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Laws eee L} La W462 Be ie +28 ae Sot hee te re eets gt gaint ee ey roe dee ee ++ aA 2 hy = RR hs bs ee. re pemtaete Poreney + ds4-taaree Me obo or ee J tar sate i? ‘aiectin oe toon be ts bs 80% Oe coety pee ? eben a Yo iencaraee cbse Wet G20 Fe He be he Oe a >, siz Wetted to Beh La, ito bode 245 pair B® iP ele Maes 4 ate jeaeas ieee ipa Ae yl sasscnat hit s caret esee as + c 4 bob Be RG re ataoee Sittenerbnaces ey Galfer RRS He Ha Ps oder : : Ls Sy thd en Ds 44 tos ete te ai hasensircotpettortn bes 8 ihe be be 00 46 oth Dodieh Pa Tae. is +5 ire 25 ?. erty ed: Rs or at be ie paeal +. tee aay ee andeaetess pts) aensaiath baud 44 lek b ty i bret we 09 ate 33 = fist Letieea atte Sede Sresgeicben, basen ea, nhs he Set Os Rede usage suse a pret ie bie Repiaer prinsceste ibs bees 1 ribetdoes anes tie Sis seat a 48 He ch Fe ® + wees we > Peete 5. ey ati ace yy sa 3 = ela aoa : : ' 'Forty-Eighth Annual Report Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 17 C. | (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE) a PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO es oN SIE. 5 te - . eR, sa a eae: oe TORONTO : | ; Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the ge 1918 King’s Most Excellent Majesty ie eee _ Forty-Eighth Annual Report ~~ a, ae OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1917 Tone | ZAAOTO (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO : Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1918 Printed by WILLIAM BRIGGS, Corner Queen & John Sts., Toronto. Wie To His Honour, Sir JoHN SrrRaATHEARN HENDRIE, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Militia of Canada, etc., etc., etc., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May-1r PLEASE Your HoONovr: The undersigned begs to present for the consideration of your Honour, the Report of the Entomological Society for 1917. Respectfully submitted, Wittram H. Hearst, Minister of Agriculture. Toronto, 1918. [3] CONTENTS. PAGE ORRICERSS FOR i090, 7-1 QT Bs, 25,5 l a ie ak eee etek aR etree oe wa aR ae wre 6 FUINWAINOLAT, oe SDA THIMEEINGES 2. 25 25 a's Since Ree el eae OS Ae ee te ae Saunt 6 TES TMOR, oI VUE MEBEIRS +h ta)hcicere tershie sys) ARES eee RARE a oe ae Sout Rani tian go So aa ee 77a WISmTOR: MEMBERS. JON CA CTIVEV SEBVIOH 5. occ e ce naleeces ee ese ire eee ee 8 PENI ATS VIBE TYING: «ecco alsiste Mucins oe th eee a tara fol cack aie eee ened ROR Me AS Oe Ieee IgE ae 9 Report Of thee @ Oui eil Saas es eas cesses cheer oe ee nsieass on ae saa 9 rs Librarian? fe °5 vate soa.0) so uae noe Son tne ee eee lil ef COUN ig: °05 ieee ene eee en Pe ERE ree MEIC re ein GG Hoe SU Ob ad « fall = Montreals Branch: 2:3 22.0 tebe ae ie te ee oe Ce eee 12 ig TOFOBTORBTAIVGH | 3. .)3ic,2 sseca ee ake stole CES Oe ao eee 13 heey British Columibial Branch: oat celine Rite kf Taste sebings PERE er olcik dL! - Nova iScotia® Branch: 2:2. t.- esc. so ee e aes oe acpeenoeee 14 ts Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada ............... re ase 15 Address J. C. CHApais, Delegate of Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants 17 Reports-on: Insects for the, Year> Division No: 1, AsiGrBeson..-) eee 18 rs SL opeaAs ~COBBING aaatnss sare enna a: eeenaee 20 ie S& "25, aH Ji Aes MORRIS Mao tytn ce. od SIG ed WV NOB DR ater tpehar oie err twee 28 is x OT, Watt A ROSS one ee ee Further Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and its Control: A. GIBSON ..... 30 The Entomological Service of Quebec: GrEoRGES MAHEUX ................-..-.. 33 Some Important Insects of the Season::L. CArSAR ..... ete Rh ahem eran a ee ee 36 The: Applesand: Thorn ’skeletonizer:. BP sr Eris aces sien eee ee a 44 Some Notodontian) Wanye: JA) Gorcor snes eos. oe eee ee ee 47 The Problem of Mosquito Control: T. J. HEADLEE ....... eee Se ae ~ 49 They Black :‘Cherry Apis SW AeeeROSS eee ore ae rei cree ct nee eee 59 AY Comedy,oL TOrrorsiza Herd. en WNLORRIS ce pntterns cleicesices eit eee eee 69 Abirehos(echoteKebichmesyanoleresioy diy Isls WOuNNDIKON~ 4 qe, cee nano haaaucacscesnnesouoeess. Vine BOROG A Further Report on the Value of Dusting vs. Spraying: L. CAESAR .......... 79 Notes on the Ecology of Insects: W. LocHHEAD ......... Pr ORES TSC 86 Effect of Stable and Horn Fly Attacks on Milk Production: A. W. BAKER ..... 92 Two Unusual Garden Pests in Nova Scotia: W. H. BrirTaIn .................. 95 ihe ntomological Record: -A-“Ginson ve eee. ee ee ee eee 100 [4] ee ee eo Te a ow Mr. ALBERT F. WINN, President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1915-1917. Entomological Society of Ontario OFFICERS FOR 1917-1918 President-—Pror. LAwson Cagsar, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Pere dene win. ArrHur Gipson, Division of Entomology, Ottawa. Secretary-Treasurer—Mk. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—Mkr. Eric Hearte, O. 'A. College, Guelph. Librarian—REv. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, \M.A., D.C.L., FR.S.C., Professor of Ento- mology and Zoology, O. A: College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. J. M. Swarne, Entomological ‘Branch, Dept. of Agri- culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A, CoSENs, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough: Division No. 5, Mr. J. W. Noster, Essex, Ont.; Division No. 6, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont. Directors (ex{Presidents of the SSociety)—ReEv. Pror. C. J. S. BeTHuNE, M.A., DC.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. Hacur HarrincTon, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; PROF. JOHN DEARNESS, Vice- Principal, Normal School, London; Rev. Tuos. W. Fries, D.C.L., F-LS., Ottawa; Pror. Wo. LocHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. EVANs, CE: ‘Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Pror. E. M. WALKER, B.A., M.B., F.R.S 'C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., F.R.S/C., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa; Mr. Apert F. Winn, Westmount, Que. Editor of “ The Canadian Entomologist ’—Pror. E. M. WALKER, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THrE PRESIDENT. FINANCIAL STATEMENT For year ending October 31st, 1917. Receipts. Expenditures. Cash on hand, 1915-16 ........ $27 58 Printing due on 1915-16 ...... $66 96 Advertisements) < (discs setae 53 80 Annual meetinew cs. oe. cee 124 35 Backs numbers. 2. . 2.52 eon 231 88 Printin Sunt e oh aee estos ee 1,221 90 Cork ands pins) sce hayes cieeserete 100 438 Salaries iaats.c codec koe eee 225 00 DU GS ee ree. cone oo eer oe 80 65 TGUDRET Vanes ees eset oe eres 24 00 SUPSCHIPHIONS) Byes sas ee 471 73 PIXDONSGias seis achonn ore 41 27 Government srant: 55... .. ss. 1,000 00 Bank exchange .............. 10 21 Bank: simterest\ germs seacoast 14 81 Cork andapins iadesccs oe 103 59 Annvalsreporteccecic. wae eee 121 50 Gash on hand: .. 2.06.42. eeeee 42 10 $1,980 88 $1,980 88 To balance. dule> OMe sprimtimes -pevs ao eceie er ietenehe hereon loess ens $104 14 By -Cash=on Wand eie verte acme ererte ei ele poten note Renodetey teberan- ar 42 10 Net. Gencit: Os ais Bette eee he eT nes eee ae $62 04 Auditors: L. Caesar. J. E. Howitt. Respectfully submitted, A. W. BAKER, - Secretary-Treasurer. [6] ae rns LIST OF MEMBERS ONTARIO, PANO TEWS) Ha Dk oe sin oe oe Toronto. PNSEWOOU DiniGs 2 css cen eare Port Arthur. ERED Te CAC MEV cae ticey ove:'esh «1s <)'8h'o Guelph. JS Se aT) ec Ja See eee eee Ottawa. SISGRE > Via 1D5 lols aco Dooe Hamilton. PS TMM Ys Dear Sos oko. sae Bloomfield. JEATCOL OS) re OVEN | Gee tere eee Toronto. PENEUDIOW Seiten: Eeewl shee ia sie'd os Guelph. SOSA Tea eT Olen Etec. ole eemeges ee Wat VETitiae Sew His te e'sses se at 3% London Chrystaleom. Neils. 2... Ottawa leaves, As CO. o sens eee Guelph. MUIETHENIS TOW) AS nc ote cree ais Toronto. @osens, Dr. A. vo... ce ee S COSDIEE D A & Retire eee + Crawtord , ER IG Se ens © oe Wilton Grove. (CUTIE S15 [GaSe each eee RRC ce Guelph. Weanness: (Prof, J... 6... London. IMME EVA lords sch slaehs oe Ottawa. IDiThoi ei GRo0 S aaa eee eae a Hamilton. Dunlop; James ........66 Woodstock. PROUIS Cy OMS. is shes ove aces ove Toronto. AOSOM-ATCHUM. 26 20. ces Ottawa Gooderham, C. B. ........ be ‘RIT ed CS8] Dee ea Orillia. PegIGA Tomb \. ss cle stare ss Ist Waini-s 82¢: 800 Se ae een era Toronto. TRIS OS -al 8 at ee ee Sudbury. EA eDIONT les die = fens: clevers © cle cneps Toronto. HMB ARLOR SH tc sais laters easels ewe Guelph. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon ... Ottawa. Huntsman, Dr. A. G. ....Toronto. ETMES IAS) DS eee: ae ramer eet St. Thomas. PhO VAR ETS Stays f sic che lowe 6 6 x Toronto. iMinesiieut. Vernon 2... - Guelph. SST WO O Gi Kea esr ayes ores oss Toronto. ISSEY SV Ree eae a Ottawa. 1 GUA Feed | 8 ja ace Toronto. NEDO VET AIS petits utd c Syd cis alte f Maenamara, (Co ..45. 0 22% Arnprior. NGS oe, AS Le. bo eas Peterborough. Mossop, Miss B. K. E. ....Toronto. INGO ORE | eee ee or e ING DIES We coc ca. deo cee Essex LEV nS Oy) Dee ia Ottawa. LES OTSS EE AN ie sae Vineland. Owlands He sks one Guelph. SB -cl Tn el a | ae Toronto. MOTLEY. WEE. ices wade nts Vineland Sta. GEM EAR Whe ili. ss oc ced Ottawa. STEMS CATTMIED. S.p5x cen a ss Toronto. SHAE) NICHI CHa a eens os mpencer, Capt, G. J: (....... Guelph. SN Fee a Ca Ottawa. DPenickiande Heh. eco. 5. ss shhomipson: J’ W... <2... Toronto. rhomlinson, ‘AY Hi oe. .ae.. Guelph. Walker Prof: i) Mik. ss: Toronto. Watson, Dr. 0A. H.R... .. Port Hope. Wihitess Jamies’ -.... 2...) Snelgrove. Williams, G. A. ... iolnorate Port Hope. Wright, Capt. W. H.:..... Guelph. LAN NIZo 9 Of id Le a Toronto. [7] QUEBEC. Barwileks sbis (Cnr. ccc asec Montreal. Burgess; DrT. J. W.....- Verdun. Chambersyi@s- selec ea a oe Montreal. Chapailsin Wenn) crc, Soverete ake St. Denis. ChaenonmiGiec escola Montreal. Claysonts Ge -Eitigse sie lke. sé Corcoran JrpAGe es selec s Cummings, RH. 2......: ce Davis MeeiWeeviccics cee oes Westmount. Dunlop Gusset: Montreal. DU SP ontewh. Min asics a ee Macdonald College. Garland hanOle eaaxic cicemeeie Montreal. Cermaine Bron sade see see Three Rivers. Cau Ds lisortcte Wereicuatave eceae tes Montreal. TOU ees Gee ele Se pater os Pane wees “ Holness ee wGy whe ceeite se Westmount. EAU ATO ele Vel Vit Acw sons cree Quebec. Jackson, Dr. FE: 'S. .......Montreal. Leopold, Rev. Father..... La Trappe. THeCLOUnNEAUMeH ose Oka. Jiochhead, Prof. W. ...... Macdonald ‘College. Moone eiGe cA tices eee ays atone Montreal. SOWEMeCC . Ge Ase ta eeeas “f WVTIT AR SY oral gee orlar err row ye Westmount. NEw BRUNSWICK. JDO} 6) TU Ui ee cal ee 1) ier ee tect per eee Fredericton. TRE e Ae Se is, 5 2its eae tele ole a Nova Scortra. Allen, E. Chesley ........ Yarmouth. IB Dir seh Wise Worn ahebs iste sets Nappan. Blair, W. 3s. Kentville. Brittains Profs swe eles. Truro. Deewrolfte wiles eer e * Dustan, vA Ge. sess ehee Bridgetown. GOOdE RIC ACAST Aes Siece Whe ci dex: Truro. Tare OwinsPise Coens cite a camera cee < Lindsay, Harriet E. ...... 2 Longley, Miss M. ........ Paradise. Mckay. sD riwAc se as. sce Halifax Paynes BiiG. nsec stoke asc Granville Ferry. Paine asa Eee itst pis ccte cis e Perrin JOSE x7. a2 ser-i- Halifax. SandensacGe Betas name. Bridgetown. Seo Jedi dis wk aoa do Truro. Wetmore, Ralph ........ Yarmouth. Whitman (Cs HesiU.. bss. Lawrencetown. Voie, Ide: Baowoooone Brighton. MANITOBA. BrOOkerss| Some st. oiiesrsc Winnipeg. Criddle, Norman ........ Treesbank. Hippesley, Mrs. W. W....Dauphin. FAUCET RTS AN. sVia cpclsere © oe Teulon. Wratllistardin 3h tees ete cen Winnipeg. 8 THE REPORT OF THE ¥ No. 36 a ll SASKATCHEWAN, Cockle, Js Wins res corer Kaslo. Cunninghame @l 34s. sae. Victoria. i Androchowiez, (Hise ...-s..« Humboldt. Days iGe OF een ta meteors Duncan’s, V.I. Bentleys Miss li ssc ses Mellville. Downes) GIN ose or reece Victoria. VANTEC HIN SORE Es ares ste ctsis) -Starblanket. Hivanis’ Havel. eee tenons: Vernon. INewille hiSied avec sth ates siciee Cottonwood. Wrenches Pe Mayers a eter Salmon Arm. Wain ME roi. ol ON cereitiete Saskatoon. Garrett; C.-Ba Doe ee Cranbrook. — Had went oD ies yee Agassiz. ALBERTA. Hanan cA Wine sete erie Dunecan’s Station. PATUGUIIDUDT, WVETSS i aby. occ cieee e Barons. Elarris,, Miss Mi. =2. 5-2-4. Deroche. PAIR O AE NOMAS 2 a eicces ccbe« High River. ROOK; VG: Oeiecaereee ea einer Cobble Hill. Bentley. Woettice sash. tees Lethbridge. Bae, Gwe, Se ertace cs beret Victoria. Owinlenen Kevin, oo ete en olds Edmonton, Johnstone: We beeen Edgewood, ROT SH OM ete caters cic eveere ce * Arrow Lake. Dod, F. H. Wolley ....... Midnapore. Kermode: ake ee ae Victoria. Henderson, Mrs. L. A. ...Barons. each. “Dee eer urea Salmon Arm. meson: “MISS Vi. tal. ec0/s U2 Mathers; “Gi aWVice treet tees Vancouver, Mackie! Donald. ss. Edmonton. McKeever, F. W. .......-Penticton. [ETM ORS ee DC Pe AN 6.4 nes crac oratene Lacombe. Phair Asin cls eee eae Lillooet. Whitehouse, F.C. .t..... Red Deer. Robsona A. 2G, Wate seve Victoria. Riuihinaans SVE ene ene ceases Vernon. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Stevems- WMS 1G. fees ee one Vancouver. Taylor, Leche eee ee Kelowna. Blackmores Bre. 5) Sc. Victoria. Treherne, RC e224. eee: Agassiz. NESTE VEN AWY eee Accra re lore cod Sac, a sike Re Vienablessehie beer ae Vernon. EST eI ATVI tees See tse cs anes sé Warren, IMSS 2s .aeses-- Barnston Glee Wit ec srcheicates eseke Salmon Arm. Island. Cameron, Dr. vA. Hey). Agassiz. White; We ts tere on -caee et Victoria. CWartlersow cikte hab Aces Victoria. HONORARY MEMBERS Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A...Boulder, Col. Comstock, Prof. J. H. ....Ithaca, N.Y. OTESSOM MLAB AA chs co cjeveiee Philadelphia, Pa. Melt; Mr shaper tcc Albany, N.Y. Howard Di li On ae Washington, . D.C. Wickham, Prof. H. F. ....lowa City, Ia. LIFE MEMBERS Bethune wR Codie Ss a. = ce cies even. eet Gro. A. Moore. Kiev Dinonphism:, in the iGenusiGrapta...c os sce cic ece ofrecer. A. F. WINN. : The Treasurer’s report showed a balance on hand of $90.80. The following officers were elected for the coming year :— PYLESIGECI Ee siete selcensrcichere A. F. WINN. Vice-Presidentmen tee G. CHAGNON. Secretary-Treasurer ...... Gro. A. Moore. NSUOTONRONIE os ears tee Oe ce G. CHAGNON. COUNCIIE: a eee G. A. SoutHeEr, Dr. Corcoran, J..G. Hotmes, G. H. Hatt. Respectfully submitted, Gro. A. Moorg, Secretary. 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. “The 210th meeting and 21st annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the Biological Building of the University on Thursday, Oct. 18th, 1917, the President, Dr. Walker, in the chair. Those present were Dr. Walker, Dr. Cosens, Dr. Clemens, Miss Mossop, Miss Margery Ford, Miss Norma Ford, Messrs. Andrews, Logier, Hannibal, Brobst, Wright and Reid, and three visitors. After the reading of the minutes the report of the Council and the financial statement were presented by the Secretary-treasurer. Only seven meetings, includ- ing the annual meeting, were held during the year, with an average attendance of ten. This small number of meetings was due the necessity of closing the season with the meeting of April 19th, owing to the fact that a number of the members were absent from the city early in the year. Four new members were elected during the year. The financial statement showed a balance on hand of $7.09. The papers read during the season were as follows :— Oct. 26. Migratory Tendencies of Dragon-flies ............... EK. M. WALKER. PEE eee LLIStOny: Ota LPS apimiis ss cereals. 4 ri! = forest and ornamental trees. 5 pee Es animals, men, houses. 6 Gp < miscellaneous. GENERAL WorK. The office work necessitates quite a voluminous corres- _ pondence if one thinks that the service is a new departure and the question a recent one, at least officially, in this country. Every day provides its share of inquiries of all kinds, chiefly looking for information as to the remedies to be -. applied in the case of some injurious insects. We see to it that the laws regulat- ing our service are carefully observed and lose no opportunity of trying to complete this regulation. We will submit, within a short time, to the approval of the Hon. Minister of Agriculture, a project of by-law intended to regulate the sale of fruit trees and shrubs. Here, I take the liberty to make a suggestion. I am of the opinion that - our work will never bear good results and many efforts will be lost if we do not have, in the near future, a general by-law obliging every grower to spray his _ cultures. This is practised in several countries, with success and the same regula- tion could be enforced in Canada. In the fight against some species which are largely spread, we enroll school boys and girls; the results obtained have proved _ excellent and will be more so in future. Oni het oaee relies on the Federal - Branch for the making of experiments and researches; however, it does not fail to do its share and efficiently co-operates with Ottawa. Finally, we are working in close harmony with the Chief of the Horticultural Service, who does his utmost to procure to the Horticultural Societies or to their members, the best kinds of sprayers at fair conditions. The same method applies to insecticides. To conclude, I will say that we are now organizing in Quebec, an Ento- mological Society which will soon be in operation. When this is an accomplished fact, we will come and ask our affiliation to your society. J am sure in advance _ that our request will be favorably received. The mother society which is yours, could not refuse to adopt a new daughter without losing her distinctive character. But this shall not be and we will work in co-operation with you to enlarge and make prosperous the Entomological Society of Canada. Pror, LocHHeaD: Mr. President, I should like to say a few words about the good work done by Mr. Maheux. I have been in a position to see some of his work, and also the work of the Department at Quebec. I knew his predecessor, _ Abbé Huard, very well, and I was delighted when Mr. Maheux was appointed. I should like to say a few words to those from the West regarding entomology ‘in Quebec—what is being done by our friends and by the Department at Quebec. _ We have, I think, under-estimated the work done in Quebec in the past. I do not know if you are aware that Canon Huard has written a very interesting article for the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants Report, giving the history of economic entomology in Quebec.. He says that there is no province in the Dominion where more entomological work has been done than in this Province. He refers to the various reports that have been published by the Department: to Provancher and his works: to different systematic treatises that have been _ published since his time: to the various collections of insects, etc., in the Province, __ of which he mentions that he knows personally of 20 collections in large seminaries; but he left the impression that there are far more than this if we could only oJ a Shi ER eae 36 : THE REPORT OF THE No. a on find them out, for there are many silent workers in all parts of Quebec who are adding to the store of knowledge, working among plants and insects. Some of these workers have come from France; they have introduced this science into Quebec in the schools, and the work of Mr. Maheux at the present time is not, therefore, what we may call a new work. Probably Ontario got a little ahead in having a Provincial Entomologist, and in some other enterprises, but we must not conclude that because Ontario is ahead along certain lines it is ahead in every line. We have only to go through some of the museums in Montreal—Laval, McGill and some of the other colleges—to see what has been done. As an Ontario- born man I wish to acknowledge the great work Quebec has done in entomology Pror. CArsar: I should like to congratulate Mr. Maheux on the programme ‘of work that he has made out for himself. I, consider it a very adequate one, and it contains a number of suggestions that I think other provinces would do well to adopt. I was much interested in what he said about the work in the public schools; I have seen the charts he refers to, and I think they are particularly good, and the coloring is true to nature. They should be a very great source of value, and the children should learn more easily by this method, thus making it easier for the teacher. Some of his remarks, too, I think might be of use in connection with the subject of how entamolbpists can help in the production and protection of food supplies. I welcome Mr. Maheux as a brother provincial entomologist; I shall be very glad to co-operate with him and expect to receive from him help that will be of much value. I am sure we are all pleased to welcome Mr. Maheux among us as one of our members. SOME IMPORTANT INSECTS OF THE SEASON, L. Cazsar, O. A. CoLLecE, GUELPH. Tun Buackserry Lear-MINEr (Metallus» bethunei, MacGillivray). From time to time the last ten years there have been outbreaks in Southern Ontario of a Blackberry Leaf-miner, which Dr. A. D. MacGillivray says is a new species, Metallus bethunei—very closely allied to Metallus rubi. So abundant are the insects in these outbreaks and so many mines are made in the leaves that whole fields of blackberries look as if blighted. One of these outbreaks occurred this: year at Burlington on Snyder blackberries. When last visited, October 20th, fully 60 per cent. of the total leaf surface was mined and numerous larve were: still , feeding. Lirr History. No special attempt has been made to make a close consecutive study of the life-history, but from notes made since 1910 the following facts are gleaned: There are two broods in a year; the adults of the first brood in _warm seasons begin to appear about July 1st, but in cooler seasons are evidently considerably later. Eggs are laid in the tissues of the leaf, chiefly beside the main ribs. The female inserts her ovipositor through the upper surface and — forces it down to, but not through, the lower epidermis and the egg is placed close to this. Eggs are very pale white or almost colorless, oblong and slightly curved. They swell before hatching and the lower epidermis, thus raised, shows clearly even to the naked eye where they are placed. I counted 61 eggs on one leaf. Mr. Aiton, my assistant, counted 150. The larve soon after hatching begin to make irregular shaped mines, and by the time the fruit is ripe (as : OE ———————— ee ee 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 37 _ judged by this year) the larve of the first brood are for the most part full grown, and have begun to leave the mines and enter the soil, where they construct a firm little oval earthen case about 5 mm. long by 4 mm. wide. Inside this they - pupate. The cases found were from 1 to 2 inches below the surface. The adults of the second brood begin to appear after a couple of weeks and this year were still present in countless numbers by September 21st. Egg-laying was then at its height. A few larve of the second brood can be found in leaves as long as these remain green. I found them at St. Catharines one year near the end of November. Most, however, have entered the soil long before this and constructed their earthen cocoons. The winter is passed in these in the larval stage. ; Fortunately, this pest does not begin to injure the leaves until two or three weeks before the fruit begins to ripen, and much of the fruit, at least this year, | was off before the mines of the second brood were made. Yet in spite of these = Work of Blackberry Leaf Miner. factors the insect must do considerable damage in the way of weakening the plants and lessening next year’s crop. It certainly makes the owner much alarmed lest it will ruin all his plants. MerHops or Conrrot. Cultivation of the soil in late fall and the early part of the next season suggests itself as a practicable method of control, but is ineffective; probably because the cocoons are not easily broken. It has been suggested by some writers that kerosene emulsion would penetrate the dead portions of the leaf and kill the larvee, but it does not do so. Black- leaf 40, as shown by Herrick, will kill the larve of some Saw-fly Leaf-miners in their mines, but it has no effect upon this species. Having failed to kill the pupx or larve I next thought it possible to poison the adults. These apparently remain exclusively on the leaves and find their food there. I do not remember seeing one anywhere else, not even on the fruit, neither does Mr. Aiton. Accordingly I made a preliminary test of spraying the leaves with sweetened arsenate of lead and to my delight the adults could almost at once be seen feeding upon it. Encouraged by this, I assigned to Mr. Aiton the 38 THE REPORT OF THE ~ ; No. 36 task of making definite caged tests with large cheesecloth cages over individual bushes. Cheesecloth was placed also over the ground beneath these cages to make counting dead flies practicable and also prevent new adults coming up out of the soil. . The cages were as follows :— Cage 1.—Bush sprayed with arsenate of lead in water sweetened with molasses. Cage 2.—Bush sprayed with arsenate of lead in water without sweetening. Cage 3—Bush sprayed with calcium arsenate in water without sweetening. Cage 4.—Bush unsprayed as check. In each cage 60 adults were placed. Results at end of 80 hrs. Cage 1.—13 dead. 2—12 “ cis 3.—25 ee Check OSers Results at end of 52 hrs. Cage 1.—53 dead. eh) ae « 3.—60 (all) dead. Check 8 dead. Results at end of 72 hrs. if Cage 1.—58 dead. « 2—60 (all) dead. “e 3 —60 ce Check 18 dead. From these tests it seems quite clear that this species of Saw-fly can be poisoned in the adult stage and that molasses is not necessary for the purpose. The question then arises as to when to do the poisoning. It will have to be done before the adults appear in July, and it seems to me the proper time will probably be just before bloom, or just after most of the blossoms are off and the fruit is still so small that there will be no likelihood of the poison being on it when ripe. A second application will possibly be advisable just after picking. Arsenate of lead will probably be the safest poison and if applied heavily without molasses should remain on the foliage for a month or more. Arsenate of lime kills more quickly but would be more likely to injure the foliage, though none of the spray- ing either in cages or on the part of the row I treated myself, even where molasses was used, caused burning. I hope to make a careful trial of the poison treatments this coming year and to give a further and more definite report next year. ZEBRA CATERPILLARS (Ceramica picta). In September and October of 1916 there were several turnip fields in Peel County and probably in many other unreported parts of the Province that were severely injured by the Zebra Caterpillar. As it is rare that this insect becomes very numerous I did not expect it to cause much trouble this year, but to my surprise it has been very abundant in many counties west of Toronto and has stripped many a turnip field of all or almost all its foliage. Many fields were thus defoliated by the end of September, thus preventing almost a whole month’s growth. Cabbages were also attacked. The larve were found feeding on several other plants. - : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 Five kinds of control measures were tested, but only one proved at all bulk of air slaked or hydrated lime. Any other fine, moderately heavy substance such as land plaster should do as well as the lime. I thought that possibly the PSE EARS GE OU a een = ; _ Zebra caterpillar and moth. = poison bran might work, though the feeding, or rather the resting habit of remaining on the leaf except in wet weather, made it doubtful whether they would ever seek or find the bran. The result showed that while a few did come in contact with it and died, about 90 per cent. did not. som Coptine Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella) . vs A remarkable thirig about this insect this year was the great number of side _ injuries it caused all over the Province. This was especially noteworthy in _ Niagara, because most of the side injuries there are ordinarily caused by the > second brood and are made during August and September, but this year about Dark castings at calyx end, showing where Codling Moth Adult Codling Moths, natural size. (After Slinger- larva usually enters the apple. land.) 90 per cent. of these were to be seen by about the first of August. I have notes on this subject made on August 4th and again on September 15th and October _ 20th, and the estimate of the percentage of injured fruit on the first date is almost the same as on the last. This shows that it was the first and not the ae BF) ~ 40 | THE, REPORT OF THE No. 36 | second brood that was responsible for these side injuries, in fact there was only a very small‘ second brood this year even in Niagara district. _. It seems to me we may possibly account for the larger number of side injuries this year in two ways. (1) There were very few apples and hence more larve would attack these apples than if there were a larger crop (2) Many of the moths emerged very late and laid their eggs after the pubescence was off the little fruits, and in the absence of this entered the side of the apples much © more readily than if the pubescence had been present. A poison spray three weeks after the blossoms fell gave good results this year in all cases where it was well applied. f THE WHITE-MARKED Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma). Judging from the number of egg masses to be seen this autumn the Tussock Moth will be very abundant in many of our cities and larger towns next year. Complaints have already come in from as far east as Belleville and as far west as Goderich. In Toronto I counted 500 egg masses on a single maple tree in the Exhibition Grounds. Not only are the egg masses abundant in cities and towns but also in many ~ orchards. One wide awake young fruit grower said to me a few days ago that in his opinion this would be one of our main orchard pests next year in Western Ontario. In Niagara it is likely to do a good deal of damage and if it is not destroyed will in apple orchards injure a large percentage of fruit. E Work on apples of the larve of the White-marked Tussock-moth. In destroying the insect in orchards and for that matter also on shade trees, a person is very likely to overlook the egg masses concealed in leaves. This spring I asked my men to remove the eggs in one of our experimental orchards, but did not call their attention to the leaves. On visiting the orchard again I saw that these had been overlooked so that the work had to be done again.. Mr. W. E. Biggar, the Provincial Fruit Pests Inspector, has used a small wire brush about six inches long and one inch wide and fastened to the end of a pole. A single stroke of this tears the egg masses to pieces. This brush has been used in St. Catharines and some other places and given satisfaction. In my opinion it is very good for the lower part of trees to the height of say. 15 or possibly 20 feet, but above that I think a hook, especially if toothed along the sides and o Bs { Pe ee a eS ae ends, will prove better. A test of crude creosote was used, but it seems to me ~ - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 41 his will prove very unsatisfactory. I cannot help believing that it does not penetrate through in many cases and so does not kill all the eggs, at any rate it did not seem to me to have done so even when eggs were examined several days after treatment. : The removal of egg masses when numerous on tall trees is a very great task. . observed that many of them, in fact a very considerable percentage, were val situated near the top of the trees in the crotches of branches, often not more than one inch in diameter. Fortunately, egg masses seem on lateral branches to be situated either in the crotch or on the underside, not on the upper side and so can readily be seen. Some, of course, are in leaves attached to twigs or _ branches. It is very doubtful whether in badly infested city parks spraying would feet Larva and adult male of White-marked Tussock-Moth. not be much cheaper than removing and gathering egg masses. I have written _ to two firms to see whether we cannot secure at a reasonable price good outfits _ that will throw a satisfactory spray from the ground to the top of the tallest _ trees. I do not mean the costly type of outfit used_in the Gipsy Moth work. _ Both companies claim that they can furnish machines that they believe will _ prove satisfactory. I should like information from anyone present as to what percentage of _ eggs would hatch from egg masses removed in late autumn or winter but left _ lying on the ground, also as to their experience with crude creosote on egg masses. SLUGS. I have never seen so much damage from Slugs as this year. Beans were their favorite food, and these in many fields were fed upon ravenously and in some cases almost defoliated. Paris green as tested by myself and also by Mr. Baker failed to control them. Lime was not available in the district where I was, but hydrated lime as applied late in autumn killed them if used freely. I am not sure whether it would prove satisfactory on a large scale in spring or early summer when they are most destructive. Limesulphur will kill but not at the strength the plants are likely to stand without injury. Tue Seep Corn Maccor (Pegomyia fusciceps). This insect caused much injury to beans in many districts. THe WHEAT Miner (Contarinia tritici). Wheat in Wentworth, Lincoln, Welland and Haldimand suffered considerable loss from the Midge. In some districts about 10 per cent. of the kernels were affected. Only eight adults emerged this year under normal conditions in our 4 ES. > é - en 42 “THE REPORT OF THE No. 36° cages, but we had no evidence that any eggs were laid. The remaining insects — either entered the soil to pupate or remained in the wheat heads. Apparently — fully 50 per cent. doing the latter. EIGHT-sPOTTED FoREsTER (Alypia octomaculata). Near Toronto the larve of this moth were very numerous on grape foliage. — Halisidota tesselaris was unusually abundant this autumn and fed on numerous ~ plants. Halisidota carye attacked in considerable numbers apple leaves in the counties of Elgin, Oxford and Middlesex. Halisidota harrisii destroyed much of the foliage on sycamore trees in parts of the Niagara district. . Diacrisia virquica was a great pest in gardens in many parts of the Province ~ and attacked numerous flowering and other plants. Datana integerrima defoliated walnuts in Essex and Kent. The larva of the Hickory Tussock-Moth (Halisidota carye). Pror. LocuyeraD: Is this Blackberry Leaf-Miner a distinct species from the rubi? Pror, Carsar: By looking at the two species rubi and bethunei you would say that they were exactly the same, but Dr. MacGillivray has found a few differences. Both species are black, about 14 inch long, and the body is quite black and the legs white, so that it is easy to recognize it as one of the two species. A full description is given in MacGillivray’s Tenthredinoidea. 3 Mr. Gipson: Did you find both species during the work? Pror. CaEsar: No. Only the one species. Mr. Gipson: Did you find this pest all through the Niagara district? Pror, CaEsar: Yes. There is a species this side of Toronto which has also been found almost as far as Port Hope. I do not know whether it is the same. Mr. Swaine: What was the strength of the spray used? Pror. CAazsar: The same strength as for orchard sprays, 214 Ibs. to 40 gallons of water. i ‘: Mr. Swaine: We have tried kerosene emulsion sprays, just ordinary summer strength, on the leaf surface. I have killed them in strings with kerosene emulsion and also with Black Leaf 40, strong. (1918 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 43 ~ Pror, Carsak: In the case of Black Leaf 40 I tried it decidedly strong, and _what is more, I put the insects all together in a tight-fitting box so that the fumes could not evaporate easily, and brought them home packed very closely. The fumes had no effect at the end of two or three hours, and they were strong enough to have acted in a few. minutes. Dr. O’KANE: We did some work this summer along the same lines of contact sprays for leaf-miners, chiefly the Apple Leaf-miner. This work was 4 done on quite a large scale, an assistant starting in spring and remaining all summer on the work of penetration of contact insecticides. We worked the previous winter in the laboratory, shaping our results as far as possible. Of course apple is not the same as blackberry, but I may tell you our results. We used a great many different kinds of material including Black Leaf 40, up to 1-50; kerosene emulsion up to 25 per cent.; Black Leaf 40 with soap; lime sulphur at various strengths up to that which burned the tissue. We also used chemical reagents. We tried these through two generations of the Leaf-miner, the first spray when the Miner just hatched, the second when it was 14 in. long, and the third when it was full grown. We made no penetration whatever into the mines with any substance, except through advantageous openings. If the Miner happened to be next to the mine where there was a good puncture, it got killed; if it was in the middle of the mine it did not get killed. If it was at the far end of the mine it would not be harmed in the least unless the application was sufficiently strong absolutely to destroy the leaf itself, when, of course, the miner was killed too. Pupation would go ahead as usual. As I say, if there happened to be an opening or puncture the material would penetrate, - but if there was no such puncture the Miner had a perfectly satisfactory and efficient shelter. I am not certain with regard to elm leaves, but this prevails in the case of apple leaves. ‘ProF. CAESAR: May I ask a question and suggest an answer? I want a whole lot of information on how to control slugs. 7 THE PRESIDENT: This has been a most serious problem with see everyone on account of the wet season. : Mr. Gisson: At Ottawa this year we have been using air dked lime. | Pror, CarsaR: Have you tried hydrated lime? Mr. Grsson: No; only ordinary lime. Pror. Carsar: I found last week or the week before when making some further experiments with hydrated lime that at this time of the year it will kill slugs, but whether it would kill them earlier in the season I do not know. I do not know whether it would have any injurious effect on the foliage, say of beans. Lime sulphur if applied very strong will kill slugs, but it has to be too strong and will injure foliage. Hydrated lime when it comes in contact with a liquid forms a pasty substance. I should like to know if anyone else can suggest any other remedy. “Dr. Corcoran: Last season in the garden everything was eaten up by slugs around Notre Dame de Grace. Almost all the lettuce and cucumber patches were spoilt, and even pumpkins were eaten. We would find a pumpkin with a good- sized hole eaten in it by slugs. We tried hand-picking, but that was the only remedy we tried. How is the lime applied? Pror. CaEsaR: You can apply the lime in the evening when the’ slugs are at work. They work on top of the leaves and by dusting you can get the lime -in contact with them. I think this is better than applying it in liquid form, and would- have a more lasting effect. ae) ahs REA he ip Te agen DS + 5 NS ¥) reine a A Cot Naa : b ae S. 44 THE REPORT OF THE Now ee Mr. Baker: When was it applied ?- Pror. Carsar: We got the best results by applying it in the evening just before the slugs come out to feed. Mr. Gipson: We tried this remedy in connection with beans. I would recommend dusting freshly slaked lime every evening before the slugs come out, and when they eat the lime it kills them. If I remember correctly, we had very little trouble afterwards. Pror. CAESAR: The slugs do not seem to be killed with Paris green. Mr. Baker tried, and it killed so slowly that it was not looked upon as a satisfactory method. ProF. Britrain: Slugs did not appear with us this year to any extent. ' We were going to make some extensive experiments this year, but there were no slugs. Pror. LocHHEAD: Has anyone ever tried poison bait with any success? Pror. Carsar: No success. Pror. LocHHEAD: The old English remedy of course is slaked lime. Whether _ it is effective all the time or not I do not know. . . Pror, CansaR: Tobacco extract does not have much effect upon slugs, but millipedes are usually poisoned by it. THE APPLE AND THORN SKELETONIZER (HBMEROPHILA PARIANA CLERCK). KB. P. Fett, State ENToMoLoGIst or NEw York. A small European moth which we have termed the apple and thorn skeletonizer has become well established in Westchester and Rockland counties, the centre of the infestation being near Irvington and Nyack, respectively. This insect is classed as one of minor importance in Europe though this is not necessarily to be the case in America. Some of our most destructive insects are of relatively slight importance in their native country. Owing to the fact that the cater- pillars feed upon the upper surface of the leaves, it is easy to apply a poison ‘where it will do the most good. It should not be difficult to keep this pest in control until its status can be détermined or natural enemies have an opportunity to assert themselves and prevent widespread and material. damage. This insect is already sufficiently numerous near the centre of the infested area to defoliate entire orchards and conditions favor a continuation of the spread with its accom- panying serious injury unless there is early, thorough and general spraying in the infested area next summer. Recoenition CHARACTERISTICS. The work of this newly established pest is fairly characteristic. It skeletonizes the leaves in much the same way as the well-known canker-worms, except that these latter more usually devour all the vital tissues of nearly every leaf, whereas this newly introduced caterpillar generally confines its attack to portions of many leaves, feeding near the centre under a slight web and extending upward and outward to include most of the tip of the leaf and frequently turning and webbing down margins of leaves about half an ~ inch wide. Areas on each side of the basal part of the leaf are often untouched. There is no webbing together and inclosing leaves in masses so characteristic of 1918 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 “2 f - the native fall web-worm and also seen to a less extent with the brown-tail moth e caterpillar. The cause of this mischief is an active, yellowish, black-spotted cater- _ pillar about half an inch long. DescripTION. The moth is an obscure grayish brown or dark brown, some- - times purplish tinged, insect with a wing spread of a little less than half an inch. There is in well marked specimens near the base of the fore wing a rather: broad, broken, angulate dark band near the basal third and a less distinct and more regular but somewhat broken dark band near the distal fifth, an area — ~ art : between this and the basal third being a variable grayish. The fringes of both _ the fore and hind wings are a rich purplish brown. _~ Pura. Length about 14 inch, moderately stout and dark bronzy yellow, 4 variably marked with fuscous, especially on the posterior abdominal segments. The head is dark brown with a few fine, moderately long hairs. Antennal cases slender, the variably yellow-mottled wing cases extending to the sixth abdominal segment, the leg cases reaching just a little beyond. The mouth-parts and most of the median ventral area between the antennal cases yellowish. The dorsum of the thorax dark bronzy yellow. Scutellum fuscous yellowish and with a very fine short pubescence. Dorsum of the abdominal segments moderately smooth, shiny, _ the segments when flexed ventrally showing along the anterior margin series _ of minute closely set teeth. Terminal segment yellowish. Cocoon. The cocoon is spun upon the upper surface of the leaf and consists of an elongate oval mass of thick white webbing about 5¢ of an inch long and 4, of an inch wide. It is frequently near the midrib and covers the true cocoon which is faintly seen beneath. The-pupa wriggles out partly from under the web- _bing before the moth escapes, the pupal shell projecting as in the Sesiids. Larva. The caterpillars are quite variable in appearance. The smallest observed on the leaves were about 14 in. long, mostly pale greenish yellow. The head is a distinct amber shade with a rather conspicuous dark brown mass of __ closely placed ocelli. There is a narrow irregular dark brown line at the lateral _-dorsal angles of the head case, a small black fuscous spot ventrally and a pair _ of small subtriangular black spots sublaterally. Antenne moderately prominent, _. mostly yellowish brown, slightly fuscous apically. Thoracic and abdominal seg- ments mostly a uniform yellowish, the true legs pale yellowish and having the -ssecond segment fuscous and the distal segment much more slender, tapering and with a distinct claw apically. There are well-developed cylindrical abdominal prolegs on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and terminal abdominal segments, each leg when extended with a length approximately three times its diameter. The tubercles are a pale fuscous or fuscous, depending on the age of the caterpillar, each bearing one or two moderately long hairs. Older larve with a length of about 3/16 of an inch are decidedly darker though the general color is practically the same. The tubercles are much larger and in some specimens almost confluent so as to give the appearance of submedian black lines, though in reality they are simply series-of closely set tubercles. The thoracic legs have a shade of fuscous on the apical portion of the basal segment; the second segment is black and the third practically as in the earlier stage. Full-grown caterpillars have a length of nearly half an inch and present practically the same characteristics as given above, there being some darker speci- mens with rather larger black tubercles and lighter ones with somewhat smaller tubercles. DISTRIBUTION. This insect is probably widely distributed, sitice it has been recorded from England, France, Germany, the Balkan Peninsula, Bithynia and a N 46 THE REPORT OF THE . = - ~— No. 36 west in Asia to Turkestan. This range suggests that the species can maintain itself in the northern United States and southern Canada. It has become established in New York State in an area determined in co-operation with Dr. G. G. Atwood of the State Department of Agriculture as centering approximately upon Irvington and extending east to White Plains, south to Harrison and north to Croton. It also occurs on the west bank of the Hudson River, ranging for a mile or two north and south of Nyack and west to West Nyack. Lire History. It has not been possible to work out the complete life history of this insect under American conditions though there is no reason for thinking that the moth has departed materially from its habits as recorded in Europe. Mr, J. W. Tutt states that adults occur in September and October on flowers of Composite, while William West records capturing specimens among golden-rod. The adults and probably pups hibernate, the former in any shelter such as thatch and the latter in cocoons attached to the leaves. The over-wintered moths or those issuing from pupz deposit eggs probably when the leaves are partly developed, since Meyrick records larve as occurring in England during May, June and August, indicating at least two and probably three generations annually. There is considerable variation in development toward the end of the season, at least under American conditions. Full-grown and very small larve were found simultaneously at Irvington in September and even in early October. A few larve may feed to the latter part of the month. Larval growth is probably completed within a month or six weeks. The type of injury suggests that the moths deposit a few eggs near the base of each leaf and when numerous may oviposit on almost every leaf. One of the striking features of an infestation is the general distribution of injury throughout the tree. The feeding on each leaf is, practically speaking, independent of that upon other leaves. “There is no inclosing and webbing together as withthe fall web- worm. The caterpillars feed upon the upper surface, skeletonizing the leaves more or less completely and working from the lower part of the midrib upward and outward so that unless the infestation is unusually severe areas. on each side of the basal parts of the leaves frequently remain untouched. This type of injury is characteristic of moderately infested orchards. Those badly infested may have practically every leaf on all the trees completely skeletonized. Foop Piants. This insect has shown a marked preference for. apple though it has also been recorded as feeding upon pear, hawthorn, mountain ash, birch and possibly willow. NaturaL Enemies. Meyrick’s statement to the effect that this skeletonizer ~ is local in England indicates moderately efficient enemies and this is borne out by its classification as a pest of minor importance by continental writers and the recording by Reh of a number of parasites. It is presumable that some of its native enemies became established with their host and if this is not the case, the chances favor some of our native parasites becoming accustomed to this new food supply and assisting materially in reducing its abundance. A few parasites (Dioctes obliteratus Cresson) Kindly determined through the courtesy of Dr. Howard, have already been reared from materials received from Westchester County. ControL MEAsuRES. There is no question but that thorough and timely spraying with a poison such as arsenate of lead will destroy these caterpillars and, owing to their feeding almost entirely upon the supper surface of the leaves, . | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 a general application of these measures in infested areas to all trees upon which the pest can subsist would mean its early control and practical elimination so far as material damage is concerned. Residents of the infested section are most: strongly advised to watch for the development of the insect next season and to "spray all trees showing signs of its work, since it is very important to control it, so far as possible, because experience has demonstrated that it is easier to handle an outbreak in its incipiency than to begin after serious losses have occurred. SOME NOTODONTIAN LARVA. Rey. Dr. J. A. Corcoran, Loyorta CoLtLecr, MONTREAL, The sudden appearance of temporary structures and protective colours and - - markings of caterpillars are usually attributed to the action of stimuli from with- out. Whether this deduction will remain unshaken by the facts that the observers of the future may bring to light, or will be discarded, does not concern us. It is sufficient that this theory gives the entomologists of the present day a spur to observe more closely the changes which various larve undergo before reaching the stage of pupation, and makes of their observations the solution of a definite F problem instead of the compilation of a catalogue of uncorrelated changes. For é REE AE ede eee ae eee ae ‘ a) AR he Ae _ the external stimuli which have acted in the past must be more or less active to-day, otherwise the structures they have produced will become useless and vestigial, since God in His goodness does not allow a creature to retain a structure, that is a functioning structure, which has become really hurtful to its possessor. In an endeavour to find a cause for the abrupt appearance of certain colours and temporary armament in the Notodontian larve, I had under close observation last summer some colonies of Schizura concinna and Heterocampa guttivitta. My observations of the habits of these larve were too restricted, and my microscopic ex- amination of the sections of the parts before and after the changes were too super- - ficial, to be of value in arriving at a definite conclusion, but I give them in the hope that some of our members may find them of interest and later when the win- _ the-war problems no longer call for the entomologist’s undivided attention, they may record their own studies on the larve of these same species. When first seen the larve of 9. concinna were about 3 mm. in length and arranged themselves in serried ranks on the under surface of the leaves of an apple tree. I divided the colony into two, leaving twenty larve undisturbed and placing the rest on a nearby branch of the same tree, so that I might have material for dissection while not depopulating my observation colony. The moth had deposited her eggs on the end leaves of a branch most conveniently placed where they could be seen at all hours of the day. During the first stage the larve fed on the epidermis and tissue of the under - side without puncturing the leaf, and hence could not be seen from above. Their _ yellowish heads which were smooth and unarmed, and their yellowish-green bodies, _ tinted reddish along the sides, harmonized so well with the surface on which they fed that it was difficult to distinguish them. Neither insects nor birds seemed to spy them, although a dozen two-winged flies passed within a few feet of them, and , an aphis lion was seen running about on the lower part of same branch on which _ the colony fed. The third day after discovery all the members of both colonies _ moulted and passed to the second stage. ‘tiv » 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36_ The head was now reddish-black and bore two blunt knobs on top. A section _ of a larva made the day before the moult shows no~evident thickening of the epidermis and underlying tissue. As the insects grew, red lines along the sides of the thorax, a pair of yellow spots and five tubercles of the same colour near the anal end of the uplifted abdomen could be made out.. By the time the larve were 8 mm. long they were eating both surfaces of the leaves and when feeding arranged ~ themselves along the cut edges. Hairy warts on the head, and dorsal and lateral spines on the body gave the insects, which could now be seen from above, a rather — unattractive look. When not feeding the PEG placed themselves in rows on the © stem and bared veins of the leaf. The numerous two-winged flies which were seen on the leaves of neighbouring apple trees, did not seem to notice the colonies.. One larva dissappeared at this stage—perhaps, to the nest of one of the wasps which were decorating the cornice — of a near-by room. After the second moult the head became black again and remained so until ~ the final moult. The various tubercles and spines were more marked and the ~ insects, which were at this time denuding the branch, eating even the veins and midrib of the leaves, could now be seen at a distance of six feet. Numerous insect- eating birds hopped about on the near-by trees and some stopped to examine the colonies. A young song-sparrow disposed of one larva, but the other six which disappeared during the third and fourth stages succumbed to the heavy rains which were of frequent occurrence last August. At the final moult the larve developed the coral-red head and large abdominal hump of the same colour which gives them the common name of the Red-Humped Apple Worm. During the last days of the fourth stage I took a number of larve from the control colony that I might make sections of them and follow the changes which immediately precede the final moult, but my time has been so taken up that I have not yet examined them. During the last stage the larve increased in size from 20 mm. at the time of the fourth moult to 30 mm., which they attained before descending the tree to pupate. Although they were conspicuous objects which could easily be made out at some distance, the birds did not molest them. My colony of Heterocampa larvee were hatched from a few eggs that were laid by a female caught at night. By means of a smear of gum I attached the eggs to the under surface of a red maple leaf. On the eighth day the larve emerged and began feeding on the superficial tissues of the leaf. They were then about 5 mm. _ long and under a glass showed nine pairs of comparatively enormous horns. The first pair on the prothoracic segment were four-tined like the antlers of a deer, the remaining eight pairs were single-pronged. Section of the insect shows the horns to be pure dermal structures devoid of muscle. On the fourth day the larve moulted and lost all trace of the horns except a pair of short stumps on the pea thoracic segment. During the first stage no enemies seem to have discovered these larve, but on the third day of the second stage while I was absent in the country they all dis- appeared. Some predaceous Fae probably got them, for they were well hidden from the birds. The individual larvee of these species experience no change of surroundings which might call for an abrupt change in colour or armament. They pass their whole larval existence on the tree upon which the parent moth deposits the eggs, indeed, they do not leave the branch, unless compelled by lack of food, until they all, in regimental order, descend the tree to pass the winter as pupz beneath the dry a 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 “leaves-or in the ground. Nor do the horns of H. guttiwvitta and the hump of S. concinna show signs of becoming aoe for both are well nourished and the latter bears moveable spines. Predaceous insects are the usual enemies of small caterpillars, and birds of full grown larve. To escape the former the horns of Heterocampa are well adapted, but why should they suddenly disappear at the first moult? The marked increase in size of 8. concinna during the last larval stage may call for more con- spicuous warning colour that the passing bird may more easily see that the insect is not good food. Whatever be the reasons, the entomologist who observes the development of Notodontian larve must be impressed by the protection God gives these strange creatures against the enemies who prey upon them. EVENING SESSION. The evening meeting was opened at 8 o’clock with an address of weleome by Dr. Harrison, Principal of Macdonald College. Owing to the fact that he would be unable to remain for the whole of the evening session Dr. Hewitt took this opportunity of introducing the symposium in “Canadian Entomologists and the War,” the discussion of A was to take place at the smoker ner in the evening. The public lecture on “The Problem of Mosquito Control ” was then delivered by Dr. T. J. Headlee, State Entomologist, New Brunswick, N.J. THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO CONTROL. Tuomas J. Heapier, Pu.D., ENtomotocist or THE NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS AND State ENTOMOLOGIST. INTRODUCTION. While interest in anti-mosquito work is now found in nearly all parts of the world, it is engaged in most cases with very limited areas of country. No doubt this is due to the fact that the source of interest is usually the hope of eliminating insect-borne diseases from limited areas. _ Anti-mosquito work in New Jersey does not have its roots in the desire to destroy diseases. Malaria, which with us is the only mosquito-borne disease, occurs in only a few very limited areas and forms in each case a strictly local problem. Interest in mosquito control in New Jersey arises from the desire to make the state entirely comfortable and desirable for its citizens. The north-eastern end of the state is rapidly being transformed from low- priced farm land into urban property and the mosquito pest, such as would come from the unprotected salt marsh, would seriously interfere with and delay that process. In the counties of Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Union and Middlesex, each of which have some thousands of acres of salt marsh within its borders, in the ten year period from 1900 to 1910, 60,000 acres of farm land were transformed into — urban property, and the growth during the last seven years has not been less rapid. Within range of these salt marshes lies the County of Passaic, which is. really a’ member of this group, but which has no salt marsh. THE REPORT OF THE MAP NEW JERSEY UTH, Mt tte = Ico jp) CONDITION IN 1917 AREA OF ORIGINAL SALT MARSH MOSQUITO INFESTATION ENCLOSED BY BROKEN LINE -————— TIDAL MARSH UNDRAINED B TIDAL MARSH PARTLY OR COMPLETELY DRAINED = AREA PRACTICALLY FREED OF SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES It AREA STILLINFESTED BY SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES it ee ete ee et eee eee ee ee County map of New Jersey, showing locations of salt marshes, area of- upland formerly covered by flights of salt marsh mosquitoes, portion of the salt marsh which has been more or less completely drained, and area of upland at present covered during the mos- quito season with salt marsh broods. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 51 About one and one-half millions of people live within the borders of these - six counties. That part of the southern end of New Jersey included in the counties of Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic, Cape May, and Cumberland have more than 100 miles of fine sand beach nearly all of which might be developed into delightful seaside ~ communities, and 1,700,000 acres of farmland of which about one million are totally undeveloped. A large part of this territory is covered at times during Hes summer with dense broods of salt marsh mosquitoes. Seaside communities build slowly and undeveloped lands are tardily improved under such conditions. There are about 296,000 acres of salt marsh in the State of New Jersey, of which probably 200,000 are potentially good salt hay land. The drainage necessary to control the salt marsh mosquito seems after its effect is felt to increase the hay _ yield from about .7 of a ton to 2.6 tons per acre. 5 age ek et hs he While New Jersey was one of the first states to become interested in the ‘problem of mosquito control from the standpoint of human comfort and prosperity, she is certain not to be the last, because there are about 6,400,000 acres of tidal marsh in the United States alone, and the mosquito-borne disease of malaria is now recognized as the great, but by no means immovable, bar to the development of immense areas in our Southern states. In view of the apparent certainty of a rapidly increasing interest in the elimin- ation of all species of mosquitoes as a means of contributing to human comfort and prosperity, the present paper is an outline ‘of procedure that may be followed in attacking the problem in any specified locality. To the man not familiar with the nature of insects, anti-mosquito work means mosquito extermination. This misconception leads the professional worker into much trouble because the people whom he is trying to serve demand year by year - greater and greater freedom and cannot understand why at times they are troubled. At the present stage of anti-mosquito work only the problem of control can be considered and that OE extermination must be relegated entirely to the future. The object of mosquito control is to reduce the Done to a point where diseases carried by it do not occur and the householder is wnaware of its existence. _ The problem of bringing the mosquitoes of any badly infested locality under - control involves: (1) A careful and thorough analysis of the mosquito fauna both RR ee aS” a in larval and adult form for at least one entire season; two or three would be more conclusive; (2) a careful study of the reasonably permanent breeding places from which the adults come, followed by the preparation of a detailed plan showing the methods and the cost of eliminating them; (3) the obtaining of funds with which to do the work; (4) the execution of the plans and the completion of the initial work; (5) maintenance, temporary elimination, and improvement; (6) giving the work a permanent character; (7) evaluation of the results of mosquito control. ANALYSIS OF THE Mosquito FAUNA. In planning for future anti-mosquito work the mosquito survey usually means an examination of the territory for places which past experience has indicated as likely to breed and for such places as show breeding at the time of inspection. Un- fortunately for this simple procedure, experience has shown that the area may be far more severely infested by mosquitoes which breed outside its limits than by _ the species that are produced locally. This is well illustrated in New Jersey by all “ tt 52 ‘THE REPORT OF THE 73 Neen 7 communities within reach of flights from the salt marshes (see map). Before — the flight of certain salt marsh species was recognized many local efforts were dis- credited by the influx of these far-flying species. It is, therefore, necessary to — find some way of determining not only the species that are bred within the pro- — tected area, but also the species which breeding entirely outside may invade and annul the effect of local work. Without doubt the most accurate way of determining these points is that type of a seasonal study of mosquitoes on the wing which will enable the operator to map the mosquito fauna at short intervals throughout one or more summer seasons. It is true that a person having’ long-and wide experience with mosquito control can make a rather accurate guess at the nature of the mosquito trouble in a specified area by a study of possible mosquito breeding places within and without of the said area. His forecast is, however, merely a shrewd guess and may go very wide of the mark. In the collection of data necessary to the preparation of the mosquito dis- — tribution maps a limited number of stations must be selected in such a fashion that — some definite idea of the conditions throughout the infested area may be obtained. In order that the collection results may be comparable the places selected must be essentially similar, especially as regards cover and light or the difference between them must be evaluated, which is always a difficult matter. The portion of the body from which the collections are made must be the same, and the collector whose body does not attract mosquitoes must be eliminated. Collections must be made at — a time of the day when as nearly all species are active as possible. It may be necessary to determine this time by running a set of trial collections covering all hours of the day and night. For the purpose of comparing one collection with another the temperature, moisture and wind conditions during the period when each ~ area-wide collection is made must be recorded and eventually more or less accurately — evaluated. The mosquitoes must be caught and killed without crushing or rubbing them — in order that accurate identification of them may be made. The results of each — general collection, stated as so many mosquitoes of each species per selected unit of — time should be set down on a topographic map of the area and the nature of the — weather conditions noted on the same sheet. If properly prepared this map will afford a picture of mosquito conditions at the time when the collection was made and if properly interpreted will show | whether the collection methods should be modified and will indicate what changes should be made. If the number of specimens of each species caught appears to be perfectly irregular in distribution the results may be attributed to emergence from local breeding. If on the other hand, there is evident an area in which certain species — appear in greatly increased numbers which grow larger from some point in the ~ area to its boundaries, it is safe to assume, that an invasion of mosquitoes breeding outside the protected area is occurring. If there should appear specimens of a — species, the known habits of which would seem to preclude breeding ae the area, invasion of that species would be clearly indicated. Whenever the’ charts show the presence of invasions, they must be traced at — once to the source from which they come. The method employed in these tracings — will depend upon the species concerned. When dealing with the salt marsh or the — fresh water swamp mosqu do, the work may be done during daylight by means of an — automobile, but when dealing with the house mosquito, the collections must be made q during a period beginning about dusk and ending less than one hour later. In — 4 aa a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Deh 53 dealing with other less well known species, it may be necessary to determine the _ time of day when the study can be successfully made. In any case the kind of _ weather, the time of day and the type of cover under which the species being studied _ may be caught must be determined. Tracing invasions of salt marsh species are done very quickly with an auto- -mobile by starting in uninfested territory close to the infested area and collecting at regular distances—say, 0.5 of a mile to 2 miles—until the mosquito zone has 3 been traversed and uninfested country found on the other side; this collection to be 3 followed by a similar one pursued in a line at right angles to the first. 4 Two assumptions are, of course, necessary to the success of this plan, one of _ which is that the mosquitoes may ie collected in daylight and the other-that the _ direction of greatest density indicates the source of the brood. The collections are _ made in as~nearly similar places as possible, especially as regards the character of _ the growth, and the relative number present is determined by using two small _ eyanide tubes and catching specimens ‘as rapidly as possible for a definite period of _ time, then reckoning the catch on the basis of so many per minute. In actual practice whenever the study began on the first appearance of the _ brood, these assumptions were found to be correct and many broods have in this _ manner been traced to their places of origin. At least three important results _ followed the discovery and use of this method, the first was the finding of immense _ breeding areas in the Hackensack Valley salt marsh in sections hitherto thought _ to be free of breeding, the second was the uncovering of inefficiency in the control of salt-marsh breeding on certain especially dangerous areas, and the third a _ determined and apparently successful effort to eliminate the veneers places thus ~ discovered. The methods found to be successful for the fresh water swamp mosquito / migrations are essentially the same. * It became necessary to find the source of a brood of the house mosquito (C. pipiens) which in spite of effort to control local breeding continued to infest North Elizabeth and Union County. It was quickly found that no progress could - be made by day collections and that a difference in the hour when the collections were made gave such a difference in the number caught that determination of - density by serial collections covering several hours was impracticable. Accordingly, a sufficiently large number of inspectors were furnished by Union and Essex Counties to cover a line extending through North Elizabeth to and through South _ Newark to the sewage-charged salt marshes, each man collecting for fifteen minutes _ at three stations, one-quarter of a mile apart from each other, between 8.00 p.m. and 9 p.m. The following evening in the same manner a line from the marshes - running at right angles to the first was collected. In this instance the weather of _ the two evenings was sufficiently similar to render the results comparable, but “generally it would be better to have enough inspectors to collect both lines at the same time. A careful study of the collections showed a zone of house mosquitoes extending from North Elizabeth to the Ebling section of the Essex County salt marsh, a distance of at least 2.5 miles, with practically steadily increasing density as the ~ marsh edge was approached. Examinations of the marsh, which was heavily charged with sewage, showed enormous numbers of C. salinarius and C. pipiens with small numbers of A. - sollicitans and A. cantator in larval and pupal stages. The question has been raised as whether supposed house mosquitoes were not really salinarws. Un- { doubtedly both C. pipiens and C. salinarius were component portions of the zone, 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — but the smaller portion seemed to consist of the smaller, darker, lankier form which was thought to be the latter. It seemed only fair to conclude that while C. salinarius played a part in forming this mosquito zone, C’. pipiens was clearly shown in this case to migrate a distance of 2.5 miles from the place of breeding. At the same time that an analysis of the mosquitoes on the wing is being made a careful survey of the mosquito breeding places should go forward. A seasonal map of the more or less permanent breeding places should be made. PREPARING PLANS FOR THE ELIMINATION oF BREEDING PLACES. Having determined the nature of the mosquito fauna and its source, the next step is the preparation of plans for the elimination of the breeding places. In most cases this involves the solution of .rather simple engineering problems for — most of the work will be of a drainage chaiacter. Plans for the adequate treat- ment of each place should be prepared. The preparation of this phase of the report may involve the consideration of breeding places, either fresh or salt, exist- ing entirely outside of the protected area. The actual working out of such a plan is well illustrated in the effort at Princeton, New Jersey. Here each breeding place of a reasonably permanent char- acter has been charted. The type of written matter accompanying this chart gives a description of each place or group of places, describes the methods that should be used in eliminating the breeding, and presents an estimate of the cost of the operation. A simple description of one of the breeding places runs about as follows: “ District Number V is an old basin once a part of the D. and R. canal system but long since abandoned. The stagnant water is sheltered from the winds by surrounding trees and the banks are shallow and overgrown with vegetation. It is 130 x 300 feet and has some surface drainage into Stony Brook. Its bottom has at certain points as low an elevation as 52.6 feet above sea level, which shows that the drainage will have to be supplemented by a fill. “The Committee recommends that an open ditch be cut from this basin to the nearest point. of Stony Brook at a cost of from $15 to $20, and that the earth thus removed be used to help fill the remainder of the basin to a level of 53.1 feet or more. This will require 2,655 cu. yards. Part of the earth may be taken from the banks and higher levels in the vicinity, but still more must be obtained elsewhere. The cost of moving the soil and making the fill should be about $1,250. About $100 should be allotted to clearing off the weeds and bushes that will obstruct the ditching and filling operations.” In this way a comprehensive plan of operations and a fairly accurate estimate of the cost of the initial work necessary for mosquito control in a specified locality can be prepared. OBTAINING FuNDs. After reasonably accurate plans and estimates are in hand the problem of. obtaining funds must be solved. It is safe to assume that if the work has been carried to the stage of completed plans and estimates some one person or some group of persons possessed of a considerable amount of energy and initiative is deeply interested in the success of the movement. If the mover coincides with the person or group who must furnish the means, this problem is extremely simple, but, if on the other hand, the funds must come from a group of large size or from the general public its solution becomes more difficult. Two ways of getting funds are then open. The person or persons interested may go about among the landowners and residents of the afflicted districts and was ad Me ig an 19148 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 attempt to persuade them that the work is sufficiently important to merit their financial support. The person or persons interested may, through the medium of lectures, newspaper and magazine articles, educate the public to a point where the desired work may be paid te from the public treasury. In any case, the danger and discomfort of present conditions must be constantly contrasted with the safety and comfort of the time when the desired work has been completed. 4 ; 5 = EXECUTION OF THE PLANS. q _ When the moneys have been secured -the organization necessary to carry out the initial work must be formed. Perhaps the simplest form of organization is the employment of a competent engineer who may be held responsible for the leave the active agent burdened with a supply of tools and useless machinery. MAINTENANCE, TEMPORARY ELIMINATION, AND IMPROVEMENT, When initial work has been completed it must be maintained. Breeding, which occurs in the thousands of shallow pools of various sorts which after heavy rains are found in depressions of the ground and in old receptacles and in places of permanent character such a& sewer basins, cesspools, cisterns, etc., must be destroyed before the adult mosquitoes can be produced. os As the work proceeds, many additions to the drainage systems already installed or entirely new plans for districts that may have been overlooked will seem advis- able. Provision should be made to meet such conditions. When trying to meet the problems of maintenance, temporary eliamanes and improvement of anti-mosquito work over a'large area, some methods of testing the value of such work must be devised. Many men will be employed and more or less efficiently supervised. Data on effectiveness as measured in terms of mosquitoes. on the wing must be had. The practice of the regular collections of adults as described earlier in this paper will afford the needed facts. After a certain amount of experience the person in charge’ of collections will be able to say, under given conditions of temperature, moisture and wind, just how many mosquitoes per selected unit of time mean that the householder living near the point of col- lection will be troubled. Fortunately, he can usually discover the dangerous in- crease in time to find the unchecked breeding and head off the trouble. The local director of the anti-mosquito work is able, by examining his map of collections, to see at once where the dangerous increases are, and by making a thorough re-inspection at these points, to discover the inefficiency of his mainten- ance and temporary elimination, and to determine the nature of improvement needed. Of course his map may also show an invasion. It will then become ~ necessary to trace it to its source and take measures to correct the conditions which have given rise to it. vires “eee Sie eS aie a Giving THE ANTI-mMosquiro Work a ‘PERMANENT CHARACTER. After the work of mosquito control has been started and carried forward for _ several seasons, the problem of insuring the continuance of necessary maintenance _ and improvement must be solved. The first year of successful work will ordinarily bring about such a gratifying reduction in mosquito trouble, or disease carried by 2 peaiitoes, or both, that the work will stand very high in the opinion of the people proper prosecution of the work by contractors. Certainly, such a method will not 56 THE REPORT OF THE oN et within the protected districts. This public approval will continue for two or three 5 2 2 or even more years, and the occasional appearance of a troublesome number will be _ discounted. But as time passes the remembrance of the suffering acirionend before any work was done will fade, and the appearance of the occasional outbreaks will be charged to inefficient work on the part of the mosquito control organization, and _ the appropriations necessary for the support of the work may be discontinued. The public will demand that freedom each year become noticeably greater. Of course, this natural change of public opinion may be delayed by educational work in the course of which the nature of the problem is explained. But sooner or later the public will demand that even this occasional trouble, this apparently irreduceable minimum, be eliminated. Without doubt methods not now in use must be developed if this demand is ~ met. A more fundamental study of the mosquito’s natural history must be made in the hope that a clue to the accomplishment of further reductions may be found. The chemotactic responses of this insect are practically unknown. The develop- ment of larvicidal agents has only begun. There is much room for that type of research which will develop new and better methods of getting at the problem of mosquito control. EVALUATION OF THE REsuLTs or Mosquito CONTROL, The last phase of the problem of mosquito control is the evaluation of the: resultg of anti-mosquito work. In dealing with the species which disseminate well known and definitely diagnosed diseases this phase seems to offer little difficulty. Before the work is done a survey of the number of well authenticated cases of disease should be made. Each year after the work the survey is repeated and the conditions before and after compared. ‘This is well illustrated in the work at Princeton, where in.1914 before the work of control began there were 127 cases of malaria, while in 1915, after the work had made a good start, there were 65 cases, and in 1916, after the large part of the work had been done, there were 8 cases. Still more striking results were presented by Dr. Carter last winter. At Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, in several mill villages of over 4,000 total population, anti- mosquito work reduced the physicians’ calls from 50 per day to 21% per day the first year, and to one call for each three days the second. At Wilson, Virginia, in 1915, every house visited-by Dr. Carter had at least one inmate sick with malaria. The five deaths which occurred in August may be taken to indicate that there were about 500 cases in the place. In the summer season following efficient anti- mosquito work there was only one case. Thus far the only ways of measuring the value of anti-mosquito work when only the comfort of the people is served, are public approval as voiced by the newspapers and governing bodies, and the advancement in valuation of property for taxing purposes. The first usually appears in a form similar to the following taken from the Newark Evening Star on August 16, 1912: “That the work of mosquito extermination in Essex .County this season has been well done, nobody can doubt or deny. The pest ‘was not entirely destroyed, but that was not expected. The mosquito extermination Act has been amply justified by results and its repeal by the legislature at the demand of some parsimonious county that is willing to suffer the pest rather than pay the small price for getting rid of it is impossible.” ¢ pes ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | BY a Or in a form similar to the following communication from the Paterson _ Press-Guardian. “To the Editor of the Press-Guardian: Sir,—Now that the Mosquito Commission has announced that its operations for this season are ended, it would seem to be a proper - time to call attention to the great success of its operation. I have lived in Paterson more _ than forty years and in my recollection we have never had so much freedom from - mosquitoes as during the past season, and this in spite of the fact that the conditions _ for breeding mosquitoes early this s€ason were ideal. The result, I believe, can only in fairness be attributed to the mosquito extermination work. “When this work was inaugurated a few years ago, many people were doubtful of r the result and seemed to feel that money appropriated for the mosquito extermination work would be money wasted: but it seems to me that any unprejudiced person com- b: paring conditions during the past summer with previous years.must realize that the nuisance has been reduced to a minimum and that the money invested in this work has af been well spent. ey “Let us give due credit to David Young as well as to the members of the Com- : mission and others engaged in the work who have given the matter time and study and hard work, and when the Commission applies for its next appropriation let it have the money without hesitation. Not only does this work promote the comfort of the resi- ia dents of Paterson but, if continued, it must enhance real estate values, which have _ suffered in the past from the widespread and free advertising received by the ‘ Jersey Mosquito.’ “Paterson, Oct. 10, 1917.” While this sort of approval is necessary it is a rather poor yardstick by which to measure the value of permanent work. Unfortunately increases in real estate values are dependent upon so many factors that one finds it extremely difficult to separate the effect of mosquito control from the operation of other factors. We can, however, say that the development when it is a matter of building up high-class residence districts will not occur _ where the country is infested by hordes of mosquitoes. A calculation prepared in 1912 shows that the taxable values of shore properties from Jersey City to Sea Bright had increased since mosquito work had begun at least 614 millions, and that the increase ranged from about 15 per cent. in the manufacturing districts to 300 per cent. in some of the residence districts. If we may assume that a reasonable freedom from the mosquito pest is pre- requisite to large industrial development, and the writer believes that the assump- tion is in most cases susceptible of proof, an examination of the increase in taxable values on the Newark meadows, which were formerly as badly mosquito infested “as any part of the State of New Jersey, will serve as an instance to show the de- velopment which anti-mosquito work has made possible. The meadow comprises about 4,000 acres. Anti-mosquito work began many years ago, became intensive in 1912, and has continued until the present. The taxable value of those marshes and the tax from them are shown in the following table : Year. Taxable Value. The Tax Increase. TINIE eee Ap Neue teahe ce Soetoro a ins shape voue Toes ene $1,735,000 $19,656 DT ARAM eee rae stone Me Peuers alere cbeiale iste oss 2,192,000 22,064 AON Frere siemens cits cURL PMG NaGai ort cw icielle sinus avechere 2,251,000 30,390 EL SING Hake). coh Werer-cean closers tes ais. 6 Moe, sah nS we hance aes 3,750,000 64,155 | In 1912 the tax was $19,656 and in 1916 it was $64,155, making an increase of $44,499, or over 300 per cent. In 1912, 286 men were employed in factories on _ these meadows with a yearly wage of $152,000. In 1916, 6,341 men were em-‘ _ ployed with a payroll of $2,863,000. : In dealing with salt marshes, as a by-product of the drainage necessary for mosquito control, we find a decided increase in the. annual yield of salt hay. The 58° THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 undrained marsh yields an average of about .7 of a ton of coarse hay, which hardly, — repays the cost of cutting and marketing, while the drained marsh produces 2.6 tons A of a much better grade, involving an increase of about $15 an acre. It should; — of course, be recognized that an average of about three years is required to realize — the full benefit. =. CoNCLUSIONS. Present methods of mosquito control are sufficiently effective to afford much ~ relief from the mosquito pest by freeing protected communities to a very large © extent from mosquito annoyance and mosquito-carried diseases. Such results can be obtained only when the matter is gone about in a careful systematic manner, involving a thorough study of the nature of the problem and the creation of an effective organization to carry out the work. Mosquito control work, because of the large amount of temporary control involved, must become a permanent fixture. | With present methods of control the protected territory will at times be — troubled by some mosquitoes, because the enormous increase in breeding surface, brought about by a prolonged rainy period, may be such as the organization cannot cope with. | | More thorough or fundamental studies of the life economy of the economic ~ species of mosquitoes are needed in order that still more effective methods of control may be found. Mr. Gipson: May I ask whether you have used oil to any great extent on the marshy areas? Dr. Heapiee. Oil is used extensively for temporary elimination in small temporary pools, basins, in the treatment of garbage dumps, and to some extent, although only a minor extent, on the salt marsh. It is considered a method of temporary elimination only, and its use is no more extensive than we can avoid. We use a good many thousand barrels of oil in a year, because there is much temporary work to be done, and I think if we take into consideration existing conditions there always will be temporary work to be done.. There are always temporary pools under exceedingly rainy conditions, and these pools are breeding grounds for the mosquitoes. We have had the question raised frequently as to why we do not reduce the seed or eggs so that under these extra rainy conditions they could not produce so many insects. We have not got the eggs down far enough yet to notice much difference, although we have made a number of experiments: Pror, CaEsAR: What type of oil do you use now? Dr. Heapter: All kinds of fuel oil. Recently the Standard and other concerns have been making us an oil up to heat strength by putting in a good amount of crude kerosene. We need an oil with a large amount of spread — in proportion to holding power, and we are continuously trying all kinds of oil, for until we test it out we do not know the character of it and whether or not it will suit our purpose. The number of fuel oils is tremendous, and the only way we can get the kind we want is to have samples submitted to us and test them for spread and for staying qualities. Some oils will stay for two weeks, and others for two days, some will spread out nicely by themselves, others will have to be sprayed on to make them spread at all. The whole question is a difficult one, and we have tried to get satisfaction from the standpoint of viscosity, but the oil people do not seem able to give us just what we are looking ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. for. In testing a sample of fuel oil we want one that will spread readily, will make a nice complete coating on the water, and will stay at least a week. But even at the best, oil is only a temporary measure. ~~ A hearty vote of thanks, moved by Pror. CarEsar and seconded by PRor. _ LocHHEaD, was extended to the speaker in appreciation of his lecture. a Mr. A. F. Winn then delivered the President’s Address on “The Bladder- scales of Lycenide.” i After the evening session, a smoker was held in the Men’s Residence, when an extensive discussion on “ Canadian Entomologists and the War” took place. _ The discussion was taken part in by Prof. Lochhead, Mr. Winn, Dr. Headlee, _ Prof. Burgess, Prof. O’Kane, Prof. Caesar, Prof. Brittain, Mr. Gibson, Mr. _ Petch and others. FRIDAY MORNING, 9 O’CLOCK. eee a. Thal Ay ea er After a short business meeting at which the officers for the ensuing year were elected, Prof. Caesar, the newly appointed President, took the chair and in a _ few words expressed his thanks and appreciation of the honor done him. Mr. WInw extended an invitation to members and visitors to visit the Lyman Wot tear —_ he et | P Entomological room at McGill University. - THE BLACK CHERRY APHIS. a WiutirAm A. Ross, Dominion ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STaTIon, q The experiments on which the following paper is based were carried on this 4 past season at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ontario. The aphis was studied both in the insectary and in the orchard. In the insectary _ (a covered bench, situated out-of-doors) the plant lice were reared on small sweet cherry trees and Lepidium plants grown in flower pots. As we have not had time to prepare technical descriptions of the various forms, only popular descriptions are included in this paper. History. 2 The black cherry aphis has long been known in Europe and North America as a pest of cherry trees. On this side of the Atlantic the species was first recorded in 1851 by Fitch (Cat. Homopt. N.Y. 65, 1851). The same author ‘in a later publication (Rep. Ins. N.Y. 1; 125, 1855) describes the insect and _ gives an interesting account of its habits. He suggests that it was introduced - into America with the tree which it infests. What is probably the first reference to M. cerasi in Canadian literature is contained ‘in Fletcher’s Report of the _ Entomologist, 1885. Mention is merely made of the occurrence of aphids on _ young cherry trees at Victoria V. I—no name or description is given. In the ~ Entomologist’s Report for 1897, Dr. Fletcher gives the following interesting _ observations made by Mr. Martin Burrell, at that time of St. Catharines, Ont.:— 4 wove STs : be 72 re 60 THE REPORT OF THE , No. 36 “The principal damage has been done by the Cherry Aphis (Myzus cerasi. Fab.), whose attacks on the sweet cherry of this Peninsula (Niagara) were simply ~ disastrous. I do not think I should be overshooting the mark if I said that half of the crop was ruined. I saw many cases where not only the foliage was ‘ covered but even the fruit, and especially the stalks, with lice.” cians AND DEPREDATIONS, The cherry aphis is primarily a pest of the sweet cherry. It occurs on, but — so far as we are aware, is never destructive to, the sour cherry.* The aphis feeds on the buds and tender foliage and it may even attack the ‘blossoms and fruit, especially the stems. Infested leaves become tightly curled and when badly attacked turn brown and die. Fitch speaks of aphis-infested — leaves “looking as though they had been scorched by fire’ The fruit may also — be seriously damaged. During the summer of 1915, there was an outbreak Cherry “Aphids on underside of sweet cherry leaf, natural size. of cherry aphis in the Niagara district and in a Vineland orchard the fruit was : so badly injured that most of it was left on the trees. The cherries were small, ripened irregularly and many of them were covered with honey-dew and the black honey-dew fungus. MIGRATION OF M. CERASI. A difference of opinion has existed among entomologists as to_whether this species is migratory or not. Crosby (1) considers that the question is unsettled. Sanderson (2) and O’Kane (3) say that so far as known the cherry aphis has a Fe *Since writing the above, Mr. P. J. Parrott, Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station, has kindly placed at my disposal the following note from Mr. H. W. Lasher, of Woleott: “Replying to your inquiry re the black cherry aphids, I find that some years they do infest the sour cherry. They have attacked in my case, Montmorency, Morello, and ~ Richmond trees. They.do not take a block but trees scattered throughout an orchard. They destroy all the fruit, it falling off when the size of a pea.” ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. " 61 only one food plant. Gillette (4) states definitely that M. cerasi lacks the alternating food habit. On the other hand, Quaintance and Baker (5) claim that it is migratory. How are we to account for these apparently conflicting statements? Is it possible that the species is partially monophagous and partially migratory? Our observations and experiments prove that it is. Apterous forms eside throughout the season on the primary host-cherry, and in addition alate, Produced during the summer, migrate to and establish colonies on a secondary host. : The cherry aphis areal has an unique life cycle. Some plant lice with _ the alternating food habit, e.g., Hriosoma lanigera, Prociphilus tessellata and Myzus persice occur at all times of the year on their secondary hosts, but, so — : far as we are aware, no migratory aphid other than M. cerasi normally resides on the primary host all year. If we were given to theorizing, we would suggest that at the present time, the black cherry aphis is in the. transitional stage j between the migratory type (e.g., A. avenw) and the more specialized monophagous 3 type (e.g., A. pomt). Micratory TEsTs. 5 In order to discover the secondary host a series of migratory experiments _ were made with common plants belonging to the following genera: Agropyron, — Dactylis, Poa, Polygonum, Rumex, Chenopodium, Amaranthus, Stellaria, Silene, — Ranunculus, Erysimum, Capsella, Lepidium, Brassica, Lobularia, Potentilla, _ Prunus, Trifolium, Vicia, Medicago, Malva, Nepeta, Stachys, Verbascum, Plantago, Cirsium, Arctium, Hieratium, Lactuca, Senecio, Ambrosia, Aster, Sonchus, _ Solidago. The migrants fed to some extent on cherry, Polygonum persicariu,~ — Chenopodium album, Rumex acetosella, Stellaria media and Malva rotundifolia, but did not reproduce on these plants. Young were deposited on Polygonum — aviculare, Rumex crispus, Lobularia maritima, Verbascum thapsus, Plantago lanceolata, P. major and Solidago sp., but they did not grow and soon succumbed. ~ Weak colonies developed on Brassica arvensis, Hrysimum cheiranthoides and _ Capsella bursa-pastoris.* On Lepidium apetalum strong colonies were readily established and were carried through to the end of the season. aes aa o7Y 1h 4 FIELD OBSERVATIONS, ae A NOD In the field our search for migrants was rewarded by finding them and their _ progeny on wild peppergrass, L. apetalum growing within two hindred yards _ of an infested cherry orchard (first collection was made on July 9th, 1917). The _ aphis was not taken on any other plant but in spite of this we are strongly inclined to believe that other crucifers besides Lepidiwm serve as secondary hosts. _ Next season, we hope to be able to prove this. eee THE Eaa. The minute, oval-shaped eggs (.68 mm. x .32 mm.) change within a few _ days after being laid from watery green to black. They are deposited around the buds and on the rough bark of twigs and branches. They commence to | iaich early in spring when the buds are swelling. In the cherry orchard (situated _ on the lake shore) which we had under observation this past season, the period of hatching extended from the 17th to the 24th of April. All the eggs hatched a at least nineteen days before the cherry buds actually bwrst. *One colony on Hrysimum survived until autumn, at which time it gave rise to return migrants and males. 62 - THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36 Tur Stem MOorHER, The newly hatched, dark green stem mothers migrate to and settle on the ~ buds, where they feed on the green tissue. Later on, they attack the tender — leaves and blossom buds. After moulting four times, they reach maturity in — four or five weeks and commence within a day or two to give birth to living | young. The first young are produced about the time the most advanced blossoms open. Description. The adult stem mother is a glossy black, ae insect, 1 about 2.07 mm. x 1.44 mm., with 5-jointed antenne. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. In our insectary experiments with 15 individuals the following data were ~ ada he — Numer of instars: Five.* Length of Nymphal Life: Maximum 37 days, minimum 30 days, average 31.8 days. Age when reproduction commenced : Maximum 37 days, minimum 30 days, average, 32.6 days. days. young, average number 154.9 young. Daily production of young per “female: Maximum 18 young, minimum 1 young, average 4.8 young. Total length of life: Maximum 85 days, minimum 57 days, average 69.5 days. SuMMER FoRMS ON CHERRY. The progeny of the stem mothers develop into apterous viviparous females. This generation is then followed by brood after brood of wingless and winged aphids. The apterous forms remain on cherry and may be found on this tree from spring till late autumn. The alate on the other hand leave the cherry and migrate to Lepidium. APTEROUS VIVIPARA. Reproductive period: Maximum 41 days, minimum 26 days, average 32.9 Fecundity: Greatest number 198 young per insect, smallest number 80 — During the early part of the season wingless forms are very common but — as the summer wears along they diminish in numbers. This decrease is due to the production of alate, to the effective work of predaceous enemies and also ~ to the drying up of the affected foliage. Moderately infested trees are liable to support more apterous lines throughout the season than are heavily infested — ones. In fact, on badly attacked cherry trees the aphids may wholly disappear by mid-summer. For example, in 1915, in a seriously infested orchard at Vine- land, no plant lice were found on the trees after mid-August. Description. The adult wingless vivipara like the stem mother is globose — and glossy black. Unlike the latter, however, it possesses 6-jointed antenne. 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In the matter of reproductive capacity, this form is slightly less prolific than the stem mother (see table No. 1). One hundred and eleven apterous forms produced an average of 80.9 young per insect. SUMMER MIGRANT, Migrants are produced on cherry trees during a period extending from mid- June to the middle or latter part of August.* The vast majority of them, however, develop and migrate before mid-July. DESCRIPTION: The head, thorax, cornicles, and cauda of the migrant are black and the abdomen varies in colour from dark or black green to dark brown. It is about 2.16 mm. long. Factors WHIcH Propucr ALATA. A question which should be touched on here is: what agencies tend to produce winged-forms? We are inclined to believe that three of them are, the influence of over-population, the instinct to migrate, and, to a small extent at least, the influence of generation. i With a monophagous species such as Aphis pomi the appearance of alate is apparently due in a large measure to overcrowding. This hypothesis explains why, by preventing crowding, it is possible to rear apterous lines of the green apple aphis through from egg to egg. With a migratory species, however, such as Aphis avene, another factor comes into play, viz.: the instinct to migrate. In some of our experiments with the oat aphis one individual was reared on each host plant (apple), but in spite of this superabundance of food and space, all the lines gave rise to migrants—the aphis in order to complete its life cycle had to migrate. And now to_return to the cherry aphis, this louse behaves more like a. monophagous than a migratory species. The migratory instinct appears to be attenuated and seemingly is of little or no importance in the production of winged forms. In our insectary work, it was observed that alate did not develop unless the plant lice were excessively - crowded. The influence of generation as a minor factor is suggested by the fact that no winged forms occur in the 2nd generation of M. cerasi—at least we did not obtain any. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. In our experiments with a large number of migrants the following data — were obtained :— Duration of nymphal life. Migrants took from 7% to 13 days to reach maturity, or in other words, one to four days longer than contemporary apterous vivipare. Reproduction: Migrants gave birth to young one or two days after they were transferred to Lepidium. *A few migrants were taken on cherry on August 27th, 1917. ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 Reproductive period: Maximum 26 days, minimum 2 days, average 11.6. ee Fecundity: The average reproductive capacity of 18 individuals was 16.7 Hs young per insect, the maximum and minimum being respectively 37 young and 4 young. Daily production of young: Maximum 8, minimum 1, average 1.7, : Total length of life: Maximum 56 days, minimum 4 days, average 15.4 days. is Seconpary ApTERous VIVIPARA. The progeny of the cherry to Lepidium migrants develop into wingless vivi- pare and are followed by brood after brood of their kind until fall at which time return migrants and males are produced, concerning which more will be said later. For want of a better name, the wingless forms on Lepidium are referred to in this paper as secondary apterous vivipare. Description. This form is much smaller and is lighter in colour than its fellow on cherry. It is dull brown in colour and is about 1.26 mm. x. .68 mm. in size. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. In experiments with 37 apterous forms the following data were obtained. Length of Nymphal Life: Maximum 19 days, minimum 6 days, average 9.8 days. Age when reproduction commenced: Maximum 19 days, minimum 6 days, average 10.2 days. . Reproductive period: Maximum 44 days, minimum 9 days, average 24.5 days. Reproductwe capacity per female: Maximum 83 young, minimum 19 young, average 44 young. Daily production of young per female: Maximum 7 young, minimium 1 young, average 1.8 young. Total length of life: Maximum 175 days, minimum 17 days, average 40.8 days. : THe ALAaTeE SEXUPARA. In early autumn migrant aphids* are produced on Lepidium and return to the cherry where they deposit the egg-laying females. At the same time the -monophagous lines on cherry give rise to large numbers of winged forms+ which also give birth to egg-laying females. In other words the sexupara—the mother of the sexual female—is produced on both the secondary and primary hosts. DESCRIPTION. This form is very similar in appearance to the summer migrant. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. The data obtained from the sexupare bred on cherry (primary host) and on Lepidium (secondary host) are presented herewith in tabular form. *Return migrants were found on Lepidium from Sept. 17th to October 29th. +Sexupare were produced on cherry from Sept. 9th to the close of the season. 5 ES. oO 66 THE REPORT OF THE Nor OG TABLE No. 2—SEXUPARHZ—M. CERASI. : > Sp Daily Produc- Length of | Reproductive} Fecundity Bt Move J 1 : : : g Longevity. a Nymphal Life. Period. per Insect. Ser insect. Host. p= ; So . ; a : ones ASS 4 o | 4 o 4 x o | 4 Es D eal usagi |eleal ans alecesh ile oc | A aes ee ee) Sp VSL ela | fee ae leet ee al er Primary | | ‘(Cherry)’. .2s-|- 13) 44°) 240 12058) Ds 2 GT 2 eee Gr aie 2.) Ole ener ee Secondary | (Lepidium).. 6 L9G) TEs G6sSi5 Paes 6 3 5 4 et ee 6 100) 24 52ee THE MALE, ' Early in October winged males* appear on the secondary host and fly back to the cherry where they mate with the oviparous females. No males are pro- duced on cherry. This means that, in spite of the pronounced tendency of the black cherry aphis to live a monophagous life on cherry, the completion of its life cycle is still dependent on the existence of a secondary host. Description. Antenne, head, thorax, cornicles and external genitals black. Abdomen reddish brown with dark transverse bars, and three black lateral spots. | Length 1.53 mm. to 1.62 mm, NYMPHAL LIFE, The average duration of nymphal life of 29 individuals was 35 days, the maximum and minimum being respectively 25 and 44 days. THE OVIPARA. This form may be found on the leaves, twigs and branches up to the time all the aphids are killed by frost. Description. The general colour of the ovipara is dark brown. The abdo- men may be tinged with green. In size, it is about 1.8 mm. x .8 mm. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. In our experiments with 13 individuals the following data were obtained :— Length of Nymphal Iafe: Maximum 33 days, minimum 21 days, average 27.4 days. Age when egg-laying commenced: Maximum 53 days, minimum 26 days, average 40.2 days. Reproductwe perwd: Maximum 22 days, minimum 1 day, average 10.2 days. Fecundity per female: Maximum 8 eggs, minimum 1 egg, average 4.2 eggs. Longevity: Maximum 171 days, minimum 52 days, average 61.6 days. NUMBER OF GENERATIONS. According to our experiments there are from six to fourteen generations of this insect per year in the Niagara district. *Males developed on Lepidium from October 6th to November 17th. 4 z 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 2 ee NATURAL CONTROL, Insect Enemies. . Like most species of plant lice the cherry aphis is harassed by many insect enemies. Amongst these enemies are numbered the following :— | Coccinellide—Adalia bipunctata Linn. (Apparently the most important predator), Coccinella 9-notata Herbst., C. transversoguttata Fabr., C. trifascute, Linn., C. sanguinea Linn., Anatis 15-punctata Oliv., Hippodamia 13-punctala and Scymnus collaris. Syrphide—Syrphus americanus Wiedemann, S. ribesi Linn., Allogitapta obliqua Say-~ Cecidomyiide—A phidoletes meridionalis Felt. Chrysopide—Chrysopa sp. (No lace-wing flies were reared). Acarina—An undetermined, bright, orange red species. WEATHER AGENCIES. Undoubtedly the most effective weapons employed by Nature in checking the multiplication of this, and other species of plant lice are weather agencies. Heavy rains wash off large numbers of aphids, especially in spring before the _pseudogalls are formed. Droughts are frequently disastrous to the lice, chiefly, we think, because such weather deprives the host plants of succulency. Early frosts and wind storms also may destroy countless numbers of immature sexual females by causing the foliage to drop prematurely. ARTIFICIAL CONTROL. The cherry aphis is most vulnerable early in spring just before the buds break. At this time all the eggs have hatched and the young stem mothers, feeding on the buds, are absolutely without protection. ‘Thorough spraying at this stage with a good aphidicide will destroy all or practically all the lice. Last spring, we tested this remedial measure in a Vineland orchard. One- half of the orchard—the check—was given the usual treatment with lime sulphur. In the other half, hme sulphur combined with Black Leaf 40 (84 pint to 80 gallons) was used and the application was not made until shortly before the buds burst. Because of the slow multiplication of the lice on the check trees, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, the results obtained from this experi- ment did not show up to advantage until early July. At that time, the following notes were made :— | “ Hxamined all the trees sprayed with Black Leaf 40 and found only one small colony. In the check block all the trees are more or less infested and some are badly attacked. By noting the condition of the foliage—normal or curled—it is a simple matter to tell where the treated rows end and the unsprayed section begins.” Literature Cited. (1)-Slingerland and Crosby: Manual of Fruit Insects, p. 312. (2) Sanderson, E. D.: a. Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, p. 666, 68 THE REPORT OF THE _ No. 36 (3). O7Kane, W.~G:: Injurious Insects, p. 318. (4) Gillette, C. P.: The Menthly Bulletin of State Commission of Horticulture, California, Vol. -ViI, No; 8; -p. 63. ‘ (5) Quaintance and Baker: Farmers’ Bulletin 804, U.S. Dept. of Agr., p. 24. Fatuer Leroporp: Is it a fact that there is no male on cherry? Mr. Ross: The male is produced only on the secondary host. Dr. HEADLEE: We found with apple aphis that there was a peculiarly suscep- tible stage in the egg just before hatching. The egg has three layers, one of which is a transparent layer, and this layer splits about a week before hatching. The egg is then very susceptible to light, moisture and other influences, and to chemical sprays, etc., and I wonder if Mr. Ross has found a similar condition in the eggs of the Black Cherry Aphis? Mr. Ross: No. I have not found this with Black Cherry Aphis, but I have with Apple Aphids. We fumigated trees that were heavily stocked with the eggs of the Oat Aphis and Aphis pomi about ten days before the buds burst. We destroyed one hundred per cent. of the eggs with hydrocyanic acid gas, 1 oz. to 100 cubic feet, but we have not done anything with the Cherry Aphis. Dr. HEADLEE: Have you experimented with ee on the eggs? Mr. Ross: No. Dr, HEADLEE: We found that carbolic acid was effective in dealing with the apple aphis egg at this stage. Pror. CArsar: Was this a laboratory experiment or an orchard experiment ? Dr. HEADLEE: Both. Pror, CaEsaR: Dr. Headlee gives us another suggestion, and that is what most workers are seeking for. From my own observations it would appear that lime-~ sulphur wash seems to have quite an effect during some seasons, and in other seasons it has almost no effect, or a very slight effect. Dr. HEADLEE: The addition of Black Leaf 40 seems to increase the killing effect of lime-sulphur on the egg. JI think Parrott and Hodgkiss had some success with this. A COMEDY OF ERRORS. Francis J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH. It is surely astonishing how often the two Dromios have made their appear- atiee on the entomological stage. These amusing little comedians seem never to pall, and their simple farce, trite as it is, continues—like a Punch and Judy show, or the Marks Bros.—to draw crowded houses and evoke peals of delighted applause. It speaks well for the wholesomeness of our hobby that the entire brotherhood of us should remain so perennially gullible, so good-humoured over mistakes, and so easy of diversion. Masquerading must be as old as the hills, and mistaken identity forms one of the leading motives in the world’s literature. It is found in the oldest sagas. Aristotle remarks how effectively Homer uses it in the Odyssey; and still to this day it remains one of the great well-springs of Romance, now sparkling in the lightest of comedies, now darkening the unplumbed gulfs of tragic depth. ae ate cr ~ +1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 a rEETEEI EIEN SISSIES All enthusiasts are apt to be uncritical, and collectors for a variety of reasons are probably more prone to error than most people. Our zeal outruns discretion; in the flush of a fresh capture we are at the mercy of two opposite impulses; we would dearly love our prize to prove something quite new, and we fairly ache to get it placed just where it belongs, with its ote of-kin in our cabinet. Now, an insect being a most intricate complex ef diverse features, we are very apt—the wish being father to the thought—to seize on something superficial and strain a point of identity or of ree rence. How often in this way have two individual insects, created male and female of one species after their kind, been divorced to opposite ends of the collecting case from some purely sexual or even accidental distinction of size, marking, or structure? And the contrary error of confusing types essen- tially different, augmented even, on occasion, by the distracting presence of mimetic forms, beguiles the unwary just as often; and here it is that the two Dromios get their cue to come in and play the cat and banjo with our cabinet. I remember as a small boy arranging my collection of birds’ eggs by similarity of colour-pattern, and under the impression that they were just undersized eggs of the common chaffinch, innocently disposing of some very rare red-poll’s eggs to a more mature oologist( an Aberdonian and already one of the shrewdest of Scotchmen). Henshaw’s check-list of North American Coleoptera no doubt teems with synonyms; but on the other hand, if you trace back the history of a standard check- list, from its latest edition to its earliest, you will meet almost as many instances > : of genuine species that have blushed unseen for generations under a pseudonym ; and though some authorities are undoubtedly overfond of multiplying species, there can be little question that the most carefully prepared and up-to-date check- list still contains a few rightful heirs, waiting to come into their own, hidden under the bushel of a synonym. It is the story of one of these neglected claimants that I shall try to tell you here. When I entered the field of entomology more than twelve years ago, it was by way of a,bridle-path from the neighbouring realm of botany. And ne ratural in- clination to make my hobby of wild flowers run in double harness with that of beetles, was given a final set in the very first season of 1905; I went over to Great Britain on a botany trip at the end of June, and formed ere the habit of carrying a cyanide bottle out with me on all occasions; whatever I saw in the shape of a beetle on stem, leaf or blossom, I captured, noting its season and habit. It was this somewhat peculiar and restricted form of collecting that soon led me to a number of unusual finds and at last landed me, as a sort of monomaniac, among the Longicorns. Moreover, my running mate in Port Hope, the man whose hobby trotted to the same tune as mine, had several years the start of me in entomology, and it was only by drawing on my capital of plant-lore that I could hope to turn the handicap into a neck-and-neck race. I well remember how closely I watched in 1906 for every new flower to unfold from early April on through the weeks to August and September. And before May was over I had already made some finds quite new to my companion, whose cabinet specimens had hitherto enabled me to determine nearly all the contents of my cyanide bottle. I can still plainly see in memory the hawthorn on the edge of a certain wood where some of my first surprises occurred. And foremost among these was a dusky grey and black insect so like one of the common large black ants, that it was only after passing it over several times that I noticed the long eracefully-curving antenne, and hastened to bottle my find. As soon as I got home I communicated this new discovery to my fellow-collector, and he included some specimens in a box of material he was on the point of sending away for identification. ra THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Now the fervor of a new pursuit had prompted me to purchase a copy of what has ever since been a kind of bible to me, LeConte and Horn’s Key to the Generic Classification of North American Coleoptera.. Pending the return of the box with its inmates labelled, I occupied myself with a lens and the famous key, unlocking the riddles of generic status. After a good deal of trouble I worked down my specimens to the group Anaglypti, and once I had done that the rest was plain sailing; the insect had no ivory vitte and could not be Huderces; it had not round eyes, so was not Tillomorpha; it must be either Cyrtophorus or Microclytus. Here the specific name gazellula under the latter genus was very tempting, for never had 1 seen a Longhorn with more graceful outline or more elegantly curving antenne than this; but there was no room for choice, the fourth antennal joint was more than twice as long as the second, and it simply had to be Cyrtophorus verrucosus— even though this being interpreted should mean the “lumpy hunch-back,” a name more apropriate surely for some African rhinoceros or wart-hog, or for our own American buffalo, than for this dainty little chamois. Flushed with the pride of my discovery, I ventured to prophesy what name my fellow-collector would find on the label when his box came back. You may imagine how nonplussed I was, when we opened the parcel, to find instead the legend—Microclytus gazellula. I was so sure of my identification and so full of faith in my bible of entomology that I had actually the hardihood to write to the curator of the museum explaining my predicament. Almost by return of post came word that our specimen had been identified by comparison with an insect so labelled in a collection to which the Museum had fallen heir; the original owner had wrongly determined it; LeConte and Horn were perfectly correct, and the insect was undoubtedly Cyrtophorus verrucosus. So, after all, my trouble had not gone for nothing. It is obviously impossible in a large collection to verify all the names, unless the institution is fortunate enough to have at its disposal a whole army of expert systematists. But what ever-widening rings of error spread from cabinet to cabinet by this same practice of taking things on trust. No wonder Descartes swore to question everything, even to mathematical axioms, rather than succumb to the tyranny of tradition; the world of thought has indeed good reason to thank God for its sceptics. This creature captured on hawthorn has long been a great favourite of mine; no doubt partly because it was by pursuing a line of my own that I had made its discovery, and the work had the novelty and fascination of original research. But few who have closely examined this little insect-can help admiring the exquisite grace of symmetry and proportion in its outline, the nobly arched dome of the thorax, the bold elevation of the elytral base, balanced by the swelling fullness of form just forward of the terminal declivity; on the whole creature not a single bright tint, nothing startling or bizarre in pattern; the colours very plain and the design of the simplest; almost Quaker-like in the severity of its garb; passing by the gentlest of half-tone gradations from velvety black hood and mantle to skirt of grey-drab, the whole uniform from head to foot broken only by two or three delicately pencilled lines of white, forming a median group of curving diagonals and transverse band between shoulder and waist. Until midsummer this formed a solitary species in the Anaglypti group of the Clytim; but throughout July specimens of Huderces picipes were captured quite abundantly in a variety of blossoms; this creature, too, is extremely ant-like in appearance and even in movement; moreover, as representing the Anaglypti in which ivory vitte are present, it roused no small interest in us young collectors. The success of our blossom-hunting experiment made us await the spring of ae a ita so 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. fel enn ee rE UII SSUES UIE EE SEEN SESE EE 1907 with great eagerness, and we certainly deserved some reward during the season, for we were very diligent, and must have peered into thousands of floral enyelopes in never-tiring search from April to July. There can be no question that it was this extraordinary pertinacity of ours that led to the strange coincidence mentioned in a former paper (Can. Ent. XLI, 12, Dec., 1909). And here the curtain rises on our second act. On Saturday afternoon, June 15th, 1907, I discovered for the first time how attractive the blossom of spiked maple was to beetles. Spiked maple and dogwood formed a great part of the edge of a swampy piece of wood about one and one-half miles north of Port Hope. On a hot, sultry afternoon such collecting ground proved, as I well remember, a perfect inferno of mosquitoes; but the sight of crowd- ing Lepturas never seen before (e.g., L. vibex, L. evigua, L. capitata) was simply irresistible, far harder to withstand than a myriad of mosquitoes. The following morning my fellow-collector and I had agreed to meet on the railway track not far from this spot and tramp up to our favourite rendezvous of the “ North Wood,” near Quay’s Crossing. I determined to set out ahead of time and look over the spiked maple before going further north. While busy bottling a splendid haul of Gaurotes cyanipennis, Encyclops ceruleus, and Cyrtophorus verrucosus—all treasures in those days—I was aware of a small pale-looking speci- men of what I took to be this last on a blossom of spiked maple. I can still see it, “nestling in the bloom as my fingers approached it, and I well remember wondering whether this diminutive specimen had faded or was merely disguised miller-like for the nonce in a dusty coat of yellow-grey pollen. When I joined my friend we went north and visited (among other things) the hawthorn that had proved so lucky the season before. We both made captures on this tree; among mine a small species of oak-pruner, and among my friend’s—a diminutive Anaglyptus that he bottled under the impression he had captured Cyrtophorus verrucosus. Only when we got home, and each in his own privacy came like a modern Ali Baba to pour out his jar of treasure, did we become aware of a stranger in the midst. For my part I hastily turned up LeConte and Horn and almost at once concluded that I must have run to earth either Tillomorpha or Microclytus; the lens revealed an emarginate eye, so Tillomorpha was out of the question. And it was then that things began to happen thick and fast; you must remember that I had never seen Microclytus, but the book (my bible) declared the second antennal joint in Microclytus almost as long as the fourth, and in my insect, do what I might—by the greatest stretch of imagination, it remained barely half as long (Se. 1:). Next day, Monday, I hurried down to my companion’s and had not more than begun to unfold my tale of a stranger when he capped it with his (Se. 2:). We were both equally eager to compare the two specimens, and no sooner had I set his insect under the lens and taken a glance at the antenne, than I knew he had captured what I had not, a genuine specimen of Microclytus gazellula (Sc. 3:). But what was my insect? I decided it must be an undescribed species of Cyrtophorus, and there the matter rested till some time after the November meet- ing of 1909, where I read a paper called “Guests at the Banquet of Blossoms.” Mr. Chagnon then very kindly offered to determine my beetle, and it was with quite a flutter of excitement and pleased anticipation that I despatched the little enigma to him. You may partly guess my chagrin when I got word from him that it was the male of M. gazellula, and that the female only, it had been discovered, had the peculiar proportion of antennal joints 2-4 as described in LeConte and Horn. I felt, I must confess, very sceptical about this determination, and in 1910 I purchased from New York quite a number of Longicorn beetles for comparison ; 12 (THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | on eS among them, single specimens of Tillomorpha and Microclytus ; and certainly when I set this last and my capture side by side, I could not help wondering whether anybody had really ever taken a pair of M. gazellula in the act of mating. And here the curtain falls on Act II of our little drama. Ignoring the unities of time and space, let us next suppose ourselves trans- ported to Peterborough in the spring of 1916. Gentlemen! the Wood of Desire! On my first trip through this Eldorado in 1915 I had been struck by the resem- blance of a certain trough of swampy ground fringed with spiked maple and dog- wood, to the corner of Choate’s Wood at Port Hope, where this unique little Anaglyptus had been taken. It was too late that season for anything but the last spikes of maple blossom; yet, though I found nothing new on them, there were, nevertheless, anthophilous longicorns enough to bring me to the Wood of Desire very early in 1916. On Victoria Day I made captures of Pachyta monticola about white trillium on the west of the wood, and noted a projecting spur of land at this point well covered with sumach thickets, small balsam poplar, elder, dogwood, choke-cherry, pincherry, thimbleberry, bracken, and other growth: a kind of compromise between the forest at its base and the arable country that confronted and flanked it, a no-man’s land that I have always found peculiarly attractive, affording as it does to woodland denizens, sunshine, shelter, and food. Though the spiked maple would not be out before the second week of June at the best, choke-cherry and early elder burst at least a fortnight sooner, and things that season had come on with a rush since the hot spell of the middle of May. Accordingly, about eleven a.m. on the 4th of June, after a tramp of over two hours, I found myself at this collecting groud. It was a hot, sultry day, and soon after noon thunder began to rumble in the west. The only blossom that seemed ’ to be luring insects—indeed almost the only blossom that was fully out at this time—was choke-cherry, and I had been renewing my acquaintance with quite a number of old friends including Cyrtophorus verrucosus, when I suddenly spied a specimen of the strange little Anaglyptus of 1907 in a cluster of choke-cherry. The shrub on which I captured it was only a few yards from the rail fence that skirted the wood, but there was choke-cherry in abundance running right out to the end of no-man’s land. Every cluster on this fateful shrub I carefully scanned ; then every cluster on two or three neighbouring shrubs; then a straggling tree of choke-cherry, drawing down its branches one by one and ranging closely over the flower clusters. By this time I had captured five specimens; then I hunted over most of the choke-cherry towards the outer end of the promontory, and drew an absolute blank; then I came back towards the wood on a more northerly line, still unsuccessfully, till I reached the fence on the skirts of the wood proper; here in a large tree of choke-cherry I captured one more (six) ; then J returned to the scene of my first captures and almost immediately took a pair mating, and presently (treading on one another’s heels) three singletons. And on the instant the sun was blotted out, the sky grew violet ink and the rumbling threats of distant thunder became a present reality; down came the rain and I fled for the road. I was soaked long before I got there, but took shelter under a large balm of gilead ; while standing there I noticed on the opposite side of the road a small shrub of choke-cherry, which served to feed my spleen during the rest of the storm. Everything was deluged before the thunder passed, and more work in wood or field that day was out of the question; but before setting off on my eight-mile home- ward trudge, I stepped sardonically over the way to the draggled little shrub of choke-cherry ; and there in its clusters, snug and fairly dry, I found two specimens of Cyrtophorus verrucosus and one more of my little enigma. The roads were a pe 3 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v3 perfect quagmire, my clothes were wringing wet, my boots were sodden and cheeped and slithered at every step; one of the dreariest, most draggle-tailed trips I ever made; and | verily believe I would have been on the road yet, but for what I knew were the contents of my cyanide bottle, twelve genuine specimens of Anaglyptus enigmaticus including both sexes of the species. The rest of the month proved wet and cold; the wood was so distant that it could only be visited at weekends; on my next trip 1 found the choke-cherry all over, and on the dogwood and viburnum that were rioting in its place I could find no further trace of the beetle. Right on. the north margin of the wood, however, on spiked maple, I captured one solitary specimen on June 12th and two on June 18th. Sixteen specimens—counting the unique capture of 1907—made a fine series for comparison. But I found, now, reason to deplore having put my mating pair into the cyanide bottle instead of segregating them. Not that I had a shadow of doubt myself about this being a genuine species; I was absolutely certain of that before I ever saw a pair together; but how could I convince my fellow-collectors ? As soon as I got the insects out of the killing-bottle, I examined the antenne: all fifteen specimens had the second joint less than half the length of the fourth; not one of them, therefore, was the female of Muicroclytus gazellula; equally certain was it they were all one species and comprised both sexes. Some days later I relaxed them all carefully on damp blotting paper in a covered tin box, and with a fine pair of forceps drew the antenne taut over the back in a straight line parallel with the suture; in eight specimens the antennz were as long as the body, in eight they just overlapped the median band of pubescence. I enclosed a pair in a box which I posted to Mr. C. A. Frost, of Framingham, Mass., asking him if these were not the insect Casey had named for him Microclytus frosti. Then I sent to Rochester for a micrometer scale and to Guelph for the loan of one or two specimens of M. gazellula from the Society’s collections, explaining that I wished to make a comparative study. Presently came a letter from Mr. Frost that my insect was his insect, and both (he believed) were Dr. LeConte’s insect M. gibbulus. Next came a parcel from Guelph containing two more speci- mens of the identical insect I had just captured, both labelled Microclytus gazellula. I then wrote to Mr. Frost and to some other collectors in the States for specimens of the genuine M. gazellula, but not one of them so far has been able to secure a — specimen for me. For several months I advertised in the Canadian Entomologist but with a like want of success. In the autumn of 1916 I got a letter from Mr. Frank Mason, of Philadelphia, . to say that the beetle I wanted was extremely rare and that he had only a single specimen ; his letter incidentally served to complicate matters by declaring among other things that the insect in question was now listed not as Microclytus gazellula, Hald., but as Anaglyptus compressicollis, Casteiau and Gory; for it at once began to dawn on me that if there were two insects so similar as to have long been mis- taken for one another, the problem of nomenclature was likely to be no less com- plicated than that of my capture’s natural status; unless the types of Castenau and Gory’s description in the thirties and of Haldeman’s description in the fifties had been preserved, no one would ever know which of these two little jokers had sat in either studio for his portrait. For my part I was drawn rather to the question of the insect’s true place in nature, and proceeded to apply, among other things the micrometer scale I had purchased from Bausch and Lomb to a solution of the problem. To supplement the single specimen of M. gazellula in my cabinet, I borrowed Dr. Watson’s genuine example of 1907 from Port Hope, and then selected several specimens (male and female) of my insect that tallied in size with these two. The examination resulted 6 ES. SARI 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36— in a discovery of no little interest and perhaps some importance. If you refer to LeConte and Horn’s classification you will find it stated that M. gazellula has the second antennal joint long—fully half as long as the third and nearly as long as the fourth. Now in regard to the relative length of those three joints, this is a per- fectly true statement; but the peculiar proportion in this species is due not to the greater length of joint 2, but to the abnormal shortness of joints 3 and 4. The length of the second joint of Microclytus gazellula, Microclytus gibbulus and Cyrtophorus verrucosus, in specimens of the same size and quite irrespective of sex differs not a hair’s breadth, i.e., in all three insects it is extremely short. The peculiarity of M. gazellula consists in the third joint being only twice (instead of three or four times) and the fourth joint only one-and-a-third times (instead of two or three times) the length of the second point. The mistake is a natural one, almost inevitable; it is due to an optical illusion; the eye passes in all three insects along the third joint, a very long one, to the fourth, a much shorter one; then back to the second, and finding the second in M. gazellula almost the length of the fourth, but in M. gibbulus and Cyrtophorus verrucosus much less than the fourth, judges the second accordingly to be absolutely long or absolutely short. In M. gazellula, then, the second antennal joint is perfectly normal for the group, but joints three and four are abnormally short; and from this follows an important corollary; the remaining joints bear a fixed relation to the first three, and if in M. gazellula these basal joints are shorter than in the other members of the group, the whole antenna will be shorter. I have been able to examine only three specimens of M. gazellula, and in none of them does the antenna, when drawn taut, exceed the median band of pubescence, while in one large specimen it does not even reach the second diagonal line of pubescence; I feel confident this last is a female and I would venture to prophesy that no specimen of the genuine M. gazellula will be found (even male) with antenne exceeding the median band. In M. gibbulus, as I have said, the male antenne are as long as the body and the female slightly exceed the median band. There are other differences that I could mention between the insects—as in the white marks on the under side, the pre- valence of long flying hairs, and the shape of the prothorax—but I should over- step the limits of time and patience. These micrometer tests were made in the late fall of- 1916, and all this time I was so busy planning for. the next season’s campaign, that during most of the intervening months I went about like one in a dream. You may have thought, perhaps, you met me, or even stopped and spoke with me that winter, but all you really saw was the empty jacket of my body, a “ toom tabard ” wholly uninformed ; heart and soul, I was far away at the Wood of Desire, stalking Microclytus gibbulus. In November I bought a bicycle; in April I learned to ride it; in May I got half a hundred pill-boxes and as many gelatine capsules, and, like some itinerant quack gathering samples for his nostrums, proceeded to trundle myself out to the Wood of Desire. The choke-cherry, like other blossoms, was more than a week late this year, but I managed to get in about three good days’ collecting in June while the blossom was at its height, and the results of my campaign in more than one respect will astonish you. Of this obscure little insect I actually captured over seventy speci- mens in one day, twenty on a single tree, including a mating pair; all this on choke- cherry and before the 15th, but even in the last week of the month I bagged a belated little covey of five, three on dogwood and two on spiked maple; the captures were made at four different points on the wood’s edge, over a mile apart between extremes; and the entire catch for the season was upwards of one hundred speci- mens. Of these I brought home over fifty alive in the solitary confinement of my 4 1918 ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 little pill-boxes; I then turned the captives loose into a large cardboard box with a slab of glass over the top. In a quarter of an hour I had secured eighteen mating pairs in my insect Agapemone. While watching the movements of these little beings I found myself curiously reminded of animals we usually reckon far higher in the scale of creation. For | observed the most diminutive male in this pacemblipe a perfect Lilliputian having evidently singled out his mate, make a bee-line for the largest female in sight; and, to complete the analogy, his suit prospered and he presently waltzed away like the hero of Hans Breitmann’s party with the Matilda Jane of Brobdingnag. Traces of this same eccentricity of preference, it is whispered, have been found among human beings; nay, specimens have actually been collected by anthropologists and transferred to their cabinets, pinned and labelled “ Atavism ” poor hapless freaks of human frailty, caught like Ares and Aphrodite in the meshes of a science as pitiless as the art of Hephestus, and exposed in all the nakedness and shame of cold print to the inextinguishable laughter of the Olympians and of their fellowmen. Having now absolute proof of a genuine species, male and female, I pro- ceeded to take up some points that I had left in abeyance last year. Among the letters received while searching for M. gazellula I had had a very courteous note from Chas. W. Leng, in which he offered to send me his specimens of the beetle for the egmparative study I had been minded to make of these two Dromios. Since that letter of his in 1916 I had found that Mr. Leng was as deeply committed as Dr. Hamilton and Prof. Wickham to the heresy that my capture was the male of LeConte and Horn’s M. gazellula, Hald. In July last I, therefore, wrote to Mr. Leng suggesting that I should send him five or six specimens (male and female) of my capture for him to compare with the material he had labelled M. gazellula. The evidence of these specimens proved quite convincing, and Mr. Léng has prepared a paper called “ Microclytus, a Correction.” In the course of it occurs a most interesting passage which records how the confusion first arose. It appears that Mr. Leng had in his collection two specimens from Canada labelled J. gazellula, and, when comparing notes sometime in the eighties with Dr. Horn, found in the latter’s collection two specimens from New England labelled M. gazellula; he then noticed that his insect differed from Dr. Horn’s in the pro- portion of its antennal joints 2-4; the beetles were otherwise so entirely alike that neither collector suspected the presencé of two distinct species, and both agreed that the Canadian specimens must be males and the New England ones females of M. gazellula, Hald. They thereupon exchanged each of them one specimen with the other! And this was the fons et origo malorum; to it may, be traced the sinking to a synonym of LeConte’s M. gibbulus from Lake Superior, and the subsequent identification of all captures made of either insect as M. gazellula, Hald., male and female. In September last I sent some pairs of my capture to Mr. Charles Liebeck, of Philadelphia, and he is still at work on the evidence. Meantime he has made me two communications which serve to support the contention made. First, that we have unquestionably two quite distinct species to deal with, and that he has never before seen two insects so essentially different correspond so closely in elytral mark- ings and external appearance; and second, that he believes he has put his finger on the very source of the whole error, for in Dr. Horn’s collection he finds the specumens labelled M. gazellula, Hald., male and female, are one of them my insect and the other LeConte and Horn’s. This, fortunately, is quite independent testi- mony, for Mr. Leng’s paper is still unpublished, and I had made no mention of its contents in writing to Philadelphia. 76 THE REPORT OF THE — Yes? No. 36 TRANSCANADIAN SPIDERS. J. H. Emerton, Boston, Mass. About the year 1890, Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, who was fresh from exploration in the north of Canada, sent me a little collection of spiders. About the same time, Mr. Bean, who kept the telegraph office at the Canadian Pacific Railway Station at Laggan, was collecting insects through the mountains, and incidentally spiders, and he sent me some for identification, so I wrote a paper on Canadian spiders, which was published in 1894 by the Connecticut Academy. Many of these spiders were from the western part of Canada, and nearly all were of species known in the east, but at that time hardly anything was known about their distribution across the continent. Among the species collected by Bean was one since known by the name of Linyphia nearctica, which was described in the 1894 paper and not noticed again until fourteen years later, when for the first time I went to the top of Mt. Mansfield, in Vermont, near Lake Champlain, and there found it abundant in the dwarf spruce trees. Going down the mountain it ceased to be found a thousand , feet below the summit. Within a few years this species was found on the tops of several of the New England mountains from an elevation of 2,500 feet up to the highest trees. Although I had collected for many years in these mountains, this species had been missed, as my time had been spent either in the valleys or on the top above the trees, neglecting the upper edge of the forest. A few years later Linyphia nearctica was found on the coast of Maine, and soon after in bogs, through the northern part of that State, in association with Theridion zelotypum which had | long been known as far south as Portland and no farther. These two species seemed to have such definite limits, and to be so easily found when they were present, that I was interested in fellowiue out their distribution, and so was led to transcanadian spiders in general. ‘ In 1914 I went to the meeting of the Canadian Alpine Club in the Rocky Mountains, and returned east by a roundabout way to see the country north of the Saskatchewan River. In Jasper Park I was surprised to find, in company with distinctly western species, my old acquaintance of down east, Theridion zelotypum, living in the small spruce trees in the usual coarse cobwebs and cup-shaped nests. At Athabasea Landing I found it again, and also at Prince Albert. Discussing these finds among my friends led to the discovery of Theridion zelotypum by Mr. Waugh, at Nipigon and Manitoulin Island, and Linyphia nearctica by Messrs. Townsend and St. John on the southern coast of Labrador. Much of the seasons of 1915 and 1916 was spent in trying to define the southern limits of Theridion zelotypum between the White Mountains and the St. Lawrence River. It appears not to go into the White Mountains nor the Adirondacks, but is abundant around the head waters of the Connecticut River and the Rangeley Lakes. In Dixville Notch it is associated with Linyphia nearctica at an elevation of 1,800 feet. West- ward it occurs at the southern end of Lake. Megantic, at Sherbrooke, Mentreal, and Ottawa. Last summer I followed these two spiders along the edge of the Hudson Bay bog, at Cochrane, Minaki and Lake Winnipeg to Le Pas and down the Hudson Bay Railway as far as it is finished. Theridion zelotypum was abundant at all these stations and conspicuously absent from the prairie country around Winnipeg and Dauphin; Linyphia nearctica only appeared at Kettle Rapids, the most northern station. The spots on the map show the stations of these two species, the Theridion in stars and the Linyphia in circles, and they form on their southern (w ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1918 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 border a fairly definite line by which the distribution of other species can be measured. ‘he squares show the stations of Linyphia limitanea. This was first found on the Aroostook River, near the boundary between Maine and New Bruns- wick, and at the same time in Newfoundland. It follows westward nearly the same distribution as Theridion zelotypum, but does not come quite as far south. To avoid complication these three species are the only ones plotted. Theridion montanum covers the southern part of the range of Theridion zelotypum and ex- tends farther south but not as far north. It goes into the New England moun- tains, but is not confined to high elevations like Linyphia nearctica, but comes down a thousand feet lower into valleys like the Crawford Notch. All the spiders which have been mentioned make cobwebs and live in trees, preferably in spruce, and with them follow several other tree species of similar habits, but less definite distribution, Lophocarenum decemoculatum and Gram- monata pictilis being the most constant. On the ground under and near these trees wherever there is an accumulation of leaf mould or moss, other than sphagnum, lives another group of spiders ap- parently as regular in their distribution. Theridion sexpunctatum is one of these and extends from the coast of Maine to. Vancouver. With it are Pedanostethus fusca, Bathyphantes alpina, Tmeticus montanus, Tmeticus armatus, Tmeticus bidentatus, Orypheca montana and Amaurobius borealis. The recent Canadian Arctic expedition has brought back two minute spiders, T’meticus brunneus and Microneta crassimanus from Nome, Alaska, both of which are rarely found in the upper forest of Mt. Washington, N.H. Beside the spiders living in trees and in the moss there are some species living on the ground that follow the same distribution. Lycosa albohastata, a brilliantly coloured hunting spider, lives at Hopedale and Battle Harbor, Labrador, on islands off the coast of Maine, above the trees in the White Mountains, at Kettle Rapids in the Hudson Bay bog, and on Sulphur Mountain at Banff. The southern limits of the spiders we have been reviewing correspond roughly with the southern limits of the spruce forest area; their northern limits are yet to be defined. Over the whole forest area and north, and to some extent south of it, range several species of Lycoside from Labrador to the Pacifie coast and from Greenland to the mountains of Colorado. The most diffuse of these is perhaps Pardosa glacialis. It is found on both sides of Greenland, along the Labrador coast and south as far as Massachusetts, and at various localities across the continent. The recent Arctic expedition brought it from Corcnation Gulf and Nome, Alaska, and it is on all the mountains east and west. Pardosa groenlandica is almost as widespread. It comes down the east coast as far as Portland, Maine, and is on the Pacific coast and all high mountain tops. Pardosa luteola lives in bogs and on mountain tops across the Continent, and P. wncata and P. tachypoda in all kinds of country, at a little lower level all the way across. South of the coniferous forest many of the spiders of the plains and hardwood forest extend across the continent, among them several of the large Hpeiride, Epeira trifolium, marmorea, angulata and patagiata, and of course the introduced house species. é Most of the transcontinental spiders extend to the eastern mountains or sea- coast, where they were first known, but a few species cross part of the way from the west. Epeira gemma-‘of California comes east as far as Medicine Hat. FE peira ‘aculeata and Sittacus rainieri of the western mountains were found this summer along the Hudson Bay Railway in the same places as the rare Habrocestum (Euophrys) cruciatum and Dendryphantes montanus of the White Mountains. 4 % s d ‘S. + ws 1918 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 A FURTHER REPORT ON THE VALUE OF DUSTING VERSUS SPRAY- ING TO CONTROL FRUIT TREE INSECTS AND FUNGUS DISEASES. Lawson CAESAR, GUELPH. At our last annual meeting I gave an account of my experience in 1916 in dusting fruit trees with fine sulphur and arsenate of lead dust compared with spraying with the liquid lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. This year I again carried out a similar series of experiments. Before giving my results for this year, it is perhaps wise to mention that this new dust treatment has aroused a great amount of interest among fruit growers and that they are anxiously waiting for definite knowledge as to its merits. Hundreds of machines would be purchased at once if it were certain that dusting were as satisfactory and reliable as spraying. The reasons for this are as follows: (1) Dusting requires only about one-tenth the time in the case of large trees that spraying requires. For instance, the total time for spraying a large 20-acre orchard in any one season would be about three weeks, whereas the time for dusting would be not more than three days. This would be a wonderful boon, especially when labour is so scarce and costly, and when other important work such as cultivation of soil is pressing. (2) Dusting can be done at almost exactly the right time, which of course it is the duty of entomologists and plant pathologists to determine. This means, for example, that one need never fail with dust to treat his trees jor Codling Moth before the calyces have closed. With liquid spray it is often im- possible in warm, good growing weather to do this. This promptness of applica- tion is just as important for Apple Scab and enables the grower to wait until ihe blossoms or leaves are in just the right stage and yet make sure all will be treated | before they are too far advanced. (3) The outfit for dusting is not so heavy es a power spray outfit and will go through wet ground where the latter would mire. (4) Dusting is not nearly so dirty a job or so hard on clothes, face an] hands or on horses and harness. It is true that at times it is hard on the eyes, but this can be largely prevented by proper goggles and in any ease it is soon over and done with. (5) There is no time spent in returning for fresh material and no time worth speaking of lost in refilling. With all these advantages it is no wonder that the fruit grower hopes dusting will take the place of et though we may be sure he will ask about the comparative cost. ComPARATIVE Cost oF DUSTING Vs. SPRAYING. We have not so accurate figures on the cost this year of dusting versus spray- ing, but they lead to the same conclusion as last year’s, namely, that on large trees there is very little difference in cost between the two systems, whereas on smaller trees the liquid is considerably cheaper, though much will always depend upon the operator, as a careless man will be much more likely to waste dust than liquid. Some CuHancEs 1n MerHops or APPLYING THE Dust AND IN THE MATERIAL ITSELF. We used the same outfit this year as last, namely, the largest outfit sold by the Niagara Brand Spray Co. For grapes we added a short elbow to the pipe with a long opening facing towards the side so that the dust could be driven in at right angles or nearly so. 80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 a eee The materials this year differed chiefly in the fact that finely ground tale was added partly to act as a filler to the sulphur and lead or to the sulphur when used without the lead, and partly to keep it drier. Very fine sulphur alone tends to be sticky and will not scatter well. The weather for the most part this spring was not calm enough to enable us to dust both sides of the trees on the same day by driving parallel with the wind and shooting the dust in at right angles; hence we were forced to dust at least one side directly with the wind. The fact is I adopted the method of dusting from at least three sides, or if changes of wind permitted it, from four sides, but lessened the quantity in each case, so that the total for each large tree would still remain approximately three pounds. ACREAGE COVERED PER Day. We never had a chance to test how much one man could do per day, but unless he became too tired he could probably cover at least twenty acres. We may say here that dusting is far from easy and many men cannot do it at'all satisfactorily because they move their hands too slowly. There is need of special training for this work and the selection of a man who is not only quick with his hands but has also good judgment and intelligence. Tests on Large Apple TREES. Two orehards, which we shall call A and B, situated about three miles apart, both of which had been poorly treated the previous year and had borne almost unmarketable fruit, were chosen for the tests. Orchard A consisted of 262 trees and was about 7 acres in extent. Orchard B included about 9 acres but we treated only about 6 acres or about 200 trees. In each orchard a block consisting of approximately one-quarter of the total number of trees was treated throughout with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. The remaining three-quarters of each orchard being moderately infested with San José Seale, received first a dormant or semi-dormant spray with lime-sulphur to kill the scale. Four rows, however, in each were dusted with sodium sulphide powder as a special test for scale. These trees as well as the remainder of the block in the later applications received only the sulphur-arsenate-of-lead dust. In orchard B only two dustings were given, the first just as the blossoms were ready to burst .and the other just after the blossoms fell but before the calyces closed. In orchard A all the dust block received these same two applications, but fifty-three trees received an extra dusting on July 4th, three weeks after the blossoms had fallen. The object of this application was partly to see the effect on scab or sooty fungus, but chiefly to see how it affected Codling Moth. RESULTS ON FOLtiAGe. All the foliage was excellent this year, though that on the dusted area was a ~ little better than on the sprayed, being in fact almost perfect. ‘Resutts on AppLE Scan. Orchard A had a crop of approximately 200 barrels fairly well distributed. The chief varieties were Greening, Baldwin and Golden Russet, but there were also a few barrels of Spy and in the dusted area one heavily laden tree of Snow. In SS a if a at 4 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 both liquid and dust portions on all varieties even on Snow there was less than 1 per cent. scab. A Snow tree in a neighbouring orchard across the fence had over 90 per cent. of scab, and Baldwins and Greenings in it averaged about 50 per cent. scab. These trees had received only the dormant spray for scale. The part of orchard A that received only two dustings in addition to the dormant spray were just as free from scab as the part that had received three, thus showing the third application was not required for scab this year. This was generally true in most of the Province. In orchard. B the liquid portion had not more than 1 per cent. scab. The dusted part varied greatly, some trees being almost totally free while others of the same variety had as high as 15 per cent. scab. The varieties were chiefly Greening and Baldwin. The average of scabby fruit would net be more than 10 per cent. The crop was very ght, only about twenty barrels on six acres, so that the test was not a good one. About three acres of the orchard not in our blocks had received the dormant spray and part of the pre- blossom spray. This part showed from 20 per cent. to 80 per cent. scab. RESULTs on Sooty FuNGus. There was practically no Sooty Fungus even in unsprayed orchards in the district. Resuuts on Copiting Morn. Codling Moth this year almost all over the Province was exceptionally abundant and caused more than the usual percentage of wormy fruit. This was partly due to the smallness of the crop with the consequent greater number of larvee attacking the individual apples than if there had been a larger crop and more apples for the worms to distribute themselves among. In orchard B where no later spraying or dusting than the regular calyx appli- cation was done, fully 50 per cent. of Baldwins and Kings were wormy, and about 25 per cent. of R. I. Greenings. There was very little or no difference in the efficiency of the dust compared with the liquid. Almost every worm in each case had entered through the side. On unsprayed trees in the same orchard the per- centage of wormy fruits varied from 60 to 90, and of these 50 per cent. or more entered by the calyx. In orchard A the dust gave just as good results as the liquid where both parts received only the one application for Codling Moth, but both were quite wormy, having as high as 30 per cent. of the fruit infested. The block of fifty-three trees that had received _a second dusting three weeks after the blossoms fell showed a great improvement over the rest and had not more than 10 per cent. wormy fruit. DusTING FOR SAN JOSE SCALE. Last year I tried sodium sulphide dust mixed with hydrated lime upon large apple trees before the buds burst as a method of killing San José Scale. The work owimg to certain difficulties was poorly done and the results not satisfactory. This year I planned to dust four rows of trees, forty-eight trees in each case, with sodium sulphide mixed with tale. Several trees in each plot were badly infested. In orchard B both sides of the trees were dusted, dusting of one side being just after a rain, but the other when the trees were dry. Parts of both sides were re-touched. In all about five pounds per tree were used, so that the mixture was given a gooe chance. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In orchard A the weather during our work was continuously dry, and after dusting one side of the trees I felt so certain that the mixture would not kill the scale that I merely applied the remainder of my material to the same side and did the other side very thoroughly with lime-sulphur. Resutts. To my great surprise this year no scale was found on either of these plots. The fact is that we made such a cleaning up of the scale in both orchards that only two scales in all were found and these might easily have been introduced by a bird or insect. I am not surprised at the results from the liquid, but I am surprised at those from the sodium sulphide dust. I thought that if the trees were moist one could hope for such results, but from my observations I did not hope for it when the dusting was done on dry trees. The results clearly justify further tests. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DusTING ELSEWHERE IN ONTARIO. At Guelph, Prof. Crow used the sulphur-arsenate of lead dust on his apple orchard, but failed to control the scab. About 66 per cent. of Snows and 50 per cent. of Spy are scabby, and other susceptible varieties are also dirty. ‘There is very little doubt that with liquid spray he would have succeeded much better. At Brighton an able fruit grower spent much money on dusting his large orchard and gave more than the regular number of applications, but was much dis- appointed with the results. Two other equally good growers not far from him treated their orchards with liquid and had beautifully clean fruit, nearly 99 per cent. free from scab. One of these orchards received only three applications in all. At Whitby about half\of the Government demonstration orchard was sprayed with the liquid and the remainder dusted. The results were decidedly in favour of the liquid, though the utmost care was taken to do the dusting well and at the right time, and nega extra applications were given in all weather fav ourable to sc ab. Dusted Snow trees there had as high as 50 per cent. scab. ConcLtusions REeGArDING THE Merits or Dust ror APPLE ORCHARDS, In spite of the excellent results I obtained last year and again this year, I fear 'very greatly that it will be much safer to continue to use the quid spray at least for a number of years longer until improved dust substitutes or improved machinery or both are available, and until.a larger percentage of those who test it can obtain satisfactory results. A duster could, of course, on a large fruit farm help to tide over an emergency where an extra treatment must be given quickly. - The great weakness of the dust method in my opinion is its failing to adhere sufficiently long in wet weather to the fruit and foliage. A VALUABLE FieLtp OTHER THAN APPLE ORCHARDS FOR THE Uss or Dust. Our experiments in two excellent sweet cherry orchards, each consisting of about ninety large trees of several varieties, has shown a very valuable use for dust. | Everyone who knows much about sweet cherries knows that it is very difficult, especially in warm, moist weather, to keep the crop from being ruined or nearly ruined by the Brown Rot fungus. The trouble hitherto has been that while liquid spraying either with lime-sulphur or Bordeaux mixture would ward off this disease as long as the mixture remained on the fruit, these substances could not be applied near enough to the time of picking to prevent rot attacking the fruit then, because they would stain the fruit so much that it could not be marketed. ) 1 7 f x Ml ae eee eS Mg PS rey 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 The sulphur dust, however, without any poison in it gets over this difficulty, because it does not stain anything. It may, therefore, be applied even a day or two before picking and unless followed by prolonged heavy showers will protect the fruit until . it is marketed. Having thought of this plan we tested it out on the above-mentioned sweet cherry orchards. The fruit was kept clean up to a few days before picking—in one orchard by three well-timed applications of liquid lime-sulphur and in the other by two of these and one dusting. These were followed in both orchards by a thorough dusting one or two days before picking. As a result in one orchard there was less than 1 per cent. of rotten fruit, in fact my assistant placed it at 1/10 of 1 per cent., though a large check tree in a more exposed situation had over 80 per cent. of infected cherries. Moreover, in spite of the weather this year being very favourable for rot and causing great losses to cherry growers, the owner told me that this was the first time in many years he had been able to harvest the fruit off several of the trees that were specially susceptible to the disease. The other orchard was a little later in maturing its fruit and was subjected to several very heavy rains before it was all picked. These washed the sulphur off the later fruit. Nevertheless all the earlier varieties yielded a very clean crop and it was only on the later varieties that any appreciable amount of loss occurred, though even here there was not much loss. An extra dusting of these trees would have prevented this. Since the Brown Rot of cherries attacks also plums, it is clear that the same plan could be used of protecting varieties very subject to this disease. It takes so few minutes to dust 100 cherry trees that a dozen fruit growers could purchase a duster among them and thus make the cost to each very little. The cost of the material, namely, sulphur with ground talc as a filler, in normal times would be $3.00 or less per 100 pounds, which is less than half the cost when arsenate of lead is added to the sulphur, so that the material would not be very expensive. We feel that the adoption of this method of preventing rot would mean the saving of many thousands of dollars annually to growers of stone fruits. Faruer Lreopoitp: Have you tried dusting for the control of scab of pears? Pror, CaksaR: We did not try dusting on any variety of pears subject to scab, and I cannot speak regarding that. FATHER LEoPoLD: This year for the first time we have sprayed our 65 acres of orchard by dusting instead of with liquid spray. The liquid spray machine we had before was burnt in the fire. For apples we had a marvellous success all along, but we had the worst and most scabby pears I have ever seen in my life. We had good success last year on pears with lime-sulphur wash. I think the leaves are so glossy that the dust will not stay on, and of course this applies to the fruit also. The leaves and fruit of*the apple tree are more hairy, and the dust will stick on better. I may say that we had 85 per cent. clean fruit in the 65 acres of orchard, but the MacIntosh was especially good—95 per cent. clean. We had a loss with Wealthy because they were not properly sprayed. None of the Wealthy apples ever had scab before, but of course this has been an exceptionally bad year. With regard to Codling Moth, wherever two sprays were applied we had very good success. Last year we had over 35 per cent. Codling Moth in our orchard, but this year the orchard was clean and free from Codling Mcth to the extent of 90 per cent. We made no liquid sprays at all this season. Mr. Petor: With regard to the value of spraying against dusting, I do not think it matters very much which you use so long as it is done thoroughly and repeatedly. This year was a very bad year for scab and we dusted and 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 sprayed, in order that we might test out both methods. The results were 99 per cent. clean fruit on the sprayed portion and 97 per cent. to 98 per cent. on the dusted portion. The sprayed portion received one more spray, 1.e., the dormant spray, otherwise the orchards were sprayed as far as possible on the same day, and there was no division at all in the orchards; it was all done in one orchard, side by side, taking 90 trees in each portion. With regard to dust- ing I have found that a man who has had a little training in dusting will be apt to have better success than a man with a longer training in liquid spraying. lt takes a very good man to spray a tree, whereas a man taught for a very short time with a duster can get good results. I have found that a man spraying for several years will sometimes miss branches of certain portions of the tree with the spray, and on those branches there will be scab, but there will not be even one scabby spot in the dusted portion. We sometimes find that a limb or branch has been overlooked on trees with the heaviest crop of apples, and every apple on these limbs will be affected by scab, and of course this means that the apples are put into class 2 or 3. In the dusted portion the dust settles all over the tree, and does not require the careful attention to reach every branch that the spraying does. Professor Caesar may differ from me in this, but that is my experience, and as regards spraying I may say that we have a very good example in an old orchard badly infested with scab which I think was well known to Macdonald Collece men last year. The man had the cleanest crop of Fameuse in the Province of Quebec, after spraying thoroughly four times. This year he said: “T am not going to get a large crop anyway, and I am not going to bother very much about spraying.” He sprayed the Fameuse once and the others he did not spray at all, with the result that there was 88 per cent. scab. Last year he had 98 per cent. clean fruit in a year which was just as bad as this has been for scab. Last year out of 1,050 barrels packed 1,010 were 2’s and 3’s, but this year although our crop was not so large we had about 97 per cent. clean fruit. I spoke last night about what can be done by reaching the farmers. Some of these men have sprayed ever since the spray has come into the county, and the Demonstration Orchard men have been sent out to them and have stayed with them for years, and yet this year nearly half, or at any rate a quarter, of their apples were No. 3's. FatHerR LEopotD: What percentage of fillers did you use? We have been using 60 per cent. to 40 per cent. fillers in our orchards. Mr. PetcH: A mixture of 45 per cent. fillers to obtain these results. Pror. CAESAR: I think Professor Brittain made some tests with the dust. Pror. BrirTaAIn: We did make some tests this summer, and our results were so very uneven that I find now I do not know nearly as much about the matter as T thought I did in the spring. We used various strengths of sulphur—40 per cent. to 90 per cent.—through the different orchards. The head of the Bot- anical Branch and I each took over a small orchard for testing purposes, and I may say that he had the better one—an orchard that has been properly looked after for years, one of the best sprayed orchards in the district, on light sandy land, with splendid air drainage, and with trees well pruned. J took one on heavy clay land, with poor air drainage and poorly pruned trees. He had good results, fruit over 90 per cent. clean, and found with regard to dusting that he had better control with 95 per cent.-90 per cent. than with 50 per cent. With spraying he got slightlv better results than with any of the dusts, but on the best dusted fruit the difference was negligible. My orchard had 40 per cent. scab and the worst outbreak of Tussock Moth I have ever known. The Tussock Moth E 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 ~ chewed holes in both sprayed and unsprayed portions. My dusted fruits were 90 per cent. scabby, and the check was 100 per cent. scabby. Did Prof. Caesar 4 ever try tobacco dust? 4 Pror, Caesar: Not that we could call a fair test and draw conclusions from. 3 Pror. Brirrain: I was very disappointed.- A man in New York State assured me that it was a very efficient control for aphids. Green Apple Bugs were present in large numbers and we tried it, with the result that the Green _ Apple Bugs were chasing themselves around the tree just as lively as ever, and we had only one casualty in the whole tree. ; FatHer LeoPpotp: How many times did you apply the dust? 3 Pror. Brirratn: Four times. . Pror., CAarsaR: Perhaps Prof. Bunting can tell us something about this. A Pror. BuntinG: No. I may say, however, that I think it would be well for : fruit growers to go cautiously at the present time with dust spraying. There seems to be a big difference of opinion amongst men who have been experimenting with both. We know that the lquid spray is very effective and a satisfactory control for most of our orchard pests. Someone has described an ideal spray as one that can be applied with the least inconvenience, in the shortest space of time, will control the largest number of pests for the longest possible season. No doubt dusting machines have done good service, but the fruit grower must have a dust machine and also a liquid machine to spray an orchard at the present time. I think it would be wise for the average orchardist to go cautiously in adopting the dusting machine. Pror, CArsar: Where the same man did the work in an orchard-at Whitby _ the liquid spray gave much better results than dusting. I do not advocate the _ purchase of a dust sprayer for the average fruit grower. x ip A FEW NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF INSECTS. W. LocHHEAD, MAcDoNALD COLLEGE, P.Q. In its broad aspect the ecology of insects deals with these animals in relation to their environment. It is evident, therefore, that a short paper such as this cannot discuss adequately the whole field of relations between insects and their environment, for this would require volumes. The object of this paper, however, is to touch briefly upon a few aspects of the subject with the hope that more attention may be given to the study of the problems involved to the end that they may help in solving some of the problems relating to the control of injurious insects. INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN INSECTS AND PLANTS. ig Long continued observations show that there are “all grades of association _ between plants and insects from most casual contact to mutual dependence, and ‘ that there are grades of fitness on both sides.” (Needham, General Biology.) The important part played by many insects in the fertilization of plants is well known. To this end many beautiful adaptations occur among plants such as in legumes, iris, milkweed, yucca, orchids, mints, figworts, honeysuckles, canna, Smyrna fig, etc., but it should be borne in mind that there has been also much adaptation on the part of the insects. we we Another type of inter-relation is the galls seen on many plants, produced by certain insects. The chief gall-producing families are the Cecidomyiide Trypetide, Aphidide, Psyllide, Cynipide and Tenthredinide. Mites (Acarina) also produce galls. Usually an egg is laid the growing tissue and the larva. excites the surrounding tissue to abnormal growth. The transformations occur within the gall, and ihe adult. escapes. Galls are of various forms, often characteristic of the insects producing them. The nutuitive cells lying next to the contained larva contain both sugar and starch and appear to function as feeders for both the larva and the growing cells of the gall, as our fellow-member Dr. Cosens has most admirably shown in his recent studies. Insectivorous Plants. - Certain plants such as the sundew, Venus’s fly-trap, pitcher-plant and bladder- wort entrap small insects and feed upon them. These plants secrete digestive fluids which convert the tissues of the captured insects into liquid food capable of being absorbed. Bacteria and Fungi. Many caterpillars die from bacterial diseases. Silk-worms, cabbage worms, army worms, gypsy moth caterpillars, grasshoppers and tent caterpillars are frequently killed by bacteria. Certain fungi also destroy insects. Cordyeeps destroys white grubs, wireworms and many caterpillars; Hmpusa is often respon- sible for the destruction of house fiies, plant lice, grasshoppers, crickets and caterpillars; and Sporotrichum kills many kinds of insects. Attempts have been made to control chinch-bugs and grasshoppers by artificial cultures of Sporo- trichum and Coccobacillus, but only with partial success. INSECTS AS CARRIERS OF PLANT DISEASES. Flea-beetles by eating holes in the leaves of potato permit the entrance of the spores of Karly Blight (Macrosporium solani) and consequent partial destruction of the leaves. It has also been shown fairly conclusively that certain aphids and other insects* act as carriers of Twig Blight (Bacillus amylovorus) of apples and pears, and it is now believed that the Squash-bug (Anasa tristis) the Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata), the Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle (D. 12-punctata), the Cucumber Flea Beetle (Lpitriz cucumeris), the Melon aphis (Aphis gossypii), and the 12-spotted Ladybeetle (Hpilachna borealis) fre- quently inoculate the stems of cucurbits with the cucurbit wilt (Bacillus trachei- philus). Again, the punctures made by the Plum curculio in plum, cherry, and peach permit the entrance of the spores of the Brown Rot disease (Sclerotinia fructigema). Tree crickets (Oecanthus spp.) are said to be responsible for the inoculation of trees and shrubs with canker, of raspberries with the Cane _ Blight, and probably for the production of other diseases. Inter-relations of Plants and Insects in Nature. The idea of inter-relations in Nature was first emphasized by Sprengel, Darwin and Miller, and later ecological studies reveal still more clearly how SS lll *Gossard mentions among others Aphis avenw, Empoasca mali, Eccoptogaster rugu- losus, and Lygus pratensis. “ Any sucking insect can become a carrier, also any insect with the bark-burrowing habit.” ve vs 86 ; THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 __ a ad? Sl 4918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 87 all Nature is linked together into a system, one part dependent upon another in an intricate web of life. Disturbances in one portion of the system are fol- lowed by disturbances in another. We have already indicated in previous sections some of the relations between insects and plants, between insects and birds, and between insects and their parasites. Numerous other relations might be mentioned but these are sufficient to show that a knowledge of these relations is an important part of the equipment of the economic entomologist who would deal successfully with the problems confronting him. In a region undisturbed by man the various parts of the system of Nature have “Sse reached a state of balance through the ceaseless ‘action for long ages of the “struggle for existence.” Plant struggles with plant, animal with animal, and both with the environment. With the advent of man, however, the balance has been disturbed: by the clearing of the forests, the cultivation and drainage of the land, the growing of crops, and the introduction of foreign plants and animals, since the new set of conditions will be favorable to the increase in numbers of certain plants and animals, including insects, and unfavorable to others. This disturbance is often widespread. Favored insects will multiply rapidly on account of the abundant supply of food furnished by the cultivated crops, faster at first than their parasitic enemies; and insectivorous animals such as snakes, toads, birds and predaceous insects will be deprived of the necessary _ shelter and hiding places by the clearing of the land, and become less abundant. On the other hand insects not favored by the destruction of their food plants under the new conditions will diminish in numbers, as will also their para- ‘sites, both sometimes no doubt to the verge of extinction. If, however, as is sometimes the case, conditions again favor the insect it will multiply very rapidly _ because the development of the parasite lags behind its host. Moreover, there is always a limit to the increase of the parasite, otherwise it would exterminate _ its host, and eventually itself. q Again, the development of insects is sometimes infiuenced by the soil condi- tions. For example, sandy or gravelly soils seem to favor the multiplication of such insects as the plum curculio, and the grape root worms. But another _ factor, namely, the influence of the soil on the plant, must not be overlooked. Plant growth on sandy and gravelly soils is retarded and is to a certain extent abnormal, and the plant is less resistant to attacks of insects. On the other hand, strong rich soils may induce vigorous growth, also to a certain extent abnormal, _ when the plant is preyed upon by certain insects like plant lice and scale insects which thrive best upon succulent: growth. This relationship of soil insects to climate and soil conditions has been recently discussed in the Agricultural Gazette by Dr. A. E. Cameron, of the _Entomological Branch, Ottawa, who is attempting to get some definite information out of the chaos of many apparently conflicting observations, a condition due mainly to the imperfect determination of the measure of the operation of many factors. He finds that phytophagous insects of the soil frequent those soils where their food plants thrive, but as these plants depend on the type of soil—its structure, texture and composition, temperature and humidity, it is clear that these insects depend on the type of soil. . Again, predaceous soil forms are dependent on the presence of phytophagous soil forms, and a change in any one of the factors constituting a habitat will have an influence on the fauna. As a physical index of the varied conditions controlling soil insects it is believed that the evaporating power of air is the most important one, inasmuch 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 as it is an expression of the combined effects of air, temperature, pressure, humidity, wind velocity. This whole subject requires much additional study. The inter-relations of plants and insects become more involved when it is known that certain varieties and species of economic plants are more liable to attack by insects than other varieties and species. .Treherne in a recent article in the Agricultural Gazette of Canada brings forward some instances of this kind. Spring wheat in certain localities in British Columbia is severely troubled with the wheat midge, while fall wheat is seldom attacked. But he notes that the early and late sowings of the spring wheat are not so seriously injured as the mid-season sowing. Again, the grape-blossom midge injures the early varieties of grapes, such as Moms Early, Warden, Champion and Massasoit, more than the Concord. In the serious invasion of the Hessian Fly in Oniane in 1900-01 the writer observed that certain variéties of wheat were injured more than others. The Imperial, Egyptian and Michigan Ambers, Walker’s Reliable and General Grant, were but slightly infested, while Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Turkey Red, Treadwell and Red Chaff were badly affected. At the same time it was observed that the Dawson’s Golden Chaff was not seriously attacked in New York State. Treherne also notes that the Northern Spy apple is practically immune from the woolly aphis, the. Leconte and Kieffer pears from the San José scale, black currants and lettuce from Peridromia saucia cut-worm, and the red Dutch cab- bages from the cabbage root maggot. In addition, he says: “he forest tent caterpillar (M. disstria) attacks sugar maple in preference to the soft maple, the latter being comparatively free from attack. He also records the fact that the spiny elm caterpillar (Huvanessa antiopa) rather seriously injures American elms, while Scotch and English elms are not preferred. Similarly, the maple scale (Pulvinaria wmnumerabilis) rarely injures the sugar and Norway maples, but attacks especially the soft maples. Dr. Felt has further rated various shade trees in New York in their order of susceptibility or immunity from attack by insects. The European elm sawfly (Kaliosysphinga ulmi) attacks the English and Scotch elms, including the Camperdown variety, in preference to the American elms (Slingerland, Cornell). The elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola) is re- ported as most seriously infesting the European elm and when other species of elm were found growing nearby preference seemed to be shown for it (Burgess, Illinois). The European elm scale (Gossyparia spuria) attacks the American elms more seriously than the imported English elms. (Doten, Nevada.) The fruit-tree bark beetle (Huzophera semifuneralis) clearly prefers the European or imported varieties of plum, but does occur in the native kinds; Prunus simoni has, however, thus far been worst affected by it. (Sanderson, Delaware). The white peach scale (Diaspis pentagona) a very polyphagous feeder, does not attack the Le Conte and Kieffer pears. (Gossard, Florida). The apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) is noted particularly in the sweet and sub-acid summer varieties, while fall and winter sorts, including acid varieties are less infested. (Quaintance, U. S. Bureau.) The brown mite (Bryobia pratensis) is seldom observed on quince and apricot, although it attacks a great variety of trees including almonds and peaches. (Weldon, Colorado). The use of resistant vines against the grape phylloxera represents a good example of the value of selection. The wild vines of the Mississippi Valley states which have evolved in company with the Phylloxera possess the more resistant forms. The European vine (V. vinifera) is the most susceptible of all in California. (Quayle, California.)”’ 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 INSECTS AND Brirps. When it is known that about two-thirds of the food of our common birds consists of insects, it becomes evident that the agency of birds in the control of insects is of the highest importance. The seasonal diet of the robin, blue bird, catbird, king-bird, flycatchers, chickadee, wren, swallow, woodpecker, cuckoo, night-hawk, warblers, oriole, and the other birds has been carefully studied im recent years, with the resulting discovery that insects form in most cases their only food, and only at certain seasons are small fruits eaten. Birds are no doubt of special value to the farmer in nipping incipient scourges in the bud on account of their ability to move rapidly from place to place in search of food, and on account of their varied character and habits. cl a a ta eS i al Ba Especially is this true of our winter birds which search every cranny and nook for the hibernating forms of insects at a season when every form destroyed means in most cases the absence of hundreds of' thousands of their progeny the ; following summer. F INsEct BeHAvior Towarp STIMULI. _ Inj recent years a large mass of facts regarding the behavior of insects to their environment—both organic and imorganic—has been accumulated, and in a few eases this information has been of service in the control of injurious forms. In general, however, the application of such methods of control is still in its infancy stage, but it gives promise of valuable results in the near future. L As the relations of insects to plants and to other insects have been discussed in previous sections, attention will be confined here to the behavior -of insects under the influence of environmental stimuli such as light, heat, moisture, : chemical contact, winds, etc. q For some time it has been known that plants show tropistic movements with ; regard to light, heat, gravity, moisture, contact, etc. Moreover, some progress has been made towards an understanding of the processes. Plants, for example, bend towards the light because the eells on the side away from the light grow faster than those on the side next the light. There is no conscious control of the movement by the plant. Animals, too, exhibit movements under the influence _ of tropic, or rather, taxic stimuli. In the case of insects, butterflies, bees, house flies, and many moths and caterpillars are positively phototropic or phototactic, and move towards the light, while maggots, bed bugs and cockroaches move away from the light. : Again, most moths move away from sunlight but move towards a lesser light such as electric or oil lamps. Davenport explains this difference by saying : that “ butterflies are attuned to a high intensity of light, moths to a low intensity.” __ Loeb explains the circling of moths and other insects about a light. The stimulus orients the insect by its more intense action on the muscles next the light, and the insect then moves towards the light. ; Loeb states. that caterpillars of the Brown-tail Moth as they emerge from _ hibernation in spring are positively phototaxic, hut after they have eaten this _ response disappears, showing that taxic reactions are sometimes dependent on the state of the body. - _ “Swaine finds that the destruction of piled logs by the wood-boring larve of the sun-loving Monohammus can be prevented by forming a dense shade over d the logs by means of brush. In his study of the army cut-worm (Huroa auzriliaris) in Alberta, Strickland found that the larve are negatively phototropic and hide 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 beneath the soil till about four or five o’clock in the afternoon when they come to the surface to feed. With the weaker light they become positively phototropic and a general migration in a westerly direction takes place. When food is scarce hunger may overcome their aversion to sunshine with the result that the larvee come above ground, but they still display a modified negative phototropism and migrate in a north-westerly direction. These facts are of practical value in controlling outbreaks of this insect.” (Hewitt.) Insects are very responsive to the stimulus of heat, i.e., they are thermotactic. Some insects respond to the stimulus of touch or contact, and are said to be either positively or negatively thigmotactic. Cockroaches are in the habit of squeezing into narrow crevices, and Loeb mentions the case of a moth (Pyrophila) which also has the same habit. Chemical substances and foods also act as stimuli influencing the movements of insects. Maggots orient themselves with regard to their food and then move towards it, the orientation being the result of unequal chemical stimulation of the muscles of the two sides of the body. The deposition of eggs by most insects on certain plants is also the result of chemotropism. The house fly and many piercing insects such as the biting flies and mosquitoes are repelled by phenol and other coal tar products. Wheeler and Loeb give several examples of geotropism among insects. They observed that lady-birds and cockroaches at rest placed themselves on vertical rather than horizontal surfaces. Observations show that taxic* reactions are very adaptive. Ants and aphids are positively phototaxic when they get wings; and honey bees are periodically phototaxic, thus leading to swarming. Ants, moreover, are strongly thermotaxic, thus securing for their brood the optimum temperature conditions. RELATION oF INSECTS TO TEMPERATURE AND HuMIDITY. Two important factors influencing the life of insects are temperature and humidity. Their general regulatory action has been known for a long time, but scientific data obtained in recent years enable us to speak more definitely regard- ing the behavior of insects toward the varying temperature and humidity of their environment. Pierce in his studies of the Cotton Boll Weevil and other forms says: “ A careful study of the records of any species, charting for the time required for each activity and the temperature and then similarly for the humidity will disclose temperature and humidity points of maximum efficiency. With the Boll Weevil these points lie approximately near 83 deg. F. and 65 per cent. relative humidity.” Ewing has found that a constant temperature of 90 deg. F. prevents the development of Aphis avene, and that the optimum temperature for the production of the wingless agamic forms is about 65 deg. F. The larve of the common House Fly are killed at a temperature of 105 deg. F., and the close-packing of manure is sufficient to prevent the breeding of flies. With regard to changes in humidity insects vary somewhat widely in their reactions. For example, moist air is favorable to most aphids and hastens the development of the larva of the Hessian Fly. On the other hand dry seasons favor the development of the Chinch Bug and the Wheat Midge. The investigations of Bachmetjew show that humidity is an important factor modifying the effects of temperature, and that the metabolic activities of insects *The term taxvic is now more commonly used than tropic when applied to the move- ~ ments of animals under the action of stimuli just referred to. FE EAN) SOE ae Tee NE Tee es op YE are eS ee ae ee op PE a a Pere ee ee fee Las | 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 are related to both temperature and humidity. He says: “ Apparently there is a degree of atmospheric humidity which being the most favorable to the maximum _ speed of insect metabolism should be designated as the optimum; that this optimum varies for each species, for each stage of each species, and for each stage of each individual. : It is a well-known fact that most species of Thrips and Red Spiders are more abundant, and hence more injurious, under warm dry conditions, The Codling Moth is an example of a common insect whose development is greatly influenced by weather conditioris. Even within the limits of a single state or province the rate of its development and the time of its stages are influenced by latitude, by early and late seasons, by cool and warm seasons, and * by wet and dry seasons. The student will find in the observations of Simpson in Idaho, Pettit in Michigan, Sanderson in New Hampshire, Caesar in Ontario, Headlee in Kansas, Siegler and Simanton in Maine, Brooks and Blakeslee in Virginia, and Forbes in Hlinois much valuable data for investigations on the relation of insects to climatic factors. FRIDAY AFTERNOON, 1.30 O'CLOCK. A motion picture film on “Field and Parasite Work on the Gipsy and -Brown-tail Moths” was shown by Prof. Burgess in the local moving picture theatre. The use of this film was obtained by courtesy of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- mology. It was followed immediately by another excellent film illustrating “Orchard Spraying in Nova Scotia,” shown by Prof. W. H. Brittain. THE EFFECT OF STABLE AND HORN FLY ATTACKS ON MILK PRODUCTION. A. W. ‘Baker, O. A. COLLEGE, GUELPH. At the annual meeting of the Society in 1916 the writer gave a paper on “Some Repellents for Stable and Horn. Flies on Cattle.’ At that time the question was raised as to whether or not fly attacks had any effect on milk production. Accordingly during the summer of 1917 a spraying experiment was carried out with milch cows in an endeavor to find the effect of fly attacks on milk production, or rather the benefit to be derived from a prevention of these attacks. Two lots of five cows were selected. Unfortunately, one cow aborted during the course of the experiment, so that milk records could be kept of only four cows in one lot. From July 17th to July 31st one lot was sprayed once a day and the other lot left unsprayed. From Aug. 1st to Aug. 12th the lots were reversed in spraying and from Aug. 13th to Aug. 25th the lots were again reversed. In taking the milk records the first two or three days of each period were dis- carded, leaving 10 days in which the effect on yield was considered. During the first period and part of the second, the cattle were sprayed before the afternoon milking. During the remainder of the second period and the third period spraying was done before the morning milking. ~ 92 THE REPORT OF THE The following table shows the lots of cows, sprayed and unsprayed, with the milk production of each cow for the last ten days of the period and the total milk production of the lot for the same time. TABLE OF MILK PRODUCTION. No. 36 July 17th—July 3l1st. Aug. Ist—Aug. 12th. Aug. 13th—Aug. 25th. Be | Pet haCow..| Mellie, “Milk, Lot. | Cow. | Milk. | 7et@l! Lot. | Cow. | Milk, | Total Lbs. { Lbs. | Lbs. ) Lbs. Lbs. 7 Lbs? A 6 | 281.3 | B 188 | 299.8 A 6 | 230.6 os 7| 191.1) * 194 | 210.7) 2 TSO 2 10 | 127.6; & 193 | 150.7| < 10 82.6 | & a TOT 263.6) 0 232 | 250.6| > 191 | 247.3 | © 5 185 | 149.2 185 | 136.8 B 188 | 312.3 A 6 | 253.7 B 188 | 255.6 2 LOW 8A File fe BET Sire Os 194 | 1962041 2 193), | dS 7e 1) ee 10) 8b oes 193) 129: 3 S 232-|» 274.2. | & 1Sie! 24 at est 232 | 207.5 | & a 185 | 144.5 5 It must be borne in nin in examining these figures that there is a normal loss in milk production from the middle of J uly to the end of August irrespective of fly attacks. This loss is due of course to drying up of pastures and was especially evident in 191%. Under normal conditions this loss is gradual, so that in three periods such as used in this experiment the middle would represent practically an average of the first and last. An examination of the table of milk production shows us that such an average production during the middle period was not evidenced where the cattle had eee sprayed for part of the time. Lot A during the first period of ten days, sprayed, gave 1,012.8 lbs. of milk. and in the third period of ten days, also sprayed, gave 880 lbs. of milk. During the second, or unsprayed period, the lot, however, gave 911.5 lbs. of milk, which is 35 lbs. or approximately 4 per cent. less than the average of the two sprayed periods. Lot B during the first period, when unsprayed, gave 972.9 lbs. of milk and in the third period, also unsprayed, gave 788.2 lbs. During the second, or sprayed, period this lot gave 911.8 lbs. of milk, which is 31 lbs., or approximately 334 per cent. more than the average of the two unsprayed periods, A comparison of the production of the two lots serves more strikingly to point out the benefit derived from spraying. Lot A containing 5 cows in the first ten days when sprayed produced 40 lbs. more than lot B containing 4 cows unsprayed. In the third period lot A of 5 cows sprayed produced 92 lbs. more than lot B of 4 cows unsprayed. Jn the second period, however, lot B of 4 cows sprayed produced a fraction of a pound more than lot A of 5 cows unsprayed. This comparison of the two lots also shows the advantage of morning spraying. Lot A in the first period when sprayed in the afternoon gave only 40 lbs. more than lot B unsprayed, whereas the same cows in the third period, when sprayed in the morning, gave 92 lbs. more than the unsprayed lot. The afternoon spray- ing was less than 50 per cent. efficient as compared with the morning spraying, 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 93 _ due of course to the fact that the cows had poor protection during the heat of the day, when fly attacks were at their height. We find that the increased milk production through the use of a repellent in certain periods was approximately 4 per cent. in those periods. However, since the afternoon spraying, which was carried on over considerably more than one- third of the time, was less than 50 per cent. as efficient as the morning spraying - it follows that the production during the period when morning spraying was _ practised must have been increased nearly 6 per cent. I should say in this con- nection that, due to difficulty in securing assistants for summer work on the’ department, we were forced for a time to use inexperienced and somewhat incom- petent help and I feel that there were times when the spraying was not as thoroughly done as was necessary. Accordingly, we feel that another season’s work will give even more marked results. In considering the increase in milk production through protection of cattle from fly attacks by the use of repellents, it must be borne in mind that this increase in production is secured without any increase in plant, stock or equip- ment. There is also no increase in overhead save the cost. of the spray material, as the time required for spraying is so short that no additional help is required. Two men should spray a herd of thirty cows in 25 to 30 minutes. The repellent used in this work was a home-made spray mixture, a modifica- tion of the repellent described in the paper given at the last annual meeting of the Society. The ingredients are as follows :— IGEN OSEM Gace. portale oeles tee ole a cia Savetevam ener ee aie ae 1 gallon Slishiblivesoultprmllcrercrews ae eee oes cee caw lotele es ci cvclero tans 1 a3 EIS Ing Ole arstegetote ve cco oe oro Sieoete are olen 6 a oielars il Es Strong hot soap solution (about 4 cake laundry, soap) 1 ss OnlromCitronelilan sss. ee eps Pn tS a Seceis 0 OUNGES The kerosene and milk are mixed and thoroughly agitated to form an emul- sion; the fish oil and hot soap solution are then mixed and thoreughly agitated and the two emulsions are then mixed and the whole very thoroughly agitated. The 6 ozs. of oil of citronella is stirred in when the mixture is cold. This makes quite a stable stock solution. It is advisable, however, to stir up the stock solu- tion thoroughly each time any is taken out. When not in use the stock solution should be kept covered. The materials for this four gallons of stock solution cost about $1.83. In the work outlined here the repellent was used in the proportion of one part of stock solution to two parts of water. The mixture as applied, therefore, cost 1514 cents a gallon. In the proportion of 1 to 2 of water 1 gallon as applied should suffice for one spraying for about forty cows. The cost of the spray material used in the experiment was therefore about 55 cents. The pump used was a small, cheap hand sprayer of the atomizer type, such ‘as is used for spraying small garden patches. 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 NOTES ON TWO UNUSUAL GARDEN PESTS IN NOVA SCOTIA. W. H. Brittain, PRovINcIAL ENtToMOLOoGIsT FoR Nova SCOTIA. Tue Potato Stem Borer (Gortyna micacea Esp.) Like so many of our injurious insects this species is evidently introduced from Europe. 5 9 3 3) Zebra Caterpillar (Ceramica picta). y 1. Larva, lateral and dorsal view, and pupa, ventral and dorsal view. : 2. Larva with egg of tachina parasite near head. Enlarged. " 3. Adults at rest on turnip leaf. q 7 ES. 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 os ee — 3 4 Zebra Caterpillar (Ceramica picta).: 1. Turnip leaf with egg masses attached. 2. Eggs greatly enlarged. 3. Newy hatched larve on turnip leaf. 4. Mature larve on turnip leaf. 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 LS 2 ee es ee ee ee ) In 1915, Zebra caterpillars of the second brood were found to be quite com- mon, though not particularly injurious, in the neighborhood of. Kentville, but the next year was the first that any complaint regarding injury, was received. In 1916, there was a very serious outbreak in some localities, mostly in Kings County and numerous turnip fields were stripped of their leaves, the greater damage was being done, as usual, by caterpillars of the second brood. Full _ grown larve collected about Kentville in the fall, were found to be heavily parasited and it was thought that there was little danger of a serious outbreak the next year. : This proved to be true as far as the vicinity of Kentville was concerned, but further west in western Kings and Annapolis counties, and in parts of Digby and Yarmouth counties, there was an equally—if not a more severe outbreak, even the first brood caterpillars being fairly numerous and destructive in some eases. All the farmers, with scarcely an exception, stated that the insect was a new pest—one that they had never seen before. This does not necessarily indicate that the pest was a new one to our province and the nature and distribution of the outbreak would make this possibility extremely unlikely. It does indicate, however, that the period between outbreaks must be comparatively long. Of the various crops attacked, turnip fields suffered most. Sometimes after the leaves were stripped, the caterpillars would attack the roots themselves and devour a sufficient amount to do considerable damage. On several occasions the larve were observed to migrate from one field to another after the manner of the army worm. This occurred when the particular crop upon which they were feeding was entirely devoured. Migrations were observed from turnips to grass and from buckwheat to potatoes. The insects seem to be quite careless regarding their diet, feeding upon, in addition to those plants already mentioned, beets, mangolds, beans, hydrangeas, sweet peas, pigweed and even apple and plum trees. Eggs of the moth were - found deposited on apple leaves twelve feet from the ground. On a small scale and where cheap labor was available hand-picking the leaves bearing eg masses or nearly hatched caterpillars was the most economical remedy. Where this could not be done, dusting with powdered arsenicals applied _by means of a blower, gave very satisfactory results. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1917. ArtHur Grsson, Curer AssisTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. Students of insects in Canada have again to acknowledge the many favours Teceived from specialists in the United States and elsewhere for assistance in the determination of species. Dr. L. O. Howard and his colleagues, at Washington, have, as in the past, helped us very materially; Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough, have named many doubtful species of Lepidoptera; Messrs. Casey, Wickham, Liebeck, Leng, Fall, Frost, and Van Dyke have assisted in the Coleoptera; Messrs. Aldrich, Malloch, Johnson, Hine and M. C. Van Duzee, have determined Diptera, and Mr. J. H. Emerton has continued to examine spiders. All of these specialists, as well as others who have assisted us, have our sincere thanks. 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 LITERATURE, Among the books, memoirs, etc., (which have appeared during 1917) of interest to Canadian students the following may be mentioned : | Banks, NarHan. Index to the Literature of American Economic Ento- mology, January 1, 1905, to December 31, 1914: American Association of Kcon- omic Entomologists, Melrose Highlands, Mass. This most useful volume of 323° pages is a continuation of the Bibliography of Economic Entomology, which was — published by the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. The insects and other headings are arranged alphabetically; under each are placed the references by — author alphabetically. Barnes Witnttam and McDunnoveu, J.H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America; Vol. IV, No. 1. A Revision of the Genus Hydriomena Hbn., Decatur, Ill.: The Review Press, May 23, 1917, pp. 1-38, — plates I-X. The results of this study are of particular interest to Canadian ~ lepidopterists. The genus Hydriomena is one which has given much trouble and — we are glad to have the results of this most recent study of these moths. A number of new species are described, and racial names given to several others. Four — of these latter are from British Columbia, and one from Manitoba. Plates I to — VI illustrate the various species, etc., many types being figured, and plates VII to X, illustrate male genitalia. Betuune, C.J. 8. Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for the year 1915: Trans. Royal Society of Can., Vol. X, Series III, 1916, pp. 169-187; separate received May 7, 1917. References are een to 175 papers; 71 of these relate to economic entomology; 12 to general entomology; 23 to lepidoptera; 13 to hymen- optera, etc. . Cracnon, G. A preliminary List of the Insects of the Province of Quebec, part I11—Goleoptera ; published as a supplement to the ninth annual report of the — Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants; received Oct. 10, 1917. These lists — are very useful. ‘The list of coleoptera comprises 278 pages. Under each species, as in the two previous lists, the various known records are published. The author — is to be congratulated on the completion of such a valuable list. FunxHousrr, W. D. Biology of the Membracide of the Cayuga Lake Basin; Cornell University Agric. Exp. Stn.; Memoir 11, June, 191%. This interesting memoir is the result of an extended biological study of the species found in the above district. It comprises pp. 181 to 445 and is illustrated with a number of figures and plates. Sixty-one species are discussed. Garman, Puuar. The Zygoptera, or Damsel Flies, of Ilinois; Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Article IV, June, 1917; pp. 411- 586, plates UVIII-LXXII. Following valuable chapters on morphology, life- history and habits, and history of the Zyg optera, the classification of the species is dealt with. Generic and specific keys are given and descriptions of the nymphs and adults. The plates illustrate structural characters, ete. Hesarp, Morgan. The Blattide of North America north of the Mexican boundary: Philadelphia, Pa., Memoirs of the American Ent. Soc., No. 2, re- eelved Aug. 14, 1917; 284 pages, 10 plates. In this important bane fark three species are recorded as established within the United States and of these ten are probably introduced. ‘I'wo indigenous forms and two established adventives are known to occur north of the Canadian boundary. Pages 259 to 274 deal more briefly with species found to be adventive but not established in portions of the United States and Canada. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ° 101 Mattocu, Jonn R. A preliminary Classification of Diptera exclusive of -Pupipara based on Larval and Pupal Characters, with keys to Imagines in certain - Families; Part 1: Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, ‘Vol. XII, Article III, March, 1917, pp. 161-409, plates XXVIII to LVII. This is indeed an important contribution and one which will be welcomed by both economic and taxonomic entomologists. The plates illustrate, chiefly, larval ana pupal characters. The paper deals primarily with Illinois species. Meranper, A. L. and Sputer, ANntHoNy. The Dipterous Families Sepside and Piophilide: Bull. No. 143, April, 1917, Agric. Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash. The species discussed in this paper are commonly combined as the family Sepside. _ Economically they are principally scavengers, feeding and breeding in filth, sewage, _ ete. Descriptions of twenty new species and six new varieties are included. Four are from Canada. The plate at the end illustrates modifications of femora and - tibize of various species. 7 Parker, JOHN BernarpD. A Revision of the Bembicine Wasps of America, north of Mexico: Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 53, pp. 1-55; published Feb. 10, 1917. This revision is based upon a study of the specimens in the United States National Museum and other important collections. A number of new species are described, _ only one of which, however, is from Canada. Interesting biological notes are given on pages 123-141. Eight plates showing structural characters are included. ParsHLEY, H. M. Fauna of New England, 14; List of the Hemiptera- Heteroptera; Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Nat. History, VII, Aug., 1917. This useful list will be of special interest to Canadian hemipterists of Eastern Canada, as many of the species herein recorded will undoubtedly be found © - in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. Four hundred and nineteen species are _ listed, definite localities and dates of collection being given. | QuaintaNncE, A. L., and Baxer, A. C. A contribution to our knowledge of the White Flies of the Subfamily Aleyrodine (Aleyrodide): Proc. U.S.N.M., = : 7 Vol. 51, pp. 335-445, with plates 32-77; published January 20, 1917. This con- tribution is in continuance of Parts 1 and 2 of Bull. 27, Tech. Series, U.S. Bureau _ of Entomology. One new species is described from Canada. Van Duzer, Epwarp P. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America, north of _ Mexico, excepting the Aphididsx, Coccide, and Aleurodide; University of Cali- _ fornia Publications; Technical Bulletins; Entomology, Vol. 2, pp. 1-902, Nov. 30, 1917. This catalogue undertakes to give a complete enumeration of all the des- _ eribed Hemiptera to and including the Chermide, recorded from or known to occur in America north of the southern boundary of the United States. The families _ Aphididz, Coccide and Aleurodide have been omitted, largely because of the fact _ that Mr. Van Duzee has made no careful study of these groups. The numbering of the species in the catalogue has been made to correspond with that in the Check List published in 1916, by the New York Entomological Society, species published _ since being interpolated in the catalogue in fractional form. Mr. Van Duzee has been a great help to Canadian hemipterists and we congratulate him on the com- pletion of this most valuable catalogue. Visricx, H. L., with the collaboration of A. D. MacGiuuivray, C. T. Bruzs, W. M. Wueeter and-S. A. Rowuer: State of Conn., Bull. 22, Geological and Natural History Survey; Part III, the Hymenoptera, or Wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. This most valuable part of the Guide to the Insects of Connecticut, prepared under the direction of Dr. W. E. Britton, was received in March, 1917. It is a large volume of 824 pages and 10 plates. Keys are included to families, sub-families, and~species. Dr. Britton with the various authors are to he con- : hie eae 3 \ 102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 - -gratulated on the completion of this work which will prove indispensable to students — of insects generally. The purpose of the volume is primarily, as Dr. Britton © stutes, to present a ready means for determining insects belonging to the hymenoptera, along with such cardinal facts as will leave no doubt as to the desira- bility of becoming familiar with the order as a whole, and more especially with — those forms that are beneficial to us and the few kinds that we call injurious. WHEELER, WiLLt1am Morton. The Mountain Ants of Western North America: Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 52, No. 8; Jan., 1917, pp. 457-569. In this valuable contribution many Canadian records are included. One new species, three sub-species es three varieties are described from Western Canada. NOTES OF CAPTURES. (Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1917.) LEPIDOPTERA, (Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera of North America.) Papilionide. 6. Papilio zelicaon Luc. Nordegg, Alta., July 12-17, 1917, 6,500 feet, (K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). Pieride. 39. Huchloe creusa Dbldy. Nordegg, Alta., July 12, 1917, 6,500 feet, (K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). Satyride. 103. Coenonympha inornata Edw. Toronto, Ont., (H. 8. Parish). Addition to | Toronto list. 119. Cercyonis oetus Bdv. Nordegg, Alta., Aug. 10, 1916, 5,000 feet, (F. C. Whitehouse). Nymphalide. 198. Brenthis youngi Holl. Klutlan Glacier, Yukon, 9,000 feet, June, 1913, (H. F. J. Lambart). 202. Brenthis astarte D. & H. Nordegg, Alta., July 14-16, 1917, 6,500 feet, (K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). Lycaenide. * Lycaena lygdamus columbia Skinner. “Vancouver”; Ent. News, XXVIII, 213; Hesperiide. 488. Hesperia centaureew Ramb. Nordegg, Alta., July 12, 1917, 6,500 feet, (K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). Sphingide. 671. Dolba hylaus Dru. Quyon, Que., Aug. 23, 1917, (J. I. Beaulne). Only, one record in Winn’s List of Quebec Lepidoptera, namely, “ Dunham Co. . VII, (¥Fyles)..” 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 705. Smerinthus jamaicensis geminatus Say. Armstrong, B.C., July 12, 1915, (W. Downes). Only record we have for B.C. 206b. Smerinthus cerisyi opthalmicus form pallidulus Edw. Victoria, B.C., June 28, 1913, July 14, 1917, bred ex. pupa; new record for B.C.; have seen no other specimens in B.C. collections, (HE. H. Blackmore). Saturniide. - 194, Pseudohazis eglanterina G. & R. Victoria, B.C., July 23, 1917; taken by a schoolboy on the outskirts of the city; first record for Victoria, (KE. H. OR OS TR ee SOLA Ie Blackmore). _ Arctiide. 855. Lexis bicolor Grt. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1916; Nordegg, Alta., July, : 1917, (K. Bowman). 947%. Neoarctia yarrowi Stretch. Nordegg, Alta., July 13-16, 6,500 feet, 7 (K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). 988. Apantesis williamsi determinata Neum. Murray Bay, Que. (J. G. 4 Holmes). Previously recorded in Quebec Province from St. Agathe. Noctuide. _ 1080. Dysocnemis oregonica Hy. Edw. Armstrong, B.C., May 5, 1907, (W. & Downes). 1254. Euzoa andera Sm. Armstrong, B.C., July 10, 1915, (W. Downes). 1308. Huzoa terrena Sm. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 14, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore). _ 1313. Euzoa ontario Sm. Hymers, Ont. July 30, 1911, (H. Dawson). 1829. Huzoa tessellata Harr. Goldstream, B.C., Sept. 1; 1917, (EH. H. 4 Blackmore). . 1832. Euzoa esta Sm. Goldstream, B.C., Sept. 1, 1917, one of the rarest Euxoas in the province, (KE. H. Blackmore). 1438. Agrotis rubifera Grt. Armstrong, B.C., 1914, (W. Downes). 1475. Epipsilia monochromatea Morr. Bridgetown, N.S., May 26, 1914, (G. E. Sanders). 1561. Abagrotis erratica Sm. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 11, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore) ; first record from Vancouver Isl.; previously recorded from Kaslo, (J. W. Cockle) and has been taken at Okanagan Landing (J. A. Munro) and Armstrong (W. Downes)—E. H. B. 1628. Anarta richardsoni Curt. Kluthlan Glacier, Yukon, 9,000 feet, June, 1913, (H. F. J. Lambart). 1760. Polia restora Sm. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 19, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Aug. 25, 1916, (M. Brinkman). 1853. Eriopyga infidelis Dyar. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 14, 1917, (E. H. Black- more). 1938. Cirphis farcta Grt. Armstrong, B.C., July 22, 1915, (W. Downes). 2168. Graptolitha thaxteri Grt. Montreal, Que., May 12, 1917, (A. F. Winn). 2177. Xylotype capax G. & R. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 15, 1911, (H. Dawson). 2178. Furotype confragosa acutissima Grt. Murray Bay, Que., (J. G. Holmes). Addition to the Quebec list. 218%. Humichtis ducta Grt. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, 1916, (C. A. Good). 2189. Humichtis miniota Sm. Fort William, Ont., Aug. 19, 1907. 2254. Septis antennata purpurissata B. & McD. Victoria, B.C., July 25, 1916; July 21, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore). 2412. Cerma cuerva Barnes. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 25, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore). This species has previously been listed under the name of olivacea Sm. oo ere eo 4c 104 ' ‘THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Victoria is the only recorded locality in British Columbia for this species, — which is rather rare, (Ii. H. B.). 2465. Acronycta tritona Hbn. Hymers, Ont., June 7, 1911, (H. Dawson). 2485. Acronycta chionochroa Hamp. Edmonton, Alta., May, 1910, (K. Bowman). 2489. Acronycta innotata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (K. Bowman). 2613. Menopsimus caducus Dyar. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., Aug. 4, 5, (H. 8S. Parish). * Xylomoia chagnoni B. & McD. Rouville Co., Que., June 4; Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 4, 6, (G. Chagnon); Cartwright, Man., (E. F. Heath); Can. Ent. XLIX, 320. 2648. Gortyna obliqua Harv. Saanich, B.C., Sept. 22, 1916, (W. Downes). 8256. Autographa nicholle Hamp. Rosedale, B.C., June 22, 1917, (E. H. Black- more). This species occurs sparingly throughout the Lower Fraser Valley and has previously been listed under the name of Huchalcia putnami Grt., (EK. H. B.). 3274. Autographa faa Wilk. Victoria B.C., July 12, 1917, not previously re- corded from this locality, (E. H. Blackmore). 3441. Mycetophora inexplicata Wlk.. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12, (H. 8. Parish) ; Edmonton, Alta., July 7, 1915, (D. Mackie). Notodontide. 3596. Datana angusu G. & R. Jordan, Ont., June 30, 1916, (W. A. Ross). Drepanide. 8757. Oreta rosea Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July 12, 1916, (D. Mackie). 3758. Oreta irrorata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July 12, 1916, (D. Mackie). 3761... Drepana arcuata siculifer Pack. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (K. Bowman). Geometride. 3862. Acidalia frigidaria Moesch. Edmonton, Alta., July 13, 1915, (D. Mackie). 3865. Acidalia fuscata Hist. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, 1915, (D. Mackie). 3918. Cosymbia lumenaria Hbn. Rosedale, B.C., June 20, 1917, (EB. H. Blackmore). 3981. Lygris destinata lugubrata Moesch. Montfort, Que., June 30, 1916, W. T. M. Forbes). 3982. Lygris similis harveyata Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1916, (K. Bow- man). 3990. Thera otisi Dyar. Pocohontas, Alta., Aug., 1916, (K. Bowman). Mr. KE. H. Blackmore, of Victoria, B.C., has informed me that the species recorded in last year’s Record, under this name proves to be what he calls Xanthorhoe incursata, although it is rather doubtful if the insect is the real incursata. * Dysstroma mulleolata sobria Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 22, 1914, (EK. H. Blackmore) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 69. Dysstroma mulleolata subumbrata Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 2, 14, 16, 22, 1914; June 24, 26, 1915, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 70. Dysstroma mulleolata ochrofuscaria Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 27, 1915, (E. H. Blackmore); Duncan, B.C., June 14, 1910, (A. W. Hanham) ; Duncan, B.C., Aug. 7, 1908, (G. O. Day); Vancouver Island, July 16, 1905; Can. Ent. XLIX, 70. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 Hydriomena perfracta Swett. Nordegg and Pocohontas, Alta., June-July, 1917, (K. Bowman). ‘This, I understand, is now considered to be a dis- tinct species and not a variety of coerulata. Hydriomena exculpata tribulata B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C.; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 14. Hydriomena perfracta exasperata B. & McD. Departure Bay, Van. Is., B.C., July 13, (G. W. Taylor); Wellington, B.C., June 23, (G. W. Taylor) ; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., 1V, 19. Hydriomena frigidata manitoba B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., May 25, 28; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 17. Hydriomena renunciata pernigrata B. & McD. Skagit Basin, B.C.; Stickeen River, B.C.; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 25. Hydriomena edenata grandis B. & McD. Duncan, B.C., March 24-30; Victoria, B.C., April 8, 13, 16; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 33. Xanthorhoe convallaria mephistaria Swett. Goldstream, B.C., Sept. 3, 191%, (EH. H. Blackmore). Xanthorhoe congregata Wlk. Edmonton, Alta., July 13, 1915, (D. Mackie). Xanthorhoe salvata Pears. Edmonton, Alta., July 18, 1915, (D. Mackie). Epirrhoe alternata Mull. Rosedale, B.C., June 22, 1917, (HE. H. Black- more). Perizoma basaliata grandis form saawichata Swett. Victoria, B.C., July 12, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore). 4115, 1. Venusia obsoleta Swett. Quamichan Lake, near Duncan, B.C., April 18, 1947 50(G. 0. Day). ; 4120. Hydrelia albifera Wilk. Rosedale, B.C., June 27, 1917. This is the farthest west record of this eastern species, Kaslo being the only other recorded locality in the Province, (HE. H. Blackmore). 4158. Hupithecia columbiata Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., April 17, 1915, (D. Mackie). 4171. FHupithecia casloata Dyar. Rosedale, B.C., June 26, 1917, (E. H. Black- more). 4218. Hupithecia stellata Hulst. Edmonton, Alta., July 23, 1915, (D. Mackie). 4226. Eupithecia nevadata Pack. Victoria, B.C., April 3, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore). 4243. EHupithecia usurpata Pears. Victoria, B.C., April 12, 1917, (EH. H. ’ Blackmore). 4323. Drepanulatrix litaria Hulst. Lillooet, B.C., Sept. 22, 1917, (A. W. A. - Phair). This is the true litaria of which fumosa is a synonym. I also have it from Kaslo, B.C.,.(J. W. Cockle) and Ymir, B.C., (W. H. Danby). The species that Dr. Dyar listed in his Kootenay list as litaria is falcataria Pack., (E. H. Blackmore). 4332.. Philobia ulsterata Pears. Cloverdale, B.C., July 9, 1917, (Bevan Hugh). This is one of the rarest of our B.C. geometers, the last previous record I have of this species is Vancouver, B.C., June 7, 1908, A. H. Bush, . (EE. H. Blackmore). 4841. Macaria bicolorata Fabr. Armstrong, B.C., 1913, (W. Downes). 4398. Hesperumia sulphuraria form baltearia Hulst. Armstrong, B.C., June, 1915, (W. Downes). 4407. Itame brunneata Thun. Montfort, Que., June 30, 1916, (W. T. M. | Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. — BS 8 ks. 7 5 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 4413. Itame exauspicata Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July 18, 1915, (D. Mackie). 4429. Itame hulstiaria Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., May 22, 1915, (D. Mackie). 4478. Platea trilinearia Pack. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair). This is an — interesting record as the only previous recorded specimen for British . Columbia was taken many years ago by Mr. H. Skinner, at Keremeos . Creek, B.C., (HE. H. Blackmore). 4488. Nepytia semiclusaria pellucidaria Pack. Lillooet, B.C., Sept. 22, 191%, (A. W. A. Phair); Armstrong, B.C.,.(W. Downes). New record for B.C., (HE. H. Blackmore). 4553. Cleora excelsaria Stkr. Goldstream, B.C., June 8, 1917, at rest on the ~ charred trunk of a pine tree, first specimen taken for over 12 years, (li. H. Blackmore). 4644. Sicya macularia crocearia Pack. Victoria, B.C., July 1%, 1917; fairly common at night, has dimorphic females, (E. H. Blackmore). * Fuchlaena albertanensis Swett. Calgary, Alta., May 31, 1912, (F. H. Wolley-Dod) ; Edmonton, Alta., June 16, 1916, (K. Bowman); Ed- monton, Alta., (D. Mackie) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 351. 4711. Selenia alciphearia ornata B. & McD. Victoria, B.C., July 17, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Cloverdale, B.C., July 30, 1917, (Bevan Hugh). 4726. Metanema quercivoraria Gn. Cloverdale, B:Ce June 2S 190%; (ae Blackmore) ; July 12, 1917, (Bevan Hugh). Pyralide. 5098. Phlyctenia acutella Wik. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 15, 1916, (H. S. Parish). 5216. Cataclysta magnificalis Hbn. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12, (HS: Parish): 5238. Scoparia penumbralis Dyar. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., June 5, July 26, (H. S. Parish). | 5254. Pyralis costiferalis W1k. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12, (H. S. Parish). Schenobius amblyptepennis Dyar. St. John’s, Que., July 11, 1915, (W. Chagnon) ; Insecutor Inscitize Menstruus V, 80. Schenobius melinellus uniformellus Dyar. St. Therese Island, Que., July 28, 1915, (W. Chagnon) ; St. John’s Que., July 31, 1915, (W. Chagnon) ; Winnipeg, Man., (A. W. Hanham) ; Insecutor Inscitiz Menstruus, V. 81. * Immyrla pasadamia Dyar. St. John’s Que., June 18, 1911, (W. Chagnon) ; Insecutor Inscitias Menstruus, V. 45. * Aegeriide. 6686. Synanthedon corni Hy. Edw. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12, (H. S. Parish). Lyonetiide. 8135. Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. Hemmingford, Que., June 13, 1917, (C. E. Petch). Only one record, namely, “ Montreal ” in Winn’s Quebec list. Nepticulide. * Nepticula canadensis Braun. Bear Creek, near Roger’s Pass, B.C.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 185. 4918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 , Micropterygide. 8477. Mnemonica auricyanea Wishm. Megantic, Que., July 6, Sherbrooke, Que.— Lake Park—July 5; Montfort, Que., June 30, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. Hepialide. 8488. Hepialus mathewi Hy. Edw. Victoria, B.C., Sept. 23, 1917, (EH. H. Blackmore). This species has stood under the name of hyperboreus Moesch. in B.C. collections for many years. It also occurs at Duncan, B.C., and Vancouver, B.C., (EK. H. B.). 8493. Hepialus montanus Stretch. Victoria, B.C., May 3, 1915; June 20, 1916, (HE. H. Blackmore). CoLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.) (Henshaw’s number.) Cicindelide. 36. Cicindela cinctipennis Lec. Red Deer, Alta., July 8, 1917, (P. A. Taverner and C. H. Young). Carabide. 77. Omophron tessellatum Say. Lanoraie, Que., June, July, 1915, (G. Beaulieu). . 177. Notiophilus semistriatus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). 189. Nebria gebleri Dej. Lake Louise, Alta., Aug. 13, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). 231. Dyschirius longulus Lec. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912; Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 240. Dyschirius erythrocerus Lec. Miami, Man., July 6, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 251. Dyschirius pumilis Dej. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1916. (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 254. Dyschirius hispidus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1916, (N. Criddle). 317. Bembidium americanum Dej. Husavick, Man., June 9, 1910, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 374. Bembidium approximatum Lec. Weyburn, Sask., June 18, 1916, (N. Criddle). : 385. Bembidium eneicolle Lec. Winnipeg Beach, Man., (J.-B. Wallis). 388. Bembidium intermedium Kirby. Aweme, Man., July 27, 1916, (N. Criddle). 391. Bembidiwm versicolor Lec. Estevan, Sask., May 21, 1916, (N. Criddle). 398. Bembidiwm morulum Lec. Aweme, Man., June 10, 1909, (BE. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 412. Bembidium connivens Lec. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Saskatchewan. 473. Patrobus septentrionis Dej. Gimli, Man., July 19, 1916, (Frances Bur- ridge). New to Manitoba. Trechus borealis. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 671. Amara farcta Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 23, 1912, (J. B. Wallis); Calgary, Alta., May 10, 1915, (W. H. T. Tams); Winnipeg, Man., May 3, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 678. Amara remotestriata Dej. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21, 1912, (J. B. Wallis); Bird’s Hill, Man., Aug. 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 898. Lebia depicta Horn. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 4, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 906. Dromius piceus Dej. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New - to Manitoba. | 108%c. Harpalus erythropus Dej. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Haliplide. Peltodytes sexmaculatus Robts. Bird’s Hill, Man., Aug. 2%, 1916, (J. B. Wallis); Miami, Man., Oct. 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Dytiscide. * Laccophilus inconspicuous Fall. Winnipeg, Man., June 3, 1911, (J. B. Wallis) ; Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr); Montreal, Que.; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXV, 164. | 1296. Coelambus masculinus Cr. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis) ; Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New, to Manitoba. 1298. Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Winnipeg, Man., May 11, 1912; Sept. 2, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 1314. Hydroporus undulatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 1430. Agabus congener Payk. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). 1458. Rhantus flavogriseus Cr. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 2, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Gyrinide. 1524. Gyrinus pectoralis Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis) ; Win- nipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). ‘New to Manitoba. Hydrophilide. : 1582. Hydraena pennsylvanica Kies. Aweme, Man., July 21, 1908, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 1590. Tropisternus miatus Lec. Selkirk, Man., Sept. 23, 1911, (J. B. Wallis) ; Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 1672. Cercyon melanocephalum Linn. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1910, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Pselaphide. 1875. Tyrus humeralis Aube. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Staphylinide. 2092. Acylophorus pronus Er. WHusavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). 2106. Quedius levigatus Gyll. Aweme, Man., July 19, 191%, (N. Criddle). Quedius curtipennis Csy. Aweme, Man., June 2%; Sept. 6, 1917, (N. Criddle). 2128. Staphylinus erythropterus Linn. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). | . : 3 a eee ee wear ee eee ’ perry — - SE MTY * Re el ay ial CE eee Sees eee ee were © < 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7 109 2189. _ 2204, 2213. 2220. 2221. 2251. 2268. 2319. 2355. 2358. 2377. 2389. 2512. 2514. 2525. 2526. 2548, 2557. 2562. 2578. 2580. 2626. 2751. Philonthus hudsonicus Horn. WHusavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). Philonthus protervus sy. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Philonthus sordidus Grav. Peachland, B.C., July 19, 1912, (J. B. Wallis) ; Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Philonthus brevipennis Horn. Aweme, Man., June 27: Sept. 6, 1917, (N. Criddle). Philonthus punctatellus Horn. Winnipeg, Man., May 6, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Philonthus nigritulus Grav. Winnipeg, Man., May 30, 1912; Husavick, Man., June 23, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Actobius pederoides Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 29, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). Xantholinus cephalus Say. Peachland, B.C., July 19, 1912; Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1912; Miami, Man., July 2, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Stenus femoratus Say. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. ; Stenus corvus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Stenus alpicola Fauv. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Stenus humilis Er. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). Stenus vinnulus Csy. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). Platymedon laticollis Csy. Aweme, Man., May 2, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Lathrobium obtusum Csy. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Lathrobium punctulatum Lec. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1910; Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 18, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Lathrobium nigrum Lec. Husavick, Man., Aug., 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Lathrobium concolor Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911; Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Lathrobium simplex Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. A Pycnorus (Scopeus) dentiger Lec. Stony Mountain, Man., April 21, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Stilicus biarmatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Inthocharis obsoleta Nordm. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Col. Casey refers this to Psewdomedon thoracicum Csy., saying that obsoleta does not occur in N. A. (H.C.F.) Sunius prolicus Er. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Sunius brevipennis Aust. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle). Tachinus pallipes Gravy. Winnipeg, Man., May 14, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Oxytelus niger Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 9715. Oxytelus suspectus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911; Onah, Man. — May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). 2805. Acidota crenata Fab. Husavick, Man., July 15, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). — New to Manitoba. 2831. Olophrum rotundicolle Sahlb. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1913, (J. B. Wallis). 2840. Homalium lapponicum Zett. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2851. Homalium hamatum Fauv. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Scaphidiide. 2978. Beocera concolor Fab. Aweme, Man., June 2%, (N. Criddle). Phalacride. Phalacrus Poh Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911; Miami, Man., June 2%, 1916; Husavick, Man., (J. B. Wallis). Corylophide. 3011. Sacium lugubre Lec. Aweme, Man., May 3, 1903, (N. Criddle). 3024. Gronevus (Corylophus) truncatus Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912; in moss in larch swamp, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3025. Sericoderus flavidus Lec. Aweme, Man., May 4, 1917; in swarms of Formica fusca, (N. Criddle). Coccinellide. 3069. Harmonia picta var. hudsonica. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug. 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3162. Scymnus punctatus Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7%, 1917, (N. Criddle) ; ; Thornhill, Man., July 5, 1916, Es B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Endomychide. 3179. Phymaphora pulchella Newn. Bird’s Hill, Man., Sept. 24, 1917, in fungus, (N. Criddle). Se 3186. Aphorista vittata Fab. Aweme, Man., July 7,.1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Cucujide. 332%. Lemophleus adustus Lec. Aweme, Man., May 8, 1912, (E. Criddle). 3328. Lamophleus testaceus Fab. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Cryptophagide. Agathengis pumilio Csy. Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis) ; Winnipeg, Man., May 14, (L. H. Roberts). 3380. Coenoscelis ferruginea Sahlb. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 9926. Atomaria apicalis Er. Aweme, Man., May 11, 1912, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 3388. Atomaria ochracea Zimm. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1916, (N. Criddle). 3389. Atomaria ephippiata Zimm. Aweme, Man., April 15, 1905, ey Criddle). Mycetophagide. 3406. Intargus tetraspilotus Lec. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, n. Criddle) ; Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New-to Manitoba. —s 4 = 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 3407. Litargus didesmus Say. Aweme, Man., June 22, 1910, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Histeride. 3461. Hololepta fossularis Say. Dunstan, Man., June 26, 1916, (Miss Jessie Duncan). New to Manitoba. 3464, Hister planipes Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 1915, (L. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba. 3495. Hister furtwus Lec. Thornhill, Man., July 5, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3551. Dendrophilus punctulatus Say. Miami, Man., July 4, 1914; Winnipeg, Man., May 31, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. ) 3571. Saprinus rotundatus var. communis Mars. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, * 1914; Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3586. Saprinus oregonensis var. sejunctus Mars. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3618. Saprinus mancus Say. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug. 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Nitidulide. 3711. Epurea ovata Horn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 10, 1916, (N. Criddle). 3730. Soronia undulata Say. Aweme, Man., June 16, 1917, (N. Criddle). 3760. Ips cylindricus Lec. Aweme, Man., Oct. 24; June 24, 1906-11, (E. & N. Criddle). Latridiide. 9990. Corticaria fulua Com. Winnipeg, Man., May 10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3779. Stephostethus liratus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 2, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Ee ee Pe Le aE Le ee Pee Rp ara ee . Enicmus mimus Fall. Aweme, Man., May 2, 1905, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. ; Enicmus aterrimus Mots. var nitens. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1916, on raspberry leaves, (J. B. Wallis). Cartodere costulata Reitt. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1914; Sept. 16, 3 in cellar, (J. B. Wallis). 3796. Coninomus constrictus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 14, Oct. 31, 1916; in cellar, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. | Trogositide. | 3843. Tenebrioides americana Kirby. Ironside, Que., April 19, 1917, (L. M. 4 Stohr). 3890. Byrrhus cyclophorus Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 26, 1915, (LL. H. Roberts). Previously recorded by Hamilton from Hudson Bay. . 3898. Syncalypta echinata Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug. 7, 1916; under board on sandy beach, (J. B. Wallis). Previously taken by Hanham, } at Brandon, Man. 4 Parnide. 3925. LEImis vittatus Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., July 19, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3930. Elmis fastiditus Lec. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1907; in river under stones, ; (N. Criddle). es ae mere . 112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — 3951. Stenelmis vittipennis Zimm. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1917; in river under stones, (N. Criddle). Heteroceride. Heterocerug schwarzi Horn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 3, 1917; in mud, (N. Criddle). 3965. Heterocerus collaris Kies. Aweme, Man., Sept. 3, 1917; in mud, (N. Criddle). 3969. Heterocerus pusillus Say. Aweme, Man., Sept. 3, 1917; in mud, -(N. Criddle). Dascyllide. 3993. Hucinetus terminalis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). Hlateride. 4153. Hypnoidus (Cryptohypnus) tumescens Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1914, (Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4220. later pullus Germ. Husavick, Man., July 6, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4223. later discoideus Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4271. Ludius attenuatus Say. Meach Lake, Que., June 21, 1916, (A. Gibson). Addition to Quebec list. 4286. Agriotes pubescens Melsh. Headingly, Man., June 13, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). 4380. Campylus denticornis Kirby. Aweme, Man., June 22, 1912, (E. Criddle). 4455. Corymbites angularis Lec. Vancouver, B.C., May 28, 1915, (R. N Chrystal). 4456. Corymbites medianus Germ. Berens River, Man., July 18, 1916, (Misses Gordon & Lepage). 4487. Corymbites splendens Ziegl. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). 4495. Corymbites metallicus Payk. Onah, Man., July 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). 4499. Ozxygonus obesus Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 4, (L. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba. | Hemicrepidius (Asaphes) brevicollis Cand. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). Buprestide. Dicerca caudata Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., June 17, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4738. Agrilus acutipennis Mann. Thornhill, Man., June 30, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4742. Aarilus politus var. corylus. Darlingford, Man., June 10, 1915. (W. R. Metcalfe). New to Manitoba. 4746a. Aarilus cephalicus Lec. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Cleride. 5178. Clerus speqeus Fab. Peachland, B.C., April 28, 1916, (F. Elliott). 5210. Phallobenus dislocatus Say. Aweme, Man., July 2, 1911, (N. sea New to Manitoba. > ae ee ee eo : | : I q ; ee ee ee Pe es 4918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 113 Ptinide. 5329. Cenocara scymnoides Lec. Aweme, Man:, June 7, 1912, (N. Criddle). Cenocara bicolor Germ. Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). Ptilinus pruinosa Csy. Darlingford, Man., July 17%, 1916; issuing from dry aspen logs in stable, (W. R. Metcalfe). ( Cioide. Octotemnus laevis Csy. Bird’s Hill, Man., Sept. 24, 1917, in fungus, (N. Criddle). 5389. Cis fuscipes Mellié. Aweme, Man., May 29, 1905, (N. Criddle). Bracycis brevicollis Csy. Aweme, Man., April 6, 191%, in birch bracket fungus, (EH. Criddle). 5404. Hnnearthron thoracicornis Ziegl. Aweme, Man., Sept. 6, Oct. 10, 1917, in fungus, (N. Criddle). Xestocis levette. Csy. Aweme, Man., eee 23, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Sphindide. 5410. Hurysphindus hirtus Lec. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Scarabeide. 5552. Aphodius brevicollis Lec. Darlingford, Man., Oct. 10, 1915, (W. R. Metcalfe). New to Manitoba. Cerambycide. 6179. Xylotrechus colonus Fab. Darlingford, Man., July 7, 1915, (W. R. Metcalfe). 6180. Xylotrechus sagittatus Germ. Victoria Beach, Man., July 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6253. Anthophilax malachiticus Hald. Chelsea, Que., May 28, 1917, (L. M. Stohr). 6279. Bellamtra scalaris Say. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 4, 1917, (C. E. Petch). 6316. Leptura subargentata Kirby. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1909, (N. Criddle). 6514. Tetraopes quinquemaculatus Hald. Onah, Man., Aug. 26, 1910, (J. B Wallis). Chrysomelide. 6573. Lemna trilineata Oliv. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). 6632. Cryptocephalus insertus Hald. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Pachybrachys praeclaris Weise. Aweme, Man., Sept. 10, 1916, (E. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Pachybrachys carbonarius var. janus Fall. Aweme, Man., July 26, 1912, (E. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Pachybrachis autolycus var. wahsatchensis Fall. Aweme, Man., June 24, July 7, 1908-12, (E. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 6681. Pachybrachys obsoletus Suffr. Thornhill, Man., June 30; Onah, Man.., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6690. Pachybrachys atomarius Melsh. Thornhill, Man., July 11, 1916; previous records for Manitoba under this name were peccans, (Wallis). Pachybrachys relictus Fall. Darlingford, Man., July 11, 1915, (W. R Metcalfe). New to Manitoba. 6712. Diachus catarius Suftr. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 17, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 114 ‘THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 6789. Leptinotarsa (Doryphora) decemlineata Say. Red Deer, Alta., 4 adults, Oct. 1, 1917; also reported from Calgary, Alta., (F. C. Whitehouse). Calligrapha rhoda Knab. Bird’s Hill, Man., Aug. 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Calligrapha rowena Knab. Miami, Man., June 20, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6891a. Diabrotica fossata Lec. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1917, (HE. Criddle). 6932. Ocedionychis vians Ill. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle) ; Spirit River, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (EH. H. Strickland). 6932a. Oedionychis scripticollis Say. Calgary, Alta., May 10, 1915; Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 10421. Haltica vicaria Horn. Onah, Man., July 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 10458. Phyllotreta pusilla Horn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7031. Phyllotreta robusta Lec. Ogema, Sask., May 29, 1916, (N. Criddle). 10462. Chetocnema opulenta Horn. Aweme, Man., June 21, 191%, (N. Criddle). 7053. Chaetocnema pulicaria Cr. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). . New to Manitoba. Tenebrionide. Paratenetus crinitus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 25, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Pythide. a 7713. Priognathus monilicornis Rand. Aweme, Man., May 24, 1914, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Mordellide. 7803. Mordellistena biplagiata Helm. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J: B. Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., June 11, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Mordellistena cervicalis Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. 7, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7839. Mordellistena pustulata Melsh. Darlingford, Man., July 4, 1915, (W. R. Metcalfe) ; Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis); Husavick, Man., July 26, 1916, (L. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba. Anthicide. 7945. Anthicus floralis Linn. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 7956. Anthicus ephippium Laf. Husavick, Man., July 24, 26, 1916, (L. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba. 7976. Anthicus pallens Lec. Gimli, Man., July 19, 1916, (Frances M. Burridge). New to Manitoba. Pyrochroide. 7993. Schizotus cervicalis Newm. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1916, (N. Criddle). Meloide. : 8069. Macrobasis seqmentata Say. Darlingford, Man., June 13, 1915, (W. R. Metcalfe). New to Manitoba. Rhipiphoride. rf 8171. Pelecotoma flavipes Melsh. Darlingford, Man., July 1%, 1916; emerging at the same time and place as P. pruinosus but from dry peeled aspen ; 3 , 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 115 poles, pruinosus preferring the larger logs, (W. R. Metcalfe) ; Aweme, Man., July 26, 1906, (H. Criddle). Curculionide. 8381. 8405. $8419. 8482. 8625. 8661. 11030. 11041. 8832. * Apion huron Fall. Aweme, Man., July 3, 191%, (N. Criddle). Apion pennsylvanicum Boh. Aweme, Man., July 3, 191%, (N. Criddle). Apion walshii Smith. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3, 1917, (N. Criddle). Apion tenuirostrum Smith. Aweme, Man., July 6, 1917, (N. Criddle). Hypomolyz piceus DeG. Montreal, Que., (J. H. Menard). Magdalis armicollis Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 30, 1916, (E. Criddle). Pseudanthonomus crategi Walsh. Hemmingford, Que., July 31, 191%, (C. E. Petch) ; only one record, namely, “ Montreal Isl.” in Quebec list. Chelonychus longipes Dietz. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7%, 1917, (E. Criddle). Orchestes parvicollis Lec. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle). Ceutorhynchus oregonensis Dietz. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cryptorhynchus lapathi Lu. Roberval, Lake St. John, Que., July, 1915, (G. Beaulieu). OCeliodes nebulosis Lec. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Ceutorhynchus omissus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 23, (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 388. , Ceutorhynchus echinatus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 25, (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 387. Ceutorhynchus invitus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 23, (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 388. Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blat. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, (N. Criddle). Ceutorhynchus convexipennis Fall. Aweme, Man., May 31, 1909, (E. Criddle) ; Aweme, Man., Sept. 8, (N. Criddle) ; Can, Ent. XLIX, 390. Rhinoncus pericarpius Linn. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7, 1917, (E. Criddle). . Baris inconspicua Csy. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Crypturgus -borealis Sw. Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis); found west- ward to the coast and south to Colorado, in species of Picea; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 7. Phleosinus canadense Sw. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in Thuya occidentalis—the species of eastern Canada heretofore confused with P. dendatus Say; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 8. Pseudohylesinus tsuge Sw. Stanley Park, Vancouver, B.C., in Tsuga heterophylla, widely distributed along the B. C. coast; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 11. Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Sw. Menzies Bay, B.C.; Port Renfrew, B.C., and Stanley Park, Vancouver, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agi ps 17. Pseudohylesinus grandis Sw. Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 13. Mr. Swaine informs me that the types are-from Saanichton, B.C. Pseudohylesinus obesus Sw. Inverness, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 15. Lesperisinus cinereus Sw. Hudson, Que., Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 15. Leperisinus aculeatus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. / 116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Carphoborus carri Sw. Edmonton, Alta., in Picea canadensis, (¥. S. Carr) ; Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Bull. 14, Ent, Br., Dom. Dept. Aor. p: 16. Hylurgops leconter Sw. “ British Columbia;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 16. Pseudocryphalus brittainn Sw. Salmon Arm, B.C., (W. H. Brittain) ; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 20. Pseudocryphalus criddlei Sw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 21. Trypodendron borealis Sw. Athabasca Landing, Alta.; Prince Albert, Alta., also “northern Saskatchewan ;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr. p.- 21s Trypodendron ponderose Sw. “ Southern coast and interior of British” Columbia ;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 22. Anisandrus populi Sw. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; in region about Montreal Island and in the Ottawa valley; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 22. ‘ - Xyleborus canadensis Sw. Isle Perrot, Que., Aug. 29, 1910; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 24. Pityophthorus canadensis Sw. “In‘twigs of Pinus in Ontario and Que- bec;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 24. Pityophthorus nitidus Sw. Tullochgoram, Que.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 25. Pityophthorus rhois Sw. “'Throughout the eastern parts of the United States and Canada;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 26. Pityophthorus confertus Sw. Adams Lake, B.C., (Tom Wilson); Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 27. Pityophthorus granulatus Sw. Manitoba, Quebec and Nova Scotia; Bull. 14, Ent. Br.. Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 28. Pityophthorus ramiperda Sw. Isle Perrot, Que.; Ste. Anne de Bellevue. Que.; Stoney Creek, Ont.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 28. Pityophthorus intectus Sw. Athabasca Landing and northern Alberta, and north-eastern British Columbia; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. J:N San Oars Pityophthorus nudus Sw. Ontario and Quebec; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 30. Ips englemanni Sw. Central British Columbia and Alberta; Bull. 14. Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 30. Ips yohoensis Sw. Yoho Valley, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. NOT pasolls Ips borealis Sw. Husavick, Man., July 13, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). Eccoptogaster tsuge Sw. Cherry Creek Valley, B.C.; Glacier, B.C.; Jasper Park, Alta.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 32. Eccoptogaster monticole Sw. Arrowhead, B.C.; Creighton Valley, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 32. Anthribide. 9207. Allandrus bifasciata Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. 10, 1916, (BE. Criddle)- New to Manitoba. eer Sl 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117 DIPTERA, ; (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. _ Aldrich, Smithsonian Mise. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the - pages in the catalogue.) ‘Tipulide. 78. Discobola argus Say. St. Hilaire, Que., June 22, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. 81. LElephantomyia westwoodi O.S. Megantic, Que., July 6, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). First definite record from Quebec Province. 86. Helobia hybrida. Lake Park, near Sherbrooke, Que., July 5, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). 89. Limnophila areolata O.S. Megantic, Que., July 6, 7, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. 90. Limnophila toroneura O.S. Lake Park, near Sherbrooke, Que., July 5, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. * Tricyphona autumnalis Alex. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 2, 1903, (J. Fletcher) ; Rostrevor, Ont., (not Quebec as in description), Sept. 2, 1907, (A. Gibson) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 30. 93. Amalopis calcar 0.8. In the Entomological Record for 1913, we recorded this species from Meach Lake, Que., and Rostrevor, Ont. On further study Mr. Alexander described the specimens, under the name T'ricyphona autumnalis, in the Can. Ent. XLIX, 30. A note to this effect should be made in the 1913 Record and also in the Quebec List of Diptera by Winn and Beaulieu, published in 1915. 94. Cylindrotoma splendens Doane. Westholme, Van. Isl., B.C., May 17, 1917, (A. E. Cameron). New to Canada. 101. Tipula caloptera Loew. St. Hilaire, Que., June 27, 1916, (W. T. M. | Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. ; Tipula monticola Alex. Ottawa, Ont., June 18, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). 105. Tipula umbrosa Loew. Megantic, Que., July 6, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). Addition to Quebec list. ; | Culicide. ‘* Aedes mimensis Dyar. Kaslo, B.C:; Aweme, Man., June 13, July 10, ) (N. Criddle) ; Insecutor Inscitie Menstruus, V. 116. * Aedes prodotes Dyar. Banff, Alta., 1908, (N. B. Sanson); Insecutor Inscitize Menstruus, V. 118. * Aedes acrophilus Dyar. Lake Louise, Laggan, Alta., Aug. 18, 1916, (Dyar F and Caudell) ; Insecutor Inscitie Menstruus, V, 127. Simulidiide. | 169. Prosimulium hirtipes Fr. Victoria, Vanc. Isl., B.C., April 15, (A. E. ; Cameron). Stratiomyide. - 199. Sargus nubeculosus Zett. Outremont, Que., Aug. 30, 1917; Joliette, Que., July 8, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. Nemotelus bonnarius Jhn. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle). First record for Manitoba. 7 Tabanide. 202. Tabanus cinctus Fab. Ironside, Que., July 20, 1916, (lL. M. Stohr). Ad- dition to Quebec list. - 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 203. Tabanus fratellus Will. Banff, Alta., Aug. 10, 1915, (N. B. Sanson). 206. Tabanus procyon O. 8. Goldstream, near Victoria, B.C., (HE. H. Black- more); North Bend, B.C., June 6, (S. Hadwen). ‘These are the only records we have for Canada. Leptide. 215. Leptis ochracea Loew. Montreal, Que., June 27, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec lst. Bombyliide. 232. Anthrax lateralis Say. Ironside, Que., Aug., 1916, (L. M. Stohr). © 236. Bombylius validus Loew. Ironside, Que., June 14, 1916, (L. M. Stohr). 238. Ploas nigripennis Loew. Goldstream, near Victoria, B.C., July 4, 1916, (EH. H. Blackmore). Asilide. Leptogaster virgatus Coq. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 22, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Dr. Aldrich, who determined the specimen reported, “I believe new to Canada; at least I find no published record.” | 260. Cyrtopogon nebulo O.S. Victoria, B.C., June 5, 10, 16, 1916, (R. C. Treherne). 272. Laphria pubescens Will. Banff, Alta., Aug. 11, 1916, (N. B. Sanson). 273. Laphria xanthippe Will. Banff, Alta., June 23, 1914, (N. B. Sanson). Dolichopodide. * Sympycnus canadensis Van Duzee. Fort Erie, Ont., June 6; Can. Ent., XLIX, 339. 297. Scellus exustus Walk. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. 299. Dolichopus batillifer Loew. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. Phoride. 337. Aphiocheta rufipes Mg. Banff, Alta., June 21, 1915, (N. B. Sanson). Syrphide. 346. Microdon globosus Fab. Joliette, Que., July 15, (C. J. Ouellette). This ap- pears to be the only definite record which we have for Quebee Province. 346. Microdon tristis Loew. Ironside, Que., July 20, 1916, (L. M. Stohr). 353. Chilosia occidentalis Will. Lillooet, B.C., 8,000 feet, (A. W. A. Phair). 362. Leucozona lucorum L. Ironside, Que., June 17, 1916, (L. M. Stohr). Previously recorded from Quebec Province from Levis. Syrphus rectus O. S. Mount Royal, Que., (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to - Quebec list. This was considered a synonym of ribesiz until lately, when Shannon revived it—Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1916, 201—J. M. A. 375. Rhingia nasica Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 21, 1916, (N. Criddle). 375. Hammerschmidtia ferruginea Fallen. Ironside, Que., May 31, 1916, (L. M. Stéhr). Addition to Quebec list. . 383. Pyritis montigena Hunter. Victoria, B.C., April 12, 1917, (A. E. Cameron). Eumerus strigatus Fall. Montreal, Que., in a greenhouse, Feb. 5, 1917, (J. I. Beaulne). Addition to Quebec list. 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 396. Pterallastes perfidiosus Hunter. Ironside, Que., May 11, 1916, (L. M. Stéhr).’ Addition to Quebec list. 400. Chrysochlamys croesus O. S. Victoria, B.C., June 6, 1916, (R. C. Treherne). 400. Chrysochlamys dives O. 8. Aweme, Man., July 7, 1916, (N. Criddle). 401. Brachypalpus frontosus Loew. Ironside, Que., June 7, 1916, (L. M. Stéhr). 401. Crioprora alopex O. 8. Victoria, B.C., April 19-30, 1913, (I. H. Black- more). 402. Criorhina armillata O. S. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair). Tachinide. 438. Leucostomaatra Twns. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 10, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. 459. Hzorista spinipennis Coq. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). Addition to Quebec list. 476. Metopia leucocephala Rossi. Joliette, Que., July 20, 1917; St. Eustache, Que. Aue. 15, 19175..(C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. 3 Sarcophagide. Sarcophaga atlanis Ald. Outremont, Que., Aug. 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). New to Canada. — 611. Sarcophaga cimbicis Twns. Mt. Royal, Que, Aug. 2, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 17, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. 512. Sarcophaga hunteri Hgh. St. Eustache, Que, Aug. 17, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). New to Canada. Sarcophaga latisetosa Park. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 20, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. 513. Sarcophaga pallinervis Thorn., (communis Park). St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917; Mt. Royal, Que., Aug. 29, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addi- tion to Quebec list. Sarcophaga sinuata Mg. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917; Outremont, Que., June 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. % > _ Muscide. 522. Lwucilia sericata Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 10, 1917; Aug. 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. 523. Lucilia sylvarum Mg. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917; Joliette, Que., July 10, 1917; Outremont, Que., Aug. 30, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addi- tion to Quebec list. _ Anthomyide. Paralumnophora brunneisquama Mall. : Joliette, Que. July 15, (C. J. Ouellette). 545. Spilogaster nitens Stein. Dr. Aldrich in a letter October 12, 1917, in- forms us that in examining the Hough collection at the Univ. of Chicago, he discovered that the type of this species is from Toronto, Ont., not Massachusetts as Stein’s paper gives it. He also remarks that he found the species to be a true Pogonomyia and that it has since been described by Malloch as Pogonomyia flavinervis. Scatophagide. Spathiophora fascipes Beck. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Not hitherto reported from Canada. Dr. Aldrich who 120 THE REPORT OF THE No>36 determined the specimen states (in litt, Nov. 26, 1917), “8. fasctpes Becker is a European species that has been found in North America in but two places before that I know of—Hine collected it in some numbers at Cedar Point, near Sandusky, Ohio, and it was identified for him by Coquillett, and I have a specimen from South Haven, Mich.” The species was described in Berliner Ent. Zeitsch, XX XIII, 160, 1889. Sciomyzide. 579. Tetanocera pallida Loew. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle). 580. Tetanocera saratogensis Fitch. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle). 581. Sepedon armipes Loew. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917; Mt. Royal Que., Sept. 20, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Mr. Beaulieu has taken the species at Ottawa, Ont. , Sapromyzide. Lonchea vaginalis Fall. Outremont, Que., Aug. 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). New to Canada. 586. Sapromyza notata Fall. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle). Ortalide. 589. Rivellia favimanus Loew. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1916, (N. Criddle). 589. Rivellia viridulans Desv. Mt. Royal, Que., June 30, 1917; Joliette, Que., July 20, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 591. Tephronota canadensis Jns. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1916, (N. Criddle). Stenomyia fasciapennis Cr. Aweme, Man., June 13, 1916, (N. Criddle). Described from Minnesota. Trypetide. 606. LRhagoletis pomonella Walsh. Royal Oak, Victoria, Vance. Isl., B.C., Aug. 15, 1917, (W. Downes). 609. Hurosta comma Wied. Maryfield, Sask., Aug. 31, 1916, (N. Criddle). 612. Huaresta ewqualis Loew. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 22, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. eepetde: Sepsis violacea hecati Melan. & Spuler. Keremeos, B.C., (A. L. Melandor) - Bull. 143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn., p. 22. Sepsis signifer Melan. & Spuler. Nelson, B.C., (A. L. Melander) ;- Bull. 143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 26. * Sensis signifer curvitibia Melan. & Spuler. Nelson, B.C., (A. L. Melander) ; Bull. 143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn., p. 28. Sepsis neocynipsea Melan. & Spuler. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., (H. S. Parish); Bull. 143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn., p. 29. Themira malformans Melan. & Spuler. Hudson Bey: Bull. 1438, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn., p. 46. Ephydride. * Notiphila olivacea Cr. Toronto, Ont., July 4, 1913, (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 52. 628. Ochthera mantis DeG. Ironside, Que., April 19, 1912, (L. M. Stohr). Addition to Quebec list. Oscinide. Chlorops certima Adams. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle). 633. Diplotoxa pulchripes Loew. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle). .- / Z 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 634. Diplotoza recurva Adams. Aweme, Man., Aug. 12, 1916; Maryfield, Sask., (N. Criddle). _ 634. Chloropisca variceps Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1917, (N. Criddle). 635. LEpichlorops exilis Cog. Aweme, Man., July 30, Aug. 11, 1917, (N. Criddle). Elachiptera aliena Beck. Aweme, Man., Sept. 11, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Canada. 636. Elachiptera eunota Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle). Elachiptera planicollis Beck. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, Sept. 18, 1916, swept from sedges, (N. Criddle). Oscinis infesta Beck. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24,1916, (N. Criddle). ‘New to Canada. Oscinis sulfurihalterata End. Aweme, Man., July 21, Aug. 12, (N. Criddle). Geomyzide. Diastata 10-guttata Walk. Aweme, Man., Sept. 4, 1916, (N. Criddle). Agromyzide. Agromyza quadrisetosa Mall. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle). Agromyza subangulata Mall. Aweme, Man., May 28, 1916, (N. Criddle). Agromyza laterella Zett. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle). 648. Agromyza longipennis Loew. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1916, (N. Criddle). Pseudodinia nitida Mall. Aweme, Man., July 18, 29, 1916, (N. Criddle). HYMENOPTERA, Tenthredinide. ‘ : * Emphytus mellipes albolabris Rohwer. Departure Bay, Vance. Isl., B.C., July 5, 1913, (EH. M. Walker) ; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 152. Pree oiifriss) * Wesmaelia americana Myers. “ Ottawa, Can.”; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 293. * Bracon montrealensis Morr. Montreal, Que.; Proc. U.S.N.M., 52, 326. Ichneumonide. * Pseuderipternus brevicauda Cushman. “Canada”; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 506. Euceros cooperti Cr. Aweme, Man., July 6, 1917, (N. Criddle). * Bathythrix tibialis Cushman. Vancouver, B.C.; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 458. Pteromalide. * FEupteromalus tachine Gahan. Guelph, Ont., (A. W. Baker); Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 211. Chalcidide. * Lamprostatus canadensis Girault. Banff, Alta., (E. A. Schwarz) ; Psyche, XXIV, 96. Formicide. - * Leptothoran muscorum var. septenirionalis Wheeler. Banff, Alta., (C. G. 4 Hewitt) ; Emerald Lake, B.C., (W. M. Wheeler) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., a 52, 511. 122 THE REPORT OF THE No, 86-4 * Leptothorax emersoni subsp. hirtipilis Wheeler. Banff, Alta.; Proc, Amer. Acad. Sce., 52, 515. * Lasius flavus subsp. claripennis Wheeler. Banfi, Alta.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Ne., 52, 527. * Formica fusca subsp. pruinosa Wheeler. Emerald Lake, B.C., Aug. 12-15; Field, B.C.; Banff, Alta.; (W. M. Wheeler) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Se., 52, 548. * Formica hewitti Wheeler. Emerald Lake, 0.C.; Field, B.C., Laggan, Alta., (W. M. Wheeler) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 52, 552. * Formica truncicola integra var. subcaviceps Wheeler. Dog Lake, Penticton, B.C., (C. G. Hewitt) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 52, 540. ~ * Polyergus rufescens subsp. breviceps var. fusciventris Wheeler. Treesbank, Man., (C. G. Hewitt) ; Proc. Amer Acad. Se., 52, 555. Humenide. * Eumenes crassicornis Isely. Goldstream, B.C.; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., X, 362. Vespide. Vespa austriaca Pz. Ironside, Que., June 18, 1916, two females, (L. M. Stohr). : Sphecide. Thyreopus argus Pack. Chelsea, Que., July, 1917, males, (L. M. Stohr). Thyreopus cingulatus Pack. Aweme, Man., July 21, 1914, male, female, (N. Criddle). Crabro vierecki H. 8S. Smith. Lethbridge, Alta.; Nelson, B.C., July, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen). Cerceris rufinoda crucis Vier. & Ckll. Not “crucia” as in Ent. Ree. for TOU. Bembicide. * Bembix comata Parker. Vancouver, B.C.; Proc. U.S.N.M., 52, 100. Anthophoride. Anthophora simillima Cr. Lillooet, B.C., May 14, 1916, (E. M. Ander- son) ; Invermere, B.C., April 25, 1915, (G. E. Parham). Anthophora pacifica Cr. Victoria, B.C., April 25, 1916, (R. C. Treherne). Anthophora peritome Ckll. Lethbridge, Alta., July 22, 1916; Medicine Hat, Alta., August 20, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen). * Tetralonia hirsutissima Ckll. British Columbia; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1916, p. 428. Megachilide. Chelynia rubi Ckll. Not “rubri” as in Ent. Record for 1917. Megachile parallela Smith. Not “ parallela Ckll.” as in Ent. Record for 1917. Megachile (Xanthosarus) perihirta Ckll. Cochrane, Ont., Aug. 9, 1917; nesting gregariously in a nearly new, bare, gravel railway embankment (F. W. L. Sladen) ; Athabasca, Alta., Aug. 12, 1915, (E. H. Strickland) ; this species was found in large numbers actively tripping the flowers of alfalfa at Keremeos, B.C., and Summerland, B.C., in July, 191%. 'The Athabasca and Cochrane females are darker than the British Columbia specimens, having much black hair on the sixth dorsal segment, (PaW yds.) ‘ Aphidide. _Bombide. 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 Bombus kirbyellus Frank. Banff, Alta., Aug., 1916, (N. B. Sanson), Bombus polaris Frank. Banff, Alta., Aug., 1916, (N. B. Sanson). HEMIPTERA. (Arranged according to a Check List of the Hemiptera—excepting the Aphidide, Aleurodide and Coccide—of America, north of Mexico, by E. P. Van Duzee; New York Entomological Society, 1916.) Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer. Vineland, Ont., June 22, 1914, on Betula papyrifera, (W. A. Ross). Euceraphis betule Koch. Bowmanville, Ont., July 21, 1913, (W. A. Ross). Drepanosiphum platanoides Schr. Guelph, Ont., June 20, 1915, on maple, (W. A. Ross). Myzocallis bellus Walsh. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 4, 1917, on Quercus, (C. B. Hutchings). Myzocallis asclepiadis Monell. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 1, 1917, on milkweed, (C. B. Hutchings). Nectarosiphum rubicola Oestlund. Bowmanville, Ont., 1913, (W. A. Ross) ; Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1917, (C. G. Hewitt). Macrosiphum tilie Monell. Vineland, Ont., Sept. 6, 1917, on basswood, (W. A. Ross). Rhopalosiphum berberidis Kalt. Bowmanville, Ont., June 17%, 19138, on barberry, (W. A. Ross). Myzus (Ovatus) mespili v.d.G. Vineland Station, Ont., June 8, 191%, on Pyrus japonica, (W. A. Ross). Aleyrodide. : * Aleuroplatus berbericolus Q. & B. Kaslo, B.C., Jan. 27, 1908, on Berberis aquifolium, (J. W. Cockle) ; Proc. U.S.N.M., 51, 383. Pentatomide. 139. Conus delius Say. Covey Hill, Que., May 31, 1914, (C. E. Petch). Aradide. 361. Aradus quadrilineatus Say. Ironside, Que., (LL. M. Stohr). Tingidide. 665. Physatocheila pleca Say. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stéhr). Miridz. 1109. Dicyphus famelicus Uhl. Ironside, Que., April 18, 1917, (I. M. Stohr). * Lygus vanduzeei Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., July and August; (H. S. Parish) ; Truro, N.S., July 8, Sept. 19, Oct. 11; Kentville, N.S., July 2, Aug. 6, 10, Sept. 24, Oct. 5; Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, Sept. 14, (W. H. Brittain); Cornell Univer. Agric. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 565. Lygus vanduzeei var. rubroclarus Knight. Saguenay River, Que.; Smith’s Cove, N.S., May 8 to June 6, June 23, July 15; Kentville, N.S., June 24, Sept. 24, (W. H. Brittain) ; Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 567. * Lygus humeralis Knight. Bear Lake, B.C., July 20; Ainsworth, B.C., July 2; Revelstoke, B.C., July 1, 5, (J. C. Bradley) ; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., Bull. -391, 570. : *% 124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 a a ee ee ee * Lygus columbiensis Knight. Fry Creek, B.C., July 23; Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 371. Lygus rubicundus var. winnipegensis Knight. Winnipeg, Man., May 7, 1910, (J. B. Wallis) ; Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 591. Lygus alni Knight. Wolfville, N.S.; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 608. Lygus tiie Knight. Ottawa, Ont., June 29; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. bo. Bully 391613: ; Lygus omnivagus Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., July 24, Aug. 7, (H. 8. Parish) ; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., 391, 627. * Lygus canadensis Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., July 10, (H. 8. Parish) ; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., 391, 634. * Lygus ostrye Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., Aug. 6-8, (H. S. Parish) ; Cornell Univ. Agri. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 635. Fulgoride. 2466. Scolops sulcipes Say. Hemmingford, Que., June 24, 1916, (C. E. Petch). 2549. Cixius stigmatus Say. Hemmingford, Que., July 9, 1917, (C. E. Petch). ODONATA. ~(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North America. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) Coenagrionide. 37. Lestes congener Hagen. St. Andrews, N.B., Sept. 16, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). 37%. Lestes disjunctus Selys. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman) ; Le Pas, Man., July 29, 1917; M. 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 39. Lestes uncatus Kirby. Neil’s Harbour, C.B., July 29, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). 55. Enallagma calverti Morse. Vancouver, B.C., June 14, July 1, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore). 56. Enallagma civile (Hagen). Plateau River, Cheticamp, C.B., July 27- Aug. 4, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). New to Nova Scotia list. 56. Enallagma clausum Morse. Dauphin Lake, Man., July-August, 1917, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). New to Canada. 5%. Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) Chileotin, B.C., June 25, 1915, (W. A. N.); Cranbrook Dist., B.C., May 17, 1915; Le Pas, Man., July 7, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 59. Enallagma ebrium (Hagen). Le Pas, Man., July 29, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 60. Enallagma hagent (Walsh.). Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 2%, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). 65. Nehalennia irene Hagen. Red Deer, Alta., July 1-8, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta list. Coenagrion angulatum FE. M. Walker. Le Pas, Man., July 1, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 66. Coenagrion interrogatum (Selys.). Nordegg, Alta., July 19, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta and most westerly record. M. 332, H. B. Ry., July 17, 1917; M. 256, H. B. Ry., Man., July 12, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Mandaba: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — 125 Coenagrion resolutum (Hagen). Le Pas, Man., July 1, 1917; M. 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July 8, 24, 27, 1917; M. 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July 17, (J. B. Wallis); Chilcotin, B.C., June 25, 1915, (W. A. N.). First British Columbia record. 66. Amplhiagrion sauctum (Burm.). Banff, Alta, July 2, 1913, (EH. M. Walker). Aeshnide. 76. Cordulegaster diastatops (Selys.) De Grassi Point, Ont., June 12, 1917, June 21, 1917, (EH. M. Walker). V1. Cordulegaster maculatus Selys. De Grassi Point., Ont., June 19-24, 1917, (KE. M. Walker) ; Algonquin Park, Ont., July 17, 1917, (EH. M. Walker). 84: Ophiogomphus colubrinus Selys. M. 332 and 334, N. B. Ry., Man., July 20, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 91. Gomphus cornutus Tough. Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 20, 1908, (C. H. Young). : 109. Aeshna canadensis K. M. Walker. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). Aeshna caerulea septentrionalis Burm. Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W. Perrett). 110. Aeshna eremita Scudd. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). 111. Aeshna interrupta interrupta HE. M. Walker. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). 111. Aeshna juncea (Linn.) Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W. Perrett). ; 114. Aeshna sitchensis Hagen. Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W. Perrett) ; Amherst Id., Magdalen Islands, Que., July 15, 1917, (A. G. Hunstman). 114. Aeshna subarctica E. M. Walker. Amherst Id., Magdalen Islands, Que., July 15, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). 114. Aeshna wmbrosa occidentalis KE. M. Walker. Prospect Lake, B.C., Aug. 30, 1917, (W. Downes). Libellulide. 128. Williamsonia lintneri (Hagen). Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, Ont., May 25, 1908, June 4, 1908, (C. H. Young). New to Ontario list. 128. Cordulia shurtlefi Scudd. De Grassi Point, Ont., June 14, 1917, (E. M. Walker). 129. Somatochlora albicincta (Burm.). Nordegg, Alta., July 12-19, 1917, 4,000-6,500 feet; also nymph believed to be this on circumstantial evi- dence, previously unknown, (F. C. Whitehouse) ; Nain, Labrador, Aug. 13, 1917, Aug. 20, (Simon) ; Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W. : _ Perrett). ~129. Somatochlora cingulata (Selys). Nordegg, Alta., July 15, 17, 1917, 6,500 feet, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta list. M. 256, H. B. Ry., Man. July 12). 1917; M332, H. B. Ry., Man., July 16, 1917, (J.-B: Wallis). New to Manitoba list. 130. Somatochlora forcipata (Scudd). Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W. Perrett). New to Labrador. 130. Somatochlora franklini (Selys.). Nordegg, Alta., 6,500 feet, July 11-17, 1917, (F: C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta list. Hopedale, Labrador. 126 131. Somatochlora hudsonica (Hagen). Sucker River, Thundex Bay District, 131. Somatochlora minor Calvert. 132. Somatochlora semicireularis (Selys.). Nordegg, Alta., July 16, 1917, — 132. Somatochlora septentrionalis Hagen. 166. Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys.). 167. Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Aug. 1917, (W. W. Perrett) ; Le Pas, Man., July 1, 1917, M. 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July 7-9, 1917; M. 332, July 14-19, 1917; M. 256, July 12, — 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Ont., July 21, 1917, (Mrs. G. K. Jennings). New to Ontario list. Red Deer, Alta., July 1-9, 1916; July 1, 1917; Nordegg, Alta., July 19, 1917, (F. C. Whitehouse). July 11-18, 1917, 4,000-6,500 feet, (F. C. Whitehouse). list. (F. C. Whitehouse). M. 256, H. B. Ry. Man. (J. B. Wallis) ; De Grassi Point, Ont., (E. M. Walker) ; Nordegg, Alta., July 12, 1917, New to Alberta Hopedale, Labrador, Aug., 1917, (W. W. Perrett) ; M. 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July 19, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba list. Nordegg, Alta., July 18, 1917, 4,000 feet, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta list. New to British Columbia list. Cranbrook Dist., May 17, 1915, (Coll.?). Saanich Dist., B.C., June 12, July 20, 1917; Elk Lake, Royal Oak, B.C., July 11, 1917, (W. Downes) ; Vernon Dist., July 6, 1916; Alberni, B.C., July 22, 1915, (W. R. C.). Columbia list. COLLEMBOLA. New to British The following species of Collembola were collected at Arnprior, Ont., in 1917, by Mr. Charles Macnamara, who is making a special study of these insects. Achorutes packardi Folsom. Achorutes humi Folsom. Xenylla maritima Tullberg. Pseudachorutes complecus MacGillivray. Neanura muscorum Templeton. Podura aquatica Linn. (Red colour variety.) Onychiurus ramosus Folsom. Onychiurus fimetaria (Linn.) Lubbock. Isotoma olivacea Tullberg. Isotoma quadrioculata Tullberg. Isotoma cinerea Nic. Tomocerus bidentatus Folsom. Tomocerus flavescens separatus Folsom. Papirius pini Folsom. Sminthurus hortensis Fitch. Sminthurus hortensis juvenilis Fitch. Sminthurus spinatus MacGillivray. ARANEIDA, (Arranged according to Bank’s Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U.S.N.M., Bull. 72. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) ee ——o I a ‘1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ek Drasside. * Pecilochroa columbiana Em. Departure Bay, Van. Isl., B.C., 1913, (T. B. a Kurata) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 269. 9. Gnaphosa conspersa Thor. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). _ Agelenide. 15. Cicurina arcuata Keys. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). - Theridiide. — 20. Theridium zelotypum Em. Truro, N.S., and West River, N.S., (R. Matheson). * Areoncus patellatus Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent., XLIX, 262. Lophocarum sculptum Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent. XLIX, 261. * Gonglydium macrochelis Em. Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson); Can. Ent., XLIX, 263. Gonglydium curvitarsis Em. Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., on snow, April, 1917, (N. B. Sanson). Described from Mt. Whiteface, Adirondacks, IN: _ Linyphiide. : _ * Diplostyla brevipes Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent., | XLIX, 267. * Diplostyla keentti Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 267. * Microneta pallida Em. Departure Bay, Vanc. Isl., B.C., 1913, (T. B. Kurata) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 265. * Microneta orcina Em. | Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent., XLIX, 266. . Epeiride. - — 39. Zilla atrica Koch. Digby, N.S., and Truro, N.S., (R. Matheson). _ 41. Epeira cavatica Keys. Hampton, N.B., and Hillsborough, N.B., (R. 7 Matheson). Thomiside. * Philodromus canadensis Em. “ Montreal, Ottawa, and westward to Lake Nipigon and Prince Albert”; Can. Ent., XLIX, 270. _Lycoside. Lycosa wrightu Km. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). 60. Pardosa tachypoda Thor. Arnprior, Ont., (C. Macnamara). * Pardosa metlakatla Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Mountains north of Vancouver, B.C., (G. W. Taylor) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 268. te te i ee ie ote q : * Pardosa vancouveri Em. Departure Bay, Vanc., Isl., B.C., and Vancouver, . B.C., (T. B. Kurata) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 269. " - Attide. é * Chalcoscirtus carbonarius Em. Simpson Summit, 7,000 feet, near Banff, j Alta.; Can. Ent., XLIX, 271. INDEX. PAGE Alypia octomaculata .......+.see0- 42 Anosia plexippus ......--.-++eseeee 21 Anthophilax malachiticus ......... 23 Aphis, black cherry ............-- 59 , PTA s)vietoiec sole see ieinisis oes 29 *S RIOECUUO meepcteie ile rekelele lees ole saloons 19 Apple and thorn skeletonizer ...... 44 Apple scab, dusting for .......-+-. > e380 Apple-tree caterpillar, red humped. .20, 48 Asparagus beetle .....--++++eeeeees 28 Bean root maggot .....-.e-+eeeeee 28 Blackberry leaf-miner .....-..--+-- 36 Blister beetle, ash-gray ........---- 18 I TTGEITO Lae deie iran cies Rrcuaieliehelclinpete ta) aie aielle 20 Cabbage butterfly, migration of ... Pall Cabbage root maggot ............- 18, 28 Carpocapsa pomonella ...........+. 39 WALCO tru St-Liye ae plete chet= eles eteles= *)-T0/ sie alt) Cerambycids ....-.....sceeessceee rope {al @eramicaepiCtai lercee' eles ole sn- = 10) 19, 38, 96 Cherry aphis, black ..-......-...-- 59 es UY Fos, 5 Sa een ao Mewes 20 Clover-seed caterpillar ...........- 30 < Midge .......-e+eeeees 30 Codlin= moth <2 js s er ele © sere sl 39, 81 Comedy of Errors, @ ........--.0-- 68 Conocephalus fasciatus ............ 19 GontaniNia sGTubiCH cee sie le oe aie orvi= =| wi 41 Gueumber aphid)’ 2... ere. wee 28 f POCtO® esis a a ielomteres 18 Cyrtophorus verrucosus .......--:- 23, 70 Dasyneura leguminicola .........-- 30 IDM ATK, A AEAN! Go oko oleocu eS 5 O. 18 Digenisia vileinica,) ...0- eee sc 19, 20, 21 Dusting vs. Spraying .........-- iors 79 Ecology of insects ..............-- 85 Kight-spotted forester ..........-- 42 Entomological Record ...........-. 99 Epitrix cucumeris ..........++-.+-- 19 Eistigmene acrea ......--eeeeeeeee 19, 20 Eupogonius subarmatus ......-.... - 26 Field crops, insects attacking ..18, 28, 29 Forest trees, insects attacking ..... 20 Fruits, insects attacking small ... 28 Fruit trees, insects attacking ..... 20, 28 Garden SEGCts me mianel<.s cbevate es sictere eters 20 Gonioctena pallida ..........<..... 22 (Cloiminnck Silky th mane obo md Oboe Ook 94 Grasshoppersmnys cic = eile areneien- 19 Greenhouse insects .........--..--; 20, 29 Halisidota tussock moths ........ 20, 42 Haplothrips statices! =e micas «stele 30 Hemerocampa. leucostigma ..... 21, 30, 40 Hemerophila pariana ............. 44 Heterocampa guttivitta ........... 47 mnekory. tussock “moth |i 2i.acls). a « 20, 42 Higplosiax. nubila ss 2 2.0 = .csmeisie ss ereee 25 Horn-fly, effects on milk produc- Ne OTINS OL sheer, enc hne ren cease uererar iets 91 Horse-radish flea beetle ........... 19 ELVIEMUV i VANILLA ste reese se tcpales cere 18, 30 Insect behaviour toward stimuli ... 89 MTSeCIVOTOUS “Plants «2.4 eiraceote + eree 8A PMSECES “ATI DUNG Sintec), ar eleiaeele sh eheusie 89 Insects and plants, interrelations of 85 PAGE Insects as carriers of plant diseases 86 Ttonida: triticis Sette asec eee 29 Leaf . bug, foqgr-lined= so). osc nee Z0 Leptura, species from Peterborough, 26 Linyphia, nearctica Wo. cveeteieeets 17 Liopus | vanlegatus™ ic. ccc sick ee 25 Literature, recent entomological... 100 Macrohasis “unicolor™>..). sss 18 Macrosiphum granarium .........- 30 Ge solanifolil< i.e 19 Maheux, Georges, article by ....... 33 Merium’ proteus) <.2% >. saleieersehetnee 24 Metallus bethumei> 2... eee 36 Microclytus, gazellula® 525%) omacnetetere 23, 12 ef Sibbulus {2c.ceeeee 23725, Tim Migration of butterflies .......... 21 Milk production, effects of stable and horn-fly attacks on ........ 91 Monarch butterfly, migrations of ... 21 Monohammus marmorator ........ 27 MOSQUItO: COMtLO! Voy. c ote cree -telererereiane 49 NEY ZS!) (COLAST ©, sicic ache teeters orolenetemerehe nets 60 INCMIATOMES ais ocieici« stacetel-ceusekoneen henna 29 Notodontian larvae epee 31 Potato naphis sete ae everett tere 19 ee beetle sc otewisseeaiedereeee te 19 2 fleas beetle. ei. :c1s even nee 19 * Stem. DONEY «ters keene 95 Psenocerus supernotatus .........- 24 Pgila rOSse- sc.cekoversnelsl ote sieve leneletonenoh- Remsen 19 Quebec, entomological service of... 33 San José scale, dusting for ........ 81 Schizura concinna ..........--.-... 20, 47 Seed’ corn’ MaZLOt cee cct- weer 30, 41 ih (4 er ee aeacierer ccc Kino c 550 2 41, 43 Spiders, transcanadian ..........-- 76 Stable and hornfly attacks, effect on milk production...:.....- 3... 91 Temperature and humidity in rela- tion to. INSeChS ojo eclerets + etl eine 90 Tetropium cinnamopterum .......- 24 Theridion zelotypum ..........-++.- hed Thrips; On clover’. 15 os +=): 29 rs onion. 2.02.40) .2 ee ee Tussock moth, hickory .....:.....- 20, 42 she “ white-marked ...21, 30, 40 Vegetables, insects attacking ...... 28 Wheat’ midige> © ass ci. steerer 29, 41 White grubs 5. Greve ecto teen 19 Wireworms . ..'<% Sic severe eee 19 Woolly-bear caternillars ........ 19; 20, 21 Nyvlotrechus -wndwulatus: 2s ee eee PAT Zebra Caterpillar 256 s4-eeeee 19, 38. 96 Forty-Ninth Annual Report OF THE OF ONTARIO PRINTED BY ORDER OF ‘THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO ae \ 3 + EBA 2798 12 hog <9 4 z TORONTO: ‘Printed Dy A, T. WILGRESS, Printer to the wee 1919 King’s Most Excellent Majesty Ws Ontario Department of Agriculture Forty-Ninth Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1918 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO ; Printed by A T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1919 — ~. Werinted: bys. 4 THE KYERSON PRUSS To His Honour, Str JoHN StTRATHEARN Henpriz, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Militia of Canada, etc., etc., ete., LIneutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May it PLEASE YOur HONovR: The undersigned begs to present for the consideration of your Honour, the Report of the Entomological Society for 1918. Respectfully submitted, Gro. 8. HENRY, Minster of Agriculture. Toronto, 1919. [3] CONTENTS PU SMOMAOERICHRSMEOR LOL S= LOMO rte cai cit inctotelsteiel Stele, setsieietsicle sues cols siciele elec e eit ele. AR AIPRS COAG A OUD ACT HUH NET Ae pol oranges icta rayaane PMs lod awcus fauctrate ata ie ota in iarie) a celeh oxcvoe S/he asus wes ralolis PMS HVE WISE HR Steg nhs Acton at ocean reteriorcnetay teat To oust shaieustevaierciaieiyars alelein acy al aren lov are Saatelales cratave MeV UE NERS CON A GELWE: oS ER VILOH ss clecrc cers) & eltecers) cits sucusseiler aellc a mlevepemacss cuelgh Shee aesees BESIENG EAG TINNY Vile HUTT Gosnmstearetrco ec retcitcac tect Meteen, tatters ree ai Sioa euteicctlay wike sabia verratoneiteltorie; eqishecawain el eaattele vaushallss wyiskera, sions VED OLE MO ln Une OO UIMNCIN Mews ve pare Atetalatatcy sis, Sieions caeveredsnt oaavare say oicliovey siete heseeceis Sue\ evel aatyayre hain oi AMER TUT: teks eas, era ahi ooo acco eiral Near rebar are! Saleuose Fates atialies auisWol muanreyniarer alt cbawelte AA 4 CUNT AT OTF ematical eusnnisucteustsueuerctop cael ateuctouss Sisghe shal sieiswsisone cee Siena aioe ; MOC Calls PATCH hee. avcysuspcirac esr ete does anole mistetcuel cv Secltause iis ov svarlags [orate ae : AMOLONTOT BAU T ats es ae ates hs occ ea Ris cot « whe re Slaat tone etal seal 4 British? Columbia Brawchet..cic ness sis, os oval cace cvohee cie’ arebel cle ehetete rs ie INOVaN S COtlag rarely. rnciesterae. spehetcieraior cisia sro stersreiere\ tite sister crorate % Directors on Insects of the Year: DIVASTON INGOT SP Ae OSHIN Gin crchareiiiare citususte cue mieleravecsre necks ee aercuelts a i, lath ST eg ECHREDGS) Weve Codseeac ety socttnsy 75 Cs a omeg ees ej GxcJel WenINOBEE SS. \nhleieelcs odes stenaereieeierrta gee RASECISHOL MG NeeNeason- an Ontaniose WreAGUROSSY cs Sr, c)scttes caret atl eosieee Mieteha Oo aie ~ 7 QTEehbecsaDistrict 4" Gye VAM UERAN oe oes nce dee are PANG SCR EMMA PNGSCRES Two tap ss ecto Pict eyesore ahs tesa an Sifayee wile one ice. oui Scheer IMISectwbnroplemssinthe brane serovinces: uN. CRIDDERI as. .coe6 50s) ee aot eee ee The Recovery in Canada of the Brown Tail Moth Parasite, Compsilura concinnata: Bets rap MRE TAMAT NUD alexoy lhe. MIVA LATUNIES Foe tay ica) nolo aden o'alole el'elaje lobe aia a leis ofatfel# eveleral ale siare ress itemeistoryeotra, Lobby. Horses. Hed. A. MORRIS) 2.56 oe eens ute cee e ens BLesen te Daya -rOpleniS simak LOMOLO Sie” Jew). IVAW: i ctdete le ed cbcvane ie siste avevsr ie Sicleys Siete Insects as Agents in the Dissemination of Plant Disease: L. CAESAR ........... Mires CanbasesOOl Wags lOts te bls Gon EU CRED = 2 cle acicis sirens, cre sare Guo sdibhabeile Javels) eves av on tare aie Some Chapters of the Harly History of Entomology:, W. LocHHEAD ............. er CuCaAneie sy Ula ei O Mbit Ole SVWkt UAL ECOSSo scale coe ayenevetatea see o oneionaleca vee due, anatoleceve tiene iapalia Control of the Apple -Macgot: I. CAESAR AND IW: SA. ROSS Jo. 0) 52sec cs cece ce ROE tame Ey ATs (Led eS UTS ised, rae el VICAUETRS IES pst gota owen e's ayes SU AR GeRaina 06, hie. 6) Star aval gy a elgeaicheNa che sustenehornetae Prem ncOMOlOsiGaAl, RECOLrdsevARTEGR) (GiBSON: 2c ci Se tre anepave: s-choisyonenahershshel ey sfiasc ebotere ereiane 1} SOLUS. ei gusta eterna re cho oii BRS cur acl Nic kao GSE ea PSC ca aU Da ON ee A co oo bp pw bo co bo Entomological Society of Ontario OFFICERS FOR 1918-1919 President—Pror. LAwWSon ‘CAESAR, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Vice-President—Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa. Secretary-Treasurer—Mr, A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O: A. Col- lege, Guelph. Curator—Mr. Eric HEARLE, B.S.A., Guelph. Librarian—ReEvy. Pror. C. J. SS. BetHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Ento- mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri- culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosEens, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division; No. 5, Mr. J. W. Nose, Essex; Division No. 6, Mr. J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station. Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Rerv. Pror. C. J. ‘S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; Pror. JoHN Drarness, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; Rev. THoMAS W. FYLES, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa; Pror. WM. LocHHEAp, B.A., M.S., Macdonald ~ College, Que.; JoHn D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; Pror. E. M. Wacker, B.A., M.B.. F.R.S.C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Ento- mologist, Ottawa; Mr. ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, Que. Editor of “ The Canadian Entomologist ’—Pror. E. M. WALKER, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. FINANCIAL STATEMENT For year ending October 31st, 1918. Receipts. Expenditures. Cashvonwhand,, 1916-1ie ae coe $42 10 HX p6NSe ys. tine sion coe ae eee $52 00 Advertisements> :.2 2.5 sc.t-- eres 25 Cork¢and Pins .-45...5 aoe 51 60 Back] Numbers! a ccaeac. een 75 94 Printing® <2 ccc ee ee 1,316 00 CWorkgandasPins)s eyes siteckertee ere 74 87 AnnualisMeeting) as. e-cacen e 101 17 DUS ie reer Ne sears fae o! 93 34 ADRUal ReEPOrt. << els -.2 oe eee 25 00 SUDSCrIPtlONS)- sae. cc See ae eo 443 60 SAlATICS ke wile wecais see oe ee 125 00 Bankweinteresta-c cn once 8 95 INSUPANCE | essere oe eee ~ 26 00 Government Grant ............ 1,000 00 Cashionshand! suse et oe oe 57 28 $1,754 05 $1,754 05 To balance duesons printinew 0.6. cece eee Cees $102 59 By ash on Wand gis oie ccocecsta ders Oe ee one 57 28 Net deficits eich os Sacer ool cee Serna a Ae oer $45 31 Auditors: L. CAESAR. J. E. Howitt. Respectfully submitted, A. W. BAKER, Secretary-Treasurer [6] LIST OF MEMBERS ONTARIO Aitchison, James ........ Grimsby. PAMGGe WSs. DE ksi eu . the Toronto. MAUR PAG WE oc oc hele tse cs Guelph. Beasley, Miss G. ........ Toronto. Beale wre va-astere s'aeae 2 Ottawa. SAT IVs Estey svenelier staves Hamilton. ESTO sUNE KG s)he cehe tases Toronto. Blakeley. TI oe crecktieene “s 1eFerae (NS NR! se eee Bloomfield. ESOS Up eSocmpEN raray o orctas alice ai Toronto. ESEOGETICK Es. --)s:cies sc cclelc ss BUErOWSs Au He ..06 54 sles Guelph. GaAes ale semOte Diy: sanise cle cs AGANVIGT.C Aalto Hen. 0s av alstn sca) s 5 London. Chrystaly we oNeil 5.5. Ottawa Wileeviess Ay eis nf. oR ales Guelph. Glemens; Weed. ose cms Toronto. iWoSens). OP AS Soo. 6s . . MDA TIAS eles ives wae ~ Seg.0s Guelph Wearness: Prof. J. sc. 2. London WCEWCIIET, Dis (ois 66 die ce eels Toronto. WO OMET UY Pes 5 kccis's oe ets Ottawa. IDEs ORNS TY AES erent a Hamilton. Dunlop: JAMES, «... 0c... Woodstock. PRON a VULSS SING sores etece se ene: 6.2 Toronto. HOA S shy ae teisis,c sed egies % BLOMUS C Ce Vans eceveheleaicve wee AEHDSON SCATENUN o terse sao Ottawa Gooderham, C. B......... < NEMA TG. Misses a disses acc Orillia. (Garay raed Cae GY Cea ere ee ies 7 Eadiwiens) DT iSens seietere ets @ Ottawa. Wen WAU clo 5, ice wal to ws as al eise Toronto. iets Ely gc ones lee 4 Sudbury. EMU TNT UD ed oe os. crcoicl ey aise: Toronto. ELE AOH ITIGH a cdc bel anstare: ‘Guelph. HICSKEt VES =e os Rod oss oe Toronto. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon ... Ottawa. EMMIGSON ws RS Se eeieco's «ers Strathroy. Huntsman, Dr. A. G. .... Toronto. EMU CHIMPS ICE Be aise letra Ottawa. PATO S Merge Hy sceve cs, 5 at talsyerere St. Thomas. SOUT Ys SAVES Ai 5. c.0:2:c octee ste Toronto. KeinkwO0d, I oc. case ss ESSE CONS VIS cas tetctolenees is aietone Ottawa. GIR ATA sry tesad sic eine Toronto. HPO STOT SWS sis, «sus stepsiere «1 a)<03 of Macnamara, C. 200-2 -.<- - Arnprior. Martin, Howard ......... Toronto. INEORTIES R Si Ae se ichere cece Peterborough. Mossop, Miss B. K, E. ... Toronto. INS Ne CSW Ss oi aeteaese aver s INODIER D2 Wei chesic aces aed Essex Reveh). (CHM. costeicstsisceais,< Ottawa. ERE T ae (Hy tees. ove) on cts: aves Todmorden. BOSS, We An fos. '. Packs Vineland. DYE Winns Se Towers tees Toronto. SHOTEY 5) Wie ciate cuore sie: aiete Guelph. Sladen Wi flus 22. oc 0. Ottawa. PSOE wATENUT ceacactess « Toronto. STAZ SISA CC re i slaves See s Spencer, Capt. G. J. ..... Guelph Sonicklangrs Bi? as 6 ess Ottawa SW TG eis Sat aisle ates as Mh OmMpsony ods We. as 26 o50- Toronto. Tomlinson. Ai) H..8. Fs... Guelph Walker, Prof. E. M. ...... Toronto Watson, Dr: A. H.R... Port Hope. WWATtess SAGs: oc ere cee eres Snelgrove. [7] Walliinanmisr Gra AC ln cis pics) ores Port Hope. WV ATS ENING sed etter caret evtuetetrel © dere = Toronto. Zant Zubeen ores en sores ete s .s QUEBEC Bar wilh gH er es. cs hee os Montreal. Burgess, Dr. T. J. W. .... Verdun. ChaenoniiGs teens sabe Montreal. Chapaisweds Cree cet ot St. Denis. Clayisonte Gama tiem Montreal. COLrconpany, JeeAciaced oe see # Cummings) Rowe). cseee> y Dunlop Gen Casein wee see 4 IDE) TEN JOE Wl oe eles a Macdonald College. Germany DLO. oe a Three Rivers. AGUS wlate rey cuceetshelactnlee ce oee 3 Montreal. A Vev TTS Git deo sts, nae toe Fo nc ate moyen se lehoemetal TRyenig We VN em eel ee Quebec. Jackson? sO W Seen oee Montreal. IGEN VOnAWE eH. esas Outremont. Leopold, Rev. Father ....La Trappe. Metourmeauleh . oi... OKa. Lochhead, Prof. W. .. . Macdonald College. MaheuxtiGar vero nie i ale Quebec. Moore; nGe Aso iste on Se Montreal. Ouellet awe. sie ee tela Outremont. ShepiendswA Co eo ce a ee Montreal. woutmees (G. VAL eeisac. oe a Walleye ery 255.56 a sch AVAL TAY ns eisai coe epee Westmount. New BruNswick Bard spACB = Avs co os csctewnas Fredericton. Tothillsds Des seoict wees = Nova Scotia VAMene SHINO s cise Sere ce ss Truro. Brittain rote We ele trie Connely, Prof. A. J. ..... Antigonish. WerwWolieriseAGs ciccceis.« «25 Truro. DuastanwAn Gare wee cere ceisler Annapolis Royal. Gilly Dry A hati serchecaeue Truro. Gillian Ge. oars cestres se Annapolis Royal. Good BOs An ok esie steve ie Truro. TROT Sa Ate eis wyscevesons srscei ners Annapolis Royal. Lindsay, Miss H. E. ..... Truro. Longley, Miss M. ....... Paradise. IMaGKa yy, mT Asser aera Halifax. MeMahions HreAGe sence ose Annapolis Royal. Payne: tla Git co cece en Annapolis Royal. PAYTON Ss LP co alets iat eceveneradss Granville Ferry. Perrin® JOSCp He. ccc eee Halifax Perry, rote eGo ss cietesne Wolfville. JRL, IDR IY Gensel ds Halifax. Saunderss si, Golo. ccs. 6: Truro. SDittaeyiy Pes eres aye < Wetmore, Ralph .......- Yarmouth. Whitehead, W. E. ...... Truro. Wihitmians Cone iWs) sc ce Lawrencetown WOU MESS He.) ..., eelates he Brighton. NEWFOUNDLAND iS Cl Batretecie cote see sas Wabana. 8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 I Tp OD pa ee eS SS MANITOBA Bicol Sy We sh hseacdods Winnipeg. Gardhouse, (C.Gy er eae Rathwell. Griddle; Norman’ .-. 2... Treesbank. Hippisley, Mrs. W. W. ... Dauphin. iBhrecieies 1D is YANG da adoneoas Teulon. [evolojrouse IOP IEIh IDS pa eboon Winnipeg. LAMM AR ERs Als ald diocicac Poe SASKATCHEWAN Androchowie2,. Hy ak. 3... Humboldt. Bentley, Missila 32... Mellville. MTEC MUM SOM ley seiee ets oh or Starblanket. iIMacBeaml Ga Ge cers sites ees Assiniboia. INS UR ICEMIS Stelly otsl Garomoke sac Cottonwood. RAVE clSbL clewicls Uipe 5 Turtleford. Willing, Prof. T. N. ..... Saskatoon. ALBERTA Amtijuittin wWiissiiE, 24. a. Diamond City. Istrieol, MM ROS We Gees emia o'g,0.0 High River. Bowman ake. Se. sees Edmonton. @anr hie sear es el clee rt Dod eee Woolley 22.42 =. Midnapore. HinkesvJOSeplht f. ae-7--1-- Calgary. Mackie; Donald \. 2552.6 Edmonton. Wihitehousexehi. cC. sj. ses Red Deer. BritisH COLUMBIA AMIGeTSOnMeW. Be vse 15 cela Victoria. Blackmorek: He. .2525..- B ROMA Wie ictus a leterenal es ots Maite ae 6 Brinkman) eMac wee ee Victoria Opnacizemn, IDI; Wy ADE sooo Agassic. Carter UW? cine Victoria. Cockle:t J7aWis er ccucoceee Kaslo. CunninelaneeeC s.r Victoria. Day. iG iOrnasetachuer een Duncan's. DOWNESTWe) ccs tec cue eee Victoria. Masthang: 230s Wis aence eee Vancouver. HMldnid zen yea Bee eck Victoria. Hrenche PPE ses Vernon. Garrett, ChB Daa Cranbrook. Flaninams Ace iW ay epee eteieis Duncan’s. Harris; Miss ssa ones Deroche. HOOK wGiGAnoe isa ee Cobble Hill. Behe sGa Winch ores Victoria. JOHNStOnesaWen eee Arrow Lake. Kermode! ne jo2e-ee Victoria. allemond), ©. Av === sie Lytton. each sD WE aarerrstsa aces Salmon River. Mathers@iGeiweeccur fees Vancouver. Metcalianwrer kes nne aes Peachland. Pinas wAy MWe Aceh: free estos Lillooet. Robson Ae@s oUt eee Victoria. [RH vaNR NARI BM Gocco oo 6 Vernon. SINAN AL IR Ss Goce aaa = Vancouver. Day lor vies sce Kelowna. Treherne va Ce sae ae Agassiz. VieTalblesoe bia banat Vernon. WiardanWen Cor mek sents Vancouver. Wiltite: THSAW= ee eee Victoria. WiiniSOm sce We es ees eoeth oie Huntingdon. HONORARY MEMBERS Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col. Comstock, Prot..J2 Ho Ithaca, Nay. @resson eM Araw deere Philadelphia, Pa. Melts: DitteeHeePa ue ccpas a calce Albany. N.Y. EO WaT Gap Diem @ sierra Wasbington, 1DGy Wickham, Prof. H. F..... Iowa City, la. LIFE MEMBERS Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., Professor of Entomol- ogy, Ontario Agricul- LOOM (GONNIGESS GS .5 oBche Secu Guelph. Evans, John D., C.E. .... Trenton. Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. .... Ottawa. MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO ON ACTIVE SERVICE Lee Vicei lesan 6 eisve. shaveueite Prince Rupert, B.C. SOU le wAr. iets elec Victoria, B.C. IBTOGUC: cll isey em awe rect Dom. Ent. Lab., Agassiz, B.C. BUTT OWS wAcmeC) oicricl ic O.A.C., Guelph. “SU Riae AN EL Gao cetae Vancouver, B.C. Cleevies; AcwC. 255.55: O.A.C., Guelph. WRECSO sa Ee a a sie raenensceld Kelowna, B.C. (Chiba cis eG a arecies oietc Dom. Ent. Lab., Vineland, Ont. Dickie RCA Macchi siode oe Kentville, N.S. Dod, F. H. Wolley .... Midnapore, Alta. Good, Lieut ©) Al oo. lnuro; Neos EVIE VubtaV in clit cies ee Victoria, B.C: FANE SOM ele eee Neneh Entomological Br., Ottawa. all RGrT ofa) aan a Re Bureau of Ento- mology, Wash- ington, D.C. Martine Act out tas sce ot South Vancouver, B.C: Mathesonted qabs i ae. Kelowna, B.C. McCubbing, C. ..',.. Salmon Arm, Bic. ING Valle eS sedis vend cane ieaue Cottonwood, Sask. Prewettiehy da rece Toronto, Ont. 1§GHh/Ey ISIN sab o one oe Victoria, B.C. RoberESOn sw eleeieree ss Robson wAs Bevan > vowing eaeioeh eon ere O.A.C., Guelph. Simms Hy Me 2 es vonitrealaskv@: Snazelle me has wrueveteec Thornloe, New Ontario. Spencer, Capt. G. J. ...0.A.C., Guelph. Strickland, E. H. . Entomological Br., Ottawa. Venablessgbe yey ae rn Vernon, B.C. *Walsh, Lieut. F. W. . O.A.C., Guelph. Williams, C. M. ........Nappan, N.S. Will SOT te Ride cen acters Vancouver, B.C, Wright, Lieut. W. H. ..0.A.C., Guelph. * Killed in action, Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING The Fifty-fiftth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday, December 4th and 5th, 1918. The chair was taken by Prof. Lawson Caesar, the President. The following were present at the meeting: Mr. J. J. Davis, West Lafayette, Ind.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y.; Prof. R. Matheson, Ithaca, N.Y.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; Messrs. Arthur Gibson, C. E. Petch, C. B. Hutchings, F. W. L. Sladen and Dr. S. Hadwen, Ottawa; Prof. E. M. Walker and Dr. W. A. Clemens, Toronto; Mr. James Dunlop, Woodstock; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vine- land; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Mr. H. F. Hudson, Strathroy; Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que.; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Mr. F. Letourneau, Oka, Que.; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.; Mr. John D. Tothill, Fredericton, N.B.; Mr. Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man.; Professors C. J. S. Bethune, L. Caesar, J. E. Howitt and D. H. Jones; Dr. R. E. Stone; Messrs. A. W. Baker, H. G. Crawford, Eric Hearle, R. M. Aiton, H. C. Huckett and others, Ontario Agricultural College. By the kindness of Dr. Creelman the visitors were entertained in the College Residence during their stay in Guelph. This arrangement added much to their pleasure by affording many opportunities for social converse, and also saved the time usually spent in travelling to and from the town. During the morning of Wednesday, Dec. 4th, a meeting of the Council was held, at which various matters of business were brought up and discussed. It was decided that the next place of meeting be Ottawa, the date to be fixed later. A suggestion was made and afterwards adopted at the general meeting, that the Canadian Entomologist be issued in ten instead of twelve numbers, but that the quantity of matter remain as heretofore; and also that the size of the page be increased to conform with the majority of scientific publications. In the afternoon the Society met at 1.30 o’clock. After opening the meeting the President read a letter from Mr. Wolley Dod, from Mesopotamia, which was much appreciated. The following message, proposed by Messrs. Gibson and Tothill, was sent to Dr. Fyles:— “Entomologists from Canada and the United States now in session at Guelph, extend to you their warmest greetings and regret your inability to attend.” The Reports of the Council, Treasurer, Librarian and Curator were then read and adopted. The Reports of the various Branches, the delegate to the Royal Society of Canada, and the Directors were taken as read. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1917-1918. The Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Macdonald College, P.Q., on Thursday and Friday, November 8th and 9th. The President 9 2-E. 10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 of the Society, Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, P.Q., occupied the chair. There was a very satisfactory attendance of members and visitors; among the latter were Messrs. A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass., and J. H. Emerton, — Boston; Drs. T. J. Headlee, New Brunswick, N.J., and W. C. O’Kane, Durham, N.H. A large number of papers of interest and importance were read and dis- cussed, of which the following is a list. Reports on Insects of the year in the various Divisions of the Province by the Directors, Messrs. Gibson, Cosens, Morris, Noble and Ross; “ Further Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and its Control,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson; “The Entomological Service of Quebec,” by Mr. Georges Maheux; ‘‘ Some Important Insects of the Season,” by Prof. Caesar; “The Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer,’” by Dr. E. P. Felt; “Some Notodontian Larve,” by Dr. J. A. Corcoran; “ The Problem of Mosquito Control,” by Dr. T. J. Headlee; “The Black Cherry Aphis,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; “A Comedy of Errors,” by Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “'Transcanadian Spiders, ” by Mr. J. H. Emerton; “A Further Report-on the Value of Dusting vs. Spraying,” by Prof. L. Caesar; “Notes on the Ecology of Insects,” by Prof. W. Lochhead; “ Effects of Stable and Horn-fly Attacks on Milk Production,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; “Two Unusual Garden Pests in Nova Scotia,” by Prof. W. H. Brittain; “The Ento- mological Record,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson. These papers have been published in the Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Society which was issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture in October last. The following papers were also read but not submitted for publication: “ Black Flies in the Dixville Notch,” by Dr. W. C. O’Kane; “ The Nervous System of Caterpillars and its Relation to Classi- fication,” by Mr. J. M. Swaine; “ Habits, Behaviour and Tropisms of Insects,” by Dr. Arthur Willey. By the courtesy of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, were exhibited motion pictures of ‘“‘ Field and Parasite Work Against the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths,” through Mr. A. F. Burgess and Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, and of “ Orchard Spraying in Nova Scotia,” by Prof. W. H. Brittain. A symposium was held at the close of the evening session on the question of how Canadian Entomologists can help to increase food production, led by Dr. Hewitt and parti- cipated in by many of the members. The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, has been regu- larly issued each month. The fiftieth annual volume will be completed by the issue of the forthcoming December number. The forty-ninth volume, published during 1917 contained 440 pages, illustrated by 21 full page plates and 41 figures in the text. The contributors to its pages numbered 64 and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, and also in eighteen of the United States. The series of papers on “ Popular and Practical Entomology ” was continued each month and provided interesting and instructive information for the general reader. In the systematic papers there were described four new genera, 137 new species and 10 new sub-species or varieties. As a result of the publication from year to year of a large number of articles on descriptive and systematic entomology, there is a constant demand for back numbers and volumes. Twenty-five new members have been added to the rolls of the Society. It is with deep regret that the Council records the removal by death of one of our oldest and most distinguished members, Mr. William Hague Harrington, who died at his home in Ottawa on the 13th of last March in the 66th year of his age. He was well-known to Entomologists throughout North America by his systematic work in the order Hymenoptera, and was justly regarded as our best 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 Canadian authority on this department of the insect world. Of late years he had taken up the study of Botany with characteristic energy, and became familiar with the Flora as well as the Fauna of Ottawa and the surrounding country. An appreciative memoir by Mr. Arthur Gibson and an excellent portrait appeared in the June number of the Canadian Entomologist. To the Society’s Roll of Honour in the world-wide war, have now to be added the names of Captain R. V. Harvey and Lieut. Vernon King, who have laid down their lives on the battlefield in defence of the Empire and the freedom of mankind. Captain Harvey was for nine years Secretary of the British Columbia Branch of our Society (1902 to 1911) and the success of the Branch during that period was almost entirely due to his enthusiastic work. In the collection and study of insects he devoted himself at first to the Lepidoptera and of late years to the Diptera. At the outbreak of the war he joined the 7th Battalion and was with the first Canadian forces who went to France. In April, 1915, he was severely wounded in a charge and died a few weeks later in a German prison camp. Lieut. King, an Englishman by birth and a graduate of the Ontario Agri- cultural College, was employed in the Cereal and Forage investigation branch of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, where he was doing excellent work. He could not, however, resist the call of patriotism and in November, 1914, he returned to Canada and entered the British Army. He served in Egypt and the Dardanelles, and subsequently joined the Flying Corps in France. During an air fight against heavy odds he lost his life on April 11th, 1918. ; REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. Owing to the want of funds available for the purpose, the only books pur- chased for the Library during the year ending October 31st, 1918, are Fabre’s “The Life and Love of the Insect,” Burmeister’s “ Manual of Entomology,” and Comstock’s “The Wings of Insects.” Including these works, fourteen bound volumes have been placed upon the shelves, making the total number 2,285. There is a large accumulation of unbound periodicals, bulletins, reports and pamphlets, which, it is to be hoped, may some day be bound and made more readily available for reference. | . Respectfully submitted, CHaries J. S. BeTHune, Librarian. REPORT OF THE CURATOR. The Society’s collections have been examined from time to time, and the necessary steps taken to prevent injury from museum pests or other causes. At the present time they are in good condition. Respectfully submitted, Eric HEARLE. 12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 376th regular and 45th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch was held at the residence of the President, Mr. A. F. Winn, 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, on Saturday evening, May 11th, 1918. The report of the Council showed that during the season seven meetings were held with a total attendance of 85, or an average of over 12 per meeting. A public meeting was held in March at the Redpath Museum, McGill University, when Mr. J. M. Swaine came from Ottawa and gave an illustrated lecture on “The Protection of Shade Trees in Cities.” At this time the Lyman Ento- mological Collection was opened for inspection. During the season the following papers and talks were given before our Society :-— LweeresidentisAnniwail Address gets tet oe mk eras nl etacie serch. - eee A. F. WINN. 2. An account of insects in vegetable plots ...................- Dr. CORCORAN. SPwLUSSOCK TO UNISE Ve Si. aire ekeel are mache aleve a hanes suatceeieteh sual nie Pevshcshareletas ered Dr EY. (Si) JACKSON: 4. A trip to the Provincial Forest Nursery, Berthierville, Q....A. F. WINN. D7 Auiewemoths from Bondville@: dOlie ae ie teueean inate A. F. WINN. GEeENOtes:-Onw DOCS a rs Ce acca Hare Mane ReLn Steuer nailer mo imeek disiet eb anata G. Hi, HALL: 7. Report of annual meeting of Ent. Soc. of Am. at Pittsburg, hase Aras Suclevar che mies sorte ere Neete oe eerie seve Sa) Rocca sobheeer eoenere ervey etote corres Dr. Corcoran. 8. Notes on the Geometrid species of Genus, Acidalia, Guenesia, OEE 02) eer Sos RN are A a Ae PD SC ROS Or SoA amen eee Se G. CHAGNON. Qealemiptera, 1ound nea. backyard carden): 1Oilji. 5 ae one ae seer Gro. A. Moorr. 10. Description of Entomological work in England, 1917 ....... LAOHLAN GIBB. iiPaehiloy comptwmlatalis; EM St ss recs ete aicneestetacis Sein chenerneeta eens A. F. WINN. i2e ihe protection of shade trees ini-citliesa ss. sos.6 sos. selects ele: J. M. SWAINE. 3. E. P. Van Duzee’s catalogue of Hemiptera of America ...... Gro, A. Moone. PA CoMlecking tine me lama OW irk ae et oat yo Meet asian siete Gl tense LACHLAN GIBB. 15. The Daylight Saving Act, what it will do for Entomologists..A. F. W1iNN. 16. Directions for collecting and preserving Orthoptera for the GCADIN GG. Racpers ciavepetuchia cy vauntans sia o ovens Saas woos anaes tORe wiere ener oetuar anaes iene G. CHAGNON. The Treasurer’s Report showed a balance of $150.93. The following were elected as officers for the coming year :— ERESUMCWE) A oicnciniern ease Ae ENING WiGe=PTreEStdent = ones ose ae G. CHAGNON. Secretary-Treasurer ........ Gro. A. Moore. TEVOVOTIOCTYS si tyan tee Cie teraiy tee G. CHAGNON. GOUNCT ence ee G. A. SourHen, Dr. Corcoran, J. G.(Hormms, G. H. HA. Respectfully submitted, (Gro. A. Moore, Secretary. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The 217th meeting and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Nntomological Society of Ontario, was held in the Biological Building of the University of Toronto, Nov. 21st, 1918, the President, Dr. Clemens, in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The report of the Council, the financial statement, and the report of the Librarian were presented and adopted. The report of the Council showed that during the season of 1917-1918, six regular meetings, one special meeting, and the Annual Meeting were held in ! | 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 | _the Biological Building of the University of Toronto. The average attendance at the regular meetings, including visitors, was 15 persons. During the season the following papers were read before the Society :— 1917. INOVerae) aite Or Spring (Ponds sists oe conscience selects. Dr. E, M. WALKER. Dec. 13. War Services of Entomologists ................ Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. Summer Work of New York State Food Commis- IOI. ac cable alent Sacer SRR are ac Oe Reet re a na JOHN DETWEILER. 1918. anaes ine! 197 Collecting: ‘Season. sm. css «is os doce one Mr. H. V. ANDREWS. Ee Osea MEST LT eSayetks este ae yararsyaccirsrotey aot Suara eitsuotetnere wee “oid aces Pror, L. CArsar, Guelph. tie dete MOSS TM SCCES ee spnicke aiera Sraedeyeteiereuarn usa cise owls: Dr. A. CosEens. 7 Apr. 4. Injurious Shade Tree Insects and their Control..Mr. J. M. Swarnr, Ottawa. May 9: Personal Experiences with Tropical Insects ....Mr. F. J. Harris, Seven new members were elected during the year: Messrs. D. E. Reid, B. Wright, Frank Foulds, John Detweiler, R. W. Blakely, F. J. Harris, F. Broderick. We regret to record the death of two esteemed members, Mr. Samuel T, Wood and Miss Dorothy Fraser. Mr. Wood was well known among nature lovers throughout Canada by his charming writings, particularly the weekly editorials in the Globe, on various phases of wild life, and his loss is keenly felt by a large circle of friends, to whom he had endeared himself by his kindly, wnassum- ing personality. Miss Fraser who was on the staff of the Biological Department of the Uni- versity of Toronto, graduated from this department in 1917 with the highest honours in Biology. She won the esteem and admiration of all her colleagues by her fine character, her unfailing industry in spite of delicate health, and her unusually keen scientific judgment. At the meeting of December 13th, 1917, steps were taken toward the forma- tion of a special committee for the purpose of organizing a campaign against the Tussock Moth in Toronto. This committee met five times between January and May. The following programme was drawn up and carried out:— 1. Stirring articles were written by several members of the Society and published in the daily papers. These articles dealt briefly with the destructiveness _.of the Tussock Moth caterpillars, methods of control, and the responsibility of the citizens in helping to combat the pest. 2. On April 4th a special joint meeting of the Toronto Branch, the City Parks Department, and the Toronto Horticultural Society, was held in the large lecture hall of the Biological Building of the University of Toronto, at which Mr. J. M. Swaine gave a very able and interesting address on “Shade Tree Insects,” dealing particularly with the Tussock Moth. 3. An attractive illustrated pamphlet was prepared, and 5,000 copies were printed and distributed to the schools of the city. 4, Through the courtesy of the City Parks Department, four sets of lantern slides were prepared, bearing the same illustrations as the pamphlets, and giving short concise directions for controlling the pest. These were circulated among various motion picture theatres in the city. Special donations amounting to $35.00 were contributed by the following gentlemen: Major R. J. Christie, Mr. James O’Brien and Mr. Paul Hahn. The results from the campaign were very gratifying. The financial statement showed a balance on hand of $19.97. The report of the librarian shows that a large number of pamphlets and periodicals have been added to the library during the season of 1917-18, 14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Special arrangements have been made with the Department of Biology, University of Toronto, in regard to filing and shelving space, and by which members of the Department may have access to the literature. Good progress has been made in re-arranging and cataloguing. The publications received since the last meeting were presented. The election of officers was then proceeded with, and the results were as follows: PT CSULCTUE Ree eaters mien ee eee Res Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. ViGe=Presidentr ccs coe ae eee Mr. H. V. ANDREWS, SCChCLOTY-LEEPOUSULEI: ero ucm tara S. Locirr. EVO ROTALN: tei ce Selene ee eee Miss NorMaA Forp. COUNCUIMIE Nero eae ee eae Dr. E. M. Waker, Dr. A, CosEens, MESSRS. T. B. Kurata, J. HANNIBAL, 'C, K. Brosst. The business of the evening finished, the meeting was then left open for short talks by members and for discussion. The following members spoke: C. K. Brobst on the Tussock Moth work in Toronto in summer of 1918. Dr. A. Cosens, on “ Observations on the Monarch Butterfly.” Mr. H. V. Andrews, on “A trip to Go Home Bay for Oeneis chryxus, var. calais.” Dr. E. M. Walker on “ Oeneis chryxus, var. calais.” Mr. 8S. Logier, on “ Observations on parasitized caterpillars.” Those present at the meeting were: President Dr. W. A. Clemens, Dr. Cosens, Dr. Walker, Miss N. Ford, Messrs. Kurata, Andrews, Harris, Reid, Wright, Hannibal, Blakely, Broderick, Brobst, Logier, and five visitors, in all, 19 persons. Respectfully submitted, : SHELLEY Loater, Sec.-Treas. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH. The 17th Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in the City of Victoria, B.C., Saturday, February 23rd, 1918. The morning session was called to order by President E. H. Blackmore. Secretary William Hugh handed in his financial statement and read a report of the Society’s work during the past year. The following papers were read and discussed :— iPresident’sAGGTreSS 2.25 sc heres wae cere eie o aeahatetotolotoreetae rerevoteletaneretenets E. H. BLACKMORE. Notes on the Classification and Bionomics of the Hemiptera ....WM. DOWNES. Collecting in the Lillooet District—A trip to Mount McLean ..A. W. PHAIR, MitesEMstory: OL LerigrapnanDnaeses Gite. a.iete oi clerererslaicieiasi sate oe Gro. O. Day. On ‘Parthenogenesis in the Honey’ Bee’: 2... 222... we ele cies sisie' WILLIAM HuGH. Insect Notesiortive: Weare scicnve tars clare eis te acral ease eit cheno iene roienenche R. C. TREHERNE. Afternoon Session. Notes on the Mycetophilidae of B. C.: A Revision of the B. C. species of the genus Hydriomena based on the character of the male genitalia .......... E. H, BLACKMORE. INotes'‘on the Aecolothripidae mca. iuacmerselecie ae ete ianehe ce rclernrete R. C. TREHERNE. Natural Control Investigations in B. C.: Life History of the Leaf-Eating Crane Fly, Cylindrotoma spendens, Doane (Diptera, Tipulidae) ................ Dr. A. E, CAMERON. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 The following were elected to the several offices for the year 1918 :— ISDS” JORGGOKGOE? Wa ome joedn Cones F.. Kermope, Provincial Museum. ZRCSUUCTUL ME eke nae Soin R. S. SHERMAN, Vancouver, B.C. VWace-President (interior) <2. .2.-. J. W. CocKLeE, Kaslo, B.C. Wice-Presiaent i(COASt) meine on Wo. Downes, Victoria, B.C. EL OMe IN CCRCLOY-ETCASUTET 1s sila. WILLIAM HuGH, Box 20, Cloverdale, B.C. SN OKDOS OE Mord BX OHA aon Coho OSORNO Oe Messrs. BE. H. Buackmorr, R.. C. TREHERNE, G. O. Day, A. W. HANNAM, L. A. BReun. The Society offered the Vancouver Exhibition Association two prizes for the best collection of types of beneficial and injurious insects put up by school children. REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH. Since our last report was presented to our parent Society a new number of our “ Proceedings” has been issued, comprising approximately 100 pages and including considerable new data on Nova Scotian insects and the problems con- nected with their control. Another Annual Meeting was held on July 26th of the present year, when a number of papers were read by the members and a successful session was held. The speaker of the occasion was Mr. J. D. Tothill, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, who gave a paper on “ The Meaning of Natural Control.” The following officers for the year were elected :— 1EUOS KOCH), PREC UE 66.885 00 So pone & Dr. A. H. McKay, Halifax. TARTU FRE RCE es CEO .-.L. A, DEWOoLFE, Truro. SCCUCLOGY = ENE OSUTET) tetaes cies oie bre W. H. Brittain, Truro. Asst. Secretary-Treasurer ........ E. C. ALLEN, Truro. COMINMELE CRorireses oo ecko e cia aereien A. KELSALL, Annapolis Royal, and Miss AIlLEEN HENDERSON, Lawrencetown. Like all other organizations our Society has suffered many inroads in its membership on account of the war. In spite of this we have been able to keep up our members to the pre-war level and are particularly fortunate in the fact that none of our members who have gone overseas have actually lost their lives in the great struggle. With the return of peace time conditions and the removal of all hindrances to our expansion, we are hopeful of healthy, vigorous growth from now on. W. H. Brittain, Secretary. REPORTS ON INSECTS FOR THE YEAR. Division No. 3, Toronto Distrror—A. CosEns. The unusual abundance of the Monarch, Anosia plexippus, during the past two years, led me to hope that this season I could obtain a series of notes that would be of interest concerning this wide-ranging Canadian butterfly. . In looking over these notes, however, I find only a few of sufficient importance to include in this report. This was owing chiefly to the butterflies not being sufficiently numerous to prevent an ebbtide in the enthusiasm of the early part of the se#@@n. 16 THE: REPORT OF THE No. 36 Concerning the first to arrive of the migrants from the south I have made the following note :— June 15th. “ Two specimens of Anosia were seen flitting about a few milk- weed plants on the Old Belt Line, near the Humber; one of the butterflies ap- peared to be ovipositing, but the eggs could not be found.” The above apparently represents, in general, the date of the first appearance in Ontario of this butterfly, since it agrees with that noted by other observers. In 1900, Mr. C. W. Nash, Toronto, states that he saw the Monarch first on June 14th, and in 1901, Mr. J. A. Moffat, London, noted its arrival there on June 12th. While the middle of June may be taken as the average date of their arrival in this Province, there must be at least isolated butterflies that return much earlier. With reference to this ] find in my notes :— June 19th. “Mr. Martm saw, on anliwced plants, a nearly full-grown Monarch larva, also a much smaller one.” Later in the day we found the larger larva but did not get the smaller. The one we captured was one and three-fourths inches in Jength. The egg from Fig. 1—Gall produced by Neuroterus flavipes Gill on Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. ‘which this larva emerged must have been deposited the end of May or very early in June. There are noe under two other dates in June. June 24th. ‘“‘ Anosia butterflies plentiful around the milkweeds at Mimico Creek.” June 27th. ‘In the same locality as the preceding, caught three males and two female butterflies. These specimens were all much faded and worn, the wing margins were also badly torn. The butterflies were frequently mating at this time.” Nothing of interest appears to have been observed for a month, as the next note reads :— July 27. “Many M~narch butterflies ovipositing, all the specimens captured were faded and torn. Larve were frequently seen, these varied from one-half to full-grown; ten of the latter were collected.” July 30th. “Several of the larve taken on the 2%th have pupated.” With very little further feeding these larvae eventually all passed into the chrysalid stage, and all emerged, sometime between the 9th and the 22nd of August, the exact date unknown owing to absence from the city. = 1919 INTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 Although these butterflies, during the last two seasons, gave ample oppor- tunity, in this locality, of observing their congregating habits, 1 was not fortunate enough this fall to see a single flock. I wish also to report the securing of the producers from a gall on Bur Oak, VYuercus macrocarpa. ‘These producers have been kindly identified by Mir. Wm. Beutenmuller as Newroterus flavipes Gill. The gall, which is polythalamous, is an elongated, irregular swelling from the midrib of the leaf, but also extending out slightly along the veins. It is somewhat triangular in cross section. Opening on the upper surface of the leaf, from which the gall chiefly projects, are minute canals, one passing to cach larval chamber. Length of gall parallel to the axis of the midrib 10-15 mm. In all probability a revision of the Cynipidae will place this species in the genus Andricus, as it closely resembles A. piger Bassett and A. petiolicola Bassett. The former is a polythalamous gall produced by the swelling of the petiole or midrib of the Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. The latter is also located on the petiole or midrib of the leaf, but the host in this case is the White Oak, Quercus aba. It is an irregular, spherical swelling drawn out at some place on its surface into a short tapering projection. At the summit of this is an opening surrounded by a dense ring of coarse, brown trichomes. Division No. 5, PETERBOROUGH DisTrictr—F. Morris, PETERBOROUGH. My report for the present year again deals chiefly with Cerambycidae. The first series of observations made relate to the obscure little Anaglyptus, Le Conte’s Microclytus (or rather Cyrtophorus) gibbulus. This insect had been taken in considerable numbers in 1916 and 1917, feeding on choke-cherry blossom, dog- wood and spiked maple, during the first three weeks of June. In the former season the blossom was well out by June 3rd, in the latter by June 10th. This season | made my way out to the place of capture about the middle of May, and found the corner of the wood where the insect had been prevalent already in the act of falling beneath the woodman’s axe! It was too early for the blossom and there was no trace of the insect. Before paying the spot another visit, I decided to wait till the end of May. Soon after this decision, however, a hot spell brought the blossoms on with a rush, and I was dismayed on passing a woodyard in the city one day to see a shrub of choke-cherry in full bloom; next day (May 25rd) I hurried out to the “ Wood of Desire” and found the shrubs actually shedding their bloom. I had missed the height of the insect’s season. The air that day was cold, and I found only a single specimen. It was the more disappointing that I had arranged to go north over the week-end. However, on Tuesday, May 27th, I was back at the hunting ground and had the good fortune to find two or three trees of choke-cherry in a somewhat less exposed position on the margin of the wood; here I secured more than 20 of the insect, including five natural pairs secured from specimens taken home alive and mating in captivity. June proved a very poor blossoming season in our district, and almost no captures were made on dogwood, viburnum and spiked maple. Beyond a single specimen of M. gibbulus taken on dogwood on June Ist, I saw no further trace of this elusive little insect. In each of the last three years when it has been captured, the season of its prevalence has been limited to a fortnight and is practically dependent on the blossoming of the choke-cherry clusters; viz., 1916, June 4-18; 1917, June 9-24; 1918, May 20-June 1. 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 On May 24th, while at Lake Catchacoma,’ some 30 miles north of Peter- borough, I found an extraordinary number and variety of insects drawn in the hot sun to the choke-cherry clusters; besides about 10 species of Longicorn, there were a large number of species of Chrysomelians, Scarabs and Elaters; among these last, three species of Corymbites including C. hamatus and C. vernalis; but the most interesting by far to me of the day’s bag was a pair of the very handsome Cantharid, Pomphopoea aenea. Only once before had I ever seen this insect, and that was at Port Sydney towards the end of June, when I found a pair on the Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago). It is a large insect of a beautiful grey-blue-green shade and of satiny texture; the antennae biack, and the legs orange-yellow with black knees and feet. Of the species I am not quite sure; Dr. Bethune who kindly identified the earlier capture thought it P. sayi, but according to Blatchley the yellow and black legs belong to P. aenea. This had been 1909, for it was just a few weeks before Dr. Brodie’s death, with whom I was staying in North Muskoka at the time. On the first of June I captured two specimens of the so-called Currant-borer (Psenocerus supernotatus) settling on a newly fallen poplar stem. On June 10th while ranging about a tamarac swamp for Pyrola and Cypripedium, I had the good fortune to capture a breeding pair of Tetropium cinnamopterum resting in the shadow on the underside of a recent windfall of white spruce, the only tree I have ever captured this insect on. On June 15th—rather an early record— while foraging about at the “ Wood of Desire,” I spied a specimen of Desmocerus palliatus, flying from a small clump of the late elder; examination of the shrubs led to the capture of a dozen of these handsome borers; they had evidently just emerged and were crawling up into the sunlight from the stems, a few were already pairing and taken at rest on the underside of the foliage. A specimen of Goes oculatus was taken the same day on newly fallen poplar. On June 18th, while exploring a very rich corner of tamarac swamp, I made two finds especially that awoke happy memories; after an interval of 19 years, I found again that local rarity among the orchids, Orchis rotundifolia, and on the swamp Valerian— just as three years before near Trenton—I found Leptura chrysocoma feeding on pollen. Between June 18th and 20th, I took three specimens of this beetle always among tamaracs. On June 25th, I captured a specimen of Saperda tridentata on an elm log, and on a large billet of poplar in a woodpile, a pair of Pogonochaerus mixtus. On June 29th and 30th, during a short stay in Port Hope, I paid a visit to some woods four miles north where a season or two before the woodman’s axe had been very busy—far too busy, for every windstorm since has taken heavy toll of the surviving timber. The work of tramping in hot sunshine through bush, and stumbling or slipping on hidden logs and stumps was very exhausting, but a number of interesting captures were made. Among these, one Leptura zebra on the sheaf of foliage about an oak stump, five Neoclytus erythrocephalus taken running on the trunk and limbs or two fallen trees, a basswood and a butternut, one Clytus marginicollis on white pine, three Physocnemum brevilineum on fallen elm, three Leptostylus sea-guttatus in brush-heaps of white pine, one Leptostylus macula on basswood, one Goes oculatus and one Urographis fasciatus, both resting on the underside of a lodged trunk of maple, three Hoplosia nubila on basswood, two Lepturges symmetricus and one Hupogonius subarmatus on a recent windfall of basswood. On July 4th a trip from Peterborough to the “ Wood of Desire ” proved very 4 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 successful: among other captures, two Liopus variegatus on fallen poplar, one Lepturges querci: on sumac, one Xylotrechus undulatus on spruce, two Desmocerus palliatus from the same little clump of late elder as had yielded several captures nearly three weeks earlier, two Oberea tripunctata and one very small and faintly marked specimen of Clytanthus ruricola on raspberry foliage. Next day, on a dead branch of sumac I took a specimen of Neoclytus erythrocephalus. On July 6th I took a specimen of Hoplosia nubila near Chemong from the same dead limb of basswood as yielded over a score last season. On July 8th, three Liopus alpha from dead or dying sumac branches, On July 11th in the heart of a large tamarac swamp on various blossoms including yarrow, daisies and fleabane (feeding on pollen in the hottest of sunshine) 19 Leptura chrysocoma, and on the edge of the swamp in milkweed blossom, three Typocerus velutinus and two T. zebratus; I strongly suspect LD. chrysocoma to bore in the tamarac, for I have never found it far from that tree. On July 17th, I took fifteen 7. zebratus on blossom of sumac and milkweed, and one Leptostylus macula on a dying branch of sumac. On July 18th, while with a brother botanist on a corduroy road in a tamarac swamp north of Bethany, I noticed a strange butterfly that at first I took for a fritillary or silver-spot; on capture it proved to be the very beautiful “ Baltimore,” Melitaea phaeton. Investigation in September showed a plentiful growth at the roadside of Chelone glabra or Turtlehead, the food plant of this insect’s larva. On July 20th, I paid a farewell visit to the “ Wood of Desire” before going north to camp in the Algonquin Park. The day was spent following in the wake of the axe; here were taken, running on white pine logs that lay scorching in the sun, three Neoclytus muricatulus (including a mating pair); one Urographis fasciatus resting on foliage of a basswood stump; Lepturges pictus on a dying branch of basswood; these were all in the open or on the edge of the wood; in the depths among a confusion of felled hemlock, spruce and balsam, I took two Leptura subhamata and three Xylotrechus undulatus all on spruce. The active collecting for the season came to an end between July 27th and August 3rd in the Park with the capture of some Leptura canadensis and four specimens of Leptura biforis, taken in flight about our little camp clearing on Big Island in Cache Lake. Division No. 6, Essex District—J. W. Nosie, DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Essex, ONT. ATTACKING FieLp Crops. Wireworms, white grubs, cutworms, grasshoppers, crickets. Considerable damage was done in the spring by white grubs to straw- berry beds, wireworms to potatoes, cutworms to cabbage and tobacco plants, espe- cially to the latter; a considerable acreage of tobacco had to be replanted on account of the ravages of the cutworm. In July owing to the very hot weather we had more trouble with grasshoppers and crickets than has been experienced in this county for some years. Grasshoppers stripped considerable vegetation but largely confined their energy to cutting binder twine after the sheaves had been tied. Many reports have been received in some instances where crickets and grasshoppers had destroyed binder twine in wholesale quantities. Clover seed midge was reported from a number of fields, but is not believed to be common throughout the county. Hessian fly: some reports of injury during fall of 1918. ATTACKING Fruit Trees. Codling Moth very plentiful especially in uncared for orchards; considerable damage done in orchards that had not been sprayed, about three broods reported in many instances. 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Plum Curculio very plentiful in plum orchards this season, considerable damage to apples. San José Seale appears to be considerably winter killed during severe winter of January, 1918, still quite plentiful in uncared for orchards. Tent caterpillar not common, few nests seen. Fall webworms rather plentiful. Aphids. Considerable damage to tree fruits, very effectively controlled by tobacco decoction. Peach tree borer very plentiful especially on trees which winter killed last winter, Apple Maggot noticeably plentiful in one orchard, very little damage on the whole. Fruits AND VuceraBLes. Melon aphid and cucumber aphid again this season accounted for a great loss among the cucumber and melon growers hut after the experience of last year a great many fields were saved by early spraying, tobacco decoction being the most popular remedy. Onion thrips very plentiful in the Pelee marsh, no remedy as yet found satisfactory. Onion root maggot again very plentiful, considerable acreage lost. Asparagus beetles plentiful but as the acreage is limited very little reported. Capsids were considered by Dr. Bethune to have been the cause of white spots appearing on the early tomato crop. Upon careful examination no insects were found and no cause could be located. It occurred in two fields and accounted for considerable loss. Squash bugs and cucumber beetles. Considerable loss to the pickle growers resulted from these insects. Trapping was tried but with little success, application of a repellant seemed to have only partial results. treenhouse Insects. Greenhouse men experienced considerable trouble during the winter of 1917-18 with greenhouse white fly and with aphids. Nematodes were also plentiful. The best growers, however, practised soil sterilization and occasionally fumigated with hydrocyanie gas. THe Presipenr: IT shall now ask Father Leopold to read his paper on “ EKeonomic Entomology in Quebec.” Fatuer Leopotp: Mr. President, I was so anxious to secure further informa- tion on spraying that I did not prepare a paper but a series of questions which I hope you and other entomologists who have been studying spray mixtures will answer. I believe this will be of more value than my paper would have been. My questions are :— 1. What spray mixtures should I recommend to our people next year for apple orchards? , 2. Is it true that Bordeaux mixture causes very great injury by russeting the fruit? If so, which application causes most of the russeting? 3. What recommendations should be made in regard to dusting ? Tur Presment: As neither Mr. Sanders nor Prof. Brittain are here from Nova Scotia I shall ask Dr. Hewitt to tell us something about Mr, Sanders’ results and what he intends to recommend this year in Nova Scotia. Dr. Hewirr: I cannot, of course, respond to your request with as much satisfaction to those who are interested in this subject as Mr. Sanders would have been able to give had he been here. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . é 21 Owing to what appears to be an injurious effect of lime sulphur in reducing the — crop of apples in Nova Scotia, Mr. Sanders turned his attention to Bordeaux mixture which had been almost entirely given up in favor of lime sulphur as the fungicide in apple spraying. While it is, of course, not our function to investigate fungicides we were compelled to study them as carriers of insecticides. In Nova Scotia there is not the same demand for a scale destroying spray such as lime sulphur as in Ontario owing to the absence of San José Scale, the existence of which insect was chiefly responsible for the adoption of lime sulphur in other parts of the country. Coupled with the scalicide properties of lime sulphur was its easy preparation and the powerful advocacy of the manufacturers. We found that when Bordeaux was substituted for lime sulphur in certain of the sprays we obtained better results both from the point of view of production and condition of the foliage; we also found that the trouble of russeting could be obviated by not using Bordeaux in the third spray, that is, the spray when the blossom petals have fallen which is apparently the period when the setting fruit is most susceptible to the Bordeaux injury. In view of the excellent results that we obtained in our experimental plots and that have been obtained by some of the more prominent fruit growers in Nova Scotia, we are recommending the use of Bordeaux mixture instead of lime sulphur in the first, second and fourth sprays. In the third spray we find that sodium polysulphide has given us the best results. As an insecticide we are recommending in each spray the use of arsenate of lime. We have felt that far too little is known with regard to the chemistry and bio-chemistry of spraying. Spray mixtures have often been recommended without a careful study of their chemical constitution or of their effect on foliage, fruit or insects. Accordingly, we are now making a very careful study of the chemical nature of the different compounds that result from mixing various insecticides with fungicides and of the effect of such compounds on the trees and on the insects that they are expected to destroy. By these means we hope to secure exact data that will enable us to experiment to better advantage and to secure results of real value. But after all, I feel that the ultimate test will be made by the fruit grower who will be the best judge as to the sprays giving the best results, and after having carried out our investigations to the best of our ability we shall have to be content to leave the matter in the hands of the grower. If we can demonstrate to him the superiority of one spray over another he is generally willing to be convinced and to act according to our advice. Further, it is a mistake to assume that a spray combination that is the best in one fruit growing section of the country will be the best in another. Spraying systems must be worked out to suit the various localities. The day of the universal spray calendar has long passed and for this reason we are endeavoring to study our spraying problems locally. ProF, Caesar: T shall briefly answer Father Leopold’s questions and then ask Prof. Parrott to give us the benefit of his experiments in New York State. I myself intend to recommend as usual lime-sulphur for the first spray, that is the one given either before or as the buds are bursting or just after they have burst. For the second spray, the one just before the blossoms burst, I shall recom- mend either lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 35 gallons of water, or Bordeaux mixture. 4.4.40, and to each of these either arsenate of lead or arsenate of lime. For eo 2 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 the third application, the one just after the blossoms have fallen, I shall recom- mend lime-sulphur 1 gallon to 40 gallons of water, and the usual amount of arsenate of lead. At present I do not feel like advising against the substitution of arsenate of lime for arsenate of lead with lime-sulphur, though I am not yet convinced that it is so safe. A warning, however, should be given, that some brands of arsenate of lime are much inferior to others and much less safe. In a very wet period I should prefer Bordeaux to lime-sulphur for the spray just before bloom, because it will remain on the trees longer and thus keep off scab longer than lime-sulphur. I do not recommend it for the third application because it russets the fruit, some years very badly and every year to some extent. As to the dropping of fruit which follows later applications of lime-sulphur in Nova Scotia, this has not taken place in Ontario in my own or any other person’s experiments that I am aware of. I believe the difference in climate between the two Provinces accounts for the different results obtained. As to the dust method of treating orchards, I do not intend to recommend it for the present. I have obtained good results from it myself but the fruit growers do not succeed well with it. They also object to the cost. The new spray guns have made them much better satisfied with liquid sprays. Pror, Parrorr: In our State I believe we have more pests to combat than you have in your fruit growing sections. We have San José Scale, and use lime- sulphur because it is cheap and nearly fool-proof from the standpoint of the farmer. We have the Pear Psylla, which is a very common pest in our pear growing sections, and we rely on lime-sulphur to combat that insect; and we have the various mites which are held in check by sulphur sprays. Considered from the standpoint of the dormant application we have to consider some spray mixture which will handle those particular pests. Our change from Bordeaux to lime-sulphur was brought about by the attitude of our fruit growers. There was a period in the °90’s and ten or fifteen years ago when growers suffered severe injury from Bordeaux mixture. As a result of this injury the farmers swung over to the use of the lme-sulphur, because the fruit presented so much better an appearance from its use. As far as New York is concerned (and I think I am safe in speaking for the men at Cornell as well of those of the New York Experiment Station) we would not dare to recommend Bordeaux to apple growers in our State; it causes too much injury. I have been very much interested in the question of dropping of fruit. It seems to me it is one of the points which should be looked into. For two years we have carried on comparative experiments with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, and in 1917 we had a larger drop on the check trees than on those sprayed with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead or Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead. We tested nine brands of calcium arsenate this summer and also tested a formula given by our Federal Government for home-made calcium arsenate. In the work on the station grounds we had no injury, not even yellowing, in any plot sprayed with a commercial brand, notwithstanding the fact that we gave all four applications. We had, however, serious yellowing following the second applica- tion of the home-made preparation. A point was made in regard to dusting. There is involved a consideration of the fact that in certain districts of New York the red bugs are a most injurious pest. We have no contact dusting material which favorably controls them. I doubt whether dusting will get very much encouragement the coming season. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. W. A. Ross, Dominion ENToMoLocicaL LAaBoraATory, VINELAND STATION, ONT., AND L. Cazsar, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. ORCHARD INSECTs. San Josk ScaLe (Aspidiotus perniciosus). The severe winter of 1917-18 destroyed a very high percentage of the scale. Inspectors from all scale districts report less of this insect this year than for many years. In two Woodstock orchards infested for at least the past ten years, it has, so far as the Provincial Inspector could judge, completely disappeared, no live scale being found on fruit or branches in October. GREEN APPLE APHIS (Aphis pomi). During the summer there was a wide- spread outbreak of the Green Apple Aphis. In most orchards the infestation did not attain serious proportions until about mid-July, and from then on it was somewhat rapidly brought under control by hot, dry weather and by insect enemies, until by the second week of August comparatively few aphids were left on the trees. In most cases no great damage was caused by the aphis apart from coating the fruit with the sooty honeydew fungus. Fortunately, most of this was washed off before picking time by heavy rains. Wuite-MARKED Tussock Morn (Hemerocampa leucostigma). In view of the abundance of the tussock moth egg masses on orchard trees last fall, the out- break of this season came as no surprise. Apple and plum orchards throughout the Niagara District and Western Ontario were badly infested and much damage was done to the fruit. Fortunately for all concerned, the tussocks were parasitized so heavily by hymenopterous and tachinid parasites that only an insignificant number reached the adult stage. We can safely look forward to next year as a season of com- parative immunity from this pest. Pear AND CHERRY SLuG (Caliroa cerasi). During June and July, cherry, pear and plum trees in various parts of the Province were seriously injured by this insect. In many orchards the foliage, particularly of sour cherry trees, was almost wholly destroyed. At picking time much of the fruit on badly infestcd sour cherry trees was wizened, slug-eaten and unfit for sale. A very large percentage of the second generation eggs were destroyed by a minute parasite, Trichogramma minutum Riley.* Pear Psyiua (Psylla pyricola). This pest was again very abundant in various pear orchards from Burlington to the Niagara River. It is worth while recording here that large numbers of trees which had been seriously injured by pear psylla in preceding seasons succumbed to the low temperatures of last winter. Fruit Tree Lear-rouuEr (Tortrix argyrospila). This insect has apparently almost completely disappeared east of Toronto, but there are some indications that it may be on the increase in the south-western part of the Province. At Simcoe, it caused considerable loss to Greenings. At-Ancaster, there are a good many egg masses, indicating that in this locality sha will likely be considerable injury from the leaf roller next year. *Species determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. 24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Cuerry Fruir Furs (Rhagoletis cingulata and fausta). In the Burlington and Niagara Districts, the crop in some unsprayed orchards of Montmorency and Morello cherries was a complete loss because of the large percentage of wormy fruit. The severe losses caused by the fruit flies last year induced nearly all the larger growers to spray this season. No sweetening was used, and in many cases a fungicide was added to the poison without detriment to the efficiency of the treatment. A braconid parasite, Opius ferruginea Gahan,* was found in fairly large numbers ovipositing in maggot-infested fruit in an orchard near Jordan, and in another orchard at Burlington. The same species was bred from wormy cherries in late August and early September. Bup Morn (T7'metocera ocellana). East of Toronto and in parts of Western Ontario, the bud moth was very prevalent this spring. Lesser AppLe Lear-ro“uer (Alceris minuta). In September, a farmer of Bruce County wrote for information about a caterpillar that folded apple leaves over and fastened the edges together. Specimens were asked for but when he went to gather them on October 29th, he found the larve had deserted the leaves. This fact and the description given of the caterpillar and its work indicate almost without doubt that the species was Alceris minuta. The farmer stated that almost every leaf in the orchard was folded. The Lesser Apple Leaf Roller is not common in Ontario. THe Rep-HuMPED APPLE Worm (Schizura concinna), the YELLOW-NECKED AppLE CarerPILuar (Datana ministra), and the Fatt Wresworm (Hyphantria cunea) were prevalent in the Niagara and Burlington districts. THE Pear Turips (Taeniothrips inconsequens). This species, hitherto un- recorded in Ontario, was taken on pear trees last spring in a large orchard near Beamsville. Fortunately, the thrips was present im very small numbers and apparently was not causing any appreciable injury. It is highly probable that this insect has been present in the Niagara district for a number of years and has not been observed heretofore simply because it has never assumed economic importance. Insects InNguRIOUS TO SMALL FRUITs. BLACKBERRY Lear-miner (Metallus bethunei or M. rubi). This miner, though very abundant last year, was even more abundant this year. Practically every leaf in several plantations had from one to fifty mines, and nearly all the older and lower leaves died and fell off in late July and early August. These were replaced by new foliage which in turn became mined in September. All efforts to control the insect failed. In experiments conducted at Burlington large numbers of adults were poisoned by spraying the leaves with sweetened arsenate of lead. It was found, however, that to be effective the spray would have to be applied daily for almost a month because the adults continued to emerge for about that long, and they were found to feed only upon the mixture before it dried, paying no attention to it after this. In experiments with contact insecticides the sawflies were easily hit but even when drenched with -kerosene emulsion, usual summer strength, or with whale oil soap 1 Ib. to 4 gals., they recovered as soon as dry and were quite uninjured. : *Species determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2 or Last year many parasites were present but this year there were very few cases of parasitism seen. STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). This species was unusually destructive in Halton County and in the Niagara district. In many strawberry plantations, especially in those adjoining wood-lots, from 80 per cent. to 50 per cent. of the crop was destroyed by this pest. In a strawberry plantation at Vineland the depredations of the weevil were apparently completely checked by a heavy application of sulphur and arsenate of lead dust (80 parts of sulphur, 10 parts arsenate of lead, 10 parts filler). StrAwBERRY LEAF-ROLLER (Ancylis comptana). At Buriingtcn on July 25th many strawberry leaves were found infested with this roller and numerous moths could be seen flying over the plants late in the evening. All stages of the insect—eges, larvee, pupe and adults—were to be found at that date. Com- paratively little injury was done. Growers say that the insect, although common for years, has not caused much loss. Rep Sper (Tetranychus bimaculatus or T. telarius). During the latter part of July raspberry bushes in the Vineland district were seriously injured by the red spider. INsEcTs INJuRIOUS To TRUCK CROPs. Caspace Root-maceor (Chortophila brassicae). This pest has seldom been more destructive to cabbage, cauliflower and radish than it was this year. Com- plaints were received concerning it from all parts of the Province. In Carleton County considerable loss was caused on some farms by the maggots attacking and destroying young turnips. Onton Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). This insect, though not so abundant as the cabbage root-maggot, was present in considerable numbers in many localities. Srep Corn Maceor (Chortophila fusciceps). Not nearly so many complaints of injury to beans from this maggot were received this year as last. Seed potatoes in the vicinity of Brantford were badly attacked. A few complaints of injury to beans, seed corn, and potatoes were received from other districts. Cappace Worm (Pontia rapae). In the Niagara district this pest was unusually abundant. Beer Lear-mMineER (Chortophila vicina). Numerous mines caused by this miner were seen at Guelph and Burlington on beets and a considerable number on mangels. On July 2nd many eggs were to be seen on the under surface of the leaves. Nearly all these eggs or the maggots from them must have perished, for very few mines were observed after that date. Parsnip WeEBworM (Depressaria heracliana). This species was decidedly destructive to the parsnip seed crop in parts of Western Ontario, and at Guelph and Vineland. Carrot Rust Fry (Psila rosae). Specimens of carrots injured by this fly were received from Guelph, Fergus, Toronto, Shelburne, St. Mary’s and Listowel. Curworms: Corn and garden crops suffered to a considerable extent from cutworm injury. . INsEcts INJuRIOUS To FIELD. CROPS. For the most part, field crops were injured very little by insects. Wueat Insects. The Wheat Midge (Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin) which caused so much alarm in 1917 was not at all abundant this year. In rearing 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 cages at the Vineland Station Entomological Laboratory, adult midges emerged from June 18th to July 4th, most of them coming out about June 23rd and 24th. While looking into the wheat midge situation, a slight amount of Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor) injury was noticed near Ridgeway, Welland County, and in two wheat fields near Beamsville, the Wheat Joint Worm (Isosoma tritict) in considerable numbers was found at work. Wireworms. According to Mr. H. F. Hudson, the oat crop in Caradoc, Middlesex, was seriously injured by the wireworm, Agriotes mancus. MISCELLANEOUS PESTS. Warste Fry (Hypoderma bovis). Numerous complaints of cattle gadding were received. Farmers who had not previously seen their cattle stampeded in this way and who learned that a fly was the cause, became much alarmed lest the pest should increase. It looks as if Hypoderma bovis were becoming more abundant and more widely distributed through the Province. In some districts, however, it does not seem to be present yet, for stock men in these claim they never saw their cattle gadding. Rose Mriper (Dasyneura rhodophaga). This undesirable alien, already well established in a large rose garden near London and in Toronto greenhouses, has invaded another part of Ontario, viz., Port Dover, where it was found this year at work in Messrs. Ivey & Sons’ greenhouses. In order to prevent the further spread of the midge, the following recom- mendations have been made to florists :— (1) Whenever possible, growers should propagate their own roses. (2) New stock should be obtained from non-infested greenhouses. (3) Rose plants and scions purchased through commission houses or from places not known to be free of midge, should be imported before the end of February. This recommendation is made because such stock, provided it has been planted in November or December, will not have been exposed to infection. (4) Greenhouse roses brought in later than the end of February should be carefully examined for rose midge injury, and any infested plants should be destroyed. In addition to this, the soil should be washed off the roots of the plants and should then be thrown into the furnace or scalded with hot water or steam. Rose Lear-ronLer (Cacoecia rosaceana). During March this insect was remarkably abundant on roses in a Toronto greenhouse. NeMarTopEs. Cyclamen were seriously injured by Nematodes in a Hamilton greenhouse. The species concerned was not determined. CuerMEs. The galls made by C. abietis and C. similis were more conspicuous on spruce trees this season than they have been for several years. Lapysirp BEETLES. Coccinella 9-notata and Adalia bipunctata were remark- ably common this year. The latter species was very frequently found in large num- bers this fall in dwelling houses in the Niagara district. Powper Post BEETLES (Lyctus striatus). This beetle was found infesting and seriously injuring oak floors, base-boards, and an oak cupboard in a Vineland house. Some of the wood in the cupboard was badly worm-eaten. A species of Lyctus was also found injuring woodwork in a church in Hamilton. Pror. Parrorr: I should like to hear from Mr. Ross regarding the dis- tribution of the pear thrips. We find it both on pears and apples in Western New York. So far, it has only been injurious with us in the Hudson River 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 27 SoS ee eee eee Valley. There it is very destructive and is found in varying numbers from season to season. | Mr. Ross: This season I found the thrips only on pear and in only one locality—Beamsville. Next year I am going to look into the question of dis- tribution more thoroughly. I should like to ask Mr. Davis if he can tell us anything about the Rose Midge. Mr. Davis: I cannot tell you any more than what little I have published. Mr. Ross: Do you know if it occurs all over the United States ? Mr. Davis: Everywhere east of the Mississippi River. In connection with the control of the midge, what you and others have published is all that is known concerning it. Mr. Ross: Mr. Sasscer of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology obtained absolute control in a Baltimore greenhouse by fumigating with tobacco smoke and at the same time covering the soil with tobacco dust. He fumigated the house as long as the adults were seen. He also sprayed the sidewalks with kerosene emulsion INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN QUEBEC DISTRICT, 1918. GEO. MAHEUX, QUEBEC. The summer of 1918 may be considered normal, as regards the insects injurious to cultivated plants. We did not have to register any real plague, and the common insects only appeared in rather small numbers. Only one pest appeared to have increased in numbers, and this one has worked more damage than usual in this district; it is the potato flea beetle, Hpitrix cucumeris Harr. On the other hand, the Colorado potato beetle, although well represented, “shows a decrease compared with 1917. Certain districts in the northern part of the Province, such as the Lake St. John district, were visited by only a few individuals. It is advisable to note here that if the severe winter we have had has contributed to the partial bankruptcy of the multiplication of pests, it is equally important to emphasize the fact that for two or three years the use of insecticides and sprayers has spread considerably. Moreover, the inquiries we are receiving throughout the summer from farmers, and which are continually increasing, show the importance that the latter now attach to the question of the protection of plants. We consider as a remarkable improvement the fact that at least 80 per cent. of farmers use an efficient insecticide for their potatoes. The sale of sprayers yearly increases in a wonderful manner, and before long the great majority of farmers will own a good spraying machine. The potato flea beetle, Epitriz cucumeris Harr., bored through the leaves of tomato plants as well as potatoes, but the other vegetables only suffered an occasional injury. Poison sprays check them rapidly. The various Cruciferae of our gardens have had to stand the attacks of numberless cabbage worms (Pieris rapae L.). It was, without any doubt, the most injurious pest of the season. Much difficulty was experienced to gather cabbages and cauliflowers that were not infested. The cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouché) like the cutworms, caused only insignificant damage. In most of the war gardens, which had been fallow lands for a long time, potatoes were injured by white grubs (Lachnosterna sp.); 10 per cent. of the crop was spoiled for this reason. eo oa) THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In a few places, the Zebra caterpillar (Ceramica picta Warr.), the corn maggot (Phorbia fusciceps Zett.), the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum 1.) made them- selves known, but without causing any serious loss. Aside from injurious insects, slugs showed up in large numbers and worked considerable havoc in bean crops, which failed in many districts. The only insect on fruit shrubs worth mentioning was the imported currant worm (Pteronus ribesti Scop.), which destroyed a number of currant and. goose- berry bushes. On the other hand, the currant aphis (Myzus ribis Linn.), which was very numerous last year, was hardly represented this year. Satisfactory conditions prevailed in orchards; very few apple aphis, a few caterpillars,Datana ministra Dru., Schizura concinna 8. & A., and Hemerocampa leucostigma 5. & A., the latter being the most numerous. As regards the rest, condi- tions were about normal. A good many tussock moth caterpillars were noticed on ornamental trees, as well as a few spiny elm caterpillars (Vanessa antiopa). APHIDS; THEIR HUMAN. INTEREST. A. C. Baker, WASHINGTON, D.C. The aphids, or as they are commonly called, plant lice, are among the most interesting of all insect forms. Their importance from several standpoints only adds to the interest which their peculiar habits arouse and their wide distribution and abundance force them on the attention of all those who are in any way interested in plant growth. Thus the early philosophers were attracted by these curious insects and were at a loss to understand their origin. Some claimed they were engendered of the dew, others that they developed from the waste products of ants. The galls produced on plants by certain species are among the principal ingredients in the manufacture of inks and dyes. Galls of Melaphis chinensis are known on the market as nut galls or Chinese galls, and are used almost exclusively in some of the secret methods of sealskin dyeing. The trade in these galls alone reaches into the millions of dollars annually. The galls of this species were known and used by the Chinese many years before Europe learned of them and a rather extensive account is given in the Pen tsao kang mu. They are gathered, steamed and dried and are then ready for shipment. Galls of certain species of Pemphigus have been used for many years in Syria, China, ete., for the preparation of bright colored dyes for the fine silks which we value so highly, and these galls are listed on the market at a high figure. Some of the better known ones have been imported into this country and Europe but a large number of species remain yet unstudied and the uses to which their galls may be put are as yet unknown. Most species produce in large quantities the substance known as honeydew. This is merely the excrement of the aphids, and not, as is very often supposed, a secretion of the cornicles or so called honey tubes. This substance has been known for many centuries, but its origin was in the early days not understood. Pliny speaks of it as the sweat of heaven or the saliva of the stars, and it was not until fairly recent times that its true nature was made known. The sub- stance was gathered, however, in large quantities. The Arabs used it on their cakes much as we have all used honey in our boyhood days, and it is used in parts of the world as a medicine. In France it has been employed by the peasants 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 in diseases of the chest, and it has also been claimed to cure certain affections of the eyes. In Italy it has been used as a salve for the treatment of wounds and sores. Honeydew is gathered and stored in large quantities by bees at certain seasons of the year when the nectar flow is low. While this is a disadvantage to the beekeeper in that he can not dispose of it, under the present laws, as pure honey it has the advantage of making available, with little expense,. large quantities of honeydew. At present in this country the honeydew thus secured is nearly all used by our bakers in the making of cakes, etc. It is, however, a source of some of our rare laboratory compounds, and no doubt in the future will be used in the manufacture of products formerly imported at a high price, for it is available in large amounts. It is interesting to note that the cornicles were so long associated with honeydew. Morren* even claimed that they were employed in giving nourishment to the newly born young much in the way that the mammary glands supply nourishment to young mammals, In recent years aphids have been associated with the transmission of im- portant plant diseases. Prof. D. H. Jones* early indicated by his experiments that aphids are one of the factors in the transmission of pear blight. In connec- tion with disease like mosaic and spinach-bhght apids have been credited with an important role but the study of the relation of these insects to plant diseases is as yet in its infancy. It is claimed by some workers that large numbers of certain aphid species on forage plants are responsible for the injuring of cattle. In China and other eastern countries, on the other hand, some of the galls have been employed as food and as native medicines. In medicine they are employed chiefly as astringents, although they have also been used in other ways. The relations between ants and aphids have been a favorite subject of study. In return for the honeydew many ants take great care of aphid colonies, building shelters for them, protecting them from their enemies and transferring them when necessary to new feeding grounds. Some even carry the young above ground during the warm sunny hours in spring and return them to their nests for the night. The writer has supplied ants with several hundred wingless aphids and watched these insects distribute them over the most tender feeding areas of a young tree there to start new colonies. The peculiar habits of the species afford a field of study paralleled in few other groups. Alternation of hosts is commonly met with, and this habit adds to the difficulty of tracing life cycles. Some species on their primary hosts are remarkably different in structure from the same species on their alternate hosts. The writer has found that if species can be made to live on one host, forms which normally show characters associated with a secondary host will develop the characters, in part at least, of the forms occurring on the primary host. Thus races may be reared which have a definite relation to a given host and quite a definite structure. In some cases these races become more or less fixed after long periods, and it is with the greatest difficulty that they are again established on their original hosts. When this is done they ultimately reassume the characters associated with their original hosts. The presence of winged and wingless forms has given rise to studies on wing production. This subject has been attacked from several standpoints. The 1Morren, Chas.—Ann. des Sciences Nat., 1836. 2 Jones, D. ‘H.—Bull. Ont. Agr, Coll. ~ 30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 occurrence of definite intermediate forms was pointed out by W. F. Turner® and the writer. These forms retain the wings in a more or less rudimentary condition and they tend to lose also the other characters which are assocrated with the winged form. In some species ike Aphis pomi DeGeer, it is possible to rear an almost pure apterous line and a line with a high percentage of winged forms. It is noteworthy that in certain aphid groups it is impossible to rear apterous forms while in the more specialized groups the winged forms are often absent for many generations. Sometimes a species may be reared for 100 or more generations without a winged insect appearing. It is thus evident that in the family nature has eliminated the wings to a large extent in the specialized groups. Search has been made for the controlling’ factor here and several different ones have been claimed. Ewing* worked from the standpoint of temperature and in Aphis pruntfoliae Fitch (avenae of authors) was able to control the winged condition by varying the temperature. This species is one like pomit in which both winged and wingless forms are common. Ewing also obtained inter- mediates (calling them paedogenetic nymphs), adults between the winged and apterous condition. Several factors were not considered in his experiments. The affect of varied temperature on the availability of food and its nature when avail- able was not ascertained and the genealogy of the specimens tested was apparently not considered. Gregory’ worked with Macrosiphum pisi L., and obtained control by varying the food in the previous generation. With insects from different regions, however, she obtained slightly different results. Her experiments were conducted without a definite temperature control and without considering the descent of her insects. Shinji® has made experiments in feeding different chemicals to aphids and finds that he can define two groups of compounds one of which will result in the development of a high percentage of winged forms and the other of which will prevent wing development. His work follows that of Clark’ and is very interest- ing. It is noteworthy, however, that his experiments as recorded were conducted almost altogether during fall, winter or spring, and he gives no records of the ancestry of the specimens whereby we can judge of the percentage of winged or apterous forms which would normally be expected from the individuals treated. The writer has found that in some cases the offspring of an individual will be nearly all winged or apterous at the beginning of the period of reproduction. and the reverse toward the end of the period. It is important to remember that Shinji was unable to produce any apterous forms in the aphid groups which have not yet eliminated the wings. That is, the ancestry of these forms was more important than his wing preventing substances. On the other hand, in groups which are nearly all apterous he did not experiment with his wing producing substances. It is curious that tannin is listed as preventing wing development and yet several species develop wings while feeding on galls containing 60 per cent. of tannic acid. On the other hand, sugar is given as a wing producing substance and yet the writer has reared an apterous line of Hriosoma lanigera for two years on galls containing an abundance of sugar. That Shinji overlooked some factors is evident for he says “ Macrosiphum rosae also produced alate forms 3Turner & Baker—Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., XVII, No. 1, 1915. 4Bwing, H. E—Biol. Bull., XXXI, No. 2, 1916. ’> Gregory, Louise H.—Biol. Bull., XXXIII, No. 4, 1917. * Shinji, George O.—Biol. Bull., XXXV, No. 2, 1918. 7Clark, W, T.—Journ. Tech., U. of Cal., I, No. 3, 1903. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 even on a relatively younger shoot but it is utterly impossible to raise winged Myzus persicae on a similar host without the application of a wing developing substance.” The writer has reared very large numbers of persicae on just such an host without the application of any such substance, and has repeatedly obtained 90 to 100 per cent. winged. But this was where winged forms would be expected in the line in large numbers. The peculiar life histories of members of this superfamily have led to studies on the predetermination of sex. Morgan,* for example, has shown that in Phylloxera caryaecaulis there are two types of males depending on the fate of one of the small sex chromosomes when the polar body is about to be produced. Each of these males thus produces a different-type of spermatozéon, one female producing and one male producing. If the sexual egg is fertilized by the female producing spermatozéon the resulting stem mother will give rise to the line which results in the sexual female. If it is fertilized by the male producing spermatozéon the resulting stem mother will give rise to a line which results in the production of the male. It is thus seen why we have two types of stem mothers, one giving the large egg migrants and the other small ege migrants. The production of plant galls by aphids has given rise to studies on these modifications of plant tissues and attempts to determine the factors at work. In some instances it has been claimed that the agent might be an enzyme present in the saliva for in such galls as those of Hriosoma lanigera the normal starch is replaced by sugar. The gall makers, too, have led to observations on the sensory organs of aphids. Those species which inhabit galls as well as many of the subterranean species have larger and more prominent sensoria on the antennae than have other species. These are in striking contrast to the sensoria on the antennae of the solitary and free-living forms. The gall formers and subterranean forms also have a larger number of Hicks organs or olfactory pores on the wings than do the solitary species. Much interesting work has been done on the relation between aphids and their parasites, both animal and plant, and their predators. It is claimed by some workers that certain lower forms are associated with aphids in a commen- salistic relationship’ and may be even passed from one generation to the next through the egg. Many of the parasites so reduce the numbers of aphids that a species otherwise very destructive need scarcely be considered. Finally certain aphids are among the most’ injurious species of insects with which the farmer has to deal. The woolly apple aphis for example, had become so important even in 1832 that the Académie de Rouen offered a gold medal for the working out of its life history. The outbreaks of Toroptera graminum in the grain growing areas of the world have done enormous damage and it is only necessary to watch the exchanges to see the influence this one insect sometimes has in the business world. In one outbreak according to Rondani the swarms of aphids appeared like dark clouds and later their dead bodies covered all the streets of the city. It is thus seen that aphids have a very vital human interest. They supply materials worth much to the arts. They furnish certain quantities of food. And they have given the clews which have resulted in the working out of im- portant biological problems. On the other hand they contribute some of our worst enemies of agriculture. But in our fight against these species we are aided by natural factors without which many of our important crops would he impossible. ® Morgan, T. H.—Journ. Exp. Zool., XIX, No. 3, 1915. © es Qe THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THE PRESIDENT: I am glad Dr. Baker sent us this paper. It is one I am sure all of us will be glad to read over at our leisure. I should lke to ask Dr. Matheson if the woolly aphis is of much importance in New York State. In Ontario it is certainly of minor importance. Dr. MatrHeson: I hesitate to answer your question for New York State, for I have not done very much on the woolly aphis. I do not think it is a very important factor except in some nurseries on sandy areas. Pror, PArrorr: Dr. Matheson has expressed the economic status of the insect so far as New York is concerned. Our attention to the work of the woolly aphis is usually called by its presence in young orchards of five, six or seven years’ of age which have not received any spraying. This refers to the aerial and not the root form. It is very seldom our attention is called to its work on the roots of nursery trees. From our correspondence it does not appear to attract a great deal of attention. I think we owe a great deal to the entomologists of Canada for the work which has been done on the cherry aphis. J am referring particularly to the work of Mr. Ross on the ultimate hosts of the insect. This has been a great aid in our studies. Pror, Brirrain: The woolly aphis is- of practically no importance in Nova Scotia. THE PRESIDENT: I think we in Canada and New York State hardly ap- preciate the advantage we have over States farther south regarding woolly aphis. It is one of the worst pests of the States to the south. I know in Ontario of only one or two cases where the woolly aphis has been found in nurseries attack- ing the roots. Dr. Hewrirr: The woolly aphis has proven to be quite a serious pest in British Columbia, where we get the root form as well as the aerial form. There was one point which Dr. Baker raised in his paper, which leads to an interesting biological phenomenon which it would be well for all of us to bear in mind when we are carrying on our studies, and that is the possibility of the formation of races of insects. During the last year we have found in British Columbia what is evidently a distinct race of the apple maggot on the Snowberry, which is used as an ornamental shrub. Wherever we found this shrub, whether in the south or farther north, we got this infestation by the apple maggot, though apples in the vicinity were not attacked. SOME INSECT PROBLEMS IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES. Norman Crippie, EnromonocicaL LABORATORY, TREESBANK, MAN, Conditions in the Prairie Provinces are, as a rule, so totally different from those of Eastern Canada and the problems we have to contend with differ so much in general, that in reality they are often only alike in the broad outlines to which all insect problems must be approached. ‘Take for instance, the general trend of these meetings; the papers and discussions lean decidedly towards the problems of fruit insects and insecticides, whereas in the West you would find fully 75 per cent. related to field crop insects and few indeed to those of fruits or sprays. To us these last are of quite secondary importance, and instead we have to deal far more with poisoned baits and methods of cultivation. Another point, and this . 1 ee Oo ee ee 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 has often led to misunderstanding, is that of presuming because an insect occurs across the continent, that it is therefore identical in its life habits throughout its range. As a matter of fact very few are. This was brought prominently to my notice during some recent studies in white grubs (Lachnosterna spp). In the east and southward through Indiana, where Mr. J. J. Davis has made such a thorough study of these insects, the life cycle is usually three years, whereas in southern Manitoba it is four years. Now supposing we had studied only the eastern habits -and applied them to the west, we should be a year out in our prognostication. It is of interest to note here that I found a similar variation in the life cycle of tiger beetles (Cicindela) as compared with habits worked out by Professor Shelford at Chicago. J am also of the opinion that we shall find the habits of some of our wireworms to differ in the same way. Another example may be found in the Hessian Fly, though in this case it is simply a matter of a reduction in the number of generations. In the past there was a general tendency to supply the habits of old world insects to those of the new and occasionally we find an instance where this is still marring our progress. An example of this occurs in a well known pest of the Prairie Provinces, namely, the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus. This insect was originally confused with the European Cephus pygmaeus, consequently as no further studies seemed necessary at that time, the old remedies were recom- mended, and are in some instances still, in spite of the fact that every effort has been made to show that they do not apply. It might be asked, what are the outstanding differences that so alter the habits of identical insects. There are several, but the chief ones are those of climate; ereater extremes of temperature, especially on the downward trend in winter, and less precipitation. I have already shown how lack of snow is responsible for the destruction of a large percentage of our Colorado potato beetles. We had another remarkable instance of this last winter, which in the vicinity of my home near T'reesbank, Man. was responsible for a total extinction of the species. Thus it will be seen that our frosts are of some value after all. Incidently I may mention that. these same invigorating winters have proved an important factor in restricting another invader, namely the brown rat. The chief inclination of our climate, however, is to prolong the life cycle and this seems a general rule where native species are concerned. : The study of climate and meteorological changes in relation to animal life is a most interesting one and also important. Occasionally even a native insect gets caught by abnormal conditions of weather of which we had an instance last spring when a serious lepidopterous tree pest was reduced to quite insignificant proportions through the actions of a belated storm cutting off the food supply. I remember what promised to be another instance some years ago during a severe locust outbreak. The young hoppers had been hatched about two weeks when along came a severe snow storm accompanied by frost. Naturally the prophets predicted a total extermination of the plague, but like some well-known weather prophets their predictions were not verified, in other words, the locusts were in no way affected. Since we do not grow apples to any appreciable extent, nor are much troubled by other fruit pests, we are able to concentrate largely upon cereal insects and those attacking root or vegetables. The field for this work is a very large one as can well be imagined when it is known that Saskatchewan alone had more than 22,000,000 acres under crop in 1918. 3-B. 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 There are many different pests taking toll from these crops, six of which have been especially noteworthy in the past. They are: The Western Wheat-stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus; Grass-stem Maggots (Oscinidae); Hessian fly; Wireworms, Locusts and Cutworms. Five of these are native species which before the advent of farming occupied their allotted space in the scheme of nature just as any other harmless creature might do. As usual, however, man upset the balance of things in his attempt to increase production and in doing so provided an unlimited supply of food for these insects. Thus we have the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly spreading from wild grains to cereals and what is almost as important, in most cases, leaving their natural enemies behind them. In their former state they were kept in check by two agencies, namely, lack of flowering stems in which they bred, or parasitic enemies. Under present conditions it would seem as if both these checks had been overcome and there remains, therefore, but one means of keeping them under control, namely, deep, well-turned, packed ploughing done either in the fall or before June of the following year. The grass-stem maggots embrace many species and include such well known pests as the Greater Wheat-stem Maggot (Meromyza americana), Frit Fly (Oscinis frit) and many more. There is much variation in the life-history of these flies. Some are very injurious, others become so at times, while yet others actually do good. A few years ago less than a dozen species were known from Canada but within the last three years many more have been discovered including several that are new to science. The life of these flies is extremely variable. Some produce several generations in a season, others but. one, while some again, pass the winter in the adult stage, others doing so as larve. They are by no means all grass feeders and some prefer decaying matter to living. Thus there is endless variation in their habits and much to be learned concerning them. The Hessian fly is the only one of those mentioned that is not a native of our country and as is the case with many of our introduced animals it is subjected to inconveniences at times, through our variable climate. We have had seasons when fully 40 per cent. of the crop was injured by this insect, but its attacks, as a rule are few and far between, due chiefly to a lack of humidity at critical periods of the insect’s life. In other words moisture is an essential factor in the insect’s increase, while dryness reduces it to insignificance. Thus it is only during wet seasons that we have to be on our guard for possible outbreaks. Indeed, we have had but two severe infestations in thirty-five years. Wireworms are with us always, but as is their habit elsewhere, they perpetuate most freely in grass lands. Several species are involved in our losses, the life habits of which are little known, but the average investigator is not anxious to undertake their study owing to the length of time it takes to rear them through all their stages. I personally have had an individual under observation for three years and it has hardly grown in that time. One of the greatest scourges we have to contend against is that class of insects known as cutworms. They are always present. Sometimes in one part, at others in another. They come and go, but there are so many species involved that the farmer is often at his wits’ end to know what to do. When the outbreaks are excessive large areas are swept off, much as army-worms would clear them. Thus hundreds of miles of territory may be involved. At other times the outbreaks are quite local_but we are never wholly free from them and in gardens they are a permanency. There is much variation even in the life of these insects. Some deposit their eggs upon weeds, others in or on the soil. Some hatch from eggs the 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 same season, others do not do so until the following spring. They differ, too, in other ways but in appearance the general colour scheme is so similar that it is not surprising if the farmer fails to differentiate between one kind and another. Even the most experienced are puzzled at times owing to the sudden increase of a previously rare species. I had an example a few months ago when I received a consignment from Alberta. The species involved looked very like an insect to which my colleague Strickland had devoted such profitable attention a few years ago, namely, the army cutworm, but the larve seemed too large for the time of year, besides being considerably farther north than usual. However, the fact remains that they were very numerous and that they give every promise of causing injury next spring. “The last on my list is locusts. Probably all have read of the time in the seventies when an old enemy, the Rocky Mountain locust (M. spretus), came in millions and devoured all in sight. It was before my time but eye witnesses tell me that not a leaf remained and that the insects suddenly commenced to drop from a clear sky and were soon falling as a severe snowstorm does. The species is not, however, a native of our prairies; consequently, while it may breed for a season or two in millions, the time must come when the climate proves unsuitable and so they perish. Unfortunately we have several native species almost as de- structive. One of them the Lesser Migratory Locust (M. atlanis) has on more than one occasion caused serious damage, while several others assisted materially in the depredations. A few dry seasons are generally sufficient to increase them to injurious numbers and even when the weather proves unsuitable close at hand they readily fly from elsewhere, consequently an outbreak a hundred miles or more . away may easily lead to one close at hand. I need hardly add in conclusion that there are many other pests requiring attention and we are never sure when others will appear. Army worms, aphids, tree pests and those of live stock all provide their periodic outbreaks and thus while our problems are seldom fruit ones, we have, nevertheless, much to keep us occupied. THE RECOVERY IN CANADA OF THE BROWN TAIL MOTH PARASITE COMPSILURA CONCINNATA (DIPTERA, TACHINIDAE.) Joun D. Totuitn anp Leonarp S. MchLatne, Entomotoeican BRANCH, O?TAWA. With considerable truth Oliver Wendell Holmes remarks that all boarding houses are the same boarding house. He means by this that there is a monotonous sameness about all of them, and that to know one of them is to know all of them. Until about a decade ago it was thought that tachinid flies resembled boarding houses in the monotonous sameness of their activities and that to know one of them was to know all of them. We were shaken out of this rather comfortable notion chiefly through the work of Pantel in France and Townsend in the United States who showed that these two-winged parasites exhibited among the different species a highly diversified and interesting set of methods for attacking their victims and gaining a livelihood. One of the species studied by these authors was Compsilura concinnata the little fly that forms the subject of the present paper. As to its method of attack it was found that instead of depositing a large egg upon the skin of the victim—the method of the bourgeoisie among the tachinids—it placed a fully developed maggot 36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 in the wall of its mid-intestine. This it was enabled to do by reason of a piercing ovipositor, beautifully adapted for the purpose. Moreover, this fly was found to be one of the chief factors in the natural control of the brown-tail and gipsy moths in Europe. With characteristic energy the United States Government, through Messrs. Howard, Fiske, Townsend and Burgess, took steps to introduce this parasite into the New England States where the gipsy and brown-tail moths were creating such havoc. The story has been told of the collection in Europe of thousands of these parasites and of their liberation in Massachusetts, and of how after several years of anxious waiting the species was finally recovered and known to be breeding on American soil. It has also been related that with almost incredible swiftness the fly increased in numbers so as to take its place in the American fauna as one of the most potent factors in the control of the two insects it was expected to attack. Fig. 2—Compsilura adult. This excellent parasite of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths is now established in Canada. (After the U.S. Bureau of Entomology.) When the brown-tail moth spread into Canada the country was confronted with a situation demanding immediate action, and the Dominion Entomologist arranged not only for a field campaign against the invader but alse for the intro- duction from Massachusetts of its natural enemies. The question of what to introduce into the Canadian brown-tail moth area had to be thought over very carefully, because it was realized from the first that our Canadian problem differed in important respects from the New England one. The fine beetle Calosoma was available and was colonized rather as a safeguard against a possible outbreak of the gipsy moth than in the hope of its being of immediate assistance in our brown-tail moth situation; for like most predacious animals it can increase only when the food supply is abundant. An Apanteles which was available had done fairly good work in Massachusetts and was also brought across the international boundary in the hope that it might live in our more rigorous climate and be of equal usefulness. The insect, however, that seemed to warrant almost any amount of effort to introduce was our little friend Compsilura. We needed a parasite that could live upon native hosts as well as on our : | 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 brown-tail moths—preferably something with two or more generations a year so as to insure a rapid increase. We also needed something that would develop its greatest usefulness against the Brown-tail Moth while that host was. still relatively scarce. All these attributes were possessed by Compsilura and the work of importation began with hopes running high for the success of the venture. What we did not know, of course, was whether this fly could live under boreal con- ditions, where the climate is so much more erratic and severe than in France and Massachusetts. Seven years ago, in 1912, two colonies of Compsilura were liberated in New Brunswick strong enough and under good enough conditions to warrant recovery ‘speculations. The next year, however, no Compsilura could be recovered from the colony sites and the work of importation had to be continued. At first there was no occasion to worry about the non-recovery of Compsilura, for it had taken three years to prove establishment in the United States. However, being human we worried a little and increased our efforts to secure more material for liberation. _ After four years of colonization, without apparent results, we redoubled our efforts Fig. 4-—Piercing device of female Compsilura. With this hollow, sickle-shaped instrument (1 mm: in length), the female fly punc- tures the skin of a cater- Fig. 3—Abdomen of female Compsilura show- pillar. With her somewhat ing piercing device. The ventral part of seg- inconspicuous — larvipositor ments 2, 3 and 4 is flattened into a keel she then places a maggot shaped structure. Note the clusters of spines in the wound after which on segments 2 and 3 that have been she flies to another victim. developed for holding the caterpillar when (Original. ) using the piercer. (Original. ) to secure a large number of flies. Host caterpillars were collected in great quanti- ties in Massachusetts and a very large number of the flies were bred out for liberation, as the chart shows, in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebee and Ontario. At the close of that year, 1916, it was felt that every opportunity had been given Compsilura to become a part of the Canadian fauna—in a period of five years about thirty thousand flies had been liberated—and the work of importation was consequently stopped. In 1917 a considerable amount of energy wes expended in the attempt to recover this elusive fly, but once again the results were discouraging. This year (1918) the recovery work was continued and the insectary at Fredericton filled with thousands of tussock, datana, and red humped larve, collected from likely places in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. One day Mr. Keenan, who had charge of the tray work, brought in several dozen tachinid puparia bred from tussock larve collected at Fredericton. Among these were five little puparia that had the ear marks of Compsilura. With the same sort of tender solicitude that worker ants bestow upon larve just stolen from a nearby colony, we watched over these five puparia. After a week or two of anxious waiting five flies emerged; three were males and two females and all were Compsilura concinnata. 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 As the last liberations had been made in 1916 it followed that this parasite — had successfully hibernated through at least two New Brunswick winters, and that it could now be considered a thoroughly established member of our fauna. It has taken seven years to bring about the establishment of this parasite. The comparatively low cost of introducing this and other parasites of the brown-tail moth has been largely due to the splendid co-operation offered at all times by the United States Bureau of Entomology, particularly through Dr. Howard and Mr. Burgess who afforded the Entomological Branch every facility for carrying on the work of collecting material in Massachusetts and other parts of New England. By way of conclusion it may be pointed out that Compsilura is now a national asset of considerable importance. As a parasite of the brown-tail moth it has already proven its worth in Massachusetts—especially in areas where the moth is not very abundant. It is also a splendid parasite of the gipsy moth both in Massachusetts and in Europe, and the cost of introduction would be much more than justified if only as a measure of security against a possible invasion by that despoiler of deciduous trees. In Massachusetts it has also proved to be one of the most, if not the most, effective enemy of the white-marked tussock—an insect now so conspicuous in many Canadian cities. That it is continuing this good work is shown by the fact that our five recovered specimens were all bred from white- marked tussock at Fredericton. DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARASITE COMPSILURA CONCINNATA IN CANADA NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS LIBERATED oe | 1912 1913 | 1914 1915 1916 . no 7 | BFEGETICLONGS Nilo acs ... ..' Miho WOCKTOACH VEC ViC Oem COW) cioacls celles sis clevereieve Suaiereiecs 1886 IR@olis 15 Siroreercic ie erence Experiments on the Generation of Insects, trans. by MarbizelowasOpen Court bulbs CO; scsj;.0- 26s sc 1909 Swvammenrdam ........... History of Insects, trans. by Thos. Floyd & Hill .... 1758 SIV VES IME, vefreienveretae cers A Survey of the Actual State of Agricultural Entomo- 1OLY sIN CHE MWMITCU STATES! cieuerlcls c-s)orele.« «ites eveieue 1909 URMNOMSONMS di At. se. ie ie ole ce The Science of Life, Blackie & Son ................ 1899 NWeSEWOOds J. OF 2150 ace An Introduction to the Modern Classification of NTSC CUS SESIEV. OS Saceues War cXe ete eco ato eo eves slatare sible te lot wse Sree 1839 Article ‘ Entomology ” in Encyclopedia Britannica, PNOLGRG Ciaran re i ierarar ee ratte rather tacstndd es nce sists) Sie sare Baneys “i Siete THE PEAR PSYLLA IN ONTARIO. W. A. Ross, Dominion ENTomoxocican LAagorsatTory, VINELAND STATION. The following paper is based largely on insectary and orchard investigations which were conducted at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vineland Station, Ontario, in 1917 and 1918. In the insectary the psylla was bred on pear seedlings grown in flower pots and covered with lantern chimneys. History AND DIstTRIBUTION. It is believed that the pear psylla (Psylla pyricola) was first introduced into North America in 1832 on pear trees imported into Connecticut from Europe. According to Slingerland and Crosby,* the insect is now generally distributed over the Eastern United States as far south as Virginia, and it also occurs in California. It was first discovered in Canada in 1894 at Freeman, Ont., at which place it was found seriously injuring a block of three hundred Dwarf Duchess pear trees. Since then it has been recorded from other parts of Ontario, from Nova ~ Scotia, and from British Columbia. Professor Lochhead informs me it has never been taken in Quebec. In British Columbia, according to Mr. R. C. Treherne of the Dominion Entomological Branch, the psylla is present only in the lower Kootenay country where it was first observed in the spring of 1917. As the B.C. form occurs only on apple and as it differs slightly from its Eastern fellow, there is room for doubt, in my mind at least, as to its being P. pyricola. Professor W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist for Nova Scotia, informs me that in that province the pear psylla is injurious in some years and in other years it is very little in evidence. In Ontario the insect has been taken in the counties bordering Lake Erie and Lake Ontario as far East as Trenton. However, outside of the Niagara and Burlington districts (where it is only too frequently very destructive), it is of comparatively little importance. Our observations indicate that, in this province at least, the psylla is primarily a pest of the large orchard or of sheltered orchards. For reasons at present not clear to us, conditions in small plantings do not seem to be favorable for its rapid multiplication and in such places it seldom attains destructive proportions. *Manua!l of Fruit Insects. 6-E. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | Nature oF INJury. The psylla causes injury by extracting with its sucking mouth-parts the sap from the leaves, leaf petioles, fruit stems, and tender wood on which it feeds. On badly infested trees, the continual sapping of the life juices by myriads of insects robs the tree of vitality, dwarfs the, fruit, produces brown, dead areas on the leaves (Fig. 14) and, in extreme cases, causes the foliage to drop prematurely. Trees seriously weakened by this pest are especially susceptible to winter injury and in a hard winter like that of 1917-18 readily succumb to low temperatures. Large quantities of a sweet sticky liquid called honey-dew are excreted by the psyllas, and on attacked trees the foliage, fruit, twigs and branches may be covered with this sticky material and with a sooty fungus which grows in it. (Fig. 15). This coating of honeydew and sooty fungus not only makes the trees and fruit very unsightly but it is very probable that it is also detrimental to the physiological functions of the leaves. Fig. 14——Leaf injury caused by Fig. 15—Leaves showing honey-dew fungus and pear psylla. nymphs. Lire History. Summary. The winter is passed in the adult stage. The adults hibernate under the rough bark on the trunks and main limbs, and under grass, leaves and rubbish near the infested. pear trees. In late March or early April the insects leave their winter quarters, congregate on the twigs and fruit spurs and in a short time, provided the weather remains propitious, commence to lay eggs. Oviposition may continue until about the time the petals drop; however, the vast majority of the eggs are laid by the time the fruit buds have burst. The eggs are deposited on the twigs, fruit spurs and smaller branches, chiefly on the under surface. They commence to hatch when the fruit buds are beginning to break, and nearly all have hatched 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 by the time the petals drop. The period of incubation varies, according to the temperature, from 8 to 32 days, the average being about three weeks. The newly hatched nymphs migrate to the opening buds where they feed chiefly on the petioles and blossom stems. They grow rapidly and after moulting five times reach the adult stage in about one month. This first brood is then succeeded by three other broods, and the life cycle is finally completed in the fall by the appearance of the winter adults—the hibernating forms. Tue Kea. Description: The egg (Fig. 18) is sub-oval, blunt at the base and pointed at the apex. In colour it is creamy or pale yellowish with orange at the base. In length it varies from .315 mm. to .340 mm. The egg is attached to leaf or bark by a short stalk projecting from near the basal end, and at the apex there is a long hair-like filament. Fig. 16—Showing eggs along Fig. 17.—First generation eggs laid on bark. midrib of leaf. (Much enlarged.) (Much enlarged.) 4 Location of Eggs: The overwintering females deposit their eggs on the twigs, fruit spurs and smaller branches, chiefly on the under surface. (Fig. 16). After the buds have burst, belated females may be found laying their eggs on the young leaves. The eggs of the summer forms are laid principally on the leaves, singly or in clusters, along the midrib (Fig. 17). They also may be found on the leaf ‘petioles and shoots. Period of Incubation: In the case of first generation eggs, ie., eggs laid by overwintering females, the period of incubation was determined in 1917 from a study of 21 batches of eggs deposited at various dates from April 14th to June 9th. The average period was about 20 days, the maximum and minimum being respec- tively 32 and 8 days. The average duration of the egg stage in April was 26 days, in May 19 days, and in early June 11 days. (See Table No. 1). 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 TABLE No. 1. Duration of Incubation of 1st Generation Eggs. Year. F Date of Number of | Maximum Minimum Average Deposition. Lots. Duration. Duration. Duration. : Days Days Days 1 LOL Aisne Nictao a ArooD 6 April 14-22... 8 32 23 26 QUE etre hice Sotorckoranls totes May 2-29..... 9 28 11 19 MO iceres cic tsa assis eee oo ane June 3-9...... 4 ills 8 ila days in August, and 1214 days in September. In experiments with 40 lots of 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation eggs, the average duration of the ege stage proved to be 1144 days in June, 7% days in July, 10 TABLE No. 2. (See Table No. 2). Duration of Incubation of 2nd, 3rd and 4th Generation Eggs. Year. | Deposition, Generation. °™Y re 7 Darwtion! |. Duration 4 Uuetie | Days Days. Days LSet ha teoveass tec June 19-29.. 2nd 5 | 15 1k 1gIGR ere ee ee June G12 je end | 8 4 10 12 Averaie sereiace: June 8-29.. 2nd 8 15 8 114 I ee a= on July 3-31..| 2nd, 3rd 10 12 4 7 TOUS et tect July 9-26..| 2nd, 3rd 5 10 6 & IAVENAGE. co oicles eis ce Baik 3-31.) 2nd, ard 15 PD 4 7s ONT getecasieteare o aecietays ee 3-27..| 2nd, 3rd 10 15 6 10 AT OUB ecaet soteePere Ui Aug. 15-26 8rd, 4th 3 H 9 10 INTENSE OS OOo |Aug. 3-27../2nd, 3rd, 4th! 13 15 6 10 i TG ners ea oss Bees ard |, od 14 12 13 MOUS ciccjechc spo elo Sept. 1-17 4th 3 23 6 12 IANVIETATE 5 eyetolevereiers Sept. 1-17 3rd, 4th | 4 23 6 123 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 THE NympnH. Description: 1st instar. Oval and very flat in shape. Antennae transluccut with dusky tips. Eyes reddish. Head pale yellow with a narrow median line of cream. ‘Thorax pale yellow. Abdomen yellowish with lunule of deep orange. Legs translucent, dusky tarsi. Length .36 mm. 2nd instar. Similar to the Ist. Length .54 mm. 3rd instar. Similar to the 1st. Wing-pads apparent. Length .72 mm. to 8 mm. Ath instar. Similar to the 5th. Length .9 mm. to 1.08 mm. 5th instar. Oval and very flat in shape. Antennae light brown with dark browu tips. Eyes reddish. Head dark brown with a longitudinal median line of creamy grey. Thorax creamy grey blotched with red, with dark brown markings arranged as in illustration; wing-pads dark brown. Abdomen: anterior third creamy grey with three dark brown transverse bands interrupted in the middle, posterior two-thirds dark brown. Length 1.44 to 1.62 mm. (Fig. 18). Fig. 18.—‘a” Hgg; “0b.” Various stages cf psylla nymphs. (All muca enlarged.) Habits: Upon hatching out in the spring, the nymphs of the first generation migrate to the opening buds where they feed principally on the leaf petioles and blossom stems. The nymphs of the later generations are found chiefly on the upper and under side of the foliage. They also occur to some extent on the tender wood, especially in the fall. The nymphs secrete copious quantities of honeydew, and, as a general rule, are enveloped by this liquid. According to our observations, the nymphs of the first generation secrete less honeydew than those of the succeeding broods. Molting: The nymph molts five times, attaining the adult stage after the fifth molt. In experiments with 39 individuals the average duration of each instar was: Ist instar 6 days; 2nd instar 6 days; 3rd instar 6 days; 4th instar 6 days; 5th instar 8 days. Length of Nymphal Infe:.In experiments conducted with 192 individuals of the Ist generation, the duration of the nymphal stage varied from 20 to 35 days with an average of 28 days. 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Further data on the duration of the nymphal stage of summer and winter forms are presented in Tables No. 3 and 4. TABLE No. 3. Length of Nymphal Life of Summer Forms. Year. Sion ee Date of | Goniermtion Number of Duration, Hatching. | ‘| Individuals. Max. Man yee days days | days OTR eae sys Seo eee dan ke May 11-31... Ist (il 35 24; >|. Yad 0 ey aesearae abst Maen a onde June 5-30...| Ist, 2nd 40 24 19d LSD hoketa ene en tamara nirny ches Meares 10, June 18-24... 2nd 10 27 21 254 INVOT AION .e cerars omnes tench Muara June 5-30...) Ist, 2nd 50 “atl 19 23 AGW ite te te July 3-30... 2nd 143 25 il 17 GR re ear ocetae ghar oben aoe July 26-2).. x 3rd 8 27 [2 ee ees PAV OLAS Clarins ols arate oe Suliye 800. sas end ordes| 151 Pall il 20 Oe tera eerste ea en ieee ane Aug. 4-5.... 2nd 11 27 19 23 TABLE No. 4. Length of Nymphal Life of Overwintering Forms. Year eee Date of | Generation, | Number of Duration. Hatching. ; ‘| Individuals. Mee Min. | Aver days days days SLC ects eaten ae VRAIS ei he ANU Moa So 2nd 6 26 21 233 EO pease victtais tues ei ites hers Aug. 1-30... 3rd 22 55 29 38 MONG eee tecuste teen ers cats Aug. 26-31... 4th 11 51 30 43 VEDA CE tei eco ve ee teters AMV MEP sos| pigels “hdl 33 55 29 403 OTR oeeren acre ee aero hae Sept. 1-8.... 3rd ; 5 61 51 58 THE SuMMER ADULT. The summer adult commences to appear a short time after the pear blossoms fall, and from then until early autumn it is always present. Description: The adult (Fig. 18) is a tiny four-winged insect bearing a striking resemblance to a Cicada in miniature. The transparent wings slope roof- like over the abdomen, and the legs are adapted for jumping. The differences in the external appearance of the male and female are shown in Fig. 21. The female is about 2 mm. in length and the male about 1.8 mm. es 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 Colour notes: Predominating colour red. Antennae yellowish brown; 1, 11 reddish; tips black. Head crimson, mesal suture and a spot on either side black. Eyes dark red. Thorax crimson with black markings. Abdomen crimson with five black transverse bands. Legs pale yellowish brown. Front wings faintly clouded with yellow, veins pale yellowish brown, hind wings transparent. Mating Habits: The female mates several times, and the male is polygamous. In-copulating, the male gets along side the female on her right side, lifts his left wing to some extent, grasps the upper genital plate with his claspers and inserts the penis. Preoviposition Period of Female: The average preoviposition period of con- fined females was 4 days in 1917 and 6 days in 1918, the minimum and maximum for both seasons being 3 days and 9 days respectively. Reproductive Capacity of Female: According to our observations, one female may lay from 1 to 61 eggs per day. %”? Fig. 20—Abdomen of “a Fig. 19.—Adult pear psylla. male, and “0b” female pear (Much enlarged.) psylla. (Much enlarged.) In our experiments the maximum production per insect was 695 eggs and the minimum 65 eggs. (See Table No. 5). TABLE No. 5. Showing Comparative Reproductive Capacity of Summer and Overwintering Females. | | Reproductive Capacity Tee ery at cae: | eae | ot Honale | a | Max. Min. | Aver. Eggs Eggs | Eggs DOS i clcrais :sre/s Me v2 x i062 Ist i June 19—Aug. 14.) 671 427 | 540 ALS Sea Ae ae ne Ist 5 June 7—July 25.| 695 459 625 PONEEAGG Fos lenis oom Seles | Ist 12 June 7—Aug. 14. 695 427 582 BN pe Ae ots Seb Silos 2nd 10 July 28—Sept. 4. 684 _ | 65); 343 Pulige toate 38): 2nd 5 July 18—Sept.10., 636 | 258 | 456 BUVERALC: 12 felnsclaicnp/sts\b, vis 2nd 15 July 18—Sept.10. 684 | 65 399 “ICG Bas oe aS 3rd (5° > |Aug. 15—Oct. «5:| 285 (|! 86 | _ 199 MOM Wiis: cosoess io epvacseis Cayo e's Winter 4 Aprill2—June 13. ao8- 9) dz 279 | | 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Reproductive Period of Female: The average reproductive period of 17 females in 1917 was about 30 days and in 1918 with 15 individuals it was 36 days, the maximum and minimum for both seasons being respectively 63 days and 16 days. Length of Adult Life: Our observations indicate that the average length of life of the male is about 5 weeks and that of the female a few days longer. THE OVERWINTERING ADULT. Description: The overwintering adult can be readily distinguished from the summer adult by its larger size, darker coloration, and by its transparent front wings. The predominating colour of this form is black or dark brown. The female is about 2.43 mm. in length and the male about 2.16 mm. Habits: In September, with the coming of autumn, the overwintering forms commence to appear, and their production is continued until the close of the season. They feed to some extent but do not mate or lay eggs. During the winter they hibernate chiefly beneath the rough bark of the trunks and main limbs and also under grass, leaves and rubbish near the infested pear trees. In late March of early April, with the coming of warmer weather, they leave their winter quarters, congregate on the twigs and fruit spurs chiefly in the lower central portions of the trees, and in a short time, provided the weather remains propitious, they mate and commence to lay eggs. They die off rapidly in spring, and by the time the fruit buds have burst comparatively few of them are left on the trees. A few stragglers survive until after the blossoms have fallen. Egg Laying Period: The females usually commence to oviposit early in April, and, by the time the fruit buds have burst, most of the eggs have been laid. Belated individuals continue to oviposit up to the falling of the petals in late May or early June. Reproductive Capacity of Female: In an experiment with 4 couples, the egg production per female varied from 121 eggs to 448 eggs, with an average of 279 egos. Each female laid from 1 egg to 48 eggs per day. NuMBER OF GENERATIONS. In our insectary studies we obtained a maximum of four from the earliest laid eggs and a minimum of two generations from the last laid eggs. This would indicate, at least theoretically, that in the Niagara district there are two complete generations, a very large third generation and a small fourth generation. CoNTROL. Natural Control. Several species of insects, notably ladybird beetles, attack the psylla and check its rapid multiplication to some extent. However, undoubtedly the most impor- fant control agency afforded by nature is the weather. Our observations indicate that protracted periods of cold, wet weather in spring may be disastrous to the ges and newly hatched young. Hodgkiss records the destruction of hibernating forms in spring by ice storms, heavy washing rains, and sudden chaiges in tem- perature. Professor Brittain, in a letter dated September 23rd 1918, reports a great diminution of the psylla in Nova Scotia, which he thinks was caused by the hard winter of 1917-18. Long spells of hot, dry weather also appear to be fatal to many psyllas chiefly, we think, because such weather renders much of the foliage hard and dry and therefore unsuitable for the development of nymphs. —————— ate ase 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 ARTIFICIAL CONTROL. The fact that a combination of the delayed dormant spray of lime sulphur and the post blossom application of nicotine extract will control the psylla was demonstrated this year in a twelve-acre orchard of Bartlett, Duchess, Anjou and Flemish Beauty pears near Beamsville. This orchard had been subject to serious psylla injury for a number of years and last year it was very heavily infested. This spring myriads of hibernating adults were found in it on the twigs and branches and a very large deposition of eggs was made. The dormant spray of lime sulphur (winter strength) was delayed until shortly before the blossoms opened (Fig. 21) and it was then applied with great thoroughness, care being taken to coat every part of the tree. At this stage, the Fig. 22—Blossoms fallen: time of second application, Fig. 21—Showing stage of fruit bud development at the time of ‘first application. vast majority of the eggs had been deposited and many of the earliest laid eggs had hatched. After the blossoms fell (Fig. 22), the trees were again thoroughly sprayed with lime sulphur and arsenate of lead (for scab and codling worm) and Black Leaf 40, 34 pt. to 80 gals. of spray mixture, the latter of course being added to destroy the psylla nymphs. At this stage an odd winter adult and a very few belated eggs were still present on the trees. Results: About two weeks after the delayed dormant spray was applied, an examination of the orchard was made and it was observed that although the vast bulk of the eggs and recently hatched nymphs had been destroyed, too many rymphs were still present. In other words, we found that the spray for the eggs would not by itself give us satisfactory control. The orchard was frequently inspected after the post blossom application and up to the time the Flemish Beauty pears were picked the trees were found to be practically free of psylla. Early in July, we examined trees situated in different parts of the orchard and _ on as much of the tree as could be conveniently looked over, we found from two 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 to nine psyllas per tree. At the end of August, the orchard was still practically free of psylla, the foilage was abundant and healthy green in colour, whereas in our check orchard the trees were heavily infested, all the foliage was spotted with brown and some of it. was dead. The last examination of the treated orchard was made in late October and rather to our surprise, we found that the insect had increased to quite an extent and that the winter adults were fairly common. Conclusions: Our results this year show that although the two applications will not eradicate the psylla, they will reduce it to insignificant proportions. ‘To obtain absolute control, it seems to us in the hght of our present knowledge, that it would be necessary to spray with nicotine extract two to three weeks after the calyx application in order to destroy the nymphs derived from belated eggs. Pror. Parrorr: Pear Psylla is next to Blight the worst pest we have to contend with in the upkeep of our pear plantings, and the experience of Mr, Ross in the control of the insect resembles a great many of our experiences. Control varies with seasonal conditions, and the numbers of females that hang over to take part in the spring oviposition. It takes two sprays to give good commercial control. A great many experiments have been carried on both by the Station and by spraying experts and some years results have been almost perfect and in other years or in other experiments the results have not been so satisfactory. Mr. Ross: I should like to ask Prof. Parrott if he can explain why the Pear Psylla never seems to be troublesome in small plantings. Pror. Parrorr: I cannot explain it any more than I can understand why roadside trees are so free from it. I think it likes sheltered, and undisturbed areas in an orchard. As to what influences it I do not know. CONTROL OF THE APPLE MAGGOT. L. Cagsar AND W. A. Ross. A full account of all our tests of control measures against the Apple Maggot would require too long an article; hence we shall give only the outstanding points of interest and value. In 1911 and 1912 the destruction of the fallen fruit was tested in a* small, isolated, badly infested orchard, and gave fairly satisfactory results, but the labor involved was so great that it was seen that not many fruit growers could or would adopt the method and in many cases live stock could not be used for the purpose. In 1913 we tried sweetened poison sprays on individual trees or groups of trees in the orchards and found that though the number of infested fruits compared with those on some of the checks was lessened yet the results were not satisfactory. In 1914 believing that a larger continuous area should be sprayed we gave two applications of arsenate of lead: and molasses to a 25 acre orchard at Mountain and left a narrow strip of about 2 acres along the east side as a check. Both check and sprayed portion had been badly infested the previous year and much of the fruit had been left on the ground. Resutr: In the whole orchard, after an examination in September by both writers, less than a dozen infested apples were found. This no doubt would look like a case of natural control and in no way due to spraying; but such was not the case, because examination of the trees soon after the first application and -again during the second showed that, though the flies were not abundant yet 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 sufficient were present to have punctured numerous apples even though the per- centage thus injured might not have been high. Moreover, the season was very dry and the owner had sprayed the whole orchard, check and all, very heavily for Codling Moth. Much of this spray was still on the check trees at the time of the first application to the rest of the orchard. This together with the narrow width of the check strip and its closeness to the sprayed trees was sufficient to account for the destruction of the flies on the check. In 1915 we sprayed a small orchard in Simcoe village, near which were other infested trees. The season was wet and seven applications were given, but in spite of these approximately 60 per cent. of the Tolmans, 20 per cent. of the Snows and 15 per cent of the Spies were punctured. These results showed that one could not hope to control the pest by spraying in a town without treating all trees for many rods on every side; especially would this be true if there were high winds to help in the dispersal of the insects. We also sprayed in 1915 all of a small, isolated orchard at Villa Nova, which: had been badly infested the previous year and most of the fruit of which had been left on the ground. Resutr: Though the crop was very light, thus making it harder to protect, and though only two applications were given, which certainly were not sufficient for so wet a season, approximately only 12 per cent. of the fruit was infested; which was very encouraging. In 1916 we sprayed with the sweetened poison two adjoining orchards on one side of the road at Lyn, near Brockville, and left another orchard about twenty- five rods away as a check. There was a hedge and also a house and barn situated between this orchard and the sprayed ones. On the opposite side of the road we sprayed a third orchard and left a check adjoining it and in the same direction as the other check. Two sprays were given. Many flies were seen in the sprayed orchards after the first spray and some during it. Resvutr: The two first-mentioned orchards had 95 per cent. or more of the fruit, including such susceptible varieties as Tolman, Wealthy and Snow, free from punctures, though most of the fruit the previous year had been so badly infested it was left on the ground to rot. The orchard on the opposite side of the road was not so clean, some of the Tolmans having as high as 25 per cent. of punctured apples, though most of these apples had only one or two punctures. The check orchards on both sides of the road showed. that the Tolman, Snow, Wealthy and St. Lawrence, had from 75 per cent. to 95 per cent. of punctured apples, most of the apples having many punctures. z In 1917 we sprayed these same three orchards again, and to protect the one in which the results had not been quite satisfactory we sprayed a buffer area of about fifteen rods between it and the check. Resutt: No punctures were found even on Snow, Alexander or Tolman, in the orchard farthest from the check. In the second orchard on this side of the road punctures were found on only one tree in the extreme north corner. The third orchard, the one on which there had been 25 per cent. of punctured Tolmans the previous year, was this year almost totally free from punctures, less than two score being found in the whole orchard. In the check orchards Snow, Wealthy and St. Lawrence and a heavily laden wild apple tree had almost every apple punctured. There was practically no crop on the Tolmans in the check orchard this year. In this same year (1917) we also sprayed a small, old orchard north of Trenton, 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 which had been badly infested the previous year. The results here, too, were very satisfactory, only a very few apples being punctured, and nearly all of these on trees situated at some distance from the main orchard and near two trees that had received only one partial spraying. In the fall of 1917 we found the worst infested apple orchard that we had yet seen. It consisted of nearly three hundred trees, including Snow, Wealthy, Tolman, Belleflower, Ben Davis and half a dozen other varieties. There had been a good crop, which if clean should have been worth $1,000 at least, but every: apple that we could find on any variety was punctured by the insect and nearly all of them so badly punctured as to be conspicuously deformed. We therefore decided to make this orchard our final test. In 1918 it was given the regular sprayings for Apple Scab and Codling Moth, and then two extra fairly heavy applications for the Apple Maggot, the first of these being on the 12th and 13th of July and the next the first week in August. Orchards close by were sprayed to act as buffer orchards. Resuutts: The whole orchard was beautifully free from Scab and Codling Moth, and the effect upon the Apple Maggot was a clear demonstration of the power of poison sprays to control this pest ; for instead of 100 per cent. of punctured fruit there was less than 5 per cent. Apple buyers, fruit growers and everybody who visited the orchard this year and had seen it last year were convinced that our method was as nearly perfect as anyone could hope for. There is no doubt at all that without the spraying the crop would have been ruined by the Apple Maggot, for one of the writers visited the orchard every few days from the time the flies began to emerge up to the end of July, and saw that they were very abundant. It was no trouble to capture twenty or more on a single tree in an hour even without a net. Moreover, a neighbouring orchard used as a check but so situated as not to endanger our test orchard was also visited frequently to see how many flies were present. (This orchard had not been badly infested the previous year and the fruit on it had been sold.) Eight or ten flies was the largest number seen on any one day; yet at the end of the season the Snows, Wealthy, Ben Davis and Phoenix in this orchard had 75 per cent. of the fruit infested, in fact so bad was the fruit that the chief apple buyer of the district, who had bought the fruit on the test orchard, absolutely refused to buy the crop on the check, declaring that it was worthless. It may be of value to note that though so many flies were seen in the sprayed orchard yet at no time were they observed copulating or ovipositing, whereas in the check orchard oviposition was observed on several occasions and egg punctures could be readily found before the end of July. No egg punctures were visible in the sprayed orchard at this date or at the time of the second spraying, all having evidently been made much later. CONCLUSIONS. The results of our field tests conducted in various parts of Ontario and spread over five consecutive years and corroborated by laboratory tests justify us, we believe, in stating confidently that the Apple Maggot can be successfully controlled in apple orchards by spraying. The first application should be given just before or as the adults begin to emerge, which in the south-western part of the Province is about the last week in June, and in the parts with a somewhat colder climate such as Guelph, Stratford and the district all along Lake Ontario, about the first week of July, and in the é 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~ 93 still colder parts such as Ottawa and the St. Lawrence River valley about the second week in July. The second application should be made when the first has begun to disappear or usually in from two to three weeks. In wet seasons lke the summer of 1915, a third application about ten days after the second will be necessary. Two years should almost completely destroy the insect in any orchard provided that infested orchards are not situated close by. In such case every effort should be made to have these treated also. In all orchards every tree whether bearing fruit or not should be sprayed, because the adults often frequent such trees until egg laying begins. As to the mixture to use, in 1914, 1915, and 1916 we used molasses along with arsenate of lead, but in 1917 and 1918 omitted the molasses and found that the results were equally good. This is fortunate, for molasses tends to cause the spray to wash off more quickly, sometimes burns the foliage, adds to the cost, and may cause complaints from beekeepers, though these complaints are not justified. We therefore recommend the use of from two to three pounds of the paste form or one to one and a half pounds of the powder form of arsenate of lead to forty gallons of water. We believe that heavy rather than light applications of the mixture should be made, especially if only two are given, because adults continue to emerge for a- period of six weeks or more, and so the poison must remain on the trees to kill them before they can lay their eggs. Heavy applications remain on longer than light. OUR GARDEN SLUGS. GEO. MAHEUX, QUEBEC. It is only during about the past thirty years that the Mollusks of the Province of Quebec have attracted the attention of naturalists and have been the object of their studies. As long as they remained inoffensive, or nearly so, they were objects of interest only to amateurs, on account of their strange forms, some pre- senting the richest of garments, of admirable color and composition, while others are of a viscous and almost repulsive nakedness. The day these Mollusca Gasteropoda came to feed in our vegetable gardens their economical stature changed hastily and the extent of their havoc soon necessitated the interference of zoologists. Of course, the first thing was to acquaint oneself with the species composing this branch of invertebrates: specialists devoted themselves to this study and sys- tematic treatises were soon published; and from this departure, experimentalists endeavored to discover an efficient remedy against these new ravagers. In 1890, very few text-books bearing on this subject were in existence, except, perhaps, the Manual of Conchology of Tryon, then published by Mr. Pilsbury, of Philadelphia, and a few other works of smaller importance. The following year (1891) our great Canadian naturalist, Abbé Provancher, published a new part of his Canadian Fauna, an illustrated book of over 150 pages, under the title of: “Les Mollusques de la Province de Quebec,” Part I; Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Gasteropoda. Provancher had been, for a long time, collecting specimens of these animals. From his book entitled: “ Voyage aux Antilles,” we can see that he was taking a great interest in this study and that he then made a large gathering of remarkable shells. In our days, conchologists are rather numerous and with them the science of mollusks has enormously advanced. However, those who are interested in economic zoology, in the relations of beasts with cultivated plants particularly, still have much to learn as regards their habits, the noxiousness and the destructive work of our garden slugs. The summer of 1918 seems to have been very propitious to observers and experimentalists. Slugs have increased in number in 12 months and their des- tructive work has developed. Many “war gardens” in the vicinity of Quebec have had to stand the attacks of these destroyers, usually unknown to average people, in this capacity at least. We might say that we have very often seen | considerable damage; amateur gardeners were so much the more puzzled because they could not see the culprit at work. The ordinary species found in our gardens are: Limax campestris, L. agrestis, L. maximus. The three of them seem to operate in the same manner. Everywhere they have injured several kinds of vegetables, never all at a time but rather one after the other. Is this a question of inclination, of caprice, of instinct or hazard? All hypotheses are allowed, and each of these agents probably has some influence upon the work, the choice of the beast. The following is the order followed by the slugs and the vegetables they successively infested : 1. Beans.—The first vegetable infested everywhere, the slug only changing its food when this first plant has become inadequate. 2. Peas.—The relationship between beans and peas no doubt explains this transition and the appetite of the ravager. 3. Turnips.—Aftter leaving peas, slugs spend most of the summer on turnip leaves, into which they cut large holes, with different contours. 4. Cabbages and Cauliflowers.—These crucifers equally attract slugs. At first, they are only seen on turnips, then upon all of them simultaneously. 5. Pumpkins.—Towards the end of the season, when the pumpkin has as- sumed a good round shape and is swelled with juice, the slug penetrates into the pulp and bores holes often as much as two inches deep. Authors have noted the preference of slugs for cucumbers. For one reason or another, their presence upon this plant has nowhere been noticed by us, although, in most cases, the latter were close neighbors to turnips thoroughly infested by slugs. The places they like best are gardens with a damp soil, naturally wet or kept in that condition artificially. The slug does not only eat the plants at night; the weather seems to direct its line of conduct. We have seen slugs at work at night, after its coolness began to be felt; this is evidently the most common habit. The darkness of the night, however, is not indispensable to the coming out of these animals. They willingly show up when it is raining; if the sky is cloudy and the humidity of the air high, they will sometimes be seen upon the leaves. Their presence can even be noticed in the daytime, when the sun is shining brightly, on parts of vegetables that are well shaded and where the moisture will easily be retained, as, for instance, between rows of peas that have grown high and thick. It seems that the only factor essential to their activity is moisture and the absence of a bright light. Moreover, this is very easy to ascertain by a simple experiment; if vegetables are watered at the close of day, they come out almost immediately and much earlier than usual. 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 , 1319 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 The damage done by the slug varies with the various plants on which it feeds, according to their age and consistency. Amongst the vegetables above pennoned, it is obvious that the youngest are the most badly infested. Thus, beans had only grown three or four leaves when slugs started eating them up; after 8 or 10 days a dried stem was all that was left. It resulted that 50 per cent. of the plants did not bear any crop and 25 per cent. of the remainder only yielded one-third or one-half of the normal crop; one-fourth only was left intact or at least strong enough to bloom normally and yield accordingly. In a. field where there were Several varieties, the Burpee beans were completely cut down. The crop of peas has only suffered a small diminution. When slugs launched an attack upon their stems, they were already nearing ripeness and had attained a remarkable degree of resistance. There has been a loss of a few leaves and pods, or a total loss of about 2 per cent. Of the crucifers, cauliflowers are the only ones that seem to have been injured, and then only when the slugs were successful in penetrating into the fruit. Finally, in the case of pumpkins, there still remained the expedient of removing the injured part, the sides of the hole bored by the slug. Control.—The following substances were used: Paris green, arsenate of lead, Bordeaux mixture, quicklime (powder). The first two insecticides only gave poor results; they did not seem to diminish the number of slugs in’ an appreciable degree. Bordeaux mixture containing 6 lbs. of lime to 4 lbs. of bluestone makes slugs uneasy, kills a few of them slowly, but does not constitute an_ efficient means of destruction. Quicklime has done wonderfully well. It has been dusted on the infested plants, in the following way: 1. At might, before slugs appear; in order that the success be complete, it is important that all issues leading to the plant be closed to the slug, which is not. always an easy task. 2. At night, when the slugs are feeding upon the foliage. In this way the best results are achieved. If we can apply lime to come into close contact with the skin of the slug, the latter will die rapidly. The following morning, their inert bodies, reduced by one-half, of a dark green color, are still sticking to the leaves. 3. Applied during the day, lime loses its efficiency, because the coolness of the night lessens its strength. As a rule, dusted lime retains its destructive power, in whole or in part, as long as it does not rain; it is excellent in a fresh condition. A small particle of lime is then sufficient to kill a slug. We have watched the doings of 12 slugs placed on a board and surrounded by a wall of lime, one-quarter of an inch in height. Not a single one was successful in getting over the obstacle; as soon as they came into contact with lime, they twisted convulsively and died in the space of 2 to 60: minutes, according as the injured part was more or less great or sensible. Secretions very abundant at first, soon become nil, coinciding with the complete absence of movement. It would be very difficult to find a more energetic remedy and of easier application. By repeating the dusting of lime, particularly at night, these des- troyers will soon be controlled. 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Several other remedies are, however, to be found. In reading I happened to come across several of them, a few of which are herewith described to bring this study to an end, and thinking that it might interest you. In his book, “ Recettes et Procédés,” Tissandier recommends the following mixture, spread on the ground. WAUSEIC: (SOME 1... wscacrevs snerager sss erence oust ake anaes 40 er. Qunck WMG: vince ie! ncc's os cnete ne gers Sars Rei eee 960 gr. Bellet in “ Les meilleures Recettes” say that in order to destroy slugs, it is sufficient to spray the spots visited by these parasites, with a solution of 600 grammes of carbonate of soda dissolved in one litre of water. Mr. Anadyx surrounds the stem of vegetables with a border of old newspapers and slugs disappear. (“La Nature,” 1904.) Mr. Noel, of the Rouen laboratory of agricultural entomology, after several tests, states that the most efficient destructive agent is copper arsenite. He prepares it in the following manner: He mixes 1 kilogram of coarse wheat bran, 100 grammes of copper arsenite and about 250 cubic centimetres of water. When the whole has assumed the form of a consistent paste, little balls are made and distributed on the ground where slugs are expected to be found. After one week, they will practically all have disappeared. (La Nature, 1910.) In order to attract slugs, Mr. Hardys covers cabbage leaves with rancid butter and places them here and there in the garden; the next morning they are thoroughly covered with slugs which are then easily destroyed. Finally, if the chickens are allowed in the garden, they can render valuable services, but they must not be given dead slugs as food; they should be burnt and buried deep. We did not have the necessary time to try all these remedies; but we place them before you for consideration. No doubt several experimentalists in this assembly will want to give them a trial. The result of their experiments will certainly be both useful and interesting. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1918. ArtHuR Gipson, ENToMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF Ee SEN a Ea on 7 : es — “The: Record for 1918, as will bet seen, ge oe data regarding distribution chiefly in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. No Saeend collections, so far as I know, have recently been made in the less known orders. During 1918 the insects collected by members of the Canadian Arctic Expe- dition during the years 1913-1916, have been worked over by various specialists, and it is hoped the results of these studies will soon be available in published form. These reports will make a valuable addition to our knowledge of the insects of Arctic Canada. As in other years, students of insects in Canada have received much assistance from various specialists, chiefly those resident in the United States. The list of these specialists is every year assuming greater length, and it therefore becomes difficult to specially mention any of our good friends to the South. All who have assisted us in our systematic studies have our grateful thanks. LITERATURE. -Among the books, memoirs, ete., which have appeared during 1918, of interest to Canadian students, the following may be- mentioned: Barnes, W., and McDunnoveu, J. Life-histories of North American Species of the genus Catocala; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XVIII, Art. V, pp. 147- 177, March 21, 1918. This paper, which was published in anticipation of the “Illustrations of the North American Species of the Genus Catocala,’”’ will be valued by those doing life-history work. The ova of a number of the species described were received from Canada, and for this reason the paper is of much interest to our workers. Barnes, W., and McDunnovucu, J. Illustrations of the North American Species of the Genus Catocala, by Wm. Beutenmuller, with. additional Plates and Text. Memoirs of the Amer. Mus. Nat. History, New Series, Vol. III, Part I, October, 1918. This most excellent memoir was received with much pleasure. We had long known that Mr. Beutenmuller had contemplated such a work and it was fortunate that Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough had his manuscript and some of the plates before them. Pages 1 to 47 are given up to the text. Under each species references to the literature are given, as well as notes on the synonomy and distribution. Under each section and group structural and life-history notes are given. The plates are excellent. I to IX and part of X illustrate adults. Nineteen larval heads are shown on plate X. Plates XI to XIV illustrate mature larve. On plate XV there are 25 further figures of head capsuls and 16 drawings of segments. Plates XVI and XVII also show segments. Genetalic drawings are reproduced on plates XVIII to XXII. Plates I to XVII are in colours. Lepidop- terists generally will welcome the appearance of this memoir. It is indeed an important contribution. Barnes, W., and McDunnovenu, J. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America, Vol. IV, No. 2—Notes and New Species. This number of the “ Contributions,” pp. 61-208, plates XI to XXV, is a valuable 7-E, 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36. addition to the literature. Four new species are described from Canada and one new variety. There is a decided improvement in the plates which accompany the number. Casny, Tuos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, issued Nov. 12, 1918. The New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. This large memoir of 427 pages is the result of studies of certain groups, the species in which are closely related. It is divided as follows: I—A Review of the North American Bembidiine (pp. 1-223) ; I1I—Studies among some of the American Amarine and Pterostichine (pp. 224- 293) ; 11]—Observations on the American Pogonine, including Trechus (pp. 394- 412) ; IV—Miscellaneous Notes and Corrections (413-416). In the Memoir, 26 new species are described from Canada, all from British Columbia, excepting ‘one from Ontario. In addition a number of Canadian records of previously known species are included. Comstock, J. H. The Wings of Insects. The Comstock Publishing Co., pp. xvili-423, 9 plates, 427 figs. This important publication is one which has been well received by entomologists generally. Space here forbids us referring at any length to this work. I would refer the reader to a review of the book which was published in the February, 1919, issue of The Canadian Entomologist. The price is $3.75. Frevtt, Epuraim Porrer. Key to American Insect Galls. New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 200. This a most valuable publication of 310 pages, freely illustrated with good text drawings, in addition to which there are sixteen half- tone plates. Entomologists generally will, indeed, be grateful to Dr. Felt for completing this very useful work. With this publication there is an excellent opportunity for Canadian students to add to the known knowledge of these interesting insects. LocHueaAp, WititAM. Class Book of Economic Entomology, with special reference to the economic insects of the Northern United States and Canada. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 486 pp., 257 illustrations; price $2.50. This new book on economic entomology will certainly find a useful place among economic workers. The descriptions are concise and to the point, the illustrations well chosen and the printing excellent. Part I discusses the structure, growth and economics of insects; Part II the identification of insects mjurious to farm, garden and orchard crops, etc., Part II, the classification and description of common insects; Part IV, the control of injurious insects. Lutz, Frank E. Field Book of Insects. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London; with about 800 illustrations, many in colour. This field book of a_ size to fit the pocket is full of useful information. Following introductory remarks, pages 9 to 27 discuss collecting and preserving insects. Then follow chapters on the various orders, under each of which concise information is presented. The volume is one of 509 pages, freely illustrated, many of the figures being coloured. Perrir, R. H. and McDanret, EveEnta. Key to Orthoptera of Michigan with Annotations. Special Bull. No. 83, Mich. Agric. College, Jan., 1918. This publication of 48 pages will prove of interest to collectors and students in Canada. In addition to a key to the families of Michigan Orthoptera, it also contains generic and specific keys. Useful illustrations are included. Piers, Harry. The Orthoptera (Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers and Crickets) of Nova Scotia, with descriptions of the species and notes on their occur- rence and habits. Halifax, N.S., Trans. N.S. Inst. Sci. Vol. XTV, Part 3, pp. 201- 356, 4 plates: author’s separates published 15 July, 1918. Such provincial contri- — 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 92 butions are of much interest and will undoubtedly assist in a better knowledge of the species. Descriptions of all the Nova Scotia species are given, with IRs to assist in more ready identification. The economic species are discussed at greater length. Rav, Pui, and Rav, Nenuiz. Wasp Studies Afield. Introduction by W. M. Wheeler. Princeton University Press; price $2.00. This volume of 368 pages contains most interesting information on the habits of wasps that build their nests in burrows. The chapter headings are: Some Bembicene Wasps; Behaviour of Wasps belonging to the Family Pomphilide; Some Fly-catching Wasps; The Bee- killing Wasps: Some Mud-daubing Wasps; The Hunters of Small Orthoptera; The Hunters of Large Orthoptera; The Sand-loving Ammophila; Some Social Wasps—Experiments on the Homing of Polistes pallipes; The Mining and other Wasps of the Family Humenide ; General Considerations. Swaine, J. M. Canadian Bark-beetles, Part II, a preliminary classification with an account of the habits and means of control. Bull. No. 14, Ent. Br., Dept. Agriculture, Ottawa, issued Sept. 6, 1918. This bulletin was prepared with the object of assisting students and practical foresters in determining the bark- beetles of Canadian forests. Part I discusses “ The Beetles and Their Habits ” Part II “ Bark-beetle Injuries and the Means of Control”; Part III “ Structural Characters of the Bark-beetles”; and Part IV “ Classification—A_ preliminary Arrangement of the Canadian Bark-beetles.” Thirty-one plates and several figures in the text add great value to the publication. This, the most important publication on these insects, will be invaluable to entomologists generally. Wasnrurn, F. L. Injurious Insects and Useful Birds. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 414 illustrations im text and 4 coloured plates. Price $2.00. This volume, although prepared particularly for high schools and agricultural colleges, will be a useful work of reference for amateur entomologists, gardeners, and farmers generally. Chapters I to VI deal with losses due to insects and rodents, etc.; chapters VII to XVIII discuss insects affecting various crops. Chapter XIX, “ Our Insect Friends,” XX, “ The Relation of Birds to Agriculture,” and X XI, “ Some Four-footed Pests of the Farm,” complete the volume. Witson, H. F., and Vickery, R. A. A species list of the Aphidide of the World and their Recorded Food Plants. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. XIX, part I; issued Nov. 1918, pp. 22-355. This is divided into two parts; Part I—A species list of the Aphididz of the world with their recorded food plants; Part II—A list of Aphid food plants and the Aphids said to attack them. Students of aphids will find this publication of great value. It is indeed an important contribution. NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA, (Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidopter ra of North America. ) Pieride. 35. Pieris napi pseudonapi B. & McD. Blairmore, Alta., June, (IX. Bowman). 46. Authocharis sara julia Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). 64. Hurymus christina gigantea Stkr. Mile 214, 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (J.B. Wallis). 100 ; THE REPORT OF THE Se Neer 68. Hurymus palaeno chippewa Kdw. Mile 214, 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Satyride. 122. Oeneis chryxus calais Scudd. Mile 332, H. B. Ry., Man. July, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Nymphalide. 172. Argynnis edwardsi Reak. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). 173. .Argynnis platina Skin. Blairmore, Alta., June, (KK. Bowman). 198. Brenthis youngi Holl. In the Entomological Record for 1917, this species was recorded from Klutlan Glacier, Y. T. On further study the specimen proves to be Brenthis frigga var. improba Butl. 200. Brenthis epithore Bdv. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). 220. Huphydryas gilletti Barnes. Nordegg, Alta., July, (IX. Bowman). 226. Melitaea palla Bdy. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). 279. Aglais californica Bdy. Regarding this species Mr. F. C. Whitehouse sends the following note: “ Red Deer, Alta., mid-June, large migratory flight of presumably hibernated insects from B.C.; mid-August, new brood appeared. 313. Chlorippe clyton Bdv. & Lec. Pt. Pelee, Ont., Aug. 14, 1909, (P. A. Taverner). Lycaenide, 411. Heodes cupreus Kdw. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7,000 feet, and at head of Phair Creek, about 30 miles from Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair). 42%. Plebeius melissa Edw. Goldstream, B.C., July 3, 1918, (HE. H. Blackmore). Rather rare. This species was not included in the “Check List of B. C. Lepidoptera, 1906,” for some unaccountable reason, as it occurs regularly throughout the interior, although it is very common on Vancouver Island (HB): 432. Plebetus yukona Holl. Mile 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 433. Plebeius icarioides pembina Kdw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Sphingide. 733. Haemorrhagia gracilis G. & R. - Nipigon, Ont., (J. Fletcher). 741. Pholus fasciatus Sulz. Annapolis Royal, N.S., Oct. 31, 1918, (A. Kelsall). This is a beautiful specimen and is now in the Ottawa collection. It is the only Canadian example I have seen, (A. G.). Arctiide. . 892. Olemensia albata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 1917, (D. Mackie). 939. Dodia alberte Dyar. Mile 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 948b. Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis Staud. Vernon, B.C., April 26, 1918, (M. Ruhmann). I have also a specimen taken at Vancouver, B.C., on April 23, 1907, by the late Captain R. V. Harvey. These are the only two specimens known to me and constitute a new addition to the B.C. List. (EH. H.B.). 955. Diacrisia vagans kasloa Dyar. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). 956. Diacrisia rubra Neum. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (D. Mackie). 962. Hstigmene prima Slosson. Edmonton, Alta. and Red Deer, Alta., May- June, 1916, (K. Bowman). 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 Noctuide. 1214. Copablepharon viridisparsa Dod. Lillooet, B.C., Aug. 24, 1916, (A. W. A. Phair). One specimen a trifle worn. New to B.C., originally described from Lethbridge, Alta., (1i.H.B.). 1313. EHuzxoa ontario Sm. Edmonton, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., July-August, | 1916-1917, (K. Bowman and D. Mackie). 1315. Huzxoa quinquelinea Sm. Rossland, B.C. No date. (W. H. Danby). New te Bie (HARB). 1315a. Huxoa quinquelinea lutulenta Sm. Okanagan Landing, B.C., August 25, 1915, (J. A. Munro). New to B.C., ¢E.H.B.). 1353a. Huxoa divergens abar Stkr. Duncan, B.C., June 29, 1896, (E. M. Skinner). New to B.C., (E.H.B.). 1357. Huaxoa redimicula Morr. Atlin, B.C., Aug. 8, 1914, (EK. M. Anderson). This is an interesting record as showing the far northern range of this species. (H.H.B.). 1379. Chorizagrotis thanatologia Dyar. Ottawa, Ont., June 28, July 7, 1899, (C. H. Young) ; Ottawa, June 29, 1905, (J. Fletcher) ; Strathroy, Ont., July 4, 1918, (H. F. Hudson). These specimens are very close to the variety sordida Sm., as figured by Dod, but are shghtly redder. Welling- ton, B.C., (G. W. Taylor). This specimen is close to Dod’s figure of boretha (Can. Ent. XLVIII, p. 4, f. 7). 1445. Agrotis esurialis Grt. Duncan, B.C., June 4, 1910, (G. O. Day). 1459. Agrotis atrata Morr. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman). 1468. Pseudorthosia variabilis Grt. Blairmore, Alta., Sept., (IK. Bowman). 1502. Lycophotia lubricans Gn. Ottawa, Ont., July 2, 1908, (C. H. Young). 1512. Aplectoides arufa Sm. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1916, (I<. Bowman). 1513. Aplectoides condita Gu. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie and K. Bowman). 1529. Anytus enthea Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1916, (K. Bowman). 1538. Anomogyna sincera H.S. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IK. Bowman). 1539. Anomogyna laetabilis Zett. Pocahontas and Nordegg, Alta., July-Aug., (K. Bowman). 1580. Rhynchagrotis vittifrons Grt. Penticton, B.C., (L. A. DeWolfe). Lillooet, B.C., Oct. 19, 1917, (A. W. A. Phair). New to B.C., (H.H.B.). 1682. Polia negussa Sm. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). New to B.C) 4 EE). 1693. Polia cristifera Wik. Edmonton, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (KK. Bowman and D. Mackie). 1697. Polia rogenhoferi Moesch. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IK. Bowman). 1702. Polia variolata Sm. Victoria, B.C., July 18, 1918, (E. H. Blackmore). Taken at rest on a fence at mid-day. There is one specimen in the Provincial Museum collection taken at Victoria in 1902. Outside of these two specimens I have no further record from B.C., (E.H.B.). 1723. Polia pulverulenta Sm. Aweme, Man., June 1, 1918, (N. Criddle) ; McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 30, 1914, (J. Perrin). 1734. Polia vicina Grt. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 5, 1916, (J. A. Munro). This is the same species which has been previously listed from Kaslo as pensilis Grt., the latter species only occurring on Vancouver Island and in the Lower Fraser Valley, (E.H.B.). £001. Cucullia omissa Dod. Ottawa, Ont., June 5, 1906, (C. H. Young). THE REPORT-OF TH i No. 36 Oncocnemis hayesi Grt. Blairmore, Alta., Sept., (IX. Bowman). Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morr. Laterriere, Chicoutimi, Que., Aug. 25, 1878, (V. A. Huard). I recently determined this specimen and am assured it was captured at this place, (A.G.). Momophana comstocki Grt. Near Quebec City, Que., (V. A. Huard). Hillia discinigra W\k. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1916, (D. Mackie). Graptolitha thaxteri Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1916-1917, (D. Mackie). Xylena mertena Sm. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair). Xylena brillians Ottol. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1917, (D. Mackie). Pleroma cinerea Sm. Lillooet, B.C., May 4, 1916, (EH. M. Anderson) ; Armstrong, B.C., no date, (W. Downes). Trachea parcata Sm. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman). Trachea impulsa Gn. Victoria, B.C., July 6, 1918, (A. H. Blackmore). First record from Vancouver Island, previously recorded from Kaslo, (H.H.B.). Oligia includens Wik. Kdmonton, Alta., July-Sept., 1916-17, (Ix. Bowman and D. Mackie). Eremobia claudens Wik. Hymers, Ont., Aug. 16, 30, 1913, (H. Dawson). Acronycta lithospila Grt. Chelsea, Que, June 29, 1917, (J. H. Me- Dunnough). Xylomea chagnoni B. & McD. Ottawa, July 138, 1908, (C. H. Young) ; Trenton, Ont., 1899, (J. D. Evans). In the Ent. Record for 1905, this recently described species is recorded under the name of //adena didonea Sm., the specimens having been reared by Fletcher from larve found in the roots of Phalaris arundinacea, - Andropolia aedon Grt. Dunean, B.C., no date, (EH. M. Skinner). New tomb Ce i Bee Ba). Arzama obliqua Wik. Duncan, B.C., June 26, 1906, (EK. M. Skinner). One specimen in splendid condition; new to B.C., (H.H.B.). Catocala atala Cassino. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 18, 1911: Lepidopterist, I, 52. Catocala briseis clarissima Beut. Cartwright, Man., (Heath): Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis) ; Lepidopterist, II, 66. Catocala blandula manitobense Cassino. Cartwright, Man., July 17; Lepidopterist, II, 81. Catocala blandula VWist. Red Deer, Alta., August, 1905, (Ix. Bowman) ; Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1906, (C. H. Young). Panthea acronyctoides Wik. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle, J. B. Wallis and L. H. Roberts). Autographa v-alba Ottol. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). Only B.C., previous record from Kaslo, (H.H.B.). Autographa metallica Grt. Victoria, B.C., June 21, 1918, (EK. H. Black- more). First record from Victoria, B.C., that I know of, (H.H.B.). Syneda hudsonica heathi B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., June, (EH. F. Heath) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 2, 122. Rivula propinqualis Gu. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman). Parahypenodes quadralis B & McD. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 30, 1908, (J. D. Evans). Zanclognatha lutalba Sm. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915-1917, (IX. Bowman and D. Mackie). “Ss 1919 INTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 103 — 3580. Hypena californica Behr. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1917, (D. Mackie). * — Parahypenodes quadralis B. & MeD. St. Therese Island, St. John’s Co., Que., July, (W. Chagnon) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 2,124. Notodontide. 3669. Cerura borealis Bdy. TKidmonton, Alta., June-July, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie and K. Bowman). 3670. Cerura occidentalis Lint. Nordegg, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., July- August, (KK. Bowman). Lymantriide. 3704. Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa Hy. Edw. Chase, B.C., Aug. 4-6, 1917, (W. B. Anderson). Geometride. 3802. Synchlora rubrifrontaria Pack. Kdmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie). 3936. Stamnoctlenis morrisata Hulst. Goldstream, B.C., July 5, 1918—July 8, 1918, two males, (EK. H. Blackmore). First record from here: recorded from Dunean, B.C., last year by A. W. Hanham, which was the first record from Vancouver Island, (H.H.B.). 3950. Acasis viridata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., May, 1915-1916, (D. Mackie). 3955. Cladura atroliturata Wik. Edmonton, Alta., April-May, 1915-1916, (Kx. Bowman and D. Mackie). Eustroma fasciata B. & MeD. Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, B.C., June; Cont. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, 2, 137. 3981. Lygris destinata lugubrata Moesch. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, 1915- 1917, (D. Mackie). 3983. Lygris explanata cunigerata Wilk. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, 1915- 1917, (D. Mackie). Lygris xylina serrataria B. & McD. Ottawa, Ont., (C. H. Young). Thera georgii benesignata B. & McD. Wellington, B.C., July 28, 1905, Sept. 12, 1903; Duncan, B.C.; Cont. Lep. N.A. III, No. 4, 226. 3987a. Diactinia silaceata albolineata Pack. Victoria, B.C., April 30, 1918—July 24, 1918, (E. H. Blackmore). First record from Victoria, (H.H.B). 3993. Dysstroma citrata L. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1917, (IX. Bowman). 3995. Dysstroma walkerata Pears. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman). * ~Hydriomena macdunnoughi Swett. Atlin, B.C., June 11, 1914; Can. Ent. LL, 296. Xanthorhoe blackmorei Swett. . Victoria, B.C., May 2, 19, 1915, (H.H. Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. L, 21. Xanthorhoe macdunnoughi Swett. Victoria, B.C., May 30, 1915; May 14, 1913; (BH. H. Blackmore) ; Duncan, B.C., (in coll. E.H:B.); Can. Bindsduy 072 * Xanthorhoe atlinensis Swett. Atlin, B.C., June 26, 28, 1914; Can. Ent. LL, -20. 4050. Xanthorhoe iduata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1916, (D. Mackie). 4060. Hntephria aurata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915, (D. Mackie). * Oporinia autumnata henshawi Swett. London, Ont., (Miss E. Morton and J. A. Moffatt) ; Lepidopterist, I, 47, (1917). 4602. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Euphyia luctuata Schiff. Victoria, B.C., June 14, 1917, (W. Downes). First record from Victoria, (H.H.B.). ; Epirrhoe plebeculata vivida B. & McD. Wellington and Goldstream, B.C. ; Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 232. Perizoma basaliata grandis Hist. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915-1916, (D. Mackie). Venusia cambrica Curt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915, (D. Mackie). Edule mendica W\k. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1917, (K. Bowman and D. Mackie). Eupithecia albipunctata Haw. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie). Eupithecia coagulata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie). Eupithecia niphadophilata Dyar. Pocahontas, Alta., August, 1917, (K. Bowman). Eupithecia scelestata Tayl. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (IK. Bowman). Eupithecia alberta Tayl. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman). Eupithecia terminata Tayl. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (K. Bowman). Eupithecia fumata Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie). Horisme vitalbata incana Swett. Caigary, Alta., June 5, 1914; June 26, 1907; June 26, 1914, (Wolley-Dod) ; Psyche, XXIV, 190. Dasyfidonia avuncularia Gn. Blairmore, Alta., May, (K. Bowman). . Phasiane respersata teucaria Stkr. Victoria, B.C., May 28, 1918, (i. H. Blackmore). Phasiane neptaria Gn. Blairmore, Alta., May and Sept., (K. Bowman). . Phasiane neptaria sinuata Pack. Victoria, B.C., May 2, 1918, (H. H. Blackmore). This has been previously listed as neptaria Gn., but has been- found to be conspecific with sinuata described by Packard from Vancouver Island. It occurs sparingly throughout the province, (EEE: Phasiane ponderosa B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., June 14, July 24; Aweme, Man., June 20; Calgary, Alta., June 16; Cont. Lep. N.A., HI, No: 4,235. Phasiane ponderosa demaculata B. & McD. Calgary, Alta., May 11, July 1, 5; Banff, Alta., July 1; Field, B.C., July 2; Cont. Lep. N.A. III, No. 4, 235. Itame bitactata Wik. Pocahontas, Alta., July, 1917, (KX. Bowman). Caripeta angustiorata Wik. Blairmore, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Cleora indicataria Wik. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1917, (K. Bowman and D. Mackie). Cleora emasculata Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., June 1915-1917, (D. Mackie). Cleora satisfacta B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 15; Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 244. Aethaloptera anticaria fumata B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., April-May; Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 244. Xanthotype urticaria Swett. “ Nova Scotia”; Lepidopterist, fig. 6, pl. WIL, Viol. ail. Xanthotype manitobensis Swett. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Lepidop- terist, II, 78. Glena cognataria Hbn. MeNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 14, 1910, (J. Perrin). 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 4608. Lycia ursaria Walk. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). New to B.C. * Plagodis intermediaria B. & McD. Ottawa, Ont., May 16, (C. H. Young) ; ‘ Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 248. 4680. Nematocampa limbata Haw. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1917, (D. Mackie). * Metarranthis septentrionaria B. & McD. Beulah, Man., June 21; Aweme, Man., May 29, June 18; Winnipeg, Man.; Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 257. 4744. Pero honestarius Wik. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, 1915-1917, (K. | Bowman and D. Mackie). Tpiplemide. | 4788. Callizzia armorata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1917, (K. Bowman and D. Mackie). Pyralide. | * Lozostege albertalis B. & McD. Gleichen, Alta., July, (F. H. Wolley- Dod) ; Beulah and Miniota, Man.; Cont. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, 2, 160. 5018. Lovostege chortalis Grt. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman). 5093. Phlyctaenia itysalis W1k. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1917, (K. Bowman). 5099. Phlyctaenia terrealis Tr. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1917, (KX. Bow- man). 6140. Pyrausta unifascialis Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). 5142. Pyrausta fodinalis Led. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman). 5151. Pyrausta borealis Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (KK. Bowman). 6154. Pyrausta generosa G. & R. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (I<. Bowman). 5155. Pyrausta ochosalis Dyar. Red Deer, Alta., June 1917, (IK. Bowman). 5166. Pyrausta nicalis Grt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman). 5176. Pyrausta funebris Strom. Edmonton, Alta., Red Deer, Alta., June, 1916- @ 1917, (D. Mackie and K. Bowman). * Pyrausta pythialis B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., (H. F. Heath) ; Aweme, Man., June, (N. Criddle) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, No. 2, p. 164. Hucosmide. 7114. Proteopterya oregonana Wishm. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). 7129. Proteopteryx ilicifoliana Kearf. Vancouver, B.C., July 30, 1917, reared from holly, (R. C. Treherne). Yponomeutide. * Swammerdamia cuprescens Braun. Field, B.C.; Can. Ent., L, 231. Gracilariide. * Orniz spireifoliella Braun. Field, B.C.; Can. Ent., L, 234. Hepialide. 8486. Hepialus hyperboreus Moesch. Pocahontas, Alta., August, 1917, (K. Bowman). Exactly like the type (B. & McD.). Hyperboreus appeared in Dod’s Alberta list and he so named the species for Mr. Mackie, but Y this, according to Sir George Hampson, is H. mathewi Hy. Edw. (K. B.). 8488. Hepialus mathewi Hy. Edw. Edmonton, Alta., Aug.-Sept., 1915-1916, ¢ (D. Mackie and K. Bowman). : : gE. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 COLEOPTERA. Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. fo) feo) ’ Cicindelide. Cicindela unijuncta Csy. Edmonton, Alta., June 16, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). 30. Cicindela hyperborea Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 29, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). Carabide. 118. Carabus chamissonis Fisch. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1917; July 4, 1917, (238. Carr): 154. Hlaphrus obliteratus Mann. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 14, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 164. Blethisa quadricollis Hald. UHusavick, Man., July 4, 1917, (L. H. D. Roberts). New to Manitoba. 172. Opisthius richardsoni Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1916, (F. S. Carr). 234. Dyschirius terminatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 27, 1917, (¥. 8. Carr). 323. Bembidium quadrulum Lec. Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 12, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 325. Bemdidium nigrum Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 19, 1917. One specimen in my garden on Langside St., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 339. Bembidium nebraskense Lec. Edmonton, Alta., March 29, 1918, (F. S. Carr). 343. Bembidium transversale Dej. Lake Dauphin, Man., March 27, 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). 363. Bembidium grapii Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., April 9, 1909. This specimen has had a varied career. Prof. Wickham identified it as dyschirinum. Mr. Liebeck refused to commit himself. The present determination is Dr. Van Dyke’s, (J. B. Wallis). Bembidium constricticolli Haywd. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916. Not quite typical, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 373. Bembidium oblusangulum Lec. Leduc, Alta., May 11, 1914, (F. 8S. Carr). 397. Bembidium dejectum Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1917. Also in my garden on Langside St., one only, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Bembidion brumale Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. %2, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion vacivum Csy. Skeena River, B.C., (J. H. Keen): Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 22, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion blanditum Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 23, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion impium Csy. Agassiz, B.C. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p- 28, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion deceptor Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 29, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion nescium Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 30, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion viator Csy. Massett, Q.C.I., B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 31, issued Nov. 12, 1918. * Bembidion illex Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen): Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VITI, p. 31, issued Novy. 12, 1918. es 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 Bembidion haruspea Csy. Inverness and Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 31, issued Nov, 12, 1918. Bembidion bucolicum Csy. Stikine River Canon, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 34, issued Noy. 12, 1918. Bembidion insopitans Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 68, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion vancouveri Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 73, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion imperitum Csy. Victoria, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 91, issued-Nov. 12, 1918. . * —Bembidion mobile Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 95, issued Noy. 12, 1918. Bembidion imitator Csy. Kamloops, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 105, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion tolerans Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the oleoptera, VIII, p. 132, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion gregale Csy. Agassiz, B.C.:; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VITT, p. 148, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion peregrinum Csy. Massett, Q.C.1, B.C... (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 159, issued Noy. 12, 1918. Bembidion crassicornis Csy. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 165, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Bembidion keeni Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIIT, p. 166, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Pogonine. Patrobus labradorinus Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 395, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Patrobus minuens Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 396, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Patrobus laeviceps Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 396, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Patrobus insularis Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 397, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Trechus brumalis Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 408, issued Nov. 12, 1918. oe Pterostichine. Hypherpes innatus Csy. “Canada (west of the Rocky Mountains)”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 329, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Iypherpes responsor Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 330, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Hypherpes anthrax Csy. “Vancouver Island”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 331, issued Nov. 1%, 1918. Buferonia quadrifera Csy. “ Ontario”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 366, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Cryobius otariidinus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 374, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Cryobius beringi Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 374, issued Nov. 12, 1918. s 108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 * Oryobius delicatus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 375, issued Nov. 12, 1918. * Cryobius breviusculus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 375, issued Nov. 12, 1918. Amarine. * Ourtonotus labradorensis Csy. Labrador, (W. St. Modest) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 231, issued Nov. 12, 1918. * Curtonotus scrutatus Csy. Labrador, (W. St. Modest); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 231, issued Nov. 12, 1918. * Bradytus nainensis Csy. Nain, Labrador, (Sherman); Memoirs on ihe Coleoptera, VIII, p. 238, issued Nov. 12, 1918. * Celia sinuosa Csy. Aldermere, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 277, issued Nov. 12, 1918. * Amara keeni Csy. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 299, issued Nov. 12, 1918. 625. Amara haematopa Dej. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 9, 1917; Mile 352, July 17, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Previously recorded from Hudson Bay territory. 651. Amara angustata Say. Onah, Man., July 9th, 1916, (J. B. Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., July 10, 1917, (EH. Criddle). Rare in Manitoba. 657. Amara impuncticollis Say. Miami, Man., July 2, 1914; Thornhill, Man., June 30, 1916; Winnipeg, Man., June 8, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Previously recorded by Dr. Bell from Oxford House. 658. Amara littoralis Mann. Victoria Beach, Man., June 17, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 661. Amara cupreolata Putz. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916; Calgary, Alta., April 7, 1915, (Tams). Previously mixed with protensa, of which spec'es I have but one really typical specimen, from Aweme, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 833. Platynus gemellus Lec. Aweme, Man., Oct. 16, 1917, (N. Criddle). 1107. Harpalus laticeps Lec. Aweme, Man., May 14, 1904, (N. Criddle). Dytiscide. 1293. Coelambus sellatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 9, 1916, (F. 8 C rr). 1298. Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (¥. S. Carr). 1300. COoelambus fraternus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1915, (¥ S. Carr). 1349. Hydroporus tartaricus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 8, 1915, (F. S. Carr). 1355. Hydroporus vitulus Er. Edmonton, Alta., April 11, 1917, (F. 8S. Carr). Gyrinide. 1472. Colymbetes strigatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 5, 1917, (* S. Carr). 1505. Gyrinus minutus Fab. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 10, 1917, (F S. Carr). 1507. Gyrinus confinis Lec. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 191%, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Te7s Gyrinus maculiventris Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1915, (F. Ss. Carr). 1519. Gyrinus affinis Aube. VHdmonton, Alta., May 5, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). 1524. Gyrinus pectoralis Lec. TWdmonton, Alta., Sept. 15, 1917, (F. S. Carr). 1525... Gyrinus impressicollis Kby. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., (J. B. Wallis). “I feel sure this is the long lost or never recognized impressicollis of Kirby, known only by-the type in the British Museum ” (H: C. Fall). 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 1528. Gyrinus lugens Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. : Hy drophilide. ae’ 1630. Philhydrus ochraceus Mels. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. . 9335. Cercyon tristis Ill. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Silphide. 1727. Choleva alsiosa Harv. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917; under a dead mouse, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Choleva spenciana Kby. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917; under a dead gopher, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 1730. Choleva clavicornis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 4, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). 1732. Choleva terminans Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917; under a dead gopher, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Choleva horniana Blanch. Aweme, Man., July 17, 1918, (N. Criddle and J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 1812. Clambus gibbulus Lec. ~ Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Staphylinide. Quedius aenescens Makl. Aweme, Man., April 22, 1918, ( N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 2011. Atheta dichroa Grav. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 18, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta remulsa Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 26, 1917, in fungus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta virginica Bernh. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 10, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 18, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta fungi Groh. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1912; Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1912; Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; on bracket fungus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta dentata Bernh. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916; Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta graminicola Gr. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta irrita Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 24-26, 1917; in fungus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2017. Atheta recondita Er. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 10, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2022. Amischa analis Thom. Winnipeg, Man., May 10, 1912; April 24, 1916, Ay (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Paradilacra densissima Bernh. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Metaxrya awemeana Csy. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 18. 1912: Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). 9562. Dasyglossa prospera Er. Winnipeg, Man., April 15. 1916; St. Norbert, Man., June 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Gymnusa variegata Kiesw. Bird’s Hill, Man., May 5. 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 2165. Philonthus basalis Horn. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July, 1918. One specimen now in the collection of Dr. H. C. Fall. (J. B. Wallis). 2234. Philonthus aurulentus Horn. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6 1917; Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2432. Stenus fraternus Csy. Mile 214, radeon Bay Ry., Man., July 25, 26, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2447. Stenus pollens Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 9-26, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2463. Stenus punctatus Er. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 26, 1917, with pollens and fraternus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2634. Tachyporus jocosus Say. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6-26, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 13, 1917, not taken in Manitoba for a number of years, (J. B. Wallis). 2646. Conosoma littoreum Linn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 27, 1918, (N. Criddle). 2671. Mycetoporus humidus Say. Winnipeg, Man, April 24, 1916; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6,.1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 2675. Mycetoporus flavicollis Lec. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1918, (N. cus 2833. Olophrum latum Mahl. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917; Mile 214, July 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). “Said to be the same as fuscum Grav. An example of the latter from the Caucasus ... . looks a little different,’ (H. C. Fall).- New to Manitoba. Coccinellidee. 3053. Hippodamia americana Cr. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917; one only in wash-up of lake, (J. B. Wallis). 3065a. Coccinella abdominalis Say. Winnipeg, Man., July 30, 1917, (li. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba. 3122. Hyperaspis 4-vittata Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3156. Scymnus tenebrosus Muls. Darlingford, Man., May 28, 1916, (W. R. S. Metcalfe). Rare in Manitoba. 3160. Stetharus (Scymnus) punctum Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. -9, 1918, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Colydiide. 3290. Ceérylon castaneum Say. Edmonton, Alta., June 9, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). Cucujide. 3349. Brontes dubius Fab. Husavick, Man., July, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Histeride. 3486. Hister foedatus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 2, 1 ; Onah, Man., July 14, 1918, (N. Criddle). 3488. Hister punctifer Payk. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 4, 1915, (F. 8. Carr). 570. Saprinus comnomus nodifer Westn. Edmonton, Alta., April 2, 1915, (F. S. Carr). Nitidulide. 3663. Brachyptum globulosus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1916, (F. S. Carr). 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. le! 3737. Meligethes sevus Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6, 1917; on Mertensia paniculata var. longisepala. Occurred along the line of the Hudson Bay Ry., wherever its food plant grew, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba; Edmonton, Alta., May 10, 1915, (F. 8. Carr). Nitidula nigra Schaef. Winnipeg, Man., April 25, 1916; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3756. Ips vittatus Oliv. Lake Dauphin, Man., 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). Latridiide. 3798. Corticaria serricollis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 26, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Byrrhide. 3890. Byrrhus cyclophorus Wirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 23, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). lateride. 4101. Cardiophorus edwardsii Horn. Lillooet, B.C., (KH. P. Venables). 4217. Hlater pedalis Germ. Mile 214, June 6, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 13, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4228. Hlater socer Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4257. Drasterius debilis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6-13, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4414. Paranomus costalis Payk. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 9, 1917; Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., July 12, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 1917, (J. B.. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Buprestidae. 4628. Anthravia wneogaster Lap. Edmonton, Alta., June 27, 1917, (F. 8. Carr). 4%28. Agrilus vittaticollis Rand. Cawston, B.C., July 2, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). 4739. Agrilus anxius Gory. Cawston, B.C., June 24, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). Lampyride. A%8%. Eros aurora Hbst. Cawston, B.C., Aug. 5, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). Ptinide. * Eucrada robusta Van Dyke. Selkirk Mts., B.C., 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ; Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., XIII, 6. 5337. Hndecatomus rugosus Rand. Edmonton, Alta., June 6, 1916, (F. S. Carr). Scarabeide. 5596. Geotrupes splendidus Fab. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June 1, 1918, (J. 1. Beaulne). Addition to Quebec list. 5825. Polyphylla variolosa Hentz. Ft. Coulonge, Que., July 24, 1917, (J. I. Beaulne). * Cremastochilus bifoveatus Van Dyke. Vernon, B.C., May, (W. H. Brittain) ; Bull. Brook. Ent. Soe., XIII, 14. Spondylide. 5948. Spondylis upiformis Mann. Cawston, B.C., May 9, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). 112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — Cerambycide. 5967. Tragosoma harris Lec. Nordegg, Alta., July 17, 1917, (K. Bowman). 5986. Gonocallus collaris Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 7, 1915, (7 S> Carr): 5988. Physocnemum brevilineum Say. Oey, Man., (B. F. Heath). 6010. Callidium cicatricosum Mann. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (F. 8. Carr). 61838¢e. Xylotrechus undulatus fuscus Kby. Le Pas, Man., July 3, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 5-26, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 16, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6184. A ylotrechus annosus Say. Cawston, B.C., June 24, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). 6267. Acmeops longicornis Kby. Cawston, B.C., May 20, June 30, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). 6332b. Leptura cribripennis Lec. Cawston, B.C., Aug. 5, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe). Leptura rufibasis Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; called a variety of subargentata, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6361. Leptura mutabilis Newm. Husavick, Man., July 12, 191%, (L. H. Roberta): ' 6363. Leptura aspera Lec. Winnipeg, Man, May, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 191%. The Mile 332 specimen is the testaceous form, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Pogonocherus salicola Csy. Husavick, Man., July, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6444. Graphisurus pusillus Kirby. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1917, (L. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba. Chrysomelide. Prasocurts ovalis Blatch. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1917, (. H. Roberts) ; seems undoubtedly to be this species. New to Canada (?). 6891la. Diabrotica fossata Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 6932. Oedionychis vians Ill. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June 1, 1918, (J. I. Beaulne). Addition to Quebec list. 6982. Crepidodera modeerit Linn. Husavick, Man., July 8, 191%, (LL. H. Roberts) ; Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (L. H. Roberts, N. rdule, J. B. Wallis). Swept from hetince in swamp. 7032. Mantura floridana Cr. Edmonton, Alta., Ae: 9. LONG CRs: Caney. Bruchide. 7159. Bruchus macrocerus Horn. Edmonton, Alta., July 13, 1918, (F. S. Carr). ‘Tenebrionide. 7226a. Phellopsis porcata Lec. Lillooet, B.C., (E. P. Venables). 7488. Anaedus brunneus Ziegl. Husavick, Man., July 12, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 7542. Boletophagus depressus Rand. Dauphin, Man., (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). New to Manitoba. Cistelide. : 7626. Mycetochares basillaris Say. Miami, Man., July 6, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Melandryide. 7665. Hnchodes sericea Hald. Dauphin, Man., 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 Pythide. 7707. Crymodes discicollis Lec. Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables). Mordellide. 7766. Anaspis atra Lec. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Atra by Smith’s table; locality suggests nigra (H. C. F.). New to Manitoba. 7778: Mordella borealis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 24-26, 1917; on orange-coloured fungous growth on spruce log, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 7785. Mordella serval Say. Aweme, Man., July 24, 1903, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7795. Mordellistena bicinctella Lec. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7805. Mordellistena vilis Lec. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Mordellistena frosti Lilj. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Canada. 7807. Mordellistena decorella Lec. Aweme, Man., July 7, 1911, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7819. Mordellistena tosta Lec. Aweme, Man., Aug. 2, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7833. Mordellistena nigricans Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 10, 1917, (N. Criddle). 7840. Mordellistena convicta Lec. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7843. Mordellistena morula Lec. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1917, (E. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Mordellistena dwisa Lec. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 7858. Mordellistena wthiops Smith. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. Anthicide. 7918. Notorus talpa Laf. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (Wallis, Roberts, Criddle) ; Aweme, Man., Aug., (J. Fletcher). New to Manitoba. Anthicus hastatus Csy. Thornhill, Man., Aug. 19, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). “Does not agree with type in colour,” (H. C. F.). New to Manitoba. Meloide. 8103. Epicauta corvinus Lec. Husavick, Man., (E. Coates). New to Manitoba. Rhynchitide. 8203. Auletes congruus Wlk. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Otiorhynchide. 8245. Ophryastes sulcirostris Say. Boissevain, Man., Sept. 20, 1917, (N. Criddle). Curculionide. ; 8367. Apion punctinassum Sm. Miami, Man., July 5, 1916; Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Apion nebraskense. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 8477. Pissodes rotundatus Lec. Grand Marais, Man., July 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 10885. Dorytomus vagenotatus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., April 3-15, 1916, (J. B. Wallis) ; Darlingford, Man., April 23, June 4, 1916, (W. R. Metcalfe). New to Manitoba. 8571. Hndalus limatulus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., July 20, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3576. Tanysphyrus lemne Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 8637. Anthonomus scutellatus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 2, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). Rare in Manitoba. 11006. Anthonomus squamulatus Dietz. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis. 11018. Pseudanthonomus validus Dietz. Husavick, Man., Aug., 19138, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 3) 86%5. Orchestes minutus Horn. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba. 8676. Orchestes rufipes Lec. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 13, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 11079. Phytobius griseomicans Dtz. Miami, Man., July 5, 1916; Grand Marais, Man., July 26, 1916; Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916; Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917; Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., July 12, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Probably equals European velatus, (H. C. F.). New to Manitoba. Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blatchley. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1915, (Heas..Carr)). 8727. Conotrachelus posticatus Boh. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 8735. Conotrachelus anaglypticus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Calandride. Sphenophorus zee. Winnipeg, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 9044. Rhyncholus brunneus Mann. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle). Ipide. * — Lesperisinus criddlei Sw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; St. Hilaire, Que. : Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 72, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918. Cryphalus canadensis Chamberlain. Roger’s Pass, B.C., Sept. 28, 1915, (J. M. Swaine); Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 88, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918. Pityophthorus pseudotsuge Sw. Vernon, B.C., June 29, 1914, (J. M. Swaine) ; Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 99, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. Ge A918; Pityogenes knechteli Sw. Jasper Park, Alta., Aug. 30, 1915, (J. M. Swaine); Nechako Valley, B.C., Atlin, B.C., Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 106, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918. Ips laticollis Sw. Near Ottawa,-Ont., Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 116, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 Ips dubws Sw. Roger’s Pass, B.C., Sept. 28, 1915, (J. M. Swaine) ; Selkirks and Rockies, between Glacier, B.C., and Banff, Alta.; Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 119, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918. DIPTERA, (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) Tipulide. Pachyrhina perdita Dietz.’ Aweme, Man., Aug. 7, 1913, (H. Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 116. Pachyrhina opacivittata Dietz. Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Hint. -S0c.>, “ULV. 193: Pachyrhina festina Dietz. Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 15, 1910, (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 126. Pachyrhina obliterata Dietz. Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1912, (G. Beaulieu) : Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 133. Tipula macrolaboides Alex. “ Hudson Bay Territory;’ Can. Ent., L. 69. Chironomide. 108. Johannesomyia (Ceratopogon) albaria Cog. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 110. Palpomyia (Ceratopogon) subasper Coq. St. Louis Que., Aug. 8, 1%, 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Mycetophilidi. Lew opima Lw. Outremont, Que., Aug. 25, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (SM Aw): Neosciara lobosa Pettey. Carbonate, Columbia River, B.C., July 7-12. 1908, (J. C. Bradley); An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 333. Neosciara ovata Pettey. Howser, Selkirk Mountains, B.C., June 22, 1905, (J. C. Bradley); An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 336. Bibionide. 166. Bibio nervosus Lw. Outremont, Que., May 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. 166. Babio xanthopus Wied. Montreal, Que., May 21, 1918, (A. F. Winn). Addition to Quebec list. 167. Duophus obesulus Lw. Outremont, Que., June 7, 1917; St. Louis, Que., July 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 167. Dilophus tibialis Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. ‘Tabanide. 197. Chrysops mechus O. 8. Joliette, Que., July 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. 198. Chrysops striatus O. S. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 9, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 198. Chrysops univittatus Macq. Joliette, Que., July 6, 22, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ‘Therevide. 247. Psilocephala notata Wied. Coniston, Ont., July 26, 1915, (H. S. Parish). Mr. J. Ouellet has also taken the species in Quebee Province. Addition to Quebee list. 247. Psilocephala nigra Say. Montreal, Que., Aug. 25, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Mydaide. 251. Mydas clavatus Dr. Longwood, Ont., July 4, 1918, (G. Blair). Asilide. Asilus erythrocnemius Hine. Montreal, Que., Aug. 28, 1917; Joliette, Que., Aug. 15, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. 283. Asilus paropus Walk. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 6, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. Dolichopodide. 29%. Hydrophorus chrysologus Walk. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 6, 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. ‘Empide. * Drapetis aliternigra Mel. “ British Columbia;” An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XT, 92: Drapetis infumata Mel. Nelson, B.C., July 17, 1910; An. Ent. Soe. Amer., XI, 194. * Drapetis setulosa Mel. “ British Columbia ;’ An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 196. * Hndrapetis facialis Mel. Medicine Hat, Alta., (J. R. Malloch) ; An. Ent. Soe. Amer., XI, 200. Microsania imperfecta Lw. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18, 1915, (N. Criddle). 317. Syneches pusillus Lw. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 20, 1918; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 18, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 331. Rhamphomyia wrregularis Lw. -Outremont, Que., May 19, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Phoride. Aphiocheta evarthe Mall. Strathroy, Ont., Aug. 14, 1918, (H. F. Hudson). Syrphide. Pipiza festiva Mg. Mount Royal, Que., May 21, June 2, 1918, (J. Ouellet). 350. Pipiza prsticoides Will. Mount Royal, Que., May 23, June 2, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 363. Didea lava O. S. Outremont, Que., Sept. 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. Syrphus perplerus Osb. Outremont, Que., June 5, Sept. 1, 1918, (J. Ouellet) ; Rawdon, Que., Aug. 12, 1917. Addition to Quebec list. 377. Volucella bombylans americana Jns. Montreal, Que., June 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 393. Helophilus hamatus Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 393. Helophilus laetus Lw. Outremont, Que., June 5, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117 399. Xylota fraudulosa Lw. Outremont, Que., May 15, June 2, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. -Conopide. 412. Oncomyia modesta Will. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Tachinide. Viviania lachnosterne. Tns. St. Remi, Que., June 24, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J. M. A.). (Imitomyia) Himantostoma sugens Lw. According to Aldrich Sas- katchewania canadensis, records of which occur in the Ent. Record for 1915, is evidently the long lost H. sugens. 433. Hypostena barbata Cog. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 440. FHutriva exilis Cog. Outremont, Que., May 19, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. 441. Nanthomelana flavipes Coq. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 19, (J. Ouellet). “New to Canada, (J. M. A.). 445. Metaplagia occidentalis Coq. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Panzeria ampelos Walk. Outremont, Que., May 20, 1917; Sept. 19, 1918: Joliette, Que., July 5, 24, 1918; St. Louis, Que, Aug. 7, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Exorista caesar Ald. “TI lately got some material for determination which almost convinced me that my Hzorista caesar, a Canadian fly, is a synonym of nigripalpis Tns. The point of difference was the existence of one, or several bristles on the outer front side of the middle tibia: I now think this is sometimes variable, though usually constant.” (J. M, A.). 461. Phorocera erecta Cog. Mount Royal, Que., May 23, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). : 470. Tachina robusta Tns. Newaygo, Argenteuil Co., Que., June 17, 1917, (A. F. Winn). No definite Quebec record in Quebec list. 475. Phorichaeta sequax Will. Outremont, Que., July 29, 1917, Sept. 16, Oct. 1, 1918; St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918, (J. Ouellet). No Quebee records in Quebec list. 488. Hchinomyia decisa Wlk. Cap a VAigle, Que., Aug. 3-17, 1918, (A.F. Winn); Mount Royal, Que., June 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Dexiide. Thelarodes clemonst Tns. St. Remi, Que., June 25, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). Sarcophagide. Sarcophaga latisterna Pk. Outremont, Que., May 20, June 23, Aug. 22. 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Sarcophaga cooleyi Pk. Allan, Sask., Aug. 11, 1917, (A. E. Cameron). Sarcophaga marginata Ald. Outremont, Que., Sept. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Sarcophaga vancouverensis Pk. Vancouver, B.C., May 12, 19, 1916; June 11, 1916; Savory Island, July 3, 1916; Bd. Bay, May 22, 1915, (R. &. Sherman). Can._Ent., L, 123. Muscide. Phormia azurea Fall. Outremont, Que., July 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list. 525. Pyrellia cyanicolor Zett. Outremont, Que., May 21, 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list. Anthomyide. Hydrotwa houghi Mall. Outremont, Que., Sept. 21, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Pogonomyia minor Mall. Farewell Creek, Sask.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 280. 544. Mydea duplicata Mg. Outremont, Que., May 15, Aug..25, 1917 Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 545. Spilogaster signia Wik. Montreal, Que., Oct. 14, 1918, (A. F. Winn). Addition to Quebee list. Limnophora brunneisquama Mall. St. Remi, Que., June 25, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Fannia spathiophora Mall. Gold Rock, Rainy River District, Ont., July 21, 1905, (H. H. Newcombe) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 294. 546. Mydwa uniseta Stein. Outremont, Que., June 11, Sept. 18, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list. Mydea rufitibia Stein. Outremont, Que., May 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Mydea nitida Stein. Outremont, Que., May 28, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. (==nigripennis Walk. J.M.A.). 548. Anthomyia albicincta Fall. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list. Hylemyia coenosieformis St. St. Louis, Que., July 30, Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list. Hylemyia pluvialis Mall. Gold Rock, Ont., July 21, (H. H. Newcombe) ; Can. Ent. L, 310. Hylemyia tenax Johannsen. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 558. Pegomyia affinis Stein. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Fucellia estuum Ald. Vancouver, B.C., Aug. 8, 1917, (Melander) ; Pender Island, B.C., (Aldrich) ; Proce. Cal. Acad. Sei., VIII, 157-179. Cenosia humilis Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 13, 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 561. Cenosia hypopygialis St. St. Remi, Que., June 25, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). Lispocephala alma Mg. Mount Royal, Que., April 16, (J. Ouellet). Ad- dition to Quebec list. Scatophagide. 565. Cordylura latifrons Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 17, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). Sa ae 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. platy) 567. Hydromyza confluens Lw. Brome Lake, Que., Aug. 1, 1917, (A. F. Winn). Addition to Quebec list. 567. Opsiomyia palpalis Coq. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918 (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). Heteroneuride. Clusia czernyi Johnson. Outremont, Que., May 31, 1917, June 15, 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Helomyzide. Helomyza plumata Lw. Mount Royal, Que., June 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Leria serrata l Outremont, Que., May 6, 18, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. Borboride. Borborus marmoratus Becker. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Sciomyzide. 579. Tetanocera lineata Day. Mount Royal, Que., Sept. 20, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 7, 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Sapromyzide. Sapromyza similata Mall. Mount Royal, Que., June 13, 1917, Aug. 11, 1917, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). Trypetida. 603. Acidia fratria Lw. Montreal, Que., June 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Rhagoletis fausta O. S. =intrudens Ald. Aweme, Man., reared from fruit of Prunus pennsylvanica, (N. Criddle). Micropezide. 617%. Calobata pallipes Say. St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Sepside. Sepsis signifera curvitibia M. & 8S. Outremont, Que., Sept. 21, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Piophila oriens Mel. Outremont, Que., May 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). Piophila pusilla Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 23, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Psilide. 621. Chyliza notata Lw. Montreal, Que., May 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Ephydride. i Hyadina nitida Macq. Aweme, Man., July 19, 1916, (N. Criddle). An European species, new to Canada. 629. Parydra limpidipennis Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 7, 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.). 120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 630. Scatella oscitans Wlk. Outremont, Que., June 17, 1917, Sept. 23, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 1918; St. Remi, Que., June 28, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Atissa pygmea Haliday. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). An European species, new to Canada. Oscinide. ; 633. COhlorops crocota Lw. Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 191%, (N. Criddle). 634. Chlorops rubicunda Adams. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Elachiptera melampus Lw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Elachiptera nigriceps Lw. Outremont, Que., Sept. 22, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Siphonella finalis Beck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). * Dicreus incongruus Ald. Treesbank, Man., (N. Criddle); Can. Ent. L. 340 Oscinis anthracina Lw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Osinis incerta Beck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Oscinis frontalis Tucker. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). * Oscinis criddlei Ald. Treesbank and Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Can. Ent. L, 341. * Oscinis scabra Ald. Treesbank, Man., May 6, 1916; Aweme, Man., Sept. 12, Oct. 13, 1916; Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle); Can. Ent. L, 342. Oscinis frit L. Outremont, Que., (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. * Lasiosina canadensis Ald. Ogema, Sask.; Estevan, Sask.; Treesbank, Man.; Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent. L, 337. Lasiosina similis Mall. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Geomyzide. Chyromya femorella Fall. Outremont, Que., (J. Ouellet). An European species, new to Canada. Agromyzide. Agromyza pusilla Mg. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Agromyza posticata Mg. Mount Royal, Que., Sept. 10, 22, 1917; Outremont Que., May 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Agromyza coquilletti Mall. St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918; Aug. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Agromyza laterella Zett. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Agromyza vibrissata Mall. Outremont, Quebec., Sept. 19, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. 648. Agromyza parvicornis Lw. Outremont, Que., Sept. 8, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. Desmometopa latipes Mg. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). HYMENOPTERA. Vipionide. Opius fuscipennis Gahn. Aweme, Man., July 1, 1918; reared from Rhagoletis fausta O. 8., (N. Criddle). 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 Braconide. * Microbracon cephi Gahan. Treesbank, Man.; reared from Cephus cinctus in stems of Hlymus canadensis, (N. Criddle). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. XX, 19. Serphide. Serphus caudatus Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1915, (N. Criddle). Formicide. Formica bradleyi Wheeler. Aweme, Man., May 30, 1916, (N. Criddle). Camponotus abdominalis stercorarius Forel. Lillooet, B.C., found on imported bananas probably from Central or South America; determined by W. M. Wheeler, (A. W. A. Phair). Audrenide. Andrena columbiana Vier. Mission, B.C., Aug. 8, 1904, (R. V. Harvey) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 374. * Andrena persimulata Vier. Montreal Island, Que.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 390. Apide. Diadasia australis Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, 1914, on Opuntia, (F. W. L. Sladen). Diadasia diminuta Cr. Salmon Arm, Vernon, B.C., on mallow, (F. W. L. Sladen). HEMIPTERA. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America, North of Mexico—excepting the Aphidide, Coccide and Aleurodide; by E. P. Van Duzee; University of California Publications, 1917.) Aphidide. * Symydobius americanus Baker. Puslinch Lake, near Guelph, Ont., 1909, - (A. C. Baker) ; Can. Ent. L, 318. Pentatomide. 184. Banasa calva Say. Jordan, Ont., May 11, 1918, (W. A. Ross). Coreide. 247. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heid. Jordan, Ont., June 30, 1917, (W. A. Ross). 348. Corizus lateralis Say. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 9, 1918, (W. A. Ross). Lygaeide. * Peritrechus saskatchewanensis Barber. Oxbow, Sask., (F. Knab):; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soe. X XVI, 60 Tingidide. 639. Corythucha arcuata Say. Aweme, Man., June 14, 1918, on Quercus macro- carpus, (N. Criddle). 122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 640. Corythucha pergandei Heid. Halifax, N.S., 1897, (W. H. Harrington). Corythucha cydoninae Fitch. Aweme, Man., Aug. 9, 1918, (N. Criddle) ; on Crategus and Amalanchier spicata. Corythucha immaculata O. & D. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair). Corythucha heidemanni Drake. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington). Corythucha hewitti Drake. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1918, on Corylus ameri- cana, (N. Criddle). Corythucha salicis O. & D. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 1, 1910, (J. D. Evans) ; Aweme, Man., Aug. 13, 1918, on Salix discolor, (N. Criddle). Corythucha elegans Drake. Hastings Co., Ont., July 27, 1903, (J.-D. Evans) ; Ottawa, Ont., Oct. 13, 1908, on poplar, (H. Groh). Corythucha betule Drake. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington). Anthocoride. 847. Nylocoris sordidus Reut. Bowmanville, Ont., Aug. 19, 1915, (W. A. Ross). Miride. 1019. Lygus hirticulus Van D. Jordan, Ont., July 9, 1915, (W. A. Ross). Cicadellide. Erythroneura ador McAtee. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 5, 1917, Sept. 1, 1917; Can. Ent., L, 361. Typhlocyba cimba McAtee. Halifax, N.S., Sept. 1, 1917; Can. Ent., L, 360. OpONATA., (Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North America. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue). Coenagrionide. 54. Enallagnia antennatum Say. Ironside, Que., (lu. M. Stohr). 60. Hnallagma hageni Walsh. Red Deer, Alta., June 23, 1918; new to Alberta list, (F. C. Whitehouse). 65. Nehalennia posita Hagen. Ironside, Que., (i. M. Stohr). 67. Chromagrion conditum Hagen. Ironside, Que., (lL. M. Stohr). Aeshnide. 82. THHagenius brevistylus Selys. Ironside, Que., (. M. Stohr). First definite record from Quebec province, (H.M.W.). 83. Ophiogomphus anomalus Harvey. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). Not previously recorded from Canada; I have, however, seen specimens from L. Nipigon, Ont., (E.M.W.). 97. Gomphus spicatus Hagen. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). First record from Quebec province, (H.M.W.). Cordulegaster obliquus Say. Ironside, Que., (. M. Stéhr). First un- doubted record from Quebec province, Provanchier’s specimens being of uncertain identity, (H.M.W.). ~~ ~3 Libellulide. Sommatochlora kennedyi K. M. Walk. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June 9, 1903, (A. Gibson); Godbout River, Que., July 29, 1918, (Walker) ; De Grassi Point, Ont., June 19, 1917, (Walker); Can: Hnt., L;>.371. 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1: « es 138. Libellula luctuosa Burm. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stéhr). New to Quebec province. PLECOPTERA. Protarcys bradleyi Smith. Lake Louise, Alta., June 25, 1908; Rogers Pass, B.C. Aug. 7, 1908; Ground Hog Basin, Selkirk Mins., B.C., July 22—Aug. 7, 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLITI, 470. CoLLEMBOLA. Mr. Charles Macnamara, of Arnprior, Ont. has continued his studies of these insects, and during 1918 he has collected the following around Arnprior. These have not been previously noted. “ we _Tsotoma macnamarai Folsom; Can. Ent., L, 291. Seira buskii Lubbock. Papirius maculosus Schott. Sminthurus aquaticus Bourlet. Sminthurus quadrimaculatus Ryder. Sminthurus malmgreni elegantulus Reuter. Tn addition to the above it is of interest to record Achorutes harveyi Folsom, from Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). In the same locality the same collector has found Tsotoma viridis riparia Nicolet. \ i | INDEX } a a PAGE PAGE meadatia bipunctata ...2.!...05-5.6.8: 26 Dasyneura rhodophaga ............ 26 MPN ECOLIS: YDSUON - 0.22. ce eele dee ce tes 56 Datanaeministrassn Nasi fee ee 4, 28 BPA COTS LIMIMUta, fs 40 clic cts e 6 eink 24 Dai Sader tALbIClOM Dyan oe 47 ® Anthonomus signatus ............ 25 DeGeer, entomological work of 76 m® Aphid galls, uses of .............. 28 Diahroticayl2-punectataw.-... aces 56 Aphids, their human interest ..... 28 S LON PICORNISH eee 56 a wing production in ...... 30 Downy mildew of lima beans ..... 61 Aphis; ereen apple: 2. hs4.) 0.25 esleos 23 Dufour, entomological work of .... 74 Bs GIR ore ewstercvctey cecsta ee hare ested 23 \ DEWUMILOAG Hes ewes ele ine he 30 Hndothial parasitica, A)... 61 _ Apple caterpillar, yellow-necked 24 Entomology, present day problems = Apple maggot, control of .......... 90 ED eee ede ees tea Re ET et ee 47 Apple worm, red-humped ......... 24 Entomological, some chapters of the _ Aristotle, entomological work of .. 69 Cankva istony lObatcr 0 cee ee 69 Aspidiosus perniciosus ............ 23 HE ESOUZOLATY Cll sos.ccite sapere Diakioe rae 61 Hmreosoma, laniigera78\.<6k 4sia- 30, 31, 36 Bacterial diseases, dissemination by ANSOCUS VOMeraie oe He erevel soiree cca. 63 Fabricius system of classification. . 7 Bacterial wilt of crucifers ........ 64 Field crops, insects injurious to .. 25 BakereAcwG oareicle DY iecc. oces es 28 DEN ILE RI ie ad ge Bn ae ee pe RROLEREN Be a oot 34 Blackberry leaf-mimer ............ 24 Fungus diseases, dissemination of Boisgiraud, entomological work of. 80 INS CCESMD Yaar ae Os hae bee oko 60 Bonnet, entomological work of . 75 Bordeaux mixture, russeting effects Gooseberry twig disease .......... 61 ORT. Scar, Ray ae PCH aE aE are eee ees 20 GrasshopPerspn mesic ee eee ae 52 British Columbia Branch, report of 14 it remedies against ...... 53 BrOWMArOLNOL TEUGUS= sonic. o.csle cele 62 Brown tail moth parasite, in Canada 35 ‘Heart TO USI ene testy eaten ae age 62 StU VOU eeeane ary ay8 ictoustetorconiaiohc sins ete uabs 24 Hemerocampa leucostigma ........ 3, 28 OSSIAN ey, ola oe Aa tienerter ae ais 26, 34, 47, 50 @abbagée root-worm .............:. 67 Honey dew, uses of .............. 29 Babbage Worms, . 5. 2.6... cies es: 25, 27 Huber, entomological work of .... 75 Cacoecia rosaceana ............... 26 Huckett, H. C., article by ...:.... 67 Maeear, LE. article. by -... ics. 0<63% 60, 90 Ei BOC erica DOWIS: <1). ce = i yates ot 26 Gankers in apples sss ss...” ea | Inset amatomiste ss. 1 BAT rOt on Spruce: ...... 025.260... 26 athe ag Cherry fruit, flies ................. 93 TSOSOMPAETIUCICTOD serch tee eters a 26 Chestnut blight beeen cece teens 61 Kirby & Spence’s classification .... 7 @hortophila@brassicae .......5...66% 25 < se life history ladybird: beetles! 5-+-1sscasecied os 26 A TGexCOMETO enOie meters a siete cake 67 Latreille’s classification .......... 78 WlavicepSs “pPUGPUNEA 245 504d -ie se - 61 CALIMINEr TDECE {5 vec eros like alee 25 Woccinella 9-notatar <5. sm.cclac cc 2.6 26 G: Dlackbentyacaa see eee 24 Compsilura concinnata, recovery in Beat-rollers fruit) trees «rac. 1c een. 23 WANAC AM OR cette asierasstery eves shearers 3 by StrawibeEbysn tor. a ees. 25 Wosens, A. article Dy.» .ja-s- 04-0 15 Leydig, entomological work of .... 7 COUNEH LepPOTty Ole as aers sche cleren: 9 MibrarianvenreporteOrescsicrecsece eres oe 11 CriddleaiN. article: Dy> .<.o2iesoccc 32 Life history of a hobby horse .... 39 Cryptorhynchus lapathi ........... 62 Linnaeus, entomological work of .. 76 ROT CUTE Tes WANE? aie dciels oe cic ct creer e es 63 Lochhead, W., article by .......... 69 Crratoreeneport,Of |. s2o6 0. toss <= 11 GO CUSUStER men rrr tere ae ER coos ete: aiins 4, 35 Curly top: of sugar beets: .:. 2... 6a. 64 IA ACHTE! REN IS Ss ois dono ee AOS Une 26 AOU TUM PV OTIIN, erier. cse%e) ee cco ee $230 81 By cash-ion hand “26j..3 eas whic e @ ee ee Te ee 82 81 ING tic DD CHELE Ho seis ler reo CT $148 00 ‘Auditors: L. CAESAR. J. E. Howitt. Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING. The Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at Ottawa on Thursday and Friday, November 6th and 7th, 1919. The chair was occupied by the President, Prof. L. Caesar. - The following members were present: Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.; Mr. George Sanders, Annapolis Royal, N.S.; Mr. J. D. Tothill, Fredericton, N.B.; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. : Dr. J. A. Corcoran and Mr. G. C. Moore, Montreal, Que.; Rev. Father Leopold and Mr. F. Letourneaux, Oka, Que.; Mr. C. E. Petch, Covey Hill, Que.; Dr. C. G. Hewitt and J. McDunn; Messrs. A Gibson, J. M. Swaine, C. B. Hutchings, E. F. Strickland, F. W. L. Sladen, C. B. Gooderham, J. I. Beaulne, L. S. McLaine, V. Kitto and Drs. J. McDunnough and S. Hadwen, Ottawa, Ont.; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Mr. H. F. Hudson, Strathroy, Ont.; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland, Ont.; Mr. N. Criddle, Treesbank, Man., and Mr. R. C. Treherne, Vancouver, B.C. Among the visitors were Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D.C.; Prof. Cum- mings, Mass.; Prof. W. A. Macoun and Mr. E. 8. Archibald, Ottawa. Letters of regret at their inability to attend the meeting were received from the following: Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn.; Prof. G. C. Crampton, Amherst, Mass.; Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y.; Dr. H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. ; Dr. T. J. Headlee, New Brunswick, N.J., and Mr. J. J. Davis, Riverton, N.J. On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held at which several ‘matters of importance to the Society were brought up and discussed. In view of the increasing deficit shown by the Treasurer’s Report it was decided that the fee to Canadian members of the Society, including members of Branches, be increased to $2.00, and that in lieu of all expenses only the railway fares of the Directors and Officers of the Society be paid. _ In the afternoon the general meeting was called to order by the President and the proceedings commenced with the reading of the Report of the Council, followed by those of the Treasurer, Librarian, Curator and of the various Branches of the Society. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1918-1919. The Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday, December 4th and 5th, 1918. Owing to the prevalence of influenza, the meeting was held at a much later date than usual. The chair was occupied by the President, Professor Lawson Caesar, O. A. College. The attendance was very good, including members of the Society from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. Mr. J. J. Davis, West Lafayette, Ind., Prof. J. P: Parrott, Geneva, N.Y. and Prof R. Matheson, Ithaca, N.Y., were welcome visitors. [7] 8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 By the kindness of Dr. Creelman, all those in attendance who came from a distanee, were entertained in the College Residence during their stay in Guelph. This arrangement added much to their pleasure and comfort by affording many opportunities for social converse and by saving the time usually spent in travelling to and from the town. This hospitality was greatly appreciated by all present, ana a hearty vote of thanks was accorded at the close of the meeting to President Creelman and to the Matron and the Superintendent of the Dining Hall. At a meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday morning, it was decided to. enlarge the pages of The Canadian Entomologist in order to be uniform with the standard size of bulletins, and also to issue ten instead of twelve numbers per annum, but at the same time to make no reduction in the amount of reading matter. During the afternoon of Wednesday and on Thursday, a number of interesting and valuable papers were read and discussed, of which the following is a list :— Reports on insects of the year in their respective districts by Directors, Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough and Mr. J. W. Noble, Iissex. Insects of the season in Ontario, by Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland, and of Quebec by Mr. G. Maheux, Quebec; “‘ Aphids; their human interest,” by Dr. A. C. Baker, Washington, D.C.; “ Insect problems in the Prairie Provinces,” by Mr. Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man.; “The recovery in Canada of the Brown-tail Moth Parasite, Compsilura concinnata,” by Messrs. J. D. Tothill and L. 8. Mchaine; “ The Life-history of a Hobby Horse ” by Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “ Present. day problems in Entomology,” by Mr. J. J. Davis; “ Insects as agents in the dissemination of Plant Diseases,’ by Prof. Caesar; “The Cabbage-root Maggot,” by H. C. Huckett; “Some chapters of the early history of Entomology,” by Prof. Lochhead; “The Pear Psylla in Ontario,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; “Our Garden Slugs,” by Mr. G. Maheux; and “ The Entomological Record for 1918,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson. The reports of the Montreal, Toronto, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia Branches and of the Librarian and Curator were also presented and read. The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, completed its. fiftieth volume in December last; the event was commemorated by a poem from the pen of Mr. F. J. A. Morris, which opened the fifty-first volume. This volume will be completed by the issue of the forthcoming November and December num- bers. The semi-centennial volume contained 433 pages, illustrated by 12 full page plates and 21 figures in the text. The contributors to its pages numbered’ 57 and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, and also in twelve of the United States. In the systematic articles there were described five new genera, 103 new species and four new varieties of insects. The series of papers published each month on “ Popular and Practical Entomology ” has continued to form an attractive as well as an instructive feature for the benefit of the general reader. The number of members of the Society continues to be much the same from year to year. At the end of 1918 there were 179 on the list, including those on military service overseas. During the current year 26 have left us owing to deaths. and withdrawals, while the same number of new members has been added to the roll. It is again the sad duty of the Council to record the loss of one of our ablest. and most active Entomologists, Mr. Frederic Hova Wolley Dod, of Midnapore,. Alberta, who died of Enteric Fever on the 24th of July, at 49 Hospital, Chanak. His rank was Second Lieutenant in the Yorkshire Light Infantry attached to the 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 Macedonian Labour Corps. Though beyond the age prescribed for military service, his patriotic spirit compelled him to do what lay in his power for the welfare of the Empire. He accordingly went-to England and succeeded in obtaining a com- wfission and being sent out with a Labour Corps to Macedonia. Mr. Wolley Dod devoted himself to the Lepidoptera and became the highest authority in Nort. America on the Noctuid Moths. He published in the Canadian Entomologist a long series of papers, extending over many years, on the synonymy and classifi- eation of this difficult family. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. Owing to the lack of funds available for the purpose, only one book has been bought for the Library during the year now drawn to a close, namely, “ Illustra- tions of the North American species of the genus Catocala” by Drs. Barnes and MecDunnough, published by the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Seven bound volumes have been received, making the total number 2,292. A notable gift to the Library has been made by the Rey. Dr. Fyles, a Life-member and Ex-President of the Society. It is a large folio volume, handsomely bound in red leather and entitled “Illustrations in Natural History.” It contains 107 water-colour drawings, chiefly of insects, but including a few depicting flowers, ‘birds, reptiles and other creatures. It was presented by the author “as a token of his appreciation of the great pleasure and profit his connection with the Society ‘has afforded him.” The Library continues to receive a large number of periodicals in exchange for The Canadian Entomologist and a great variety of bulletins, reports and pamphlets, many of which should be collected into volumes and bound for con- venient reference. CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, Librarian. REPORT OF THE CURATOR. Mr. Eric Hearle resigned the position of curator last spring on account of fuis departure for British Columbia where he has been studying mosquitoes during the summer. In the meantime I have myself, assisted at first by Mr. H. G. Craw- ford and later by Mr. G. J. Spencer, looked after the collection. They are all in good condition and have been so throughout the year. Very few new insects have been added. L. Carsar, President. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. October 9th, 1919.—The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the Biological Building of the University of Toronto. The report of the Council showed that seven regular meetings and one annual meeting were held during the year, and that the average attendance was fifteen yersons. 2 ES. 10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 —— The annual meeting held on November 21st, 1918 was an open meeting for general discussion of entomological topics. But at the regular meetings a variety of papers were read, these were as follows :-— Dec. 6th,1918—“The Natural Control of Insects.” By Mr. John D. Tothill, of Pied: ericton, N.B. Jan, 9th, 1919—“Insects as Food of Trout.” By Dr. W. A. Clemens. Feb. 6th, 1919—“A Month on the Lower St. Lawrence.” By Dr. E. M. Walker. Feb. 27th, 1919—‘“ Notes on’ the Biology of Stoneflies.” By Mrs. W. A. Clemens. Mar. 21st, 1919—“Insect Life in British Honduras.” By N. K. Bigelow. April 24th, 1919—“Investigations into the Habits of the Nymphs of the Mayflies of . Genus Chirotonetes.” By Dr. W. A. Clemens. Also “Insectivorous Birds in Ontario.” By Dr. E. M. Walker. May 29th, 1919—‘‘The Food and Feeding Habits of some Larval Hymenoptera.” By Dr. A Cosens. ~ The report of the Librarian showed that many publications had been received during the year, and that these had been catalogued and filed. The financial statement showed a balance on hand of $22.47. It was owing to the epidemic of influenza in the autumn of 1918 that the annual meeting was not held until November. . Three new members: Mrs. W. A. Clemens, Mr. N. K. Bigelow, and Mr. H. Hesket were elected during the year. After the reading of the annual report, one new member, Mr. R. W. Hall, was nominated and elected a member of the Toronto Branch. The election of officers was then proceeded with, the results were as follows: President, Mr. H. V. Anprews; Vice-President, Mr, 8. Locirr; Secretary- Treasurer, Miss Norma Forp; Librarian, Mr. N. K. Bicktow; Council, Dr. HE. M. Watxer, Dr. W. A. CremEens, Dr. A. Cosens, Mr. T. B. Kurata, Mr. J. HANNIBAL, Mr. C. K. Brosst., When the annual business was finished the meeting was left open for general discussions in entomology and for notes and observations of the season. Those present at the meeting were: Dr. Clemens, Dr. Walker, Miss Ford, Mr. A. W. Baker of the Parent Society, Messrs. Andrews, Hannibal, Wright, Bigelow, Hall, Logier, and two visitors. It is with sincere regret that the Toronto Branch record the death of Mr. Chas. M. Snazelle, who had been a member since 1912. During the last two years he had been unable to attend the meetings owing to business “obligations in con- nection with war work. Mr. Snazelle was an enthusiastic student of nature both in entomology and in other branches, and his presence at our meetings will he greatly missed through the coming days. SHELLEY Loater, Sec.-Treasurer. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 46th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in the Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University, on May 17th, 1919. During the season 1918-1919 we held eight meetings with a total attendance of seventy or an average of nine per meeting. This was smaller than that of the 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 previous season, which however was the largest on record because of a large public meeting held in 1918. We did not hold such a meeting during the past_season, but nevertheless we had successful meetings and the interest was keen. We have added several recruits to our ranks and hope they will all become ardent entomologists. We held our regular Victoria Day outing to St. Hilaire and those who were able to go were rewarded as usual from this good collecting ground. Our Society provided the programme at the Natural History Society’s meeting in March. The Treasurer’s s Report showed a balance of $158.61 on hand. The following papers and talks were given during the year:— 1 Annual Address; Subject, - Tables? 52. ccj00. 6 ob sc05 0 cacceeees A. F. WINN. Peeonectine In: Califormiate. cass oven'a Ae hada w gs ck die eee ss H. F. ‘Sums. 3. Preparation of Hemiptera lists ..........seececeseeeeeee cee.. GEO. A. MOORE. 4, Hemiptera taken at St. Hilaire, May 24th, 1918 .............. Gro. A. Moore. Bae aa Vics COL PATTI GAG) attic gisicrcilsisrevole sie ous s)e ws slcue esis chehs ee iele sore wipers Dr. F. S. JACKSON. 6. Notes on the Season 1918—‘‘ Hemiptera” ..................55 Gro. A. Moore. 7. Argynus apachana St. and Edwards’ Plates of A. nokomis .... A. F. WINN. 8. Economic importance of Samia Cecropia .................... Dr. CORCORAN. Pre NVOCIABPOLLlanGilat aD, At sO Al scels)cicic. sicicevers cic sietere siete sete cic ce G. CHAGNON,. 10. Zerene cesonia Stal. the Dog’s Head Butterfly ............... A. F. WINN. 11. On which plant to collect Chalepus nervosa Say ............. BROTHER OUELLET. 12. The'Milkweed Bug. Lygeus Kalmii Stal. ................... Gro. A. MOORE. MEAL Slinels Ciel) CUS pertaverevovelsicy cher ois,o-a eieiarereleranereyol sialitio a ieue iekeralaiccsieaaceya) once LACHLAN GIBB. 14. Muscoid larvae found in a human DALICNE wee crccstca evevepsteyetss 1 Dr. F. |S. JACKSON. 15. The Raspberry Root Borer or Clear Wing Borer, Bembecia WATS TIA CA Eales telets olieteke isles areliaeeveioae GEnie) « Siegaie) olerous of Srw ere ties A. F. WINN. 16. Notes on some localities outside Montreal Island ........ >,... BROTHER OUELLET. IME eMC riOGi Cals CICACG: tesciccle (oie erexerersio eile eet cise, ehaleronereverons, Melee wo GEO. A. MOORE. 18. Lantern Lecture, Nature Photography ..............0eeeeeeee G. H. HAL. Lo. wercopids, Spittle Insects)... 25... 8 6 cies e's wiiwis leew ee Sides Gro. A. Moore. Gro. A. Moore, Secretary. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH. The 18th Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in the biology lecture room at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, on Satur- day, March 15th, 1919. In the absence of the President, Mr. R. S. Sherman, owing to sickness, the chair was taken by the Vice-President for the Coast, Mr. W. Downes. The Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Williams Hugh, presented his financial state- ment and report as librarian. The morning session included the following programme :— Discussion on Aims and Objects of the Society. Resolutions, Notes on Tubuliferous Thysanoptera ........-... cece cette etree tee R. C. TREHERNE. StrayeNotesson: > Cr luepldOptend ives oaletcicis.c cio 6 escucie) oe ei elle nets = lee BE. H. BLACKMORE. (WOMMOM LELee-hOpPerss Ole be CO. vevs e cliel vie lo clei eieieciele elo les oles si nielsle le sce W. DowNEs. Some descriptions of New Species of Mycetophilidae ............... R. S. SHERMAN, 12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 © Afternoon Session. AuSwarmson) Vanessascalifornical 2. 5. scsi tras oe cineca eee J. W. CocKLe. MhewsyVcaenidae. OL Bs 1G.s pic was cioncieis Meier ale ces eee Es eaters E. H. BLACKMORE. (Illustrated with Specimens) The Locusts of B. C. BARN e EA rca Ree Rae PRR A Tee ORT Ee wage REC ES IAPAD O10 E. R. BUCKELL. Discussion by Thos. MacKenzie, B. C. Commissioner of grazing. NotesvonHiuropean) HoulsBroodviny BAGu ene cee eee aoe eeeene WILLIAMS HuGH. CutLworm Control. ype Peso hele Ne ops aoe, eae Darel cinhatee sauce meee Mr. H. RUHMAN. 2 ph Je rinedevena eats “W. DOWNES. MlrvevOnION S Maes got: a55 6s oheoce owes Emenee tee ene oO a ea dence eRe eRe E DCSE: Mr. H. RUHMAN. Tent Caterpillars, their life-history and control ................... A. B. BAIRD. mhewAlfalia; Seeds Chaleidir. nc srcics = clerscaieteig cape gle sreucle elo ws) ehoWertoant ecole tes E. R. BUCKELL. Insect notes of the year, leading a discussion on control of injurious “imsects. affecting, Agriculture) cock ccs ee) renee R. C. TREHERNE. The officers elected for the year 1919 were as follows :— TTOTS EET CSI MCU Oe Pos One Pe F. KrerMope, Victoria UP GEGEA CIES. MAA ie ease ee Le Te eed E. H. BiAckmoreE, Victoria. Vice-President (Coast) aiccick cei iecicie ns te rcuere R. S. ‘SHERMAN, Vancouver. Vice-Presiaene. (interior) mem asc oe tate J. W. Cocke, Kaslo. ELOISE CKCLOTGY= LE CUSUTCTa oe eee ake W. Downes, Victoria. AGOUSOT YG MBOOTO cies tees, Yale) < «caterers. cues etaeue ain © ae Messrs. Lyne, R. C. TREHERNE, G. O. Day, JoHN Davipson, L. A. BREUN. Among the resolutions passed was one providing for prizes at the principal fall fairs for the best exhibits of insects collected by students attending the public schools, $100.00 being voted for this purpose from the Society’s funds. The Society at the present time is in a flourishing condition and although interest in the Society’s work diminished during the war, in which two valued members lost their lives, we have since been strengthened by the addition of several new members and signs are not wanting that interest in the work of the Society will continue to increase. g W. Downes, Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH. The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia was held at the College of Agriculture, Truro, on July 31st. The morning session was devoted to a report of the Society’s work, financial statement, and the general business of the Society. During the afternoon and evening a number of papers were read by various members. The following officers for the year were elected :— FL ONOT OT PTE SIGCIM ravi. ssheusieicl hoeke teehee es Dr. A. H. McKay, Halifax. PESACH Gs orig etoete Oe Se OO A lees W. H. Britrarin, Truro. WilC-PVCStde Nbc G0). corde ote ee nae eee J. D. Torum., Fredericton. NS AG RAM TRIM RE TRAP LOB Don oedoaed oO dan ebuaoGas A. KELSALL, Annapolis Royal. | Asst. Secretary-Treasurer .....2..0.ee-ee0%> EK. A. McMAnon. COMMA oS ee Ee eee W. N. KEENAN, G. E. SANDERS. Miss Dora BAKER. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 13 During the year, No. 4 of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia was issued, a publication comprising about a hundred pages. Besides including a great deal of new data on the insects of the Maritime Provinces, it contains several articles on comparatively new, or modified, insecticide-fungicide combinations, which are proving to be of considerable economic value. A. KELsauL, Secretary. REPORTS ON INSECTS FOR THE YEAR.* Division No. 3, Toronto District—A. CoseEns. The: frail structure of many insects adapts them only to the warmth and soft breezes of summer, not to the cold and bitter gales of winter. In bridging the period of low temperature the casualties must be heavy among these fairy-like creatures of sunny, dreamy days. Last winter was so uniformly and extremely mild that the hibernating conditions of many groups of insects were no doubt ameliorated, and, as a result, an unusually large number of survivors awakened into activity at the beginning of the season. This may explain in part the abundance of several species of butterflies. On May ‘th, which was a very warm spring day, many specimens of the Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta, emerged from their winter hiding-places. Dozens of them were skimming lazily over the lawns or flitting about among the blossoms of the Norway maples. From that date throughout the whole summer these butter- flies were exceedingly numerous, more so than for many years. Later in the season, the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui, also became very plentiful and continued so until nearly the end of August. The Banded Purple, Basilarchia arthemis usually a rather scarce butterfly in this locality, was quite frequent along the paths in the parks. Its relative, the Viceroy, Basilarchia disippus, never a rare insect here, was this summer, however, uncommonly abundant. The hibernating habits of these last two species are such as to point to the possibility of a close relation between their unusually large numbers and the mildness of the winter. As soon as the nights begin to become cool, the cater- pillars of the butterflies commence the preparation of their winter quarters. The larva selects a suitable leaf on its food plant, and bites off the blade on each side of the midrib, leaving only two flaps at the base. The whole of the leaf remaining is then covered with silk, and the flaps are drawn together so as to form a cosy silk-lined nest. To prevent the leaf from falling some of the threads of silk, that - covered its stalk, were passed around a branch of the plant. Into this Esquimaux- like sleeping- bag the caterpillar then crawls, and remains in its snug retreat until the spring sun has burst the buds on its food plants. Gardeners state that the Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae, has been very trouble some this season. It is only seldom that the southern relative of this form comes so far north, but on August 1st, I captured a much-worn female specimen of Pieris protodice. The latter species has never proven injurious in Ontario, but is occasionally numerous enough to become destructive in some of the states to the south of us. Throughout ihe. whole of its range, however, this native American butterfly is being gradually driven out by the alien from Europe. The latter, by ovipositing earlier and raising more broods a year, has been able to gain possession of almost all the available, cultivated Cruciferous plants, limiting the former to the wild species only. *For Report of Division No. 6, see p. 83. * 14. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 August 1st must have been a red-letter day in the entomological calendar as I find in my notes that on that date I captured also the Zebra or Papaw Butter- fly, Iphiclides ajax var. ajax, A strong southern wind that had been blowing for a couple of days may account for these rare stragglers from the south. Speaking of Papilios, it is interesting to note that the Pipe-vine Swallow-tail, Papilio philenor, is becoming less rare in this district. This is probably due to the in- creasing popularity of its favourite food-plant, the Dutchman’s Pipe, Aristolochia macrophylla, for ornamental purposes. Although many species of butterflies were exceedingly common this season the Monarch, Anosia plexippus, was much less plentiful than usual. I saw only four specimens, and these late in the year—September 7th, 9th and 14th. In a note just received from Mr. C. W. Nash he states that he saw a specimen on each of the dates, September 26th, October 4th and 5th.. These butterflies, that have visited us so late are probably members of the rear guard of the migrating columns on their treck to the south from a more northerly summer home. The Entomological Season was opened on April 5th this year by the finding of four specimens of the Ground Beetle, Calosoma calidum. In spite of the early date, a pair of these insects were already mated. On two occasions this summer I have seen the larve of Ground Beetles attacking earthworms. The beetles -were finding their prey rather large, and one at least of the worms escaped. Some variation in the conditions has proven favourable to the production, this season, of the gall Andricus operatola Bassett. On the ground, under several oak trees, infested acorns were plentiful. In previous years it has been rarely that I have found the gall, and never before attached to the acorns. The specimens obtained had dropped from the acorns which had remained on the trees. This pointed, tooth-shaped gall is enclosed between the cup and the acorn, but originates from. the latter. In general the gall projects only slightly above the edge of the cup. Often four or five galls are found irregularly spaced around the base of an acorn. In this locality both red and black oaks act as hosts. From .the galls, that have remained on the ground over winter, producers emerge-early the next spring. Division No. 4, PETERBOROUGH District—F. Morris, PETERBOROUGH. One or two items only seem worthy to be reported in this season’s collecting. The interruption of school work owing to influenza, in October and November, necessitated the extension of the summer term till the end of June; almost imme- diately after, your director passed to examination work till late th July. Field observations were very few and not of much value. Among the collections handed in by pupils at the Peterborough Collegiate was noticed a very rare borer in alder, Saperda obliqua, and a member of the staff captured three or four specimens of Phymatodes dimidiatus in the latter part of May, the captures being made in his woodshed. A few days after a pupil brought in a specimen of Saperda puncticollis just captured on Virginia Creeper. This insect had been taken two or three times by pupils and I was very anxious to make observations. Enquiries had always pointed to Virginia Creeper rather than Poison Ivy as the food plant. The Science teacher accordingly hurried over to examine the vine and captured four or five more specimens, as well as specimens of Psenocerus supernotatus emerging from dead stems of the same plant. On learning of the discovery I hurried over to our opposite neighbor’s where the low wall is overgrown with the plant in question. I captured over a score of the first insect and three or four of the ‘second. Casual search on four or five other vines 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 of Virginia Creeper at different parts of the city secured further specimens of both insects. The beetle is quite the prettiest of the Saperdas, but small, shy, and easily overlooked. In the hot sun it often climbs out to the surface of the upper leaves, but takes to wing very readily and drops as readily into the heart of its shrubbery. The period of emergence and activity lasts about a fortnight; from May 27th to June 10th. Large numbers of a clearwing moth were observed frequenting blossoms along the edge of a corduroy road through the heart of a tamarac swamp, but so far the insect has not been determined. No other insects of interest have been noted by your observer this season. Division No. 5, Essrx District—J. W. Nosizn, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, EssEx. ATTACKING Fietp Crops. Hessian Fly has been very conspicuous in its work this year, large acreages of wheat have been cut down in yield 50 per cent. and even some of the later sown wheat planted in the fall of 1918 have been badly attacked. A great deal of injury has already been noticed this fall. It is altogether likely to be as bad in 1920 as this year. Grasshoppers and crickets were quite bad in June owing to extremely dry weather prevailing at that time. Considerable damage was done to cereal grains and some other crops by these insects. Wire- worms and cutworms did a great deal of damage in the spring of 1919. Cut- worms have been quite successfully controlled by the poison bran mixture. ATracKING Fruit Trees. The Codling Moth has possibly never been worse in this county owing to the exceptionally favourable season for its development. Even well-cared-for orchards are heavily infested with this insect. Where the spraying was omitted in the season of the year three weeks after the blossoms have fallen the sideworm injury is especially conspicuous, but in well-cared-for orchards that received the calyx cup spray very little injury has been noticed from the blossom end. A considerable number of specimens at work of Plum Curculio have been submitted for identification, but commercially speaking, the Codling Moth has been much the worst insect on fruit trees. Fruits AND VEGETABLES. The Onion Marsh at Leamington where about 500 acres were grown this year had considerable trouble from both root maggot and onion thrips. Very little-success has been obtained from trying to combat either of these pests. Aphids were very bad this season on cucumbers but did not seem to do much damage to melons. The general use of Black Leaf 40 and tobacco decoction have been very successful in combating these insects. Tomatoes have been greatly infested this year with Tomato Sphinx, crickets and grasshoppers. Cauliflower plants have suffered considerably from crickets gnawing the stems above the roots. Considerable dame was done, but wet weather checked their Bepreesngns before poison solution could be tried. Tobacco was attacked by the usual pests, the tobacco sphinx being very plenti- ful this year. Dusting the small plants with arsenate of lead, spraying the partly grown plants with solution and spraying the larger plants with the dust gun when they were too large to allow the spray machine to be used successfully, controls these worms. Wire-worms did an exceptional amount of damage to- tobacco plants this year and made the stand very uneven in many cases. GREENHOUSE Insects. The usual greenhouse insects have been reported, but where proper methods have been used very little trouble has been reported. Green- house white fly, greenhouse aphids and nematodes are among the greenhouse man’s worst enemies. 16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. R. C. TREHERNE, ENTOMOLOGIST IN CHARGE FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The products of entomological labors during the past year in British Columbia have been many and varied. In addition to my work as a Federal Officer under the Dominion Entomological Branch, I have undertaken the general direction of the Provincial Entomological work, pending the appointment of a Provincial officer. Under the Dominion Entomological Branch, Messrs. W. Downes and E. P. Venables are engaged, the former on a study of small fruit insects in the Coast: sections and the latter on a study of tree fruit insects in the interior of the province. Mr. A. B. Baird is stationed at Agassiz, B.C., working under the general direction of Mr. J.D. Tothill, who has charge of the Federal Natural Control Investigations. His work has been mainly a study of the natural control agencies of the Tent Caterpillar, the Fall Webworm and the Spruce Bud-worm, and these studies begun by Mr. Tothill in 1917 have been continued by Mr. Baird in 1918 and 1919, at Victoria, Vancouver, Agassiz and Lillooet. Mr. Eric Hearle commenced a study of the mosquitoes in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia in March 1919, acting conjointly under the authority of the Dominion Entomologist and under a studentship granted by the Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, and he will doubtless not only continue this work in the Lower Fraser Valley but extend it over the province at other important centres. Mr. Ralph Hopping was ‘appointed under Dr. J. M. Swaine, Chief, Dominion Division of Forest Insects, in December, 1919, and he is stationed at Vernon, B.C., engaged on the studies relating to certain forest infesting insects, particularly some Dendroctonus beetles affecting commercial pine. Under the Provincial Entomological Branch, I am fortunate in being associated with Messrs. M. H. Ruhman and E. R. Buckell. The former is engaged in a study of vegetable insects and has made the study of the Root Maggots of the onion and the cabbage his special work during the past two years. Mr. Buckell has taken in hand studies relating to cereal and range insects, the most pressing prob- lem, at the present time, being the control and investigation of locusts on the range. Vernon, at the north end of Okanagan Lake, has been selected as the head- quarters for entomological work in the Province at the present time. Here the central office is located with a reference library and collection of insects for study available to members of the staff, and Riker Mounts and photographie displays of insect pests, in appropriate arrangements, of interest to farmers. Branch laboratories have been established at Victoria, Agassiz and Mission. Another movable laboratory was stationed at Penticton in 1919 but doubtless will be located in the Chileotins in 1920. During the past year, 1919, the following investigations have been conducted, excluding the reports of Messrs. Hearle and Baird, who will issue the results of their work independently. The Peach Twig Borer, Anarsia lineatella, was studied at Penticton, making the second consecutive year in which this insect has received attention. We are satisfied that the early application of lime-sulphur, 1-9, as close to, but previous to, the blossoming period as possible, will achieve good commercial results. Appli- cations of arsenate of lead may be made immediately after blossoming with — 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. es equally good results. The two applications of spray may be made in cases of severe infestation. This insect is known to attack prunes, plums, peaches, apricots, and cherries, and where these fruits are seriously attacked the same procedure for control, as outlined above, may be followed. Certain studies were undertaken at Vernon this year to breed to maturity the various “ worms ” affecting fruit. This work was carried out to determine with accuracy the species present in the fruit orchards and to differentiate between the larve of the various species for the purpose of assisting in diagnosing outbreaks of Codling Moth. The following species occur: Tmetocera ocellana, Argyroploce consanguiniana, Cacoecia rosaceana, Mineola tricolorella, and Laspeyresia priunivora. Insect distributors of fire blight were also the subject of study. Many insects: received attention in this connection and while some were incriminated as carriers. of both summer and winter blight, it is not believed that their control will either eliminate the disease or control it to the extent expected by many growers. The Strawberry Root Weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus, is still being subjected to: investigation, the main line of work being a demonstration in the principles of crop of rotation. A section of land has been engaged for a period of six years to put into practice the remedies for this weevil which we believe may be successfully held in control by cultural methods. Mr. W. Downes, assistant in charge of this work, has recently shown that the weevils are parthenogenetic and that certain overwintering females may oviposit in the early spring months. The chief small-fruit insects, with the exception of the Strawberry Root Weevil,. which is the most serious, are the following: Bembecia marginata, Phorbia rubivora, Arwstotelia fragariae, Synanthedon rutilans, Epochra canadensis, and an Empoasca of the Loganberry. It is hoped that all these insects will be studied closely during the next few years. With Hpochra canadensis we have been unable, thus far, to prove any value from the poisoned bait spray and are still recommending growers to rely on cultivation and the use of chickens to rid themselves of this pest. Among the vegetable insects the Cabbage Root Maggot and the Onion Maggot were each the subject of considerable study. The bulk of the work against the Cabbage Root Maggot is recounted on another page of these proceedings. The work against the Onion Maggot has not resulted, as yet, in our being able to offer definite recommendations for control under field conditions as they pertain to the Okanagan Valley. Our efforts to test the value of the poisoned bait spray have not apparently been rewarded with success. Our inclinations lead us to believe that late thinning and the use of a spring trap crop have considerable value, and in this belief our growers are recommended, at present, to plant a few rows of cull onions, 3-4 inches deep in the soil, in the early spring months, allowing the onions to sprout and thus act as a trap crop for the first generation of the fly. The work with the poisoned bait spray, which is, according to report, giving very good results in Eastern Canada and in the Eastern United States, is being con- tinued. ~ Consequently it is hoped that our recommendations will assume a more definite state in a few years’ time. Among the insects affecting grain and range crops, the locusts situation received considerable attention during the past year. The main species involved were Camnula pellucida, Melanoplus atlanis and M. femur-rubrum. The paper in this number of the Proceedings by Mr. E. R. Buckell, on some ecological and life history notes of locusts, covers in part, the work accomplished. Spraying investigations that are being carried on, at present, in the Province, are being maintained by the Provincial Horticultural Division. Their main in- 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 vestigations have been conducted against the Green Apple Aphis, in order to determine the cheapest spray to apply; and against Apple Scab where different mixtures, strengths, and formulae have been used in test against each other. The Codling Moth field work has also been in the hands of the Provincial Horticultural authorities, working in association with the officers of the Entomological Branch. Approximately 223 acres of apple orchards were handled under quarantine in the neighbourhood of Vernon during the past year. 107 acres of this 223 were infested with Codling Moth in the year previous, 116 acres were contiguous to the infested area and were treated as though infested. 11,422 apple trees in this acreage were banded -and were sprayed three times, and at the end of the season 19,401 boxes of apples were individually examined for larve. Altogether 373 larvee and pupae of the Codling Moth were taken at Vernon, a as Vernon, during 1919, was the only point in the Okanagan Valley where Saale of this moth were taken, the control operations have-succeeded to a very creditable degree. A few years ago three distinct and separate outbreaks of the moth occurred in the Okanagan Valley, with as many as 10,000 larvee being taken in a single year. The record as it stands, therefore, is not only very encouraging but is an indication that incipient outbreaks, in small areas, with proper support by the growers, can be not only reduced but also eradicated. A small new outbreak of this pernicious pest occurred at North Bend this year, which will necessitate action this coming year. The Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma pluvialis and M. erosa were exceedingly common at Vancouver and Victoria in 1919. The outbreak at certain points being exceptionally severe. A memorandum outlining the method for control was sub- mitted to the City Councils of the Cities of Vancouver and Victoria, but with this exception, these insects were studied exclusively by Mr. Baird. Many sundry insect notes were collected during the course of. the year and the more important minor records have been incorporated in a report to the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C. A similar report for the year 1918 was sub- mitted in the same way to the Provincial Department of Agriculture and was published in two sections in the official organ of the Department, the Agricultural Journal. RESULTS OF SOME PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS WITH CHLOROPICRIN. G. J. Spencer, O. A. CoLuEcr, GuELPH. In 1917, when meditating upon the effects of enemy gas that I had received at Passchendaele it occurred to me that British gas might be turned upon enemies other than Germans. The opportunity to try this out came in the spring of 1919 w 1G the Khaki University of Canada obtained permission for men of the Canadian forces to study at British Universities. I went to Victoria University, Manchester, where through the courtesy of Prof. 8S. J. Hickson, I was given the run of the research laboratory and the insectaries at Fallowfield. From the explosives department of the Ministry of Munitions I obtained samples of three of our common battle gases, one of them being chloropicrin, formula tri-chlor-nitrite. It was decided to try the effects of these gases ati a view to greenhouse, flour-mill and domestic fumigation. There was time to carry out only one experi- ment in Manchester before a was recalled to camp. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 EXPERIMENT OF CHLOROPICRIN ON PLANTS IN A GREENHOUSE... Capacity of greenhouse, 675 cubic feet approximately. Temperature in the house (June) 90° F. Ten cubic centimetres of gas were used in each of three petri dishes, two in opposite corners of the room on a table, and one on the floor. The nearest dish was right amongst the plants, which were: Recently potted dandelion in flower, Michaelmas daisy, wild vetch and curled dock, a geranium in a pot and cut boughs of willow. Insects present: Thrips, geometrid larve, leaf-rollers, Cer- copidae, immature Jassidae and some Muscidae flying around the room. A gas mask was used throughout the experiment in order to observe the action of the gas on the insects. The leaf-hoppers were the first to show signs of distress by falling off the willow boughs six minutes after the gas was introduced. At the end of 10 minutes and 20 minutes respectively 10 cubic centimetres more of gas were poured out, this time on the floor making a total concentration of 50 c.c. After an exposure of 23 minutes the thrips were apparently all dead, although they had fallen out of the flowers after 11 minutes. At this time the Jassids and the immature Cercopids whose spittle masses. had not been disturbed at all were also on the table moving feebly. The experiment terminated in 38 minutes with the thrips, Jassids and _ Muscids all dead and the cercopids, the geometrid and leaf rollers very feebly moving. The doors and windows were opened and kept open until the house could be freely entered without discomfort, the gas being dispelled in 5 minutes. Next morning, i.e. after 17 hours those insects which had been feebly moving the day before were all dead. The cercopids alone, in untouched masses of spittle, were apparently unharmed. But all the plants were drooping badly, éspecially the vetch and michaelmas daisy, and at the same hour the second day, all the plants were dead. In this experiment the temperature was very high and the relative humidity must have been high also as the floor of the house had been recently watered. But the volume of gas was very low, being for half the experiment only 30 c.c. and at the end of the experiment only 50 ¢c.c. per 675 cubic feet, which amounts to only 3.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet. With these results in mind, the following experiments were carried out at Guelph, the relative humidity being determined in each case: 1. Varying strengths of gas—other factors being equal. 2. Shorter or longer period of exposure. 3. Exposure by night and by day. 4, The killing power of the gas on various insects. A good supply of Red Spider on salvia and of mealy bugs on coleus was avail- able in the greenhouses of the College and as both these host plants show great susceptibility to killing by hydrocyanic gas, it was considered advisable to try the comparative value “of chloropicrin on them. Experiments were conducted at first in daylight, and proved that exposure to an atmosphere at the rate of 3 pounds of gas per 1,000 cubic feet, relative humidity 87, temperature 55.8° F. kill red spider effectively in 8 minutes—but kill salvia host plants in 5 minutes. And while 40 minutes exposure kills coleus and begonia, it does not kill all the mealy bug; those with their mouth-parts inserted in the stem of the plant seeming to survive those that were moving about. By next day young were issuing freely from the egg masses. 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 EFFECT oF GAS ON Various INSECTS. The effect of the gas was tried also on leaf-hoppers and aphis on rose, red: spider on salvia, tarnished plant bug and mites on aster and on cutworms. ‘Temper- ature 66.2° F. Relative humidity 89. Concentration 3 lbs. per 1,000 cubic feet- Result. Some leaf-hoppers died in 4 minutes, others in 14 minutes; red spiders and aphis seemed to be killed in 8 minutes. The aphis do not remove their beaks from the plant. On the insects being removed from the chamber at- the end of 30 minutes, the capsids, cutworms and a few aphis that had been covered under a mass of leaves were still kicking feebly. After being exposed to the air for one hour everything was seen to be dead. The action of choloropicrin on man is cumulative, and this would seem to be the case with insects also. In most instances, insects that may be kicking feebly when removed from the gas die after a while, even if placed in a current of fresl» air. Effect of rapid concentration. To determine if a sudden rush of gas would prove more effective even in reduced quantity, choloropicrin at the rate of 114 pounds per 1,000 cubic feet was heated in a retort over a spirit lamp and the gas introduced into the chamber through rubber tubing. Mealy bug on begonia were the insects and plants used. Temperature 68° F. Relative humidity 82. The gas was practically volatilised in 14 minutes. When heating ceased and the plant was left in the chamber for two hours and then removed, on removal a few bugs showed signs of life but these died in three or four hours. Unfortunately the plant was withering at the time of removal. Experiments at night. Finally, gas was used on red spider and mealy bug at night. at a strength of 8.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet, temperature 59.0° F., relative humidity 99. Plants used salvia and coleus. Exposure lasted 90 minutes and by this time all red spider and mealy bug were dead; plants apparently normal. Next morning both species of plants were withering. Inferences from foregoing experiments. It would seem that chloropicrin: cannot be used for greenhouse fumigation as it has deadly effects on plants. Penetration in earth. To test the penetration of the gas in earth, a flower pot about 7 inches deep, of ordinary greenhouse potting soil was used. Earth: worms and millipedes were placed at different depths. (1) On the surface, (2) 1% inches down, (3) 5 inches down. Experiments done at night, concentration at the rate of 8.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet. Time of exposure to gas 11 hours and 30 minutes. Temperature 55.4° F., relative humidity 88. Result. Of those millipedes on the surface, some had crawled off the soil and some into it. Those at 114 inches depth had gone deeper. At the end of the experiment all the millipedes and worms appeared dead, and while after 514 hours the largest millipedes showed slight movement, the worms were all dried up. Eight hours afterwards another large millipede was bending slightly, but 12 hours after, all were dead without having moved from their original positions. - Errect ofr CHLOROPICRIN ON HovusE FURNISHINGS. With a view to finding out if choloropicrin would have*any effect on furnish- ings in houses, the following articles were exposed to its vapors for 12 hours: bright steel, copper, brass, silver, oatmeal wall paper with gilt splashings, several styles of lithographing in colors, cotton material, aluminum and varnished wood (as of cabinets). Relative humidity 88. Temperature 55.6° F. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 Result. The gas has a tendency slightly to rust polished steel. Nothing else was affected. Exposure to the gas for 5 or 6 days, even at mild concentrations will rust steel badly. If however, the liquid itself should come into contact with cotton material, it will eat holes into it in a few days’ time. Especially is this noticeable after the material has been washed. The gas has little or no action on rubber. EFFECTS OF CHLOROPICRIN ON GRAIN, MEAL AND FLOUR PESTS. Into cotton bags containing respectively 2,000 grams of pure wheat flour, and 1,000 grams of a mixture of flour and bran, the following insects were placed in a position about half-way through the contents of the bags: Saw toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis), Meal worm (Tenebrio molitor), Drug store beetle {Sitodrepa panicea), Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), Cadelle larve -(Tenebroides mauritanicus), Granary Weevil (Calandra granaria). Temperature 63.5° F. Relative humidity 88°to 84. Concentration 8.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet. ‘Time of exposure 25 hours and 15 minutes. Of these insects, the meal worm larve alone moyed through the flour either up or down. In both materials, flour and the flour bran mixture, all the adult and larve were killed. But 58.3 per cent. of the drug store beetle pupae were still alive when their cases were opened. EFFECT OF CHLOROPICRIN ON MEAL Worm Motu Larva (Plodia interpunctella). A packet of Quaker Oats, very heavily infested with all stages of meal worm moth was exposed to concentration of 8.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet for 24 hours. "‘lemperature 64° F. Relative humidity 86, All stages of the pest were killed. OUR COMMON CERCOPIDAE. Gro. A. Moore, Montrrear, Que. - As no doubt some here are not familiar with the Cercopidae, or at least do not know these interesting insects by their scientific name, I will begin by telling you their common name and the interesting feature that is characteristic of the family. They are most commonly known as Spittle insects, a term given them because of the habit the nymphs or young have of making a spittle-like froth in which they live. Many curious explanations have been made to account for this frothy substance seen upon grasses and plants, which is sometimes so thick as to cover and wet a person’s boots or clothes when passing through a field or path. Superstitious fear is sometimes felt by the uneducated, who steer clear of it. Some attribute it to frogs, hence the common name “ frog spittle” is given, likewise “snake spit ” is used in other localities. Negroes of the South claim that horseflies are produced from such masses. So much now for this peculiar substance, let us now get to know the insect that produces it and afterwards we can learn why it is made and how. The Cercopidae are a family in the sub-order Homoptera of the great order Tlemiptera. 22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The Hemiptera includes the true bugs: cicadas, treehoppers, spittle insects, lantern flies, plant lice, and scale insects; the sub-order Homoptera all the above except the true bugs. The Homoptera can be readily divided into two groups; (1) those in which the beak clearly arises from the head and (2) those in which the beak arises apparently from between the front legs or is absent. Our Cercopidae belong to the first group and have associated with them: The Cicadide —cicadas. The Flugoride—lantern flies, etc. The Membracide —tree-hoppers. The Cicadelliaew —leaf-hoppers. Funkhouser has given their phylogenetic rank, beginning with the lowest, as follows: 1. Cicadide. 5, Fulgoride. 2. Membracide. 5. Cercopide. 3. Jasside. The Cercopidae differ from the Jassidae by having only one or two teeth instead of a row of spines on their hind tibiae. They differ from the Membracidae by not having their prothorax prolonged into a horn or point above the abdomen. They differ from the Fulgoridae by having the antenne inserted in front of and. between the eyes instead of being inserted on the sides of the cheeks beneath the eyes. According to Uhler the Cercopidae have characteristics which mark an im- portant advance in the direction of the higher sub-order Heteroptera. Let us itemize the important features which lead to this decision. 1. The large size of the pronotum or prothorax is in contrast to the small one in the Fulgoridae and is not a phantastic ornament like that in the Mem- bracidae. According to Uhler it is an important regional portion, exercising various important functions. 2. The increased freedom of the anterior coxae thereby approaching a walking insect. 3. The terminal portion of the wing covers being membranous and _ trans- parent suggesting the Heteroptera. 4. The hind tibiae having only one or two short stout spines. In some respects therefore the Cercopidae represent the highest and most specialized forms of the Homoptera, and although most students consider the Fulgoridae to be the highest and most specialized there is evidence in favor of the Cereopidae occupying the position. So much then for their rank. They are members of a sub-order approaching the higher sub-order and exhibiting interesting links between the two. I have not yet observed the eggs and have read but few details of what they — are like. They are slightly curved and cylindrical and are said to be deposited in the stems of grasses, plants and twigs. The Cercopidae like other Hemiptera develop gradually, undergoing a series of moults and the young exhibit the characteristics of the adult, becoming more like it at each moult or instar, of which there are five. They most likely hibernate here both in the adult stage and in the egg. T have taken adults on May 24th of Lepyronia quadrangularis, and on June 20th Philaenus spumarius. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 It is in the nymphal stage that they live within the frothy mass mentioned above. This substance is manufactured by the newly hatched nymph and they live within it until they emerge as adults. It was formerly supposed that this was made by thrashing about of the oval end of the body in a clear viscid fluid exuded from the posterior end of the body. Prof. E. S. Morse has, however, care- fully observed the operation and states that the bubbles are made as follows: the insect exudes a clear viscid fluid from the posterior end of the abdomen, after a short time the posterior end of the abdomen is extended out of the fluid and as it were, grasps a quantity of air and then it is pulled down into the fluid and, the air released, making a bubble. This is continued at the rate of seventy or, eighty times a minute. The tail is moved alternately to and fro so that the bubbles are distributed around its body. Now what is the exudate for? According to most students it is a protective covering which, even if it is conspicuous, apparently serves the creature well. It is said that wasps know that in this juicy covering there is a goodly meal for their young and that they dive in and take the unfortunate nymph to its nest to feed its offspring. However, it would appear that it protects the young Cercopid well, both from the sun and from the ravages of spiders, birds, ete. Dr. Ball has given some interesting facts upon Cercopidae living in arid regions where many of them do not make spittle masses. He records an interesting case where the nymphs were living in a gall-like sheath in a plant enlarged enough to harbour many of them, and all living in spittle. This was in the Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum). In these arid districts others lived on the roots and crowns of Compositae and legumes where they were protected from the hot sun and dry air. Lintner suggests that the covering is necessary to cover the delicate-skinned nymph from the burning heat of the sun. The Cercopidae found in Canada are as follows: Family CERCOPID (Leach) SUBFAMILY CERCOPINA: (Am. and Serv.) No species. SUBFAMILY APHROPHORIN® (Am. and Serv.) Genus Aphrophora Germ. 1546. Nese] | Tleahole| a lsolbclzz|re|mfione|ateelesler[i)islals i eslea | FT feafzol vera] G4 tay 30|2elza [ve [ro |ro| | ealza|eslzrl17 [is] | 5 Ni feel za + [es zal zolie [ra & (20 [2c] aa} re | [v0] 6 [les 85125 [17] 3 as Miles rE Bes|eeleoliel 2) wl tfo0|zelzz 6) | sof el aleales|es|i7|s|a[ 5) Tis Pees tor ie [72] uso fkeleelialiatiol eh al zalasier|rifis[a| > clea [srl Weelon)zo|rofin.|'@l 30) ze) 22119 alo | ,|za]ze]20 ra 3 [a rs Kulze|zalzo| relia) a | e]s0lze) ea |i] role faleales|2i|a]i3| ral = Nu2e|an)zo] relia 6 al sol be) ze| es] of Pe |2alzs|a [17 F's Njes|ee| zo] iz Sa hta20 azz te | [roel Jzales]| ra [= [jes eleol efi a |S f30 [zeex] |r |rope fa Jeale5 Fig. 3. Calendar of wheat seeding date constants for Isophanal Map, Fig. 1. @ Isophanes. The dates in this calendar are the computed constants for the given altitudes to be corrected for the 5 x 5 quadrangles of Fig. 2, by adding the +- and subtracting the —autumn date which will give the general average date for the average altitude and average season. the departure constants are 0 for fall events. For this locality, therefore, the best date for winter wheat seeding is September 10th. It is impossible in the short time allotted me for the presentation of this paper to give in detail the many interesting studies made by Dr. Hopkins in the formulation of his Bioclimatic Law. Such details will be found in Supp'ement No. 9 of the Monthly Wenther Review, issued May Ist, 1918, and in an article in the June, 1919, number of the Scientific Monthly. 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 It seems to me that Dr. Hopkins’ Bicclimatic Law is an important contri- bution to service inasmuch as it is based on phenological phenomena which are the best means of determining the influence of all the complex factors that play upon plant and animal life. J have already referred to the use of the Law in the control of the Hessian Fly. Dr. Hopkins has used it in connection with certain forest insects, viz., the Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), the Western Pine Beetle (D, brevicomis), the Mountain Pine Beetle (D.. monticolae), and the Pine Bark Louse or Spruce Gall Louse (Pineus strobt). By means of a map-calendar the dates for the beginning and ending of control measures between the autumn and spring flights can be recommended, in the case of the Pine Beetles, and in the case of the Pine Bark Louse the date of hatching and time of moving about. Dr, Hopkins believes that the Law can be applied with great advantage in farm practice as a means of determining the dates of best seeding and harvesting for the production of maximum crops. While he has shown the application of the Law to winter and spring wheat he is of the opinion that it can be applied equally well to all kinds of crops. Moreover, it can be used for the making of reliable spray calendars in orchard practice for the control of insect and fungus diseases. This Law, moreover, is of value in determining the northern limit in the geographical distribution of species of plants and nihamaele It is, therefore, a valuable supplement to Merriam’s work on Life Zones. Regarding the value of phenology Dr. Hopkins says: “ Properly recorded and correctly interpreted there is nothing perhaps to equal the records of the dates of periodical events in plants and animals as indices to the bioclimatic character of a place or local area, because such events are in direct response, not to one or a few, but to all the complex elements and factors of the environment which no artificial instrument or set of instruments yet available will record. In~ other words, while species and varieties and even individuals of the same species and variety respond in a more or less different degree to the same complex influences, there are certain constant elements in the response of individuals and groups of varieties and species which, if properly interpreted, will serve as a key to the bioclimatice character and conditions which distinguish a particular region, locality, or place from that of other nearby or distant ones. Tue BrocLIMATIC LAW IN CANADA. Most of the data from which Dr. Hopkins prepared his maps were cbtained from the United States, and it will be observed that the departures from the Law constants are practically absent from the Canadian section of his maps. No doubt the reason for this absence was the lack of sufficient data from Canada. The writer believes, however, that Canada has the data if they can only be compiled. This country has not only a large number of. experiment stations scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but also a large number of reports prepared by Federal and Provincial agencies, that could supply the necessary data relating to phenological phenomena. A compilation of such data would be most valuable in extending the practical application of the Bioclimatic Law to the different sections of Canada. The writer expresses the hope that some competent 1920 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AY government official may be detailed to gather such data, so that Canada may reap the advantages which may flow from the application of the Law to agricultural practice and to the solution of many entomological and other problems. FRIDAY MORNING, 9 O’CLOCK. LOCUSTS IN MANITOBA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OUTBREAK. OF 1919. Norman Cripptz, Dominion Exromotoarcat LAporatrory, TREESBANK, Man. 3 “4 We have had locust plagues in the Prairie Provinces as far back as history will take us; that they occurred long before that time is extremely probable. There were, however, no crops in those days and very few observers, consequently the locust outbreaks were imperfectly recorded and our knowledge of the species involved is extremely dubious. There were at least seven distinct locust outbreaks in the Nineteenth Century most of which extended over two or more years. The first was recorded from Lord Selkirk Red River colony in 1818, another probably occurred about 1830; then we have records for: 1855-57, 1864-66, 1868-70, 1872- 75, 1897-98, and 1900 to 1904 of the new century. In other words there were fully 22 locust years in the last hundred. Another significant point is that in almost every instance the infestation lasted two or more years. Reading from Riley, and from Lugger of Minnesota, one notes that by far the most important injury in all their records was attributed to the Migratory locust, Melanoplus spretis, a species which was supposed to have its permanent abode in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and from that breeding ground to spread far over the surrounding country. In his later reports Lugger also attributes much to the Lesser Migratory locust, VW. at/anis, andjin a smaller extent to the Pellucid locust. Camnula pellucida. Judging from more recent occurrences I think it Would be safe in concluding that these latter species were present in most of the former outbreaks, especially the Lesser Migratory locust which is, after all, very like spretis. It is evident from this brief. summary of the past, that we can expect locusts to become troublesome at intervals of about 15 years though these periodic visits are not, of course, by any means regular. The insect’s appearance depends largely upon meteorological conditions among the most important of which are abnormally dry seasons, especially during May and June. There is one other point to bear in mind and that is while we talk of a locust outbreak every 15 years we should remember that. such an invasion does not necessarily cover the whole country because, as a rule, it is far from doing so. Indeed most of our outbreaks have been confined to the southern portion of the province. My personal experience with locusts dates back to 1900, when we had an outbreak in our neighbourhood inyolving our own farm among the rest. The species concerned was chiefly aflanis though there were a fair number of spretis among them for the first two years, after which that species disappeared and has not, so far as I am aware, been heard of since. Much crop was destroyed the first season owing to lack of knowledge and proper equipment. The second year, how- ever, we learned the merits of poisoned baits and from that time forward the ccm- paratively small losses were due almost entirely to neglect. 50 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36 It is fourteen years since the events I have just recorded took place and during the interval we have been free from locusts in the province. The present year, however, has once more brought the insects into prominence. The new outbreak is a serious one and promises to become still more so. Fully half a million acres are already involved in the southern portion of Manitoba, while there are several areas of lesser extent isolated from the rest. Strange as it may seem this severe outbreak came to us as a complete surprise, not a report came in of injury the previous year though we know that the insects must have been present in large numbers. This shows how little one can rely upon farmers for such information and indicates how necessary it is to have reliable scouts to be on the watch for just such a plague. The savings from such observers, on this year alone, would have been sufficient to pay the salaries of half — a dozen scouts for the next ten years. When information did reach us the young hoppers were already beyond immediate control, and when I arrived at the infested area whole fields had been swept bare; added to this was the fact that we were totally unprepared and in consequence all the necessary supplies were lacking. It was a week before poison could be shipped into the affected territory, and even then it could not be secured in anything like sufficient quantity to cope with the out- break. The Winnipeg labor strike was partly to blame for this and it also greatly hampered transportation when the supplies were shipped from the east. These are a few of the first difficulties we had to contend against. Next we had to educate the farmers as to the means of control and this in itself was no simple task. Most of the farmers involved had never witnessed a locust outbreak before and when they saw the millions upon millions of tiny hoppers turning the green fields black, many lost heart. Scoffers, too, were numerous, but some enterprising men remained and by their aid examples were provided which added much to our own demonstrations. Dead hoppers, small and hard to find among the grass, were pointed out and as their numbers increased, and the dark areas grew no larger, farmers took) heart again; but only temporarily, soon fresh hordes were making their way over the bodies of their dead companions and commenced to eat new inroads into the crop. It was at this time that the human barometer fell very low indeed and but for the former experience of a few men we might have had difficulty in keeping the work going. Some farmers did indeed lose all hope and, later, their crops‘also. Others of more persistent character continued in their efforts and ultimately had the satisfaction of at least saving part of their crops. As for the dead locusts it is hard to realize the vast numbers that covered the ground. In one instance we found an average of 244 dead to the foot over a large field, that is to say approximately 260 bushels per acre. On one square foot at another place I counted 641 dead locusts, two-thirds of which were adults. I give these instances from many similar ones. Had these locusts been permitted to breed they would have produced at least 6,000 eggs to every square foot of land on the field and these in their turn would have provided locusts enough to destroy fully two thousand acres of crop next year. Much of the success obtained was due to the Provincial departments supply- ing the poison free, while the municipalities, as a rule, provided the bran and attractants. There was some delay, however, before these measures were adopted ; many farmers in the meantime, procuring their own materials. Our measures of control did not differ to any marked extent from those in use elsewhere; we relied chiefly upon the Kansas bait partly because it was more easily mixed and also because it seemed more attractive to the grasshoppers than 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 the Criddle mixture. Another point in favor of the former was the difficulty in securing horse droppings in sufficient quantity. However, there were some farmers in nearly every district who spoke very highly of the droppings and used nothing else. Two instances came to my notice where the farmers had used manure spreaders and while this might seem a rather extravagant method of spreading poison, we must take into consideration the cheapness of the material which would permit a far greater quantity to be used in comparison with Kansas bait, at the same cost. The results of this method were, at least, all that could be desired and probably exceeded any other. Later in the season a large type of hopper catcher was used, this being an improved model of the old hopper-dozer. It was sixteen feet long and some three feet in height, made, apart from the frame, with galvanized iron. With this implement, drawn by two horses, some farmers claimed to have caught as many as fourteen bushels of locusts in one day. Certainly some excellent work was done with them while the enthusiasm lasted, but in spite of the apparent suecess I am of the opinion that the machines are a poor substitute for poison baits. There is one feature in the present locust outbreak that makes it different from any other we have experienced in western Canada and that is the fact that we have had to deal with an entirely different kind of locust. Our previous know- ledge referred entirely to the genus Melanoplus and chiefly to the Migratory and Lesser Migratory species, whereas the present insects involved are largely the Pellucid locust. It was, perhaps fortunate that we visited the infested districts before giving advice and more so that we were able to distinguish the species involved, because the habits of the two genera are different in many respects. Tor instance the species of Melanoplus we have been dealing with, oviposit in and around small openings amid sparse vegetation, or more frequently still, in the stubble fields. Camnula, on the other hand, avoids such places and instead, selects the roadsides and sodded areas, depositing its eggs in the clumps of grass. It thus happened that instead of swarming of the stubble fields, as might have been expected before knowing the species, the insects came from the roadsides. This was how conditions were in most districts, but in a few Melanoplus predominated, while in others, all kinds were found together. It is an interesting sight to see the small hoppers all moving in one direction, as if all were induced by a similar impulse. These movements may be towards ‘the sun or away from it, with or against the wind so that it is difficult to arrive at a reason for the uniformity of movement. One thing is certain: hav'ng once located a field they seldom abandon it while food remains available. Moving inward they first steadily work their way towards the centre of the field while the rear guard clean up what is left, or that which re-sprouts. Large masses of these hoppers may also be seen in the morning while the dew is still on the herbage, sunning themselves before partaking of the morning meal. It is then that they sometimes gather along roadsides so thickly that the road looks black with them; on other occasions they have been known to collect on the railway irons in such “numbers as to actually stop the trains. The greatest sight of all, however, is to see a migration after the insects have attained the winged stage. At such times they move in regular swarms and drift along with the wind like a thick snow storm. Such 9 swarm may last for hours or but a few minutes. All denends upon the weather, when the sun comes out bright and hot the insects are on the wing in a moment, should a cloud obscure that orb’s surface, the locusts as quickly drop to earth again. The flights, too, seem to be infectious because no sooner do the oe THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 insects from a distance drift past than those in the vicinity fly up to joim them and so add to the moving swarm. ‘T’o witness such a sight for the first time cannot but prove a joy to the naturalist, but it has a very different effect upon the farmer, who perhaps sees the hard work of months brought to nothing in a few hours. We had instances, at such times, when hundred acre fields of wheat where destroyed in two days by successive swarms of migrating locusts. Other fields, however, were actually freed through the insects moving elsewhere. It was owing to these habits that some farmers who had done little still harvested some crop while other men, working hard to prevent the locusts depredations, lost everything. The almost daily flights mentioned above, naturally scattered the insects far afield and over much new territory, but while they thus moved in vast numbers their movements were much closer to the ground than are those of the Lesser Migratory locust which often rises far above the area of ordinary vision. MJelan- oplus also takes part in the low flights though less frequently. All species com- mence to migrate soon after they obtain wings, and continue, on and off, for fully a month and a half. In 1919 they commenced to fly about the middle of July and continued for a considerable time after the insects had begun to oviposit. Indeed there is strong evidence to show that the female frequently deposited one lot of eggs and then moved to other territory to complete her work. During the wingless stages, and for a time afterwards, the Pellucid locust spreads all through the fields and in this habit resembles the common species of Melanoplus, but as the breeding season draws near it returns to the sod land, while the latter remain on the stubble to deposit their eggs. This habit alone usually enables us to distinguish the species involved without seeing it. For instance, should a farmer report extensive cutting of twine we are reasonably safe in referring the injury to species of Melanoplus because Camnula will be on the sod at the time the grain is cut. The only other insect, therefore, that could be involved would be the larger crickets (Gryllus assimilis). Another difference is in the kind of soil preferred, the Lesser Migratory locust inhabits sandy land, Camnula the richer soil; though both prefer the dry uplands for egg-laying. The conditions favoring the increase of any particular species are almost sure to be beneficial to the development of others, consequently there are a’ways others present of lesser importance, and in 1919 we had Melanoplus minor, which is the earliest to develop; M. packardii, gladstoni, dawsont, bivittatus, and femur-rubrum. The first three are upland species while the last two prefer slightly moister situa- tions. I found a remarkable little outbreak of M. gladstoni near Pilot Mound which is, I believe, the first occasion that this species has been recorded as notably injurious. As I have already mentioned, the eggs of Camnula are deposited along road- sides or in pasture fields. Contrary to the general idea the insects, with us, prefer the higher land rather than low spots. Any sodded soil is suitable provided it is comparatively dry. In preparing to oviposit the female selects a low clump of erass in which she forces her abdomen to that the ege muss, that she deposits, is situated among the grasses roots. The eggs, however, are always close to the surface and when the grass clump is a dense one, may actually protrude above ground though, of course, hidden amid the base of the plant. Owing to the peculiarity in selecting egg sites the egg pods, too, are frequently massed together and often™actually touching one another in their density. In this connection I have found as many as 84 egg sacks within a square foot, that is to say approxi- mately 2,000 eggs. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3 It was unfortunate that the seriousness of the 1919 outbreak prevented the few of us engaged in control measures from conducting investigations as to the effectiveness of the various poisons or attractants. When it is considered, however, that the Dominion had but one man in each province and that there was work enough for a dozen, it will be readily understood why we were obliged to devote all our time to the immediate needs of the farmers. In other words, we became, for the time being, demonstrators and encouragers rather than research men. When we view the results, however, we cannot but feel gratified at the thousands of acres that were saved even though much was lost also. We have surely demon- strated what can be done with more effective preparation, and as a result organi- zation is well under way to combat the probable outbreak of next year. We know where the eggs are, having made a careful survey during the autumn months and this knowledge will help us much in locating the young hoppers as soon as they hatch out. We can then attack them immediately rather than wait until they invade the crop. Deep ploughing has undoubtedly accounted for many eggs, especially in those districts where Melanoplus predominated. Unfortunately the sod land is much more difficult to attend to and I fear that it will, in most instances, remain un- touched. Experiments conducted at the Treesbank Laboratory, have shown that the eggs, even when incased in their usual covering, cannot withstand a temperature ef 90°F. for many hours when the sun is shining and, therefore, exposing them early in the season is an effective means of destroying the eggs. A lesser tempera- ture, however, is not as effective though exposing the eggs to the vicissitudes of autumn, winter and spring may help to prevent their hatching. Turning to the prospects for next year, we cannot, of course, predict with certainty that there will be an outbreak, as weather conditions may intervene, but judging from the past the chances for this are small, in which case we may expect a worse and more widespread outbreak than the one of 1919. As I said before, I think we shall be prepared. This, however, is a matter that the provinces are chiefly taking in hand. Naturally we have all been working together against the common enemy and for myself, I should like to take this opportunity of expressing - my appreciation of the splendid co-operation that has taken place. We have been in the field together and worked together for the common benefit. LIFE-HISTORY NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF ACRIDIDAE ; (ORTHOPTERA) FOUND IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. EH. RB. Bucket, B.A., ENTomMoLocicaAL LaporaTory, VERNON, B.C. In presenting some notes on some species of Acrididae occurring in British Columbia I do so with some hesitation for the reason that I have not been able to complete the life-history of many of the species. My hope. however, is that such notes as I have prepared will prove of service to those undertaking any further ecological and life history studies on western species of Acrididae. My thanks are particularly due to Mr. R. C. Treherne for his encouragement and advice during the past two years in this work, and to Messrs. L. P. Rockwood of the U. S. Federal Entomological Station, Forest Grove, Oregon; and Norman Criddle of the Dominioa Entomological Branch, for their ‘kindness in assisting me in the identification of species. 54. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The following species represent the majority of the various Acrididae I have collected in British Columbia during the past two years, and the localities where they were taken. Acrydiine (Tettigine) Acrydium granulatum Kirby. Penticton. Acrydium ornatum Say. Fairview. Acridine (Tryxaline) Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder). Vaseaux Lake. Fairview. Akentetus unicolor (McNeill). Fairview. Westbank. Orphulella pelidna (Burm). Fairview. Chloealtis conspersa Harris. Salmon Arm. Chloealtis abdominalis Thomas. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Stirapleura decussata (Scudder). Naramata. Penticton. Fairview. Vaseaux Lake. 0. K. Falls. Keremeos. Ageneotettix scudderi (Burner). Westbank. Fairview. Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Westbank. Fairview. Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris). Penticton. Vernon. Oedipodine Arphia pseudonietana , (Thomas). Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. Camnula pellucida (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Bridesville. Hippiscus negiectus (Thomas). Westbank. Penticton. Keremeos. Fairview. Hippiscus obscurus (Scudder). Westbank. Penticton. Keremeos. Fairview. Hippiscus viteilinus (Saussure). Penticton. Fairview. Hippiscus latefasciatus Scudder. Fairview. Dissosteira carolina (Linneus). Salmon Arm, Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. Spharagemon equale (Say). Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Mestobregma sp. (probably kiowa). Okanagan Landing: 4 Mestobregma sp. Westbank. Fairview. Conozoa wallula (Scudder). Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Circotettix suffusus (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Circotettiz lobatus Saussure. Fairview. Trimerotropis ceruleipes (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. Trimerotropis vinculata (Scudder). Salmon Arm. Penticton. Fairview. Locustine (Acridiine) Melanoplus atlanis (Riley). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeGeer). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Pen- ticton. Fairview. Melanoplus packardii (Scudder). Fairview. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. Melanoplus cinereus (Scudder). Fairview. ACRYDIINAE. Two species of the sub-family Acrydiinae were taken during the summer of 1919. Both belong to the Genus Acrydium. Acrydium granulatum Wirby. Large numbers of adults of these insects were taken on April 12th in the meadows at Penticton. During April and May they were common everywhere in damp meadows around Penticton. A few were again taken during the latter part of August. No records of their breeding habits were obtained. The specimens varied greatly in coloration and markings, and all ex- amined were macropterous. Acrydium ornatum Say. A single male adult of this species was taken on August 7th at Fairview. 1920 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5d ACRIDINAE. In this sub-family nine species were collected belonging to eight genera. Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder). Two immature insects of this species were taken at Vaseaux Lake, between Penticton and Fairview, on June 14th. No mature specimens were taken this summer. Akentetus unicolor (McNeill). On June 27th, at Fairview, adults of this species were first seen, and at this date considerable numbers were present on the dry bunch-grass ranges. The nymphs had been observed since the middle of May. By the end of July all were adult and they were found scat'tered about all over the dry ranges south of Fairview, to the U.S. Boundary Line. A few adults could still be found at the end of August. No observations were obtained as to their breeding habits. These grasshoppers are very active and can jump long distances. Orphulella pelidna (Burin). These grasshoppers were first taken near Fair- view on August 7th (1919) and were found during August fairly commonly near the edges of ponds, and along the banks of the Okanagan River. They were only seen where the grass was still green and were never observed out on the dry ranges. They vary very much in colour, from a dark brown to a bright apple green. They are strong jumpers but do not use their wings much. This is the first time that this insect has been recorded from British Columbia. Chloealtis abdominalis (Thomas). This species was found in bushy pasture land among dry grass tufts and in burnt-off bush land at Salmon Arm on September 29th. The males were heard stridulating and by approaching them carefully a few were secured. Only one female was found; it was brachypterous and considerably larger than the males, it was very sluggish and made no attempt to escape but its coloration made it very hard to see among the grass tufts. When the males were at last spotted after a careful stalk they were by no means easy to capture, as they would take one or two big jumps and then burrow down among the leaves and rubbish on the ground, their colour harmonizing closely with their surroundings. When stridu- lating the males usually crawled up on to a log or stone. These grasshoppers were found again at Vernon on October 4th, on light bush land. The males were stridulating and one or two were secured but I could not find any females. The egos of this species are laid in rotten logs, fence-posts, etc. Chloealtis conspersa Harris. One male of this species was taken on September 29th at Salmon Arm while collecting Chloealtis obdominalis. These two species are very similar, but C. conspersa can be distinguished by having the entire sides of the pronotum and first few segments of the abdomen black, and the lower surface of the last few abdominal segments orange-red. Stirapleura decussata (Scudder). This species was first observed at Penticton on April 26th on a sheltered stony tract of land from which the snow had gone off early. ‘They were present in considerable numbers but were not very active at this date, not having been out of hibernation very long. A few of them were still in the nymph stage but by far the greater number were adult. As the spring had only opened a short while before and snow was still present on the higher hills, it would have been quite impossible for these to have hatched from eggs this spring and to have grown to adult in this short time. They must, therefore, have hiber- nated as adults and large nymphs. On May 4th this species was found commonly scattered over the dry range country in the neighborhood of Fairview in the Lower Okanagan Valley. They were most plentiful on stony ground and sage-brush land, 56 THE REPORT -OF THE No. 36 although some were seen on the open bunch-grass plains. They were now fully active and the males could be heard stridulating while at rest upon the ground. When disturbed they would hop away but would not readily take wing. They are silent when in flight. On May 19th this species was found to be egg-laying and from the middle of May to the middle of June oviposition was at its height. From this date on, however, they decreased rapidly in numbers and by the end of June no specimens could be found. I do not know when these eggs hatch, and all that I am able to say about their further life history is that up to September 1st, when my observations ended, no specimens of this species were taken. I think, however, ~ that they would soon have appeared as adults again as another species (Hippiscus neglectus) with a similar life history was just appearing again on August 28th. Ageneotettia scudderi (Bruner). This species was first taken on July 20th at Westbank, and on July 23rd they were found to be fairly common on the dry range land around Fairview. They were very similar in habits and distribution to Aulocara elliotti and seemed to take their place, for as Aulocara elliotti decreased Ageneotettix scudderi increased. Both these species when at their height were the most abundant grasshoppers present on the ranges. Although a small species they were easily seen on the ground on account of their white antennae and bright red hind tibiae. They are an active species with great jumping powers. ‘Toward the end of August they began to decrease and were not so frequently taken, and I think that they had deposited their eggs by this time. Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). This species at the end of June was the most plentiful grasshopper on the dry range country of the Southern Okanagan Valley. 1 do not know when this species first appears as adults but I should judge that it would be during the second week in June. By the middle of July adults were very plentiful and were evenly distributed over the range country south of Pen- ticton. It was seen egg-laying in the third week in July from which date it decreaSed in numbers, its place being taken by a very similar but smaller grass- hoppér Ageneotettia scuddert. Aulocara elliotti is a powerful jumper but does not make much use of its wings. A few adults could still be found up to the end of August. The females are very much larger than the males and varied considerably in coloration, some having the white markings on the pronotum very distinct, while in others these markings were hardly visible. The males appeared to be far more numerous than the females and were very active, running on the ground with considerable speed. On several occasions from three to five males were observed following a female. In each case the female was hopping while the males were running rapidly behind. Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris). Adults of these grasshoppers were col- lected in considerable numbers on September 1st in a damp meadow at Penticton where the grass was long and green. The males could be heard stridulating. I do not know when this species first appears as adult. OEDIPODINAE. In the Oedipodinae fifteen species were collected belonging to ten genera. Arphia pseudonietana (Thomas). The first adults of these grasshoppers were seen on July 18th at Penticton. It has practically the same distribution in the Okanagan Valley as Dissosteira carolina and appears at about the same date. It is rather more common and more evenly distributed over all types of land than is D. carolina, which remains together in small flocks on certain dry hill sides, rail- road tracks, etc. The disk of the wing in A. pseudonietana is dark red. The t ~z o 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. general body colours do not vary much. The usual colour is dark blackish brown with black speckles ; the female being larger and lighter in colour. Some specimens are found with a chalky-white pronotum and two or three white bands across the top of the hind femora. This grasshopper flies with a rather slow zigzag flight and can produce, at will, a slow rattling noise when on the wing. Wae-layine is commenced in the last week in August. ; Camnula pellucida (Scudder). This species is probably the most destructive grasshopper that we have in British Columbia and has at various times caused very great loss to stockmen and farmers by increasing in enormous numbers and com- pletely destroying crops and range grasses. This year it has been singularly scarce in the Okanagan Valley although it was plentiful in northern Washington State, crossing the British Columbia Boundary Line into the Bridesville-Rockcreek section where it did considerable damage. The first adults were seen at Fairview on June 12th when small swarms were observed in damp places near the Okanagan River where the vegetation was still green. Mating took place during the middle of August and eggs were being laid during the last week in August and doubtless continued until killing frosts occured in the fall. Hippiscus neglectus (Thomas). The first specimen of this species was found at Penticton on April 4th when the ground was still frozen in many places, and snow was still present in the bush. This specimen was a nymph and was nearly full grown. On April 26th they were found commonly at Penticton and nearly all were adult. On May 4th at Fairview adults were plentiful. These grasshoppers were found in company with Stirapleura decussata and Hippiscus obscurus and in similar locations, i.e. stony flats and sage-brush lands and a few were seen out on the open bunch-grass plains of the Okanagan Valley. They are not very active and were never observed to stridulate. On May 19th females were seen with their bodies distended with eggs, and they were observed ovipositing in late June. These grasshoppers vary much in coloration and size and are similar to H, obscurus differing from this species by the presence of a distinct tegminal stripe. There are two colour varieties, the first having the disk of the wing red and the hind tibiae yellow, and the other the disk of the wing yellow and the hind tibiae red. From my observations this year it appears that the first variety, with red wings, appears first, preceding the yellow-winged variety by several weeks and is also the first to disappear, and this peculiarity seems to be the case with H. obscurus also. Adults resulting from the eggs laid in late May and June were beginning to appear during the Tast week in out and possibly some eggs may be laid in the Fall but the majority of the adults and nymphs seen in “the Fall evidently hibernate and reappear in the spring. Hippiseus obscurus (Scudder). These ae appear to have exactly the same life history as Hippiscus neglectus and only differ from them in the absence of the tegminal stripe. They have the two colour varieties, with the red wings and yellow hind tibiae, which, as before, are the first to appear; and those - with yellow wings and red hind tibiae, which are later in appearing. They were found with Hippiscus neglectus and Stirapleura decussata at Penticton and Fair- view in the spring, and freshly emerged specimens were seen again during the last week in August. I believe that this grasshopper is, by some writers, considered to be a variety of H. neglectus and not a distinct species. Hippiscus vitellinus (Saussure). This grasshopper is very similar to ITippiscus obscurus but differs from it by having regularly distributed blotches 58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 on the tegmina instead of dark areas tending to form bands. A few were taken at Penticton and Fairview while collecting H. neglectus and H. obscurus. Hippiscus latefasciatus (Scudder). Only two adults of this species were seen and both were females. The first was taken on May 4th and the second on May 18th'‘at Fairview. The body of the female taken on May 18th was distended with eggs. Consequently I think that this is another species which hibernates, lays its eggs during May and June, and then reappears in September and October, but further observations are required to determine this. The only other locality where this species has been recorded in British Columbia to my knowledge is from Lillooet, where it was taken by Mr. R. C. Treherne. Dissosteira carolina (Linneus). This grasshopper is common along road sides and hard dry places throughout the Okanagan Valley. The first adults were seen at Westbank on July 20th and by the middle of August these grasshoppers were common everywhere. They are very variable in size and colour; some males ean be found which measure very little more than an inch in length, while some females measure more than two inches. The general body colour ranges from a pale straw to nearly black passing through various shades of rusty-red and brown. This species is a great lover of dusty roads and may be found in the centre of large towns. By the end of August they were egg-laying. Several were seen in Penticton ovipositing in the earth between the boards of the side-walks. The males of this species have a rather curious “song ” during mating time; they jump up into the air until about three feet from the ground and there remain hovering like a hawk in the same spot their wings making a soft rustling sound. After remaining in this position for about half a minute they flutter down to the ground again. There is no dancing up and down and no clicking sounds produced as in the genus Trimerotropis or Circotettix. This species is found until killed by the frost. Spharagemon aequale (Say). Adults of this species were seen first at West- bank on July 20th where they were present on the dry range land in considerable numbers. They are active insects often flying long distances before alighting again. When disturbed they fly away in a straight line keeping close to the ground and turning suddenly to one side immediately before alighting, run along the ground for several feet before remaining quiet. This species was frequently seen attacked by a Sarcophagid fly while in flight. During August they were common everywhere on the range lands of the Okanagan Valley and were usually associated with Trimerotropis vinculata which they closely resemble. They were seen ovipositing during the latter part of August. A few adults could still be found on the ranges at Vernon on September 15th. The adults of this species were never found together in large numbers but were evenly distributed all over the bunch- grass benches in the valleys and also on some of the higher ranges. There was one very marked variety of this species which was fairly often seen in which the light and dark bands on the tegmina were very clearly defined and the posterior half of the pronotum was white, causing the insect to show up quite conspicuously when resting upon the ground. Mestobregma (probably kiowa). A large number of these grasshoppers were seen on a dry gravelly piece of land adjoining the shore at the north end of the Okanagan Lake, at Okanagan Landing, on September 8th, 1918. I have not taken this species since and they could not be found this year (1919) on the gravelly patch at Okanagan Landing where they were common last year although I searched for them on the same date. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 Mestobregma sp. This is an extremely pretty grasshopper when alive; pinned specimens soon lose their colours. Adults of this species were first taken at Fairview on June 27th. During July a few were seen at Westbank and an occasional adult was taken in the neighborhood of Fairview up until the end of August. This species was never found in any numbers, but one or two might be found in a day. They were taken out on the dry bunch-grass flats and were very inactive, often allowing themselves to be caught by hand. No notes were obtained as to their egg-laying habits nor were they ever observed to produce any sound. Conozoa wallula (Scudder). This was a very common species in certain localities and on certain types of soil. Adults were first observed in large numbers at Westbank on July 20th on a piece of flat sandy ground running out into the Okanagan Lake. This species was seen in many places in the Okanagan Valley, but when observed was always on dry, hot, sandy spots, such as roadsides, waggon tracks across the ranges, on pieces of sandy land in the bend of rivers, or along lake shores. Where they occurred they were usually in large numbers. Although they were all adult by the end of July I noticed no decrease in their numbers at the end of August and I think that they would probably be present until killed by frost. They were very inconspicuous on the ground and very difficult to catch as they were very quick in leaving the ground. When disturbed they only flew a short wav before alighting again. The sexes were pairing during the middle of August. This species seemed to be particularly infested by the red mite T’rombi- dium locustarum, and I saw some specimens whose under wings were so covered by these mites that they were unable to fly or even to close their tegmina. There were usually some Tachinids and Sarcophagids flying about among these swarms of grasshoppers. The Sarcophagids were observed to dart at the grasshoppers, while they were in flight, as if to place an egg or living larva upon the bodies of the grasshoppers before they closed their wings on alighting. This same thing was noticed in the case of Spharagemon aequale and Trimerotropis vinculata. Circotettix suffusus (Scudder). Adults of this species were first collected at Westbank on July 20th where they were commonly seen along the roads. I do not know when this species first appears but I do not think that those collected on this date had been in the adult state long. I did not see many of these grass- hoppers this summer in the Southern Okanagan Valley. This is one of the dominant species at Salmon Arm during August and September and may be found commonly in the orchards and along the roads. On September 29th I found large numbers of them in the orchards in company with Trimerotropis caeruleipes. They were depositing eggs in the hard ground around the apple trees and nearly all were in good condition, so that in this locality at any rate, they are one of the chief species present during September. This grasshopper is a strong flier and hard to capture. When approached they leave the ground very rapidly, rising to five or six feet in the air and then zigzag away making a very loud and sharp clicking noise. Circotettix lobatus (Saussure). These grasshoppers were only taken in one or two localities. They were found in considerable numbers on August 7th near Fairview on a rock slide at the foot of a cliff. The males produce a loud crackling and snapping sound when on the wing. They have a regular “song” at mating time; dancing up and down in the air, producing five or six sharp clicks followed by a shrill rattling sound, very similar to the noise made by a rattle-snake. As these grasshoppers seem to occur almost entirely on rocky slopes at the base of cliffs, which is a favorite haunt of the rattle-snake, I have often found that people 60 THE REPORT OF THE ° ' No. 36 mistake their “song” for a rattle-snake which is common in that locality. This species often flies high up on the rocks and rests on the perpendicular face of the cliff and is very hard to «apture, its colours harmonizing with the green and grey of the rocks. I do not know where they deposit their eggs. Trimerotropis caeruleipes (Scudder). This grasshopper does not seem to be at all common in the Okanagan Valley, more especially in the southern half, but is one of the commonest species at Salmon Arm and at more northerly points. It was first taken in the adult form on July 20th at Westbank and a few were collected at Fairview and Penticton during the latter part of August. The only place where this species was seen in any numbers was at Salmon Arm on September 28th. On this date is was seen in large numbers in the orchards and appeared to be at its maximum abundance. ‘They were observed to be pairing and a few were egg-laying. They were found in company with Trimerotropis vinculata, Circotettix suffusus, and Arphia pseudonietana. The males of this species are much smaller than the females and produce a soft clicking sound when in flight. Frosts of thirteen and ten degrees on September 27th and 28th respectively, caused. no visible decrease in the numbers of this species. Trimerotropis vinculata (Scudder). Adults were first taken at Westbank on July 20th, and from that date on were found in company with Spharagemon aequale all over the ranges at Fairview. A few adults were taken at Salmon Arm on September 29th, and had, I think, completed their egg-laying. LocusTINAE. Five species of Locustinae were collected. All belong to the genus Melanoplus. Melanoplus atlanis (Riley). This year there have been remarkably few of any of the genus Melanoplus present in British Columbia in the localities where they are usually common. In the southern Okanagan Valley there were very few grasshoppers of this species present. The only place in B.C. to my knowledge, where this species was common was at Celesta on the Shuswap Lake where an outbreak of considerable severity occured. Both this species and Melanoplus femur- rubrum have been far more plentiful this year in the humid sections of the Province than they have in the Dry Belt where they are usually most in evidence. They began to hatch about the middle of June, the first of them becoming adult in the latter part of July. Nymphs of this species were still to be found in the beginning of September. Eges were being deposited during September. Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeGeer). (These grasshoppers have been fairly numerous this year throughout the Province and I have seen more of this species than I have of Melanoplus atlanis which is usually the more abundant species of the two in British Columbia. This grasshopper began hatching about the middle of June and the first adults were taken on July 20th at Westbank. The hatching period of these grasshoppers seems to be very protracted, for nymphs were still found on September 21st in considerable numbers at Vernon. ‘This species was responsible for the outbreak in the Lower Fraser Valley this year. Eggs were being laid during the first week in September and doubtless continued until the frost killed the adults. Melanoplus packardii (Scudder). This species was only taken on one or twe occasions in the Okanagan Valley close to Fairview. It was first seen in a dry gully on June 27th, on which date only a few were adult. On August 22nd this gully was again visited and a considerable number of specimens caught and al] were adult. Oviposition began in the third week in August. An odd specimen 1920- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 was found here and there on the open ranges but it was nowhere very plentiful and not more than fifty specimens were seen during the entire summer. The specimens collected belonged to the form rufipes (Cockerell). é Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). This grasshopper was not seen very often this year and did not seem to be nearly as common as usual. The first adult taken was at Fairview on June 27th, but from this date until the middle of August no adults were seen. During the last week in August and in the first week in September a considerable number of females were taken while depositing eggs in the earth betwen the planks of the side-walks at Penticton. At the end of Sep- tember ragged adults could still be found at Vernon and some eggs were still being deposited. Melanoplus cinereus (Scudder). Adults of this species were first collected at Fairview on August 7th, and were found during August very occasionally in this locality. They are very pale in colour and have bright blue hind tibiae when alive. Only one male of this species was taken and ten females. They were all taken among sage-brush and Chrysothamnus bushes. When disturbed they jumped for great distances and using their wings would usually land in one of these bushes, thus making it very difficult to capture them. Several were found by shaking the Chrysothamnus bushes in which they seemed to spend a good deal of their time. ‘They were observed to feed on the leaves of the Chrysothamnus. Several large nymphs of this species were seen on August 23rd. This is the first record of this species from Canada. ONE YEAR’S EXPERIMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, W. H. Brirrain; Provinctsn Entromowuogist ror Nova Scotia. Experiments in the control of the cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouche) were initiated in a small way at Truro in 1917, as a joint project to be carried on co-operatively by the Horticultural and Entomological Departments of the Agricultural College. In 1918 these experiments were continued on a larger scale and the 1919 experiments have grown out of the work of the previous two years, of which they are simply the continuation. Since the records for 1919 reveal nothing inconsistent with the results of the previous seasons, it has been considered sufficient, for the purpose of this paper, to confine our attention entirely to the former. None of the results herein outlined should be considered as final, but we believe that they indicate promising lines for further research, and they form the basis for another season’s work. While the utmost care was taken to make the records as accurate as possible and to eliminate possible sources of error, our findings will all be checked up in subsequent seasons before definite recommenda- tions based on our own experiments can be made. ControL INVESTIGATIONS, 1919. The plots in which the different control experiments were conducted in 1919 were divided into three main series. The first series designated “ continuation plots,” included trials of those materials found to be of promise in previous years, either in our own experiments or in those of other workers. The second series which were called “ field plots,” included the three treatments which previous results showed to be most promising, these being applied to later cabbage on a 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 field scale. The last series known as “ trial plots” includes methods or material not previously tested by us. = In addition to these there were a number of small miscellaneous experiments conducted with a view to determining the exact method of action of some of the chief materials used. I. Continuation PuLors. These plots were situated on a piece of ground 275 ft. long by 30 ft. wide. The plants were set out in rows 2 ft. apart and 18 inches apart in the rows, there being 12 rows each containing 240 cabbages of the Early Jersey Wakefield variety. With the exception of tar paper discs and wire screens, 2 applications of each treatment were made, the first on May 21st, the day the adult flies first made their appearance, and again on May 31st. The different plots were arranged in triplicate and each section removed as far as possible from the corresponding one, to make more certain of securing a uniform infestation. The table lists the different treatments and gives the results obtained from each. The figures given are representative of costs at Truro during the past season and would doubtless vary materially in different localities and in (different seasons. Since, however, they indicate the actual set of conditions en- countered by us in growing the crop and treating it for the maggot, they are here given. The figure showing cost of production of an acre of cabbage was worked out and furnished us by Mr. James Dickson of the Horticultural Department of the College. In the following table showing the results of the different treatments the weight of the heads is taken as the main basis for comparison for several reasons, the most important being that, under our conditions of marketing, sales are made by weight. Consequently, it is simplest to make our calculations on that basis. More important is the fact that this is the only really quantitative way to record results. Simply to give the number or percentage destroyed is insufficient, since many cabbages may be dwarfed or retarded, though not actually destroyed or rendered unmarketable. It would be impossible to record the number dwarfed as a result of the work of the maggot or to indicate in any way the degree of dwarfing, since there is no method of determining from the appearance of the - plants just where it begins or ends. On the She hand, the total weight from each plot indicates this in a very exact manner. It also brings out the fact that certain treatments increase the weight of heads produced, irrespective of their insecticidal value. The weight, therefore, is the best method of expressing results of the different treatments. The actual price obtained for the cabbage from each plot has been recorded, since this is the point that most interests the commercial grower and is the ultimate test of the practicability of any treatment. The average price per pound is also an important item, for certain treatments retard and others. accelerate the developments of the head. Those that hasten the heading up process: result in a higher price per pound, as the earliest cabbage brings the highest price.. It will be seen that the tar paper discs from which the earth was removed after the first two cultivations, gave the only absolutely perfect stand outside of the wire screens. In weight of heads, in price per pound and in total net profit per acre, this plot is greatly inferior to the one receiving corrosive sublimate 1— 1,000, though this plot lost a single plant. Curiously enough double the strength: of corrosive sublimate did not increase the efficiency of the material, but rather- appeared to reduce it. Hither directly or indirectly the use of this material seemed: to bring about a great increase in the weight of heads produced. 63 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1920 ‘OF PLTS$ “OV9 ‘Buryowd pue 3uryyno ‘SueAro ‘pray ut 8U1}}9S ‘sjueid Surster JO 4800 > | 82 96 0668 \soT (6rer (eee ro'eos‘zt | LT g cog | GL"82 69 [ttt sqaed [euba cae are 96 166 02 eG 8g Gea‘ T iT0 12 61°F OF TPE 67 0°? g £0e ae ona\(0'l¢, eree ere e@eee BPO Ge: ec ehe 6 168 O5@) see e's 0 648¥e eats [tos , | | JO 9a1j Jdey ‘sostp aaded Tey) TT 90 OST'T |f¢ €2 00 8ct'l |8F Fz Ga | 66° Tee ‘re EVA Te LBGe | S60 1 & "*"*(000'T-@) aVeuT[qus aAtsor109 Or OL P9F'T |28 SF }66 PRS {ZT Le 96 fF OT See" LE 0°€ Gl SE0R = 750 ****(000‘T-1) ih ne egos 6 8069 P89 lee 168 j6zar |gare 6T'OF0'9T | eT We-a1e--| = ag? 09 free sqavd pende f fatty coasecn| ea “*"Jepmod deog &h €80°L |er €9 G2 128‘ |g9 2 a 89° €62 ‘TE ve 0 LEé¢ Git 81 es "sqred enna} *"*** 4700S YO}O00G | “* 4sup ooovqoy) 4 | reene See TarTTT g¢ 969 08 8F GL 816 GL] LIP 96° L20°¢z 0°¢ 0 8lé Vee €¢ “""sz.ced jn "* *dapmod dBog | “* snp odovqoy| 9 | Tee ee Paley gaery cL T&L 08 8F 66 L96 LE OL 92°F bL 906 ‘22 CG 8 P8é 6°12 L9 . ag os ced rento| "*Bpos SUTYSE M ** 4snp oooBqoy,) ¢ OL L0e J°9GD (0 18s at) 69°F S6°TFO'8 Us 8 6&T Ge 9L &8T Coe ae ae Ort ay Ok ENDO Ep OL LLG 06 08 (00 €&8 8¢ FI LE"h 9S°ETh'06I] 0°2 Gl 9¢& Se'T€ GL le foo ee ee Se WOON TO Og | ae 09 €&8 00 ef 00 0S0°T (00 8T 6E° fF 8T°818 ‘Ez CG él 60F 6 °C? cg Sp ee Ssoetp meded der ae 96 9c 18 C9Z ILT 600 ‘T 0g LI SEP 6F 686 ‘GZ OT 8 t68 ©1800 4/0. s)0)6.8)|' 06,60 8 6 ee sa RT Re Sse age cia” SSUGaT OS OLT AN iL oe ea ‘ug crs) ¢ Dg 2A) *SZO ‘S| Se A oe ae eee 4 = : 2 ‘SUTJSOATeY ; a108 Jed | ‘aloe ted | , q] 19d a108 Jad peey p : ’ ae a108 Lad Peatgoor1 : Je jo[d 1ad\pexo14sap p2f014Sap a ON f quem} eal eorid eotid Sq[ JO ‘ON | JO VQStTaM : s JUOTI} BAL T, 2 +1 FO1d JON jo eae peyelnoleg SoM eSBIOAY [payelnoreg | osveay A mitoa pre teed FUE Teles PN eld “6I6T ‘SLOTg NOILVANILNOQ—siNawiuaaxg TOUINOD LODOVI ANVEEVO—T ATaVL 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The foregoing treatments are so greatly superior to any of the others that the latter may be disposed of in a few words. The tobacco dust, soap powder and soot mixture is worthy of note as coming next in efficiency to the foregoing and giving a heavy average weight of head. The tar paper discs from which the soil was not removed, were markedly inferior to those where this was done. The screens, while giving perfect control, are too costly and their application too laborious ever to come into general use, and in addition, they seem to have a bad effect upon the plants. The tobacco dust and lime, while inferior to the foregoing in maggot control gave, nevertheless, greatly superior results to those of last season. This is doubtless due to the fact that the material was put on fresh when the flies first appeared and then renewed ten days later. The previous season the material was applied several days before the appearance of the flies, a heavy rain intervening between that time and their appearance. The tobacco dust is apparently only effective when fresh and its usefulness is destroyed by a heavy rain. In conjunction with sulphur, washing soda or soap powder, is apparently more effective than with lime. It is interesting to note that practically all the substances used in our con- tinuation plots were mentioned by Slingerland in his bulletin on this insect (Bul. 78, Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1894), though he did not consider them in all the combinations used by us. Among the effective methods he lists screens and tar paper discs; among the ineffective, soot, sulphur and tobacco dust. The two former he did not test himself, but he did some experiments with the latter, which did not turn out entirely satisfactory. The material was applied twice, the first time immediately after planting, the second ten days later. He does not state whether the flies were out at the time of the first application, but says that they were abundant at the time of the second. As a result of the experiments nearly one-half of the treated plants were salable, while only 90 marketable heads were secured out of 600 of the untreated plants. Particularly interesting is his mention of corrosive sublimate in view of the suecess that has lately attended the use of this chemical. On this account we reproduce his remarks in full: “ An editorial in 1864 (Country Gentleman, p. 65) states that a contemporary recommends 1 oz. of the substance dissolved in 4 gals. of water. A correspondent of a Canadian Journal (American Cultivator for April 30, 1881) says all of the London market gardeners secretly use a solution of 14 oz. of this substance in 4+ gals. of water for these maggots. He has used the solution quite extensively, using enough to saturate the ground. But it is not clear from the account whether it is applied as a preventive or whether it kills the maggots. We have little faith in its effectiveness but it should be further tested.” The foregoing shows that this material was in use many years ago and it seems strange that it never seems to have made headway until recently. The reason for this may have been that the average person takes no notice of the infestation until the plants begin to wilt, when the maggots are well grown and it is too late to apply control measures. All our experiments indicate that to control the maggot a material must be either a repellent, in which case it should be applied at planting or before the flies appear or, it should be one that will destroy the eggs of very young larve, a fact that has often been lost sight of in studies of this pest. If the cabbage can be protected for even two weeks after setting out, our experiments indicate that it stands a very good chance of surviving the attacks of the maggot. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 II. Fretp Prots. Tield tests were conducted on 3,200 cabbages (Danish Round-head). These were the treatments showing most promise in the previous years’ experiments. The plants were set out on July 19th during the emergence of the 2nd brood flies and while oviposition was actively proceeding. There was some infestation of the plants in the seed bed, which was mostly, but probably not entirely, removed by carefully washing the roots in water. Two applications at intervals of one week were made in the case of corrosive sublimate. One application of the dust was made and the earth was not removed from the discs after cultivation. FIELD TESTE ON LATE CABBAGES (3,200 PLANTS). + ah eee Per cent. : No. No. with Per cent. 3 A t Materials used. ee destroyed | marketable | destroyed is : bl : °|by maggot. heads. (by maggot.| M4tXetable | heads. 1 |Tar paper discs .......... +... | 800 eerie. 758 Gl 5 5 94.75 2 |Tcbacco dust, soap powder and | SOOt ss... BAe cot barca Eocene 800 104 | 696 eee a0) 87.0 (equal parts.) | 3 |Corrosive sublimate .......... 800 11 789 desi5 98 .625 (1-1, 000.) | (Claveol¢:| Le a ar ae Aa eS 800 350 450 43.75 5Gncomoe FieLtp TESTS ON LATE CAULIFLOWER (280 PLANTS). - Per cent. +e cena No. No. with | Per cent. is fe Materials used. Root destroyed marketable | destroyed ah ble ae “> by maggot heads. by maggot. eras heads. MiaipanmeridiSeS niaseers sree ee 70 5 | 65 7.14 92.86 2 ‘)Tobacco dust and sulphur ..... 70 15 | 55 Zea 78.58 (equal parts.) | 3 {Corrosive sublimate .......... 70 4 66 5. ah 94,29 (1-1,000.) | lve cat larcgye sects sae aetslo a btoloccusbrcseieotaas 70 16 | 54 | 22.86 77.14 . s The accompanying table shows the treatments given and the results. It will be seen that the corrosive sublimate is again superior to the other treatments, the control being almost perfect. While the other two treatments were hardly given a fair chance in comparison with the corrosive sublimate, the lesser cost of the latter and the prospect of still greater reduction in the price of the material, places it definitely ahead as a method of control of the cabbage maggot. A similar experiment was carried out on a small adjoiming block of cauli- flowers, using sulphur in conjunction with the tobacco dust, instead of Scotch soot and soap powder. The results, as will be seen from the table, are comparable. It was originally intended to make further tests using the main crop of late cabbage, but this was not done as our investigations brought to light the fact that July planted cabbage suffer very little from the attacks of the maggot. 5 B.S. 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O 0€ LI9 OL 162 rea ole T6°¢ GTS 92 8G 8 &8€ 99 |" *** Bpos Jo ayeiyIM asBsop etquog; q at 685 yey OG E9¢ 0 8 S9°¢ oGve= be EG Gl &0E 99 crt tt" $oojs payurpdsaery aoug} Vy ih edt PSS Saeeae Lek ae dal aor See ea Meee ear ae ATS ‘9108 tad | "axoe 10d | , : ‘qp ted | ‘aoe tod | ‘peay SULYSOATELY ; | ato Jad ; ee as PAALIIE ae pe ye jord vod’ ps IAOL SOP | *} eal pcg) _ pUOTNYRILT, ood doTad | SQ] JOON | Jo 4qsIOM | Bion “quouy Bal N YOU YAN "Jo 1809 Ipayepna]e9 08 Fa dA RIAAY Ipaqetnay ey an ae Sea ais JUDO AI] su IeTq ‘ON } RAD / 40ld | | | | elope | “| 8 \ ‘6161 ‘SLOT AVId],—SENUNINRaXG TOULNOD LODSVTY aOVvAHVS (1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 PRrAnL, PLOTS, 1919: For trial of treatments not previously tested in our experiments, we had at our disposal a section of land 170 ft. wide by 60 ft. long. With the rows of cabbage ft. apart, there was thus space for 85 rows of cabbage, and with the plants 18 inches apart in the rows, 40 plants for each row. With seventeen different treatments including checks, this gave us 200 plants (Copenhagen Market) for each plot. Instead of having all the 200 plants for each plot together, however, we divided the piece into five sections, one row i.e., 40 plants in each section being devoted to each of the different treatments. We thus had on this piece of ground five repeatings of each treatment, this method tending to equalize variations in intensity of maggot infestation and any in equalities of the soil that might affect the final weight of heads from each plot. It will be seen that there are four check plots, each receiving a different hortt- cultural treatment, but none protected from the maggot. All the other treatments with the exception of the salt solution were in the form of, dry powder and were applied at the rate of 700 lbs. per acre. In the case of the salt, a saturated solution was first made and this then diluted with an equal quantity of water. ‘Three of the sections were planted May 3lst, the remaining two, June 2nd. An exception to this were the planks on Check Plot D, which were planted a week earlier than the others. It was intended to plant them all on the same date, but conditions arose which made this impossible. Normal applications of nitrate of soda, 1.e., 250 lbs. per acre, a Pere in two equal sowings on June 11th and June 28th were made. On Check B, an extra application was applied on July 12th, this plot receiving a total amount equal to an application of 500 lbs. per acre. All the treated plots received two applications of the material used, the first at planting, the second on June 13th. The first brood flies were actively ovipositing at the time of planting. Discussion oF RESULTS. Had it been possible to set out these plots two weeks earlier, it would natura!ly have been a more severe test of the different materials, since they would have heen exposed for a longer period during the height of the oviposition period. _At the same time the number lost in the check rows enables us to make sufficiently striking comparisons. A consideration of the results from the check plots shows that “A” and “ B” are equal as regards the number of plants killed, but the acceleration of the head- ing process and the greater weight of head, owing to the extra application of nitrate, have given us a much larger price per acre in the case of “ B.” Obviously, the results of this treatment would depend upon the chemical requirements of the sorl.. Plot “C” shows a lower rate of infestation, due doubtless to the fact that it escaped the period of most active oviposition. It also missed the high prices obtained for the early crop. Check Plot “D” having been planted earlier than the others, cannot, unfortunately, be compared with them on an equal basis. Iixposed during a longer period of active oviposition, more plants succumbed than in the other check plot. Wad conditions been different it is not Hkely that this would have occurred. As it is, the greater average weight of the heads which survived and the earlier heading up of the plants, gives us the largest financial “returns of any of the check plots. 68 THE REPORT OF THE No: 36" It is obvious that some of the treatments are entirely inadequate to control the maggot. A few show a decided advantage over the check plots, but not sufficient to make them worthy of further trial, in view of the very much better results obtained by other materials. In this class may be mentioned nicotine sulphate and clay, nicotine and sulphur, para-dichlorobenzene alone, and sait solution in the strength tested. Others actually appear to have weakened the plants to such an extent that a greater number succumbed to the attacks of the maggot — than on the check rows. ‘These include dry lime sulphur, white arsenic, arsenate — of soda and combinations of these compounds. No further discussion is necessary | regarding these two classes, all the required facts being found in the table. A consideration of the other treatments shows that Plot VII, (the tobacco | dust, corrosive sublimate and clay mixture) gave the smallest number of plants — actually destroyed, but Plot I (creosote) is a close second with only one more — casualty and with the largest tonnage per acre of any plot, lower cost of treatment — and greater profit per acre. Plot IV (anthracene oil) is only slightly behind the — foregoing in number of marketable heads produced, but it also falls below Plot — XIII (para-dichlorobenzene and soot) in tonnage per acre. This is probably due to another reason than maggot control as will be seen later. The treatment given to No. V (tobacco dust, white arsenic and clay) is apparently next in efficiency, but this plot also falls below No. XIII in tonnage per acre, and even No. XII ~ (para-dichlorobenzene and clay) which lost three times as many plants, has pro-— duced a greater weight of head. No. XIII actually comes second in tonnage per acre produced, though behind the plots previously mentioned in the number of plants free from injury. The plants in this plot were noticeably benefited by the treatment, having a deeper green colour of leaf and a healthier general appear- ance than the other plots. The results from the foregoing treatments are con- sidered promising and will be tested further in the ‘ Continuation Plots ” of 1920. Tested out on earliest planted cabbage, the relative merits of these materials as — compared with the test in the “ Continuation Plots” of 1919, should be clearly— indicated. THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT IN BRITISH @ COLUMBIA. 3 R. C. TrenerNt, ENromorocisr 1n CHARGE For BritisH COLUMBIA, AND M. H. RuuMann, Assistant ProvincrsaL ENTOMOLOGIST. At the request of Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief, Division of Field Crop and _ Garden Insects of the Dominion Entomological Branch, the virtue of the corrosive — sublimate treatment for the control of the Cabbage Root Maggot, Phorbia 3 brassice, was tested in. British Columbia during 1919, in comparison with the- Tar-paper-dise method of control. At Mr. Gibson’s further request the following — report is submitted on the record of the experiments performed. THE PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. The work was conducted altogether in the large commercial vegetable-growing — district of Armstrong, B.C., where the Cabbage Root Maggot has for several years exacted a heavy toll. The “block” system of experimentation was adopted in preference to the “row” system. Twelve blocks were employed, with from [ : 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 . 70 to 210 plants to a block. Three control untreated blocks were interspaced between the treated blocks and they, with the tar-paper blocks, only received applications of ordinary water on the same occasions as the treatments of corrosive sublimate were made. Six tar-paper-dise blocks, consisting in all of 611 plants were employed in the experiment, interspaced between the other blocks, and three corrosive sublimate blocks on which various strengths were used, at 1 oz. to 6 gallons, 1 0z. to 8 gallons and 1 oz. to 10 gallons of water. The corrosive sub- imate blocks were in turn divided into three parts, which received respectively 1, 2 and 8 appheations in the season. Observations were made on ecabbages and cauliflowers. The following notes deal with cauliflowers in particular and, inas- much as the cauliflower is more susceptible to injury than the cabbage, it would necessarily follow that what was shown to be the case with the cauliflower would also be so with the cabbage. Cauliflowers were transplanted on May 3rd and set in their permanent positions in the field, and tar-paper discs were placed around the plants at this time. Applications of corrosive sublimate were made on May ith, May 13th and May 23rd: the first application requiring the use of 1 gallon of diluted mixture, the second application 114 gallons and the third nearly 2 gallons per 100 plants. One cultivation was given the entire plantation after transplanting between May 3rd and May 23rd. In checking results a great deal of care was exercised to determine exactly what caused the plants to die or suffer, and observations were made on the vege- tative growth and development of the root system. Every plant received a separate number and each was checked weekly throughout the period of the ry “ . experiment. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT. The untreated blocks of cauliflowers showed considerable (76.5 per cent.) characteristic injury from maggots and stood out very clearly in the plantation. The tar-paper-dise blocks showed pronounced injury but only 25.3 per cent. of the injury caused was due to maggot attack. Fully 36 per cent. was caused by a “wilt” produced by the presence of the disc. It would be well to mention clearly at this point, that the field chosen for the experiments was a low-lying one with a large quantity of vegetable matter in the soil composition, with a tendency to remain cold for a long time in the spring months. The sun is usually very warm in the Okanagan Valley during May and this last year was no exception in this regard. Consequently with conditions such as these, on cauliflowers, the influence of heat acting on and in association with the subsoil moisture produced a condensation of moisture beneath the disc below the soil surface. This condi- tion was not observed in the case of the cabbages, for the reason that the growth of a cabbage is sufficiently strong to outgrow many adverse conditions. Any check in the growth of cauliflowers is serious in commercial growing, as a process known as “ buttoning ” takes place. This “wilt” condition was not observed in any case with the plants treated with corrosive sublimate. but some plants were injured by the proximity of fresh manure to the roots, causing the loss “from other causes” shown in the table given below. In fact after three treatments with ‘corrosive sublimate at all three strengths the loss due to maggot attack was less than 2 per cent., and the growth of the plants in “top” and “root” was double the growth on any other block. The results clearly showed that under “ bottom ” land conditions, with cauliflowers, tar-paper discs were unsatisfactory and that corrosive sublimate in three treatments at 1 0z. to 8 or 10 gallons gave eminently 70 THE: REPORT OP THe No. so satisfactory and safe results. With cabbages growing in the same field under same conditions as the cauliflowers the loss due to maggot attack varied in different parts of a two-acre field from 18 per cent. to 50 per cent. Where cabbages had tar-paper dises applied as was the case in one acre, the loss averaged rather less than 5 per cent. from maggot attack. This loss from maggot attack, when tar- paper discs were used in previous years, is considered by growers in the locality a fair average annual loss. Where corrosive sublimate was used on cabbages the loss by maggot attack was less than 5 per cent. and the growth of the plant while somewhat better at the commencement of the year, was not appreciably different — at the time of marketing the crop. The summarized results are given herewith: TABLE I.— CAULIFLOWERS—AVERAGES AND SUMMARY. B Per cen lage. Form of Treatment. Affected by Affeeted by maggots. other causes. aT PADER'GISCS)« Sieiarece aleve Sobseeicsrehel st Sater cveven ene Ore eictcte seven ot 25.3 36.4 Corrosive sublimate— AAA pLIGAvIOMy Ue Olerete errs ciel neers DOR arrest 68.6 3.9 | 1 ee Ie See Ua REN rarities curs Nan aa Peta Kifer oe ; 62.0 8.0 3 [EU Sena cpetam ceo ain SOR ae tito oa Or 64.0 16.9 : Zamplicationssel = (Omowsra ccc mecicemcns omits 6.0 4.0 9 lane ibs ale g's Ue AA Pace tom SH 5s BR 92.0 8.0 : Theat (Pg Fok Ail Sethe nina eM ae Hey bce 64.0 16.0 ; Applica WouS ale Geri cca heii oreo Ce ee ae eee 1.8 19.2 : PSG ese te ohcas i hs, a aes RSC aoe NS ae 23.4 . LO eee tate Get ae ATOR RDS 1.8 19.0 IN GXCOMETO See ee te anette tae hacen, ohh Sopot eee iow keira ciomee Paar 76.5 21.9 7 Lire-Hisrory Nores. : F Inasmuch as all previous study given the Cabbage Root Maggot in British © Columbia has taken place in the Lower Fraser Valley, this year’s work in the ; Armstrong district adds another locality where this insect has been under obser- vation. The transplanting of the cabbages and cauliflowers was completed by May drd in 1919. The first:adult flies were captured on May ‘th in the field, and on examination of 100 plants on this day, only 3 eggs were taken. Oviposition — was heavy previous to May 25rd and on this date small larve were found in the root systems. of some plants that were showing signs of injury. Two large half- grown maggots were seen on this day also. Twenty-five plants were under more — or less continuous observation during the early spring and on the dates May 12th ~ and 13th and June 4th, these plants carried respec tively 59, 847 and 1,091 eggs, — the eggs on each examination being carefully removed by hand. It was exceed- ingly interesting to note that the largest plants received the greatest number of eggs and in view of the fact that the corrosive sublimate blocks contained the largest plants the blocks were the greatest attraction areas. The same point is — drawn on. page 27 of Bulletin No. 12 of the Dominion Entomological Branch, — 1916, which details, so far as the bulletin. relates to British Columbia, the life-— history studies carried on in the Lower Fraser Valley. The sundry other points — in the life-history of this maggot in the Armstrong district are so closely allied to the results detailed in Bulletin 12 on this insect that there is no need to take up further space in this paper for their discussion. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - (ai FURTHER DATA ON THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT IN THE OTTAWA DISTRICT. ArtTHUR GIBsoON, CHIEF, Division oF FIELD CROP AND GARDEN INSECTS; ENTOMOLOGICAL BrancH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. Since the publication, in 1912, of our Bulletin on the cabbage root maggot* _we have conducted a number of further experiments on the control of this inseet, particularly with corrosive sublimate and tobacco dust and lime. The former has received special study during the past four years, aud we consider its yalue to be undoubted and that it has now passed the experimental stage having been used with remarkable success under field conditions. Early references in the literature point to the fact that corrosive sublimate has been known as a remedy for the cabbage root maggot for over 50 years, and it is remarkable that its value has only been appreciated during comparatively recent years. In the years 1916 and 1917 we conducted experiments with corrosive sublimate on a small scale. In 1918, we used in one experiment 800 early cabbage plants. ‘These plants were treated with corrosive sublimate in the strength of one ounce to four gallons of water on four oceasions, namely, on May 27th, June 6th, 14th and 23rd. The results from this experiment were very striking, 96 per cent. of the plants treated with the corrosive sublimate being saved. In the same field in which the experiment was conducted the main cabbage plantation was destroyed by the root maggot to the extent of fully 60 per cent. In 1919, over 8,000 cabbage plants were placed at our disposal by Mr. J. I. Farquharson, who resides on the Aylmer Road, near Ottawa. Of this number 2,731 plants of the varieties Jersey Wakefield and Copenhagen Market were used in one experiment. This block of 2,731 cabbage plants was divided into 38 smaller blocks, of which blocks 1 to 18 inclusive, except- ing blocks 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17, which were left as checks, were treated with commercial corrosive sublimate mixture in the strengths of 1 oz. in 4 gallons of water, 1 oz. to 6 gallons of water, 1 0z. to 8 gallons of water, and 1 0z. to 10 gallons of water, some blocks having four treatments others only three. The plants were put out in the field on May 12th. The first application was made on the fourth day after planting, the second application six days later and one or two further applications ten days apart, about half a cupful of the mixture being poured around the base of the stem of each plant on each oceasion. Each block consisted of 100 plants excepting the checks which varied from 20 to 36 plants each. Blocks 19 to 24 inclusive (100 plants each) excepting checks 20 ‘and 22 (30 plants each) were used for felt-tarred-paper dises of various shapes. Blocks 25 to 23 inclusive (100 plants each) excepting blocks 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 (20 plants each) were treated with tobacco dust and lime in the proportion of 1 part tobacco dust to 2 parts of lime, 1 part of tobacco dust to 3 parts of lime, and 1 part of tobacco dust to 4 parts of lime, two, three and four applications being made. The results of this experiment are very striking. Briefly, they are as follows: Corrosive Sustimare. There was practically no difference in the plots treated with the various strengths of corrosive sublimate. The weakest solution, namely, one ounce in ten gallons of water, gave as good results as did the strongest mixture of one ounce to four gallons of water. Three applications. too, are appar- ently equal to four applications. The percentage of plants destroyed by the maggot *Bull, 12, Ent. Br., Dept. Agr., 1916. -~> THE REPORT OF THE ‘ No. 36 far) in all of these plots ranged from 0 per cent. to 4 per cent., whereas the plants in the check plots were destroyed to the extent of 52 per cent., 5% per cent., 61 per cent., 66 per cent., 70 per cent., and 80 per cent. respectively. - Dises Usep. Hexagonal dise (block 19); small square dise (block 21); large square dise (block 24); and round dise (block 23). All gave excellent pro- tection. In blocks 19 and 24 (100 plants in each) 100 per cent. results were obtained; in block 21 of similar size 1 per cent. destruction occurred and in the fourth block (23) 2 per cent. destruction. In the two check blocks, Nos. 20 and 22 (30 plants in each) the loss from maggot was 10 per cent. and 17 per cent. respectively. Tospacco AND Lime. One part tobacco dust and 2 of lime, also in propor- tions 1-3 and 1-4. Block 25, 1 to 2; Block 27, 1 to 3; Block 28, 1 to 4, (100 plants in each) had 4 applications about % to 1 inch of the mixture being placed around the stem of each plant. Block 30, 1-2; Block 31, 1-3; Block 33, 1-4 Sai plants in each) had three applications. Block 34, 1-2 (100 plants) ; Bloce 36, ; Block 37, 1-4 (150 plants in-each) had two applications. The percentage . Bie in these blocks destroyed was also very small, varying from 1 per cent. to 4 per cent., the latter percentage being in Blocks 36 and 37 which received two applications only of the more diluted mixtures. Three applications of the mixture was prac- tically as effective as four applications, and the weakest mixture gave practically as good results as the strongest. Check blocks (20 plants in each) with these series, were destroyed as follows: Block 26, 25 per cent.; Block 29, 20 per cent.; Block 82, 30 per cent.; Block 35, 30 per cent.; Block 38, 30 per cent. A larger plantation of later cabbages, 3,360 in number, planted May 21st, was used for corrosive sublimate solutions solely. The plantation was divided into 11 blocks, 8 of equal size, each consisting of 378 plants, and the remaining three, which were used as check blocks, contained respectively, 105 plants each and one 21 plants. The corrosive sublimate was used in the same strengths as in previous experiment, namely, 1 oz. to 10 gallons water—1:1.280 (Block A, 4 applications ; Block B, 8 applications) ; 1 oz. to 8 gallons water—1:1,024 (Block D, 4 applica- tions; Block E, 3 applications); 1 0z. to 6 gallons water—1:768 (Block G, 4 applications; Block H, 3 applications) ; 1 oz. to 4 gallons water—1:512 (Block J, | applications; Block K, 3 applications). Blocks C, F. I and L were used as checks. Blocks A, D, G and J were treated on May 27th, June 4th, June 13th, and June 24th: Blocks B, KE, H and K, on the first three dates only. Jn this experiment the time required to treat 3,000 plants was 314 hours, using a watering can with spout closed shghtly with wooden plug. In this experiment no attempt was made to keep a definite record of every plant. The blocks were examined at frequent intervals and from a practical standpoint no injury took place in those treated with corrosive sublimate. Conspicuous injury, however, was apparent in the check plots and the plants in these latter were certainly not as thrifty as those treated. That the cabbage maggot was abundant in the immediate area of our work in 1919 was well evidenced by the losses which took place on the farms close by. Hundreds of plants of the early varieties were completely killed. The above experiment following those conducted by us previously, particularly in 1917 and 1918, certainly strengthens the belief that in corrosive sublimate we have a valuable control measure for the cabbage maggot. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 Cost or Treatments. In connection with the cost of treating cabbages per acre of plants with corrosive subliimate in comparison with cost of applying discs, it is of interest to record the following: Corrosive sublimate—Total cost per acre, including labor and material: See LUI CIMUS ens h nc rnme esis atarer el sus ahevelenehore ol che eithe ween dnacrougis halallocene 6,6 boa ce ao -diahedrs $24.21 4 SOUS Sah le, Ae, HG OR ARORCR AML Sid caters co ARORA Cae ees Een ECE Carne ee ee 32.28 Tarred discs.—Total cost per acre, including labor and material.............. 16.75 EFFECT OF CoRROSIVE SUBLIMATE ON Soil Bacrerta. In order to deter- mine the numbers of bacteria in the soil in the field where our cabbage maggot control work was conducted, bacteriological soil tests were made by an assistant, Mr. J. A. Flock, working wnder Mr. H. T. Gussow, of (a) soil treated with cor- rosive sublimate and (b) untreated soil. These soil samples were taken on August 18th, when most of the crop had been harvested. Briefly, the data resulting from these experiments clearly indicated that the corrosive sublimate treatment showed no deleterious influence either upon the plants or on the relative number of soil. organisms present in the treated versus the untreated soil. Under field conditions the applications of the corrosive sublimate mixtures certainly seemed to have a stimulating effect upon the growth of the plants. In the control measures conducted in 1919, Mr. J. A. Flock and Mr. W. P. Shorey, rendered valuable help. CABBAGE MAGGOT CONTROL. L. Carsar AND H. C. HucKkett. In neither the Guelph nor Burlington districts did cabbages or cauliflowers suffer any damage worth speaking of in 1919 from the Cabbage Maggot (Chorto- phila brassicae). Only 14 plants out of 7,000 in the plot were killed by the maggots and these 14 were not in any one row but widely distributed over the field. Fortunately we included in our experiments a plot of radishes, and as radishes were much worse attacked than cabbage some interesting and suggestive results were obtained. We also devoted considerable time to trying to discover how corrosive subli- mate controls the insect. . The results of the work along these two lines is given below: 74 No. of | Date of row. | ( 32 38a 33b 58C 33d 34 35 37 No. of row. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS Pror 1—ComvoseEp Date of | Date , es, ct ieee elec sowing plants Substance used. | Dates and strength of application. | sound ; “| appeared. i plants. 1 : 2 2 Seat Site a) 2 Maya ine Maw de CCCs mie since merci: Checke '¥ ciee st acre ton eae 4 ae Onl Fadl an IGINGKCHS Gg tole va lno lols Ghee a est eae a nee oe ae 44 6] 13 Lebacco (dust ‘I “part! May 14Vand’ 260 28-8. eee 90) | and soot 2 parts.. ; 6 | 13 |jCorrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 640 ..............:. 128 | May 261 to 1,000°2....-2. Parc } - AG |: . 113: |Corrosive sublimatecdMay %—Iitol6400. 4a oe U5 Maya 26—— lls tons. 0 COn- ees ree ; ang jl Sie Pobaccon dust eens es IA FEET sg Le a li ne aE eBay RS at a 55 9206 aS | Lobacco Gust: se. 4c Maiy: 4 andie? Gig. sk Sl neon geen tes 34 et) lane LODACEOM GUSty saan May 14 and 26, and June 10..... 45 5 te meetin © NEC Kamen era ayeetea (Qi) aeyel comer Mir gel ee rene at Pts Biaoe Ge 42 6 pe onibesee [ROO ei acie aterm thous 3 atens Mays 14 candi 26r cue. cee aes 11 6 ep lee saben (obo) od bse Gori May? (26): eS Ae eee) See nes 8 a iG ok AS ISAle. »( SOLITON). Nokes Mipiy: (OG acih sa) spelen mp. monn age ee an 6 | .,-18 [Corrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 640 ..............-- hase May? 26-2" to m0 00Nsis nee eee ieee: Pror 2—MEDIUM Date | | No. of Viiwtexs plants Substance used. | Dates and strength of application. | sound _ SOw1nS- | appeared. | _ plants. ss Coe | | May 261 May 30 -\Check .......u....- @heclke sol a eke te ee 121 -. 26| ,, 30 [Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 240 .............. 44 ren OS 30 (Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 480 .............. 49 ae 26 | 30 |Corrosive sublimate./May 31—1 to 720 .............. ioe 60) 26 | 30 [Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 1,000 ............ 58 BG | omets | SOS Oot om uatiet aie Fig “S18 check arcane ee ere : 26 | VO SOOLY Natal antenna treme ne ENLay, Sil vevrid UTNE) Ties vote ee ear 100 26 | . 30 Ammonia Lets Onde |May 31, 1 to 16 of water ....... ra meee Se 4 phe a3 ere PiLor 3—LATE | Ae Date | No. of Date 2 plants Substance used. _ Dates and strength of application. sound sowing: |. ppeared. | | | plants. STR a td) SS eae Ry PeVON estoy ny es Ma ee July-8 | July 16 |Corrosive sublimate,| July 8—l to 500755 ojo ree 96 ste te) ,, 16 |Sorrosive sublimate.|July 16—1 to 1,000 ............. 78 8 | 16) A\Corrosive: sublimaites uly, 8——lstors O0 eyes ete ieee \ 88 | July: -26—— to; OOO eee (ee 8 LOR OMeCkK ca Cee ehese aie CHECK aay ire cee cae ee aetna teen 48 8 | » A6|\Corrosive:sublimates| July. Sl ton o00) ots eseniier Q6 8) 2 al) | Cormosiversublimates| sly L6—— sto) 1 00 Oia cnniertcees 62 8| °... 16 |Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 ...........0..2. Vi15 | Fuly; 161 | to. 1000 as eee ee 8 | eS ALG WOME C KAW why Bienes etn Cheek. sk Cianueat ae 1o Se acy eee 28 8 | ,, 15 |Tobacco dust, sul- phur and arsenate OLMlead Aaa ase Faily Be ea ee aera merce OR ee Geek ‘ss July. 8 and: 16 Soca see ee IBS wars Der Ge | CALCOnemirdecinerer July 165523 andvsOy kee eres (BR . 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SUBSTANCES UPON RADISH MAGGOTS. Or EARLY RADISHES. No. of Per cent wormy Remarks. plants. WOEULY: 38 | 90.4 |Roots not nearly so good as in corrosive swbhlimate rows. G4 68.1 ae “ee ce oe “se ce ae ae 201 69.1 |Vigorous foliage, long, rough, slender, poor quality roots. 17 11.7. {Moderate foliage, large, globular, smooth, good quality roots. 18 13.5 ae “ “ “ce “ee “ce “ec ‘ce 50 47.6 |Vigorous foliage, long, slender, rough, poor quality roots. 68 67.9 ce «ae ae oe “ee “ce ae oe 70 60.8 “ “ “ce oe “ec “cc “ce “cc 79 ~©| 65.2 |Roots not nearly so good as on corrosive sublimate rows. 50 81.9 |Roots like tobacco rows, much inferior to corrosive sublimate. 30 78.9 {Not a good test. 25 71.4 ch ie iets 37. | 33.0 |Mostly surface injury; good roots for table purposes. _ co 2) —. tobe bo bole be te be SIS OV 8 be to Gn EARLY RADISHES. No. of Per cent wormy Remarks. plants WOREEY- oe hes Eesha 121 50.0 |Not so good roots as on corrosive sublimate rows. 0 0.0 {Good quality of roots, growth of young plants checked at first 0 0.0 ay oe “ “oe “ec oe oe ee 3 ANT eé ae sé “e “ce “oe oe Lad | 0.9 “oe é “ ee é oe oe ae 82. | 56.2 |Foliage good, roots not so good as corrosive sublimate rows. 128 56.1 oe “ee “cc ° “ce fe ae ae a : 0.0 |All plants killed; same result later where 1 part to 32 of water was used. RADISHES. No. of Per cent wormy Remarks. plants. | Y?F™Y- 20 iiiee a 8.2 |Note: The later application gave the better results. 4 4.3 |Note: The two applications gave better results than one. 15 23.8 27 21.9 12 16.2 |The later date here again gave better results than row &. 8 6.5 Note: Two applications better than one. 12 30.0 5) 38.4 18 32.7 i) ANG iNo | LOW oon OVE 08 03 8 WO ~_ US WO 0 G2 tO tO ww 76 THE REPORT OF THE 5 No. 36 INFERENCES FROM THE ABove TABLE AND FROM OBSERVATIONS IN THE FIELD. First. Corrosive sublimate was the only substance used which gave satisfac- tory or fairly satisfactory results, the results from it being better than the per- centages indicate, because nearly all the injuries were on the surface, only a few leing deep in the tissues, whereas in the checks a considerable pereentage were deep in the tissues. The plants were somewhat older than usual when pulled. This possibly accounts for surface injuries. Second. Tobacco dust alone, or soft coal soot alone, or a combination of the two, or a combination of tobacco dust, sulphur and arsenate of lead powder, gave no contro] and in most cases seemed to encourage the presence of the insect. Third... Under conditions such as we had last year, corrosive sublimate had a decidedly beneficial result upon the size, shape and quality of the radishes causing them to be smooth-skinned and of good size. On the contrary, tobacco and soot both acted as fertilizers and gave excellent foliage but inferior form and size of. the enlarged part of the root, this being elongate, slender, rough on the surface and unattractive in. appearance. Fourth. Corrosive sublimate if applied stronger than 1-1,000 to young plants, weakens them and causes a distinct shock, though they soon outgrow this. The same thing happens to cabbages if the roots, when being transplanted, are soaked a couple of minutes in the liquid, yet even then they recover. ‘Too heavy soaking of soil around very young plants in the field, even with 1 to 1,000 may cause a sickly appearance of foliage for a few days. Fifth. Sufficient tests have not been made yet to allow a reliable conclusion to be formed as to the best time to apply corrosive sublimate to radishes, Sixth. Corrosive sublimate apphed within 24 hours. of sowing the seed appears to have no injurious effect upon germination. How pogrs CorrosivE SUBLIMATE ACT IN TITE CONTROL OF TILE CABBAGE MAGGOT ? Dors rr Kitt tHE Eacs? Eggs were placed on blotting paper in pill boxes containing soil freshly saturated with corrosive sublimate 1-1,000. . The result was that of 80 eggs treated, 64 or 80 per cent. hatched. In the check, out of 134 eggs, 128 hatched or 95 per cent. The above results represent not a single test, but a series with a few eggs at a time. There seems no doubt therefore, that if the eggs hatch under these circumstances, they would hatch in the field in soil treated with corrosive sublimate. Dors ir Kini roe Larvae? Various methods were employed to test whether corrosive sublimate kills the larvee in any stage of their growth. Out of 190 larve treated 83 pupated, 4 remained larvee to the end of the test and 103 or 56.8 per cent. were missing. More would have been missing had they not in some cases been put in retainers from which they could not eseape. In the checks, out of 46 larve, 35 pupated and 11 or 23.8 per cent. were missing, 5 of these by accident. Some of the missing treated larvie were doubtless killed, especially the very small larve, but most of them crawled away and escaped. Where the larve were confined so that they could not escape, it was found that, while a good many died, yet many lived. It was observed however, that there was an evident desire both of large and small larve to avoid contact with this liquid compared with water. Our inference is therefore. that control is not to any large extent brought about by the death of the larvee from contact with corrosive sub- 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ra limate, but possibly from its repellent action, which causes the larve to wander away from the plant and thus perish. Larvee, however, once well inside the plant, do not seem to be affected. 3. Dorks rr Kitt THE Pura? ‘Three flower pots filled with fine sandy soil were sunk in the soil this spring and then thoroughly saturated with corrosive sublimate. Pot 1 contained 100 puparia and was saturated with 1-1,000 strength. Pet 2 contained 100 puparia and was saturated with 1-1,000 strength. Pot 3 contained 35 puparia and was saturated with 1-240 strength. Hight other pots containing in all 885 pupae were left untreated and served as checks. REsuu7s. Pot 1 of the treated puparia gave an emergence of 11 flies. Pot 2 of the treated puparia gave an emergence of 47 flies. Pot 3 of the treated puparia gave an emergence of 2 flies. Total emergence from treated pots 60==25.5 per cent. From the 885 pupae in the checks 174 flies, or 19.6 per cent. emerged. We can therefore only conclude that corrosive sublimate does not kill the pupae. Incidentally it may be mentioned that from the 885 untreated pupae, 424 eynipid and 15 staphylinid parasites emerged, and from the 235 treated puparia 20 cynipids and 1 staphylinid. THE PRESENT STATUS. OF MILL-INFESTING PESTS IN~CANADA. EK. H. SrrickLanpd, ENTOMOLOGICAL Brancu, OTTawa. The Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture is undertaking a series of investigations and experiments upon the control of the insect and other pests of flour mills, bakeries, elevators and warehouses. This has necessitated a preliminary visit to representatives of these various industries throughout the Dominion for the purpose of ascertaining what are the most im- portant pests, and the effectiveness of methods already in operation for their control. In so far as the flour mills are concerned one pest, namely, the Mediterranean Flour Moth (Mphestia kuehniella), so far exceeds all other classes of mill pests in the trouble it causes, that the majority of millers look upon it as the only one merit- ing serious consideration. One of the favorite breeding places of this pest is inside the legs of conveyors, where the larve spin a voluminous mass of silk, which: collects large quantities of flour and dust. If no precautions are taken this, in time, entirely clogs the elevator, which must then be dismantled and thoroughly cleaned, One other group of mill pests—the Flour Beetles (Triboliwm spp.)—is almost as prolific in Canadian mills as is the moth, but since these beetles do not interfere with the milling process they are, unfortunately, inclined to be tolerated in the various parts of a mill which they inhabit. From the millers’ point of view this is readily understood. The moth is a serious menace to the smooth running of the mill. Hence its control is of great, sometimes even of vital, importance to the operation of an infested mill. The beetles on the other hand do not incon- venience the miller, and they are readily sifted out of flour, which apparently j "8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 leaves the mill in as good condition as if it had never been in contact with them. Suppose, however, one takes a sample of flour which is, to all appearance, in good condition from the mill badly infested with these beetles, and places it in a tightly closed tin, thus assuring that no beetles can obtain entrance for oviposition. An examination of this tin, say in six months’ time, will in all probability reveal the presence of a large number of beetles. This is due to the fact that the beetle lays its eggs in such places as the imside of spouts, and in elevator boots. Thus the presence of the beetles results in the contamination of passing flour with eggs. They measure about 1/60 inch in diameter and could never be detected in the flour. The owner of a badly infested mill rarely experiences any trouble with his flour, since he stores it for a very short time, and when it leaves his warehouse it is, in so far as he knows, a perfectly clean consignment. Should this flour be sold for local consumption it will probably be sterilized by being baked before the newly hatched Jarve have attained a sufficient size to attract the attention of their consumer. If, on the other hand, the flour is exported to some such warm climate as that of the West Indies, the time which must elapse, together with the tempera- tures at which it will be kept, before it arrives at its destination, offer every opportunity for the completion of at least the greater part of the beetle’s life eycle. A further delay in the consumption of this flour may allow the completion of several generations, with the result that. the consignment becomes seriously infested. Such conditions may not often occur, but prior to the general adoption of control measures, complaints were more frequently made of infestations develop- ing in consignments of exported flour. Hence, from a national point of view, it is seen that mill pests have a greater significance than merely in so far as they affect the mill in which they live and breed. Fortunately, we have at our disposal several means of reduemg to a minimum, if not in all cases entirely eradicating, these pests, and the majority of millers have shown great energy and enterprise in adapting these remedies to their mills. The most important control measures are: superheating, fumigating and freezing. Superheating is a method of control based upon the observation that a tem- perature of about 120° Fah. will destroy any stage of insect life in a very short time. A mill in which the pests are controlled by superheating is usually fitted with sufficient permanent steam pipes to raise its “ room temperature ” to about 130°F., but similar results can be obtained with the aid of temporary coils, and by utilizing the heat from a drier. Heating is most conveniently effected over a week-end. When the mill closes down on Saturday night all elevator boots, ete., are opened up to allow a free circulation of air, and the heat is turned on. By the following morning the required temperature is obtained, and by preference it is maintained for over twenty hours. This duration of time is not necessary for the destruction of ex- posed pests, but it is desirable in order to assure that the heat penetrates into all accessible places. Work can be resumed on the Monday, though the first part of this day is usually occupied in giving the mill a thorough cleaning down. The result of this treatment is that all species of mill pests, in whatever stage they were present, have been destroyed in-every part of the mill which was raised to a tem- perature of 120°, whether such places were accessible to a free circulation of air or not. Superheating is becoming increasingly popular with millers, and it is significant that only those who have never employed it are able to advance serious objections to its use. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 78 Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is a control method which served a very useful purpose before the superheating process was perfected, but it must now be relegated to the “ out-of-date ” class, since it has the following disadvant- ages when compared with the rival method: 1. It is dangerous to human life. 2. While the initial expense is less than that of installing an efficient heating system every subsequent operation is far more expensive than that of turning on the steam. 3. The gas fumes are less penetrating than the heat, and since a high concentration is required for the destruction of eggs many of these, which are laid in protected places, may escape. 4. The mill must be idle for a longer period at each operation. Freezing is a method much in yogue in the Prairie Provinces, where extremely low temperatures can be relied upon at almost any time in the winter. When there is so much of this “natural resource” annually going to waste it would seem to be desirable that it be utilized to the greatest extent possible. We have no records of experimental data as to what low temperature is necessary to destroy the different stages of the various pests, and there is some doubt as to whether the extreme cold experienced in this country will destroy all of the stages. Some of the smaller mills do not run at all in the winter but they never appear to be quite free from pests when they commence operations in the spring. ‘This may. however, be due to an annual re-infestation. A mill, when it is opened up to freeze for a couple of days, is usually sub- mitted just before or after the operation to a more vigorous cleaning than it receives at any other time in the year. To what extent the evident benefit derived can be ascribed to the cold or to the broom is a debatable point. Adults of the moth and the beetle certainly perish without exception at 25° below zero, but we have no definite data as yet upon the effect on immature stages. Freezing is, in most cases, acknowledged to be hard on the mill. Steam pipes obviously must be completely drained, and this is not always easy. Some lubricating oils stiffen up at low temperatures, and the mill should not be re-started until it has warmed up to normal temperature. Metal work warms up more slowly than the rest of the mill. This results in sweating, which collects dust and may even cause rust. These difficulties have been overcome in several mills, among them some of the largest in the country, and freezing is practised by them with evident success. The first cold snap of winter is, however, usually rather anxiously awaited in such mills since, by the time it arrives, the moth is often “oetting pretty numerous again.” This is the main disadvantage to freezing as the sole method of controlling pests. It cannot be applied at any season of the year, and is net available in the summer when the moths are most active. It is, however, to be hoped that an opportunity will be offered this winter for us to obtain some definite data upon the value that low temperatures have in the ex- termination of mill pests. These, then, are the chief methods of reducing the pests in our mills, but we are faced with one more problem in this connection, namely, that of re-infesta- tion. This possibly is the main problem, and certainly, had it been solved in the first place, the problems of eradication would have been non-existent, for mill pests are not indigenous to mills. Some of the newest mills in the country have been heavily infested almost as soon as they were put into commission, while some others have remained almost free after many years of running. Often this infestation, and re-infestation after eradication, is well-nigh unavoidable. A city mill with a local trade stands little chance of immunity. = 80 THE REPORT OF THE ; No. 36 but a large isolated mill, catering mainly to export trade, should aveid infestation if proper precautions are taken. In probably 90 per cent. of the mills now infested with moths the pest has been introduced in second-hand bags. ‘These bags are rarely taken into the mill. In most cases they are dumped into the adjacent warehouse to be used for feed stuffs.. Sometimes they are cleaned with beaters or by suction, but a few eggs are liable to escape destruction by either treatment. More often the bags are not treated at all. In either case, the warehouse sooner or later becomes infested and it is only a matter of time as to when the pest will appear in the mill itself. The moths are rather unwilling fliers but they are very tame and are readily conveyed from one room to another on the clothes of people passing back and forth. The remedies which are suggested for this means of infestation are: (1) To avoid using second hand bags entirely. This, however, is not often practicable, except in the case of manufacturers of special brands of breakfast foods, whose reputation would suffer immeasurably were they to be unfortunate enough to distribute a consignment of “buggy” cereals among an unforgiving public. (2) To sterilize by heat all second-hand bags before they are allowed to enter the warehouse. The bags should be allowed to accumulate in a small detached building which can be superheated say, once every two weeks; after each operation all of the contained bags should be transferred to the warehouse before more are admitted. For a new uninfested mill such a method would pay for its small initial cost in a few months. In so far as we are aware, this method is not actually in use as yet in any mill, though it is “ under construction ” in at least one plant. (3) To superheat the warehouse as well as the mill. This method would entail too much expense to be practised for most mills, though it would be of ereat value. . Generally speaking, then, millers throughout the country are keenly alive to ile questions relating to the control of pests, but it would seem that a httle more ~ attention might be paid to the problem of avoiding re-infestation of a mill once it has been effectively cleared of its present unwelcome guests. a 1920 - - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 a Sg SOME NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF OUR COMMON JUNE BEETLES. H. F. Hupson, Dominion EnromoLocicaL LAagoratory. STRATHROY. The white grub, the immature form of the May or June beetle, is one of the most important and most injurious of soil-infesting insects, and one of the hardest to control, on the sand and sandy loam soils of Western Ontario. They may vecur occasionally in clay soils, but I have never observed or known of any in- Jury by these insects on the heavier types of soil. Since 1914, observations on the life history of these important insects have been under observation, and though the work has had a chequered career, we have been able to breed out from the egg, the complete life history of three species. So far as our collection of beetles is concerned, and that involves many thousands, we have in Middlesex County seven distinct species, but probably only four are really common, although no extensive collections of beetles have been made outside of Caradoc Township. This is some- what to be regretted as it does not give us a proper idea of the distribution of the different species. The seven species known to exist in Middlesex County are L. fusca, L. rugosa, L. dubia, L. gibbosa, L. murginalis, L. ilicis, and L. inveasa. The three species raised from the egg are L. dubia, L. rugosa, L. gibbosa. The year 1914 was an excellent year for the collection of beetles, thousands were present, and ash, willow and butternut trees, were freely stripped of their foliage, while the early blossoms of cherry trees were freely fed on by the beetles. Coming early in May, the time of appearance being governed largely by temperature the beetles soon pair, frequently before they have eaten anything, but from observation eges are not laid until from two to three weeks after fertilization. The female pairs frequently, at least I have seen the same pairs frequently in copula in their breed- ing cages. Pairs taken in copula May 16th, 1914, did not lay eges until Jun 16th, but this was possibly due to my negligence in omitting to place a piece of sod in the breeding cage for the female to oviposit in. I noticed the day after the sod was introduced eggs were laid. The eggs are small, oval, of a pearly white lustre, each deposited singly in a ball of earth from 2 in. to 6 in. below the surface. After having been laid several days the eges increase slightly in size, probably due to the absorption of moisture, become spherical in form and change to a reddish colour just prior to hatching. Our breeding cage records show that eggs hatch in from ten days to three weeks with an average of two weeks. This is somewhat difficult to gauge as we have noticed breaking open the little balls of earth to ascertain the egg yield, has undoubtedly a detrimental effect on the vitality of the young grub. The work of 1914 was practically. concluded owing to the war, and although an assistant was procured in 1915, the results of the previous year’s work amounted to nil. With the appointment of Mr. H. G. Craw- ford in the spring of 1916 the work obtained a new lease of life and much of the success of this work is due to his untiring and unceasing efforts. Starting with two species the results of that work were carried through to completion in the fall of 1918. On my return inthe spring of 1917 the work was enlarged and additional species studied. We have now definitely ascertained the life history of L. gibbosa, L. rugosa, and L, dubia to he at least three years and in some cases it may be four. The grubs feed most ravenously during the second and third year of their growth, prepare to pupate the latter part of July or early-August of the third year 6 E.8, 82 THE REPORT OF THE No, 36 and produce the adult early in September where it lies comfortably in its earthen cell 6 to 8 in. below the surface until the advent of warm spring weather. In 1914 some 8,370 beetles were collected from various trees and shrubs, and a sum- mary of the collection data thus obtained is worthy of mention. L. gibbosa is about the earliest species to appear in numbers and is very abundant until the middle of June when its numbers begin to decrease although scattering individuals may be taken until the middle of July. In fact the species comprise 66 per cent. of all beetles collected that year. In point of numbers the males exceed the females in the proportion of 1.74 to 1 or nearly twice as many males as females, the col- lection from lights and trap lanterns have not been included. L. rugosa. This species appears about a week later than gibbosa and is not an abundant species, it feeds freely on the foliage of most trees. In point of numbers the males exceed the females in the proportion of 1.78 to 1. L. fusca. Appears about the same time as gibbosa but is not so abundant in the early part of the season. Taking the season through it is next to gtbbosa in order of abundance. The proportion of males to females in this case is reversed, the females predominating in the proportion of 1.47 to 1. L. dubia. One of the first species to appear in spring but not common. Its season would seem to be shorter than any other species, no specimens having heen taken after the 24th June. Females were more abundant than males the former predominating in the ratio of 2.2 to 1. Norges on Cottectinc. There are some points of interest in collecting that are worthy of mention. In May and early June the beetle movement is quite regular, and the evening migration takes place usually a few minutes before 8 p.m., and is usually complete in 15 or 20 minutes. They are most abundant on warm nights with a temperature between 65 and 70 degrees, and the best time for col- lection is between 11.50 p.m. and 1.30 a.m. Likewise the return migration to the ground is similar, and is usually complete by 4 a.m. It seems to be governed by the brightness of the morning and as “ West” (8th report 111. State Ent.) has ‘pointed out, it seems as though the first bird note were a signal for the beetles to fly to their day-time hiding places. Should the temperature be not over 60 degrees, collecting may be safely begun by 9 p.m. as the beetles are not over active at that temperature, but should it be above that it is better to wait a ttle, until the beetles are less active as they are strongly attracted to lights, and will fly to the light or assemble on the collecting sheets from all directions and from all varieties of trees. The earlier in the evening collections are made the more beating the branches require, while if it is delayed, say until midnight or a little later, the least touch will cause the beetles to fall. It seems as though the cool night air has a stupefying effect, and once dislodged they make no effort to rise again. Collecting from trees inhabited by June beetles does not always indicate that they feed upon that particular plant, as | have ascertained. For instance, on May 18th a soft maple tree was found to be alive with June beetles, and the noise was like the hum of swarms of bees, yet on examination the following morning, no injury of any consequence was observed, except that an occasional outside margin of a leaf had been slightly eaten. Their sole object in thus assembling in this tree was principally for copulation purposes. Their habits in the daytime are equally interesting, leaving their food plants early in the morning, they hide themselves in tufts of grass, or in the soil % to 1 in. deep. A heavy rain will keep them in their daytime hiding places, but a light rain will not interfere with their move- ments. Should a heavy rain come on while they are feeding it has the effect of 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 making them less attractive to lights. Temperature is a very important factor, the lowest temperature I have recorded when collections were made was 47 degrees at 9 p.m. At this temperature beetles are very scarce. Controt Measures. We have been rather unfortunate in securing much information on the natural control of these insects. It is a matter of common observation that crows, blackbirds and domestic poultry feed readily on the young grubs, while skunks undoubtedly also relish them. On several occasions we have reared the tachinid Microphthalma disjuncta and probably Pelecinus polyturator, although the specimen is not perfect. On two occasions in badly in- fested fields I collected a number of cocoons of a digger wasp, pre- sumably Tiphia inornata, but have not been very fortunate in rearing them out. With the scarcity of birds and other natural agencies of control, the question of suppressing an outbreak seems to be one of agricultural rather than entomological procedure. From a careful survey of the crop rotation on several farms in Caradoc Township, it would seem to indicate that arable land should not be in pasture more than two years and a definite system of short crop rotation followed. The following rotation followed on one farm is of particular importance, in that not only is the fertility of the soil increased, but since the adoption, there has been no injury whatever by white grubs or any other insect. First year oats, seeded to clover, hay crop removed, land planted tc wheat, seeded to clover again and planted again to potatoes and corn. Here we have two clover crops in four years and no crop longer than one year on the ground. This, of course, is only applicable to arable land, the question of old pastures is still a perplexed problem, except when brought under cultivaton. Trapping the beetles yy the use of lanterns is hardly applicable, because fully 75 per cent. of such col- lections are males. It would appear that short crop rotations, frequent growing of clover, and clean farming will do more to decrease the spread of this insect than any other means. REPORT OF THE INSECTS OF THE YEAR—DIVISION NO. 6. H. F. Hupson, StratHRoy. Weather conditions in Western Ontario have been both favorable and otherwise to insect life. ‘lhe spring was cold and very wet, this was followed by a hot and very dry summer. A brief summary of the more important injurious insects is appended below: Crover Lear Wenvint (P. punctatus). In the low-lying pasture fields south of London, Ont., more especially in and around Delaware Township, clover and timothy fields were most heavily infested with this weevil. They were present literally by millions and probably no such heavy infestation has ever been witnessed in this section before. very blade of timothy had a grub curled around it and every clover leaf was badly riddled with small holes and over seventy grubs were taken from a single clover plant. Fortunately the extremely wet weather produced a fungus disease amongst them and in less than a week the whole outbreak had subsided. Curworms. These insects have heen responsible for considerable injury and in nearly all cases the culprit has been the “glassy eutworm.” In nearly all cases the affected field was an old sod. 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Poraro FLEA BEETLE (fpitrix cucumeris). Extremely abundant this year but is readily controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead. Poraro Berries (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Probably more abundant this year than usual, but late planted potatoes were scarcely injured; in quite a num- her of cases potatoes planted in late June were not sprayed at all. Porato LEAr-HOPPER (HYmpasca malt). An old pest in a new guise. The potato crop in Western Ontario has been considerably reduced in yield, in some cases I should say at least 25 per cent., due to the ravages of this insect. Classed as a new pest by potato growers adequate means of control were not generally known; consequently the insect had almost its own way. I have had partial success by the use of “ Black Leaf 40” and soap, using one tablespoonful of the nicotine solution to one gallon of water plus two ozs. soap. THE STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. W. Downes, Victorta, B.C. Of the many many insects that trouble the small fruit grower perhaps few equal in destructiveness the Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn.). Within the last ten years or so its prevalence in the strawberry-growing sections of the British Columbia mainland and Vancouver Island has been a matter of increasing concern to the planters, and in some of the districts where the industry has been longest established it became a question whether its profitable continu- anee could us any longer maintained. In Oregon in 1912 some work was done in the study of the Weevil by Prof. A, L. Lovett? and notable work was done in British Columbia in 1913 by Mr. R. C. Treherne? who established the main principles for its control. During the last two seasons further studies on this insect have been made by the writer in the Gordon Head district of Vancouver Island and some new information regarding its life-history has been brought to light. The strawberry-growimg sections of Vancouver Island are mainly areas of light sandy soil on which the berries seem to do better than on heavier land, though here and there one finds plantations on stronger soil, usually on the lower ievels. Cultivation is on the hill system. The worst infestations were found always on the hight land, the reason probably being that such soils provide the best facilities for penetration by the young grubs. The degree of infestation usually varied according to the age of the plantations, one-year-old fields being frequently free or showing an average infestation of one or two weevils to the hill. Two- year-old fields would average three or four times that number, while the highest numbers were nearly always recorded from three-year-old fields. This is, however, not by any means a general rule, as much depends on the proximity of young fields to older plantations and cases were found where one-year-old fields adjacent to an old plantation were badly infested, and in 1918 a two-year-old field of five acres was totally destroyed. This field in 1917 produced 2,000 crates of berries; in 1918 only forty were gathered. In this case the owner had been growing straw- herries on his farm for many years until a heavy population of weevils bad eon- centrated there: moreover, the situation was aggravated by the practice of planting strawberries after clover sod, a proceeding calculated to provide the sueceeding berry crop with a plentiful supply of weevils, as clover is one of pie crops upon which the strawberry root weevil thrives. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8d a eee At the present time, owing to general appreciation of the principles of control, the strawberry root weevil seems to be decreasing in the Gordon Head district. At Keatings, on the Saanich peninsula, a slight increase is reported, and on the Lower Mainland the situation is very much as it was some years ago with heavy infestations reported from certain points. Origin aND Lire Hisrory. Recent investigations show that the strawberry root weevil is undoubtedly indigenous and not introduced. Mr. R._C. Treherne® has found the weevil at various altitudes up to 4,000 ft. in the mountains and on isolated rocky islands several hundred yards from the mainland. 1 myself have found it in spots far removed from cultivated areas, and all the evidence tends to show that it is not an introduced insect but primarily a species infesting grasses and yarious forms of native vegetation. ‘I'o the list of wild host plants of the larve given by Lovett! J am able to add two more, Snowberry (Symphoricarpus racemosus) and Oak on both of which T have found the larve in Victoria. It is a common pest in gardens and the grubs may be found attacking a great variety of plants. To the list of cultivated plants attacked by the larve Red Clover must be added. I have found them very numerous in clover sod at Gordon Head, even in the spring, on sod that had been ploughed down the previous fall. Thus in any scheme of cultivation in which strawberries have a place it would be obviously unwise to plant them following a crop of clover. A suitable system of rotation will be referred to later. Ovipos1tioN. Observations taken during two seasons at Gordon Head showed that the oviposition period extended from the middle of May to the middle of September. The eggs are laid promiscuously around the plants, sometimes against the crown itself, and often buried a quarter to half an inch below the surface. When a crevice in the soil is available this may he taken advantage of as a spot in which to deposit the eggs. Formerly it was supposed that all the eggs were deposited by those weevils which emerged in the summer, but [ have this year conclusive evidence that the over-wintered adults also deposit eggs in large numbers. Commencing on April Ist, collections of over-wintered weevils were made at intervals up to June 13th and kept for observation. That these were true over-wintered individuals there can be no doubt, as the earliest date of the emergence of the summer brood at Gordon Head is during the last week in May, and this year adults were not found in the soil in teneral condition until June 13th. Throwing out of consideration those collected in June, we have four lots of over-wintered adults collected on April Ist, May Ist, May 19th and May 31st. The first lot collected commenced to oviposit on May 18th (probably later than under natural conditions) and those collected on May 19th commenced to oviposit on May 28th. All the lots continued to lay eggs throughout the summer until August 30th when oviposition ceased. The highest average number of egos per individual was 198, laid by those collected on June 13th, and the next highest 130, laid by those collected on May 19th. The earliest lots collected laid very few eggs, averaging 12 and 28 respectively, this being perhaps due to artificial con- ditions. In the third week in August the weevils began to die rapidly and by the first week in September nearly all were dead. Oviposition By SuMMER Broop. It was intended to make the study of this point more complete this year, but owing to an unfortunate accident to our 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 emergence boxes in the field, sufficient material was not obtained and the data were got from a limited number which were bred in the laboratory. These com- menced to deposit eggs on July 20th, probably very much later than would be the case in the field. Under laboratory conditions the weevils are somewhat retarded and do not prove as healthy as those in the field. The vials were examined and the eggs counted every four days. ‘The maximum number of eggs laid by an individual in this experiment was 249 and the minimum 73, while the average was 154, all deposited within a period of six weeks. Thus it will be seen that there are two broods depositing eggs simultaneously. In the case of both broods ovi- position ceased at the same time this year but in last year’s experiments many weevils continued to lay until the middle of September. Endeavour will be made another season to determine whether the same weevils oviposit twice. In no single instance as yet have | discovered weevils of the summer brood that did not lay eggs and therefore I assume that a proportion of the summer brood does not die but after ovipositing hibernates, and in the spring, after a period spent in feeding and development, oviposits again. If this is not the case, it is difficult to account for the origin of the numerous overwintered individuals. PARTHENOGENESIS. In all the experiments conducted here no male weevils have been discovered. Although about 200 specimens have been examined and dissected only those have been found possessing the genitalia proper to the female. Also among the large number kept in confinement none were ever found in copula- tion; neither has it been observed in the field. Consequently the belief has been held by us for some time that O. ovatus is parthenogenetic. This impression was strengthened by the recent discovery in France by J. Feytaud* that O. sulcatus, its near ally, was parthenogenetic, making the fourth Coleopteron known in which the method of reproduction is by parthenogenesis. To test the matter a number of pupae were collected in the field this season and isolated in vials. On reaching adult condition they were placed each in a glass vial loosely stoppered with cotton wrapped round with paper, and fed on strawberry leaves. The vials were kept in my house and examined at intervals of two or three days. At first cotton wool was used for vial stoppers but it was found that the weevils deposited eggs among the wool, making them very difficult to find. When the wool was wrapped in paper the difficulty was surmounted, although the beetles would occasionally deposit eggs in a fold of the paper. Oviposition commenced on July 20th and continued until August 30th. The eggs of each individual were kept separate. On August 24th larvee were found to have hatched from eggs laid by weevil No. 5 and within a few days larve were also found in the other vials. Thus it appears evident that the weevil is parthenogenetic. O. ovatus thus makes the fifth coleopteron known to be parthenogenetic the others being O. turca Bohem, O. cribricollis Gyll, A. ligustici Linn., and O. sulcatus Fabry. Some individuals produced a larger propor- tion of infertile eggs than others, and it may be noted that twenty days elapsed between the time when the first food was given and the commencement of oviposi- tion. This is a greater period than would occur in nature and in the experiments conducted by Treherne* the minimum period was found to be eight days. IT attribute the difference to confinement and artificial conditions of feeding. INCUBATION AND Frrtitiry. Experiments made to find the period of ineuha- tion showed that it varied from sixteen to twenty-two days. The fertility of the eggs varied from 68 per cent. in the case of those laid by overwintered adults to 80 per cent. in the case of those laid by the summer brood. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8 Duration or Pura Stace. This was found to vary from ten to twenty-six days. The adults commenced to harden at the end of twelve hours and are com- pletely chitinized in seven days. One individual came to the surface in four days, but while able to climb was not completely hardened. Emergence of the adults commenced at the end of May. In 1918 the first were taken in the cages on May 25th and the emergence continued until the end of June with a maximum during the second week in June. In 1919 the emergence was later, the first adults being found in teneral condition on June 13th and these would not normally emerge for another week. The season was colder than the previous one and this would account for the difference as the pupae are retarded by lower temperatures. Migration. On the advent of warm weather in the spring there is a general movement of hibernated weevils from their winter quarters to their feeding ground. livery conceivable spot may be used by them in which to hibernate and where they are especially numerous, dwellings are frequently invaded by them to the conster- nation and annoyance of the owners. Piles of stones or logs, and fence lines over- grown with weeds and brush form ideal quarters, but where the winters are mild, as on Vancouver Island, many spend the winter among the crowns of the strawberry plants. The weevils begin to move in March and are fairly active until May when their migratory activities appear to lessen, after which, in June, their numbers are augmented by the newly emerging summer brood and a further movement begins which reaches its climax at midsummer, then lessening until late summer when they seek winter quarters. Regarding the distance travelled by them in a season no definite evidence was obtained, but one new field at Gordon Head, eighty yards wide, was infested throughout in a single season, the weevils coming from an old patch adjoining. The young patch was bordered on three sides by bush so the weevils could only come from the side adjoining the old patch. On this side the average number of larve per hill was 27, in the centre 16, and at the further end 7. I would say, therefore, that the weevils would be likely to travel at least double the width of this patch, or from 160 to 200 yards. MrasurEs or Conrrot. The observations made during the last two seasons have shown that the main principles of control as formerly laid down are undoubt- edly correct. There is no poison or chemical treatment of any kind that we know of that can be applied to the plants without injury and will at the same time gontrol the weevil. The question is a cultural one and the best results are obtained by a suitable rotation of crops, a double object being attained by discouraging the weevil and maintaining soil fertility. At Gordon Head the Provincial Govern- ment has leased six acres in a badly infested locality and is endeavouring to demonstrate a system suitable to the district. Briefly outlined this would be as follows: Presuming that we start with an infested field, the plants should be pulled up and burnt at the end of August or beginning of September. Leaving them until this time induces the adult weevils to remain in the field and deposit their eggs there. Then the field may be ploughed and should be kept fallow about a month, the spring-tooth cultivator being frequently used to bring out all strawberry roots that may remain. This proceeding will starve out all the young grubs in the soil. A suitable crop to sow the land to would be fall wheat with vetches or clover. ~The land may remain in clover two years and should then be fall ploughed and potatoes planted the following year. The next year the field may be planted back 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 to strawberries the land being clean and free from weevils as the potato is one of the crops on which they cannot live. It is recommended that not more than two crops of strawberries be taken from a field under ordinary conditions. It is not only important not to overcrop the land, but leaving the land in strawberries too long allows the weevils to con- centrate there and is inviting disaster. It is also important that judicious appli- cations of barnyard manure be applied to keep the land in good heart. By growing vigorous healthy plants they will be in better condition to stand an attack of weevil and will recover more rapidly. As to the advisability of including clover in the scheme of rotation, we have doubts as to the wisdom of this owing to the danger of maintaining weevil in the land, but we know of nothing that will quite take its place unless it can be shown that it is equally profitable to grow peas or vetches or some other legume and still maintain the fertility of the soil. The recent light thrown on the oviposition of the weevil emphasizes the neces- sity of destroying as many adults as possible. It is believed that chickens will prove of the greatest help in this matter and it is suggested that small lots in colony houses should be allowed to run in the plantations. They readily pick up the weevils and the: good they do far outbalances the harm done by scratching among the plants. At blossoming time they may be shut up and allowed to run again after the crop is off. The difficulty in closely settled districts of preventing newly set plantations from being re-infested by adjacent old ones is a problem that we are attempting to solve by the aid of wooden barriers with a band of tanglefoot. These have been tried elsewhere and have been found to be partially suecessful and the results obtained at Gordon Head fully justified us in continuing our experiments. At the present time we have not gone sufficiently far to be able to say that they are commercially practicable but we believe they will prove a useful adjunct in weevil control. REFERENCES. (1) Lovett, A. L. Ore. Agr. Exp. Station, Bi. Hort. Rep., 1913. (2) Treherne, R. C. Dom. Ent. Bul. 18. (3) Treherne, ‘R. C. Can. Ent., XLIX., No. 8. (4) ee J. Comptes Rend. des Séances de l’Acad. des Sci., Vol. 165, No. 22. aris. THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL. W. A. Ross ann C. H. Curran, Dominion En romonocicat LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION. The following paper is based largely on field observations made in 1918-19 and on preliminary experiments conducted during the past season in the Niagara and Oakville districts. History AND DisrriputioN IN CANADA. The strawberry weevil is a native insect, which, it is believed, bred originally in the buds of the redbud, the wild blackberry and wild strawberry.* It has been known as a strawberry pest in Canada at least since 1886. In the Dominion Entomologist’s Report for 1890, Mr. W. H. Hale, of Sherbrooke, * Slingerland and Crosby, Man. of Fruit Insects, p. 373. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 ms makes the following statement: ‘“ For several years | have been suffering from the ravages of some sort of insect which attacks the buds of all the staminate varieties of strawberries; a small puncture is made through an unopened sepal and an egg is deposited. The stalk is then partially or entirely cut through. . . . Ina large field of strawberries in which 80 per cent. of the rows were pistillate varieties not a single bud was touched, while the remaining rows of strawberries were almost entirely denuded of buds. This same trouble was noticed in Staten Island and Hamilton, Ontario, in 1886. ae f Further reference is made to inure weevil outbreaks in succeeding reports of the Dominion Entomologist, and also in the reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario. So far as we are aware. the weevil is recorded as being injurious in only two provinces in Canada, viz: Ontario and Quebec. Ilosr Piants any INJsury. In Ontario the strawberry weevil has been bred from the buds of the strawberry, raspberry and blackberry, and it has also been observed attacking wild strawberries and rambler roses. The dewberry, the red- bud or Judas tree and the yellow flowered. cinquefoil, are recorded by Slingerland and Crosby as being additional host plants of this species. The injury is caused by the female weevil cutting off the flower buds, after depositing her eggs within them. STRAWBERRY. Occasionally the yield of strawberry plantations in Southern Ontario, especially in the Niagara District eat Halton County, is seriously reduced by the weevil, or as it is commonly called, “the cutter.” For example, in 1918 from 30 to 75 per cent. of the buds in some strawbe erry fields near Oakville and ordan were destroyed by the pest. In a badly infested 34 acre plantation at Jordan only nineteen crates, or 513 quarts of berries were harvested, All the common SpAnima te varieties are subject to attack. Varieties with imperfect or pistillate flowers are practically immune. RASPBERRY. Acendine to our observations the raspberry crop is never in- jured to any appreciable extent, chiefly, we beheve, because at the time raspberry buds are put forth the overwintering adult weevils are fast dying out. This past season we examined several raspberry plantations adjoining strawberry fields, but even the worst attacked bushes had less than ten per cent. of the buds severed. Brackperry. A patch of blackberries in the Vinelard district was rather seriously injured by the weevil last spring, about 25 per cent. of the buds being destroyed. In the row next to an adjoming fi-ld of strawberries about 75 per cent. of the buds were severed. It was noted that frequently the weevil severed the cluster stem and thus, at one stroke, destroyed several buds. As a general rule, however, weevil injury to the blackberry is negligible. Noses. Mr. Bartlett, an Oakville fruit grower, observed the weevil—an insect with which he is very famihar—severing the buds of his rambler roses. Lirz History. Summary. The winter is passed in the adult stage, probably under vegetation and rubbish, in waste and bush lands adjoining the strawberry fields. In spring the insects leave their winter quarters and appear on the strawberry plants about the time the first buds are forming. By means of her slender snout the female weevil punctures the blossom buds, and deposits her eggs singly in the interior of the buds. After depositing an ege she then crawls down the blossom stem and cuts it so that the bud either falls immediately, or is left hanging for a few days, by CES. 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 a thread. Within the severed buds the whitish grubs which hatch out from the coos, feed on the pollen and other interior parts. They become mature in about two weeks, pupate, and emerge as adults during the latter part of Juve and throughout July. The new adults feed for a short time on the pollen of various flowers and, then in midsummer, they seek their hibernating quarters. There is only one generation a year. Tor ADULT. DuscrivrioN. Oval, robust, brownish-red to blackish, thinly e!othed with whitish pubescence, condensed on a medium line of the thorax and scutellum; elytra dark red, the denuded fascia and scutellar space darker. Antennal grooves directed against the eyes, funicle seven-jointed; antennae dull yellow, club darker. Beak longer than the head and thorax, slender, feebly curved, striate and punctate on the sides, carinate above. Thorax wider at the base than long, sides feebly rounded, narrowed towards the apex; disc densely and rather coarsely punctate. Klytra one-fourth wider at the base than the thorax, one-half longer than wide; striae rather deep, their punctures large, close set; intervals convex, finely punctu- late. Ventral segments nearly equal, the third longer than the fourth; pygidium convex, not grooved. Front femora with one tooth, hind tibiae with a short spine at the tip, claws armed with an acute tooth. Length, 2-8 mm. (Adapted from Blatchley ). EMERGENCE IN Spring anp Hasrrs. The weevils appear in strawberry fields in May, about the time the first buds are formed. Last spring they were first observed in the Vineland district on May 14th. At this time the buds of Senator Dunlap were in evidence, but the buds of Williams had not yet been produced. The insects eat out holes in the buds and feed on the pollen within. Often several punctures are made in a single bud, so that when the blossom opens the petals present the appearance of having been shot full of holes. The weevils also feed on the stamens of open blossoms and occasionally they eat out. holes in the foliage. So far as we could judge strawberry weevil adults are capable of flying only a few feet. Eee Layine. In ovipositing the female chews a small hole through the bud, inserting the snout to the base. She then turns around, locates the puncture with her ovipositor, and deposits the egg within—usually among the stamens. In observing this process of oviposition we noted that sometimes two holes would be made, but that only one egg would be laid in the bud. After ovipositing the weevil crawls down the stem and cuts it, so that the bud either falls immediately, or, as is more commonly the case, is left hanging by a mere thread for a few days. The stem may be severed at the base of the bud, or further down. Infrequently the stem of the cluster may be severed. Tn the field the adults were observed ovipositing first on strawberry, and later on blackberry and raspberry from May 14th to June 26th. However, it should be stated that by the time the raspberry buds appeared most of the adults had died. The reproductive capacity of the female was not determined. Errect or Cotp WEATHER ON THE WEEVIL. This spring it was observed that during the cold, wet spell of weather prior to May 19th, the weevils were compara- tively inactive, and little injury was done to varieties such as Glen Mary, which were in full bud during that period. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 THe Eaa. The egg is translucent, broadly oval, and is about 1/50” in length. As pre- viously stated, it is deposited within the bud and usually adheres to the stamens or pistils. Duration oF INcuBATION. In experiments with 100 eggs from May 28th to June 6th the duration of incubation varied from four to eight days, the average being six days. To ‘ Morrauity. In experiments with 65 eggs from May 28th to May 31st the mortality was 14 or 21.4 per cent. 2 THe Larva. Description. Length, extended, slightly over 2-mm. Color, whitish-sul- phurous, often mottled with blackish. Eyes sub-translucent, yellowish; mouth parts brown, lighter below. Thorax less roughened than the abdomen, of three Adult of the Straw- Strawberry bud opened to show egg of the Straw- berry Weevil. berry Weevil within. distinct segments; narrow dorsal anterior margin of the first segment brownish. Legs wanting, but represented by six fleshy protuberances, each bearing three bristles, the middle one longer and slightly blackish; between the first pair of protuberances a narrow brownish stripe. Abdomen below more translucent, flat- tened, the sides produced slightly as a longitudinal fold. Above, the abdomen is deeply rugose; there are eight complete folds commencing at the lateral fold, each bearing two lateral, two sub-lateral and two dorsal hairs; between these, on each side a shorter fold, extending from the lateral fold to one-third the upper curve, and a second dorsal fold, commencing immediately before the dorsal termination of the lateral fold. The dorsal fold bears four hairs, the lateral, two. All the ab- dominal hairs are without color. Behind the thorax the abdomen is naturally curved beneath, so that the distal end rests below the thorax. Abdomen gradually tapering to the sub-apical segment, which bears the posterior respiratory organs beneath a sub-apical fold. Respiratory organs not at all projecting: a slender, 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 brownish-yellow transverse line runs across them. Last segment tapering, sub- conical, on each side with a very narrow yellow longitudinal line, from the base to near the tip; the extreme tip yellowish. Hapits. Within the severed bud the larva at first feeds on the pollen. Pollen, - however, is not absolutely necessary for its sustenance, as is shown by the fact that we reared a few adults from buds of Sample, a pistillate variety. The grub feeds on the other interior parts of the bud and eventually bores its way into the re- ceptacle, forming here an enclosed cell, the entrance to which is plugged with closely packed excreta. Errecr on Larva or Dryine Our or Bup. In cases where the buds persist on the plants or dry out on the soil, the majority of the larve die. Last season only 11 adults were reared from 180 dried out buds. Duration or Lanvan Srace. The average duration of the larval stage of 96 grubs was 13 days, the maximum and minimum periods being respectively 16 and 11 days. Work of Strawberry Weevil. Note the severed buds and punctured petals. THerE Pupa. Pupation takes place within the bud. The pupa is creamy white, sometimes mottled with black. All the appendages of the adult are apparent. DuraTIon or Pupan Srace. In experiments with 90 pupae the maximum. minimum and average periods of pupation were respectively, 18 days, 6 days and 10 days. FurtHER NovrES ON THE ADULTS. EMERGENCE From Bups. According to observations made during the past two years the adults commence to emerge from the buds about June 20th, and continue to emerge throughout the greater part of July. Hapnrrs And Foop Prants. In the insectary the newly emerged adults fed very freely upon the leaves of strawberries. On some of the plants practically all the folhage was devoured—little more than the bare ribs being left. In the straw- berry fields, however, very few beetles were found attacking the foliage, and no 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 case of skeletonizing of the leaves was observed. Prior to July 14th the weevils were noticed only in strawberry patches. On that date, however, large numbers were found feeding on the flowers of milkweed (Asclepias) there being. from twenty to seventy on each head. Later on the weevils were taken on the leaves of golden rod, and on the bloom of Canada Mint (Mentha arvensis canadensis), Cat- nip (Nepeta cataria), and Heal-all (Prunella vulgaris). Slingerland and Crosby state that the weevil feeds on the flowers of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) ; and Dr. Hamilton* mentions that it was taken feed- ing on the leaves and flowers of basswood (Tilia). Hipernatron. The beetles apparently go into hibernation in mid-summer. After the second week in August we found no more weevils feeding on flowers, nor did we find out where the insects went. Rubbish and long grass in the neighbor- hood of strawberry fields were searched, but no weevils were located. According to Slingerland and Crosby the insects hibernate “ under rubbish, particularly in wood lots or hedgerows adjoining strawberry fields.” In Minnesota Strawberry bud cut open to show the Strawberry Weevil grub feeding within. the weevils have been found snuggled down about the base of strawberry plants, and in New Jersey they have been found in woodlands adjacent to strawberry fields resting upon the upright stems of a common moss. Mernops oF REARING. Pill boxes were used for rearing the weevils from the cgg to adult stage. A small amount of soil was placed in the box and kept slightly moist. Too much moisture, or too little, resulted in many cases in the death of the larve. The buds were secured in the field or from potted plants, and only buds which were observed being cut by the adults were used. In examining the bud, the sepals and petals were carefully raised, so as not to disturb the grub. It was found that this seldom resulted in any apparent injury to the grub, and it did not appear to deter its development. Where only the numbers developing from cut buds was desired, the buds were placed in a flower pot half filled with moist soil and covered with cheesecloth. *Can. Ent, XcX1V., p: 41: 94 THE REPORT (OF THE No. 36 ContTROL, The excellent results secured in New Jersey in the control of the strawberry weevil by the use of a dust preparation composed or powdered arsenate of lead and finely ground sulphur led us to give this remedy a trial. Two mixtures were tested (1) 100 sulphur, 20 arsenate of lead, and (2) 90 sulphur, 10 arsenate of lead. Two strawberry fields at Oakville were treated by the junior writer, and one plantation at Vineland was dusted under our supervision. In addition to these a considerable number of strawberry patches in the Oakville and Niagara districts were treated by their owners. The applications were made by means of: (1) a Monarch duster, (2) a home-made twirler,* and some of the growers used cheese- cloth bags. The dust was applied, weather permitting, as soon as the weevils were found in large numbers. The Bartlett patch at Oakville, and part of the Church patch at Vineland, were dusted twice on account of the first application being washed off by rains, but all the others received only one application. RESULTS. W. Barruerr, Oakville. The weevil has been injurious to Mr. Bartlett’s strawberries for a number of years and this spring the adults were again very abundant in his patch and threatened to cause serious loss. The two dust mix- tures mentioned above were tested and two applications were made. Resuutts. No more than 5 per cent. of the buds in the whole patch were destroyed and Mr. Bartlett picked the largest crop of berries he had ever harvested. No marked difference was noted between the rows dusted with the 100:20 mixture and those with the 90:10. As this was the main experimental patch we arranged to leave an adjoining berry patch untreated as a “check.” However, Mr. Bartlett found the weevil hard at work in our “ check” patch, and decided very suddenly that he was more inter- ested in dollar and cent returns than in experiment results, and he gave what was to have been our “ check ” patch a heavy coat of dust. R. Burton, Oakville. Last year (1918) at least 75 per cent. of the buds were destroyed in Mr. Burton’s two-acre patch of Glen Mary strawberries. The two dust mixtures were tested this year and only one application was made. Resutts. Here again there was no difference in the amount of injury between the rows dusted respectively with 100:20 and 90:10. Throughout the whole of the patch no more than 10 per cent. of the buds were destroyed, and at least half of this injury was done before the dust was applied. It should be mentioned that in our estimation this particular experiment was of little value because in all cases which came under our observation this year, the variety, Glen Mary, escaped serious injury. S. Caurcu, Vineland. Last year over 50 per cent. of the buds in Mr. Church’s patch were destroyed, and this spring the weevils were present in large numbers. Several rows of early berries were dusted twice. However, the main patch of Williams only received one application. Only the one dust, the 90:10. was used. *The frame work of the holder was made of a wire ring 9”-10” in diameter and two bent wires crossed at right angles. This was lined with fine wire cloth, twenty or more meshes to the inch. A bent branch was used as a handle. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 ——» Resutts. An insignificant percentage of the buds were destroyed in this patch and a splendid crop of berries was harvested—about 250 crates per acre, In a patch about 14 mile from Mr. Church’s at least 60 per cent. of the buds were destroyed by the weevil and the yield was only 100 crates per acre. RESULTS IN OTHER STRAWBERRY PATCHES. In every strawberry field where the dust was put on at the right time excel- lent control was obtained. All the growers who used the dust remedy expressed themselves as being well satisfied with the results. INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. W. A. Ross, Dominion Envomotocican Lasporatrory, VINELAND STATION, AND L. Caesar, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. The past year was a notable one from the entomologist’s point of yiew. The mild winter of 1918-19 and the hot, dry summer were very favourable to insect life, and consequently injurious insects of many kinds were numerous. Fig. 1—yYoung apples deformed by nymphs of the Mullein Leaf Bug (Campyloma verbasci). i OrcHarD INsEcTs. It is worth while noting here that the carefully and regularly sprayed apple orchards were practically the only ones which had crops of fruit this year. Coptinc Morn (Cydia pomonella). This well-known pest was very much more abundant than usual and caused great loss in the warmer parts of the Province where the percentage of second brood is largest. Some unsprayed orchards in the Niagara District had almost every apple infested. Orchards, well sprayed this year, but which in preceding years had been neglected or poorly sprayed had as high as 50 per cent. “sideworm injury.” On the other hand, orchards in districts that had been well sprayed for several years suffered little injury, thus showing the cumulative effects of good spraying. Crear Case-BEanern (Coleophora fletcherella). This species is usually of comparatively small importance, even in unsprayed orchards, but this year it was present in very large numbers and made the foliage of unsprayed trees very tattered and unsightly. 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Bup Morn (Hucosma ocellana). This species was somewhat more abundant than usual, especially in Norfolk County. Pear Lear Buisrer Mire (friophyes pyri). This well-known pest has for several years been held in check by unknown natural factors, but during the past two years it has increased to a very marked extent in many orchards which haye not been receiving the so-called dormant application of lime-sulphur. The present indications are that the blister mite will again have to be reckoned with as a first-class orchard pest. Tue Mutiers Lear Buc (Campyloma verbasci). A small mirid,* which occurs throughout the Province on mullein, catnip, potatoes and several other plants, was found attacking apples this year in two orchards in Norfolk County. Baldwin, Roxbury Russet and Spy were freely attacked’ and on a few of the in- fested trees 75 per cent or more of the apples were more or less injured by the bugs feeding on them. It was not uncommon to see one to seven of the little green nymphs on a single apple. Fig. 2—Mullein Leaf Bug injury on mature apples. Jonspicuous brown or sometimes blackish corky warts formed at the spots where the punctures were made. In most cases there was only one or two such scars to an apple; in others a ring of them almost encircled the apple; and in others several, close together on the one side, caused the fruit to be lopsided. All the puncturing was done by the nymphs while the apples were still small — not more than one-half to two-thirds of an inch in diameter. (According to our observations, the adults do not attack the fruit but they do feed very freely upon the leaves and wood of the new growth, and are specially fond of the water- sprouts. ) . The nymphs are light green in color and are very small, being, even in. the last instar, only about 2 mm. in length. The adults vary in color from ereenish to brown, and average about 3 mm. in length. The life history of this species was not worked ont, but from the fact that on June 12th most of the nymphs were in the last instar and a few had transformed into adults it would appear *Species determined by E. P. Van Duzee. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 that these must have hatched from the eggs, at the latest, by the time the blossoms appeared, At the time of picking it was found that most of the apples had almost completely outgrown the plant-bug injury save for small brown-or blackish elevated scars on the surface. Badly punctured apples, however, were greatly deformed by the failure of the injured areas to grow. The percentage of blemished apples could not be determined because the fruit was thinned early in the season and the worst specimens picked off. Tue San Josh Scare (Aspidiotus perniciosus) has not yet regained the position it held prior to the winter of 1917-18. Both last year and this year it was difficult to find many badly infested trees. The insect, however, is gradually in- creasing mn its old haunts—neglected orchards. THe AppLe LEAF Sewer (Ancylis nubeculana) was present in most orchards this autumn in moderate numbers. It is usually a rare insect in Ontario. Fig. 3—Apple leaves folded by the Apple Leaf Sewer. Fig. 4——Pear Slugs skeletoni- zing cherry leat. Lusser AppLe Worm (Hnarmonia prunivora) was, as last year, very scaree. Prar Stue (Hriocampoides limacina). The outbreak of pear slug was re- peated this year on an even larger scale than that of 1918. The foliage of thousands of pear and cherry trees throughout a large part of the Province was destroyed, and in the case of early Richmond cherries much of the fruit was rendered worthless. Just as last year, it was the first brood that did nearly all the damage. In a few localities the second brood larve were fairly numerous, but in most places they could scarcely be said to have done any injury worth mentioning. The eggs of the second brood were this year, as last, highly parasitized. A few parasites were reared also from the pupae. Rose Cuarer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). In June hordes of rose chafers appeared in the Simcoe and Fonthill sections and injured apples. grapes and cherries. 98 THE REPORT OF THE No E- Tussock Morn (Hemerocampa leucostigma). As forecasted in last year’s report, little or no injury was done by this species. Fatt Wesworm (Hyphantria cunea). The unsightly webs of this spcc'es were again very conspicuous throughout the province. However, according to our observations the insect was not so abundant as it was last year. Pium CurcuLio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). ‘This species was unusually destructive in the Niagara District. It was especially injurious to peaches and was responsible for a large “drop.” In a peach orchard at Winona over 50 per cent. of the crop was destroyed by it. Unsporrep TEentirorm Lear MINER (Ornia geminatella). This unimport- ant apple insect was common in some orchards in the Niagara District and Norfolis County. Fig. 5.—Cherry leaves and fruit injured by the Pear Slug. Note the wizened fruit. Strver Lear Mire (Phyllocoptes schlechtendali). Practically all the fohage in a block of seedling peaches at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland, was affected with silver leaf. This same disease was quite common in other peach orchards in the Vineland district; and in every case we examined we found it was caused by the mite Phyllocoptes. It is of interest to note that according to our observations this mite hibernates under the protection of the bud scales and between the leaf petioles and the base of the bud. Rose LEAF-Hoprer (Hmpoa rosae). In late summer and fall myriads of rose leaf-hoppers were present in many apple orchards in the Niagara District and Norfolk County and produced a characteristic mottling of the leaves. In a large infested orchard at Simcoe practically all the foliage became pallid and in 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99. Se —$<—_————_—_ the case of Greening trees the appearance of much of the fruit was spoiled by specks of excrement voided by the hoppers. On October 17th large numbers of females were observed depositing their eges on apple—in the bark of the smaller branches and twigs. AppLeE Apuips. Exceptionally large numbers of recently hatched nymphs. were observed in the spring in most sections of Ontario. Heavy washing rains and insect enemies, however, destroyed such a large percentage of the plant lice that no serious injury was effected. Pear Turres (Taeniothrips inconsequens). This pest was found only in the orchard in which it- was taken last year, and here again it was present in very small numbers. Fig. 6—(a) A normal peach leaf contrasted with (b) a leaf injured by the Silver Leaf Mite. Furgortp on Par (Ormenis pruinosa). In a Beamsville pear orchard large numbers of a fulgorid nymph pale. green in colour and more or less covered with a white woolly material, were found about mid-July feeding on the water- sprouts. The species was reared and proved to be Ormenis pruinosa. Insgects ATTACKING GRAPES AND SMALL FRUITS. trapr Lear-Hopper (Lrythroneura comes). In view of the abundance of various species of leaf hoppers, notably the rose leaf-hopper (Empoa rosae) and the 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 potato leaf-hopper (Hipoasca malt) it is of interest to note that the grape leaf- hopper was much less conspicuous than usual in vineyards in the Niaraga District. BuackBerry LEAr-MINER (Metallus bethunei). This leaf-miner was again very destructive in blackberry plantations in the Burlington and Niagara districts. Ege and larval parasites were much more abundant than last year. STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER (Ancylis camptana). This species was appar- ently somewhat more general than last year but did comparatively little damage. Iuporrep Currant Worm (Pteronus ribesti). As usual, this sawfly did considerable damage to currants and gooseberries. StrawsBerry oor Louse (Aphis forbesi). It is worth mentioning that this species, which is so destructive in Illinois and other parts of the United States, was found in small numbers in a strawberry plantation at Bismark. Imported Currant Borer (Sesia tipuliformis). Adults of this species were very abundant about mid-June in some black currant plantations in the Niagara district. Sprawperry Roor Borer (Vypophorus canellus). Adults of this species were common in a strawberry patch at Oakville, but apart from eating out holes in the foliage the insects apparently caused no serious injury. taspperry SAwriy (Monophadnus rubi). This well-known pest of the raspberry was conspicuous by its absence. Fig. 7—Corn Ear Worm and its work. Insects ATTACKING VEGETABLES. Cappaice Maacor (Chortophila brassicae). This insect varied gieatly in numbers and destructiveness in the different districts. At Vineland, Burlington, Guelph, London and other parts of southern and western Ontario it did almost no harm except to radishes, but at Ottawa and to a lesser extent in Norfolk County it was abundant and destructive. Oxton Maacor (//ylemia antiqua). The onion maggot did much harm at Dixie and in several other localities, but at Burlington and Leamington, as last year, was not of much importance. Importep Canpace Worm (Pieris rapae). This insect caused much injury in cabbage and cauliflower fields all over the western and southwestern parts of the Province. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 Dramonp-Back Morit (Plutella maculipennis) was very conspicuous in fields of cabbage. Corn Ear Worm (Zeliothis obsoleta). This insect attacked the ears of sweet and field corn in many localities this fall. Infested ears were received by the writers from Welland, Lincoln, Wellington and Lambton Counties. Injury was practically confined to late planted corn. In Welland County it was observed that. Dent corn was injured more than Flint. Tomaro or Tosacco Worm (Phlegethontius quinquemaculata). This species was present in exceptionally large numbers in tomato and tobacco fields in the Leamington district and other parts of western Ontario. It was also com- mon in Norfolk County. Pra Apuis (Macrosiphum pist). This plant louse was again very destructive to peas grown for the canning factories in Prince Edward County and to a lesser extent in Norfolk County. Field peas were also injured in Lincoln County. Curworms. Quite a few complaints were received regarding cutworm injury to cabbage, tomato and corn. What we took to be the dingy cutworm Peltia duceis was injurious to cabbage at Vineland about mid-May. The variegated cutworm was moderately abundant throughout the Burlington district and was apparently the cause of most of the holes eaten in tomatoes in September. ASPARAGUS BEETLES (Crioceris asparagi and C. 12-punctata.) The two species were very common and injurious in the Niagara district. At Vineland the chaleid parasite (Tetrastichus asparagi) was again observed. Cororapo Potato BrerLe (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The beetles came through the winter in large numbers and caused much damage early im the year to potatoes and tomatoes. According to reports received, the “ Friendly Perillus ” was unusually effective as a check. Cappace Apuis (Aphis brassicae). This louse was very abundant in late summer and fall on cabbage, cauliflower and turnips and caused considerable injury. However, due to the effective work of the parasitic and predaceous enemies, the outbreak did not reach the alarming proportions we anticipated. It is of interest to note that one of the most important insect. checks of this species was the larva of Aphidoletes fulva. Rep HeaApEep FLEA-BEETLE (Systena frontalis). This species was unusually prevalent on beans. Brack STinK-puG (Cosmopepla bimaculata) was remarkably abundant this year on grains but so far as we could see caused no injury. Mr. MacLellan, Ontario Vegetable Specialist, reports that during the summer this species killed the tips of asparagus plants in a truck garden at London. Poraro LEar-10pPeR (Hmpoasca mali) was remarkably abundant on pota- toes and beans throughout the Province. It was generally credited with being responsible for all the leaf burn which was so prevalent on early potatoes. However, we are not at all sure that this claim was wholly correct. In this connection the following preliminary experiments conducted at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, by Mr. Robinson are of interest. Three cheesecloth cages each large enough to cover three plants were put over potatoes growing in the field in June before there were any signs of leat- burn. Large numbers of leaf-hoppers were introduced into two cages and the third was used as a check. None of the plants were watered. Tip-burn developed on the potatoes in all three cages, and, strange to say, just as rapidly on the check plants as on the infested ones. These experiments were duplicated in the insectary 102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 with potted potato plants which were kept well watered. Here the results were quite different: leaf-burn developed on the infested plants whereas the check (one plant) showed no indications of it at all. The interpretation of these results would appear to be that two factors caused the leaf-burn this year, namely the drought (probably the more important) and the leaf-hopper. Onton Turips (Thrips tabaci). This pest exacted a very heavy toll this year from the truck gardeners of Ontario. In the counties of Kent and Essex the thrips, aided by the hot, dry weather, reduced the onion crop to one-third of a normal yield. TARNISHED PLant Bue (Lygus pratensis). This well known bug was pre- sent in exceptionally large numbers this year and caused a considerable amount of damage especially in gardens. Asters and dahlias were attacked so freely that in many sections they were a complete failure. At the Dale Estate, Brampton, only about one thousand flowers were cut from twenty thousand plants. At Kingston spimach grown for seed was injured to such an extent that the plants failed to produce any seed. Plant bug injury, in the form of blasted compound leaves was common in potato fields. The black joint disease of celery caused by the bugs feeding at the joints was prevalent throughout the province. It should be mentioned here that Mr. MacLennan, Ontario Vegetable Specialist, is positive that the tarnished plant bug is the chief agent concerned with the spread of bacterial soft rot or black heart of celery. Poraro FLEA-BEETLE (/pitria cucumeris). In June this species and its work were conspicuous in potato patches in the Niagara district. It was also injurious to tomatoes. THe THREE-LINED LEAF-BEETLE (Lema trilineata) was unusually common on potatoes in the Niagara peninsula. THe Srrrpep CucumBer Berrie (Diabrotica vittata) occurred in more than usual numbers in parts of Norfolk County, but around Burlington and in many other localities it was scarce. Insects ATTACKING FIELD Crops. Crovern Lear Wrevin (Phytonomus punctatus). The larve of this pest occurred in exceptionally large numbers in parts of the Niagara peninsula and southwestern Ontario. In Norfolk County a whole field of clover was ruined. However, in most fields serious injury was prevented by the almost complete destruction of the grubs by a fungus disease. Cuincn Bua (Blissus leucopterus). The chinch bug appeared in large numbers this summer in Gainsboro’? Township, Lincoln County, and caused a considerable amount of alarm among the farmers. The centre of infestation was at the village of Bismark and the infested area extended, roughly speaking, about two miles around the village. Meadow grasses, particularly timothy, were in some instances killed outright. Oats were injured to a considerable extent. One six- acre field was completely destroyed and in another field a strip about the width of a drill was also killed outright. However, as a general rule the infested oats did not die but ripened prematurely and produced little or no grain. Some damage was also done to corn. : Late in September we found large numbers of the adults destroyed by the chinch bug fungus (Sporotrichum globuliferum). ‘The percentage of mortality varied from 25 per cent. to 75 per cent. in the fields examined. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 We hope and expect that the wet weather we have had this fall along with the coming winter will reduce the hibernating adults to insignificant proportions. Crampip Arracking WueEar (Crambus caliginosellus).* In the seven-acre field of wheat in Wainfleet Township, Welland County, over 60 per cent. of the wheat was destroyed by a crambid or sod-worm. Because of the very wet spring this particular field was not worked until August and as a result had been covered with weeds and grasses most of the year. One-half of the field was ploughed about August Ist. This part was not seriously injured. The other half was not ploughed until the middle of August and in this the wheat was so badly damaged that it had to be resown. Crover Seep Crancis (Bruchophagus funebris). Judging from samples of sced sent in last winter from Kent County, this insect must have been very abund- ant there in 1918. One correspondent claimed that much of the seed produced in Kent County was destroyed by this tiny insect. Fig. 8—Nymphs of Chinch Bug (much Fig. 9—Showing the long-winged enlarged). and short-winged forms of the Chinch Bug adult. Guassy Curworm (Sidemia devastatriz). This cutworm caused some alarm in Middlesex County in mid-June by cutting off wheat plants. The total loss, however, was not great. Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor). So far as observed, this insect did not cause any appreciable injury in any district. Jn several fields approximately ©» per cent. of the plants were attacked. MISCELLANEOUS. WarsiE Fries (Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum) threatened to be very numerous judging by the great numbers of warbles seen on the backs of cattle in the spring. Fortunately the danger so far, at least, as the heel fly was concerned did not materialize, and very few complaints of cattle gadding were received. Spruce Gann Lice (Chermes abietis and C. similis). Galls caused by these insects were somewhat more conspicuous than they have been for several years. There are evidently powerful natural factors keeping these insects under control. GrassHoppers. Few complaints were received regarding grasshoppers or focusts. In the Smithville district, however, these pests were more abundant than they had been for many years. Garden crops, alfalfa and oats were very freely attacked. Corron Worm (Alabama argillacea). Moths of this species visited many parts of Ontario this autumn and attracted considerable attention. *Species determined by Dr. McDunnough. 104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Ross Mince (Dasyneura rhodophaga). We regret to report that this destructive midge has made further inroads into Ontario. It is now present in six large greenhouses: three in Toronto, one at Grimsby, one at Port Dover, anid in the large Dale Estate at Brampton. In every instance the pest was brought in on rose stock imported from the United States. ; mer S| Fig. 10.—Injured rose bud opened to show Rose Midge maggots feeding within. (Enlarged three times.) Trumper Vine Minar (llonida lecomiae). During the past two years trumpet vines at Guelph have been seriously injured by a white cecidomyid larva which curls and distorts the leaves. Badly infested leaves turn brown and die and in this way much of the young growth may be destroyed. We reared the adult and the species was determined by Dr. E. P. Felt, as Ifonida tecomiae Felt. => ‘, 1920 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 REMARKS ON THE ANCESTRY OF INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES. G. C. CRAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, It has been a matter of considerable surprise that so much time and attention have been expended upon the subject of the evolution of mammals, reptiles, and other vertebrates, to the practical exclusion of the consideration of the development of the lines of descent of the insects, Crustacea, “Myriopoda,” and other arthropods, especially since the study of the latter forms involves no great outlay in the matter of coliecting expeditions, equipment, housing facilities, etc., as is the case with the study of the vertebrate groups. In fact, the arthropods offer unrivaled oppor- tunities for the study of evolution, including, as they do, the greatest number of species of living things, as well as a marvellous range of modifications in adapta- tion to varied environmental conditions, and a height of development of the psychic faculties (social instincts. etc.) unapproached elsewhere save in the group Mam- malia. In addition to these advantages, the ease with which many of them can be obtained, and the fact that no elaborate equipment or technique is necessary for studying their external anatomy brings the group within the reach of practically everyone, and it is most earnestly to be hoped that so fertile a field for research will soon attract a number of investigators commensurate with its great possibili- ties and its importance from the standpoint of evolution. Not only has this potentially rich field of research been sadly neglected, but eyen the meagre investigations which I was able to carry out during the past summer very quickly demonstrated that the prevalent conceptions concerning the meaning of the parts in insects (as interpreted from the standpoint of a com- parison with the structures of Crustacea and other arthropods) are in many cases wholly erroneous. Thus the oft repeated statement that the “superlinguae” or *“paraglossae ’ on either side of the hypopharynx of insects represent the first maxillae or “maxillulae” of imsects is quite wrong, since the structures in question clearly correspond to the so-called paragnaths or structures on either side of the median ridge (corresponding to the hypopharynx or tongue of insects) in the mouth region of certain Crustacea—and the “superlinguae” or “ para- glossae” therefore cannot be regarded as the appendages of a distinct “ super- lingual” segment in insects, as Folsom has claimed is the case in these forms. The investigations of all embryologists other than Folsom have clearly shown that the “ superlinguae ” are not appendages of a distinct segment; but practically all recent entomologists have been led astray in a matter which could easily have been righted had they but taken the trouble to examine the corresponding parts in the lower insects and Crustacea. Furthermore, a study of the Crustacea clearly demonstrates that the first maxillae of insects correspond to the first maxillae of Crustacea, while the second maxillae of insects (i.e. the halves of the labium) correspond to the second maxillae of Crustacea, and the head of an insect is there- fore comprised of but six (not seven) segments, as embryology has long indicated to be the case. The statement that the parts of an insect’s mandible are comparable to the parts of the mavxillae, which has received universal acceptance in the textbooks dealing with the subject, is at once seen to be impossible when one compares a series of crustacean mandibles with those of insects, since such a comparison very clearly shows that the insect’s mandible represents the basal segment alone of the corresponding appendage in the Crustacea, while the maxillary galea and lacinia 8 ES. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 represent processes of two distinct basal segments of an appendage, whose terminal portion forms the palpus of the maxilla. Furthermore, a comparison with the parts of the Crustacea very clearly shows that the universally accepted opinion that an insect’s maxilla represents a “‘ biramous” appendage is wholly false (the galea and lacinia being merely processes of two basal segments of an appendage whose endopodite alone forms the maxillary palpus), and the attempt on the part of several investigators to compare parts of an insect’s mandible (as well as the parts of the maxillae) to the endopodite and exopodite of a crustacean appendage would never have been made if they had but taken the trouble to compare a series of crustacean mandibles with those of insects. Since the second maxillae of Crustacea are homologous with the second maxillae of insects, which unite to form the labium in the latter forms, it is impossible to homologize the united poison claws of chilopods (which represent the first maxillipedes of Crustacea, and therefore occur behind the second maxillae) CRUSTACEA INSECTA MYRIOPODA with the second maxillae or labium of insects, as many investigators have sought to do, and the erroneous claim that the underlip (united first maxillae) of dip- lopods is formed by the fusion of two pairs of appendages, is seen to be untenable when one compares the structures in question with the underlip of certain isopods (which here, however, is formed by the united first maxillipedes) in which the corresponding parts are clearly seen to belong to but one pair of appendages, as embryology has shown to be the case all along, although most anatomists have totally disregarded its evidence. From a comparison with the parts in the Tanaidacea and other Crustacea the cerci of insects are seen to represent one of the rami of the uropods on either side of the telson, and the meaning of the styli attached to the basal segments of the abdominal limbs of the Machilidae and other primitive insects is at once apparent when one examines the reduced abdominal appendages of the Isopoda and other Crustacea. Indeed, the study of the parts in the Crustacea has furnished the key for the interpretation of the corresponding parts in insects in practically every instance, as I am hoping to show in a series of articles soon to be published upon the subject, and these facts are referred to at this point merely to show that 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 10% —— a study of this most promising field has been grossly neglected, and even the few observations which have been made are for the most part badly in need of revision! Despite Handlirsch’s claim to the contrary (and his opinion has gained a surprisingly wide acceptance among recent writers), a comparison with the Crustacea and ‘“ Myriopoda ” should convince anyone that the Apterygota rather than the winged insects, are the most primitive representatives of the class Insecta, and by no possible stretch of the imagination can the Apterygota be regarded as degenerate winged forms, as Handlirsch would have us believe! Instead of upholding Handlirsch’s fantastic view that winged insects can be directly derived from Trilobites without the intervention of apterygotan forms, and a long series of intermediate stages, a comparison of the parts in insects, “ Myriopoda,” INSECTA TANAIDACE MYRIOPODA Crustacea, Trilobita, and the Merostomata, would clearly indicate that between the type of mouthparts, head capsule, and other structures found in the Trilobita, and those of even the most primitive representatives of the group Insecta, there ~must have occurred a long series of intermediate stages leading through the lower Crustacea, the lower Malacostraca, and the ancestors of the higher Crustacea (i.e. Isopoda, Tanaidacea, etc.) before the insectan types of structures were developed ; and one cannot help but suspect that Handlirsch and his followers are either wholly ignorant of the absolutely obvious and patent evidence afforded by a study of the parts in the Crustacea and their allies, or they have deliberately ignored the tremendous array of facts whose evidence should have convinced them of the error of their contentions. It is the fashion nowadays to consider the “ Myriopoda ” as the nearest repre- sentatives of the common ancestors of pterygotan and apterygotan insects; but here again, a comparative study of the structures in the Crustacea and certain of the Apterygota such as Machilis and Lepisma should have been made before 108 THE REPORT OF THE ~ No. 36 such a view was promulgated, for such a study clearly indicates that the lines of development lead from the common ancestors of the isopods, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, and other Crustacea, through those of the Machilidae and Lepismatidae to the ancestors of the most primitive representatives of the winged insects such as the mayflies (Ephemerida) and stoneflies (Plecoptera). The structural re- semblance between the mayflies and the Machilidae, or that between the Plecoptera and the Lepismatidae, is most striking, and the lines of descent of the Machilidae and Lepismatidae clearly lead back to Crustacea-like, rather than to “ Myriopod ”- like ancestors. It must be admitted, however, that certain other apterygotan insects such as the Campodeidae, Protura, etc., are extremely closely related to certain “Myriopoda” such as Scolopendrella, Pauropus, etc., but the lines of descent of these forms appear to represent merely side issues of the main trunk which leads to the evolution of the pterygotan insects (unless such insects as HIGHER ORDERS PSOCIDA J ! ISOPTERA DERMAPTERA Campodea, Japyx, and other insects of the apterygotan order Rhabdura, are near the forms giving rise to the line of development of the pterygotan order Dermap- tera, as I formerly held to be the case—but a further study of the insects in question has tended to discredit this view). Although the main lines of descent of the pterygotan insects appear to avoid the “ myriopodan” side of the ancestry of insects and to lead back more directly to Crustacea-like forms through ancestors resembling the Machilidae and Lepisma- tidae, the dual relationship of apterygotan insects to the “ Myriopoda ” as well as to the Crustacea, cannot be ignored. This dual relationship is expressed graphic- ally in Fig.1. Asis shown in the figure, the lines of descent of the “ Myriopoda,” Insecta, and higher Crustacea (Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, etc.) taken at the level “ A,” are quite distinct (as is represented by cross sections of these lines of descent shown in Fig. 2); but at the level “ B,’ where the lines of descent begin to converge as they approach their common source, it is evident that the members of the three groups come very close together, and those insects occupying the 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 “hereditary area ” labeled “ X ” in Fig. 1, would naturally be expected to resemble the Crustacea quite closely, since the territory which they occupy is contiguous to that of the higher Crustacea. Similarly, those insects which occupy the “hereditary area” labeled “ Y,” would greatly resemble the “ Myriopoda,” since the territory which they occupy is contiguous to that of the “ Myriopoda.” Cross sections of the three lines of descent at the level “ B” would be represented as three intersecting circles (Fig. 3), each of which, taken separately, demarks a distinct group (Crustacea, Insecta and Myriopoda) ; but the intersecting circles have a certain amount of territory in common, and those insects in the area labeled “X” (Fig. 3) being next to the Crustacea, would naturally have much in common with the Crustacea (left hand circle), whilg those insects in the area labeled “‘ Y ” being next to the “ Myriopoda” (right hand circle) would naturally have much in common with the “Myriopoda.” If we trace the lines of descent back to the level “C” (Fig. 1) they are seen to merge in a common “ crustaceoid ” ancestry ; and a cross section at this level would represent the circles as completely coinciding (Fig. 4). It is thus readily comprehensible that there may be a dual relationship between the Insecta and higher Crustacea, on the one hand, and between the In- secta and the “ Myriopoda ” on the other—as we are forced to conclude is the case, from a study of the anatomy and embryology of the forms in question. This may indicate that the group Insecta is a polyphyletic one, and although I have been loath to accept this view, I can see no escape from the conclusion that insects are very closely related to both the higher Crustacea (Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, ete.) and the “ Myriopoda.” | Since it is quite evident that the lines of descent of the higher Crustacea, Insecta, and ‘‘ Myriopoda ” soon merge in a common ancestry, the question natur- ally arises as to what these common ancestors were like. That these common ancestors were all of one type is out of the question, for they apparently differed among themselves as much as the Mysidacea, Anaspidacea and other “ intermediate Malacostraca” (possibly including Arthropleura also) differ among themselves; and these common ancestors probably resembled all of the forms just mentioned (i.e. the Mysidacea, Anaspidacea, ete.), though it is possible that the Cumacea and Tanaidacea are more like the immediate ancestors of insects than are the Mysidacea, Anaspidacea, ete., which are more like their remote ancestors. The Anaspidacea, Mysidacea, and other “intermediate Malacostraca” are in turn derived) from ancestors resembling the Nabaliacea and other primitive Malacostraca, and the lines of development of the malacostracan Crustacea have undoubtedly accompanied those of the insects and “ myriopods ” more closely and for a longer distance than any other forms have done. The primitive malacostracan Crustacea such as Nebalia and its allies, exhibit undoubted affinities with the Branchiopoda and Copepoda, and to some extent with the Trilobita also, and they have even preserved some ancestral features in common with the Merostomata, although the latter forms lead off toward the lines of development of the Arachnoidea, and away from the lines of development of the higher Crustacea, Insecta, and “‘ Myriopoda.” The question as to which arthropods have departed the least from the common ancestors of the phylum Arthropoda is an extremely difficult one to answer. The Copepoda, Branchiopoda and Trilobita are among the most primitive known arthropods, and it is quite probable that the first representatives of the group combined in themselves characters common to all three. Thus, for example, the earliest arthropods were in all probability not trilobites alone, but were doubtless 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 trilobite-branchiopods, trilobite-copepods, etc., having many features in common with all three of these primitive groups, though in many respects the Trilobita have departed as little as any known forms from the ancestral type. It is thus necessary to make composites combining the primitive characters occurring in all of these primitive groups in order to come to the correct conclusion concerning the character of the ancestral arthropods. The Merostomata have also retained many features which must have been present in the ancestral arthropods; but their lines of descent (which apparently sprang from ancestors resembling the Trilobita) lead off toward the arachnoids, which lie in a side line having no direct bearing on the origin of the insectan and myriopodan type of arthropod. The ancestors of the arthropods themselves were in all probability very much like annelid worms, though other forms such as the Onychophora, etc., have retained many features characteristic of the ancestors of the phylum Arthropoda; but a discussion of these forms has no particular bearing upon the question of the nature of the more immediate ancestors of the higher Crustacea, Insecta, and “‘ Myriopoda,” and they need not be further considered here. It may be of some interest, however, to indicate briefly the principle lines of descent of the more primitive representatives of the class Insecta, and I have therefore included a diagram giving the lines of descent of those forms which have departed the least from the types ancestral to the higher groups of insects, although, as is also the case with the diagram of the lines of descent of the arthropodan allies of insects, it has been necessary to omit many important groups in order not to make the diagrams too cumbersome and intricate for practical purposes. LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER SITUATION. E. P. FELT, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF NEW YORK. The last two months have witnessed a considerable extension of infested terri- tory, the most significant being the area in Erie and Chautauqua Counties, New York, some twenty-five miles long, extending from Angola to Fredonia and with a known maximum width of ten miles. There is in addition a small infestation at North Girard, Erie County, Pennsylvania, and the probabilities are that the New York and Pennsylvania areas may be connected by a sparse infestation. In fact, the early corn planted on the light soil south of the lake is a suspicious area and it is impossible at the present time to define closely the extent of the infested territory in this section. Explorations in the vicinity of the Schenectady area tend to confirm in a general way at least the limits established during the summer. The infestation in Massachusetts and New Hampshire has already been described in detail and requires no further comment at the present time. A most significant development has been the failure of the European corn borer to produce two broods in the infested area in New York State. This means a very material reduction in the possibilities of injury and it is gratifying to state that in the earlier discovered Schenectady area, a section thoroughly cleaned up last spring, the maximum injury has hardly overrun one per cent. in a few very restricted areas, possibly amounting to five per cent. It is considered advisable for the present to content ourselves with the statement that but one generation 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 developed last year since there is a possibility, perhaps very remote, that two gener- ations may occur in this area during certain seasons and this condition may, after all, prove to be the normal. The decidedly disturbing feature is the very sparse, inconspicuous character of the infestation in the western part of the state, a section where the insect has bred in a few localities at least for two seasons. The infestation was brought to the attention of Cornell University authorities through the accidental discovery of a few borers in a stalk, although a farmer in that vicinity had noted the injury the preceding season but had failed to appreciate its significance. In most of the terri- tory, however, a very close examination is necessary to find the borer and these conditions suggest the comparative inefficiency of publicity measures and the great difficulty of organizing a sufficiently thorough scout of the corn fields of America to determine with a reasonable degree of accuracy the limits of the present infested areas. We have yet to find unquestioned evidence as to the agencies producing these isolated infestations. It looks very much as though railway lines were an important factor, possibly in carrying the moths, since both the eastern and western areas in New York State have good railway connections with the older infested area in Massachusetts. The occurrence of but one brood in the cooler corn-producing areas of New York State, even if this be normal, cannot be construed as being true of our great southern and warmer corn belt. The sparsely infested areas must be regarded as a real menace to much of the corn crop of America. The most practical method of handling the situation appears to be pushing the publicity campaign as far as practical, systematic scouting of the more suspicious areas so far as they can be determined and a comprehensive campaign of control designed specially to check spread until the economic status of the borer can be determined in this country. 112 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36 eee THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1919. ARTHUR GIBSON AND NoRMAN CrIpDDLE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DoMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The collecting season of 1919 does not appear to have provided any marked _ variation from the preceding year. In the Middle West a continuation of the drought in southern sections was especially favourable to the development of dry-loving in- sects, more notably Orthoptera, which in some parts increased to injurious numbers. Somewhat similar conditions prevailed in British Columbia and probably to a lesser extent in Ontario. Collecting, generally, was reported to have been good during the first part of the season but later became less so. It is gratifying to report that more attention is being devoted to hitherto neglected orders; as a result a far broader knowledge of the distribution of Canadian insects is being obtained. During 1919, students of insects in Canada, have, as in previous years, been much assisted in their studies by various specialists, particularly those resident in the United States. To all who have assisted us, we extend our grateful thanks. LITERATURE. Among the publications which have appeared during 1919, the following are of interest to Canadian students. BowMAN, KennzeTH. Annotated Check List of the Macrolepidoptera of Alberta. Published by the Alberta Natural History Society, Red Deer, Alta., 16 pp., February, 1919. In the preparation of this list the author has “ endeavoured to provide an epitome of what has been accomplished by students of this order within the province to date, as an aid, not only to present workers but those who will follow after.” We were very glad indeed to receive this list. It is a very useful contribution. CANADIAN ArcTIC EXPEDITION (1913-1918) INsEcr Reports. These reports - on the insects of the various orders collected by members of the expedition were published in 1919, with the exception of the one on the Lepidoptera which was issued early in January, 1920. They comprise Vol. III of the Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition. Ottawa: J. de Labroquerie Tache, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. Part A: CoLtLEMBoLa, by Justus W. Folsom, 29 pp., 8 plates. Twelve species are discussed, three of which are described as new. The plates illustrate structural characters. Part B: Nrevrorreroip INsEcts, by Nathan Banks, 5 pages, 1 plate. Five species are definitely determined, two of which are described as new. Two addi- tional generic determinations are given. The plate illustrates genitalia of the two new species and views of other male characters. Part C: Drperera, 90 pp. Crane flies, by C. P. Alexander; Mosquitoes by HI. G. Dyar, and other Diptera by J. R. Malloch. In the first portion on the Tipulidae, sixteen species are reported upon. Of these, thirteen are new. The six plates accompanying the section, illustrate wings, antennae and other structures. The mosquitoes represented three species one of which only is definitely determined and ‘this is described as new. The third section reporting upon other Diptera collected, comprises pages 34 to 90, (10 plates). The number of species listed is ninety-three, be ee i ie 1920 — ENTOMOLOGIUAL SOCIETY. 113 representing fifty-five genera. Thirty-two new species are described and one new variety. ‘The plates show various structural characters. Part D: MALLopHaGa, 12 pp., by A. W. Baker; ANopLuRA, by G. F. Ferris and G. H. F. Nuttall. Sixteen species are recognized in the former paper. One plate illustrates four species. In the latter contribution three species are listed. Part E: Cotsoprera, 27 pp. Forest Insects, including Ipidae, Cerambycidae and Buprestidae, by J. M. Swaine; Carabidae and Silphidae, by H. C. Fall; Coccinellidae, Elateridae, Chrysomelidae and Rhynchophora (excluding Ipidae), by C. W. Leng; Dytiscidae, by J. D. Sherman, Jr. In this part sixty species are determined, four of which are described as new. Three plates showing ipid beetles and their work, illustrate Dr. Swaine’s section. Part F: Hemiprera, 5 pp., by Edward P. Van Duzee. Six species are definitely recognized, one of which is described as new. Generic determinations of five other species are given. Part G@: HyMeNoprera and PLANT GALLS, 38 pp. Sawflies—Tenthredinoidea, by Alex. D. MacGillivray; Parasitic Hymenoptera, Chas. T. Brues; Wasps and Bees, F. W. L. Sladen; Plant Galls, E. P. Felt. In this part, records of thirty- five species are included; others have been determined generically. Of the thirty- five species, twenty-one, mostly sawflies, are described as new. ‘Two plates illus- trate the eighth ventral segment in the males of four species of Bombus. Part H: Spipers, by J. H. Emerton; Acarina, by N. Banks; CHrILopopa, by Ralph V. Chamberlin; 22 pp. Twelve species of spiders are recorded, three of which ere described as new. Two plates show structural characters. The Acarina collected include seventeen species, all but one previously known. Only two species of Chilopods were represented in the material secured by the expedition. A new species of Hthpolys from Washington and Oregon States, as well as a sub-species of this new species, the former from Alaska, are also described by Mr. Chamberlin. Part I: LeptpoprEra, by Arthur Gibson, 58 pp., 6 plates. In this report is also included notes on other species collected in Arctic America, not met with by members of the expedition, all of which material is in the National Collection of Insects at Ottawa. Altogether notes and records of ninety-seven species are in- cluded, nine of which are described as new species. In addition, two new varieties are recognized. Plate i shows genitalia of species of Oeneis; ii, undersides of nine examples and underside of one, of species of the same genus. Plates iii, iv and v, the latter two coloured, illustrate a number of the rarer and new species collected by the expedition, of the genera Pieris, Vrebia, Brenthis, Eurymus, Oeneis, ete. Emerton, J. H. Catalogue of the Spiders of Canada, known to the year 1919. Trans. Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1919. This catalogue which contains the. names of 342 species of spiders which have been found in Canada will be of considerable interest and value to those persons who are collecting these creatures in Canada. Fatt, H.C. The North American Species of Coelambus. Published by John D. Sherman, Jr., 1919. This pamphlet of 20 pp. includes several Canadian records. Twelve new species are described, three of which are from Western Canada. Aart, Crartes Artuur. ‘lhe Pentatomoidea of Illinois with keys to the Nearctic Genera. Division of Natural History Survey, Vol. XIII, Article VII, pp. 157-223. This contribution will undoubtedly be of value to our students of Hemiptera. Keys to families, sub-families, tribes, genera and species are given, - Notes and distribution records are included of each species. Five plates illustrate structural differences, and one plate shows typical Pentatomoidea. 9 ES. 114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 LocuHeaD, Wm. Class Book of Economic Entomology, with special reference to the economic insects of the Northern United States and Canada. Philadelphia: P. Blakeston’s Son & Co., 436 pp., 257 illustrations, price $2.50. This volume - is a companion to Reese’s book on Economic Zoology. It is divided into four parts: Part I discusses the structure, growth and economics of insects; Part II the identification of insects injurious to farm, garden and orchard crops, etc.; Part III the classification and description of common insects; Part IV the control of in- jurious insects. This new volume will certainly find a useful place among economic workers. Wasusurn, F. L. Injurious Insects and Useful Birds. J. B. Lippicott Company, Philadelphia; 414 illustrations in text and four coloured plates. A useful work of reference, the result of 21 years of work in entomology on the part of the author. Chapters I to VI deal with the losses to agriculture due to insects and rodents, etc.; Chapters VII to XVIII discuss insects affecting the various crops; chapter XIX, “ Our Insect Friends”; XX, “The Relation of Birds to Agriculture” and XXI, “Some Four-footed Pests of the Farm,” completes the volume. NOTES OF CAPTURES. Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1919. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Barnes and MeDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera of North America). Pieride. 33. Pieris occidentalis calyee Edw. Edmonton, Alta.; Pocahontas, Alta.; April (K. Bowman). Addition to the Alberta list. 5%. Hurymus hecla glacialis McLach. Nordegg, Alta.; June, (K. Bowman). Addition to the Alberta list. 59. BLurymus eriphyle autumnalis Ckll. Edmonton, Alta.; Banff, Alta.; Nord- egg, Alta.; Red Deer, Alta.; (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 64. Hurymus christina pallida Ckll. Nordegg, Alta.; Red Deer, Alta.; (KK. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 64. Hurymus christina gigantea Stkr. Tidmonton, Alta.; Nordegg, Alta.; Red Deer, Alta.; (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. Satyride. * Oeneis semidea arctica Gibson. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18; Vol. III, Part I, Lepi- doptera, p. 13. * Oeneis simulans Gibson. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18; Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 14. * Oeneis cairnesi Gibson. White River District, Y.T., lat. 61° 55’, long. 141°, July 16, 1913, (D. D. Cairnes) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. II, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 15. * Oeneis brucei yukonensis Gibson. Klutlan Glacier, Y.T., June 13-15, 1913, (E. W. Nesham) ; elevations 8,200-8,500 feet; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, part I, Lepidoptera, p. 15. 1920 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 Nymphalide. 151. Huptoieta claudia Cram. Fort Steele, B.C., (W. B. Anderson). First record we have for British Columbia. 157. Argynnis leto Behr. Blairmore, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. * Brenthis natazhati Gibson. 141st Meridian, north of Mount Natazhat, 8,600 feet, June 15, 1913, (. W. Nesham) ; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 14, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 21. * Brenthis distincta Gibson. Harrington Creek, Y.T., lat. 65° 05’, July 30, 1912, (D. D. Cairnes); Eduni Mt., 6,000 ft., Gravel River, N.W.T., July 8, 1908, (J. Keele); Tindir Creek, Yukon Territory, lat. 65° 20’ international boundary; July 25, 1912, (D. D. Cairnes); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18;-Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 25. 211. HLuphydryas nubigena beani Skin. Pocahontas, Alta., July, (IK. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 283. Vanessa virginiensis Dru. Edmonton, Alta., July, (I. Mackie). Addition to Alberta list. | Lycaenide. 352. Strymon melinus Hbn. Onah, Man., Aug. 20, 1914, (EH. Criddle). * Plebeius incariodes blackmorei B. & McD. Goldstream, V. I., B.C., May 31, (HE. H. Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. LI, 92. 427. Plebewus melissa Edw. In the note regarding this species published in the Ent. Record for 1918, the word “ common” should be corrected to read “ uncommon.” Sphingide. 153. Proserpinus flavofasciata Wik. Mile 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July 17, (J. B. Wallis). Saturniide. 194. Pseudohazis eglanterina Bdy. Blairmore, Alta., (IX. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. Arctiide. 851. Roeselia minuscula Zell. Miami Man., July 4, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). Noctuide. 1076 Melaporphyria immortua Grt. Edmonton, Alta., May, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. Parabarrovia keelei Gibson. Mountain below Twitza River, near Gravel River, N.W.T., July 2, 1908, (J. Keele) ; Rep Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 33. 1275 Huaxoa infracta Morr. Blairmore, Alta., Aug., (IK. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 1332. KHuzoa esta Sm. Wellington, B.C., Aug., 19, 1903, (T. Bryant) ; Victoria, B.C., Sept. 3, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore). Listed in 1906 B.C. list under the name velleripennis, (H.H.B.). 1339. Euaxoa campestris Grt. Edmonton, Alta., August, (D. Mackie). Addition to Alberta list. 1379. Chorizagrotis thanatologia perfida Dod. Peachland, B.C., July 30, 1919, (J. B. Wallis). na 116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1900. 1986. 2060. 2137. Agrotis cinereicollis Grt. Lillooet, B.C., July 3, 1918, (A. W. A. Phair). Peachland, B.C., Aug. 8, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to British Columbia, (J. B. Wallis). Aplectoides occidens Hamps. Sicamous, B.C., Aug. 12, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grt. Maillardville, B.C., July 18, 1919, (L. E. Marmont). Anarta subfumosa Gibson. Armstrong Point, Victoria Island, N.W.T., July, 1916, (J. Hadley) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1918-18, Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 34. Stretchia plusieformis Hy. Edw. Among some specimens determined for Canon V. A. Huard, of Quebec, Que., was one of this species, which was described from Nevada. As I had never seen this species from Eastern Canada, I questioned its occurrence in Quebec Province, but Canon Huard assured me that it was captured at Chicoutimi in 1881. (A.G.). Perigrapha algula Sm. Sahtlam, Van. Isl., B.C., May 10, 1918, (G. O. Day). Rancora brucei Sm. Nordegg, Alta., June, (IK. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. Oncocnemis umbrifascia Sm. Lillooet, B.C., Sept. 5, 1918, (A. W. A. Phair). New to British Columbia, (E.H.B). Graptolitha ferrealis Grt. Edmonton, Alta., April (D. Mackie). Addition to Alberta list. Xylena thoracica Put.-Cram. Okanagan Falls, B.C., April 7, 1913, (EH. M. Anderson) ; Rossland, B.C., (W. H. Danby). New to British Colum- bia. It may be mentioned here that the species going under the name of cineritia Grt., in B.C. collections is in reality mertena Sm., (H.H.B.). Eurotype confragosa Morr. Tahu River, B.C., Sept. 30, 1906, (T. Bryant). This is the first authentic record for B.C. Medialis Grt., which is a synonym of confragosa Morr. is recorded from Wellington, B.C., in the 1906 check list but upon a recent examination of the specimen I find it to be H. contadina Sm. (H.H.B.). Homoglaea murrayi Gibson. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10, 1916. (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, Parti 1, Lepidoptera, p. 36. Trachea mixta Grt. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). Luperina passer conspicua Morr. Edmonton, Alta., (D. Mackie). Addition - to Alberta list. Merolonche ursina Sm. Nordegg, Alta., June, (IX. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. Wellington, B.C., June 6, 1904, (T. Bryant). This name is new to B.C., but I suspect it is the same insect which has been previously recorded under the name lupini Grt. Very rare in B.C. col- lections, (E.H.B). Helotropha reniformis atra Grt. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 2, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Duncan, B.C., (E. M. Skinner). First record of the form atra from B.C., (E.H.B.). Hutricopis nexilis Morr. Reared from larve found on Antennaria at Aylmer, Que., emerged in office Jan. 10, 1920, (J. McDunnough). Sarrothripus revayana cinereana N. & D. Vancouver, B. C., May 6, 1902; Mission, B.C., Aug. 8, 1904, (R. V. Harvey). New record for B.C., (E.H.B.). 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11% Autographa rectangula nargenta Ottol. Vancouver Island, (A. W. Han- ham) ; Kalso, B.C., (J. W. Cockle) ; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 122. Autographa interalia Ottol. Nordegg, Alta., (IX. Bowman) ; Banff, Alta., (R. Ottolengui) ; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., X XVII, 122. * Autographa diversigna Ottol. Nordegg, Alta., (IK. Bowman); Laggan, Alta., (T. Bean); Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. XXVII, 121. * Autographa magnifica Ottol. Ucluelet, B.C., (C. H. Young) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soe. XX VII, 124. 8241. Autographa ottolenguit Dyar. Dawson, Y.T., 1909, (A. Day). Autographa pulchrina Haw. Dawson, Y.T., 1909, (A. Day). This record was received from Mr. G. O. Day, of Duncan, B.C., with the statement “Dr. Ottolengui gave me to understand that this is the first record for the North American Continent.” 3313. Melipotis versabilis Harv. Quamichan, Van. Isl., B.C., May 31, 1908, (G. O. Day) ; Cawston, B.C., July 24, 1917, (W. R. S. Metcalfe). 3333. Syneda alleni savea Hy. Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 3487. Hpizeuxis scobialis Grt. Kingsmere, Que., July 23, 1915, (R. N. Chrystal). 3501. Zanclognatha minoralis Sm. Quebec, Que., July 27, 1918, (V. A. Huard). Addition to Quebec list. Notodontide. 3640. Heterocampa umbrata Wlk. Aylmer, Que., June 2, 1919, (C. B. Hutch- ings). Addition to Quebec lst. Lymantriide. * Olene dorsipennata B. & McD. Chelsea, Que., July 8-14; Aylmer, Que., (J. McDunnough) ; Can. Ent. LI, 102. 3712. Olene vagans willingi B. & McD. Edmonton, Alta., July, (D. Mackie). Addition to Alberta list. 3712. Olene vagans grisea B. & McD. Quamichan, Vancouver Island, B.C., July 22, 1916, (G. 0. Day). Geometride. 3972. Coryphista meadi Pack. Blairmore, Aita., June-July, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 3990. Thera otisi Dyar. Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, B.C., (T. Bryant). 3999. Dysstroma cervinifascia Wlk. Nordegg, Alta, July, (KX. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 401%. Hydriomena renunciata Wik. “ Province of Quebec” (V. A. Huard). Addition to Quebec list. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 4208. Hupithecia albicapitata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. . * Bupithecia probata S. & C. Dunean, B.C., (C. Livingstone) ; Victoria, B.C., March 30, 1916; April 3, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Lepidopterist ii, 105. Eupithecia moirata 8. & C. Penticton, B.C., April, 1913, (E. H. Black- more) ; Lepidopterist, ii, 107. 4325. Drepanulatrix liberaria Wik. Aylmer, Que., Sept. 3, 1919, (C. B. Hutchings). 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 4332. Philobia ulsterata Pears. Edmonton, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Ad- dition to Alberta list. 4349. Macaria purcellata Tayl. Nordegg, Alta., July, (XK. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 4465. Caripeta divisata W1k. Edmonton, Alta., July, (IX. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 4489. Pygmena simplex-Dyar. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. Pyralide. 4974. Diaphania nitidalis Stoll. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 16, 1903, (C. H. Young). Addition to Quebec list. 5032. Loxostege commixtalis Wlk. Banff, Alta.; Nordegg, Alta., June-July, (Kk. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. * Diasemia alaskalis Gibson. Collinson Point, Alaska, July 10, 1914, (F. Johansen); W. of Konganevik (Camden Bay) Alaska, July, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 45. 5051. Diasemia plumbosignalis Fern. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 5088. Phlyctenia ferrugalis Hbn. Edmonton, Alta., June, (IX. Bowman). Ad- dition to Alberta list. Pyrausta ainsliei Heinrich. St: John’s, Que., (W. Chagnon). Jour. Agr. Research, XVIII, 3, 175. 5135. Pyrausta fumoferalis Hist. Edmonton, Alta., June, (IK. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list. 5548. Mineola tricolorella Grt. Reared from larve found in apples in Okanduap Valley, B.C., (E. P. Venables). 7. abaya arctotin Gibson. Collinson Point, Alaska, July 17, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 46. Pterophoride. 9915. Pterophorus sulphureodactylus Pack. Pointe Aux Alouelles, Ste. Cather- ine Bay, opp. Tadousac, Que., July 28, 1919, (V. A. Huard). Addition to Quebec list. Gelechiide. * Aristotelia fragarie Busck. Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes); Proc. Ent. Soc. of Wash., XXI, 52. 6166. Paralechia pinifoliella Cham. Ottawa, Ont., July 1, 1907, (C. H. Young). 6200. Anacampsis tristrigella Wlshm. Aylmer, Que., June 21, 1919, (J. Me- Dunnough). Addition to Quebec list. 6283. Gelechia conclusella Wik. Ottawa, Ont., June 24, 1906, (C. H. Young). 6288. Gelechia panella Busck. Maple Bay, B.C., Aug. 3, 1914, (A. W. Hanham). 6290. Gelechia fuscoteniaella Cham. Aweme, Man., Sept. 5, 1915, (N. Criddle). Tortricide. * Tortricodes fragariana Busck. Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes) ; Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., XXI, 52. Gracilariide. 7925. Lithocolletis afinis F. & B. Aylmer, Que., July 24, 1919; mines in Lonicera, (J. MeDunnough). 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.) Carabide. * Bembidium lengi Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ; Jour., N.Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII. 98. * Pterostichus laevilatus Notman. Golden, B.C., (Leng. col.); Jour, N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXVIT, 231. 680. Celia gibba Lec. Aweme, Man., March 29, 1918; Maryfield, Sask., Aug. 30, 1916, (N. Criddle). Celia brumalis Casey. Aweme, Man., Sept. 2, 1916, (E. Criddle). New to Canada. ; . Asaphidion yukonense Wickham. Yukon Crossing, Y.T., May 21, 1911, (J. M. Jessup) ; Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., X XI, 180. Dytiscide. 1292. Coelambus suturalis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Thornhill, Man., Miami, Man., Mile 214 to 332, H.B.R., Man., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Coelambus canadensis Fall. Winnipeg, Man., Stony Mountain, Man., Miami, Man., (J. B. Wallis); N. A. species of Coelambus, published by J. D. Sherman, New York, 1919. Coelambus tumidiventris Fall. Stony Mountain, Man., April 15, 1912; Winnipeg, Man.; Stonewall, Man., (J. B. Wallis); Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (F. S. Carr); N.A. species of Coelambus, published by J. D. Sherman, New York, 1919. * Coelambus hudsonicus Fall. Ungava Bay, H.B.T., (L. M. Turner); N.A. species of Coelambus published by J. D. Sherman, New York, 1919. Coelambus punctilineatus Fall. Stony Mountain, Man., April 13, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). 1441. Agabus lecontei Cr. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919, (W. R. Metcalfe and J. B. Wallis). * Silphide. * Colon elongatum Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ; Jour NOY. Ent. Soc, XXVIT 98. Pselaphide. 1899. Batrisus fontalis Lec. Aweme, Man., April 18, 1919; in swarm of ants, (Acanthomyops), (S. Criddle). Staphylinide. Atheta (Acrostoma) blanchardi Ful. Stonewall, Man., July 18, 1918, in rotten fungus, (J. B. Wallis). Atheta comitata Csy.. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918, in fungus. (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. = Atheta (Datomicra) celata Er. Onah, Man., July 13, 1918; in larch swamp, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Atheta (Demetrota) subrugosa Kiew. Onah, Man., July 12, 1918, in moss, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Aleochara (Polychara) defiecta Say. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Aleochara (Euryodma) pleuralis Csy. Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Silusa modica Csy. Stonewall, Man., in rotten fungus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Anomognathus cuspidata Er. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 27, 1918; under bark of rotten Negundo, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Apparently intro- duced from Europe, (A.F.). Homalota plana Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., July 30-Aug. 14, 1918; under bark of rotten Negundo, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Apparently intro- duced from Europe, (A.F.). Gnypeta manitobe Csy. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). Gyrophaena nana Payk. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 27, 1918, in fungus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Gyrophaena pulchella Heer. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918; Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 27, 1918; in fresh whitish fungi, among the gills. (J. B. Wallis). Apparently an introduction from Europe, (A.F.). New to Manifoba. Lathrobium tenebrosum Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc?, XX VII, 99. * Lathrobium humile Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Not- man); Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. X XVII, 100. * Scopeus linearis Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 100. Endomychide. 3180. Phymaphora californica Horn. Duncan, B.C., (A. W.-Hanlram). Erotylide. 3239. Tritoma flavicollis Lee. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham). Colydiide. 3271. Lasconotus pusillus Lee. Aweme, Man., Onah, Man., July, 1919, (N. Criddle). Histeride. * Saprinus rugosifrons Fall. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., LI, 213. * Saprinus castanipennis Fall. Aweme, Man., June 21, 1918, (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., LI, 214. * Saprinus irts Fall. Aweme, Man., May 31, 1909, July 1, 1915, (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., LI, 214. Nitidulide. 3713. Epurea aestiva Linn. Aweme, Man., 1919, (N. Criddle). * Epurea ornatula Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (H. Notman) ; Jour, N.Y. Ent, Soc., XXVIL 102: Dascyllide. 3991. Hucinetus punctulatus Lee. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918; in rotten fungus, (J. B. Wallis). Elateride. 4390. Anthous cucullatus Say. Husavick, Man., July 27, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 4403. Anthous vittiger Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 Ptinide. Ptilinus lobatus Csy. Aweme, Man., June 24, 1919, (N. Criddle) ; Husa- vick, Man., July 6, 1917, (L. H. D. Roberts). New to Manitoba. 5359. Dinoderus substriatus Payk. Mile 214, H.B.R., Man., Winnipeg, Man., June, July; Peachland, B.C., (J. B. Wallis). Ciside. * Dolichocis manitoba Dury. Aweme, Man., Oct., 1918, (N. and T. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., LI, 158. Cis criddles Dury. Aweme, Man., Oct., 1915-1918, (E. and N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., LI, 158. . Scarabeide. 5426. Canthon ebenus Say. Lyleton, Man., Aug. 27, 1919; Boissevain, Man., (N. Criddle). 5551. Aphodius haldemani Horn. Rosebank, Man., Aug. 10, 191%, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. * Serica cucullata Dawson. Montreal, Que., May 6, 1905, (A. F. Winn); Ottawa, Ont.; Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis); Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Kentville, N.S.; British Columbia; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXVII, 34. Cerambycide. * Callidium subopacum Sw. South of Rampart House, Y.T., (D. H. Nelles) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Part E, Coleoptera, p. 12. 6250. Pachyta rugipennis Newm. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1919, (L. H. D. Roberts). New to Manitoba. 6385. Monohammus minor Lec. Winnipeg, Man., July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Chrysomelide. * 6558. Syneta carinata Mann. Mt. Prevost, near Duncan, B.C., 2,500 feet, (A. W. Hanham). 6721. Xanthonia villosula Melsh. Bird’s Hill, Man., Sept. 23, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 10407. Monozia debilis Lec. Melita, Man., July 1, 1919; collected on Grindelia squarrosa, (N. Criddle). 7001a. Systena ligata Lec. THusavick, Man., Aug. 3, 1914, on Canada thistle; Winnipeg, Man., Aug..14, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Tenebrionide. 7528. Scaphidema aenolum Lec. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 7, 1918; under bark of dead aspen, (J. B. Wallis). Melandryide. 7656. Phryganophilus collaris Lec. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham). 7695. Canifa pallipes Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., May 28, 1911; Victoria Beach, Man., July 1, 1918; Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; Aweme, Man., July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). ddemeride. 71733. Nacerdes melanura Linn. Vancouver, B.C., July 15, 1919, (A. W. Hanham). 122 THE REPORT OF THE. No. 36 Meloide. 8025. Nemognatha apicalis Lec. Lillooet, B.C., July 13, (A. W. Hanham). Curculionide. * Trichalophus stefanssoni Leng. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Sept. 26, 1914; May 22, July 6, 7, 1915; June, July and Sept., 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Cape Krusenstern, N.W.T., July, 1916, (D. Jenness) ; Kogluktualuk river, Coronation Gulf, N.W.T., July, 1915, (J. J. O’Neill) ; Langton Bay, N.W.T., 1911, (V. Stefansson) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part E, Coleoptera, p. 20. 8381. Apion pennsylvanicum Boh. Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Apion commodum Fall. Stony Mountain, Man., Aug. 8, 1918, on Psoralea esculenta, (J. B. Wallis). Apion finitimum Fall. Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Apion nasutum Fall. Onn Man., July 12, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Canada. 10823. Macrops ulket Dietz. Aweme, Man., May 7, 1919, (N. Criddle). 8576. Tanysphyrus lemne Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Maritaba: 8619. Magdalis subtincta Lec. St. Norbert, Man., June 24, 1917; Aweme, Man., July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). 8620. Magdalts hispoides Lec. Onah, Man., July 8-12, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 8627. Magdalis alutacea Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., July 1, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Canada. . 10958. Promecotarsus densus Csy. Aweme, Man., July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 8669. Anthonomus canus Lec. Onah, Man., July 13, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Ceutorhynchus solitarius Fall. St. Norbert, Man., June 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Calandride. Sphenophorus aequalis. Stonewall, Man., July 5, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Ipide. * Dendroctonus johanseni Sw. Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river, N.W.T., Feb., 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Pat E, Coleoptera, p. 5. Carphoborus andersoni Sw. Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river, N.W.T., Feb. 15, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part E, Coleoptera, p. 6. DIPTERA, (Arranged according to a catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Mise. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) Tipulide. * Dicranomyia alascaensis Alex. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 24, 25, 1916.- (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic. Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Dipters, Dp. 9, 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. e504 . LInmnobia sciophila O.S. Lillooet, B.C., June 21, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann) ; Gordon Head, B.C., April 30, 1918, (W. Downes). . Limnobia solitaria O.S. Lillooet, B.C., June 25, 1919, (M. H. Ruhmann). . Xiphura topazina 0.8. Vineland, Ont., May 5, 1915, (W. A. Ross). Nephrotoma arcticola Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1-14, 1916; July-Aug., 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. ITI, Part C, Diptera, p. 10. . Nephrotoma ferruginea Fab. Bowmanville, Ont., June, 1913, (W. A. Ross). Nephrotoma euceroides Alex. Perth, N.B., June 15, 1915, (F. M. Mc- Kenzie) ; Can. Ent., LI, 172. Erioptera angustipennis Alex. Bernard Harbour, Dolphin and Union Strait, N.W.T., Aug. 1-7, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 5. Tipula nebulipennis Alex. Battle Harbour, Labrador, Aug. 1, 1912, (G. P. Engelhardt) ; Can. Ent., LI, 170. Tipula trypetophora Dietz. Victoria, B.C., July 6, 1912; An. Ent. Soe. Amer., XII, 89. Tipula johanseni Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 11. Tipula diflava Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 12, 1915; Herschel Island, Y.T., July, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 12. Tipula hewitti Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1-14, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 14. Tipula subpolaris Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July-Aug., (F. Johan- sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 14. Tipula besselsoides Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1-14, 1916, (FP. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 15. Tipula subarctica Alex. W. of Kongenevik, Camden bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., Part C, Diptera, p. 1o. Tricyphona frigida Alex. Ketchikan, Alaska, Sept. 10, 1916, (F. Johan- sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 7. Tricyphona brevifurcata Alex. W. of Konganevik, Camden bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. FAM Part C, Diptera, p. 6. Limnophila rhicnoptiloides Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1919, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, . 6: ster opis parrioides Alex. W. of Konganevik, Camden bay, Alaska, June 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 9. Tipula angustnpennis Loew. Vernon, B.C., April 2, 1919, (M. H. Ruh- mann). Tipula cognata Doane. Vernon, B.C., April 2, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann). Tipula dorsolineata Doane. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann); Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes). Tipula eluta Loew. Vineland, Ont., Aug. 18, 1914, (W. A. Ross). Tipula noveboracensis Alex. Beaver Dam, N.B.,, June 23, 1914,. (J. D. Tothill) ; Can. Ent., LI, 167. 124 THE REPORT OF THE No, 36 Chironomide. * Tanypus alaskensis Mall.; Rep. Can, Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 35. * Diamesa arctica Mall. Colville Mts., Wollaston peninsula, Victoria Island, July 22-29, 1915, (D. Jenness). Angmaloktok, Colville mountains, Wol- laston peninsula, Victoria Island, July 29, 1915, (D. Jenness): Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 37. Culicide. * Ades pionips Dyar. White River, Ont., June 17-25, 1918; Prince Albert, Sask., Aug. 14-18, 1918; Red Deer, Alta., July 30-Aug. 3, 1918; Nepigon, Ont., June 26, 1918; Lochearn, Alta, Aug. 5-7, 1918; Lamoral, Alta., Aug. 6, 1918; Lake Louise, Alta., July 11-17, 1918, (H. G. Dyar) ; White River, Ont., June 24, 1907, (Knab); Kenogami river, Ont., June 30, 1903, (W. J. Wilson) ; Insecutor Inscitiz Menstruus, VII, 19. * Ades intrudens Dyar. White River, Ont., June 12-25, 1918; Nepigon, Ont., June 26, 1918; Dryden, Ont., June 29-30, 1918; Winnipeg Beach, Man., July, 1918; Lake Minnewanka, Alta, July 22, 1918; Banff, Alta., July 7-25, 1918; Laggan, Alta, July 11,1918, (H. G. Dyar). With the descrip- tion the following statement appears: ‘“‘ Eastern records are found in the monograph under impiger (page 757). They are correct, except that ‘Ottawa, Ontario (J. Fletcher)’ should be transferred to lazarensis ;” Insecutor Inscitize Menstruus, VII, 24. * Aides nearcticus Dyar. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 9, 1915; June 21- July 1, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Collinson Point, Alaska, June 23, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 32. Bibionide. 166. Bibio nervosus Loew. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann); Saanich, B.C., (W. Downes). Simuliide. Simulium similis Mall. Hood river, Arctic sound, N.W.T., Aug. 28, 1915, (R. M. Anderson) ; Bathurst inlet, N.W.T., Sept 1, 1915, (R. M. Ander- son) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18; Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 42. * Prosimulium borealis Mall. Wollaston peninsula, Victoria island, 1915, (D. Jenness) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, Dp: 4L. Stratiomyide. 179. Sargus decorus Say. Lillooet, B.C., June 20, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). 180. Sargus viridis Say. Kelowna, B.C., June 18, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). 182. Stratiomyia discalis Loew. Vernon, B.C., May 17, 1917, (M.H.Ruhmann). 183. Stratiomyia norma Wied. Kelowna, B.C., June 26, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). 183. Stratiomyia meigenti Wied. Vernon, B.C., June 21, 1917, (R. C. Tre- herne). 183. Stratiomyia maculosa Loew. Lillooet, B.C., June 25, 1917, (M. H. Ruh- mann). 189. Nemotelus arator Mel. Walhachin, B.C., July 11, 1918, (KE. R. Buckell). Tabanide. , 195. Chrysops obsoletus Wied. Vineland, Ont., June 20, 1919, (W. A. Ross). 204. Tabanus insuetus O.S. Vernon, B.C., April 15, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann). 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 205. Tabanus maculifer Bigot. Lillooet, B.C., July 24, 1917, (R. C. Theherne). 206. Tabanus procyon O.S. Vernon, B.C., June 8, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). 207. Tabanus rhombicus O.S. Vernon, B.C., April 15, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann). 208. Tabanus stygius Say. Vineland, Ont., July 8, 1919, (C. H. Curran). Bombyliide. 231. Anthrax hypomelas Macq. Penticton, B.C., (R. C. Treherne) ; Walhachin, B.C., (E. R. Buckell). 234. Anthrax sinuosa Wied. Lillooet, B.C., July 23, 1917, (R. C. Treherne). 236. Bombylius lancifer O.S. Lillooet, B.C., Oyama, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann). * Villa webberi Jhn. Montreal, Que., June 11, (G. Chagnon), Ottawa, Ont., June 14, (Bro. Germain); Psyche, XX VI, 11. * Ploas atratula Loew. Goldstream, B.C., June 2, 1918, (W. Downes). Therevide. 247. Psilocephala levigata Loew. Walhachin, B.C., July 11, 1918, (KE. R. Buckell). 248. Thereva egressa Cog. Vernon, B.C., June 10, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). Asilide. 256. Stenopogon californie Wik. Vernon, B.C., July 8, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). 259. Cyrtopogon callipedilus Loew. Vernon, B.C., May 5, 1915, (M. H. Ruh- mann). | 260. Cyrtopogon longimanus Loew. Lillooet, B.C., July 16, 1917, (M. H. Ruh- mann. 271. Laphria pubescens Will. Duncan, B.C., July 28, 1918, (W. Downes). * Hrax harveyi Hine. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 11-15, 1904, (R. V. Harvey) ; An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XII, 115. Dolichopodide. * — Medeterus frontalis Van Duzee. Joliette, Que. July 13, (J. Ouillet) ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Aug., 1919, p. 266. Medeterus vittatus Van. Duzee. Kearney, Ont., July 26; Toronto, Ont., Sept. 2; Niagara Falls, Ont., July 20, (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., Aug., 1919, p. 268. Hydrophorus pilitarsis Mall. Teller, Alaska, July 29, 1913; Aug. 6, 1913, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Dip- tera, p.. pl. 303. Dolichopus pachynemus Loew. Outremont, Que., June 20, (J. Ouillett) ; Chatham, Ont., June 17, 1915. (M. C. Van Duzee). Addition to Quebec list. Dolichopus dasyops Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 49. 309. Pelastoneurus laetus Loew. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, (J. Ouillet). Addi- tion to Quebec list. — Empide. * Rhamphomyia erinacioides Mall. W. of Konganevik, Camden bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Barter island, Arctic coast of Alaska, July 11, 1914, (D. Jenness); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. IIT, Part C, Diptera, p. 45. 126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 * Rhamphomyia ursina Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 19, 1915, (F. Jonhansen) ;'Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III; Part C, Diptera, p. 46. * Rhamphomyia similata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 18, 1915, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 46. * Rhamphomyta herschelli Mall. Herschel island, Y.T., July 29, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 47. * Rhamphomyia conservativa Mall. W. of Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 14, 1916; Herschel Is., Y.T., July 29, 1916; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10, 18, 19, and Aug. 1-7, 1915; Young Point, N.W.T., July 18. 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. ITI, Part C, Diptera, p. 48. Lonchopteride. 333. Lonchoptera lutea Panz. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 31, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). Phoride. Aphiochaeta platychira Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21, 24, 25, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 52. A phiochaeta alaskensis Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 24, 25, 1916, (F. Johan- sen). Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 52. Syrphide. 350. Pipiza fraudulenta Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 8, 1919, (C. H. Curran). 354. Myiolepta strigilata Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 10, 1919, (C. H. Curran). 354. Myiolepta nigra Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 16, 1919, (C. H. Curran). 362. Didea fasciata fuscipes Loew. Lillooet, B.C., July 24, 1917, (R. C. Tre- herne) ; Vineland, Ont., June 6, Sept. 20, 1919, (C. H. Curran). 366. Syrphus genualis Will. Walhachin, B.C., July 30, 1918, (EK. R. Buckell). Syrphus knabi Shan. Vineland, Ont., Sept. 9, 1919, (C. H. Curran). * Syrphus sodalis interruptus Mall. W. of Kongenevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. IIT, Part C, Diptera, p._55. 368. Syrphus avanthostoma Will. Vernon, B.C. May 13, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). 370. Mesogramma bosciti Macq. Saanich, B.C., May 10, 1918, (W. Downes). 371. Mesogramma geminata Say. Saanich, B.C., June 10, 1918, (W. Downes). 384. Hristalis aeneus Fab. Vineland, Ont., July 3-9, 1919, (C. H. Curran). First record we have for Canada. i 387. Hristalis inornatus Loew. Vernon, B.C., May 31, 1917, ( M. H. Ruhmann). 92. Helophilus chrysostoma Wied. Kelowna, B.C., June 26, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). 393. Helophilus lactus Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 4, July 7, 1919, (C. H. Curran). 394. Asemosyrphus mexicanus Macq. Kelowna, B.C., July 9, 1918, (R.. C. Treherne). Humerus strigatus Fall. Aweme, Man., May 17%, 1919, (N. Criddle) ; Vineland, Ont., June-Sept., (C. H. Curran). . 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 398. Xylota flavitibia Bigot. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 10, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann). 402. Criorhina analis Macq. Vineland, Ont., June 10, 1919, (C. H. Curran). 404. Spilomyia longicornis Loew. London, Ont., Aug. 25; Vineland, Ont., Sept. SLO09. (C2 A Curran): Conopide. 412. Myopa clausa Loew. Kelowna, B.C., May 17, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). 413. Myopia vicaria Walk. Nelson, B.C., April 29, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). Oestride. 419. Cuterebra tenebrosa Coq. Vernon, B.C., July, 1916, (M. H. Ruhmann). Tachinide. 423. Phorantha occidentis Walk. Walhachin, B.C., July 16, 1918, (I. R. Buckell). 44%. Senotainia rubriventris Macq. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann); Wal- hachin, B.C., July, (E. R. Buckell). 448. Senotainia trilineata Van der Wulp. Walhachin, B.C., July, (. Rh. Buckell) ; Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann). * FPeleteria arctica Mall. Cockburn Point, N.W.T., Sept. 5, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. d7. Sarcophagide. * — Meloposarcophaga tothilli Parker. British Columbia, Savary Island, June 13-31, 1917, (R. 8. Sherman) ; Can: Ent. LI., 155. Sarcophaga communis Park. Walhachin, B.C., (1. R. Buckell). 512. Sarcophaga helicis Towns. Kelowna, B.C., June 13, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). Sarcophaga planifrons Ald. Walhachin, B.C., (EK. R. Buckell). Muscide. * Phormia caerulea Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., May 24, 1915; June- July, 1915-1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. IIT, Part C, Diptera, p. 58. Pyrellia cyanicolor Zett. Vernon, B.C., May 30, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). Anthomyide. : * Phaonia imitatriz Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 61). Phaonia minima Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21, 24, 25, 1916, (F. Johan- sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 61. * — Mydaeina obscura Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 4, 1915, June, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Colville Mts., Wollaston Peninsula, Victoria Island, July 22, 1915, (D. Jenness) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. ITI, Part C., Diptera, p. 62. * Aricia borealis Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1916, (F. Johan- sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C. Diptera, p. 64. Alliopsis obesa Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June, 1915-16, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 70. 128 THE REPORT OF THE _.- No. 36 547. Limnophora narona Walk. Walhachin, B.C., July 17, 1918, (E. R. Buckell). 548. Anthomyia albicincta Fall. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 1,-1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). *- Helina fletcheri Mall. Radisson, Sask., July 30, 1907, (J. Fletcher) ; Can. Ent. LI. 274. * Helina tuberculata Mall. Rigolet, Labrador, July 18, 1906; Can. Ent. LI. 277. 550. Anthomyia pratincola Panzer. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 1, 191%, (M. H. Ruhmann). * — Hydrophoria arctica Mall. Cockburn Point, Sept. 5, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 69. Hylemyta acrostichalis Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 72. Hylemyia quntilis Mall. Godbout, Que., July 25, 1918, (E. M. Walker) ; Can. Ent. LI. 274. Hylemyia pedestris Mall. Godbout, Que., July 25, 1918, (EH. M. Walker) ; Can. Ent. LI. 274. Hylemyia spinosissima Mall. Port Hope, Ont., June 13, 1897, (W. R. Metcalfe) ; Can. Ent. LI. 95. Phorbia brevitarsata Mall. W. of Konganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, June, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 73. 558. Pegomyia ruficeps Stein. Vernon, B.C., (R. C. Treherne). * — Pogonomyia quadrisetosa Mall. W. of Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 14, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 66. Pogonomyioides atrata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 7, 1915, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 67. Coenosia fuscifrons Mall. Brockville, Ont., Aug. 12, 1903, (W. R. Met- calfe) ; Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 17, 1907, (J. Fletcher); Port Hope, Ont., May 14, 1897, (W. R. Metcalfe) ; Can. Ent. LI. 96. 563. Schoenomyza chrysostoma Loew. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 19, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann). Scatophagide. * — Gonatherus atricornis Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T. and Cape Krusen- stern, July 3, 1919, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 77. Cordylurella subvittata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 18-19, 1915, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 78. Dasypleuron tibialis Mall. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 20, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p.i 4g. * Allomyia unguiculata Mall. Chantry Island, Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 17, 1916, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. IIT, Part C, Diptera, p. 80. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 Helomyzide. * Neoleria rotundicornig Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 24-25, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 83. Oecothea aristata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 1-7, 14, Sept., 1915; July 10, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 82. 573. Tephrochlamys rufiventris Mg. Vernon, B.C., April 12, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann). Borboride. * — Leptocera transversalis Mall. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 13, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 53. Sciomyzide. 580. Tetanocera plumosa Loew. Lillooet, B.C.; Vernon, B.C., (M. H. > Ruhmann). Sapromyzide. 582. Palloptera jucunda Loew. Creston, B.C., Sept. 19, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). Ortalide. 592. Anacampta latiuscula Loew. Vernon, B.C., (R. C. Treherne). 595. Chrysomyza demandata Fab. Vernon, B.C., July 5, 1918, (M. H. Ruh- mann). 598. Seoptera vibrans Linn. Vernon, B.C., July 1, 1918, (R. C. Treherne). Trypetide. 604. Spilographa setosa Doane.. Vernon, B.C., July 17, 1919, .(M. H. Ruhmann). Piophilide. * Piophila borealis Mall. W. of Konganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 84. HYMENOPTERA. The following new species of saw-flies appear in the Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, issued Nov. 3, 1919, Vol. III, Part G. Tenthredinoidea. * Rhogogastera reliquu MacG. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21-25, 1916, (F. Johansen). Euura abortiva MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., adults from galls on leaves of Salix reticulata L., July, 1915, (F. Johansen). * Buura arctica MacG. Bernard Harbour and Cape Krusenstern, N.W.T, July 6, 1916, (F. Johansen). * Pontania atrata MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., July, 1915, (F. Johansen). * Pontania lorata MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., adults from galls on Salix arctica, July, 1915, (F. Johansen). * Pontania delicatula MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., adults from galls on leaves of Salix reticulata, July, 1915, (F. Johansen). * Pontania deminuta MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 16, 1915, (F. Johansen). 130 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Pontania quadrifasciata MacG. Sandstone Rapids, Coppermine River, N.W.T., July, 1915, (F. Johansen). Pontania subpallida MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 12, 1915, (F. Johansen ). Pontania trifasciata MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1915 (F. Johansen). Amauronematus completus MacG. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 20, 1914, (F. Johansen). Amauronematus indicatus MacG. West of WKonganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen). Amauronematus digestus MacG. West of Ionganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen). ; Amauronematus cogitatus MacG. Demarcation Point, Alaska, June 23, 1914, (F. Johansen). Amauronematus varianus MacG. West of Konganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, June 27, 1914, (F. Johansen). Amauronematus aulatus MacG. Barter Island, Alaskan Arctic Coast, June 16, 1914, (D. Jenness). Amauronematus magnus MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1915, (F. Johansen). Braconide. Opius downesi Gahan. Victoria, B.C., host Rhagoletis pomonella (W. Downes) ; Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXI, 164. Ichneumonide. Dioctes modestus Brues. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 7, 12, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G, p. 23. Polyblastus arcticus Brues. Ketchikan, Southern Alaska, Sept. 10, 1914, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G, p. 22. ‘ Aptesis nivarius Brues. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 20, 1914, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G, Hy- menoptera, p. 21. Formicide. Solenopsis molesta Say. Found generally at points south of Penticton in Okanagan Valley, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). Tapinoma sessile Say. Found generally at points south of Penticton, in Okanagan Valley, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson. Found in Lower Okanagan, B.C., fairly common at points south of Fairview, but not common at points north of Fairview. Also found at Summerland, B.C., (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell. Determined by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, who reported “first record of any species of Pogonomyrmex from British America.” Formica subpolita Mayr. var. camponoticeps Wheeler. Found at points south of Penticton, in Lower Okanagan Valley, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). Formica fusca Ll. var. argentea Walker. Fairview, B.C., Vaseaux Lake, B.C., Rock Creek, B.C., Naramata, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). - 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131 Formica sanguinea Latr. subsp. subintegra Emery. Fairview, B.C., Vaseaux Lake, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). Formica neogagates Em. Fairview, B.C., Okanagan Falls, B.C., Kaleden, B.C., Vaseaux Lake, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). Camponotus laevigatus F, Smith. Osoyoos, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell). Psammocharide. Pompiloides canadensis Banks. Truro, N.S., Aug. 12, (R. Matheson) ; Val Morin, Que., July 29, 30, (J. Ouellet) ; Can. Ent. LI., 82 Apide. * — Bombus neoboreus Sladen. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug 17, 18, 1915; aly Oe LNG; Jume 6.215.253) duly 25 9, 380; Aues 7,8, 17.18, 1915; June 16, July 3, 1916; July 19, Aug. 10, 14, 1915, (F. jeer Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. ITI, Part G, p. 28. Philanthide. Philanthus (Anthophilus) psyche Dunn. Aweme, Man., August, 1914, (N. Criddle) ; Medicine Hat, Alta., July, August, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen). Philanthus (Anthophilus) inversus Patt. Medicine Hat, Alta., August, 1916, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen). (What I believe to be the males of this rare species were taken by me at lection Hat, July, August, 1916, 1917 —F.W.L.S.). Philanthus (Pseuanthophilus) frontalis Cr. Summerland, B.C., July, August, 1916, 1917; Medicine Hat, Alta., July, August, 1916, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen). Philanthus (Anthophilus) multimaculatus Cam. Vernon, Summerland, Keremeos, B.C., July, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen). Prosopide. Prosopis ziziae Rob. Ottawa, June, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Prosopis modestus Say. Kaslo, B.C., June, July, 1906, (J. W. Cockle) ; Ottawa, June, July, August, 1913; Kazubazua, Que., August, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Prosopis elliptica Kirby. Kaslo, B.C., June, 1906, (J. W. Cockle) ; Prosopis varifrons Cr. Ottawa, June, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Prosopis cressoni Ckll. Ottawa, June, July, August, 1913, (F. W. I. Sladen). Colletide. Colletes lacustris Swenk. Toronto, August, 1887, (W. Brodie) ; Ottawa, June, July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). ~ Colletes brevicornis Rob. Aweme, Man., June, 1913, (N. Criddle). Colletes compactus hesperius Swenk. Similkameen, Okanagan, B.C., Sept 1913, (T. Wilson). Colletes armatus Patton. Toronto, August, September, 1885, 1890, 1893, (W. Brodie) ; Rostrevor, Ont., September, 1907, (A. Gibson) ; Nazubazua, Que., August, 1913; Hull, Que. August, 1913, on Solidago; Ottawa, August, September, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Colletes fulgidus Swenk. Peachland, B.C., July, 1909, (J. B. Wallis). 132 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Colletes americanus Cr. Toronto, August, 1885, (W. Brodie) ; Kazubazua, Que., August, September, 1913; Ottawa, October, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Colletes similis Rob. Aweme, Man., August, 1913, (N. Criddle). Colletes hyalinus Prov. Toronto, July to September, 1882 to 1893, (W. Brodie) ; Ottawa, June, July, 1913; Kirk’s Ferry, Que., July, 1913; Kazubazua, Que., July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Colletes mesocopus Swenk. Toronto, June, July, August, 1887-1893; Port. Sidney, Ont., June, 1897, (W. Brodie); Kazubazua, Que., July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Colletes eulopht Rob. Toronto, June, July, August, 1885-1893, (W. Brodie) ; Ottawa, June, July, 1913; Kirk’s Ferry, Que., July, 1913; Kazubazua, Que., July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). Colletes phaceliae Ckll. (Salicicola geranii Ckll.). Teulon, Man.; Pincher,. Alta., July 10, 1904, (T. N. Willing). ODONATA. Coenagrionide. * —Enallagma vesperum Calvert. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 16, 1907, (E. M. Walker) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLV, 380. HEMIPTERA. Cicadellide. Euscelis hyperboreus Van Duzee. West of Kongenevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, June 27, 1914; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part F, p. 4. NEvuROPTEROID INSECTS. Psocide. Alropos pulsatoria Linn. Montreal, Que., Sept. 24, 1919, (EH. H. Strick- land). Perlide. * Capnia nearctica Banks. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June 25, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part B, p. 3. Trichoptera, * Analobia emarginata Banks. Teller, Alaska, July 29, 1913, (F. Johansen). Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part B, p. 4. DERMOPTERA. Forficulide. Forficula auricularia Linn. Vancouver, B.C., in house, (R. C. Treherne). ORTHOPTERA. Acridiide. Orphulella pelidna Burm. Fairview, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). New to British Columbia. Chloealtts abdominalis Brun. Salmon Arm, B.C., Sept. 29, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). Nanthippus (Hippiscus) vitellinus Sauss. Fairview, B.C., (E.R. Buckell) ; Osoyoos, B.C., (W. B. Anderson). 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133 Melanoplus cinereus Scud. Fairview, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). New to Canada. Asemoplus somesi Hebard. Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson); Lake Louise, Alta, (Mrs. Schaeffer) ; Kitchener Glacier on Mt. Kokanee, B.C., (A. N. Caudell) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XLV, 274. os Locustide. Amblycorypha oblongifolia De. G. Pt. Pelee, Ont., Sept., 1905, (P. A. Taverner). CoLLEMBOLA. * Achorutes sensilis Folsom. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 5, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part A, p. 5. Onychiurus duodecimpunctatus Folsom. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part A, p: 6. * — Entomobrya comparata Folsom. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., May, 1915, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part A, p- 13. THYSANOPTERA. Apterothrips subreticulatus Bagnall. This species was described in the Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Vol. IIT, pt. 1, p. 185. The type locality is Massett, Q.C.I., collected most probably by J. H. Keen. I have also taken the species at Lillooet, B.C., July, 1918. The type is in the British Museum, (R. C. Treherne). * Alothrips auricestus Treherne. Vernon, B.C., Kelowna, B.C., July, 1917, (R. C. Treherne) ; Can. Ent. LI., 184. Euthrips cameronit Bagnall. Seamans, Sask., Aug. 4, 1917, (A. E. Camer- on); An. Mag. Nat. Hist. IV, ninth series, 271. * Frankliniella varicorne Bagnall. Seamans, Sask., Aug. 4, 1917, ( A. E. Cameron) ; An. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, ninth series, 269. ACARINA. Cheyletide. Cheyletus erudttus (Schrank). Montreal, Que., Sept. 24, 1919, (E. H. Strickland). First Canadian record, (E.H.S.). Tetranychide. * Stigmaeus arcticus Banks. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June 18, 1915, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part H, pi tie | ARANEIDA. (Arranged according to Bank’s Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U.S.N.M., Bull. 72. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) Clubionide. 14. Clubiona riparia Koch. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). 134 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Linyphiide. : * Microneta maritima Emer. Cockburn Point, Dolphin and Union Strait, N.W.T., Sept., 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part H, p. 4. * Tmeticus alatus Emer. Cockburn Point, N.W.T., Sept. 26, 1914; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June 27, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part H, p. 3. Tmeticus conicus Emer. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). Epeiride. 41. Epeira carbonaria Koch. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). 42. Epeira diadema Clerck. St. John’s, Nfld., (A. English). Thomiside. 48. NXysticus limbatus Keys. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). 49. Coriarachne brunneipes Banks. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). 51. Tibellus oblongus Wal. (Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). 52. Philodromus pacificus Banks. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). First Canadian record. Lycoside. * Lycosa asivak Kimer. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June to September; Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part H, p. 5. Pardosa albiceps Emer. Klondike Valley, Y. T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). 59. Pardosa uncata Thor. Klondike Valley, near Dawson, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield). INDEX PAGE Acrididae, from British Columbia 53 Acrydium granulatum ............ 54 * OLDAGUIMNIG ia ose arias ere tera.e 'e 54 Ageneotettix scudderi ............. 56 Akentetus unicolor “2.2.2.0... 0.086% 55 Alabama areillaceay. ..:c65. nese. 103 Anarsia lineatelila: cs