasLE I. —. Yield and Cost of Milk.
Eaperiment I. 26 Days (6 Cows).

> Averion (1S go Say fie oe
<3 || Datty YIELD. |} ~ 0° ape Sete
=| ROE BRE PAGE 5 EH moe ed 5 4 Z
bt = WN gata ote sil govd
CHARACTER OF RATION. Re a 3 Coy |Soesl[usar
3 =| Sof |e -So| soon
iS 5 Cee | S2SQ2!/ 3é
S & e Oa Vs tmedeat As AA a
Narrow, ° . . . ° . | 4241.5 12.65 | 27.2 || $36.84 1.89 | 87.0
Wide, . : ; : : . . | 3695.5 11.03 |. 23.7 35.34 2.11 95.7
Increase narrow over wide ration, .| 546.0 1.62 3.5 1.50 —.22 —8.7
Percentage increase, . ° : 5 12.9 - - ~ —11.70 -

Experiment II. 21 Days (6 Cows).

Narrow, . ~. «© «. ~~ | 3261.0 || 12.01 | 25.82 || $26.27 1.74| 80.6

Wide, . e ° ° ° ° - | 2877.0 10.58 | 22.73 24.43 1.83 84.9
Increase narrow over wide ration, . 384.0 1.48 3.03 1.84 —.09 -
Percentage increase, . P ; 11.8 ~ - - —5.20 -

The above table shows that the narrow rations produced
from 11.8 to 12.9 per cent. more milk than did the wide
rations, and that they reduced the cost of production from 5
to 12 per cent. At the end of Experiment II., six months
after calving, the cows were averaging between 11 and 12
quarts of milk daily.* It was not the primary object of
these two experiments to select the most economical feeds
for milk production, but rather to note the effect of narrow
v. wide rations on the guality of the milk. The figures, how-
ever, cannot fail to prove interesting to the milk producer.

* Cow No. 2, at the close of Experiment II., had been calved but three months.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 207

TaBLE II. — Yield and Cost of Butter.
Experiment I. 26 Days (6 Cows).

3 ee.) | eae
. as — o 4a Q,
—= x on, te
om Fy = A E Or 2g
CHARACTER OF RATION. Pe 3 3 2. 2 . 2 Qs.
rE ie dia bin dl ect e
Bog! | Orr Ver ® Ow, 5
° oO > > >
em AS ae a Bmos
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Cents.
Narrow, . : ‘ . 5 . 190.90 222.01 8.55 59.85 16.74
Wide, , s A A ‘ : 164.87* 192.01 ime | 49.77 18.41
Increase narrow over wide ration, 26.03 30.70 1.44 10.08 167
Percentage increase, ; : F 13.70 13.70 - ~ —10.00
Experiment II. 21 Days (6 Cows).
en se, | 167.60 183.98 8.75 61.25 14.40:
Wide, A : x - ; : 144.56 168.64 8.01 56.07 14.64
Increase narrow over wide ration, 13.13 15.34 © 74 5.18 —.24

Percentage increase, . = : 8.30 8.30 | - ~ —1.67

The figures tell the same story as they did in the yield of
milk. On the narrow rations the cows produced 13.7 per
cent. more butter in Experiment I. and 8.3 per cent. more
in Experiment Ii. than they did on the wide rations. In
Experiment I. the cost of feed per pound of butter produced
was 16.74 cents for the narrow ration and 18.41 cents for
the wide ration, showing that the narrow ration produced
butter for 10 per cent. less per pound than did the wide
ration. In Experiment II. the cost of feed per pound of
butter produced was 14.57 cents for the narrow and 14.64
cents for the wide ration, showing a difference of but 1.67
per cent. in favor of the narrow ration.

It is of course impossible to state with accuracy the exact
cost of feed required to produce a pound of butter, as so

* Cow V. (Red) during a portion of this period produced milk with but 2.85 per
cent. of fat, and then suddenly increased to 4 per cent. The above figures include
this cow’s production on the basis of 4.05 per cent. fat for the entire period; other-
wise the percentage increase of the butter in the narrow ration would be more than
the percentage increase in the milk produced, which might lead to the supposition
that the narrow ration had actually increased the percentage of fat in the milk, when
really this sudden increase of fat was entirely independent of the influence of the feed.

208 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

much depends upon the cost of feeds used, character of the
cows, and the stage of lactation. The figures simply show
what six of the better class of ordinary cows that had been
well fed were able to do, during the first six months after
calving.

Taste III. — Yield and Cost of Butter from Poorest and Best

Cows.
EXPERIMENT I. EXPERIMENT II.
CHARACTER OF COW ;
AND RATION. Daily | Weekly |yrceq per|| Dally | Weekly |atced per
| Yield. Yield. Pound Yield. Yield. Pad

Pounds. | Pounds. | Cents. Pounds. | Pounds. | Cents.

Best cow, narrow, . ° 1.74 12.20 14.00 1.83 12.81 11.66
Poorest cow, narrow, ‘ 1.18 8.26 19.37 1.14 7.98 15.90
Best cow, wide, . : 1.36 9.52 16.67 1.56 10.92 12.71
Poorest cow, wide, . ° 1.04 7.28 18.88 .98 6.86 16.21

In Experiment I. the best cow on the narrow ration pro-
duced 12.2 pounds of. butter per week, at a cost for feed
consumed of 14 cents per pound; while the poorest cow pro-
duced 8.26 pounds, at a cost of 19.37 cents per pound. In
the same experiment on the wide ration one cow produced
9.52 pounds per week, costing 16.67 cents per pound; and
another 7.28 pounds per week, costing 18.88 cents.

In Experiment II. the best yield with the narrow ration
was 12.81 pounds of butter per week, costing for feed eaten
11.66 cents per pound; and the poorest yield was 7.98
pounds, costing 15.90 cents. In the same experiment on
the wide ration the best yield was 10.92 pounds weekly,
costing 12.71 cents per pound; and the least yield 6.86
pounds weekly, costing 16.21 cents per pound. One is
enabled from the above figures to note both the influence of
the cow and the cost of the daily ration upon the cost of the
butter produced. The cow yielding 12.81 pounds weekly,
at a cost of 11.66 cents per pound for food consumed, was a
grade Guernsey, fresh at the time. Her general form and
appearance would not indicate that she was more than a very
ordinary cow. She produced about 14 quarts of milk daily
when at her best, containing 5.3 per cent. of butter fat.
Such facts as the above ought certainly to stimulate farmers
to ascertain the amount and quality of the milk produced by

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 209

their cows during a period of lactation. Only by such a
course can the unprofitable cows be weeded out, and the herd
brought to a higher standard. The scales and the Babcock
tester are necessary ; mere guess will not accomplish it.

TasLeE IV. — Approximate Estimate of the Amount and Value
of Fertilizer Constituents in Eaxcretions of the 6 Cows.

eilesned Phosphoric Peiakt: Relative
CHARACTER OF RATIONS. 7 Acid Values of
(Pounds). (Pounds).
(Pounds). Same.
Average of Experiments |
J. and II., narrow, : 153 35 79 $28 65
Average of Experiments
I. and Il., wide, . ; 108 40 95 22 90
Percentage increased value of narrow over wide ration, . $19 20

For the sake of comparison, by figuring the value of the
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash contained in the feeds
consumed (less 20 per cent. for the amount retained in the
system or otherwise lost) by the market cost of these
several ingredients per pound, it will be seen that the
manure from the narrow ration has 20 per cent. more value
than that from the wide ration. The cause of the increased
value lies naturally in the increased amount of nitrogen
present. In case of the rations fed in these experiments,
the fact that the wide ration has more potash than the narrow
is because gluten meal, which served to increase the protein,
contains but minimum amounts of this ingredient. If cotton
or linseed meal had been used in place of the gluten meal,
the reverse would have been true. While the so-called
narrow rations as used in these experiments were extreme
ones, it might be said that narrow rations which contain
from 2 to 2$ pounds of digestible protein in a day’s feed,
aside from their causing a 10 per cent. increase in the milk
yield, furnish in addition a manure from 10 to possibly 15
per cent. more valuable than do wide rations.

While narrow rations will unquestionably produce more
milk and butter than wide rations, the relative cost of the
milk and butter produced by the two rations will depend

210 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

upon the price of the concentrated feed stuffs. The markets,
however, at the present time contain such a great variety of
these products that the feeder can select those rich in pro-
tein at prices that will enable him to feed the narrow or
so-called well-balanced rations to advantage.

In the closing remarks on this portion of the experiment,
it is well to inquire what are to be considered as economical
narrow rations. The German ration established so long ago
by the late Emil von Wolff contained, for cows of 1,000
pounds weight, 2.5 pounds of digestible protein, .5 pounds of
digestible fat and 13 pounds of digestible carbohydrates,
with a proportion of protein to fat and carbohydrates of 1
to 0.4.

The writer is convinced that 2.5 pounds of digestible
protein daily is amply sufficient, and seriously questions
whether it is not too much. More than this amount, or
even 2.5 pounds daily in the form of concentrated feed
stuffs, if fed from eight to nine months each year, will soon
tend to impair the milk-producing capacity of the cow.
Some cows might be able to withstand such feeding longer
than others. It might be advisable, for economic reasons,
to feed as high as 3 pounds of digestible protein daily to
average cows for two or three years, and then turn them
into beef; but cows possessing more than ordinary merit
should be differently handled. It should ever be kept in
mind that it is far better to breed and select cows that pos-
sess extra milk and butter qualities than to attempt to attain
those ends by extra amounts of concentrated feeds.

The amount of protein, as well as the amount of total
digestible organic -nutrients, that can be fed in the daily
ration in order to produce milk and butter at low prices, and
at the same time not impair the milk-producing organs by
overwork, is still an uncertain quantity; and in order to
secure more accurate information, taking into consideration
American conditions, extended and carefully conducted in- '
vestigations are necessary. Such experiments should be
carried out only by those who can control all the conditions,
who thoroughly understand the nature, handling and care
of animals, and who have the time to give the experiments
a close personal attention.

1897.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 211

C. Tue Errect or Narrow AND WIDE RATIONS ON THE
QUALITY OF THE MILK.

Many experiments have been published and many opinions
expressed relative to the effects of single feeds and feed com-
binations on the quality of milk. ‘The writer has briefly
reviewed the most important of these experiments else-
where.* W.H. Jordan yf has recently also presented a most
excellent review and critical examination of such experi-
ments.

Practically all of the experiments thus far made have taught
that feeds have but very little influence on the quality of milk.
By ‘‘affecting the quality” is meant the increasing and de-
creasing of any or all of the solid constituents of the milk,
such as casein, albumin, milk sugar, fat and ash. It is a
commonly recognized fact that some feeds affect the flavor of
milk, and to a slight extent 1ts color, also possibly its acidity
and alkalinity. Itis possible that feeds and feed combina-
tions rich in fat have a tendency to slightly increase the per-
centage of fat in the milk of some cows. Whether or not
feeds rich in protein have a similar tendency, is still uncer-
tain. It is probable that this increase is only of a temporary
character, the milk gradually coming back to its normal con-
dition. Animals very thin in flesh and insufficiently fed, if
brought mto good condition by proper feed, will probably
show an increase in one or all of the solid constituents.
This improvement will certainly not be very marked. It is
possible that the improvement in the milk brought about by
the more complete nourishment of a thin and insufficiently
fed animal consists more in an improvement in the gualiy
of the fat, or nitrogenous matter, than in Increasing to any
marked degree their actual percentages In the milk. The
quality of milk varies, as is well known, during the different
stages of lactation, but this is entirely independent of the
influence of feed.

_ In conducting experiments of this character the investi-
gator should be very careful that he 1s able to control all the
conditions liable to in any way affect the resuits. The milk-

* Twelfth report of Massachusetts Experiment Station, 1894.
+ Agriculture of Maine, 1895, page 139.

212 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

producing organs are largely under the control of the nervous
system, and any sudden change disturbing the nervous tem-
perament of the animal, such as a sudden extreme change of
temperature, an angry man, change of milkers, etc., is very
likely to have an effect on the quality of her product. This
can easily be observed by testing the milk daily and noting
the variations, especially in the percentage of fat. Too short
periods render such experiments valueless, as well as changing
the entire daily character of the feed in two or three parts of a
single experiment. No greater mistake can be made than in
employing cheap, unreliable help. The results of many of
the experiments thus far made along this line of investigation
are of absolutely no value, because one or several improper
influences have not been controlled by the experimenter.

In the two experiments which follow, the experimenter
has sought as far as possible to prevent any influence other
than the one desired to have any bearing on the results.
The methods have been described under A. The complete
feeding record of each cow will be found at the end of this
article.

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

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mS. Q2 4 Qh ot | Sag 5 mc. whe Ht OP ae Se =o Qz arsci yan | +
Qo © © © — 20 © co) © pa 20 © © | ©
peetemwle chee! | os |e RB ee eee em Rel Es |
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‘(9) Loag ‘(¢) aur] | “(r) xALavag
*SMOO
*papnpUog —*A ATAV T,

‘TT INaMIMMAX of

‘J INAWNIUAdIX HY

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 215

In judging the above results, it must not be forgotten that
the entire lot of cows was not fed at the same time on either
the wide or the narrow ration. For example, in Experiment
I. cows I., IV. and VI. were first fed the narrow ration ;
while cows II., III. and V. were having at the same time the
wide ration. It would be expected that cows I., IV. and
VI. would naturally show slightly higher percentages on the
wide ration, because it was fed later; and for a like reason
cows II., IiI. and V. would show higher percentages on the
narrow ration. In case of Cow V., on the wide ration, it
has already been explained that the first two composite
samples of milk show low solids, and less than 3 per cent.
of fat. In the third sample both the solids and fat very
noticeably increased. It is evident that this sudden change
was not caused by feed; first, because the animal was in
excellent flesh at the beginning of the experiment; and,
second, because the change was a permanent one. The cow
had been ecalved but a few weeks, and for some reason had
not come to her average quality of milk. It was there-
fore considered advisable, in the wide ration, to omit in the
average the first two analyses. With this exception, the
first experiment shows very little variation in the quality of
the milk. In the second experiment, cows I., II. and VI.
were first fed the narrow ration, and cows III., IV. and V.
first received the wide ration. All but Cow II. being some-
what advanced in the period of lactation, it is natural that at
least cows I. and VI. should show slightly higher percentages
with the wide ration, and cows III., IV. and V. with the
narrow ration. This natural tendency is noticed in cows I.,
II., [V., V. and VI. One can therefore draw more reliable
conclusions when the results from the six cows are averaged,
thus eliminating as much as possible the error caused by
natural shrinkage.

216 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Taste VI. — Average Results from 6 Cows.

Haperiment I,

}
o , | DAILY DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS
a CONSUMED. COMPOSITION OF MILK.
Pays e e m . 2 : ad
an — “x ~ : aa a oa {a>}
3o| 8| -| 33] 8 2 3|se| 2 |e.
te q Sy ~ Og om 3 D a wD [-b) qa ~~
2 O41 Sobre ee = =e ae °8
o 8 ~ = po ne 2 oa ao om Ac
Sea | om Ay Oo Ses = io) a a m
a 18 ae os | a he ee ee ee
<q Ay f | © oe vat al A xy on)
Wide ration, . + 088.4 1.46]~.52 } 12.45) 14,43) 1*9.43: 1) 13.56 - 4.47 9.09
Percentage increase nar- - - = ~ = - +.73 - |+.89 | +.66
row over wide.

Experiment II.

Narrow ration, . ° 899 | 2.85) .65 | 9.96 13.46 1:4.04 13.83 | 3.29) 4.83) 9.00
Wide ration, . ; : 890 | 1.45) .54 | 11.44) 18.42/1:8.85 || 14.42 | 3.24) 5.02) 9.10

oe

Percentage increase nar- - - ~ - - ~ —2.10 |41.52|/—3.93)/—1.11
row over wide.

The average weights of the animals during both periods of
each experiment are practically identical. In the first experi-
ment the milk appears to have suffered no change in compo-
sition. In the second experiment the wide ration seems to
have slightly increased the solids and fat and diminished the
nitrogenous matter. This is more strikingly brought out in

Table VII.

Tasie VIL. — Showing Percentages on Basis of 14 Per Cent. Solids.

EXPERIMENT I. EXPERIMENT II.

. 2 = ; 2
ro cs a a oe
Z eee 2 m
v — bond re v a =
6) ° 8 Be o og
he al &) gS & he ah
ey o 2 ®
Mu oy BOM, Oy oy
4 = 55 2 = OY,
fe D A Fe D
Narrow ration, . ° ; , ; | 4.62 9.38 3.33 4.88 9.11
Wide ration, . ; ; ; ° - | 4,61 9.39 3.21 4.97 9.02
Percentage increase narrow over wide, | + + +3. 60 —1.84 + .99
} '

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 217

In Table VII. it will be noticed that the wide ration, con-
taining 1.45 pounds of digestible protein, .54 pound of
digestible fat and 11.44 pounds of digestible carbohydrates,
seemed to have produced a slight but noticeable increase in
the percentage of fat; and the narrow ration, containing 2.85
pounds of digestible protein, .65 pound of digestible fat and
9.96 pounds of digestible carbohydrates, a slight increase in
the total nitrogenous matter.

Recognizing the many serious difficulties in the way of
securing results that will show only the influence of feed or
feed constituents in the composition of milk, the writer would
of course draw no positive conclusions, but simply present
the figures as the results of two carefully conducted experi-
ments along this line of investigation.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. (Jan.

218

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‘UOUOY NOLMDN *T quaunsadasy
‘“Mayng pun yn fO OJ pun pyarx 1OIOT, puvn Spawnsuood spoay )P}0J, — "TILA STAVL,

"SINANWINAIXY TO VIVQ ALATANO,)

219

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‘aaLLAG GNV MII, JO OO | ‘aqa0Ndo0ud UALLAG ANV WTI] ‘dHNASNOO Saag,

"U0’VY NOLMON “JT quaunrsaday

‘wayng pun xr {0 0D pup pjarx IO], pun Spawnsuood spaay IOT, — "XT ATAVI,

1897.]

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, [ Jan.

220

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A md ° ‘2 29 < S & 5 ‘AVG Udd (SGNNOgG) CANASNOO saggy

‘UOUDY NOLMYNT 'T Juausaduyy

“pawunsuoo spaay fipog —"*X ATAVY,

221

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No., 31.

1897.]

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‘UOUDT NOLMON ‘JT quaunrsadanp

“pawunsuod spaag pong —"*TX ATAVY,

222 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

TABLE XII. — Showing Total Amount of Dry and Digestibdle
Matter consumed, and Total Milk Products produced.

Experiment J.

iecetitt
CHARACTER OF Dry Matter| Digestible | wen [ik Solids| Milk Fat
RATION consumed | eonsumed } Produced | produced | produced

(Pounds). (Pounds). (Pounds). | (Pounds). | (Pounds).

Narrow, . ; ; : 3,049.0 2,193.4 4,241.5 579.4 191.3
Wide, . . . . . 3,675.4 2,251.1 3,695.5 501.1 165.2

Heperiment II.

i

Gow) os ee fe a] Brace. eoieanen 3,261.0 | 451.0 | 157.5
UM BES tt gd bgt OTL ae 1,691.0 A aa 406.2 | 144.4

TaBLE XIII. — Showing for Every 100 Pounds of Dry and
Digestible Matter consumed, Amounts of Milk, Milk Solids and
Milk Fat produced.

Narrow Ration.

EXPERIMENT I. EXPERIMENT II.
ONE HUNDRED POUNDS. a =¢ a =| =9 P|
5 95 5 5 os 5
} Ros ° ° RSD o
MA) eS) Le me eee
p= b Fa b= si Fa
Dry matter produced, . . . - | 119.51 | 16.32 | 5.39 119.8 | 16.6 5.8
Digestible matter produced, . ° - | 193.41 | 26.42] 8.72 192.3 | 26.6 9.3

Wide Ration.

Dry matter produced, .« . «. « | 100.28/ 13.74 | 4.48 107.7 | 15.4 5.40
Digestible matter produced, . ° - | 164.16 | 22.28 | 7.384 170.1 | 24.0 8.54

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 293

TaBLE XIV.— Pounds of Digestible Matter required to produce
100 Pounds of Milk, a Pound of Milk Solids and a Pound
of Butter.

Narrow Ration.

EXPERIMENT I. EXPERIMENT II.

|

~ TO PRODUCE— _— TO PRODUCE —
m ro @ eo a Lo] a Ss
POUNDS REQUIRED OF — z pa | 2 E 5S | 8
° Oe
2. | a2 | wee. | am | ae
= o os i?) ps) ad o id 7.) pe
oo; a az om ag pas
° = © = o ef) 2 = 6 =| 6 aa)
Digestible matter, . eh Aer Sh i) 7) 3.78 9.83 52.0 | 3.76 | 9.2

Wide Ration.

Digestible matter, . ° ° ° °

60.9 | 4.49 | 11.68 58.8 | 4.16 | 10.04

[ Jan.

STATION.

HATCH EXPERIMENT

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le
|
|

‘T quowday

‘(uanoyy hig) spaag fo woripsodwog —*AX ITAVI,

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 225

TABLE XVI.— Dry Matter Determinations.

Experiment I.

: be '® : am © beg be
= o > op ii 35 ae ®
¢ by) eabranbes ae | &
oO 3 as C) oo ae =
bs 3. | 2A8| ay s /3g-)
s Fas au | 20 eke EE we

1) care a5 |Se5e hiee ise ss | 28
eS aM a Oe, eet eae) SO

ee) mM = E OA 10 6)
October 24 to Novemberl19, ./| 87.5 13.00 - 88.3 91.0 - 87.7
November 28 to December 24, . | 87.0 14.70 - 88.6 91.0 ~ 87.7

— Experiment IT.

January 27 to February 17, -| 880 - 18.4 88.0 91.0 90.0 84.5
February 29 to March 21, . «| 91.0 ~ 19.7 88.0 91.0 90.0 84.5

Market Cost of Feed Stuffs per Ton.

Experiment | Experiment

I. EI.
SS ae a a $15 00 $15 00
Sugar beets, . : ; : ‘ . ° : . : ; 5 00 -
Millet and soy-bean ensilage, . s : A ‘ p A - 4 00
Te Sn ee er 17 00 16 00
Chicago gluten meal, . . . ° : . . : : 23 00 22 00
Linseed meal, . , A + Z ‘ 2 : = 22 00

Corn meal, . ° ° 3 2 A : 3 - : : 17 00 16 00

226 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. — [Jan.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS.

(6) Rick Meau v. Corn MEAL.

EXPERIMENT I. — Nov. 12, 1895, to Feb. 11, 1896.

Results.

Three pigs fed rice meal and skim-milk each showed an
average weight of 67 pounds at the beginning of the experi-
ment and 195.2 pounds at the end of the experiment; the
three fed corn meal and skim-milk each showed an average
weight of 65 pounds at the beginning and 193.5 pounds at
the end of the experiment. |

The rice meal lot consumed during the experiment 3,519
pounds of skim-milk (1,614 quarts), together with 867
pounds of rice meal, and gained 385 pounds of live weight,
equal to 298 pounds of dressed weight; the corn meal lot
consumed like quantities of milk and corn meal, and gained
385 pounds of live weight, equal to 309 pounds of dressed
weight.

The rice meal lot consumed 1,118.64 pounds of dry matter
and the corn meal lot 1,105.65 pounds of dry matter.

The rice meal lot required 2.91 pounds of dry matter to
produce 1 pound of live weight and 3.77 pounds to produce
1 pound of dressed weight; the corn meal lot required 2.91
pounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight
and 3.59 pounds to produce 1 pound of dressed weight.

The average daily gain in live weight of each pig in both
the rice and corn meal lots was 1.41 pounds.

The three pigs fed rice meal showed an average shrinkage
of 22.64 per cent. in dressing; the corn meal fed pigs
shrank 20 per cent.

The above results indicate that a good quality of rice meal
has a feeding value equal to a similar quality of corn meal.

With grain at $18 per ton and dressed pork at 5 cents per
pound, skim-milk returned } of a cent per quart, or 23 cents

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 227

per 100 pounds; with the same price for grain and dressed
pork at 6 cents per pound, skim-milk would return 31.5
cents per 100 pounds.

With grain at $18 per ton and sical at 15 cents per
100 apnids. live weight would cost 2.88 cents per pound
and dressed weight 3.66 cents. If skim-milk were reckoned
at 25 cents per 100 pounds, live weight would cost 4 cents
per pound and dressed weight 5 cents per pound. _

Details of the Experiment.

The object of the experiment was to compare the nutritive
effect of rice meal with corn meal when fed in connection
with skim-milk. Six pigs, grade Chester White, all out of
the same litter, were selected. They were received October
15, when six weeks old, and kept for a month before begin-
ning the experiment. Before starting the experiment each
pig was placed in a separate pen, of about 100 feet ae |
The pens were separated by heavy galvanized wire, thus
securing good ventilation, and allowing at the same time the
animals to see each other. While they had no outdoor run,
the pens were large, the room airy and well lighted, and the
constant good health of the animals indicated no disturbing
influences. Only in very severe weather did the tempera-
ture in the building fall a little below freezing.

Feeding.—The animals were fed three times daily, the
slightly warmed milk being measured, and the grain ration
for the twenty-four hours accurately weighed. The pigs
were each given from 5 to 6 quarts of milk daily. At the
beginning of the experiment 4 ounces of grain were given
with each quart of milk; and the amount increased from
time to time, to suit the appetites of the animals. The
feed was consumed during the entire time, without a single
refusal.

Feeds. — The skim-milk was tested occasionally, and 9.75
per cent. of solids were used in calculating the amount of
dry matter it contained. Rice meal is fed and highly
prized in Europe. It is occasionally found in our markets,
but the present low price of corn meal excludes it. In pre-
paring rice for human consumption, various mechanical proc-
esses are employed. After the hull is removed, the rice is

228 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

brought into mortars holding from 4 to 6 bushels each and
pounded, to remove the yellow, gluey covering of the grain
and give it the creamy color so much desired. .This pound-
ing really removes the chaff and some of the flour, and leaves
the grain but little broken. The rice is then polished to
give it a pearly lustre, which is effected by friction of the
grains of rice against tanned moose hide. That portion
rubbed off is termed rice polish. The chaff and flour above
referred to, and in some cases the polish also, are mixed and
sold as rice meal for cattle feeding.

Composition.

[Figures equal percentages or pounds per 100.]

————— eee

Rice Meal. Corn Meal.

Y Fen Riis one .
Water, . ; : : ; ; é ; ‘ 10.50 12.00
Ash, ; ; : : : : ; : 7.67 1.42
Fiber, . ; P ’ ; , " 5.03 1.84
Fat, ; ; : ; : ; : : 12.10 3.04
Protein, . / ; : , ; ! 412595 9.68
Extract matter, . : , , ‘ : 61.75 Clkate

The above feeds have the same type of composition, being
comparatively low in protein and high in carbohydrates.
They both may be termed heat-producing and fattening
feeds. The rice meal contains more fat and less extract or
starchy matter than the corn meal.

229

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —WNo. 31.

1897.]

Se a ee aa a a am a et ee re ee eee
SS re ee ee ee el ee

6¢°S 06°S 06°ZOL | Z6°FST | GO°SG 96°6L ZP'°L OS°S83L | OS°S6L | 00°S9 03° SZ = 18°88% || SS°FIL | S°ZLT'L | 88g * ‘aid 10d o8viaaAy
= ~- 09°80 | GL°FOF | SI°9ST - 1LG'F og'ege | os'0ss | 00'S6T || 09°7ZOL - 09°998 || co-ete | G°sts'e| FI9‘T 1° °°) TRIOL
IP's PL°S 6L°SOL | 00°F9L | 18°S¢ IP’ 6L Srl CZ°PEL | OS's0% | S2°69 02° FSZ = 18°88Z || SS°FIL | 8°ZLL‘L | 8s¢ Cis Satie ee ee eeeremee 6 Bf

OL*S 66°S 89°66 GZ°9PL | Lg°OP 61°06 trl GL°GZL | OS°P8L | ¢L°8S 06°1S6 - 18°S8Z || GS°PIL | S°SLLT | seo 3 - - ‘ “TI

99° 76° | GL°OOL | OG'HST | LL°E¢ PL°6L | Ser | os°ezt | os'zer | OO'L9 || OZPSZ| = 1e*eec-|-9S°FiE | S°Shr Te Set oe a ee
me oy tN

‘May, UL) — "TI LOT

I

LL*$ 16°% L°66 82° IST | 96°TS $9°2S tt OS°SZL | OZ°S6L | 00°L9 ¢°8c% | L8°88% = CS'FIL | 8°SLLT | 88s * ‘sid red adv10AV
= a 18°L66 | SL°SSh | 88°ScT oF 63°P oo"'sss | O¢°98S | 0S°L0Z 9°SLL | 09°998 = co'ere | S°sis’s | FIOT | ° < * -[8}0J,
L¢o°S 08°S LE°VOL | OO°LST | S9°3¢ 69°1S 9P°l GZ GST G3°006 |} 00°L9 G°8GZ | L8°88% ms GS°PIL | S°SLT'L| seg : - 3 : aT
69°S Z8°S CO°IOL | og°2ct | LPTs 9P° Ss i am & OO°ZEL | GZ°66L | Ga°L9 ¢°8GZ | L8°88% = Ce'PIL | S°SLTT | 8e¢ : . : ; al
t0°P IL‘*s L8°6 Go°FPL | 88°TS © 98°3S oe'l GL°6IL | OO°L8E | SZ°L9 ¢°8% | L8°882 = CE°PIL | 8°SLI'T | 8ss ¥ y 7 = a |
ie en = oa ples fe oes : é cee es ae S, z S Po) ce 16 @
47e4|4985| 42 | ORs |eS8) S52 | SE He | peo | BAe “q 8 3 q ~ ®
25'S m| &o¢g, @.. C22 Ong 2S @ a << Os © btaq Co it k= i 2 a, st
o De | 09 SQ me Boa: Gio m & 0 GQ Ss fe = + —~b = aa —~bp m e
BRog| Sa Ga oe ap oo 2 > pr G2 BH a eer Ga olhre alts oR) me :
Sern hs ak: tae Cog om ed aia) = ™ <=. ey Bet ae Se ge Sie ge ee ‘DId AO UHANON
Beek Sevciane jae [ree bad a” | ra Cl See bree |B" 8 1.8 |l-s" ;
o905|Sao2| OF 2 & wae B= co meet 5 a a a, ry
os 7 5o0|8 et so OQ Meeks} (ee 6B bs B ie ZB mR m i)
= 3. fp om Saag ee a B Pe = Bs : Y a V
a2 os amas ab Be Bag & byte ge GQ are eo 8. Pa ae ee ee |e
e8 Sis 3:3 4 BS B So. oo “3 br a pa ‘dAWOASNOO NIVUDH ‘CHWOSNOO MIIN-WING

——— EEE
‘way a0ty —'T LO'y

(9681 ‘EI *Gul 92 “GEST ‘ET ONT) quounsadug ay? Jo 00

230 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Additional Data.

In order to throw light on the price returned for skim-
milk and the cost of feed required to produce a pound of
live and dressed weight, the following additional data is
presented, and the amount of feed consumed is reckoned
from October 15, when the pigs were received, to February
12, when they were slaughtered. The results below are
based on the entire lot of six pigs.

| Quarts. Pounds.
Total milk consumed by six pigs, ® . - ‘ ° ° 4,092 8,921
Total grain consumed by six pigs, 5 . . : ° . ~ 1,920
Live weight actually gained, ° - ° : , s . - 968
Dressed weight actually gained, . ° 5 5 ° . § - 762

WHEN CORN MEAL SELLS AT || WHEN CORN MEAL SELLS AT
$18 PER TON AND DRESSED $24 PER TON AND DRESSED
PRICE RETURNED PORK AT — PoRK AT —
FOR ae Five Six | Seven | Hight |} Five Six | Seven | Eight
Cents. | Cents. | Cents. Cents. || Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents.
Per quart (fraction of |
cent), é ; © 50 .69 87 1.06 .36 64 Bf) 91
Per 100 pounds (cents),| 23.00

31.50 | 40.00 | 48.50 16.00 | 25.00 | 33.00 | 42.00
|

|

The pigs were six weeks old when they were received,
and weighed about 33 pounds each. When slaughtered they
averaged 194.5 pounds each. The pigs made a rapid growth,
and the results are fully as favorable as could be hoped for.

Oost of Feed per Pound of Growth produced (Cents).

Live Dressed

Weight. Weight.
When corn meal costs $18 per ton and milk } cent per quart, . 2.88 3.66
When corn meal costs $18 per ton and milk } cent per quart, ° 4.00 5.00
When corn meal costs $24 per ton and milk } cent per quart, . 3.48 4.43

When corn meal costs $24 per ton and milk 4 cent per quart, . 4.55 5.80

Led
————E—EeEEE ——EE —— EEE
a Lee ee _ _._.._.. |

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 231

(c) Oat Freep v. Corn Meat For Pies.

EXPERIMENT II. — March 29 to June 30, 1896.

Results.

Four pigs fed oat feed and skim-milk each showed an
average weight of 42.56 pounds at the beginning and 136.75
_ pounds at the end of the experiment; the two fed corn meal
and milk showed an average weight of 45.25 pounds at the
beginning and 157.70 pounds at the end of the experiment.

The oat feed lot consumed during the experiment 5,389
pounds of skim-milk (2,474 quarts), together with 869
pounds of oat feed, and gained 376.75 pounds of live weight,
an average gain of 94.19 pounds each ; the corn meal lot con-
sumed 2,694.5 pounds of milk (1,236 quarts), together with
435 pounds of corn meal, and gained 225.25 pounds, or an
average gain of 112.62 pounds.

The oat feed lot consumed 1,305.96 pounds of dry matter
and required 3.47 pounds of dry matter to produce a pound
of live weight; the corn meal lot consumed 645.1 pounds of
dry matter and required 2.86 pounds of dry matter to pro-
duce a pound of live weight.

The oat feed lot showed an average daily gain of 1.03
pounds in live weight, and the corn meal lot a daily gain of
1.22 pounds in live weight.

The present experiment shows that only 83.6 per cent. as
much pork was produced with oat feed as with an equal
weight of corn meal, or 100 pounds of corn meal were equal
to 120 pounds of oat feed.

With corn meal at $18 per ton, oat feed at $16 per ton
and dressed pork at 5 cents per pound, skim-milk returned
4 of a cent per quart, or 15.6 cents per 100 pounds in case
of the entire lot of six pigs.

With the same price for grain and skim-milk reckoned at
1 cent per quart, live weight would cost 3.34 cents and
dressed weight 4.3 cents per pound. Further details con-
cerning prices will be found in the description of the experi-
ment.

232 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Details of Experiment IT.

The object of this experiment was to compare the nutritive
effect of corn meal with oat feed. Six grade Chester White
pigs, all from.the same litter, were used. The pigs were
kept in the same pens and handled in the same way as de-
scribed in the previous experiment. They had been in the
pens over a month before the experiment began.

Feeding.— The pigs were each fed at the beginning 5
quarts of milk together with 3 ounces of meal to each quart
of milk, and increased in this proportion till 8 quarts of
milk were fed; the grains were then still further increased
from time to time to satisfy the appetites of the animals.

feeds.— The skim-milk and corn meal were of the same
average quality as reported in the previous experiment. Oat
feed is the refuse from factories engaged in the preparation
of oat meal for human consumption. It consists of the poor
oats, oat hulls and some of the bran and starch which are
removed in the process of manufacture. It is, as the corn
meal, a heat-producing rather than a flesh-forming feed.
Oat feed varies very much in composition, and consequently
in feeding value. The sample used may be considered an
average one.

Composition.

[Figures equal percentages or pounds per 100.]

| Oat Feed. Corn Meal.

Water, . . . ° . ° ° ° . . ° F ° 10.00 12.00
Ash, ‘ ; ° ° ‘ ° , ° ‘ ; : . . 5.00 1.42
Fiber, . ' ; ‘ , ° ‘ . . : ° ; . 14.75 1.84
Fat, viola Si rece tet kalo 0s padre ta Stee ou toe Ae 3.72 3.34
Protein, . ‘ ; , ; ; , ; ° ° “ . ° 12.19 9.68
Extract matter, . P , ‘ : P , ¢ . é 54.34 71.72

The presence of the high percentage of fiber in the oat
feed is indicative of a considerable amount of hulls.

233

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

1897. ]

98°% Zo'L 29°SIT OL° LST GZ °C 02° 161 SIS = Q8°ISL | Po LPS‘ 819 See Eats aS ne eae Pea ‘sid 10d o3B10AV
= - CB°SZS o¢'sTe 06°06 OF Z8E 9°PeP - ZL°Z9G =| Sh FE9'S for Coe a eee ee eee
T8°S tT ¢) SIT GL° O91 9G" LP 02° 161 S11G = QS°ISI | Po" LFe'‘T 819 Reg Oa! oO ERR Oo es Se eer ege eee

68°S I6°T OS°ILI LG* PST Go" SP 02° 161 S° LIZ . OS ISL | F2°LbS'T 819 : Z ‘ ; s 3 : ‘ : ; ete A

Mayl ULog — "TI LOT

o¢"s $0°T 61°F6 GL°9ST 9¢°SP | SI°S6L - e° LIZ 9e°ISL | 2° LbS‘T S19 | ene ee = ois " ° ‘Bid 19d a8ev10ay
- - CL°OLE | 00°LFS CZ°OLL. || Zg°08L - Z°698 tP'SZS | 96°88¢'¢ AN St oe atm = tle Tae see Sub We Sf
ges co’ 0$°96 G)OnL | Go tr. ||. ST°S6L - ELIZ 98° ISL | Po°LbS‘T 819 Mig AE iS a Seema. pe Sepia Spee Se eae te
92° 60°T ezoor | gncert | ogee | eL'ser - oO OS° ISL | Fo LFE'T 819 ey Mere See See MS Oo ee remem | sf
68°S 6° 00°98 GL 121 cL°cs $1° S61 - S"11Z OS°ISL | PS° LEST 819 i ee | okies Treen em aie ch. Ree” ah Oe |
LPS | Z0°T 00°F6 GL° OFT GL°OF €1°S6L - SLIS || OS ISL | Fo LPST 819 oR Saha Ce Maen ac gil gh tala ems See Se
set (et Se 5 : al hesiee Gea : os eet ee eee any
meg) 32 | 35 | Bos | Fee | * : : oo. oe =
eo. Sei ox oe Cy 55 eg ta es 5. as
= — — He) ge S b= SE = mb Pry As —~y m id
Beon,. Ee Pay Aah oe RS ve ns. ns .
tee ae aol tem can gs 2 g ge ‘DIld JO UHAWAN
eS ee a re ah oe oa B 3 B 5
aye] 35 25 ws | ab a 5 aa =
4 Qu 5 = ay © VY Vw Vw wv
©. 2 5 fe 5 i "3 en . e ° e
B52) a oe oo} eo gaya ee
bas ~4 -<¢ ea =D G@UNNSNOO SNIVUH CQaWNSNOO MIIW-WINgG

‘P90 JDO —'*T LO'T
‘(9681 ‘OS eune 9 6F Yyunpl ) quaunuadugy ayy fo nog

234 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. ~— [Jan.

Additional Data.

In order to show the price returned for skim-milk and the
cost of feed required to produce a pound of live and dressed
weight, the additional data is presented for the six pigs : —

| Quarts. | Pounds.
Total milk consumed by six pigs, . Bt cv ie 4 ‘ . ‘ 3,708 8,083.5
Total oat feed consumed by six pigs, : ; ° ‘ 5 . - 869.0
Total corn meal consumed by six pigs, . 4 ° : = 435.0
Live weight actually gained, : ; ‘ . + . ‘ ‘ - 602.0
Dressed weight calculated, . 5 . 4 : . : : ‘ ~ 470.0

WiTH OaT FEED AT $16 PER | WitH Oat FEED AT $21 PER

Ton, CORN MEAL AT $18 PER Ton, CORN MEAL AT $24 PER

PRICE RETURNED TON AND DRESSED PORK aT — TON AND DRESSED PORK AT —
alntet ibis sian ye Five Six | Seven | Eight || Five Six | Seven | Hight
Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. || Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents.

Per quart (fraction of
cent), ; : : 34 AT 60 72 025 oT 50 62

Per 100 pounds (cents),} 15.60 | 21.40 | 27.00 | 33.00 11.00 | 17.00 | 28.00) 29.00

The pigs did not grow as rapidly as in the first experi-
ment, and consequently the returns are below those obtained
with the previous lot. The animals seemed inferior, and
unable to turn the feed into rapid growth. The above fig-
ures are more nearly what might be expected by the average —
farmer.

Cost of Feed per Pound of Growth produced (Cents) .

Live Dressed
Weight. Weight.

With grain prices at $16 and $18 and milk at } cent per quart, . 3.34 4.30
With grain prices at $16 and $18 arid milk at} cent per quart, . 4.88 6.25
With grain prices at $21 and $24 and milk at } cent per quart, 3.90 5.00

With grain prices at $21 and $24 and milk at } cent per quart, . 5.46 7.00

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 235

(d) DieEestion EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

We have continued our digestion studies of the various
cattle feeds during the past year. Some of the work under-
taken is as yet incomplete, and experiments are still in prog-
ress. Below is presented the digestion coefficients obtained
with several feed stuffs. The entire data will be presented
at another time. By digestion coefficients is meant the per-
centage of the several groups of constituents composing feed
stuffs that the animal is capable of digesting. Thus, if wheat
bran contains 16 per cent. of protein, or 16 pounds in 100,
and the coefficient of the protein digestibility is 78, this
means that the animal can digest 78 per cent. of the 16
pounds, or 12.48 pounds.

Digestion Coefficients obtained.

wae | 4 5 ie i 3 | 8
o = —_ = Pe =
Peet @ & 3 a = aL
3 § 6 a 3 2 3) ) As
KIND OF FODDER. x, OQ 5 = a 4 o
ow oO = o Fos] ~D
ea | en | ae | F Sd ies ea ot
g 2 So rc 7) RA 2 me O
5.2 Bm | EO 2 3 2 hoes
Zi Zi a fe ey Ay cy
Rice meal, . ° ° . . 1 2 74 (?) 91 62 92
Pope glutenfeed, . . 1 2 87 17 81 86 90
Pope gluten meal, _ . “ - 1 2 93 (?) 98 84 88
- Millet and soy-bean ensilage, . I 4 59 69 72 57 59
Corn and soy-bean ensilage, 1 3 69 65 82 65 75
Hay (mostly timothy), . | 2 55 57 57 54 55

e ee
is a

Geen hi
eae

6 ey a |
-
a

: .
fe" ay fe
pa =
s Af
A

ae. . ts athe:

é ae wy 0 ’ i sO ie ;
; pia ae aaa cite

i “a raid ic le ath Latah pie ih
Veeity kth he {Atte hts inSodh Waa: AY Bers ny pat

“ 4 a helenae Te ahchait fp a vt |
oe OTS teh a ee 2 ‘tse ae i ¥ Be ’ v4 |

-

tte
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“—
bad

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ee :
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2

ire a id J tt -
: 1 ao 7 lee ot A ey r 1 af a ; | fo fi hy : ‘ 4 7
. t i : ona! : api i a pa ts ‘ i a :
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é ut ba . ;

7 ere AY, tM 7 Sy :

2

eS : ¥ AY MV oan Spiers «| ore a tar 041m ‘at ry ih rt a: . 0

of Pee ick San | ae haters on fare 12” SAPS :
_ ae Ae ig Ava He 2S, the

-

4

‘ee
: ; A
es TA iy 7 i boy oe ) : 71) _ al
; ‘ Sk ee me

. mga’ y abe jee ier Stee)? i
r nb atl ae oh ee) rs, ate + be ie,
a if iy » j Sic: wie > =
7 Diet bare Eke. > a - yest,
‘> 5 = i. ! , ores ae p aa) :
Ay ; ral d 4. a ee pK \ r 7 ae baa
| oa ¢ * ‘ a! a “d ‘ ' j = as
‘9 we eo”, *j a > A ull i. bans 4 :
a. : Wa 7 _ id = y :
‘ oa nf * te i] a a i
¥ ith See *:
< yj *
, ial ole Fs eo
i J er ae ie ' a fe By wee
"4 ' '. atv ve se 7 + i “a ee a
: ( ‘ rs): ‘i be his > { t Ta ie aoe e
a ei sevice HE : : f ve
ie me) | ; : ( ; H
Mere Be a
i , Ag fl i be im
et) 4 ay
ri age ‘ ¥ . 4 ti 1K ae fi
! he ‘ , = hs
VAL cet Mi oe oid ae ee Oe Le
vie - r i m i P w =j | U 7
; : - : } e a
f 4 =| ) oat fa eC & @ vi !
Pi, GD. re na ; e. en a ai ar
ry ' | * i 5 ra q | j i “7 ‘Si ; ve z ath
Te et i eee Bove ben Pier ‘ hae at es: a
2 . bi Pe i ~ (3 - aa gi ko ei ie oe
is 2 , ' + . ve An 4 4 ‘ yee
; ¢ , ail “4 oi L Jone
4 hi
4 j ? ! ™ j
/ ; w > >
es 7 4 4 a ‘ ‘ aes a of
A eh a : i
iA A : a aN es 2
cc ‘ ; ue am i *h) ‘ af bs xplOee
: . eek 7 ik eh *% aoe “4 .
: . . : — » ~ bbe ¥ io Wwe ; sbaniel
= Par’ ras a ee ic les 0 Br rv “oh <n Ps " as Tone .
’ ty ah Oe La fe eae )
My ‘
» ‘ y j » oy § ie Pash | { :
wl b eae eh an he IY ‘*
, : ie ~~ a (ae i
| te ha Wa ft: iy mine: Pa He ny
nf + PA ‘ Pyar
| nate Gh aaa ‘Laie Meee nk aS
‘ F a if d f 7
. &-. O55 ae a panier he phat ie of Sse 0
i ‘ .. vee re > 2" clue ;
sg was ale a nl
a! PS ain i we ; ¥ ee ;
- 4 ye Sram i Ri i poy
. J ‘ ¥
; hae Wks ff ‘
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A ye

_ CompmatTion ofr ANALYSES OF FoppER ARTICLES AND
4 Datry Propvwcrs,

‘ MADE AT

AMUERST, MASS.
- | 1868-1897.

PREPARED BY EK. B. HOLLAND.

A. FODDER ARTICLES.
q B. Ferrivizinc INGREDIENTS IN FODDERS.

ni C. Datry PRODUCTS.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

238

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5 mi — = x = = = SL) 56°C SP] SOE Ek O | 8" [O80 Abo. 2°S “98 I 3 z
* = se = * = = = [*2r-| O°SE 10"S T°oL || 9°9 Ee S20: Lt I's “98 I g F
A > a = = 4 = * aay |) SPE) 9° | S* LE P28 1-O°S «| SO: 18"S 41 9°S °98 I ; 2
= = * = = - = a ooo | £6 | S'S | 6°16 || L°SL | FS | 9°70 O°L 6°T “CL G
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247

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

1897.]

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249

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

1897.]

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1897.] ©§= PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 251

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles.

[Figures equal percentages or pounds in 100.]

NAME. 2 ; e iige is 86

be - @ a, on

a eee £ | gs z 53

q | Bre a Sot

I. Green Fodders. |
Corn fodder, A x ‘ A : hei 79. 41 33 15 $1 45
Sorghum, . ° . . ° ° = 7 83 23 23 09 86
Barn-yard millet (Panicum crus-galli), a kc: 46 49 rH Ve tee
Japanese millet (P. Jtalicum), . : . 3 63. 61 41 19 2 05
Summer rape, . ° ° . ° ° 1 86 32 73 09 1 60
Green oats, . ; ‘ 5 ° : 3 83 49 38 013 1 67
Greenrye, . .. : : ‘ : - 2 72. 30 64 12 1 47
Hungarian grass, . ; : : 5 ° 1 74. 39 54 16 1 62
Vetch and oats, . : , : 4 2 1 86 24 79 .09 1 45
Horse bean, . ° : ; 4 ui 75 68 35 .08 2 05
Flat pea, ° : ° . : . ° 1 79 1.05 45 14 3 10
Cow pea, . . ‘ : : ‘ 1 82 032 18 10 1 04
Small pea, . j . . . it 82 48 37 vit 1 62
Soy bean, . . A . : A a 73 29 53 15 1 36
Soy bean (early white), . : : 1 67. 94 91 21 3 36
Soy bean (medium green), - P 1 70 84 71 .20 2 91
Soy bean (medium black),. ° ° : 1 Gi 80 57 18 2 65
Soy bean (late), . 5 : ! : * 1 80 60 .68 14 2 25
Bokhara or sweet clover, . Eee S 1 79 45 42 13 1 62
Serradella, . , : . ° : 2 2 83 41 42 14 1 53
Spring vetch, - . . ° . 1 85 36 45 10 1 40
‘Kidney vetch, . . . A 4 ; 1 81 56 235 09 1 78
Prickly comfrey, . . ° ° ° . 1 87 037 76 12 1 76
Common buckwheat, . , 4 i 1 85. 44 04 .09 1 67
Silver-hull buckwheat, 5 : “ J 1 85. 29 39 14 Fak
Japanese buckwheat, . 1 85. 26 .53 14 1 08
Corn ensilage, . . . ij 80. 42 .39 13 1 52
Corn and soy-bean ensilage, . : - x! 71. 79 44 42 2 51
Millet ensilage, . . . Surit ert. 3 74. 26 62 14 1 387
Millet and soy-bean ensilage, . 5 76. 48 50 12 1 76
IT. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders.

Corn fodder, : 5 ‘ ‘ : ; 7 20. 1.53 tT AT 4 87
Corn stover, . ? 5 ‘: . ° ah | ee 20. 92 | 1.22 26 3 66

* Using the figures for the retail cost of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in fertilizers,
the amounts obtained show comparative rather than actual values, because the ingredients
in fertilizers are easier to handle and in a more available form than in fodders.

252 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

Oxide.
Acid.

4 NAME.

Analyses.
Nitrogen.
Potassium
Phosphoric
Valuation per
2,000 Pounds.*

Water.

Rowen, . ‘ : ‘ . ° = - fh 38 15.
Timothy, . 3 ° : . “ :
Red top, ° : ° ° ‘ : "
Kentucky blue-grass, . ° ° 5 .
Orchard grass, . . ‘ : . .
Meadow fescue, . , ; . “
Perennial rye-grass, . . +» «© -«
Italian rye-grass, . ° 4 : 8 ‘
Salt hay, ° . ° ° 5 :
Millet, . ° . . . ‘
Vetch and oats, . “ £ ‘ . "
Mammoth red clover, . . 4 - .
Medium red clover, . ° °

Alsike clover, ‘ ° ° ° : >
Lucerne (alfalfa), ° ° ° 4 :
Sainfoin, , * . ° ° “ ;
Barley straw, ° : . . . .
Soy-bean straw, . . : ; >
Millet straw, ° . . . : .
Teosinte, ‘ : Ri > ° . °
White lupine, ; ° ; . .
Yellow lupine, . ° . . ° .
Spanish moss, . ° F “ ; °
Sulla, . ° ‘ . ’ °

White daisy,

- KF DBO FY HY = —=S- KF SKY DBO KH FP OO DH WO WO KX KF FP NH D2 Fe HS FSF w
—_
on

Carrot tops, . ° : ° ° .

II. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders—Con.
English hay,. . “ x 4 A An A | 15, 1.27 1.50 29 $4 81
III. Roots, Tubers, Fruits, etc.

Seets, red, . ; . : : ° ° 8 88. 24 d4 -09 1 10
Jeets, sugar, ° ; . . , 4 87. 22 .48 -10 1 10
seets, yellow fodder, . 1 91 19 -46 09 99
Mangolds, . ; : ; ; ‘ ° 5 88. 15 34 14 83
Turnips, ; ° . ° ; . ; 4 90. olf 38 12 90

tuta-bagas, . P ’ 2 ? ; 3 89. 19 49 eb 1 03

* See note on page 251.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 253

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

: g | 6ey| a" | 8:

NAME. zo r 2 = 4 = e

a -| 3 Se g BS

4| 6 m | Om a Sa

ITI. Roots, Tubers, Fruits, etc. —Con.
Carrots, ° ° ‘ . ° . 3 89 16 46 09 $0 93
Parsnips, . ‘ “ ° . : , 1 80. 22 62 19 1 32
Potatoes, . . . : a eg o's a 80. 29 51 08 1 29
Artichokes, . : . ‘: : ° : 1 78. 46 48 sit 1 74
Apples, . . : . : . . ° 2 80. 13 19 O01 51
Apple pomace, . : ° - ° . 2 81 23 13 02 70
Cranberries, . tos ‘ ‘ ° 1 89 -08 10 .03 32
Japanese radish (merinia), : : 4 | 93 08 28 05 52
Japanese radish (niyas hige), . : ° z 93. 08 34 .05 58
IV. Grains, Seeds, etc.

Corn kernels, 5 “| : : 13 10.9 1.82 40 -70 5 04

Oat kernels, . : . : p F I 9.0 2.10 - - =
Soy bean, . . ; : : . 2 18.3 5.30 1.99 1.87 16 39
Red adzinki beans, . 3 1 14.8 | 3.24 1.54 94 10 16
White adzinki beans, . . 1 16.9 3.00 1.48 97 10 35
Saddle beans, a : , 1 12.3 2.12 2.13 1.52 8 59
Common millet, . . - : ° 2 5 2.01 45 96 6 02
Japanese millet, . - arts a 13.7 1.73 38 69 5 15
Chestnuts, . ° : : : : I 45.0 1.18 63 239 3 79

V. Flour and Meal.

_ Corn meal, . . “ ‘ : “ : 3 14,1 1.92 34 oid 5 59
Corn and cob meal, _ . : : , a.|. 29 9.0 1.41 AT 57 4 37
Wheat flour, ° ° . - 5 8 2 12.1 2.02 36 230 5 52
ee oy sk LO] BA LBS 34 .66 4 65
Pea meal, . ° . ° . . . 1 8.9 3.08 99 82 9 12
Soy-bean meal, . 7 “ . 5 1 10.8 5.89 2.23 1.57 17 80
Peanut meal, é P . ° ° F 1 8.0 7.84 1.54 heat 21 50

VI. By-products and Refuse.
Cotton-seed meal, : ‘ ° ° a], 2e 8.2 6.70 1.83 2.47 20 13
Linseed meal (old process), ° ° 4 8.0 5.39 1.21 1.78 15 75
Cleveland linseed meal, : A : 5 8.0 5.83 1.25 1.70 16 76
Gluten meal (Chicago), . ‘ ° 2 9.6 6.04 06 43 14 74
Gluten meal (King), . - ° ° 1 7.8 5.69 08 69 14 36
Gluten meal (variety uncertain), . 5 8.5 5.09 05 42 12 64

* See note on page 251.

254

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[ Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Concluded.

2 ° Pa. te

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VI. By-products and Refuse — Con.
Gluten feed (Brfffalo), . ° ° | ae eae) 8.2 3.72 06 34 $9 29
Atlas gluten feed, . : . ; : 1 11.2 4.80 16 23 11 89
Dried brewers’ grain, .» ° < ° ; 2 8.6 3.65 85 1.05 10 76
Wheat bran, ° . ; : . st. 40 9.9 2.36 40 2.10 8 95
Louisiana rice bran, . : - : : 1 10.3 1.43 84 bg! 5 81
Wheat middlings, e : ° ° 2 10.2 2.75 75 1,25 8 48
Rye middlings, . . . . x . il 12.5 1.84 81 1.26 6 36
Buckwheat hulls, ° ‘ ° ° 1 11.9 49 52 07 1 76
Cotton hulls, ‘ : : 3 10.6 075 .08 18 3 05
Proteina, : ° ° . ° : | 10.1 -| 2.97 57 1.00 8 59
Rye feed, -.: . . 1 9.6 1.95 98 1.56 7 06
Peanut feed,. ° 4 . : 4 2 10.0 1.46 -79 23 4 50
Peanut husks, . . ° . . 1 13.0 80 48 13 2 52
Damaged wheat, . ° ° : 1 13.1 2.26 51 83 6 68
Glucose refuse, . ° 5 . , 1 6.7 3.37 .09 61 8 73
Cocoa dust, . i ° ‘ 1 ey! 2.30 63 1.34 7 36
Broom corn waste (stalks), ' 1 10.4 oF 86 46 4 36
Corncobs, . . . : , ° 8 12.1 90 - 60 06 1 85
Palmetto roots, . ° ° “ 1 11.5 54 .38 16 2 82
Meat meal, . ; ° . 1 8.0 | 11.21 30 73 27 86
VII. Dairy Products.

suttermilk, . ‘ ° ° z 91.1 51 05 04 1 31

Skim-milk, . . . . 22 90.3 59 - - -
Whey, . : . . ° . 1 93.7 10 -07 17 AT

—-

* See note on page 251.

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— 68°S = 1's G6" 1E = . 18°29 = - i! eo 8 ee 1 Aoptef) esoaqo a [[ua-efom Ay
Z = 91" 8b'18 | 2c | GOSS || HB'SB | GF°ZL | 98°S8 || FT OO EIS Et Sie Sipe TER hee Boe tee ee Nee ee
= 5 Eb'é iT" 96'p8 | ehI8 | 90°68 IZ'68 | sess | 68°26 68 Bie CE A cee 2 STO gp me ee rome ee eee
3 LF i ae ~ e88'db | 02°3S | &9°SF lb'6b | TL°8h | SL'oS S sf fs eee 8 PeporeTaUIOD peyeiyUe0N00) WIBEID
Z9" =) = O9'ZL | sg°or | 00°c2 O1'9 | ZI°st | sL°ze || 0% oR Pe 2S FCanondad- £0000) Win) Uso)
R - - - 13" 11: ge" g6'8 | es'9 | 986 Ie gees hee aie Ge wigs: eee ey ve oe Ses Ae
L . Z “ ae G0" Bias EGUReneieto nies Ay Ob. ange.) oe meee os. ie tS oy SG es ae
Z zh" se IM a SR RRS MR Hi I eee a Mee A | 1] eee cle © Po a 2 a ae Oc NM Lal a6:

ee Oe eee ee,
“LV A *SsaIlIog

1897.)

| "(wap Wag) spnpotg huog fo sashjwupy “9

TABLES OF THE DIGESTIBILITY OF AMERICAN FRED STUFFS.

EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE UNITED STATES.

COMPILED By J. B. LINDSEY.

I. EXPERIMENTS WITH RUMINANTS.
II. EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE.

Dec. 31, 1896.

[ Jan.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

258

Zo 1g FZ TG ai $g¢ | Py . . : e e 6
zo—T9 - 0e—LI eo—6P - Po—ZG G T (vaountl Duy24pdg ) ssv13 XO} MOPvoU MO'T
*S 29 1g ZG - 9¢ ‘ ad ‘
So—Fg s9—19 98—1Z 99—8F - is—¢¢ < t (nuqn76 -1eAa ‘702498 DUYLDAY YA ‘p20unl Duysody) ssvis qouwlg
$¢ $9 LV 0¢ = §¢ e e ° e >. os .
go—Z¢ s9—z9 IS—2Pr G¢—9P = * |) ‘sets G I (naounf nunindg AjaBiv[) Avy yes UAOI3-YStH
9¢ $9 TP 09 em 09 ° e ° ry * . 6
6o—89 $9—29 9F—LE F9—1S - Z9—LG é Ls ((pupsay snounf) sseis youlq Jo Avy yeg
#9 89 LY 99 gg ~ - - . . > : ~ ° "ees , * *(sotdmes q}0q) eduiay
$9 - -§9 6 99 £9 = so og eg gee gato ge = ke ae tea
c9—09 69-99 IS—8F el—Z9 19-29 wo ? t ‘(Aqjouny Aperyo) Ueaoy
cg 69 9F 99 ¢9 oe. a: MG a. ge emai ee ee eee
s9—£9 0L—89 0S—tF g9—s9 19—£9 . v t “(sossei3 paxyu) UeMoY
6¢ 8g SP 09 ed 8S e e ° 8 o ° ec
e9—99 79—9¢ 19—tF 99—9¢ Fe Z9—F¢ 0G 9 ‘(urejoi1d Ut WoL.) sossvid pextwm yo Avy
8g OF 0¢ 6F Sa ad V6 I : . : : = * “(,urejo1d Ul wanIpom) sessvi pextm jo ep
£9 SP 09 oS 8S LS 9% CL : : ‘ ° z : * €(s[vLI} [ye eSvrsav) Avy AqVowWLy,
09 oP 8G LP 79 eg SAT AD ae ee ne ae Re Na
eo0—9'99 | pros—e'se | T't9—o're | s'99—sus | s'zo—p'er | t'to—ovLe |S OF ; KEIR peer) Leg Ray,
£9 9¢ Lg 8g 09 09 G e 2 8 ee ee ee ® *¢ ag rq ut) 40g ATMOWET,

8°TL—G"° Lg 7°09—S°0E | 8°I9—G°IS | T°c9—8°Se | 8°99—P°9G | L°g9—9°SS
; ‘suappog asivog hug pun Any

a ae ee eI a a a a a aan

*(queD “(yup “(-ua9 *(*4U90 104) *(-quaOD *(*qu0 “STVILT, ‘go[duug
19,J) 10} VHT | 19g) Uojorg| 109q) WA | esornspeO | 19q) 107}e]q | 10d) ionen aq3utg JO} ers “daadadoud AO ANIM
qOVAIXIL epnig epniy opnig d1Uvs1Q kid qoquinNn eet ie

(rrr ec

‘SINVNIWNOY HLIM SEINANINAdX YT *]

‘SHTNIS CAAT NVOIMANV AO ALITIGICSUSId AHL WO sviavib

259

PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31.

1897.]

OL
L°69—€° 69

69
§°TL—T"99

£9

&¢
9°tS—s8°Ts

$l

c9
&°S9—T" 6S

9¢
£°Lo—G"gs

rg

69
6°0L—F°99

&F
19

¥* L9—6°99

09

£9
9°€9—€9

TL
T°3L—T"0L

ol

T9
b°39—F "09

09

09
8°09—09

6g.

€°SL—B°89

8€
6° LE—G° LE

09
19—09

vE
Le—Té

*yu00 Jed OT MOpE_ x

99
8°69—T1°S9

6%
L°68—L°8I

If

8§
Ty—$°as

09

Tg
8°8S—Z bY

gg

9¢
¥°LE—F°sS¢

rg
og

S°SG—P°rs

LE

Gg
9°oS—3°T¢

T9
T°39—§° 6S

39

8¢
89—Z6° Lg

LL

T9
8°T9—8°09

T9

¥9
L°99—09

8¢

GL
P°SL—G" Th

Lg

89
G*89-—-8°99
€¢
¥°PS—ZG

99
L9—&9

£&
9¢—08

og

Gg
G°S9—8°0G

19
9°S9—S°" 6S

9¢

9¢
OL

-@*TL—1°89

GP

99
8°99—6°S9

09
G°09—G"6¢

og
1°39—6°T9

6g

0G
1° TS—6P

TL

09
€°Z9—9° LG

9¢

6S
09—G°L¢

vg

69
¢°0L—L°99

OF

G9
8°99—S°P9
cg
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8g
89—89

6E
0F—8S

tg

|

|

eee

iA)

‘Avg oulA-ynuveg

> ‘ey uveq-fog

* ‘key Aopieg
. : ° ° ° 2 e ° ° - . ° ° SMeIis 38O
° ° ° ° ° ° ° D ° . ° ‘g9v1s oinjsed poliqg
* *doy por Jo Avy
* ‘go[dueus 4}0q Jo osvIDAW

* §(MOAIS JOU O88) SSUIS pIvyo10 Jo Avy
‘(m100/q 103Je sXep U9}) sseVis prvyo1o Jo AveAy
: ° ° : . ° ° : cinaenn ssvis yutof-onjlq Jo Avy
‘(sesuapoung susoLubounjpp) (vaoo[q ysed) sseis yutof-onjq jo Avy

* ‘Avy uvwesuny,
* *cpaimo Aj100d) Avy AyJowT) puv IdAo[D

‘9qv0 puv YoJoA Jo AvyyT

‘eq dwuvas 10 ovMg ‘Mopeayl

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

260

6¢ 9 PL OL = 09 eos Ae <P ee, “at aa ates Sealine ae
19—1¢ 6g—£e 9L—€1 0L—69 - Z9—6¢ G t (jaa poy ‘p PP Ys) 10Aoqs UID
9g Fai oh ¢9 = Lg G ia ° © 8 ee 28 ¢ 9 “* £(xp pay ‘pepperqs) 104038 U10D
t9 GS VAS pA) = vA!) t I e . . + ° ° - . 7 . ° > *JeA01s ul09
G*F9—¢°s9 8°FS—9°6h | 8°SS—L°8P | £°89—8°F9 = c9—T°T9
"(hig 1p f2]7014,4nd) QuD)JT Utop
oh 69 8P 4 oe $ T I y 5 : ee serach *(MeAIS JOU OS¥ys) (9UIOON]) VVTV
+9 LL tS 67 e j E G e i : : Fe Z 3 *(mooTq 97¥]) (@ULIONT) BlVITV
TL 99 0S §¢ $9 39 ° e e ° © © & ef Wt A . AOTO 9
I'r1—s'99 | zeo—t9 | ee9—T'¢e | atse—tg | sg9—zo_—s| Ss *F9—T"T9 . . (umpesety °c ) FONG SHUEY:
z9 69 ag CF 9¢ Z9 es Sa ee eg eee Oe ee ainan'atiadl cence
9°EL—GS $L—F9 FS—62Z I°89—Zé 89—ZS F°S9—8°9¢ 6 & (wunpoutnour * 7) ABY ABAOTO [IBIS
OL eh T¢ 19 19 99 I I eS OY OR SS es ea ae eee
8g 6F 7 8h eg Ze ee ee eee eee ee
6°89—8°9¢ G°SS—LP 8h—0P 6F—9°9F | S°PS—9°TS | S°Sc—8°0s G T (AyTenb poos) Avyq Ieaolp
59 gg gg 9F 9¢ gg ee see ek, ee ee cee oe b ‘ ‘
8°t9—§°S9 T°6G—€°6P | 8°PS—8°TS 67—8°SP | F°9S—6°S¢G | G°Sc—P°hs I. (Aqtyenb arey ‘wmoorq ezet) Avy IOAo[D
Th i) 0g Sh - 6g 6 Se 8S ee Oe ee aS
= T's9—6's9 | L°89—F'9F | 9°PP—Z'TP : - : f i a Sas gl is
*popnpou0g — saunbeazy fo Anjy
‘gojdueg
*("qu9D *("quep “("qu9g | ° ("99H 19g) *(*quop ("490 ‘sper, | °° ‘
J0q) 19;)e yy I9q) Ut9}01,J I9q) Iq esO[NT[ID § | 19q) AVI] | 19g) 10}V]L a[sutg jo enor yo UAdCaOA AO ANIM
Qovryx oT epnig epnig epnige | oluedi9 Aid TOQMNN] yoquny

“~ponuryuoy — sffnjgy peg unoiowp fo hppqusebig oy, fo aQnJ,

261

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

1897. ]

69
€L—$9

6¢
9°09—-T° LS

69
9°39—6°T9

19

———

a a a a

Is—btp
g¢

8F
T9—0€

cg
6L—6¢

OL
€L—69

"eg
1¥—82

0€
SE—1G

GG
LO—LT

TZ
Lo—ST

9¢
8°89—TL* SP

Gg
9°9S—3° FS

cP

OL
G8—F9

OL
LL—6¢

19
TL—8&9

9¢
69—ZS

€&
GP—£S

+9
G9I—Z9

08
08—6L

£9
¥°S9-—9° 09

19
6°TL—9°0L

oo

Lg
89—SP

9)
0869

GL
SL—GL

8k
08—$L

08
18—8L

TL
oL—69

bL
GL—TL

19
L9—$° PS

TL
L°TL—T°Th

L9

99
OL—LS

TL
$L—89

OL
cL—69

¢9
L9—Z9

GL
€L—Th

gg
89—Zg

19
69—F9

9¢
G°9S—8°PS

09
¢°09—6¢

09

—_—m —_—osS —_—~_ ~~ —_——_ err _—s_ ons —_—_"~

|

9

fo.)

-“*(ginjeul) 1appoj U109 yooMA

- ‘(pamloy sava ou ‘aanyeuUaT) que

‘(aosivoo ‘UBU}IG AA pue [[ang ‘o1nyeulMl) Wed

‘lappoy UAod ploy (Ayu up) ued
‘ : * ‘spury 4jOq ssB1IAV

‘lappoj ul09 pley (eAnzeur) yued

‘Jappoy UAOO Play (eINyVUA) UIT

‘(Zulwmi1o0j ysnf sive) Joppof UL09 JUTTT

. * *(189 MOTO) S9ABOT UIOH
‘sysnyq U10pD
‘(189 aAoge Jared) 194039 peddoy,
> + (ra MOTAQ) FIV ULOH
. > (Jo SaARIT) I9A0}8 TION

‘(sopeiq puv sdo}) 10A048 U10D

‘(9]99} [[B OBVIDAB) 19A0}8 TION

[ Jan.

262

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

$S 69 cs OF = c¢ . ° . . ‘ Z + =
9¢—6P 6919 98—F8 6h—&F z 9e—z¢ IL g (T 03 {1 07 T 09 } “Teour puv s[[ny) pay pees-00}}0)
0¢ eg Z8 1g - oF ome ene a Lo as ‘ 5
Is—0¢ 9F—iF Z8—18 oF—Fe = 9%—cF g I (I 0}. 9 pue [ 0} J ‘[vou pus s[[NY) pases poas-u0z}0D
Ig ~ 9), 97 - CF ‘ t : :
1o—-6F = 0899 0¢—&F a 8f—cP Ti g (LT 0} $L[ 03 [ 0} F) [BAU Poes-10}}09 GIA poy UeTAi s][NY pses-00z}0H
6P ~ SL ge - = ‘ rat :
0c—sF = be oF—se - i? ¢ I (I 0} 9 pus [ 0} 1) [Be poes-10}}09 GYIA Pay UST Ai S][NY poses-u0R0H
‘2S 9 61 LP = IP . e . Py . . . . ‘ t
L°ct—6°ZL | 9°h3—00° | S°68—Z'se | 9°LG—Fg° ~ G*Lb—ce st v (auoTe pez) s][Ny pees-10}}0H
¢9 4 oF ¥9 = 19 T I : a 4 7 . ‘ > : . ' * ‘asseZeq winysi0g
cg 19 L¥ OL is : €9 e. e . a - e . . . ‘ x
g'99—c'z9 | a-z9—G"6g | T°LF—e'9F. | 6°GL—6'F9 - e-99—6'6g |) 2 T (seava]) Jeppoy wINGsI0§
rg cf 6S 8¢ = gg T T — 2 Ss 2 SS SS See
6¢ $9 oF 19 - 29 a aes ‘ Pee me Oe ‘ . . ;
o9—e's9 | 9°F9—9°09 | O°LP—L'FR | P°89—L'TO ~ 9°S9—T'°19 G t (mnguoede sumppeptuar) YaIUX eS Se)
L9 8¢ VAS) OP 8¢ gc vA Uf > vs > ~ a ‘(a4D6)na umn waYyJUDINaT ) pooAr Oy Ad JO Avy
19 ge 0! IP Ke 9¢ z I : : ° ° ° ° * *(s2uon snynoununy) sdnoiaqyng so Avy]
‘ 99 8g 1S G9 vA!) 19 . e . . . . e- 2 > ‘
6°69—-1'29 | 2'F9—G'er | o9—9'ee | 9°29—F:99 | e°F9—T9 1°39—6 "69 y é (suodas wenOHOAE ) avSIS Yom Jo Ae
cg gg 0¢ 89 sete) *9 RR Oe een ‘
8°89—1'°Z9, s9—9'sr | 8'z9—z'se | 9°0L—L°¢9 | L°69—zZ°I9 | e*g9—9'6¢ & G (uynords nopuoyzung ) see13 eo pita Jo AVA
‘saounzsqny Aig” snoaunppe08IT
‘sojdumv
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J9q) 101." | 194) ueyorg | 4194) We esO(NTaD | 19q) 1991¥]_ | 19g) 19} VPY |a1Bur1g Jo a UAaCadOA AO ANIM
\OB14X OL epnig epnig epnig o1uvs1Q) Aid qoquun yy | 2°FtC JO

Jaquny

‘ponulju0g —sffnjig peag unowwp fo kypqusaby ey) fo eqn,

263

PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31.

1897.]

TL
9L—69

89
89—L9

lL

Gh
T° LL—8° SL

el
oh
bl

8L
8L—3'8L

TL
8°0L—F* OL

LL
o8—EL

18
T8—08

6¢
T9—L¢

FL
oL
GL
91

TL
6L—19

GL
SL— 69

GL
oL—GL

OL

GL
G°9L—FL

TL
¢9
oF

€¢
L°SS—T°Tg

OF
C°Sh—L* LE

69
69—-GS

Ll
SL—LL

FG
82—02

€¢
TS
vg
T9

99
08—9¢

09
§9—9¢

GG
go— 19

69

PL
6°FL—FL

09
c¢
FL

18
9°T8—s°T8

€8—LE

19
99—6F

$9
89—09

91

9L
G°OL—9° FL

LL
PL
63

Gl
GL—PL

oP
&°St—L° TP

09
oL—P¥S

GL
9L—FL

9F
L¥—9P

OT
gg
Tg
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19
9L—09

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tL
9°¢lL—6°TL

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69
19

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19
1° 196° 09

bL—9

eee ews ees Ue ee

&I

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* ‘(qoo[q) 1eppoyz Aopavg

*(aMoi3 spirqy-044 AqjyoumLy, A[jsoul) ssvis UAaMOY

‘so[dmus 9014} JO osvloAYy

‘ssBis o1njseg

‘(Arp) omg

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° ‘galdures 410q ose10AW

‘(poyeys you AyotAVA) WOsso[q Ul UINYSsI0g
(mosso[q raze ysnf) Tanys10s toque A[Ie

*(s110}Q) ‘(9883s ZUI}SVO1 8189) LOPPpOJ UI0D JOOMG

: ‘(q[ Im) Iappoy ur09 yooMg

‘(os1B00 SUBUNIT AA PUP [[l1Ing ‘Sulzv[s sia) Iappoj u109 ue

‘(oIN}VU PUB SUIZR[S) VARIDAY

* €(aInjvU) 19ppoj U109 Jue

* ‘(Zulze[s) 1Iappoy u109 yuNG

; ‘(yy TuO ul) Jappojy uloo jueqd

‘(oinjeuMtUT) IappoJ U109 YUE

*BUOPPOY Uaak)

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

264

tte e818 $308 7929 eth ed Were ete Stee ea * “(tu001q e1ojzaq yenf) sved epeusp
ar ea peas dee aor = Z L . : ‘ : : . : ‘(Sul[los 10 Apvai) 1eappoy ved-mog
O18 80 eer sree eo-19 ~ & t "ss 8 8 8 8 *(dasors JTvY pves) Joppoy uveq-Aog
eL 08 garng 99—F 199 . ' é Ff ans. Se Oe ae eee
oh OL t9 7g = - is $ \ : ° : : : : : = * ‘saldues o019} eSvicay
or Ml 6o—e9 oe 080 . } 8 es ee
ie ae ‘ion a aan eS V4 l : : ° . * f(MoOoTq 23¥] IeAOTO ATJSOUI) UAaMOI IBAOTO
6x9 S909 999 se—z9 - gos [tS Efe ts 5 + + + + ¢caossoia erat s9ppes s08019
109 818 pe 199 6919 - : : Ne te eee oe ees | en re
i998 1881 oo— 19 ae - S Bo SEE ee pa a. A or ee aa
L710 168 688 91-80 r—19 ph cB oe es ft. ae ee ee enn
04 086i LF de | nee, |} 2 Bet Le oe” Eee ees ee nn) SESS OFM
so—<9 9161 89 s9—89 o9—<9 - } 8 ig pal aplasia
hee Wot pee ts (aries eat ee Pe goa disci to bl “UHaAadOu HO ANIM
qoBiyxiT epnig epnig ephig o1ues1Q iq qoquin Ny ree

‘ponuyu0g —sfnig peag unowawpy fo hppqusabg ay? fo aQv],

*Uo018 TaNnIpem sea uveq Aog °(yUep WINIpsw) YWON oy} JO oplig sem WIND “(urdep) 277V46-sn19 “J BBM YIN 4
‘uvoq Aos us01d vag =‘ MOT AT]VUOT}d90xe O1¥B BI[NSaI Sv oANjYUU AIDA UDI DALY SNP ~

205

cL eg Z8 cg = 69 baie ekmeNain je pariear eae ee as ? :
8L—E1, Lo—€9 F8—08 el—6¢ - Ba ate E (days) oseliene sved-Aoy PUR BI0p
° 6¢ Lg a 69 = 6S Peete es ‘ 3 :
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CL 1g e9 Ze = 09 Pee ean 8 Fn tee be ee Bo eS . :
3 Sl—Z, sc—1¢ +9—Z9 rS—0¢ - 09—6¢ : pas (Eee eee ee
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- Ze oy) Cl GG - 6¢ | aes tree A sath ae ou ue te ee oa :
7, 8o—9F 0s—IL LL—99 29—Lb - 99—z¢ ‘ soa (s}v08) o8tjisue uveq-hog
= ol | «#9 gg IL OL 89 | -
= SL—L’°OL | 6 S91 :2¢ | O'PS—s°cs | 2 Sl—7°so | L’TL—S"s9 | 9°69—9°99 G I (AINJVU SIVO [VUOISVIIO) SV[ISUa U10D YOIMG
= ee CG), 6¢ 18 OL aS = L I e ° e ° ° ° e e ° e e e ‘(poayooo) oweg
&) IL iz 98 6¢ ~ - | r MS : . us by : : . ‘(aINnjVUl s.1va ‘MBI) BSLTIS UIOD
= ce C°RS 89 #9 = PS ae Seog ee On eee er ee ae
5 S1S—9'SS | IZ | 69—-G°L9 | L'L9—S"6¢: ~ 99—¢"1g t (deoys) eseits peqenio oupy
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6L cg Z8 zy rN Ch Set pos pee oe eee ee weee
a e8—LL €1—8F - 6L—SL 08—99 81—89 i v (Suyzupd aruo) ebeiya. La
89 OL 9¢ - 09 TS a ee. . : =a
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= e1—e9 £9—Gh 06-81 08—Sh - FL-09 ut : Coc paema. oF Alr,) Sb ele aap
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— "abn22197 ULOD

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a oL—tF 96—es | o01—18 3 - Z8—19 R a eee
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p es—og 0s—tF o1—39 69—29 . ss—E¢ e 4 Pe eee
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— ¥6 88 ¢¢ 9% 88 18 "6 i s. . . * oO . . . — _- — . .* ‘[evoul Bad
= 76—£6 98—08 19—z¢ 93—SZ 68—98 gg—cg |
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270 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

LITERATURE.

cd

The following publications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the digestibility of American feed
stuffs : —

Reports of Storrs (Connecticut) Experiment Station, 1894, 1895.

Reports of the Maine State Experiment Station for 1886, 1887,
1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.

Reports of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,
1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1898.

Bulletins Nos. 80 ¢, 81, 87 d, 97 and 118 of the North Carolina
Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 16, Utah Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of the Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 26 and 36 of the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 18, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 20 and 41 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports (1893 and 1894) of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

Report of Hatch Experiment Station, 1895, 1896.

Bulletin No. 48 of the Illinois Experiment Station.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 381. 271

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER

MATERIALS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN; Assistants: H. D. Haskins, R. H. SMITH

Part I. Freup EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments to study the effect of raising leguminous crops
in rotation with grain crops on the nitrogen sources of the
soil.

‘¢ Nitragin,” a germ fertilizer for the cultivation of leguminous
crops.

Observations with leguminous crops at Amherst.

Mixed annual forage crops v. clovers.

Experiments to study the economy of using natural phosphates
in place of acid phosphates (superphosphates).

Experiments to ascertain the influence of different mixtures
of chemical fertilizers on the character and yield of garden
crops.

Part Il. Work IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

RH © bo

Report on inspection of commercial fertilizers.

New laws for the regulation of trade in commercial fertilizers.

Report on general work in the laboratory.

Compilation of analyses of manurial substances, fruits, garden —
crops and insecticides.

272 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. (Jan.

rake. 1:

REPORT ON FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

\

1. Fre.tp EXPERIMENTS CARRIED ON FOR THE PURPOSE OF
STUDYING THE EFFECT OF A LIBERAL INTRODUCTION
oF CLOVER-LIKE Piants — Leauminous Crops —
INTO FARM PRACTICE, AS A MEANS OF INCREASING
THE ResouRcES OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN PLANT)
Foop IN THE SOIL UNDER CULTIVATION FROM THE
ELEMENTARY NITROGEN OF THE AIR. (/%eld A.)

The observation of the fact that the different varieties of
clover and of clover-like plants in general, as peas, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., are in an exceptional degree qualified,
under favorable conditions, to convert, by the aid of certain
micro-organisms of the soil, the elementary nitrogen of the
air into plant food, imparts to that class of farm crops a
special interest from an economical stand-point. This cir-
cumstance is in a controlling degree due to the following
two causes : — |

First. — The nitrogen-containing soil constituents of plant
food are, as a rule, ina high degree liable to suffer serious
changes in regard to their character and fitness as well as in
reference to their quantity.

Second. — Available nitrogen-furnishing manurial sub-
stances are the most costly articles of plant food in our
markets.

Field experiments which propose to show, by their results,
to what extent the cultivation of clover-like plants can be
relied on as a practical and economical means for securing
efficiently nitrogen plant food for the crops to be raised have

1897.] © PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 273

deservedly: of late engaged the most careful attention of
agricultural investigators.

The systematic treatment of the field here under consider-
ation (Field A), as far as suitable modes of cultivation and
of manuring are concerned, was introduced during the season
of 1883 to 1884.

The subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats ‘‘ one-
tenth of an acre each,” of a uniform size and shape, 132 feet
long and 33 feet wide, with an unoccupied and unmanured
space of 5 feet in width between adjoining plats, has been
retained unaltered since 1884.

A detailed statement of the temporary aim and general
management of the experiments, as well as of the results
obtained in that connection from year to year, forms a
prominent part of my contemporary printed annual reports,
to which I have to refer for further details, 1884-96.

Our observations upon Field A are divided into three
periods : —

(a) Study of the existing soil resources of plant food,
1884 to 1889.

(6) Study of the effect of excluding nitrogen plant food
from outside sources and of adding nitrogen plant food in
various available forms, 1889 to 1892.

(c) Studying the effect of the cultivation of leguminous
crops on the resources of available nitrogen plant food in
the soil under treatment, 1892 to 1897.

The first four years of the stated period 1884 to 1889
were principally deyoted to an investigation into the general
character and condition of the soil under cultivation as far
as its natural and inherent resources of available phosphoric
acid, nitrogen and potash were concerned.

The soil proved to be in particular deficient m potash.
Different varieties of corn (maize) were raised in succession
to assist in the investigation.

Since 1889 the main object of observation upon the same
field has been to study the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance
from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite addi-
tional supply of nitrogen in different forms of combination
on the character and yield of the crop selected for the trial.

274 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, [ Jan.

Several plats (4, 7 and.9) which for five precéding years
(1884 to 1889) had not received any nitrogen compound for
manurial purposes, were retained in that state, to study the
effect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances on the crop under cultivation; while the remain-
ing ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen
in the same form in which they had received it in preceding
years, namely, either as sodium nitrate (1, 2), as ammonium
sulphate (5, 6, 8), as organic nitrogenous matter in form of
dried blood (3, 10), or of barn-yard manure (0).

A corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied
in all these cases.

1889-94.
PLATS. Annual Supply of Manurial Substances per Plat (1-10 of one Acre).
Plat 0, . | 800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.

Plat 1, . | 29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 Ibs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of
potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved
bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 2, . | 29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 Ibs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 80 lbs.
dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 3, . | 43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash

= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

i 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid),

Plat 4, . | 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50
lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 5, . | 22.5lbs.ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 650 lbs.
dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 6, . { 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (—4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate
of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 Ibs. dissolved
bone-black (= 8.5 Ibs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 7, . | 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50
lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 8, . | 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate
of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved
bone-black (== 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 9, . | 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50
lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Plat 10, . | 43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 Ibs. potash-magnesia
sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved
bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients used annually per Acre.

Nitrogen, . ; 45 pounds.
Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8,10, ¢ Phosphoric acid, . : ; 80 pounds.
Potassium oxide, . ; . 125 pounds
Nitrogen, . ; ‘ none.
Plats 4, 7, 9, . « Phosphoric acid, . ° ; 80 pounds

Potassium oxide, . : . 125 pounds.

_—

_— ——_— -

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 275

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, the seeding, cultivating and
‘harvesting, were carried on year after year in a like manner,
and as far as practicable on the same day in case of every
plat during the same year. ©

Ixind of Crops raised.

Corn (maize), . . , ; : oy TE TB88:
ons, . : : . ; : ; : ; . , in 1890.
4 a , : ; : : : ., Weioel.
Soy bean, .. . Saad : + ee:

The annual yield of the various crops upon the different
plats showed, as a rule, that those plats (4, 7, 9) which had
not received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes
yielded much smaller crops than those that annually received
in some form or other an addition of a corresponding amount
of available nitrogen.

The total yreld of crops on the plats receiving no nitrogen
supply was, during the succeeding years, as follows : —

With corn in 1889, one-fifth less.

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With soy bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less.

The results of four years (1889 to 1892) of observations
were expressed in the following conclusions : —

The experiments carried on upon Field A during the years
L889, 1890, 1891 and 1892 show conclusively the zmpor-
tance of a liberal supply to the soi of an available form of
nitrogen to secure a successful and remunerative cultivation
of farm crops under otherwise corresponding favorable condi-
tions. For even a leguminous crop, the soy bean, when for
the first time raised upon Field A, did not furnish an excep-
tion to our observation (1892). (or details, see report for
L892.)

1893-97. — Subsequent to the year 1892, when for the
first time in the more recent history of the field under dis-
cussion an annual leguminous crop, a late-maturing variety
of soy bean, had been raised upon it, it seemed of interest to
ascertain whether the raising of the soy bean upon Field A
had increased the amount of available nitrogen stored up in

276 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

the soil to such an extent as to affect the yield of succeed-
ing crops upon those plats (4, 7, 9) which, as a rule, had
not received at any time for eight successive years an
addition of available nitrogen from any other manurial
source but the atmospheric air and the roots left in the soil
after harvesting the crops raised.

A grain crop (oats) was selected as the crop suitable to
serve for that purpose. The general management of the
experiment, as far as the preparation of the soil, manuring
and seeding-down are concerned, was the same as in previous
years (see tenth annual report).

An examination of the yield of the crop in 1893, secured
upon the different plats, showed that the total crop per acre
on those plats to which no nitrogen was applied (4, 7, 9)
averaged 800 pounds less than in case of the plats which
received their regular supply of nitrogen in some form or
other. The average yield of oats.upon the plats (4, 7, 9)
which had received no nitrogen supply from any outside
source was from one-seventh to one-eighth less in weight than
the average yield of the remaining plats, which received
annually additional nitrogen supply.

From these results it appeared that the introduction of an
annual leguminous crop into our rotation had somewhat
reduced the difference in yield between the plats receiving
no nitrogen and those receiving it, yet had not entirely
obliterated it. It was decided to continue the observation
by repeating the raising of soy beans in 1894, oats in 1895
and soy beans in 1896.

1894.—To secure, if possible, more decisive results
regarding the presence and absence of available nitrogen,
it was decided to use twice the amount of phosphoric acid
and potassium oxide, as compared with the preceding years.

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients applied per Acre during L894.

Nitrogen, . , , ; 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, | Phosphoric acid, . , : 160 pounds.
| Potassium oxide, . . 250 pounds.

Nitrogen, ; ; ; ; none.

Plats 4,7,9, . , . 4 Phosphoric acid, . ; . 160 pounds.

( Potassium oxide, . ; . 250 pounds.

———_”

1897. | “PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 277

An early-maturing variety of soy bean was selected for
the experiments. ‘The fertilizer mixtures were applied as in
previous years, broadcast, in the middle of April. Owing
to the protracted drought of July and August the crop did
not get that fulness of growth which might have been ob-
tained under more favorable conditions. The crop was cut
August 28. |
_ The difference in the average yield of crop between the
plats (4, 7, 9) which thus far had received no available nitro-
gen from outside manurial sources, as compared with that
from those which had received it in some form or other, was
more marked than in previous years. It amounted to one-
third in favor of the latter.

1895.— In 1895 oats were again selected, as stated above,
to succeed soy bean, for the reason of permitting a direct
comparison of the results of 1892 (soy bean) and 1893
(oats) with those of 1894 (soy bean) and 1895 (oats).

The ploughing, manuring, seeding down, etc., was carried
out in the same manner as during the preceding season
(1894).

The average yield of the plats with and without nitrogen
supply from outside sources showed that no material change
in their relative degree of productiveness had taken place.

1896. —It was decided to substitute in our experiment
a perennial leguminous plant, medium red clover, for the
annual leguminous plant, the soy bean, to ascertain whether
more satisfactory results will be secured from that change.

As a few years’ observation are required to obtain a satis-
factory basis for reliable conclusions, reports are deferred.

99

2. EXPERIMENTS WITH ‘‘ NITRAGIN,” A GERM FERTILIZER
FOR THE CULTIVATION OF CLOVER AND CLOVER-LIKE
PLANTS — LEGUMINOUS CROPS.

The history of progress in agriculture shows that a more
general and liberal introduction of clover and clover-like
plants, as beans, peas, vetches, etc., as forage crops, into a
general system of farm management has everywhere increased
the chances of a more remunerative farming. The valuable
investigations of Laws and Gilbert have furnished striking

278 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

proofs of the special claims of these crops as nitrogen gather-
ers when compared in that direction with grain crops.

The subsequent important discovery of the real cause of
the exceptional behavior of these crops by Hellriegel and
others has given not only a satisfactory explanation of pre-
vious observations in practical agriculture but has also im-
parted, for economical reasons, an increased interest in the
study of successful methods of raising clovers, etc., without
the aid of a liberal supply of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances.

Hellriegel and his co-laborers established by careful obser-
vation the fact that leguminous plants, like clovers, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., with the assistance of certain micro- |
organisms (root bacterium) found in the soil, can utilize the
elementary nitrogen of the air for the formation of nitrogen
plant food fit for the support of their growth.

These micro-organisms fasten themselves upon the roots
of the clover, etc., penetrate the epidermis and form in the
course of their growth swellings, nodules or tubercles, of
varying size and shape. ‘Their presence and growth in the
tissue of the roots of this stated class of plants is considered
an essential condition for the conversion of the elementary
nitrogen of the air into suitable nitrogen plant food. The
recognition of the circumstance that their presence or ab-
sence in the soil controls the results in a material degree,
even under otherwise favorable conditions, has turned the
attention of progressive agriculturists towards the agains or
the circumstances which secure success.

(Juite prominent among the more recent results of investi-
gation in this direction are the observations that a variety of
root bacterium exists; that some infest the roots of one kind
of leguminous plant while others thrive upon other kinds : that
is to say, some leguminous crops may fail to give satisfactory
returns where others prosper on account of the presence or
absence of the right variety of root bacterium, or of suitable
condition of the soil for their vigorous development.

These results caused the introduction of various modes of
infecting the soil, wherever found necessary, with the de-
sired kind of bacterium germ, before seeding down the new
crop. A very common method consisted in scattering a

1897.] © PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 279

certain amount of soil, taken from a field where the crop to
be raised has been successfully grown, over the surface of
the new land before ploughing it. This method has been
successfully practised by us on various occasions. Another
is to abstract with water some of the soil, which from previ-
ous observation is known to contain the desired root bacte-
rium germs, and sprinkle the watery extract over the soil
before ploughing.

One of the latest developments in this direction is the
appearance in the general market of patented germ fertilizer
for leguminous crops. Considering the whole subject from
a practical stand-point of sufficient interest, I insert below a
copy of a circular received at this office. The connection of
two German investigators of excellent reputation with the
enterprise invites attention.

Three different kinds of germ fertilizers, for medium red
clover, for crimson clover and for sweet or Bokhara clover,
have been imported during the past season and are on trial
upon the grounds of the station.

NITRAGIN.

Germ Fertilizers for Lequminous Crops.
(Prepared according to Drs. Nobbe and Hiitner.)

The principal food materials abstracted from the soil by plants,
and which therefore require to be replaced in the form of manures,
are potash, phosphoric acid, lime and nitrogen.

Respecting the last it has been known that leguminous crops,
such as clover, vetches, peas, beans, lupines, etc., do not usually
require to be manured with nitrogen (in form of nitre or ammo-
niacal compounds), and yet under favorable conditions yield rich
harvests, whilst the soil is even enriched with nitrogen.

The reason of this peculiar behavior for many years remained
unexplained, but the onward march of modern science has now
demonstrated the ability of leguminous plants to abstract nitrogen
from the air, only, however, by the aid of a specific kind of micro-
organism, a bacterium that resides in the characteristic nodules on
the roots. If these bacteria are not at the disposal of the plant
then it looses its ability to utilize the atmospheric nitrogen, and
hence it is found that not every leguminous plant is able to flourish
luxuriantly without nitrogenous manure; many remain small and
stunted under conditions otherwise favorable, and evidently suffer
from the lack of nitrogen.

280 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

It is therefore a matter of extreme importance to the farmer to
make certain that each field of legumes is supplied with the necessary
guantum of bacteria; only then can he expect to obtain full crops
from poor sandy soils without nitrogen manures (1. e., without salt-
petre, ammonia, etc.), and only then will he reap the advantage of a
soil enormously enriched with nitrogen.

The wide bearing of this newly discovered principle has already
been taken into practical consideration, and fields are now inocu-
lated, that is to say, strewn with earth in which legumes have
already flourished. This method, however, apart from its great
cost and the loss of time and labor entailed, also involves the
danger of disseminating injurious as well as useful bacteria.

This disadvantage is, however, now completely overcome by the
pure patent germ fertilizer Nitragin, which consists of a pure cul-
tivation of the specific bacteria of legume nodules in a suitable
medium.

The inoculation of the seed or of the soil with the germ fertilizer,
according to the directions given below, possesses the following
advantages : — |

1. Every single seed is surrounded with bacteria which, after
germination, penetrate the root hairs and commence their role as
collectors of nitrogen, so that a good crop is secured in the
poorest soil without nitrogenous manures.

2. Through the storage of nitrogen by the bacteria, the soil
itself becomes richer in nitrogen in an assimilable state, to the
advantage of the other crops grown in rotation.

3. The disadvantages of the mode of inoculation previously
adopted are avoided.

4. Manuring with nitrogen in the form of saltpetre, ammonium
salts, etc., is absolutely unnecessary.

Directions for Use.

Every bottle contains sufficient for inoculation of 24 roods.

If the contents of the bottle have already become liquid, they
are used as described below for the direct inoculation of the seed.
If solid, the contents can be easily liquefied by warming the bottle
gently for a few minutes, for instance, in the trousers’ pocket, in
tepid water or in a warm room. LHaposure to temperature above
the heat of the body, which is amply sufficient to melt, or to direct
sunlight must under all circumstances be strictly avoided.

The liquid contents are poured into a vessel containing one to
three pints of clean water (carefully washing out the whole con-
tents of the bottle with a little water), and then shaken or stirred

— ————————————

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 281
until the fertilizer is equally distributed throughout the vessel and
the bacteria are well mixed in the water.

The inoculated water thus prepared is poured over the seed and
worked with the hands (or the shovel) until every seed has been
moistened. If the quantity of water is insufficient more must be
added, but usually for small seed a pint and a half will suffice and
for large seeds two to three quarts. The moistened seed is then
reduced to a condition suitable for sowing by mixing with some
dry sand or fine earth and if necessary allowing it to stand, turn-
ing it over from time to time; too great dryness is deleterious.
The sowing and turning in is carried out in the manner usually
practised. If possible, however, avoid sowing in glaring sun-
light.

Instead of inoculating the seed, the same and, in some cases,
better results are obtained by inoculating the soil by means of
inoculated earth. For this purpose for every 24 roods one-half
a hundred weight of earth is inoculated in the above-described
manner, using a proportionately larger quantity of water; the
inoculated earth is then dried in the air or mixed with dried earth,
scattered equally over the field, and worked in three or four
inches deep.

For larger surfaces than 24 roods a corresponding number of
bottles must be used (8 bottles to 5 acres).

As the bacteria are absolutely innocuous, there is no fear of
danger from the bottles being left about or ep veg for other
purposes.

Attention is specially directed to the fact that the ** germ fertilizers”
should only be used for the species of Leguminoscee marked on the
label of the bottle. For greater distinction the bottles bear differently
colored labels.

Manufactured by the Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius &
Bruning, Hoechst on Main, Germany.

Specification of the Various Kinds of “ Nitragin” (registered) Germ
Fertilizers for Leguminous Crops.

‘aka pea (Pisum sativum), red label.

Sand pea (Piswm arvense), red label.

Common vetch (Vicia sativa), blue label.

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), blue label.

Common field bean or horse bean (Vicia faba), blue hed

White lupine (Lupinus albus), green label.

Yellow lupine (Lupinus lutens), green label.

Blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolus), green label.

Clover, red (Trifolium pratense), label gold on green.

White clover or Dutch clover (Zrifoliwm repens), label gold on green.

*

282 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Alsike clover (Trifoliwm hybridwm), label gold on green.

Carnation clover or trifolium (Zrifoliwm incarnatum), label gold on
oreen.

Bokhara clover (Meltlotus alba), label gold on green.

Black medick (Medicago lupulina), label gold on white.

Lucerne (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa), label gold on white.

Kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), label gold on white.

Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), gold label on violet.

Serradella (Ornithopus sativus), label gold on pink.

Wild everlasting pea (Lathyrus sylvestris), label gold on blue.

When giving your esteemed orders for Nitragin we shall thank
you to state always, for what kind of leguminous crops you wish
to- receive the germ fertilizers.

Yours respectfully,
FARBWERKE VORM. Merster Lucius & BRUNING.

3. OBSERVATIONS WITH LEGUMINOUS CROPS AT AMHERST.

The cultivation of leguminous crops has for years received
special attention at our hands. The majority of reputed
leguminous forage crops congenial to our climate have been
raised repeatedly and on a sufficiently large scale in most
instances to form a fair opinion regarding their merits as
forage crops in our section of the country.

The following statement contains the kinds of legumi-
nous crops experimented with at Amherst : —

Medium red clover (Trifoliwm medium).
Alsike clover (T7'rifoliwm hybridumy).
Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum).
Japanese clover (Lespedeza striata).
Bokhara clover (sweet clover) (Melilotus alba).
Serradella (Ornithopus sativus).
Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa).

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa.)

Scotch tares.

Lentil (Hrvum lens),

Summer vetch (Vicia sativa).

Kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria).
Horse bean (Vicia faba).
Early-maturing soy bean (Soja hispida).
Late-maturing soy bean (Soja hispida).
Peas (Pisum sativum).

Cow pea (Dolichos sinensis),

Flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris).

White lupine (Lupinus albus).

Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus).

Blue lupine (Lupinus perennis).

1897.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 283

For details-I have to refer to previous annual reports.

The following local observations are worth mentioning
again on this occasion : —

(a) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and crimson clover (Zr
folium incarnatum), in repeated trials, suffered seriously
from winter-killing. ‘This result has to be ascribed more to
late frosts early in spring, when the ground is filled with
water, than to the severity of mid-winter.

(6) Mixed crops of peas, vetch and horse bean, and
vetch and oats or barley have given, as a rule, very satisfac-
tory returns as far as quality and quantity are concerned.

(c) Soy beans, early and late varieties, have yielded, as
a rule, during average seasons large crops; yet they have
failed to enrich the soil they were raised upon sufficiently
in available nitrogen plant food to secure under otherwise
corresponding conditions, as far as the supply of available
potash and phosphoric acid is concerned, as high a yield of
a succeeding crop of rye, oats, barley and even soy bean,
as where from forty to fifty pounds per acre of an available
form of nitrogen were added. ‘The liberal addition of nitrates
to the soil interfered with a liberal development of root
tubercles, in case of soy bean, in a well-infected soil.

Similar results are reported by other investigators in
regard to lupines followed by oats or potatoes; an addition »
of nitrates in connection with a potash and phosphoric acid
containing fertilizer increased the yield. The infection of
the soil by lupine bacterium did not benefit the growth of
other leguminous crops.

The belief that each variety of leguminous crop is associ-
ated with a root bacterium of its own finds support in the
circumstance that the root tubercles of different varieties of
these crops quite frequently vary, not only in size and shape
but in their mode of distribution over the main roots or root-
lets. Illustrations of this feature have been furnished by the
writer in form of photographs from nature in case of soy
bean, horse bean, lupines, etc., (see State station report for
1894).

Much has been learned regarding the symbiotic or com-
bined life of root bacteria and leguminous plants, yet much
further investigation in the vegetation house and the field

284 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

is evidently needed to secure to the full extent and with cer-
tainty the economical advantages to be derived from the
raising of crops which are capable of converting, without
expense, the elementary nitrogen of the air into available
nitrogen plant food.

Our attention, as will be seen from preceding statements,
has been of late directed to the question whether perennial
leguminous crops, as our current varieties of clovers, may
prove more satisfactory as nitrogen gatherers for general
farm purposes than annual leguminous crops, as soy bean,
lupines, ete. |

4, Mrixep AnnuAL ForRAGE Crops v. CLovers (/%eld B).

The importance of a more liberal and economical supply
of nutritious forage crops for the support of farm live stock
is quite generally recognized by all parties interested.

Mixed forage crops, consisting of early-maturing annual
leguminous crops, clover-like plants and of either oats or
barley, suggested themselves for trial; for they attain in our
locality a high feeding value at a comparatively early period
of the season, —towards the end of June when in bloom;
they can serve with benefit in form of green fodder, hay or
ensilage, as circumstances advise; they yield under fair con-
ditions large quantities of fodder of a highly nutritious char-
acter, and permit a timely reseeding and maturing of a
second crop upon the same lands.

The fields used for our earlier observations, in 1893-94,
were located in different parts of the farm. They were, as
a rule, in a fair state of cultivation, as far as the mechanical
condition of the soil as well as its store of plant food was
concerned, ‘The soil consisted in the majority of cases of a
somewhat gravelly loam (see reports for 1893-94).

The field used in the experiments, subsequently described
somewhat in detail, consisted of a light loam and was di-
vided into eleven plats of corresponding shape with four
feet of unoccupied space between them. It was used for the
cultivation of potatoes in preceding years. ‘The plats had
received on that occasion in all cases the same amount and
form of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, in form of ground
bones, while the potash supply consisted in alternating

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 285

order of plats either of mutiate of potash or of high-grade
sulphate of potash, containing the same amount of potassium
oxide in every case (400 pounds of muriate of potash, 80 to
82 per cent., or of high-grade sulphate of potash, 95 per
cent., and 600 pounds of fine-ground bones per acre).
This system of manuring the plats has been followed ever
since 1893. The same crops have been raised each season
upon adjoining plats to notice the particular effect of both
forms of potash on the crop raised (for details see previous
reports ).

Vetch and Oats and Vetch and Barley.

1894, — The same amount and kind of manure were ap-
plied for raising vetch and oats and vetch and barley. The
field occupied by these crops was ploughed, manured, har-
rowed and seeded down, as far as practicable, at the same
time. The seed was sown in all cases April 26. Four
bushels of oats with 45 pounds of vetch were sown, as on
previous occasions, while 3 bushels of barley were used
with 45 pounds of vetch per acre in case of barley and vetch.
Both crops came up May 4 and were of a uniformly healthy
condition during their subsequent growth. The barley began
to head out June 20; the vetch was at that time beginning
to bloom. The crop was cut for hay June 23.

It needs no further statement to understand that the quality
of the seeds and of the soil ought to be considered in decid-
ing about weights of the former. Ciose cultivation is de-
sirable in case of this class of forage crops, for it favors a
succulent, tender structure and keeps weeds out.

Average Yield of Crops.

Yield of Barley and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 5,737 pounds of hay.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, ‘ . 5,077 pounds of hay.

The oats headed out June 25; the vetch was fairly in
bloom at this time. The crop was cut for hay July 2.

Yield of Oats and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, ; . 8,051 pounds of hay.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, : . 7,088 pounds of hay.

286 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

1895, — During that year the observations of the preced-
ing year were repeated and in some directions enlarged ;
oats, vetch and horse bean, and oats and lentils were added
to those of the preceding year. ‘The same kind and quantity
of manures were applied. The field was ploughed April 25
and the manure harrowed in May 38; the seed was sown
broadcast May 9. All parts of the field were treated alike,
and as far as practicable on the same day. The plats occu-
pied by the crops were in all cases 33 feet wide, with 4 feet
unoccupied space between them, and from 191 to 241 feet
Jong. The yield of areas 175 feet long and 33 feet wide,
running along by the side of each other, served as our basis
for comparing results (5,775 square feet) (for details see
report for 1895).

teld of Vetch and Oats per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, .__. ; . 7,238 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . ‘ y - 6,635 pounds.

Yield of Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . : . 7,898 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . : : . 5,881 pounds.

Yield of Oats and Lentils per Acre.

The experiment was confined to a trial with sulphate of
potash and bone as manure on account of want of a suitable
field. The yield was 5,881 pounds of hay.

After the crops stated had been harvested, during the
middle of July, in the form of hay, the field was ploughed
and prepared for the cultivation of a variety of clovers,
mammoth red clover, medium red clover, alsike or Swedish
clover, crimson clover and sweet or Bokhara clover, to com-
pare the crops resulting during two succeeding years with
those obtained in case of mixed crops of vetch and oats, ete.

The subdivision of the field into eleven plats was the same
as in the preceding year; each plat received the same kind
and amount of fertilizer as before; the mechanical prepara-
tion of the soil was in all cases the same. The seeding
down of the different plats took place on the same day, July
23, 1895.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81. 287

Plats 11 and 12 were each seeded down with 3 pounds of
sweet clover seed. |

Plats 13 and 14 were each seeded down with 3 pounds of
mammoth red clover seed.

Plats 15 and 16 were each seeded down with 3 pounds of
medium red clover seed.

Plats 17 and 18 were each seeded down with 24 pounds of
alsike or Swedish clover seed.

Plats 19 and 20 were each seeded down with 4 pounds of
crimson or scarlet clover. |

Plats 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 received their potash in form
of muriate of potash (80 to 82 per cent.); plats 12, 14,
16, 18 and 20 in form of high-grade sulphate of potash (95
per cent. ).

Subsequent ITistory of Crops on Different Plats.

Plats If and 12.—The frost affected the crop somewhat
by heaving of the soil; the growth was thin and of a light
color except in some instances where a deep color and large
growth was noticed. A subsequent examination showed in
these cases an exceptional development of tubercles on the
roots. The crop was harvested June 19.

Plat 11.— Crop weighed green 200 pounds.

Plat 12.—Crop weighed green 285 pounds.

On account of unsatisfactory condition of the plats both
were ploughed July 15 and reseeded on July 30, 1896, with
10 pounds of sweet clover seed each, to notice whether a
more liberal infection of the soil with suitable bacterium
thus secured would result in better and larger returns. Nov.
1, 1896, the crop was looking well and was one foot in
height. The dark spots of growth had spread greatly.

Plats 13 and 14.— The crops upon these plats looked
well in the fall and during the succeeding spring. The crop
was cut before it had reached full bloom, June 23, on account
of its being badly lodged; they were harvested as hay
June 29.

288 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Total Yield of Hay.

Yield Total Yield

ATS Yield of Hay ; ke 2;
PLA : Gecundwu of Rowen of Dry Matter
(Pounds). (Pounds),
13. ee yee eee 615 295 756.65
1400 ee cen ee 650 305 796.32

The sod looked well! on both plats Nov. 1, 1896.

Plats 15 and 16, — The crop looked healthy in the fall
and in the succeeding spring; the crop was cut when in full
bloom, June 19, and harvested June 23. The rowen was
cut July 28 and harvested July 30. <A third crop was cut
October 9 and harvested October 26. |

Total Yield of Hay.

Yield of | YieldofThird| Total Yield
Yield of Hay seca. pam ty’ :

PLATS. (Pounds). Second Crop Crop of Dry Matter
(Pounds). (Pounds). (Pounds).
Las 22 : ; : : 4595 276 120 686.62
16, 9" Se Pee a AAD 294 120 | 720.55

The sod looked to be in good condition on both plats
Nov. 1, 1896.

Plats 17 and 18.— The crop looked well from the begin-
ning and was in bloom June 7. The hay was cut and
harvested June 19 and 23.

Total Yield of Hay.

Yield of H Yield Total Yield
PLATS. ig 5 Pus of Rowen of Dry Matter
pr oneey? (Pounds). (Pounds).
17, ; ; ; : ; ; , 620) 325 788.21
18, . ‘ ‘ . . *. *. | 455 200 518.56

Noy. 1, 1896, the sod looked exhausted and was covered
with weeds and sorrel.

1897.] . PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 289

Plats 19 and 20, — These plats looked well in early win-
ter but almost every plant died out in early spring. The
plats were reseeded during the month of April, 1896, with
54 pounds of seed on each plat. The hay was cut when in
bloom July 17 and harvested July 23. The crop was in
poor condition when cut and never sprouted again.

Total Yield of Hay.

rs Total Yield of
PLATS. ee nae Wathen
(Pounds). (Pounds).
19, ‘ ‘ : = ‘ : : é DTD 422.91
20, s e . e . e ® ° e 595 406 2 94

Summary of Yield of Crops in 1896 (Dry Matter).

[Pounds. |
PLATS. Hay. Rowen. | Guede
|
he ee | i = 2
1 z=: e rc) e e ° e e e = ard =
oe |hChlCC, « A CO511.69-| 945208 | 1756.65
14, : Bi cee . | 541.58 | 254.74 | 796.32
|
ew : . | 373.46 | 318.16 | 686.62

eee St 390.18 \'880-48'| 79085

i OT ae ° . ‘ 458.49 | 274.72 | 733.21
BSS ths : ° ° Pa ae : . | 856.54 | 162.02 | 518.56
£9, : 422.91 - 422.91

7 ae ‘ ‘ : ° . | 406.94 ~ 406.94

290 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

5. Frevp EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL
PHOSPHATES, TO STUDY THE ECONOMY OF USING
THE CHEAPER NATURAL PHOSPHATES OR THE MORE
CostLy ACIDULATED PuHospHatss. (field F.)

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and
137 feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Pre-
vious to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well
worn out at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of English
hay. During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned under
and left in that state over winter. It was decided to prepare
the field for special experiments with phosphoric acid by sys-
tematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of plant food.
For this reason no manurial matter of any description was
applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to im-
prove its mechanical condition; during the same period a
crop was raised every year. ‘These crops were selected, as
far as practicable, with the view to exhaust the supply of
phosphoric acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and
leguminous crops (cow pea, vetch and serradella) followed
each other in the order stated.

In 1890 the field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each 21 feet wide with a space of 8 feet
between adjoining plats. The manurial material applied to
each of these five plats contained, in every instance, the same
form and the same quantity of potassium oxide and nitrogen,
while the phosphoric acid was furnished in each case in the
form of a different commercial phosphoric-acid-containing
article, namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano, Florida phos-
phate, South Carolina phosphate, floats and dissolved bone-
black. The market cost of each of these articles in 1890
controlled the quantity applied, for each plat received the
same money value of its particular kind of phosphate. The
phosphatic slag, Mona guano, South Carolina phosphate,
floats and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850
pounds per acre, dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500
pounds per acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of
250 pounds per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. rp |

rate of 390 pounds per acre. (For the analysis of phos-
phates and cost of each in 1890 see report for 1895.)

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annu-
ally, from 1890 to 1894, to all plats, with the exception of
Plat 3, which received in 1890 ground apatite and in 1891
no phosphate whatever, on account of the failure of securing
in time apatite suitable for the trial.

PLATS. ; Annual Supply of Manurial Substances. | Pounds.

| Ground phosphatie slag, -.{ 127
Plat 1 (south, 6,494 square tot), $ Nitrate of soda, . : 43
| Potash-magnesia sulphate, : d8
Ground Mona guano, . Pad ieee.

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), ; Nitrate of soda, . : . 43%
| Potash-magnesia sulphate, . 59
Ground Florida phosphate, . | 129
Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), 3 Nitrate of soda, . : 44
| | Potash-magnesia sulphate, 59
South Carolina phosphate, .| 131

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), Nitrate of soda, . ; 44h
Potash-magnesia sulphate, : 60
Dissolved bone-black, : : 78
Plat 5 (6,778 square feet), ; Nitrate of soda, . : ; 45
| Potash-magnesia sulphate, . 61

James of Crops raised from 1890 to 1894.

1890, . (see eighth annual report of Massachusetts
State station) ; 1891, winter wheat (see ninth annual report
of Massachusetts State station) ; 1892, serradella (see tenth
annual report of Massachusetts State station) ; 1893, Dent
corn, Pride of the North (see eleventh annual report of
Massachusetts State station).

Summary of Yield of Crops (Pounds).

TS 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893.

aaron Potatoes. Wheat. | Serradella.| Corn.

Watt pasighiic slag 2. 2 kk C1000 380 4,070 1,660
etna, ee TR 340 3,410 1,381
Pint 3, Plorida phosphate, . . . » «| 1,800 215 2,750 1,347
Plat 4, South Carolina floats, , A - ; 1,830 880 3,110 1,469

Plat 5, dissolved bone-black, Grace . ’ 2,120 405 2,920 1,322

Having for four years (1890-94) in succession pursued
the above-stated system of manuring each plat with a differ-

292 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

ent kind of phosphate, yet of corresponding money value,
it was decided to continue the experiments for the purpose
of studying the after-effect of the different phosphates on the
crops to be raised. ‘To gain this end the phosphates were
hereafter in all cases entirely excluded from the fertilizers
applied; in addition to this change, the former amount of
potash and nitrogen was increased one-half in quantity, to
favor the highest effect of the stored-up phosphoric acid in
the soil under treatment.

The fertilizers hereafter used had the following composi-
tion :—

641 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 1 (6,494square feet), + +6 © +* + } g7° pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

653 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), + + + + + } 88 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

66 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), + + + + + ) g9 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

663 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), » + + * * ) 90 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

672 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 5 (6,778 square feet), » +» + * © ) gui pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

PPI AI I OOO

The results of three years (1894 to 1896) are as follows : —

Barley.
Yield of Crop (1894).
Grain and f Straw and
Pua Boe et | Clee | eee eee
(Pounds).| *! (Pounds). in. | of Straw.
ist... «* pp Feng 490 "169 221 84.49 65.51
gt Oe ie eal? vee ye 405 148 251 34.07 65.93
Plat 3, ity: Gy 290 78 212 26.89 "3.11
Plat 4, . ry . . 460 144 216 81.30 68.70
Plat 5, oo be pias 390 118 272 30.26 69.74

Eye.
Yield of Crop (1895).
Sse ae Grain and Straw and }
Grain ee.» | Percentage | Percentage
PLATS Btraw Chaff :
(Pounds). (Pounds). (Pounds). of Grain. | of Straw.

Plat 1,. ; ; ; . ° 695 195 500 28.06 71.94
Plat 2,. ; ; . , ° 631 166 465 26.81 73.69
Plat 3,. , ; ° ° ° 383 143 240 37.34 62.66
Plat 4,. : . . ° : 759 189 570 24.90 75.10

Plat 5, . . ‘ . . . 625 185 440 29.60 70.40

ee |r strait lll lll

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 293

Medium Green Soy Bean.
Yield of Crop (1896).

Whole Straw, |, Percentage
PuaTs. Crop Bean etc. Percentage of
| (Pounds). | (Pounds).| (Pounds).| of Beans. | gtraw, ete.
Plat 1,. ° . . ° , 680 254 426 37.20 62.80
Plat 2, . ° . ° ° . 773 233 540 30.14 69.86
Plat 3,. . ° ° . ° 717 262 455 36.54 63.46
Plat 4,. . ° ° ° a 52 252 , a00 33.51 66.49
Plat 5,. ° . . ° ° 742 247 495 31.94 68.06
Summary of Yield of Crops (1890 to 1896).
[Pounds.]
Prien 1890. 1891. | 1892. 1893.) 1894. | 1895.) 1896.
: Potatoes.| Wheat. Serradella. | Corn. | Barley.| Rye. | Soy Bean.
Plat 1, phosphatic slag, 1,600 380 4,070 1,660 490 695 254
Plat 2, Mona guano, . 1,415 340 3,410 1,381 405 630 233
Plat 3, Florida phos- 1,500 215° 2,750 1,547 290 | 383 262
phate.
Plat 4, South Carolina 1,830 380 3,110 1,469 460 759 252
phosphate (floats).
Plat 5, dissolved bone- 2,120 405 2,920 1,322 390 625 247
black. |
|

Conclusions.

From the previous statement of comparative yields for
average successive years we find that the plat receiving dis-
solved bone-black leads in yield during the first two years
while the third, fourth, fifth and sixth years the plats re-
ceiving phosphates insoluble in water are ahead, phosphatic
slag being first, with South Carolina floats second.

The following statement regarding the phosphoric acid
applied in the case of each plat, and also the amount re-
moved from them by the crops raised, shows approximately
how much the former is still stored up in the soil in each
plat, not considering the original inherent amount in the
soil at the beginning of the trial : —

294 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds).

1890. 1891. 1892. 1893.

POTATOES. WHEAT. || SERRADELLA. Corn. = | eo
es | ee | 5 Bx 5S op
. . e ° ° ry ° A]
PLATS. a ; ’ ne ‘ | 3 g © | |
co) ° i) co) ° rob) ° — 3 | _ g
us) g Ao) Kc | a) g ire So, Se
;S 3) "5 S o s ) OS Ou ow

<q fay <q jan <q | fa al HH <a

Plat 1, . | 24.18 | 2.56 || 24.18
Plat 2, . | 28.01 | 2.36 |} 28.01
Plat 3, . {109.68 | 2.40 ~

24.18 | 8.95 || 24.18 | 7.

A

bt ee
*, f§ | Removed.
o -.00

tb

S

<2)

for)

-~j

bo

bet

MS

Ke)

rs

-~I

-~j

-~J

oo

28.01 | 7.50 || 28.01 | 6.33 72.04 | 17.388 | 54.66

jor)
©

28.01 | 6.05 || 28.01 | 5.95 || 165.70 | 15.09 | 150.61
Plat 4, . | 836.12 | 2.93 || 36.12 | 1.31 || 36.12 | 6.84 || 86.12 | 6.68 || 144.48 | 18.12 | 126.36
Plat 5, . | 12.34 | 3.39 || 12.34 | 1.22 || 12.34 | 6.42 || 12.34 | 6.05 49.36 | 17.08 | 32.28

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds) —

Concluded.
1894. 1895. 1896.
BARLEY. RYE. Soy BEAN. = = =
Be SS STE SAE | (eer 2A EN: | TEE ee a 8, 5 = ioe 5S ap
2 S) Org os
PLATS. 3 ees ee ie iy Sage ee ac
= > ce} > co} > <q rob) qo q re]
o ° 5) ° o ° = =¢q |
cs} g ss} = bs) S| ne So $9
cS r) o o oS Co) rom oO oO
_q 64 <q ea < 64 a H H
Plat i; © ° ° =. 1.92 = 8.41 — 5.84 96.72 Stein 65.61
Plat 2, . . ° - 1.64 - 3.04 - 5.75 72.04 27.81 44.23
Plat 3, . . ° - 76 - 2.06 - 6.07 || 165.70 23.98 | 141.72
Pt 4, . ° ° - ney pe - 3.61 - 6.01 || 144.48 23.46 | 115.02
Plat 6, . - ° - 1.49 - oad - 5.89 49.36 21.00 21.79

The experiment needs continuation to secure more decisive
results. 7

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 295

6. Frecp EXPERIMENTS TO ASCERTAIN THE INFLUENCE OF
DIFFERENT MIXTURES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
ON THE YIELD AND GENERAL CHARACTER OF SEV-
ERAL PROMINENT GARDEN CROPS.

The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 198
feet long and 183 feet wide; it is subdivided into six plats
of uniform size (893 by 62 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each). ‘The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of 5 feet of
unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land.

They are arranged in two parallel rows, running from
east to west. Plats Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are along the north side
of the field, beginning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats
Nos. 4, 5 and 6 are located along its south side, beginning
with Plat 4 on the west end. The soil is several feet deep,
and consists of a light, somewhat gravelly loam, and was in a
fair state of productiveness when assigned for the experiment
here under consideration. The entire field occupied by the
experiment is nearly on a level. Potatoes and a variety of
forage crops have been raised upon it in preceding years.
The manure applied since 1885 has consisted exclusively
of fine-ground bone and muriate of potash, annually, 600
pounds of the former and 200 pounds of the latter per acre.

The observation with raising garden crops by aid of the
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances, here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
6 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats Nos. 1, 2 and 3
during that of 1892.

The difference of the fertilizers applied consisted in the
circumstance that the different forms of nitrogen and pot-
ash were used for their preparation. All plats received
essentially the same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phos-
phoric acid, and every one of them received its phosphoric
acid in the same form, namely, dissolved bone-black. Some
plats received their nitrogen supply in form of organic animal
matter, dried blood; others in form of sodium nitrate, Chili
saltpetre ; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of muriate of potash

296 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

(plats 1, 2, 3), and others (plats 4, 5, 6) in the form of the
highest grade of potassium sulphate (95 per cent.). The
subsequent tabular statement shows the quantities of manu-
rial substances applied to the different plats : —

PLATS. | Annual Supply of Manurial Substances. Pounds.
f Sulphate of ammonia, ° : ° ° . 38
Plat 1, ‘ ‘ . Muriate of potash, . 5 5 c : 30
L| Dissalved bone-black, . A . ° 40
Nitrate of soda, ° e ° . e e e 47
Plat 2, é : Muriate of potash, . . ; 4 4 é 30
Dissolved bone-black, ~ 2 $ ° ‘ ° 40
(| Dried blood, é : . 5 : . f 75
Plat 3, * -4 | Muriate of potash, > 5 : ‘ 30
| Dissolved bone-black, “ ‘ " 5 ‘ 40
f Sulphate of ammonia, . ay ee 38
Plat 4, ° ° -\ | Sulphate of potash, . : . ° 30
|| Dissolved bone-black, . 5 - ° 40
(| Nitrate of soda, . ‘ & : “ 5 ;. 47
Plat 5, ‘ ‘ -\ | Sulphate of potash, . ‘ ‘ > 7 ; é 30
(| Dissolved bone-black, ° J : ° ‘: 40
(| Dried blood, : e “ ; 75
Plat 6, . i 5 -< | Sulphate of potash, . ° : ‘ ° 30
‘ Dissolved bone-black, = ; : ° . ‘ 40
This proportion corresponds per acre to :—
Pounds.
Phosphoric acid (available), . ; 4 é ‘ ‘ : ot ie
Nitrogen, : ; : , ; ; ; ‘ R 2, OAD
Potassium oxide, . : ; i ‘ ; : : , ZOU

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden crops shows the average relative
proportion of the three above-stated ingredients of plant
food : —

Per Cent.
Nitrogen, ; ; : ; ; ; ° ; . ; 2.2
Potassium oxide, . : ; : ‘ ; , . ; ‘ 2.0
Phosphoric acid, . : : ; ° ; ° : : - 10

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables. contain
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food: —

Pounds.

Nitrogen, ° ° ’ . * e . . . ° 4.1
Potassium oxide, . ‘ ; ; ; : : ; ; : 3.9

Phosphoric acid, . , ° ° ; : : : ° ; 1.9

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 297

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vegeta-
bles. when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding
conditions, the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a, more detailed statement
here beyond relative proportions. It must suffice for the
present to call attention to the fact that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty
one, especially in the case of those crops which reach in a
short period the desired state of maturity.

The various mixtures of fertilizers used in the experi-
ments under discussion provided by actual supply for one-
half of the available nitrogen actually called for to meet .
the demand as above pointed out. A liberal cultivation of
peas and beans cannot fail to benefit the nitrogen resources
of the soil. The order of arrangement of the different crops
within each plat was the same in all of them for the same
year.

They occupied, however, a different position relative to
each other in successive years, to introduce, as far as
practicable, a system of rotation of crops. (For details
see previous annual report.)

Statement of Crops raised since 1891.

1891 and 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895 and 1896.

|
Celery. Onions. Onions. Onions.
Lettuce. Lettuce. Sweet corn. Sweet corn.
Spinach. Spinach. ~ ~
Keets. Beans. Beans. Beans.
Cabbage. - - -
Tomatoes. Tomatoes. Tomatoes. Tomatoes.
Potatoes. | Potatoes. ~ | -

Season of 1896.—The field was ploughed April 20.
The fertilizers were the same as in the preceding years;
each of the six plats received the same amount and kind of
fertilizer, which was harrowed in April 24.

298 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION, [ Jan.
The crops raised during the season of 1896 were : —

Onions (Danvers Globe).
Tomatoes (Dwarf Champion).
Beans (Dwarf Horticultural).
Sweet Corn (Early Crosby).

Onions.

The seed was sown April 28. ach plat contained fifteen
rows 14 inches apart; the weeds were kept down by fre-
quent use of the hand cultivator; the crop was weeded by
hand twice; the crop was rolled September 7. Those plats
(4, 5, 6) which received their potash supply in form of
high-grade sulphate of potash matured first, while those
plats (1, 2, 3) receiving muriate of potash matured some-
what later. The crop upon Plat 1 was the latest to mature,
while that upon Plat 2, receiving nitrate of soda, was the
most advanced plat in the field. The onions were pulled
September 7, topped October 5 and weighed October 9.

Yield of Onions (Pounds).

Scullions. Total Yield.

PLATS. Large Onions. Small Onions.
4 |
Plat 1, ' 490 29 100 628
Plat 2, A 697 24 30 751
Plat 3, 659 49 60 768
Plat 4, , 489 26 a5) 570
Plat 5, 494 21 30 040
Plat 6, i : 595 4 o0 699
Tomatoes.

It was deemed best in this experiment to procure an
earlier maturing variety than the one used in the preceding
year, to meet our market demands. ‘The plants were started
at the plant house of the horticultural department. The
plants were set May 21 3 to 4 feet apart, two rows in each
plat; each plat contained 44 plants; they were cultivated
five times and hand-hoed three times.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 299

Field C. Yield of Tomatoes (Pounds).

DATE OF PICKING. ee ee ee Plat 1. Plat 2. ne Rosie 5-8 so Plat 3. Plat 4. i Plat 5. | Plat 6.

rr .40 - 14
July a2. . : ae <.y -40 - oan - - 12
July 25,. 1.10 .30 1.11 -30 13 12
July 28, . 2.12 1.00 2.80 2.60 2.10 6.40
July 30,. 4 . . . 3.20 2.10 2.80 1.14 4.00 3.40
August 1, 4.00 6.00 3.40 5.00 8.00 4.00
August 3, 8.40 6.80 8.80 7.00 5.80 7.00
August 5, . 8.12 8.40 9.00 7.60 10.40 9.40

August 8, . ° . . 10.12

August 10, . ° ° . 17.40 13.80 11.00 14.00 12.12 19.40
August12, . . . . 7.40 8.80 5.00 12.00 13.40 9.40
August 15, . ° . . 13.80 25.00 21.40 34.00 32.12 25.12
Augustl17, . . , . 17.00 44.80 21.12 45.00 49.40 36.12
August 19, . . ° . 9.00 16.80 22.40 17.00 22.12 17.12
August 21, . : ° . 6.12 14.80 18.40 7.80 15.40 8.40

August 24, , : . : 12.80 31.00 18.80
August 26, . ° 13.12 33.80 17.00

21.80 39.40 30.40
20.00 35.80 26.80

15.00 15.00 13.80 17.00 18.00

re i 36.00 | ) 32.00 33.40 27 12
September 1, . ; | e 50.80 | * 49.12 68.40 53.00
September4, . | 3 55.80 | 2 61.00 | 63.40 | 177.00
September 7, Hi eee: = 48.80 > Ee 44.00 54.00 63.00
September 11, | | : 37.00 | é 46.80 | 47.40 | 51.12
September 16, . : A * 34.00 | A 55.00 35.00 42.00
September 21, . ; | 7.00 | J 10.00 9.80 12.00
Green tomatoes, . . . 28.00 10.80 40.00 24.00 9.00 14.00

* Records not complete.

Beans.

The beans were planted in rows 24 feet apart, there being
seven rows in each plat. The seed was planted May 19, the
young plants appeared above ground June 1; they were
cultivated five times and hand-hoed three times; the beans
on all plats alike rusted badly. The beans were pulled and
stacked in the field August 19.

300 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Yield of Beans (Pownds).

PLATS. | Beans. tranny Tota! Weight.
Plat 1, : : : . ‘ rae a | 30 61
Plat 2, : : - ‘ é : a3) 44 OT
Plat 3, : ; : ‘ ‘ , o2 At 96
Plat 4, : : ; ‘ ) ; 38 45 103
Plat 5, : ’ : ‘ : : 67 1 118
Plat 6, ' : : ‘ ‘ ; 48 42 90

Sweet Corn.

Each plat contained five rows, the latter being 3 feet 3
inches apart; the hills were 20 inches apart, there being
three plants left in each hill, making 1,060 hills per plat.

The crop appeared above ground June 1. It was subse-
quently cultivated five times and hand-hoed three times. In
order to hasten maturity the stalks were topped September 9.

The corn was harvested and weighed October 9 with the
following results : — |

Sweet Corn (Early Crosby). Yield in Pounds per Plat.

PLATS. Ears. | Stover. | Total Weight.
Plat 1, - ; ; ; P , 190.0 250 445.0
Plat 2, ; ' , , ; ; 240.0 280 520.0
Plat 3, " ; ; ‘ . , 195.0 O00 530.0
Plat 4, , ! : ; ; ; 190.0 310 . 800.0
Plat 5, ; ; : ; 182.5 290 472.5
Plat 6, : ; ‘ ; ; 190.0 302 492.0

Conclusions drawn from Four Years of Observation.

1. Sulphate of potash in connection with nitrate of soda
(Plat 5) has given in every case but one (onions) the best
results.

2. Nitrate of soda as nitrogen source (plats 2 and 5) has
yielded in almost every case, without reference to form of
potash, the best results,

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. B01

3. Sulphate of ammonia as a nitrogen source, in connec-
tion with muriate of potash as source of potash (Plat 1), has
given as a rule the least satisfactory returns. This fact is
evidently due to a change of chloride of potash and sulphate
of ammonia into sulphate of potash and chloride of ammo-
nium, the latter being an unfavorable form of nitrogen plant
food.

4, The influence of the difference in the general character
of the weather, whether normal or dry, during succeeding
seasons on the yield of the crops has been greater than that
of the different fertilizers used upon different plats during
the same season.

Note. —The general management of the field work con-
nected with the previously described continuation of my
experiments was attended to by Mr. H. M. Thomson, Assist-
ant Agriculturist of the Hatch Experiment Station, to whom
I take pleasure in expressing my thanks for his cheerful
assistance,

A

302 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

PART 14

REPORT ON THE WORK IN THE CHEMICAL
LABORATORY.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. Own OrficrAL INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS IN 1896.

During the past year fifty-seven manufacturers and dealers
in commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals have ap-
plied for and secured licenses for the sale of their goods in
the State. Thirty-three of these parties have offices for gen-
eral distribution within our State, nine in the State of New
York, six in Connecticut, three in Vermont, three in Rhode
Island, two in Pennsylvania and one in Illinois.

The number of distinct brands licensed, including agricult-
ural chemicals, amounted to two hundred and sixty-five.

The sampling and collecting of the material for official
analyses were in charge of Mr. H. D. Haskins, a graduate of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College of the year 1890, and
an efficient assistant in the chemical laboratory of the division
of chemistry of the Experiment Station, who for several years
in the past has attended to that part of the inspection in a
very satisfactory manner.

Three hundred and twenty-eight samples were collected
during the year, of which three hundred, representing two
hundred and fifteen distinct brands, have been analyzed, and
the results published in three bulletins, March, July and
October, Numbers 38, 40 and 42 of the Hatch Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

The modes of analyses adopted in this work were in all
essential points those recommended by the Association of
Official Chemists.

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 303

The results of the inspection have been on the whole quite
satisfactory, as far as the compliance of the dealers with the
provisions of our State laws for the regulation of the trade
in commercial fertilizers is concerned. The variations here
and there noticed between the guaranteed composition of the
dealer and the results of our analyses could be traced with
but few exceptions to imperfect mixing of the several ingre-
dients of the fertilizer, and did not, as a rule, materially
affect the commercial value of the article. In this connec-
tion attention should be called to the fact that the lowest
amount stated in the guarantee is only legally binding.

To convey a more direct idea of the actual condition of
this feature in the trade of commercial fertilizers of 1896,
the following detailed statement is here inserted : —

(a) Where three essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with three elements equal to or above the highest guar-

antee, ; , sae
Number with two Plomenis ies ite Hiner earns, : Agee!
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . 65
Number with three elements between the lowest and highest gar
antees, |. 26 -
Number with a, eee paieen ne ioee fee pee ouar-
antees, : “4 ON)
Number with one Betement epteen the in At Genes Atoee
antees, p : i Alar:
Number with ee eibitients bole: ihe low det crane 8
Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, . ; 59

(>) Where two essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, She woe

Number with one element above the highest guarantee, .-_. 16
Number with two elements between the lowest and highest guar-
Siieee, 13
Number with one peleaieat hate een the leet wi Biahest ae
antees, ° ; ; mre
a with one san below the lowe! pends ee ; «se

(c) Where one essential element of plant food was guar-
anteed : —
Number above the highest guarantee, : . . a ae

Number between the lowest and highest ie snnioue: : . oa
Number below the lowest guarantee, ; . ; . ; pa

304 - HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

The consumption of commercial fertilizers is steadily in-
creasing, — a circumstance apparently not less due to a more
general recognition of their good services, if judiciously se-
lected and applied, than to gradual improvements in regard
to their mechanical condition as well as their general chem-
ical character. A noticeable change, referred to already in
a previous report, regarding the chemical composition of
many brands of so-called complete or formula fertilizers of
to-day, as compared.with those offered for similar purposes
at an earlier period in the history of the trade in commer-
cial fertilizers, consists in a more general and more liberal
use.of potash compounds as a prominent constituent. This
change has been slow but decided, and in a large degree may
be ascribed to the daily increasing evidence, resting on actual
observations in the field and garden, that the farm lands of
Massachusetts are quite frequently especially deficient in pot-
ash compounds, and consequently need in many instances a
more liberal supply of available potash from outside sources
to give satisfactory returns. Whenever the cultivation of
garden vegetables, fruits and forage crops constitutes the
principal products of the land, this recent change in the
mode of manuring deserves in particular a serious trial;
for the crops raised consume exceptionally large quantities
of potash, as compared with grain crops. In view of these
facts, it will be conceded that a system of manuring farm
and garden which tends to meet more satisfactory recognized
conditions of large areas of land, as well as the special wants
of important growing branches of agricultural industries, is
a movement in the right direction.

The present condition of the trade in commercial fertilizers
offers exceptional advantages to provide efficient manures for
the raising of farm and garden crops of every description
congenial to soil and climate. The various essential articles
of plant food, as potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen com-
pounds, are freely offered for sale in forms suitable to render
the different kinds of the home manurial refuse material of
the farm in a higher degree fit to meet the special wants
of the crops to be raised.

Mixed fertilizers, designed to supply the essential articles
of plant food with reference to the needs of special crops,

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 305

and containing them in every conceivable proportion, are
asking for the patronage of all parties interested in the
raising of plants.

A judicious management of the trade in commercial fertil-
izers implies a due recognition of well-established experi-
mental results regarding the requirements of a remunerative
production of farm and garden crops; yet, as the manu-
facturer at best can only prepare the composition of his
special fertilizers on general lines, not knowing the particular
condition and character of the soil which ultimately receives
them, it becomes of the utmost importance on the part of the
farmer to make himself acquainted with his special wants of
manurial substances, and to thus qualify himself for a more
judicious selection from the various fertilizers offered for his
patronage.

For the reason that the physical conditions and chemical
resources of soils on available plant food are frequently
differing widely even on the same farm, no definite rule can
be given for manuring farm lands, beyond the advice to
return to the soil those plant constituents which the crops
raised during preceding years have abstracted in an excep-_
tionally large proportion, and which at the same time will
be especially called for by the crops to be raised.

To select judiciously from among the agricultural chem-
icals and mixed fertilizers offered for sale for home use
requires, in the main, three kinds of information : —

First. — A. knowledge of the condition and the character
of the soil to be prepared for cultivation.

Second. — An acquaintance with the composition of the
crops, as far as the essential elements of plant food they
contain are concerned. |

Third. — A fair information regarding the general char-
acter, as well as the special composition, of the manurial
substances offered for sale are concerned.

To assist as far as practicable in obtaining the above-stated
desirable information, a compilation of the composition of
our most prominent farm and garden crops, as well as the
manurial substances and agricultural chemicals found in our
markets, has been published from time to time in our annual
reports, and will be found at the close of the present one.

306 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

List of Manufacturers and Dealers who have secured Certificates for
the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers in This State during the Past
Year (May 1, 1896, to May 1, 1897), and the Brands licensed
by Each.

The Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago, Ill. : —
Bone Meal.
Bone and Blood.
Ammoniated Bone and Potash.
All Soluble.
Bone, Blood and Potash.
Old Bog Cranberry Manure.

American Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Anti Acid Phosphate.
Alkaline Nitrate Phosphate for Hoed Crops.
Alkaline Nitrate Phosphate for Hay and Grain Crops.
Ward’s Inodorous Plant Food.
Muriate of Potash.

Wm. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. :—
Abbott’s Fertilizer.
Abbott’s Eagle Brand Fertilizer.

Bartlett & Holmes, Springfield, Mass. :—
Pure Ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer.

H. J. Baker and Brother, New York, N. Y.:—
Standard Un X Ld Fertilizer.
Complete Strawberry Manure.
Complete Onion Manure.

Complete Potato Manure.

Complete Corn Manure.

A. A Ammoniated Superphosphate.
‘Complete Tobacco Manure.

Grass and Lawn Dressing.
Vegetable, Vine and Potato Special.
Ground Bone.

C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. :—
Pure Ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer.

1897.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81. 307

The Berkshire Mills, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Complete Fertilizer.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. :—
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Bowker’s Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker’s Fish and Potash.
Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker’s Market-garden Manure.
Bowker’s Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Bowker’s Dry Ground Fish.
Bowker’s Fresh Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. :—=
Bradley’s X L Superphosphate.
Bradley’s Potato Manure.

Bradley’s B D Sea Fowl] Guano.
Bradley’s Complete Manures.
Bradley’s Fish and Potash.
Bradley’s High-grade Tobacco Manure.
English Lawn Fertilizer.

Farmers’ New Method Fertilizer.
Breck’s Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Sulphate of Potash.

Muriate of Potash.

Nitrate of Soda.

Sulphate of Ammonia.

Dissolved Bone-black.

Fine-ground Bone.

William E. Brightman, Tiverton, Rk. I.:—
Brightman’s Potato and Root Manure.
Brightman’s Phosphate.

Brightman’s Fish and Potash.

308 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

B. L. Bragg & Co., Springfield, Mass. : —
Hampden Lawn Dressing.

Butchers’ Rendering Association, Saugus, Mass. :—
Ground Bone.
Champion Garden Fertilizer.

Daniel T. Church, Providence, R. I. : —
Church’s B Special Fertilizer.
Church’s C Standard Fertilizer.
Church’s D Fish and Potash.

Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. :—
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Fertilizer, G G Brand.
Great Plant Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
King Philip Guano.
Potato Manure.
Fish and Potash. |
White Oak Pure Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

The Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Cleveland Superphosphate.
Cleveland Potato Phosphate.
Cleveland Fertilizer.

E. Frank Coe Company, New York, N. Y.:—

K. Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer.

EK. Frank Coe’s High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

KE. Frank Coe’s Special Fertilizer.

K. Frank Coe’s High-grade Ammoniated Bone Super-
phosphate.

EK. Frank Coe’s Fish Guano and Potash.

E. Frank Coe’s Bay State Ammoniated Bone Super-
phosphate.

Kk. Frank Coe’s Bay State High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y.:—
Crocker’s General Crop Phosphate.
Crocker’s New England Tobacco Grower.

13897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 3}. 309

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y.—
Concluded.

Muriate of Potash.
Coolidge Brothers’ Special Truck Fertilizer.
Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Crocker’s Special Potato Manure.
Crocker’s Pure Ground Bone.
Crocker’s Practical Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Crocker’s Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
Crocker’s Ground Bone Meal.
Crocker’s Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Boston, Mass.: —
Cumberland Superphosphate.
Cumberland Potato Fertilizer.
Cumberland Concentrated Phosphate.
Cumberland Fertilizer.

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I.: —
Animal Fertilizer.
Extra Bone Phosphate.
Potato and Root Fertilizer.
Lawn and Garden Fertilizer.
Tobacco Grower.
Pure Fine Bone.
Pure Dissolved Bone.
Sulphate of Potash.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. :—
-‘Superphosphate.
Pure Bone.
Bone Fertilizer.

' Fyfe, Fay & Plummer, Clinton, Mass. :—
Canada Wood Ashes.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. :—
Great Eastern General Fertilizer.
Northern Corn Special.
Soluble Bone and Potash.
Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Garden Special Fertilizer.

310 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. : —
Bone Meal.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. :—
Jefferds’ Fine Ground Bone.
Jefferds’ Potato Manure.

Jefferds’ Animal Fertilizer.

Thomas Kirley, South Hadley Falls, Mass.: —
Kirley’s Pride of the Valley.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
The Lawrence Fertilizer.

Lowell Fertilizer Company, Lowell, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.
Lowell Animal Fertilizer.
Lowell Potato Phosphate. _
Lowell Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.
Lowell Lawn Dressing.
Dissolved Bone and Potash.
Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables.

Lowe Brothers & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. :—
Tankage.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New
York, N. Y.:—
The Mapes Superphosphates.
The Mapes Bone Manures.
The Mapes Special Crop Manures.
Sulphate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.
Nitrate of Soda.
Economical Manure.
Lawn Top-dressing with Plaster.

E. McGarvey & Co., successors to Forest City Wood Ash
Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Unleached Wood Ashes.

McQuade Brothers, West Auburn, Mass. :—
Pure Ground Bone.

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. dll

Monroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y.:—
Unleached Wood Ashes.

National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. :—
Chittenden’s Complete Fertilizers.
Chittenden’s Ammoniated Bone.
Chittenden’s Market-garden Fertilizer.
Chittenden’s Fish and Potash.
Chittenden’s Ground Bone.
Chittenden’s Potato Phosphate.

Niagara Fertilizer Company, Buffalo, N. Y.:—
Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.
Niagara Triumph.
Niagara Grain and Grass Fertilizer.
Niagara Potato, Tobacco and Hop Fertilizer.

Packers’ Union Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y.:—
Animal Corn Fertilizer.
University Fertilizer.
Oats and Clover Fertilizer.
Potato Manure.
Gardeners’ Complete Manure.

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. :—
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Manure.
Nobsque Guano.
Special for Potatoes and Tobacco.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade General Fertilizer.

Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Special Strawberry Manure.
Star Brand Fertilizer.
Lawn Dressing.
Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.

E. W. Perkins & Co., Rutland, Vt. :—
Plantene.

312

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —
Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Nitrate. of Soda.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.

Preston Fertilizer Company, Green Point, L. I. :—
Pioneer Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. :—
Potato Manure.
Market-garden Manure.
Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Fish and Potash (Crossed Fishes).
Fish and Potash (Plain Brand).
Havana Tobacco Fertilizer.
Grass Fertilizer.
Corn Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Onion Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Tankage.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Phosphate.

Read Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y.:—
tead’s Standard.
High-grade Farmers’ Friend.
Fish and Potash.
Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.
Practical Potato Special Fertilizer.

[ Jan.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 313
N. Roy & Son, South Attleborough, Mass. :—
Complete Animal Fertilizer. 3

The Rogers & Hubbard Company, Middletown, Conn. : —
Pure Raw Knuckle Bone Flour.
Strictly Pure Fine Bone.
Soluble Potato Manure.
Soluble Tobacco Manure.
Fertilizer for Oats and Top-dressing.
Fairchild’s Formula for Corn and General Crops.
Grass and Grain Fertilizer.

Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. :—
XXX Fish and Potash.
High-grade Superphosphate.
Special Manure for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables.
Special Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass.
Odorless Lawn Dressing.
Dry Ground Fish.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. :—
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Blood, Meat and Bone.
Formula A.

M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Limited, Philadelphia, Penn. :—
Swift and Sure Phosphate.
Swift and Sure Bone Meal.

Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. :—
Fine-ground Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Standard Fertilizer.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Standard Guano.
Fine-ground Bone.
Complete Manure. —

Thomas L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. :—
Fine-ground Bone.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. :—
Ground Tobacco Stems.

314 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Henry F. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Imperial Bone Superphosphate.

Special Potato Fertilizer.

Walker, Stratman & Co., Pittsburg, Penn. :—
Potato Special.
Four Fold.
Smoky City.
Meadow King.

I. S. Whittemore, Wayland, Mass. :—
Whittemore’s Complete Manure.

The Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Conn. :—
Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.

High-grade Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish Guano.

Fish and Potash, 1896 Brand.
Low-grade Sulphate of Potash.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. :—
Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
High-grade Special.
Fine Wrapper Tobacco Fertilizer.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Corn Phosphate.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Grass Manure.
Fish and Potash.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Prolific Crop Producer.
Onion Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Tankage.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

1897.]} PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 315

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. :—
High-grade Fruit Fertilizer.
Grass and Oats Fertilizer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.
Potato Manure.
High-grade Corn Fertilizer.
Superior Truck Fertilizer.

2. New Laws For THE REGULATION OF THE TRADE IN
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN MASSACHUSETTS.

[Acts or 1896, CHAPTER 297.]
An ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
Be wt enacted, etc., as follows:

SecTION 1. . Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or fer-
tilizer material sold or offered or exposed for sale within this
Commonwealth shall be accompanied by a plainly printed state-
ment, clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of
fertilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade-mark under
which the fertilizer is sold, the name and address of the manu-
facturer or importer, the location of the factory, and a chemical
analysis stating the percentage of nitrogen, of potash soluble in
distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in available form soluble
in distilled water and reverted, as well as the total phosphoric
acid. In the case of those fertilizers which consist of other and
cheaper materials said label shall give a correct general statement.
_of the composition and ingredients of the fertilizer it accompanies.

Seot. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer is sold or offered or
exposed for sale the importer, manufacturer or party who causes
it to be sold or offered for sale within this Commonwealth shall
file with the director of the Hatch experiment station of the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural College a certified copy of the statement
named in section one of this act, and shall also deposit with said
director at his request, a sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not
less than one pound of the fertilizer, accompanied by an affidavit
that it is a fair average sample thereof.

Sect. 8. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
brand of commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material shall pay for
each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to the
director of the experiment station, an analysis fee of five dollars
for each of the three following fertilizing ingredients: namely,
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, contained or claimed to exist
in said brand of fertilizer: provided, that whenever the manufact-

316 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

urer or importer shall have paid the fee herein required for any
person acting as agent or seller for such manufacturer or importer,
such agent or seller shall not be required to pay the fee named
in this section; and on receipt of said analysis fees and state-
ment specified in section two the director of said station shall
issue certificates of compliance with this act. |

Sect. 4. No person shall sell or offer or expose for sale in
this Commonwealth any pulverized leather, hair or wocl waste,

raw, steamed, roasted or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an in-
- gredient of any fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed
certificate of the fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed
to every package of such fertilizer or manure, and to accompany
or go with every parcel or lot of the same.

Sect. 5. Any person selling or offering or exposing for sale
any commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the
first section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer
contains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constitu-
ents mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or re-
specting the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing
section have not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dol-
lars for the first offence and one hundred dollars for each subse-
quent offence.

Sect. 6. This act shall not affect parties manufacturing, 1m-
porting or purchasing fertilizers for their own use and not to sell
in this Commonwealth.

Sect. 7. The director of the experiment station shall pay the
analysis fees, as soon as received by him, into the treasury of the
station, and shall cause one analysis or more of each fertilizer or
fertilizer material to be made annually, and shall publish the re-
sults from time to time, with such additional information as the
circumstances render advisable, provided such information relates
only to the composition of the fertilizer or fertilizer material in-
spected. Said director is hereby authorized in person or by
deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for
analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or fertilizer material
which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer,
agent or dealer; but said sample shall be drawn in the presence
of said party or parties in interest, or their representative, and
taken from a parcel or a number of packages which shall be not
less than ten per cent. of the whole lot inspected, and shall be
thoroughly mixed and then divided into two equal samples and
placed in glass vessels, and carefully sealed and a label placed
on each, stating the name or brand of the fertilizer or material
sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the sample was

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 317

drawn, and the time and place of drawing; and said label shall
also be signed by the director or his deputy and by the party or
parties in interest, or their representatives present at the drawing
and sealing of said sample; one of said duplicate samples shall
be retained by the director and the other by the party whose stock
was sampled. All parties violating this act shall be prosecuted
by the director of said station.

Sect. 8. Chapter two hundred and ninety-six of the acts of
the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight is hereby repealed.

Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of Novem-
ber in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-six. [Approved
April 17, 1896. |

3. GENERAL WORK IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY.

Analyses of materials sent on for examination.

Notes on basic phosphatic slag (‘‘ slag meal’’) as a fertilizer.

Action of chloride of potassium (muriate of potash) and chloride
of sodium (common salt) on the lime resources of the soil.

Effect of chloride of potassium on sulphate of ammonium in
mixed fertilizers.

Analyses of Materials sent on for Examination.

The constantly increasing variety of waste products of
many branches of industry within our State and elsewhere,
which have proved of manurial value, has received for years
a serious attention. As a change in the current modes of
manufacture of the parent industry is at any time liable to
seriously affect the character and chemical composition of the
waste or by products, it becomes necessary to repeat from
time to time analyses of many of these products. These
analyses are made, as far as our resources allow, without any
charge for the work, on the condition that the results are
public property if deemed of interest for publication.

A brief enumeration of the more prominent substances sent
on for our investigation during the year 1896 may serve to
convey a correct idea concerning the extent and importance
of the labor involved. The whole number of substances an-
alyzed in this connection during the year 1896 to December
1 amounts to 175: wood ashes, 51; cotton-seed-hull ashes,
7; swill ashes from cremation furnace, 1; rock phosphate, 4 ;
acid phosphate, 4; phosphatic slag, 2; ground bones, tank-

318 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

age, dried fish and blood, 18; cotton-seed and linseed meal,
19; barn-yard manure, solid and liquid, 11; cotton waste
from factories, 6; potash salts of various descriptions, 18;
dry Bordeaux mixtures, 10; Paris green, 8; miscellaneous
analyses, 10; and compound fertilizers, 21.

The responsibility of the genuineness of all samples sent
on for examination rests with the parties asking for analyses ;
the name of the localities they come from appears only in our
published records of the work to prevent misunderstandings.
The samples of fertilizers collected by responsible parties
under the direction of the officer of this department alone
are entered on our list of official analyses.

Notes on Basie Phosphatic Slag (‘* Slag Meal”) as a
Fertilizer.

This article appeared for the first time in our markets in
1886 under the name of phosphatic meal made of the Peine-
Thomas Scoria, a by-product of a new process introduced
into the manufacture of iron and steel from phosphorus con-
taining iron ores.

The first sample received by me at Amherst was marked
‘«¢R. Weichsel & Co., Magdeburg, Germany; phosphate
meal made of the Peine-Thomas Scoria, guaranteed by Dr.
Ulex of Hamburg, Germany, to contain 21.41 per cent. of
phosphoric acid, corresponding to 46.74 per cent. of bone
phosphate; Paul Weidinger & Co., New York, acting as
agents.”

The first lot sent on for field experiments consisted of 500
pounds of ground slag meal, also a mixture of 500 pounds of
slag meal with 500 pounds of kainite; to the latter had been
added some dry ground peat, to prevent caking. Pure slag
meal, it is claimed, never hardens after being ground.

As the process of dephosphorizing the iron requires that
the slag should be alkaline from the beginning, an excess of
lime enters into the composition of the slag. ‘To the pres-
ence of a certain amount of burned lime the phosphate meal
owes, evidently, some of its good effects as a phosphoric acid
source for plant food; incorporated in the soil, it absorbs
moisture, and, like burned lime, it breaks up into an impal-

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 319

pable powder, which cannot fail to increase the availability
of its phosphoric acid in a marked degree, as compared with
other non-acidulated ground phosphates.

Not less beneficial must be considered in many instances
the alkaline reaction of the genuine material, for it secures
favorable conditions not only for a rapid decomposition
(‘* nitrification”) of the organic matter of the soil, but also
for the disintegration of valuable mineral constituents of the
soil, rendering in both directions inherent plant food more
available. Much attention has been paid in Germany and
England to experiments with slag meal as a phosphoric acid
source of plant food, and many satisfactory results are re-
ported. Our own observations are, to say the least, very
encouraging, as may be seen from several annual reports
since 1887.

Mixtures of phosphatic slag with nitrate of soda and the
higher grades of potash salts have given in many instances
much satisfaction. To secure the full benefit of the action —
of slag meal, it is desirable to scatter it broadcast late in the
fall or early in the spring, and to plough it under at once
from three to four inches; nitrate of soda and potash salts
may be harrowed in later on, previous to seeding down.

The high price (from $20 to $25 per ton) of late charged
for phosphatic slag meal of a varying composition and gen-
eral character has discouraged its trial, as compared with the
ground phosphate of South Carolina and Florida. As the
high price has greatly interfered with a more general trial of
slag meal, it is of interest to learn that arrangements are
announced which will result in introducing large supplies of
it at a much lower cost than before. A German syndicate,
claiming to own the right of patent regarding the sale of
Thomas slag in Europe and the United States, has estab-
lished an office in Philadelphia, Penn., address Charles A.
Voight, P. O. box 2133, Station A. In a recent communi-
eation from him it is stated the article will be offered for sale
at from $8 to $9 per ton to farmers in the eastern States.
The material consists of a dark, fine powder; it is sent out
in 200 pound bags, with a guarantee of 18 per cent. of phos-
phoric acid. The station has secured a quantity for trial
during the coming season.

320 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Analysis of Phosphatic Slag Meal.

[I. Analyses of above-stated sample, 1896; II. Average of four analyses of earlier

dates. |
PER CENT.
I Il.
Moisture, oe 3 or et Mat lata nea as 1.45 1.45
Total phosphoric acid, : : . ° : 17.88 23.49
Calcium oxide (lime),. ; : . ° : 43.74 48.66
Magnesium oxide, ; pa tilke ° . _* 3.42
Ferric and aluminic oxides, . ‘ i ; 25.25 10.12
Insoluble matter, . ‘ : ‘ ; ‘ : 5:93 9.40:

* Not determined.»

Action of Chloride of Potassium (Muriate of Potash) and
Chloride of Sodium (Common Salt) on the Lime fe-
sources of the Soil.

In a previous bulletin, No. 38, issued March, 1896, by
the Hatch Experiment Station, I called attention to an ob-
servation in connection with some field experiments, which
showed that in several instances where, under otherwise
corresponding circumstances, for several years muriate of
potash had been liberally used as a potash source for a vari-
ety of crops, instead of sulphate of potash, an unhealthy
appearance and lower yield of crop became from year to
year more apparent. To correct this feature, from 350 to
400 pounds per acre of dry slacked lime were scattered
broadcast over the surface of the soil, and ploughed under
before manuring and seeding down the crop. The addition
of lime gave excellent satisfaction, for the new crop looked
healthy and vigorous, and the yield of the crop increased
again fully to the average amount of the field. An examina-
tion of the drainage waters confirmed the view taken in the
treatment of the field; the chlorides of calcium and mag-
nesium were noticed to form prominent constituents of the

1897. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —WNo. 31. 321

solid residue left after its evaporation. The amount of lime
noticed in the drainage waters where muriate of potash had
been added as a potash source was in every instance larger
than where corresponding amounts of high-grade sulphate
of potash were applied.

In publishing the results of our observations the following
conclusions were offered for the consideration of farmers : —

(a) The claim of both muriate and sulphate of potash,
being economical and efficient forms to supply potash for
growing crops, is so well established that no further endorse-
ment vs called for in this connection. Hach form has its
special merits with reference to Danica fitness in case of
different crops.

(6) The liberal use of murrate of potash as a fertilizer
constituent renders, in cases where the lime resources of the
soil under cultivation are limited, a perrodical direct applica-
tion of lime compounds as a manurial matter advisable.

(c) Muriate of potash rs a safer source for manurial pur-
poses upon a deep soil with a free subsoil than upon a shallow
sou with a compact clayish subsoil, on account of a possible
accumulation of the highly objectionable chlorides of calcium
and magnesium (lime and magnesia) near the roots of the
plants; both are known to prevent a healthy development of
the root system.

Repeated observations in the field and in the laboratory
tend to confirm the above-stated conclusions; chloride of so-
dium (common salt) behaves in the same way as the chloride
of potassium, —a fact which is readily proved by adding to
any kind of a soil which is free from the chlorides of cal-
cium some ground chalk and common salt, and after a week
or so collecting and analyzing the percolating water; the
presence of carbonic acid favors greatly the reaction; no
good agricultural soil is free from carbonic acid or bicarbon-
ates of lime and magnesium.

322 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Effect of Chloride of Potassium (Muriate of Potash) on
Sulphate of Ammonium in Mixed Fertilizers.

In studying the influence of the following mixtures of” fer-
tilizing materials, 2. e., —

PLATS. | Annual Supply of Manurial Substances. Pounds.

Sulphate of ammonia, : > - - u : 38
Plat 1, 3 Muriate of potash, : i - a ° - ; 30
Dissolved bone-black,. 2 . . : a : 40
Nitrate of soda, . : 2 = a ‘ a : AT
Plat 2, - . . Muriate of potash, 4 ‘ p i 2 ‘ 2 30
Dissolved bone-black, . 5 . . ~ : : 40
Dried blood, ° : ° " : $ s 75
Plat 3, ° 3 Muriate of potash, . . . * : ° : 30
Dissolved bone-black,. ° . ° ° ‘ ; 40
Sulphate of ammonia, . . ° : - : : 38
Plat 4, ey ee aT oe ; Sulphate of potash, . etingee ae my Bs . 30
Dissolved bone-black, . ‘ ° 5 A A Q 40
Nitrate of soda, . ‘ ‘ ° ° . ¥ AT
Plat 5, “ ; Sulphate of potash, . 9 ~ ° “ ‘ ° 30
Dissolved bone-black, . E F ° ‘ A : 40
Dried blood, e ° : - “ + : 75
Plat 6, F Sulphate of potash, . ° ° ° ° . : 30
Dissolved bone-black, . “ : ‘ : 7 4 40

on the yield and character of a variety of garden crops, it was
noticed, with but one or two exceptions, that the fertilizers on
Plat 1, consisting of dissolved bone-black, sulphate of ammo-
nium and muriate of potash, produced the lowest yield of crop
on trial; while the fertilizers on Plat 4, composed of cor-
responding quantities of dissolved bone-black, sulphate of
ammonium and high-grade sulphate of potash, yielded, as a
rule, a fair average crop. (For details, see preceding annual
reports since 1892. )

As the season, character of the soil and mode of cultiva-
tion were practically the same in all cases, 1t seemed but nat-
ural to conclude that the fertilizers applied to Plat 1 suffered
an unfavorable change when incorporated in the soil. An
actual trial proved that a dry mixture of muriate of potash
and sulphate of ammonium dissolved in water changes into
sulphate of potash and chloride of ammonium (sal ammo-
niac); this form of nitrogen is known to act unfavorably on
growing plants.

Most of our agricultural chemicals are liable to suffer
chemical changes when used in mixed fertilizers; these
changes are frequently not less depending on a mutual reac-

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 323

tion upon each other than'on the general character and the
particular chemical composition of the soil which receives
them. The results of the chemical reactions between the
saline constituents of the fertilizers and of the soil are as apt
to benefit the crop as to injure it; the above-described ob-
servation furnishes an illustration of an injurious influence.
Sulphate of ammonium is evidently a safer source of nitrogen
for plant growth when used in connection with sulphate of
potash than when used with muriate of potash (chloride of
potassium). |

4. COMPILATION OF ANALYSES OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMI-
CALS, MANuRIAL SuBSTANCES, FRuITS, GARDEN

CROPS AND INSECTICIDES.

Prepared by H. D. Haskins, Assistant Chemist,
Hatch Experiment Station.

1868 to 1897,

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1896,
contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those years, and in the bulletins of the department of chemistry of the
Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College since March,
1895. .

As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated in this

compilation.
C. A. GOESSMANN.

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unl, ad spunog 02 paynjnozno ‘sashijnupy fo uoynpndwop buapeooig ay) uw. punof spuampatbuy yuasagign fo *sjuaQ Lag ebpseayr

a —

335

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

1897.1]

*poululiajap JON x

ss 6 °8 s = gi 94 : : = : : : : * ‘‘gaqse [voo snoulmniytg
= "ZS "9 ~ = * 062 ne ‘soqse U[Ty-OUllT
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= ee ss es ne ‘OFF . . . . ° . . : . - ‘omy osnoy-sey
se x « ‘2 *. “OT : . com Fe . ° ° ‘ . ; ‘Quily 018t AL

2m et es = x Meas . ° e e e e e . e . *(quanq) awry

= - = = - "COZ : : : ° ‘(uinsdAS yI0X MON) Joysv[d vsupuoug

z = - - - “6LT mh a Se ee eee ‘(cunsd £8) 10jse[d etjoog VAON

= = = at as “ee . e e e . © « . e . . ‘asd An

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= = “OST = “O12 LSPS eh oe te : * + ‘g¥I0OM en[qd WoIy sousy

“TSP = 5 = "86 “LE *ZL9 ce *$8S *6L = = "16 Y sf 2 . ° : *[[IAS JO UOTVUIIIO WOIJ SOYSV

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

836

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2 “ “ = = = “090° | “= -
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pee P Pe 8s | ee | 8 ae
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661
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= “996
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‘papnlou0g — ‘2a ‘saysp ‘szppg faenfegy ‘sppopweay) *7

*ponulyu0g — spunog 000s £0
uo, wad spunog 02 paznjnojno ‘sashynup fo uoynndwo) burpaoaig ay? us punof syuapaibuy quasasrg fo squad aq ebn.any

37

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‘s]voTE BUllOIBD WQNOS

* = ‘ayeqdsoyd yoor vuljorey qynog

“92 sa Re a eS as a = *F9Z ae “$9 *970'T "egc . « « & © . . . . ‘gsnjol osvois ‘dvog

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338

339

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. — [Jan.

340

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‘popnypau0g — spunod 000'% £0
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341

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342 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

5. COMPILATION OF ANALYSES OF FRUITS, GARDEN CROPS
AND INSECTICIDES.

COMPILED BY H. D. HASKINS.

1.— Analyses of fruits.

2. — Analyses of garden crops.

3. — Relative proportions of phosphoric acid, Pee oxide
and nitrogen in fruits and garden crops.

4, — Analyses of insecticides.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of twenty
prominent garden crops shows the following average relative pro-
portion of the three essential ingredients of plant food : —

Parts.
Nitrogen, : | 2.2
Potassium oxide, . hay ; ; i aoe : ) 20
Phosphoric acid, 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain, on
the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential con-
stituents of plant food : —

Pounds.
Nitrogen, ; ° , ; ° : ieee
Potassium oxide, . : : ; : , , ; We ee
Phosphoric acid, 1,8

The weight and particular stage of growth of the vegetables
when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding conditions,
the actual consumption of each of these articles of plant food.
Our information regarding these points is still too fragmentary to
enable a more detailed statement here beyond relative proportions.
It must suffice for the present to call attention to the fact that a
liberal manuring within reasonable limit pays, as a rule, better
than a scanty one. — (C. A. GOESSMANN.)

t
}
i
:

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No, 31. 343

I. Analyses of Fruits.

Fertilizing Constituents of Fruits.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

|
|

_ ~Saxifragacee ; —

*Currants, white,

*Currants, red, 871] - 4.1] 1,9 we 8

oo
co
i
i

Gooseberries, . °

Vitacee: —

830} 1.7] 8-8 | 5.0 oh | 1.0") fee oe ot

q o\¢q 5 2
e ° ~ oO .
2] 4 S| at Peles , eel. e
5 | bp ao|/kl/aclsalagi/sd| 2
4 ro) 1 orn 36 or qo aes el ers MM
S| 8.1 @ [S$O/B | sO aeO|/2diad| =
a| 4| 4 |& |a |O |A |& |m oO
Ericacee : —
*Cranberries, . ; : 996 | - 1.8 9 I 3 1 3| - ~
*Cranberries, . 894 | ,§ > oo 2 1 ae ee ~
Rosacee : —

Apples, 2 . 3 ; 831 Sy yh ancl 8 6 Pa | 2 3 ye
*Apples, . : * : 799} 1,8 | 4.1] 1,9 3 <3 3 7 - +
*Peaches, 884 | - 3.4/9.5] - ok 2 5b| - -

Pears, a 5 831 6 3-3 | 1.8 3 oO «2 45 2 -

Strawberries, . ‘ : 902} - Seo HT i 9 5b] = 5 x 1
*Strawberries, . : és - - 5.2 | 2.6 2 at 4/1.0] - -
*Strawberry vines, - - | 83.4] 9,5 | 4.5 112.2 | 1.8) 4.9) - -

Cherries, . : 825 | - 3.9 | 2,0 1 a ye 6 2 2

Plums, ‘ s 838 | - 2.9) V7}. - io Dh 4 1}; -

Grapes, . ’ ‘

on
for)
—_
tS

Grape seed, ‘i ; e CLIO ATS 22.7: G8 5 7.0 8 -l

o44 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. | Jan.

2. Analyses of Garden Crops.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

: ee
2 g e ak =o [ha 2S aS 6
S| ela ie le lo i i wee
Chenopodiacee : —
Mangolds, . . : 3 - | 880 | 1.8) 9-1 | 4.8 | 1.5 33]. 24 8] <3 9
*Mangolds, 6). ho RRB eS VIR2 Bees a ee ee -
Mangold leaves, . - . | 905 | 8,0) 14.6 | 4.5 | 2.8 | 1.6] 1.41) 1,0 8 | 2.5
Sugar beets, =... Vos he 1803-406 1. al 4 BiB Yee eee
*Suger beet, jc. | jen oo. 860 '19.9 } 10s he eB ede toe en
Sugar-beet tops, P : ~ | 8400] O20 F 2.642 8. |.2.8 oD [ded be 2 3
Sugar-beet leaves, . ‘ 0 BOT) BS Ot 15580 2.04 rae ed ef sul as
Sugar-beet seed, ° M | 2469 f=) f 4623011 21.) 4.2 110624. 1.85) 78 eee
*Red beets, . ; ‘ ‘ oY STK) BO 4(11638 A AN: 98 8 pee -
Spinach, . s : : - | 903.) 2.4 | 16.0.).9,70) 5.7 |. 2.9 ))1.0 + tba hea cea
*§pinach,, & «0 fs), 4) es) OR] 4 OFB O16 1.9.1 | © <6 1 Ace eee
Composite ; —

Lettuce,common, . : - | 940] - Br) Bitaase 45) 2 = | 3 4
Head lettuce, . . 4 - | 948 | 2,2 | 10.8 | 3,9 $88 64 E09 4 8
*Head lettuce, . ; . of 9701 2 - 2.3 2 oo ev 3] - ~
Roman lettuce, . Z ; -.| 925/2,.0| 9.8) 2.5. | 3.5] 1.2 4/1.1 4 4
Artichoke, . ; J ; ot) (Bit ~ 10.1 | 2,4 Pre A 4 | 3,9 5 2
*Artichoke, Jerusalem, . - | 775 | 4,6 - |4,.8/ - - = tet l= -

Convolvulacee : —

Sweet potato, . ; : - | 768 | 92,4 | 7.4) 3.7 5 46 3 8 4 9

Cruciferae : —
Whiteturnips,. . . .{|920/1,8] 6.41 2,9 es Gs eee HE eit oe Bas
*White turnips, . 4 . | 8951 1,8 | 10.1 | 3,9 8 9 017,011.07) =
White turnip leaves, % - | 898 | 3,0 | 11.9 | 2,8} 1.1 | 3.9 5 9 | 1.1 }.1.2
*Ruta-bagas, ° . ° - | 891 | 1.9 | 10.6 | 4,9 of 9 o1e8 1! -
Bavoy cabbage, . : ° - | 871 | §.3 | 14.0 | 3,9 | 1.4 | 3.0 ob) O44 1/258 1 Bak
White cabbage, ; : - | 900/ 3,0} 9.6] 4,3 81/1.2| 4/1,1|/ 18] .d
*White cabbage, > " - | 984 | 2,3 - 3,4 3 2 my! 2i- -
Cabbage leaves, - R - | 890 | 2,4 15.6] 5,8 | 1.5 | 2.8 611.4 | 2.411.38

Cauliflower, . - - | 904 | 4,0 8.0 | 3,6 5 5 081 1,8 4 180 03
Horse-radish, . ° ° - | 767 | 4,3 | 19.7 | 7,7 sh: 1 250 -4/12,0 | 4.9 3

1897. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 345

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Continued.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

;
|

° g o|8 = - ° ;
~| § BoletiPolgols.|=:)]) 8
ae ac/EX|csloplas|S3| =
a © a7|2O;enl|anl|aol|as =a
ot im a tov) _ op fo) a. &
61S) oe PSO) taotreo) 2s ears a
| VA “1G gm |O ja |e te Oo
2 4.5 3 5

ye 1.1 6

Cucurbitacee : —
Cucumbers, 4 ; : » 1956 | 1.8) 75.8) Sai
Pumpkins, . . ‘ @ 1 90CT Ae t Pee 9| 9

Graminee : —

Corn, whole plant, green, . | 829 | 1,91:10.4 > 3.7) 1 vb- ey Bee eee 5
*Corn, whole plant, green, ae ie ae ee m4 $8: 6Bul ee ee aaa oe ~

Corn kernels, . ; ; « | 144!) 16,0) 12:4); 9271" oll De OS ae 1 2
*Corn kernels, . : : oF LOO. IG SON OT OS .3/2.1/7.0| - a
*Corn, whole ears, . : -| 90 | 14,1 ab TIA Te ae 21-8 (QF 1 = -
*Corn stover, . ‘ é > | 282 7-41,21 37.4: 118.2) 7.9") bs2) 2,630 -

Leguminose : —

Hay of peas, cut green, . . | 167 | 22,9] 62.4 |93,2| 2.3 | 15.6] 6.3 | 6,8 | 5-1 | 2.0
*Cow-pea (Dolichos), green, «| 788 | 2,9 ~ 3.1 6 |. 3:0) 1.0.4. 1.6 be -
*Small pea (Lathyrus sylves- | 90 | 38.5 = 195.7) 4.7 |1t.8 | 5.0 ahr = -

tris), dry.

Peas (seed), 2% ° - | 143 | 35,8) 23-4 |10.1| .2 | 1-1) 1.9 | 8.4 8 i

Pea straw, . 4 ‘ ‘ - |:160 | 10.4] 43-1 | 9,9| 1.8 | 15.9] 3.5 | 3,5 | 2.7 | 2.3

Garden beans (seed), : «1 150)) 9601 274° 12.1 A} Leb hel See ae 3

Bean straw, - 5 : - | 166] - | 40.2 | 12,.8| 3.2 1459 Oe Ee iy See

Liliacee : —
Asparagus, 3 ' - ol Goa 1s 8 BO) Cae ae

Cruciferce — Concluded Bae a ee
ee sk re | 8B.) WG Ae A De ee
Kohlrabi, . ° ° ; - | 850 | 4,8) 12.3 | 4,3 8 4
Onions, . ; E «| 860) 9.7| 74) 25] -2

*Onions, . . . . - | 892] - 4.9: Et oe CP vidi ee te -
Solanacee : — |
8) ie | 7601 9.4) Oe] BO SB! a 8S FE oO ae
*Potatoes, . s P . ae b TOS SS AT GS FSB ink ah Beiee ake =
Potato tops, nearly ripe, . . | 770 | 4,9| 19.7 | 4,3] .4| 6.4] 8.3 | 1,6 | 1-3) 1.1
Potato tops, unripe, . . - | 826 | 6.8) 10.6 | 4.4). .8) 5.1) 2.41) 1,2) 08 9
*Tomatoes, .« : ; : ‘(O48 te - 3.6] - a ee a ee eer -
Tobacco leaves, : ? . | 180 | 34,8 |140.7 |40,7| 4.5 | 50.7 |10.4 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 9.4
Tobacco staiks, . . . | 180 194.6] 64.7 |28,2| 6.6 |12.4| .5| 9,2 | 2.2 | 2.4
*Tobacco stems,. : % . | 106 | 22,9 |140.7 |64,6| 3.4 | 38.9]12.3 | 6.0} - -

pS

Se OO NTNTNEETESe—-—-—-—-—-—-0.-.—-.-->.0.0.0.0.0000-NwNN"T7T7E-™NT7NzN]-2>—>@—-—=—————————06—6————69$—$@s8$9m99mo ee

346 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Concluded.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

BN Ti 3 g =
S| ¢ esl eelesleels.i2.| 3
5 op Bwol|sklagiZqglacgilsa] 8
e| 2] ¢ [Se /S9lSul sulias|as| &
= So) a Ss ms wa | Oo a =
° = @ 2) ns sO} sO ga 7s ir)
Al WS Se ee le lO ee ee ee 6)
Umbellifere : —
Carrots, )000 0s O.0 de, 925] 8507 OT. B24 Bey ae ys So Ph oe ee
*Carrots, . 4 : , - | 3981 1/64 9.27 5.11 -36 Ay Pi Wee Ae ey ~
Carrot tops, : . : - | 822 | 5,1] 28.9 | 2,9) 4.7] 7.9} .8 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 2.4
Carrot tops, dry, a f 98 | 31.3 |125.2 | 48,8 |40.3 | 20.9] 6.7 | 6,1 - -
Parsnips, . “ < oi %OS | 8,4]. 10:0 ioc se aeons) ene 5 4
*Parsnips, . 3 “ 5 - | 803 | 2,2 - Bo). 00) 6D) TB ~-
Celery, : ‘ “ . » | S4L 24) 17.6" 8) = 2.8] 1.0 9.2} 1.0 1.2.8

Most of the foregoing analyses were compiled from the tables of E.
Wolff. Those marked * are from analyses made at the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

3. Lelative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium
Oxide and Nitrogen in Fruits.

ee

Phosphori Potassi ;
cris | Flaca | agope.
Ericacee : — |
*Cranberries, ; : ; 1 5,0 -
*Cranberries, 1 3.4 2.6:
Rosacee :—
Apples, ; ‘ , 1 oot 2.0
* Apples, ; R i 1.9 1,8
*Peaches, 1 1.3 -
Pears, . ; ; ; : 1 a ee 1.2
Strawberries, 1 1.4 -
*Straw berries, 1 2.6 -
*Strawberry vines, 1 od -
Cherries, - 1 3.3 =
Plums, . 1 4.3 -
Sazifragacee :—
*Currants, white, . 1 2.8 ~
*Currants, red, 1 2:1 -
Gooseberries, 1 1.9 -
Vitacew :—
Grapes, 1 3.6 1.2
Grape seed, . 1 1.0 2.¢

a

£697 . | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. _ 347

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops.

soars irish Niteowen.’
Chenopodiacec : —
Mangolds, : ; ; . 1 6.0 2.5
*Mangolds, : 1 4.2 2.1
Mangold leaves, . ; : ; 1 4.5 3.0
Sugar beets, ; ee 1 4.2 1.8
*Sugar beets, i : : , 1 4.8 9.2
Sugar-beet tops, . ' ; 1 2.3 1.7
Sugar-beet leaves, : 1 5.7 4.3
Sugar-beet seed, . : : : 1 Tah -
*Red beets, . a : : : 4.1 3.0
Spinach, . : : é : 1 Lt 3.1
*Spinach, ‘ ; ; ; 1 19.2 6.8
Composite : —
Lettuce, it Sa -
*Lettuce, ft: 7.6 4.0
Head lettuce, 1 ano 2. ¢
Roman lettuce, : . ‘ 1 ooo 1.8
* Jerusalem artichoke, . ‘ ; t 268 2.7
Convolvulacee : -—
Sweet potato, : : ‘ 1 4.6 3.0
Cruciferee : —
White turnips, | 1 3.6 2.3
*White turnips, 1 3.9 1.8
White turnip leaves, 1 Sil 3.3
*Ruta-bagas, . 1 4.1 2<6
Savoy cabbage, 1 1.9 2.5
White cabbage, 1 4.1 ee
*White cabbage, . , ° ‘ 1 11.0 7.6
Cauliflower, . j , \ . 1 2.3 3.6
Horse-radish, : : ; : 1 3.9 yr
Radishes, . : ; H ° 1 §.2 3.8
Kohlrabi, . : ; 3 ‘ 1 1.6 1.8
Cucurbitacece : —
Cucumbers, . : : : °| 1 2.0 ep
Pumpkins, 1 6 7
Graminew :— °
Corn, whole plant, green, 1 Bag: 1.9
*Corn, whole plant, green, 1 2.2 2.8
Corn kernels, ; 1 .6 2.8
*Corn kernels, 1 6 2.6
*Corn, whole ears, 1 8 2 Oo
*Corn stover, . : : ; ca 1 4.4 ey

eee
I A A ELI Pe OEE HS:

348 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops — Concluded.

Phosphoric Potassium
Acid. Oxide. Nitrogen:
Leguminose : —

Hay of peas, cut green, 1 3.4 3.4
*Cow-pea (Dolichos), 1 pe 269
*Small pea (Lathyrus s2 ydvestris), i 3.4 4.2

Peas (seed),. : i 1,2 4.3

Pea straw, . ; 1 a 4.0

Garden beans (seed), 1 1.2 4.0

Bean straw, . 1 Dad -

Liliacee : —~

Asparagus, . : : ° 1 1.3 3.6

Onions, . : ; ; ; : 1 1.9 Bok
*Onions,. : J : 4 : 1 2.6 ~ |

Solanacece : — |

Potatoes, dé 3.6 yep :
*Potatoes, 1 4.1 3.0

Potato tops, nearly ripe, 1 4 | Nee

Potato tops, unripe, 1 3.7 5.3
*'Tomatoes, : 1 8.7 4.5

Tobacco leaves, i G.2 5.3

Tobacco stalks, f Dee ee

Tobacco stems, 1 10.7 360

Umbellifere : —

Carrots, 1 eae Bs)
*Carrots, 1 BUT Lz

Carrot tops, . 1 2.9 5.1
*Carrot tops, dry, . 1 8.0 6.1

Parsnips, ; 1 3.8 2.8
*Parsnips, 1 3.3 a

Celery, . 1 3.5 Be

349

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.

1897.]

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Agriculturist, report of,

ANALYSES (TABLES) :
Agricultural chemicals, . : : ,
Animal excrements,
Cattle feeds, . : ‘ ;
Fertilizing ingredients in fodderat ‘
Fruits, . ¢ ° : ;
Garden crops, . ‘ = :
Insecticides, . : ‘
Manurial substances, .

Ankee grass, . : °
Asparagus rust, .
Aster, stem rot of, ;

Beans, effects of fertilizers on,
Horse, . : Z
Soy, . : :
Begonia, leaf spot of, ‘ ° ; ‘ : ; : :
Blackberry, late rust of, ‘
Bordeaux mixture (dry), . : f : : : °
Botanists, report of, . : 2 ; ‘ ; ‘ P °
Bug death, . ; : : ; : :
Bulletins (number and patent): 1887-97, : ; ; -
Cabbages, . . ° : : :
Soil tests with, - :
Carbohydrates of plants and need,
Chemist, report of (fertilizers), . : ‘ ° ° °
Chemist, report of (foods), . P : ‘
Chrysanthemum rust, . : : : ° . :
Clovers, . ° : , ° : . ‘ - ; :
Alsike, . : ; : ; : - : : 2
Common red, . : - - ‘ : ° ‘ ; .

Crimson, ° ; ° ° : ° ° ‘ae ‘

Mammoth, . : : , - ° : -

Mixed forage crops v. clover, ° : , ° °

Sulphate v. muriate of potash for, - , ° ° :

Sweet, . é ; . . : ° ° : te
Orns) : ‘ . F 7 ; :

Green manuring in eaten of, ‘ ; ‘ ° .

Hill v. drill culture, : ; ° . 5 ;

Manure v. manure and potash as fivtiteas: : . ° °

Soil tests with, : : ° : p ° ° °

Special fertilizer v. fertilizer ities in potash, . ; °
Sweet, effects of fertilizers on, ° : ° ° : :
Cucumber, leaf blight of, . . . ° . . ° °

PAGE

«) 7108

326
333
5 + 988
251
fe
. 844
349
. 829
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172
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299
112, 138
109, 115
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157
143
104
109
113
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271
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176
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111, 129
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110, 111,121, 128

110, 121, 136

111, 129
- 284
131

. 109
110, 120
110, 119
116
113
117
300
omnes)

354 | INDEX.

Cystisus proliferus albus, . . ; . ° . ° ° °
Date, leaf spotaf,. © sy, he CRS Re
DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS:
With ruminants, . 3 : ; ; , :
With sheep, . ease : boa AE Ege Vag’. aha bien git od ae
With swine, . ° : . Si. re : : |
Entomologist, report of, : : ; ° ° . ° : . : - 185
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS: |
Cows (effect of narrow and wide rations), . ° . ‘
Pigs (rice meal v. corn meal), ‘ A : . : a P , «- 225
Pigs (oat feed v. corn meal),. : : ° P ; ; :
Sheep, . ; ° ° : : , . : ° . ‘ . « 235

Swine, . ; ; ; é : Binh in : : ; A : ont Se
FERTILIZERS :

Influence of, in garden crops, : : : ; ; ; ‘ 3 aS

New laws regulating trade in, : ; ‘ : : et) ee

Official inspection of, . : ; A : : ° ° : é - 302
FIELD EXPERIMENTS: | |
Effect of leguminous crops, . ‘ : as ‘ : : ; » (272
Influence of fertilizers on garden crops, é ae ae
Mixed annual forage crops v. clovers, . ‘ : . : :
Natural phosphates v. superphosphates, : : ‘ : 3 : 2 ape
Nitragin, ‘ ° . : . Phar ; :
Observations with iaeuniaans crops, . a ° : : . : ~ ope

Florida beggar weed, . ; ° : : : 4 eee |

FopDER CRoPs: .
Ankee grass, . : : ° ° . . ‘ ° ° ‘ of St
Cystisus proliferus alyae: are , . ; “ A : : Saray eo
Field peas, . ° ° : . ° ° ° , , ‘ : ods
Flat pea,. : > : ° ° ‘ : ; ; 112, 186

Florida beggar wed : , ° . . ° : : d :
Horse bean, . ; ; ‘. . . , . . . : . PETZ, tas
Iris pabularia, ‘ : ° : ° ° . ; : : ‘
Oats, : ; : ; 6 ; ; : ° : 5 ; ; ra
Saccaline, : . , . . : . ; ° : ° of WL
Sorghum, : ; f , . ° F 5 P . : ot SB er

Spurry, . ° x ° ° ° . ° . ' ; 141
Forage crops, mixed, v. iene : : ° ° ° . : ; ‘ ie 26
Fungiroid, . ° ° ; , ° » . . ° 5 » 112,148
Galactan, distribution of, ; ; . . . ° ; ; , : « 192
Grasses, ° : ‘ . : 4 . ‘ ; . » 135

GREEN Siieicaece a IN Cons Ounaiese
Crimson clover, . ° ; . > : ° P ‘ ; ov) SRO, TO
Sweet clover, . ‘es ghy fake ti 6, Ase at a et aa aa - 110, 120
White mustard, . ; > ; » ° ° ; ; ' gD. FG
Hay caps, . ° ; ; , , ° ° ° : ° e a TYE tag

Horse bean, . ° ° , ‘ ° ° aE ° : o MEDD LSS
Horticulturist, report of, : ; ° ‘ ° ° ‘ ° ‘ : ee |
India rubber plant, leaf spot on, . , ° e : ; . ° ; on BE
Iris pabularia, ° ; ; ; ° : ‘ ; ; ; ‘ ° eo T41

Leaf spot (decorative plants), . , ‘ : : ; ‘ ° ; 162
LEGUMINOUS CRoPs:
Effect of,. ; ; , > F . : 4 ; ; ; : i Bre
Observations with, . ‘ > : . ° ; ° ° ‘ - + ae
LETTUCE:
Drop of, . . . : . . . . . : . . : Pee Wh |
Top-burn of, . ° ol) ° . ee 6 ° . . ‘ © 182

INDEX. | 355

PAGE

Manure v. manure and potash forcorn, . ° ° ° ) ° ° ° e 116

Maple leaves, wilt of, . ; ‘ e ‘ ° ° ° ° ° ° - 181
Meteorologist, report of, ; . 5 s . ° . ° ° ° - 1650
Millets, . : : : i : ° ° ° “ ° . ° ° Pee & |

For fodder, . : : ‘ ‘ . ° ° ° ° ° ° eB

For seed, : ; ° 4 Ae x ° ‘ ° ° ° ‘ sae

Under false names, : : é ° ° ° ° ° ° . - 142

TELL ONENESS, soe? cd igs eX: elt ee Otel a Aa ee
Nitragin, ‘ ; ° : , ° ° ° . ° : . . Phe eis
OaTs:

Oats and vetch, . : ‘ ; : ; . e ‘ . . « 285

Varieties of, . : é ‘ ‘ : ‘ . : ; ° et hee
Onions, effects of fertilizers on, . : 4 ° F . ° ° ° ay) gee
Organization of station, ; ° ‘ . : ; . ° ° ° é> Ot
PeA: |

Field pea, : ° F : . ° ° ° ° ° ° ‘ - 138

Flat pea, . . ° : . . ° els - 112, 186

Pentosans, Se ierogincin rethiod of evita . ° ° ° . : a (LABS
Phloroglucin method, . ‘ s Que - B01) is: tate ees 6 we aE
Phosphates v. superphosphates, . - : ; ° ° ; ° ° e 290
Phosphatic slag, . ; ‘ J i : é : ° - : f « 3818
Pics, FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH:

Digestibility of feed stuffs, . ° ‘ . . . ° ° . - 269

Oat feed v. corn meal, . : : : - : : : a , e/a

Rice meal v. corn meal, . : : - : ° : ° E ; » 226
Plant disease, nature of, ; : ; - . ° 5 : 5 - 157
PotasH, MuRIATE OF:

Action on lime resources of the soil, . .. : ° ° ° . « 020

Sulphate v. muriate for clover, . ‘ ° ° ° ° ° Pe aay
POTATOES:

Scab of, . : : ; “ : ; : ‘ ° : : ? . 144

Varieties of, . . ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : ° . : : oh pth, 18
POULTRY EXPERIMENTS:

Composition of air-dry foods, ‘ : ‘ ‘ ° : ‘ ; - 147

_Cut-bone v. animal meal for egg-production, “ > ‘ ; ‘ « 149
Effect of condition powders on egg-production, . ° ° : - 146, 148

RATIONS: ' :

Effect of narrow and wide, . : ; - y ‘ é ; 5 ao
Rose, black spot of, : ; - ; ‘ ° ° ° ‘ : « 170
Salt, action on lime resources of ‘cil, F - 3 - ‘ . ; A « -820

Seed testing, . - ° : ; ° : ° : ; » 155

Sheep, digestion pa petinionts with, ° ; ° ° : ; . e - 235
Slag meal, . ° - Pa ee ee emer Maat er De ES PEG aes PE
Soil tests, : 4 ; : : ‘ - ° ; F ‘ ; e wc) ee
With cabbage, : ; : e ° ‘ , ° ° ° ‘ on 418
With corn, . : Z - ; , ° ° ‘ . : ° oe aid
With soy beans, . ‘ 5 ‘ = - ‘ ‘ : = P o. Es

With Swedish turnips, . : ‘ . : ‘ : ° “ arti He 2 BS
Sorghum, . F ‘ . . Op ate ee : ° at late - 140
Soy beans, . : ‘ : a aL ° i ‘ : ae thy » « 109

Soil tests with, ‘ ; . ; ° . . , ° e 1B

Special corn fertilizer v. fertilizer ate in ee Es ; ° . . , 5 re
Spraying crops, . ‘ ; : . ; ° : ° : a intel - 153

Steam spraying outfit, . e . ; : ° : ° ° . - 154
Spurry, - ; ° ° ° ° ‘ . . . . - 141
Strawberry, bactouial ieee Of, .» ° : , ° , ° ° ° e 169
Sulphate of iron as fertilizer, ae ° A ‘i ° ° ° ‘ e 142

356 | INDEX.

. | PAGE
Sulphur in drillfor scab, . . aes ; ° Shs . . “112, 1%

Swedish turnips, . ° . : . P ; . ° ° ° . + Se
Soil tests with, ° ‘ : A : ; . , ‘ * , a NS
Symmes’ hay caps, : ; ; : ; ; ; . ; ; - 112, 145
‘Tomatoes, effects of fertilizers on, 7 i ; ‘ ‘ y P é o> Bae
Mildew-of, . 0: +56) eat Ate hie ae hg ek a ee
Treasurer, reportof, . ie ‘ ‘ 4 : j : yee Lp
White mustard in green manuring for corn, pee ° ° ° »<.- 110, 220

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